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1078184210899316473	FA Cup	FA Cup - wikipedia FA Cup Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see FA Cup ( disambiguation ) . FA Cup Organising body The Football Association Founded 1871 ; 146 years ago ( 1871 ) Region England Number of teams 736 ( 2016 -- 17 ) Qualifier for UEFA Europa League Domestic cup ( s ) FA Community Shield Current champions Arsenal ( 13th title ) Most successful club ( s ) Arsenal ( 13 titles ) Television broadcasters BBC Sport BT Sport Website FA Cup 2017 -- 18 FA Cup The FA Cup , known officially as The Football Association Challenge Cup , is an annual knockout football competition in men 's domestic English football . First played during the 1871 -- 72 season , it is the oldest association football competition in the world . It is organised by and named after The Football Association ( The FA ) . For sponsorship reasons , from 2015 through to 2018 it is also known as The Emirates FA Cup . A concurrent women 's tournament is also held , the FA Women 's Cup . The competition is open to any eligible club down to Level 10 of the English football league system -- all 92 professional clubs in the Premier League ( Level 1 ) and the English Football League ( Levels 2 to 4 ) , and several hundred `` non-league '' teams in Steps 1 to 6 of the National League System ( Levels 5 to 10 ) . A record 763 clubs competed in 2011 -- 12 . The tournament consists of 12 randomly drawn rounds followed by the semi-finals and the final . Entrants are not seeded , although a system of byes based on league level ensures higher ranked teams enter in later rounds -- the minimum number of games needed to win the competition ranges from six to fourteen . The first six rounds are the Qualifying Competition , from which 32 teams progress to the first round of the Competition Proper , meeting the first of the 48 professional teams from Leagues One and Two . The last entrants are the Premier League and Championship clubs , into the draw for the Third Round Proper . In the modern era , only one non-league team has ever reached the quarter - finals , and teams below Level 2 have never reached the final . As a result , as well as who wins , significant focus is given to those `` minnows '' ( smaller teams ) who progress furthest , especially if they achieve an unlikely `` giant - killing '' victory . Winners receive the FA Cup trophy , of which there have been two designs and five actual cups ; the latest is a 2014 replica of the second design , introduced in 1911 . Winners also qualify for the Europa League and a place in the FA Community Shield match . Arsenal are the current holders , having beaten Chelsea 2 -- 1 in the 2017 final to win the cup for the 13th time in their history and become the tournament 's most successful club . Arsenal 's Arsène Wenger is the most successful manager in the competition with seven finals won . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Eligibility 3 Competition format 3.1 Overview 3.2 Schedule 3.3 The draw 3.4 Tiebreaking 4 Qualification for subsequent competitions 4.1 European football 4.2 FA Community Shield 5 Venues 5.1 Competition rounds 5.2 Semi-finals 5.3 Final 5.4 Artificial turf 6 Trophy 6.1 Original design 6.1. 1 1871 original 6.1. 2 1895 replica 6.2 Current design 6.2. 1 1911 original 6.2. 2 1992 replica 6.2. 3 2014 replica 7 Medals 8 Sponsorship 9 Records and statistics 9.1 Final 9.1. 1 Team 9.1. 2 Individual 9.2 All rounds 10 Cup runs and giant killings 10.1 Early years 10.2 Non-league giant killings 10.3 Non-league cup runs 10.4 Giant killings between league clubs 11 Winners and finalists 11.1 Consecutive winners 11.2 Winning managers 11.3 Doubles / Trebles 11.4 Outside England 11.5 Outside the top division 12 Media coverage 12.1 Domestic broadcasters 12.2 Overseas broadcasters 13 References 13.1 Notes 14 External links History ( edit ) See also : History of the FA Cup Harry Hampton scores one of his two goals in the 1905 FA Cup Final where Aston Villa defeated Newcastle United In 1863 , the newly founded Football Association ( the FA ) published the Laws of the Game of Association Football , unifying the various different rules in use before then . On 20 July 1871 , in the offices of The Sportsman newspaper , the FA Secretary C.W. Alcock proposed to the FA committee that `` it is desirable that a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association for which all clubs belonging to the Association should be invited to compete '' . The inaugural FA Cup tournament kicked off in November 1871 . After thirteen games in all , Wanderers were crowned the winners in the final , on 16 March 1872 . Wanderers retained the trophy the following year . The modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888 -- 89 season , when qualifying rounds were introduced . Following the 1914 -- 15 edition , the competition was suspended due to the First World War , and did not resume until 1919 -- 20 . The 1922 -- 23 competition saw the first final to be played in the newly opened Wembley Stadium ( known at the time as the Empire Stadium ) . Due to the outbreak of World War II , the competition was not played between the 1938 -- 39 and 1945 -- 46 editions . Due to the wartime breaks , the competition did not celebrate its centenary year until 1980 -- 81 ; fittingly the final featured a goal by Ricky Villa which was later voted the greatest goal ever scored at Wembley Stadium , but has since been replaced by Steven Gerrard . Having previously featured replays , the modern day practice of ensuring the semi-final and final matches finish on the day , was introduced from 2000 onwards . Redevelopment of Wembley saw the final played outside of England for the first time , the 2001 -- 2006 finals being played at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff . The final returned to Wembley in 2007 , followed by the semi-finals from 2008 . Eligibility ( edit ) The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system which meets the eligibility criteria . All clubs in the top four levels ( the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League ) are automatically eligible . Clubs in the next six levels ( non-league football ) are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup , FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions in the previous season . Newly formed clubs , such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005 -- 06 and also 2006 -- 07 , may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season . All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium . It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition , although it can happen in exceptional circumstances . Defending holders Manchester United did not enter the 1999 -- 2000 FA Cup , as they were already in the inaugural Club World Championship , with the club stating that entering both tournaments would overload their fixture schedule and make it more difficult to defend their Champions League and Premier League titles . The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side . The move benefited United as they received a two - week break and won the 1999 -- 2000 league title by an 18 - point margin , although they did not progress past the group stage of the Club World Championship . The withdrawal from the FA Cup , however , drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament 's prestige and Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation . Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible , although since the creation of the League of Wales there are only six clubs remaining : Cardiff City ( the only non-English team to win the tournament , in 1927 ) , Swansea City , Newport County , Wrexham , Merthyr Town and Colwyn Bay . In the early years other teams from Wales , Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition , with Glasgow side Queen 's Park losing the final to Blackburn Rovers in 1884 and 1885 before being barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association . In the 2013 -- 14 season the first Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time . The number of entrants has increased greatly in recent years . In the 2004 -- 05 season , 660 clubs entered the competition , beating the long - standing record of 656 from the 1921 -- 22 season . In 2005 -- 06 this increased to 674 entrants , in 2006 -- 07 to 687 , in 2007 -- 08 to 731 clubs , and for the 2008 -- 09 and 2009 -- 10 competitions it reached 762 . The number has varied slightly but remained roughly stable since then , with 759 clubs participating in 2010 -- 11 , a record 763 in 2011 -- 12 , 758 for 2012 -- 13 , 737 for 2013 -- 14 and 736 for 2014 -- 15 . By comparison , the other major English domestic cup , the League Cup , involves only the 92 members of the Premier League and Football League . Competition format ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Beginning in August , the competition proceeds as a knockout tournament throughout , consisting of twelve rounds , a semi-final and then a final , in May . A system of byes ensures clubs above Level 9 and 10 enter the competition at later stages . There is no seeding , the fixtures in each round being determined by a random draw . Prior to the quarter - finals , fixtures ending in a tie are replayed once only . The first six rounds are qualifiers , with the draws organised on a regional basis . The next six rounds are the `` proper '' rounds where all clubs are in one draw . Schedule ( edit ) Entrants from the bottom two levels ( 9 and 10 ) begin the competition in the Extra Preliminary Round . Clubs from higher levels are then added in later rounds , as per the table below . The months in which rounds are played are traditional , with exact dates subject to each year 's calendar . Round New entrants at this round Month Qualifying Competition Extra-Preliminary Round Level 9 and 10 clubs August Preliminary Round Level 8 clubs First Round Level 7 clubs September Second Round Level 6 clubs Third Round none October Fourth Round Level 5 clubs Competition Proper First Round Level 3 and 4 clubs November Second Round none December Third Round Level 1 and 2 clubs January Fourth Round none Fifth Round February Quarter - finals March Semi-Finals April Final May The qualifying rounds are regionalised to reduce the travel costs for smaller non-league sides . The first and second proper rounds were also previously split into Northern and Southern sections , but this practice was ended after the 1997 -- 98 competition . The final is normally held the Saturday after the Premier League season finishes in May . The only seasons in recent times when this pattern was not followed were 1999 -- 2000 , when most rounds were played a few weeks earlier than normal as an experiment , and 2010 -- 11 and 2012 -- 13 when the FA Cup Final was played before the Premier League season had finished , to allow Wembley Stadium to be ready for the UEFA Champions League final , as well as in 2011 -- 12 to allow England time to prepare for that summer 's European Championships . The draw ( edit ) The draws for the Extra-Preliminary , Preliminary , and First Qualifying Rounds used to all occur at the same time . Thereafter , the draw for each subsequent round is not made until after the scheduled dates for the previous round , meaning that in the case of replays , clubs will often know their future opponents in advance . This season 2016 / 17 the draw for the 1st qualifying round was drawn at a later date as per previous season 's later rounds . The draw for each of the proper rounds is broadcast live on television , usually taking place at the conclusion of live coverage of one of the games of the previous round . Public interest is particularly high during the draw for the third round , which is where the top - ranked teams are added to the draw . Tiebreaking ( edit ) In rounds up to and including the fifth round proper , fixtures resulting in a draw ( after normal time ) go to a replay , played at the venue of the away team , at a later date ; if that replay is still tied , the winner is settled by a period of extra time , and if still necessary , a penalty shootout . Since 2016 -- 17 , ties are settled on the day from the quarter - finals onwards , using extra time and penalties . Until 1990 -- 91 , further replays would be played until one team was victorious . Some ties took as many as six matches to settle ; in their 1975 campaign , Fulham played a total of 12 games over six rounds , which remains the most games played by a team to reach a final . Replays were traditionally played three or four days after the original game , but from 1991 -- 92 they were staged at least 10 days later on police advice for the rounds proper . This led to penalty shoot - outs being introduced , the first of which came on 26 November 1991 when Rotherham United eliminated Scunthorpe United . From 1980 -- 81 to 1998 -- 99 , the semi-finals went to extra time on the day if the score after 90 minutes was a draw . If the score was still level after extra time , the match would go to a replay . Replays for the semi-finals were scrapped for 1999 -- 2000 , the last semi-final to go into a replay was in 1998 -- 99 when Manchester United beat Arsenal 2 -- 1 after extra time . The first game had ended in a 0 -- 0 draw . The first FA Cup Final to go to extra time and a replay was the 1875 final , between the Royal Engineers and the Old Etonians . The initial tie finished 1 -- 1 but the Royal Engineers won the replay 2 -- 0 in normal time . The last replayed final was the 1993 FA Cup Final , when Arsenal and Sheffield Wednesday fought a 1 -- 1 draw . The replay saw Arsenal win the FA Cup , 2 -- 1 after extra time . The last quarter - final to go to a replay was Manchester United vs West Ham United in the 2015 -- 16 FA Cup . The original game at Old Trafford ended in a 1 -- 1 draw , while Manchester United won the replay at the Boleyn Ground , 2 -- 1 . It was also the last FA Cup game ever played at the Boleyn Ground . Qualification for subsequent competitions ( edit ) European Football ( edit ) The FA Cup winners qualify for the following season 's UEFA Europa League ( formerly named the UEFA Cup ; from its launch in 1960 until 1998 , they entered the now - defunct UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup instead ) . This European place applies even if the team is relegated or is not in the English top flight . In the past , if the FA Cup winning team also qualified for the following season 's Champions League or Europa League through their league position , then the losing FA Cup finalist were given this European berth instead . FA Cup winners enter the Europa League at the group stage . Losing finalists , if they have n't qualified for Europe via the league , began earlier , at the play - off or third qualifying round stage . From the 2015 -- 16 UEFA Europa League season , however , UEFA will not allow the runners - up to qualify for the Europa League through the competition . If the winner -- and until 2015 , the runner - up -- has already qualified for Europe through their league position ( with the exception of the UEFA Cup until 1998 ) , the FA Cup berth is then given to the highest - place team in the league who has not yet qualified . FA Community Shield ( edit ) The FA Cup winners also qualify for the following season 's single - match FA Community Shield , the traditional season opener played against the previous season 's Premier League champions ( or the Premier League runners - up if the FA Cup winners also won the league -- the double ) . Venues ( edit ) Since 2007 the FA Cup Final has been held at Wembley Stadium , on the site of the previous stadium which hosted it from 1923 to 2000 . Fixtures in the 12 rounds of the competition are usually played at the home ground of one of the two teams . The semi-finals and final are played at a neutral venue -- the rebuilt Wembley Stadium ( since 2008 and 2007 respectively ) . Competition rounds ( edit ) In the matches for the twelve competition rounds , the team who plays at home is decided when the fixtures are drawn -- simply the first team drawn out for each fixture . Occasionally games may have to be moved to other grounds due to other events taking place , security reasons or a ground not being suitable to host popular teams . In the event of a draw , the replay is played at the ground of the team who originally played away from home . In the days when multiple replays were possible , the second replay ( and any further replays ) were played at neutral grounds . The clubs involved could alternatively agree to toss for home advantage in the second replay . Semi-finals ( edit ) The semi-finals have been played exclusively at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium since 2008 , one year after it opened and after it had already hosted a final ( in 2007 ) . For the first decade of the competition , the Kennington Oval was used as the semi-final venue . In the period between this first decade and the reopening of Wembley , semi-finals were played at high - capacity neutral venues around England ; usually the home grounds of teams not involved in that semi-final , chosen to be roughly equidistant between the two teams for fairness of travel . The top three most used venues in this period were Villa Park in Birmingham ( 55 times ) , Hillsborough in Sheffield ( 34 times ) and Old Trafford in Manchester ( 23 times ) . The original Wembley Stadium was also used seven times for semi-final , between 1991 and 2000 ( the last held there ) , but not always for fixtures featuring London teams . In 2005 , both were held at the Millennium Stadium . In 2003 the FA took the decision to permanently use the new Wembley for semi-finals to recoup debts in financing the new stadium . This was controversial , with the move seen as both unfair to fans of teams located far from London , as well as taking some of the prestige away from a Wembley final . In defending the move , the FA has also cited the extra capacity Wembley offers , although the 2013 fixture between Millwall and Wigan led to the unprecedented step of placing 6,000 tickets on sale to neutral fans after the game failed to sell out . A fan poll by The Guardian in 2013 found 86 % opposition to Wembley semi-finals . Final ( edit ) The final has been played at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium since it opened , in 2007 . The rebuilding process meant that between 2001 and 2006 they were hosted at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff in Wales . Prior to rebuilding , the final was hosted by the original Wembley Stadium since it opened in 1923 ( being originally named the Empire Stadium ) . One exception to this 78 year series of Empire Stadium finals ( including five replays ) was the 1970 replay between Leeds and Chelsea , held at Old Trafford in Manchester . In the 51 years prior to the Empire Stadium opening , the final ( including 8 replays ) was held in a variety of locations , predominantly in London , and mainly at the Kennington Oval and then Crystal Palace . It was played 22 times at The Oval ( the inaugural competition in 1872 , and then all but two times until 1892 ) . After The Oval , Crystal Palace hosted 21 finals from 1895 to 1914 , broken up by 4 four replays elsewhere . The other London venues were Stamford Bridge from 1920 to 1922 ( the last three finals before the move to Empire Stadium ) ; and the University of Oxford 's Lillie Bridge in Fulham for the second ever final , in 1873 . The other venues used sparingly in this period were all outside of London , as follows : Racecourse Ground , Derby ( 1886 ) Fallowfield Stadium , Manchester ( 1893 ) Goodison Park , Liverpool ( 1894 ) Burnden Park , Bolton ( 1901 replay ) Old Trafford , Manchester ( 1911 replay ) Goodison Park ( 1910 replay ) Bramall Lane , Sheffield ( 1912 replay ) Old Trafford ( 1915 ) Artificial Turf ( edit ) The FA permitted artificial turf ( 3G ) pitches in all rounds of the competition from the 2014 -- 15 edition and beyond . Under the 2015 -- 16 rules , the pitch must be of FIFA One Star quality , or Two Star for ties if they involve one of the 92 professional clubs . This followed approval two years previously for their use in the qualifying rounds only -- if a team with a 3G pitch progressed to the competition proper , they had to switch their tie to the ground of another eligible entrant with a natural grass pitch . Having been strong proponents of the surface , the first match in the proper rounds to be played on a 3G surface was a televised first round replay at Maidstone United 's Gallagher Stadium on 20 November 2015 . Trophy ( edit ) The eventual winners of the competition receive the FA Cup ; it is only loaned to the club by the FA , under the current ( 2015 -- 16 ) rules it must be returned by March 1 , or earlier if given seven days ' notice . Traditionally , the holders had the Cup until the following year 's presentation , although more recently the trophy has been taken on publicity tours by the FA in between finals . King George V presents the FA Cup trophy to Tommy Boyle of Burnley F.C. , April 1914 The trophy comes in three parts -- the cup itself , plus a lid and a base . There have been two designs of trophy in use , but five physical trophies have been presented . The original trophy , known as the `` little tin idol '' , was 18 inches high and made by Martin , Hall & Co . It was stolen in 1895 and never recovered , and so was replaced by an exact replica , used until 1910 . The FA decided to change the design after the 1909 winners , Manchester United , made their own replica , leading the FA to realise they did not own the copyright . This new , larger design was by Fattorini and Sons , and was used from 1911 . In order to preserve this original , from 1992 it was replaced by an exact replica , although this had to be replaced after just over two decades , after showing wear and tear from being handled more than in previous eras . This third replica , first used in 2014 , was built heavier to withstand the increased handling . Of the four surviving trophies , only the 1895 replica has entered private ownership . The name of the winning team is engraved on the silver band around the base as soon as the final has finished , in order to be ready in time for the presentation ceremony . This means the engraver has just five minutes to perform a task which would take 20 under normal conditions , although time is saved by engraving the year on during the match , and sketching the presumed winner . During the final , the trophy is decorated with ribbons in the colours of both finalists , with the loser 's ribbons being removed at the end of the game . The tradition of tying ribbons started after Tottenham Hotspur won the 1901 FA Cup Final and the wife of a Spurs director decided to tie blue and white ribbons to the handles of the cup . Traditionally , at Wembley finals , the presentation is made at the Royal Box , with players , led by the captain , mounting a staircase to a gangway in front of the box and returning by a second staircase on the other side of the box . At Cardiff the presentation was made on a podium on the pitch . The tradition of presenting the trophy immediately after the game did not start until the 1882 final ; after the first final in 1872 the trophy was not presented to the winners , Wanderers , until a reception held four weeks later in the Pall Mall Restaurant in London . Under the original rules , the trophy was to be permanently presented to any club which won the competition three times , although when inaugural winners Wanderers achieved this feat by the 1876 final , the rules were changed by FA Secretary CW Alcock ( who was also captain of Wanderers in their first victory ) . Original design ( edit ) 1871 original ( edit ) The first trophy , the ' little tin idol ' , was made by Martin , Hall & Co at a cost of £ 20 It was stolen from a Birmingham shoe shop window belonging to William Shillcock while held by Aston Villa on 11 September 1895 and was never seen again . Despite a £ 10 reward for information , the crime was never solved . As it happened while it was in their care , the FA fined Villa £ 25 to pay for a replacement . Just over 60 years later , 80 year old career criminal Henry ( Harry ) James Burge claimed to have committed the theft , confessing to a newspaper , with the story being published in the Sunday Pictorial newspaper on 23 February 1958 . He claimed to have carried out the robbery with two other men , although when discrepancies with a contemporaneous report in the Birmingham Post newspaper ( the crime pre-dated written police reports ) in his account of the means of entry and other items stolen , detectives decided there was no realistic possibility of a conviction and the case was closed . Burge claimed the cup had been melted down to make counterfeit half - crown coins , which matched known intelligence of the time , in which stolen silver was being used to forge coins which were then laundered through betting shops at a local racecourse , although Burge had no past history of forgery in a record of 42 previous convictions for which he had spent 42 years in prison . He had been further imprisoned in 1957 for seven years for theft from cars . Released in 1961 , he died in 1964 . 1895 replica ( edit ) The second FA Cup trophy , used between 1896 and 1910 . After being rendered obsolete by the redesign , the 1895 replica was presented in 1910 to the FA 's long - serving president Lord Kinnaird . Kinnaird died in 1923 , and his family kept it in their possession , out of view , until putting it up for auction in 2005 . It was duly sold at Christie 's auction house on 19 May 2005 for £ 420,000 ( £ 478,400 including auction fees and taxes ) . The sale price set a new world record for a piece of football memorabilia , surpassing the £ 254,000 paid for the Jules Rimet World Cup Trophy in 1997 . The successful bidder was David Gold , the then joint chairman of Birmingham City ; claiming the FA and government were doing nothing proactive to ensure the trophy remained in the country , Gold stated his purchase was motivated by wanting to save it for the nation . Accordingly , Gold presented the trophy to the National Football Museum in Preston on 20 April 2006 , where it went on immediate public display . It later moved with the museum to its new location in Manchester . In November 2012 , it was ceremonially presented to Royal Engineers , after they beat Wanderers 7 -- 1 in a charity replay of the first FA Cup final . Current design ( edit ) 1911 original ( edit ) The redesigned trophy first used in 1911 was larger at 61.5 cm ( 24.2 inches ) high , and was designed and manufactured by Fattorini 's of Bradford , coincidentally being won by Bradford City in its first outing . On the 27 March 2016 episode of the BBC television program Antiques Roadshow , this trophy was valued at £ 1 million by expert Alastair Dickenson , although he suggested that , due to the design featuring depictions of grapes and vines , it may not have been specifically produced for the FA , but was instead an off the shelf design originally meant to be a wine or champagne cooler . A smaller , but otherwise identical replica was also made by Fattorini , the North Wales Coast FA Cup trophy , and is contested annually by members of that regional Association . 1992 replica ( edit ) The current design of the FA Cup ( 1992 replica pictured ) The 1992 replica was made by Toye , Kenning and Spencer . A copy of this trophy was also produced , in case anything happened to the primary trophy . 2014 replica ( edit ) The 2014 replica was made by Thomas Lyte , handcrafted in sterling 925 silver over 250 hours . A weight increase to increase durability has taken it to 6.3 kilograms ( 14 lb ) . Medals ( edit ) Each club in the final receives 30 winners or runners - up medals to be distributed among players , staff , and officials . In 1914 Burnley won the cup and received unique medals incorrectly struck as `` English Cup Winners '' . One is displayed at Turf Moor , within the 1914 collection . Sponsorship ( edit ) Pre-match ceremony of 2010 FA Cup Final showing sponsorship by E. ON See also : English football sponsorship Since the start of the 1994 -- 95 season , the FA Cup has been sponsored . However , to protect the identity of the competition , the sponsored name has always included ' The FA Cup ' in addition to the sponsor 's name , unlike sponsorship deals for the League Cup where the word ' cup ' is preceded by only the sponsor 's name . Sponsorship deals run for four years , though -- as in the case of E. ON -- one - year extensions may be agreed . Emirates airline is the sponsor from 2015 to 2018 , renaming the competition as ' The Emirates FA Cup ' , unlike previous editions , which included ' The FA Cup in association with E. ON ' and ' The FA Cup with Budweiser ' . Period Sponsor Name 1871 / 72 -- 1993 / 94 No main sponsor The FA Cup 1994 / 95 -- 1997 / 98 Littlewoods Pools The FA Cup sponsored by Littlewoods 1998 / 99 -- 2001 / 02 AXA The AXA - Sponsored FA Cup 2002 / 03 -- 2005 / 06 No main sponsor The FA Cup 2006 / 07 -- 2010 / 11 E. ON The FA Cup sponsored by E. ON 2011 / 12 -- 2013 / 14 Budweiser The FA Cup with Budweiser 2014 / 15 No main sponsor The FA Cup 2015 / 16 -- 2017 / 18 Emirates The Emirates FA Cup From August 2006 to 2013 , Umbro supplied match balls for all FA Cup matches . Since March 2013 , Nike has supplied the official match ball . Records and statistics ( edit ) See also : Football records in England Final ( edit ) Team ( edit ) Most wins : 13 : Arsenal ( 1930 , 1936 , 1950 , 1971 , 1979 , 1993 , 1998 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) Most consecutive wins : 3 , joint record : Wanderers ( 1876 , 1877 , 1878 ) Blackburn Rovers , ( 1884 , 1885 , 1886 ) Most appearances in a final : 20 : Arsenal ( 1927 , 1930 , 1932 , 1936 , 1950 , 1952 , 1971 , 1972 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1993 , 1998 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) Most Final appearances without ever winning : 4 , Leicester City ( 1949 , 1961 , 1963 , 1969 ) Most Final appearances without ever losing : 5 , Wanderers ( 1872 , 1873 , 1876 , 1877 , 1878 ) Most Final appearances without losing ( Streak ) : 7 , Tottenham Hotspur ( 1901 , 1921 , 1961 , 1962 , 1967 , 1981 , 1982 ) Biggest win : 6 goals : Bury 6 -- 0 Derby County , ( 1903 ) Most goals in a final : 7 : Blackburn Rovers 6 -- 1 Sheffield Wednesday ( 1890 ) Blackpool 4 -- 3 Bolton Wanderers ( 1953 ) Most goals by a losing side : 3 : Bolton Wanderers : Lost 3 -- 4 against Blackpool ( 1953 ) West Ham United : Drew 3 -- 3 but lost in a penalty shootout against Liverpool ( 2006 ) Most defeats : 8 , Everton ( 1893 , 1897 , 1907 , 1968 , 1985 , 1986 , 1989 , 2009 ) Individual ( edit ) Ian Rush , the former Liverpool striker and record goalscorer in FA Cup final history Ashley Cole won a record seven FA Cup Finals Most wins by player : 7 , Ashley Cole ( Arsenal ) ( 2002 , 2003 , 2005 ) & ( Chelsea ) ( 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 ) Most wins by manager : 7 , Arsène Wenger ( Arsenal ) ( 1998 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) , Most appearances : 9 , Arthur Kinnaird ( Wanderers ) ( 1872 -- 73 , 1874 -- 75 , 1875 -- 76 , 1876 -- 77 , 1877 -- 78 ) & ( Old Etonians ) ( 1878 -- 79 , 1880 -- 81 , 1881 -- 82 , 1882 -- 83 ) Most goals ( one final ) : 3 , Billy Townley ( Blackburn Rovers ) ( 1890 ) , James Logan ( Notts County ) ( 1894 ) & Stan Mortensen ( Blackpool ) ( 1953 ) Most goals ( all finals ) : 5 , Ian Rush ( Liverpool ) ( 2 in 1986 , 2 in 1989 , 1 in 1992 ) Most finals scored in : 4 , Didier Drogba ( Chelsea ) ( 1 each in 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 ) Youngest FA Cup finalist : Curtis Weston ( Millwall ) , 17 years and 119 days ( 2004 ) Youngest player to score in an FA Cup Final : Norman Whiteside ( Manchester United ) , 18 years and 19 days ( 1983 ) Oldest player : Billy Hampson ( Newcastle United ) , 41 years and 257 days ( 1924 ) All rounds ( edit ) Biggest win : Preston North End 26 -- 0 Hyde ( First Round , 15 October 1887 ) Biggest away win : Clapton 0 -- 14 Nottingham Forest ( First Round , 17 January 1891 ) Highest attendance at Wembley : 126,047 ( official ) up to 300,000 ( estimate ) at the `` White Horse Final '' ( Bolton Wanderers v. West Ham United , 28 April 1923 ) Most clubs competing for trophy in a season : 763 ( 2011 -- 12 ) Longest tie : 660 minutes ( 6 matches in total ) , Oxford City v. Alvechurch ( Fourth Qualifying Round , November 6 / 9 / 15 / 17 / 20 / 22 1971 ; Alvechurch won the sixth match 1 -- 0 ) Longest penalty shootout : 20 penalties each , Tunbridge Wells v. Littlehampton Town ( Preliminary Round Replay , 31 August 2005 ; Tunbridge Wells won 16 -- 15 ) Most rounds played in a season : 9 , for : Brighton & Hove Albion ( 1932 -- 33 : 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 5th Rounds ) New Brighton ( 1956 -- 57 : Preliminary , 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 4th Rounds ) Blyth Spartans ( 1977 -- 78 : 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 5th Rounds ) Harlow Town ( 1979 -- 80 : Preliminary , 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 4th Rounds ) Most games played in a season : 13 , Bideford ( 1973 -- 74 : one First Qualifying , two Second Qualifying , five Third Qualifying , four Fourth Qualifying and one First Round ) Fastest goal : 4 seconds , Gareth Morris ( for Ashton United v. Skelmersdale United , 1st Qualifying Round , 17 September 2001 ) Most consecutive games without defeat : 22 , Blackburn Rovers ( First Round , 1884 through Second round , replay , 1886 . Won two FA Cups . ) Most consecutive games without defeat : ( Excluding defeat by penalty shoot - out ) 29 , Chelsea ( Third Round Proper , 2009 through Fourth Round Proper , replay , 2013 . Won three FA Cups . ) Fastest hat - trick : 2 min 20 sec , Andy Locke ( for Nantwich Town v. Droylsden , Preliminary Round , August 1995 ) Most career goals : 49 , Henry `` Harry '' Cursham ( for Notts County in 12 tournaments from 1877 -- 78 to 1888 -- 89 ) . Most goals by a player in a single FA Cup season : 19 , Jimmy Ross ( for Preston North End , 1887 -- 88 . Preston outscored opponents 50 -- 5 over 7 matches , including `` Biggest win '' shown above . ) . Most goals by a player in a single FA Cup game : 9 , Ted MacDougall ( for AFC Bournemouth in 11 -- 0 defeat of Margate , First Round Proper , 20 November 1971 ) Scoreline : Two examples of teams scoring 7 goals and not winning -- Dulwich Hamlet 8 -- 7 St Albans City ( Fourth Qualifying Round Replay , 22 November 1922 ) , and Dulwich Hamlet 7 -- 7 Wealdstone ( Fourth Qualifying Round , 16 November 1929 ) . Youngest player : Andy Awford , 15 years and 88 days ( for Worcester City v. Boreham Wood , 3rd Qualifying Round , 10 October 1987 ) , Youngest goalscorer : Sean Cato , 16 years and 25 days ( for Barrow Town v. Rothwell Town , Preliminary Round , 3 September 2011 ) Youngest goalscorer ( proper rounds ) : George Williams , 16 years and 66 days ( for Milton Keynes Dons v. Nantwich Town , First Round Proper , 12 November 2011 ) Cup runs and giant killings ( edit ) The possibility of unlikely victories in the earlier rounds of the competition , where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition in what is known as a `` giant killing '' , is much anticipated by the public . Such upsets are considered an integral part of the tradition and prestige of the competition , and the attention gained by giant - killing teams can be as great as that for winners of the cup . Almost every club in the League Pyramid has a fondly remembered giant - killing act in its history . It is considered particularly newsworthy when a top Premier League team suffers an upset defeat , or where the giant - killer is a non-league club , i.e. from outside the professional levels of The Football League . One analysis of four years of FA Cup results showed that it was 99.85 per cent likely that at least one team would beat one from its next higher division in a given year . The probability drops to 48.8 per cent for a two - division gap , and 39.28 per cent for a three - division gap . Early years ( edit ) The Football League was founded in 1888 , 16 years after the first FA Cup competition . Since the creation of The Football League , Tottenham Hotspur is the only non-league `` giant - killer '' to win the Cup , taking the 1901 FA Cup with a victory over reigning league runners - up Sheffield United : although at that time , there were only two divisions and 36 clubs in the Football League , and Spurs were champions of the next strongest football league -- the Southern League and probably already good enough for the First Division ( as was shown when they joined the Second Division in 1908 and immediately won promotion to the First . ) Only two other actual non-League clubs have even reached the final since the founding of the League : Sheffield Wednesday in 1890 ( champions of the Football Alliance , a rival league which was already effectively the Second Division , which it formally became in 1892 -- Wednesday being let straight into the First Division ) , and Southampton in 1900 and 1902 ( in which years they were also Southern League champions , proving the strength of that league : again , they were probably of equivalent standard to a First Division club at the time , but Southampton 's form subsequently faded and they did not join the League till 1920 and the formation of the Third Division . ) Non-league giant killings ( edit ) The most recent examples of a non-league team ( Levels 5 to 10 ) beating a Level 1 opponent are National League side Lincoln City 's away victory over Premier League side Burnley in the 2016 -- 17 FA Cup and Conference Premier side Luton Town 's away victory over Level 1 Premier League 's Norwich City in the 2012 -- 13 Fourth Round Proper . Prior to that game , the last time a non-league side defeated a Level 1 club was in 1989 when Sutton United claimed a 2 -- 1 victory at home over Coventry City , who had won the FA Cup less than two years prior . In the 1971 -- 72 FA Cup , a non-league side achieved a Level 1 giant killing that was voted `` best FA Cup tie ever '' in a 2007 poll by The Observer newspaper . Non-league Hereford United was trailing First Division Newcastle United 0 -- 1 with less than seven minutes left in the Third Round Proper replay , when Hereford 's Ronnie Radford scored the equalizer -- a goal still shown regularly when FA Cup fixtures are broadcast . Hereford finished the shocking comeback by defeating Newcastle 2 -- 1 in the match . Some small clubs gain a reputation for being `` cup specialists '' after two or more giant killing feats within a few years . Yeovil Town holds the record for the most victories over league opposition as a non-league team , having recorded 20 wins through the years before it achieved promotion into The Football League . The record for a club which has never entered The Football League is held by Altrincham , with 16 wins against league teams . Non-league Cup runs ( edit ) See also : List of non-league clubs in the Fifth Round of the FA Cup since 1945 For non-league teams , reaching the Third Round Proper -- where all Level 1 sides now enter -- is considered a major achievement . In the 2008 -- 09 FA Cup , a record nine non-league teams achieved this feat . As of the 2016 -- 17 season , only nine non-league teams have reached the Fifth Round Proper ( final 16 ) since 1945 , and only Lincoln City have progressed to the Sixth Round ( final 8 ) , during the 2016 -- 17 edition of the tournament . Chasetown , while playing at Level 8 of English football during the 2007 -- 08 competition , are the lowest - ranked team to ever play in the Third Round Proper ( final 64 , of 731 teams entered that season ) . Chasetown was then a member of the Southern League Division One Midlands ( a lower level within the Southern Football League ) , when they lost to Football League Championship ( Level 2 ) team Cardiff City , the eventual FA Cup runners - up that year . Their success earned the lowly organisation over £ 60,000 in prize money . Giant killings between League clubs ( edit ) In games between league sides , one of the most notable results was the 1992 victory by Wrexham , 92nd / last in the previous season 's league , over reigning league champion Arsenal . Another similar shock was when Shrewsbury Town beat Everton 2 -- 1 in 2003 . Everton finished 7th in The Premier League and Shrewsbury Town were relegated to the Football Conference that same season . Winners and finalists ( edit ) Main article : FA Cup Final See also : List of FA Cup finals Consecutive winners ( edit ) Four clubs have won consecutive FA Cups on more than one occasion : Wanderers ( 1872 , 1873 and 1876 , 1877 , 1878 ) , Blackburn Rovers ( 1884 , 1885 , 1886 and 1890 , 1891 ) , Tottenham Hotspur ( 1961 , 1962 and 1981 , 1982 ) and Arsenal ( 2002 , 2003 and 2014 , 2015 ) . Winning managers ( edit ) See also : List of FA Cup winning managers The record for most winner 's medals for a manager is held by Arsène Wenger , who has won seven titles with Arsenal ( 1998 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) . Doubles / trebles ( edit ) Seven clubs have won the FA Cup as part of a League and Cup double , namely Preston North End ( 1889 ) , Aston Villa ( 1897 ) , Tottenham Hotspur ( 1961 ) , Arsenal ( 1971 , 1998 , 2002 ) , Liverpool ( 1986 ) , Manchester United ( 1994 , 1996 , 1999 ) and Chelsea ( 2010 ) . In 1993 , Arsenal became the first side to win both the FA Cup and the League Cup in the same season when they beat Sheffield Wednesday 2 -- 1 in both finals . Liverpool ( in 2001 ) and Chelsea ( in 2007 ) have since repeated this feat . In 2012 , Chelsea accomplished a different cup double consisting of the FA Cup and the 2012 Champions League . In 1998 -- 99 , Manchester United added the 1999 Champions League title to their league and cup double to complete a unique Treble . Two years later , in 2000 -- 01 , Liverpool won the FA Cup , League Cup and UEFA Cup to complete a cup treble . An English Treble has never been achieved . Outside England ( edit ) The FA Cup has only been won by a non-English team once . Cardiff City achieved this in 1927 when they beat Arsenal in the final at Wembley . They had previously made it to the final only to lose to Sheffield United in 1925 and lost another final to Portsmouth in 2008 . Cardiff City is also the only team to win the national cups of two different countries in the same season , having also won the Welsh Cup in 1927 . The Scottish team Queen 's Park reached and lost the final in both 1884 and 1885 . Outside the top Division ( edit ) Since the creation of the Football League in 1888 , the final has never been contested by two teams from outside the top division , and there have only been eight winners who were not in the top flight : Notts County ( 1894 ) ; Tottenham Hotspur ( 1901 ) ; Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 1908 ) ; Barnsley ( 1912 ) ; West Bromwich Albion ( 1931 ) ; Sunderland ( 1973 ) , Southampton ( 1976 ) and West Ham United ( 1980 ) . With the exception of Tottenham , these clubs were all playing in the second tier ( the old Second Division ) -- Tottenham were playing in the Southern League and were only elected to the Football League in 1908 , meaning they are the only non-League winners of the FA Cup since the League 's creation . Other than Tottenham 's victory , only 24 finalists have come from outside English football 's top tier , with a record of 7 wins and 17 runners - up : and none at all from the third tier or lower , Southampton ( 1902 , then in the Southern League ) being the last finalist from outside the top two tiers . Sunderland 's win in 1973 was considered a major upset , having beaten Leeds United who finished third in the top flight that season . Uniquely , in 2008 three of the four semi-finalists ( Barnsley , Cardiff City and West Bromwich ) were from outside the top division , although the eventual winner was the last remaining top - flight team , Portsmouth . West Bromwich ( 1931 ) are the only team to have won the FA Cup and earned promotion to the top flight in the same season ; whereas Wigan Athletic ( 2013 ) are the only team to have won the Cup and been relegated from the top flight in the same season . Media coverage ( edit ) Domestic broadcasters ( edit ) See also : English football on television The FA Cup Final is one of 10 events reserved for live broadcast on UK terrestrial television under the Ofcom Code on Sports and Other Listed and Designated Events . In the early years of coverage the BBC had exclusive radio coverage with a picture of the pitch marked in the Radio Times with numbered squares to help the listener follow the match on the radio . The first FA Cup Final on Radio was in 1926 between Bolton Wanderers and Manchester City but this was only broadcast in Manchester , the first national final on BBC Radio was between Arsenal and Cardiff in 1927 . The first final on BBC Television was in 1937 in a match which featured Sunderland and Preston North End but this was not televised in full . The following season 's final between Preston and Huddersfield was covered in full by the BBC . When ITV was formed in 1955 they shared final coverage with the BBC in one of the only club matches shown live on television , during the 1970s and 1980s coverage became more elaborate with BBC and ITV trying to steal viewers from the others by starting coverage earlier and earlier some starting as early as 9 a.m. which was six hours before kick off . Nowadays , this continues with Setanta and ESPN having all - day broadcasts from Wembley , but terrestrial TV coverage usually begins two hours before kick off . The sharing of rights between BBC and ITV continued from 1955 to 1988 , when ITV lost coverage to the new Sports Channel which later became Sky Sports . From 1988 to 1997 , the BBC and Sky Sports had coverage of the FA Cup , the BBC had highlights on Match of the Day and usually one match per round while Sky had the same deal . From 1997 to 2001 , ITV and Sky shared live coverage with both having two matches per round and BBC continuing with highlights on Match of the Day . From 2002 to 2008 , BBC and Sky again shared coverage with BBC having two or three matches per round and Sky having one or two . From 2008 -- 09 to 2013 -- 14 , FA Cup matches are shown live by ITV across England and Wales , with UTV broadcasting to Northern Ireland but STV refusing to show them . ITV shows 16 FA Cup games per season , including the first pick of live matches from each of the first to sixth rounds of the competition , plus one semi-final exclusively live . The final is also shown live on ITV . Under the same 2008 contract , Setanta Sports showed three games and one replay in each round from round three to five , two quarter - finals , one semi-final and the final . The channel also broadcast ITV 's matches exclusively to Scotland , after the ITV franchise holder in Scotland , STV , decided not to broadcast FA Cup games . Setanta entered administration in June 2009 and as a result the FA terminated Setanta 's deal to broadcast FA - sanctioned competitions and England internationals . As a result of Setanta going out of business ITV showed the competition exclusively in the 2009 -- 10 season with between three and four matches per round , all quarter finals , semi-finals and final live as the FA could not find a pay TV broadcaster in time . ESPN bought the competition for the 2010 -- 11 to 2012 -- 13 season and during this time Rebecca Lowe became the first woman to host the FA Cup Final in the UK . In October 2009 , The FA announced that ITV would show an additional match in the First and Second Rounds on ITV , with one replay match shown on ITV4 . One match and one replay match from the first two rounds will broadcast on The FA website for free , in a similar situation to the 2010 World Cup Qualifier between Ukraine and England . The 2009 -- 10 First Round match between Oldham Athletic and Leeds United was the first FA Cup match to be streamed online live . Many expected BSkyB to make a bid to show some of the remaining FA Cup games for the remainder of the 2009 -- 10 season which would include a semi-final and shared rights to the final . ESPN took over the package Setanta held for the FA Cup from the 2010 -- 11 season . The 2011 final was also shown live on Sky 3D in addition to ESPN ( who provided the 3D coverage for Sky 3D ) and ITV . Following the sale of ESPN 's UK and Ireland channels to BT , ESPN 's rights package transferred to BT Sport from the 2013 -- 14 season . BBC Radio 5 Live and Talksport provides radio coverage including several full live commentaries per round , with additional commentaries broadcast on BBC Local Radio . Until the 2008 -- 09 season , the BBC and Sky Sports shared television coverage , with the BBC showing three matches in the earlier rounds . Some analysts argued the decision to move away from the Sky and , in particular , the BBC undermined the FA Cup in the eyes of the public . The early rounds of the 2008 -- 09 competition were covered for the first time by ITV 's online service , ITV Local . The first match of the competition , between Wantage Town and Brading Town , was broadcast live online . Highlights of eight games of each round were broadcast as catch up on ITV Local . Since ITV Local closed , this coverage did not continue . ITV lost the rights to the FA Cup beginning with the 2014 -- 15 FA Cup , terrestrial rights will return to BBC Sport , with the final being shown on BBC One while BT Sport hold the pay TV rights . Under this deal , the BBC will show around the same number of games as ITV and still having the first pick for each round . Matches involving Welsh clubs are sometimes exclusively broadcast on Welsh language channel S4C , which is also available to view across the rest of the United Kingdom on satellite and cable television , and through the channel 's website . A similar arrangement is shared with BBC Cymru Wales from 2014 -- 15 , potentially giving the BBC an extra match per round . Overseas broadcasters ( edit ) See also : List of FA Cup broadcasters The FA sells overseas rights separately from the domestic contract . Territory Current broadcaster ( s ) Former broadcaster ( s ) Australia First Round to the Semi-finals are broadcast exclusively by ESPN Australia ; final co-broadcast with SBS . Due to Australian anti-siphoning laws , the FA Cup Final is on a list of sporting events , that must first be offered to national television broadcasters and commercial free - to - air television broadcasters before rights can be acquired by a subscription television broadcaster . Africa Supersport , since 2015 -- 16 Albania Tring Sport , since 2009 -- 10 Belgium Eleven Sports Network , since 2015 -- 2016 Prime , 2008 -- 09 -- 2011 -- 12 Canada Sportsnet World , since 2011 -- 12 Setanta Sports , 2008 -- 09 -- 2010 -- 11 Denmark SBS Discovery Channel ( Kanal 5 , 6'eren , 7'eren ) , since 2012 -- 13 France beIN Sport , since 2012 -- 13 Canal+ , 2007 -- 08 , France Télévisions , 2008 -- 09 -- 2011 -- 12 India Sony Six & Sony ESPN , since 2012 -- 13 Italy Fox Sports , since 2013 -- 14 SKY Italia , 2003 -- 04 -- 2011 -- 12 , Mediaset Premium , 2012 -- 13 Netherlands FOX Sports , since 2010 -- 11 Russia Russia 2 & Sport - 1 , since 2011 -- 12 Spain Teledeporte , since 2016 -- 17 Movistar+ , 2008 -- 2012 Sweden TV10 , since 2013 -- 14 United States From 2012 -- 13 , Fox Sports will feature FA Cup games split between Fox Sports 1 , Fox Sports 2 , Fox Soccer Plus and the broadcast Fox network , with the Final being on Fox . English football portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The oldest Cup competetion ( sic ) in the world is at the fourth round stage , while Tottenham Hotspur are in Premier League action . Raidió Teilifís Éireann . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The rules of The FA Cup for season 2015 -- 16 '' . The Football Association . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Collett , Mike ( 2003 ) . The Complete Record of The FA Cup . p. 878 . ISBN 1 - 899807 - 19 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup final : The greatest goal from the last 50 years voted by you '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 's FA Cup catastrophe '' . BBC News . 27 July 2000 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` I regret Manchester United 's FA Cup pull - out : Fergie '' . The Belfast Telegraph . 3 December 2009 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Staniforth , Tommy ( 29 October 1999 ) . `` United underline Cup withdrawal '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Guernsey Press ( 30 April 2013 ) . `` Lions in FA Cup '' . www.thisisguernsy.com . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` No Replays in the 2017 Emirates FA Cup Quarter - Finals '' . www.thefa.com . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 6 March 2011 ) . `` Tarnished FA Cup needs a Manchester derby 's drama '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 12 May 2011 ) . `` No escape for 2012 FA Cup final from date clash with Premier League '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Hammers nail Fulham '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 5 January 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Penalty shoot - out makes English FA Cup history '' . New Straits Press . Kuala Lumpur . 28 November 1991 . p. 44 . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashenden , Mark ( 26 May 2016 ) . `` FA Cup quarter - final replays to be scrapped from next season '' . Sky Sports . Sky UK . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who qualifies to play in Europe ? '' . Archived from the original on 7 September 2012 . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Premier League , 3 May 2012 Jump up ^ `` UEFA Direct '' ( PDF ) . UEFA Magazine . October 2013 . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup : Greg Dyke says semi-finals will stay at Wembley '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Football supporters hail FA Cup semi-final decision '' . Football Supporters ' Federation . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 8 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Paul ( 11 April 2013 ) . `` FA Cup semi-finals : should they be played at Wembley ? -- poll '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Nurse , Howard ( 19 October 2006 ) . `` Wembley Stadium to open next year '' . BBC News . Retrieved 17 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 3G pitches allowed in all rounds of FA Cup from 2014 -- 15 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Artificial pitches given go - ahead for FA Cup qualifying rounds '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maidstone United 2 -- 1 Stevenage '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA Cup reborn for 2014 final as new trophy is cast '' . BBC News . BBC News . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA Cup given top Antiques Roadshow value of more than £ 1m '' . BBC News . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Birmingham City boss buys FA Cup '' . BBC . 21 May 2005 . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emmet Smith -- FA Cup engraver '' . The Guardian . 12 May 2007 . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Association , The Football . `` Up for the Cup ! Historic FA Cup on Display at Stoke Park '' . www.surreyfa.com . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lennox , Doug ( 1 June 2009 ) . Now You Know Soccer . Dundurn . ISBN 9781770706132 . Jump up ^ Donnelley , Paul ( 4 October 2010 ) . Firsts , Lasts & Onlys of Football : Presenting the most amazing football facts from the last 160 years . Octopus . p. 1878 . ISBN 9780600622543 . Jump up ^ Brown , Paul ( 29 May 2013 ) . The Victorian Football Miscellany . Superelastic . p. 63 . ISBN 9780956227058 . Jump up ^ `` The Trophies '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 25 June 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unsolved : Did this OAP really steal the famous FA Cup ? '' . Birmingham Mail . Trinity Mirror Midlands. 13 May 2010 . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oldest FA Cup presented to museum '' . BBC . 20 April 2006 . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Al - Samarrai , Riath ( 7 November 2012 ) . `` Engineers steamroll Wanderers 7 -- 1 in repeat of first ever FA Cup final at The Oval ... 140 years after the original '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Toye trophies page '' . Archived from the original on 22 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Godfrey , Mark . `` The history of the FA Cup trophy '' . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RULES OF THE FA CHALLENGE CUP COMPETITION '' . The Football Association . p. 23 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup medal is back at Turf Moor '' . www.burnleyexpress.net . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA Cup get first title sponsor following deal with Emirates Airline '' . BBC Sport. 30 May 2015 . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` F.A. Cup Soccer Gets A Sponsor '' . The New York Times . 2 September 1994 . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Axa wins FA Cup '' . BBC News . 23 July 1998 . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FA announces new Cup sponsorship '' . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NotFound '' . Archived from the original on 16 September 2010 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Budweiser up for Cup in £ 8m a year deal '' . The Sun . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ DailyMail ( 12 April 2013 ) . `` First look at new FA Cup ball , making its debut in this weekend 's semi-finals '' . 12 April 2013 . London . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Mr FA Cup : England star Cole has won the competition an incredible SEVEN times '' . Daily Mail . 7 January 2013 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Barber , David ( 3 February 2010 ) . `` Fastest Cup hat - trick '' . The FA . Retrieved 4 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup Heroes '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ 20 November -- Mac o ' Nine Tales , On This Football Day . Jump up ^ `` Gills ' Freeman makes Cup history '' . BBC Sport. 12 November 2007 . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Teenager breaks FA Cup record on his debut '' . Loughborough Echo. 10 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The harder they fall '' . ESPN.co.uk . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Giant - killing not a tall order in FA Cup '' . The Times . 8 January 2005 . Archived from the original on 5 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Morshead , Sam ( 6 January 2017 ) . `` Liverpool have suffered more FA Cup giant - killings than any other Premier League side : Why Plymouth should be encouraged ahead of their Anfield trip '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ BBC Sport , 26 January 2013 Jump up ^ `` It 'll never happen '' . The Observer . Guardian News and Media . 28 January 2007 . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TheFA.com -- Twenty to tackle answers '' . 23 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Kessel , Anna ( 3 January 2009 ) . `` Non-league presence in third round of FA Cup breaks all - time record '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ask Albert -- Number 8 '' . BBC News . 7 December 2000 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Burnley 0 -- 1 Lincoln City '' . BBC News . 18 February 2017 . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Chasetown 1 -- 3 Cardiff . Jump up ^ Magee , Andrew ( 30 May 2015 ) . `` Arsene Wenger 's sixth FA Cup win draws him level with the most important man in Aston Villa 's history ... George Ramsay '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TheFA.com -- Shocks do happen '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 5 March 2005 . Retrieved 6 April 2005 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup semi-final draw 2008 '' . BBC Sport. 10 March 2008 . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FA face Setanta shortfall '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 23 June 2009 . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup to be broadcast Free - to - Air '' . Archived from the original on 27 October 2009 . Retrieved 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Latics to face Leeds in Cup '' . Retrieved 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup and England TV rights up for grabs as Setanta falls into administration and prepares to disappear from our screens '' . Daily Mail . London . 23 June 2009 . Retrieved 30 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 7 December 2009 ) . `` ESPN secures rights to show FA Cup matches from next season '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN 's 3D coverage of 2011 FA Cup Final to be available on Sky 3D '' . Sky TV . London . Retrieved 26 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BT Group acquires ESPN 's UK and Ireland television channels business '' ( Press release ) . BT Group . 25 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2013 . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Sale , Charles ( 2 September 2009 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : E. ON opt against extending FA Cup sponsorship deal '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Watch The FA Cup online '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Cup tie live online '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` BBC to show live matches from 2014 -- 15 season '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` S4C to broadcast live coverage of Wrexham 's FA Cup clash '' . S4C . Sianel Pedwar Cymru. 2 November 2011 . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wrexham v Stevenage or Maidstone live on BBC Wales '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 13 November 2014 . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teledeporte emite la Emirates FA Cup '' . RTVE.es. 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris , Christopher ( 13 December 2013 ) . `` FOX to Broadcast FA Cup Final and Arsenal - Spurs FA Cup Match on Over-the - Air Network '' . World Soccer Talk . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Since 1920 , when the Football League expanded to three divisions , no club from outside the top two divisions has reached the final . Since 1914 , when QPR reached the fourth round proper ( the last eight / quarter - final stage ) , the only non-league club to have reached that stage is Lincoln City in 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FA Cup . The FA Cup Archive -- England 's official Football Association site , all results with dates , including all qualifying rounds The official FA Cup website Thomas Fattorini Ltd. makers of the 1911 FA Cup -- manufacturers of the 1911 FA Cup and other sporting trophies FA Cup going under the hammer -- BBC News story on the sale of the second trophy FA Supporters -- Independent FA Cup Supporters Club FA Cup Seasons 1871 -- 72 1872 -- 73 1873 -- 74 1874 -- 75 1875 -- 76 1876 -- 77 1877 -- 78 1878 -- 79 1879 -- 80 1880 -- 81 1881 -- 82 1882 -- 83 1883 -- 84 1884 -- 85 1885 -- 86 1886 -- 87 1887 -- 88 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 00 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Qualifying rounds 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 00 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Finals 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1992 1993 2001 2017 History Trophy List of finals Third - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	if a team wins the fa cup do they qualify for the champions league	[ "Winners receive the FA Cup trophy, of which there have been two designs and five actual cups; the latest is a 2014 replica of the second design, introduced in 1911. Winners also qualify for the Europa League and a place in the FA Community Shield match. Arsenal are the current holders, having beaten Chelsea 2–1 in the 2017 final to win the cup for the 13th time in their history and become the tournament's most successful club. Arsenal's Arsène Wenger is the most successful manager in the competition with seven finals won." ]	[ "Europa League" ]
6276226722745393397	Sunburn	Sunburn - wikipedia Sunburn Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Sunburn ( disambiguation ) . Sunburn A sunburnt back that was partially protected by a bathing suit top . Classification and external resources Specialty Dermatology ICD - 10 L55 ICD - 9 - CM 692.71 DiseasesDB 13516 MedlinePlus 003227 Patient UK Sunburn MeSH D013471 ( edit on Wikidata ) Sunburn is a form of radiation burn that affects living tissue , such as skin , that results from an overexposure to ultraviolet ( UV ) radiation , commonly from the sun . Common symptoms in humans and other animals include red or reddish skin that is hot to the touch , pain , general fatigue , and mild dizziness . An excess of UV radiation can be life - threatening in extreme cases . Exposure of the skin to lesser amounts of UV radiation will often produce a suntan . Excessive UV radiation is the leading cause of primarily non-malignant skin tumors . Sunscreen is widely agreed to prevent sunburn and some types of skin cancer . Clothing , including hats , is considered the preferred skin protection method . Moderate sun tanning without burning can also prevent subsequent sunburn , as it increases the amount of melanin , a photoprotective pigment that is the skin 's natural defense against overexposure . Importantly , both sunburn and the increase in melanin production are triggered by direct DNA damage . When the skin cells ' DNA is overly damaged by UV radiation , type I cell - death is triggered and the skin is replaced . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Variations 1.2 Duration 1.3 Skin cancer 2 Causes 2.1 Biological 2.2 Medications 2.3 UV intensity 2.4 Ozone depletion 2.5 Tanning 3 Prevention 3.1 Skin 3.2 Eyes 3.3 Diet 4 Treatment 5 References 6 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Blisters on a shoulder caused by sunburn . Typically , there is initial redness ( erythema ) , followed by varying degrees of pain , proportional in severity to both the duration and intensity of exposure . Other symptoms can include edema , itching , peeling skin , rash , nausea , fever , chills , and syncope . Also , a small amount of heat is given off from the burn , caused by the concentration of blood in the healing process , giving a warm feeling to the affected area . Sunburns may be classified as superficial , or partial thickness burns . Variations ( edit ) Minor sunburns typically cause nothing more than slight redness and tenderness to the affected areas . In more serious cases , blistering can occur . Extreme sunburns can be painful to the point of debilitation and may require hospital care . Duration ( edit ) Sunburn can occur in less than 15 minutes , and in seconds when exposed to non-shielded welding arcs or other sources of intense ultraviolet light . Nevertheless , the inflicted harm is often not immediately obvious . After the exposure , skin may turn red in as little as 30 minutes but most often takes 2 to 6 hours . Pain is usually most extreme 6 to 48 hours after exposure . The burn continues to develop for 1 to 3 days , occasionally followed by peeling skin in 3 to 8 days . Some peeling and itching may continue for several weeks . Skin cancer ( edit ) Ultraviolet radiation causes sunburns and increases the risk of three types of skin cancer : melanoma , basal - cell carcinoma and squamous - cell carcinoma . Of greatest concern is that the melanoma risk increases in a dose - dependent manner with the number of a person 's lifetime cumulative episodes of sunburn . Causes ( edit ) Biological ( edit ) The cause of sunburn is the direct damage that a UVB photon can induce in DNA ( left ) . One of the possible reactions from the excited state is the formation of a thymine - thymine cyclobutane dimer ( right ) . Sunburn is caused by UV radiation , either from the sun or from artificial sources , such as tanning lamps , welding arcs , or ultraviolet germicidal irradiation . It is a reaction of the body to direct DNA damage from UVB light . This damage is mainly the formation of a thymine dimer . The damage is recognized by the body , which then triggers several defense mechanisms , including DNA repair to revert the damage , apoptosis and peeling to remove irreparably damaged skin cells , and increased melanin production to prevent future damage . Melanin readily absorbs UV wavelength light , acting as a photoprotectant . By preventing UV photons from disrupting chemical bonds , melanin inhibits both the direct alteration of DNA and the generation of free radicals , thus indirect DNA damage . Sunburn causes an inflammation process , including production of prostanoids and bradykinin . These chemical compounds increase sensitivity to heat by reducing the threshold of heat receptor ( TRPV1 ) activation from 109 ° F ( 43 ° C ) to 85 ° F ( 29 ° C ) . The pain may be caused by overproduction of a protein called CXCL5 , which activates nerve fibres . Skin type determines the ease of sunburn . In general , people with lighter skin tone have a greater risk of sunburn . Age also affects how skin reacts to sun . Children younger than six and adults older than sixty are more sensitive to sunlight . Medications ( edit ) The risk of a sunburn can be increased by pharmaceutical products that sensitize users to UV radiation . Certain antibiotics , oral contraceptives , and tranquillizers have this effect . UV intensity ( edit ) The UV Index indicates the risk of getting a sunburn at a given time and location . Contributing factors include : The time of day . In most locations , the sun 's rays are strongest between approximately 10am and 4pm daylight saving time . Cloud cover . UV is partially blocked by clouds ; but even on an overcast day , a significant percentage of the sun 's damaging UV radiation can pass through clouds . Proximity to reflective surfaces , such as water , sand , concrete , snow , and ice . All of these reflect the sun 's rays and can cause sunburns . The season of the year . The position of the sun in late spring and early summer can cause a more - severe sunburn . Altitude . At a higher altitude it is easier to become burnt , because there is less of the earth 's atmosphere to block the sunlight . UV exposure increases about 4 % for every 1000 ft ( 305 m ) gain in elevation . Proximity to the equator ( latitude ) . Between the polar and tropical regions , the closer to the equator , the more direct sunlight passes through the atmosphere over the course of a year . For example , the southern United States gets fifty percent more sunlight than the northern United States . Erythemal dose rate at three Northern latitudes . ( Divide by 25 to obtain the UV Index . ) Source : NOAA . Because of variations in the intensity of UV radiation passing through the atmosphere , the risk of sunburn increases with proximity to the tropic latitudes , located between 23.5 ° north and south latitude . All else being equal ( e.g. , cloud cover , ozone layer , terrain , etc . ) , over the course of a full year , each location within the tropic or polar regions receives approximately the same amount of UV radiation . In the temperate zones between 23.5 ° and 66.5 ° , UV radiation varies substantially by latitude and season . The higher the latitude , the lower the intensity of the UV rays . Intensity in the northern hemisphere is greatest during the months of May , June and July -- and in the southern hemisphere , November , December and January . On a minute - by - minute basis , the amount of UV radiation is dependent on the angle of the sun . This is easily determined by the height ratio of any object to the size of its shadow . The greatest risk is at solar noon , when shadows are at their minimum and the sun 's radiation passes most directly through the atmosphere . Regardless of one 's latitude ( assuming no other variables ) , equal shadow lengths mean equal amounts of UV radiation . The skin and eyes are most sensitive to damage by UV at 265 -- 275 nm wavelength , which is in the lower UVC band that is almost never encountered except from artificial sources like welding arcs . Most sunburn is caused by longer wavelengths , simply because those are more prevalent in sunlight at ground level . Ozone depletion ( edit ) In recent decades , the incidence and severity of sunburn has increased worldwide , partly because of chemical damage to the atmosphere 's ozone layer . Between the 1970s and the 2000s , average stratospheric ozone decreased by approximately 4 % , contributing an approximate 4 % increase to the average UV intensity at the earth 's surface . Ozone depletion and the seasonal `` ozone hole '' have led to much larger changes in some locations , especially in the southern hemisphere . Tanning ( edit ) Suntans , which naturally develop in some individuals as a protective mechanism against the sun , are viewed by most in the Western world as desirable . This has led to an overall increase in exposure to UV radiation from both the natural sun and tanning lamps . Suntans can provide a modest sun protection factor ( SPF ) of 3 , meaning that tanned skin would tolerate up to three times the UV exposure as pale skin . Prevention ( edit ) Skin ( edit ) Sunburn effect ( as measured by the UV Index ) is the product of the sunlight spectrum at the earth 's surface ( radiation intensity ) and the erythemal action spectrum ( skin sensitivity ) . Long - wavelength UV is more prevalent , but each milliwatt at 295 nm produces almost 100 times more sunburn than at 315 nm . Sunburn peeling . The destruction of lower layers of the epidermis causes rapid loss of the top layers . Skin peeling as a result of a sunburn . The most effective way to prevent sunburn is to reduce the amount of UV radiation reaching the skin . The strength of sunlight is published in many locations as a UV Index . The World Health Organization recommends to limit time in midday summer sun ( between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. ) , to watch the UV Index , to seek shade , to wear protective clothing ( including a wide - brim hat ) , and to use sunscreen . Sunlight is generally strongest when the sun is close to the highest point in the sky . Due to time zones and daylight saving time , this is not necessarily at 12 noon , but often one to two hours later . Commercial preparations are available that block UV light , known as sunscreens or sunblocks . They have a sun protection factor ( SPF ) rating , based on the sunblock 's ability to suppress sunburn : The higher the SPF rating , the lower the amount of direct DNA damage . The stated protection factors are correct only if 2 μL of sunscreen is applied per square cm of exposed skin . This translates into about 28 mL ( 1 oz ) to cover the whole body of an adult male , which is much more than many people use in practice . Broad - spectrum sunscreens contain filters that protect against UVA radiation as well as UVB . Although UVA radiation does not primarily cause sunburn , it does contribute to skin aging and an increased risk of skin cancer . Research has shown that the best sunscreen protection is achieved by application 15 to 30 minutes before exposure , followed by one reapplication 15 to 30 minutes after exposure begins . Further reapplication is necessary only after activities such as swimming , sweating , and rubbing . This varies based on the indications and protection shown on the label -- from as little as 80 minutes in water to a few hours , depending on the product selected . Sunscreen is effective and thus recommended for preventing melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma . There is little evidence that it is effective in preventing basal cell carcinoma . Other advice to reduce rates of skin cancer includes : avoiding sunburning , wearing protective clothing , sunglasses and hats , and attempting to avoid sun exposure or periods of peak exposure . The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that people between 9 and 25 years of age be advised to avoid ultraviolet light . Typical use of sunscreen does not usually result in vitamin D deficiency , but extensive usage may . When one is exposed to any artificial source of occupational UV , special protective clothing ( for example , welding helmets / shields ) should be worn . Such sources can produce UVC , an extremely carcinogenic wavelength of UV which ordinarily is not present in normal sunlight , having been filtered out by the atmosphere . Eyes ( edit ) The eyes are also sensitive to sun exposure at about the same UV wavelengths as skin ; snow blindness is essentially sunburn of the cornea . Wrap - around sunglasses or the use by spectacle - wearers of glasses that block UV light reduce the harmful radiation . UV light has been implicated in the development of age - related macular degeneration , pterygium and cataract . Concentrated clusters of melanin , commonly known as freckles , are often found within the iris . Diet ( edit ) Dietary factors influence susceptibility to sunburn , recovery from sunburn , and risk of secondary complications from sunburn . Several dietary antioxidants , including essential vitamins , have been shown to have some effectiveness for protecting against sunburn and skin damage associated with ultraviolet radiation , in both human and animal studies . Supplementation with Vitamin C and Vitamin E was shown in one study to reduce the amount of sunburn after a controlled amount of UV exposure . A review of scientific literature through 2007 found that beta carotene ( Vitamin A ) supplementation had a protective effect against sunburn , but that the effects were only evident in the long - term , with studies of supplementation for periods less than 10 weeks in duration failing to show any effects . There is also evidence that common foods may have some protective ability against sunburn if taken for a period before the exposure . Treatment ( edit ) The primary measure is avoiding further exposure to the sun . The best treatment for most sunburns is time . Most sunburns heal completely within a few weeks . Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( such as ibuprofen or naproxen ) , and aspirin may decrease redness and pain . Local anesthetics such as benzocaine , however , are contraindicated . Schwellnus et al. states that topical steroids ( such as hydrocortisone cream ) do not help with sunburns , although the American Academy of Dermatology says they can be used on especially sore areas . While lidocaine cream is often used as a sunburn treatment , there is little evidence for the effectiveness of such use . Home treatments that may help the discomfort include using cool and wet cloths on the sunburned areas . Applying soothing lotions that contain aloe vera to the sunburn areas was supported by one review . Others have found aloe vera to have no effect . Aloe vera has no ability to protect people from sunburns . Another treatment includes using a moisturizer that contains soy . A sunburn draws fluid to the skin 's surface and away from the rest of the body . Drinking extra water when you are sunburned helps prevent dehydration . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : World Health Organization , International Agency for Research on Cancer `` Do sunscreens prevent skin cancer '' Press release No. 132 , 5 June 2000 ^ Jump up to : World Health Organization , International Agency for Research on Cancer `` Solar and ultraviolet radiation '' IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans , Volume 55 , November 1997 Jump up ^ Sunburn at eMedicine Jump up ^ `` Facts About Sunburn and Skin Cancer '' , Skin Cancer Foundation Jump up ^ Dennis , Leslie K. ; et al. ( August 2008 ) . `` Sunburns and risk of cutaneous melanoma , does age matter : a comprehensive meta - analysis '' . Ann . Epidemiol. 18 ( 8 ) : 614 -- 627 . PMC 2873840 . PMID 18652979 . doi : 10.1016 / j. annepidem. 2008.04. 006 . Jump up ^ Linden , David J. ( 2015 ) . Touch : The Science of Hand , Heart and Mind . Viking . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Dawes J.M. ; Calvo M. ; Perkins J.R. ; Paterson K.J. ; Kiesewetter H. ; Hobbs C. ; Kaan T.K.Y. ; Orengo C. ; Bennett D.L.H. ; McMahon S.B. ( 2011 ) . `` CXCL5 Mediates UVB Irradiation -- Induced Pain '' . Sci. Transl . Med. 3 ( 90 ) : 90ra60 . PMC 3232447 . PMID 21734176 . doi : 10.1126 / scitranslmed. 3002193 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sunburn -- Topic Overview '' . Healthwise. 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avoiding Sun - Related Skin Damage '' . Fact-Sheets.com. 2004 . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Health , Center for Devices and Radiological . `` Tanning - Ultraviolet ( UV ) Radiation '' . www.fda.gov . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Global Solar UV Index : A Practical Guide '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . 2002 . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . Up to 80 % of solar UV radiation can penetrate light cloud cover . Jump up ^ `` How UV Index Is Calculated '' . EPA . 2012 . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . Clear skies allow virtually 100 % of UV to pass through , scattered clouds transmit 89 % , broken clouds transmit 73 % , and overcast skies transmit 31 % . Jump up ^ `` Twenty Questions and Answers About the Ozone Layer '' . Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion : 2010 ( PDF ) . World Meteorological Organization . 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Suntan '' . Healthwise. 27 March 2005 . Retrieved 26 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Surgeon General 's Call to Action to Prevent Skin Cancer '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . 2014 . p. 20 . A UVB - induced tan provides minimal sun protection , equivalent to an SPF of about 3 . Jump up ^ Sun protection . World Health Organization . Jump up ^ Faurschou A , Wulf HC ( April 2007 ) . `` The relation between sun protection factor and amount of sunscreen applied in vivo '' . Br. J. Dermatol. 156 ( 4 ) : 716 -- 719 . PMID 17493070 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2133.2006. 07684. x . Jump up ^ Diffey BL ( 2001 ) . `` When should sunscreen be reapplied ? '' . J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 45 ( 6 ) : 882 -- 5 . PMID 11712033 . doi : 10.1067 / mjd. 2001.117385 . Jump up ^ Kanavy HE , Gerstenblith MR ( December 2011 ) . `` Ultraviolet radiation and melanoma '' . Semin Cutan Med Surg. 30 ( 4 ) : 222 -- 8 . PMID 22123420 . doi : 10.1016 / j. sder. 2011.08. 003 . Jump up ^ Burnett ME , Wang SQ ( April 2011 ) . `` Current sunscreen controversies : a critical review '' . Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 27 ( 2 ) : 58 -- 67 . PMID 21392107 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0781.2011. 00557. x . Jump up ^ Kütting B , Drexler H ( December 2010 ) . `` UV - induced skin cancer at workplace and evidence - based prevention '' . Int Arch Occup Environ Health . 83 ( 8 ) : 843 -- 54 . PMID 20414668 . doi : 10.1007 / s00420 - 010 - 0532 - 4 . Jump up ^ Council on Environmental H , Section on , Dermatology , Balk , SJ ( Mar 2011 ) . `` Ultraviolet radiation : a hazard to children and adolescents . '' . Pediatrics. 127 ( 3 ) : 588 -- 97 . PMID 21357336 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 2010 - 3501 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lin JS , Eder , M , Weinmann , S ( Feb 2011 ) . `` Behavioral counseling to prevent skin cancer : a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force . '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 154 ( 3 ) : 190 -- 201 . PMID 21282699 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 154 - 3 - 201102010 - 00009 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Norval , M ; Wulf , HC ( October 2009 ) . `` Does chronic sunscreen use reduce vitamin D production to insufficient levels ? '' . The British journal of dermatology. 161 ( 4 ) : 732 -- 6 . PMID 19663879 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2133.2009. 09332. x . Jump up ^ Glazer - Hockstein , C ; Dunaief JL ( January 2006 ) . `` Could blue light - blocking lenses decrease the risk of age - related macular degeneration ? '' . Retina. 26 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 4 . PMID 16395131 . doi : 10.1097 / 00006982 - 200601000 - 00001 . Jump up ^ Solomon , AS ( June 2006 ) . `` Pterygium '' . British Journal of Ophthalmology. 90 ( 6 ) : 665 -- 666 . PMC 1860212 . PMID 16714259 . doi : 10.1136 / bjo. 2006.091413 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Neale , RE ; JL Purdie ; LW Hirst ; AC Green ( November 2003 ) . `` Sun exposure as a risk factor for nuclear cataract '' . Epidemiology. 14 ( 6 ) : 707 -- 712 . PMID 14569187 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. ede. 0000086881.84657. 98 . Jump up ^ Eberlein - König , Bernadette ; Placzek , Marianne ; Przybilla , Bernhard ( 1998 ) . `` Protective effect against sunburn of combined systemic ascorbic acid ( vitamin C ) and d - α - tocopherol ( vitamin E ) '' . Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 38 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 48 . ISSN 0190 - 9622 . doi : 10.1016 / S0190 - 9622 ( 98 ) 70537 - 7 . Jump up ^ Köpcke , Wolfgang ; Krutmann , Jean ( 2008 ) . `` Protection from Sunburn with β - Carotene -- A Meta - analysis '' . Photochemistry and Photobiology. 84 ( 2 ) : 284 -- 288 . ISSN 0031 - 8655 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1751 - 1097.2007. 00253. x . Jump up ^ Stahl W , Sies H ( 2007 ) . `` Carotenoids and flavonoids contribute to nutritional protection against skin damage from sunlight '' . Mol . Biotechnol. 37 ( 1 ) : 26 -- 30 . PMID 17914160 . doi : 10.1007 / s12033 - 007 - 0051 - z . Jump up ^ `` Sunburn -- Home Treatment '' . Healthwise. 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Schwellnus , edited by Martin P. ( 2008 ) . The Olympic textbook of medicine in sport . Oxford , UK : Wiley - Blackwell . p. 337 . ISBN 9781444300642 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` How to treat sunburn '' . American Academy of Dermatology . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Arndt , Kenneth A. ; Hsu , Jeffrey T.S. ( 2007 ) . Manual of Dermatologic Therapeutics . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 215 . ISBN 9780781760584 . Jump up ^ Maenthaisong R , Chaiyakunapruk N , Niruntraporn S , Kongkaew C ( 2007 ) . `` The efficacy of aloe vera used for burn wound healing : a systematic review '' . Burns . 33 ( 6 ) : 713 -- 718 . PMID 17499928 . doi : 10.1016 / j. burns. 2006.10. 384 . Jump up ^ Feily , A ; Namazi , MR ( February 2009 ) . `` Aloe vera in dermatology : a brief review '' . Giornale italiano di dermatologia e venereologia. 144 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 91 . PMID 19218914 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSunburnat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Sunburn at DMOZ Radiation - related disorders / Photodermatoses ( L55 -- L59 , 692.7 ) Ultraviolet / ionizing Sunburn Phytophotodermatitis Solar urticaria Polymorphous light eruption Benign summer light eruption Juvenile spring eruption Acne aestivalis Hydroa vacciniforme Solar erythema Nonionizing Actinic rays : Actinic keratosis Atrophic actinic keratosis Hyperkeratotic actinic keratosis Lichenoid actinic keratosis Pigmented actinic keratosis Actinic cheilitis Actinic granuloma Actinic prurigo Chronic actinic dermatitis Infrared / heat : Erythema ab igne ( Kangri ulcer Kairo cancer Kang cancer Peat fire cancer ) Cutis rhomboidalis nuchae Poikiloderma of Civatte Other Radiation dermatitis Acute Chronic radiodermatitis ) Favre -- Racouchot syndrome Photoaging Photosensitivity with HIV infection Phototoxic tar dermatitis Sunscreening agents approved by the US FDA or other agencies UV A : 400 -- 315 nm UVB : 315 -- 290 nm chemical agents unless otherwise noted UVA filters Avobenzone ( Parsol 1789 ) Bisdisulizole disodium ( Neo Heliopan AP ) Diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate ( Uvinul A Plus ) Ecamsule ( Mexoryl SX ) Menthyl anthranilate UVB filters Amiloxate 4 - Aminobenzoic acid ( PABA ) Cinoxate Ethylhexyl triazone ( Uvinul T 150 ) Homosalate 4 - Methylbenzylidene camphor ( Enzacamene ) Octyl methoxycinnamate ( Octinoxate ) Octyl salicylate ( Octisalate ) Padimate O ( Escalol 507 ) Phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid ( Ensulizole ) Polysilicone - 15 ( Parsol SLX ) Trolamine salicylate UVA + UVB filters Bemotrizinol ( Tinosorb S ) Benzophenones 1 -- 12 Dioxybenzone Drometrizole trisiloxane ( Mexoryl XL ) Iscotrizinol ( Uvasorb HEB ) Octocrylene Oxybenzone ( Eusolex 4360 ) Sulisobenzone hybrid ( chemical / physical ) : Bisoctrizole ( Tinosorb M ) physical : Titanium dioxide Zinc oxide See also : Photoprotection Sun protective clothing Sun tanning Sunburn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunburn&oldid=802689720 '' Categories : Burns Sun tanning Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use dmy dates from May 2017 Articles with DMOZ links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans تۆرکجه Bikol Central Български Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Ido Italiano Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 20 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how long until a sunburn starts to peel	[ "After the exposure, skin may turn red in as little as 30 minutes but most often takes 2 to 6 hours. Pain is usually most extreme 6 to 48 hours after exposure. The burn continues to develop for 1 to 3 days, occasionally followed by peeling skin in 3 to 8 days. Some peeling and itching may continue for several weeks." ]	[ "3 to 8 days" ]
4820521150632210247	Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)	Anglo - Spanish war ( 1585 -- 1604 ) - wikipedia Anglo - Spanish war ( 1585 -- 1604 ) For other conflicts , see Anglo - Spanish War . Anglo - Spanish War Defeat of the Spanish Armada , 8 August 1588 by Philip James de Loutherbourg Location Atlantic Ocean , British Isles , Low Countries , France , Spain , Spanish Main , Portugal , Azores and Canary islands Result Status quo ante bellum Treaty of London Belligerents Spanish Empire Portugal under Philip of Spain French Catholic League Irish alliance Order of Saint John Kingdom of England Kingdom of Ireland United Provinces Kingdom of France Portuguese loyal to Prior of Crato French Huguenot forces Commanders and leaders King Philip II † King Philip III Marquis of Santa Cruz Duke of Parma Martín de Padilla Count of Fuentes Duke of Medina Sidonia Duke of Mayenne Duke of Braganza Aodh Mór Ó Néill Elizabeth I † James VI Francis Drake John Hawkins Earl of Leicester Earl of Nottingham Francis Vere Baron Mountjoy Maurice of Nassau Henry IV of France Prior of Crato Anglo - Spanish War ( 1585 -- 1604 ) Spanish Main San Juan de Ulúa São Vicente Santo Domingo Cartagena St. Augustine Spanish West Indies Havana 1st Puerto Caballos San Mateo Recife Trinidad Orinoco La Guaira Caracas Coro Guadalupe 1st San Juan Pinos 2nd San Juan Tabasco Portobello 2nd Puerto Caballos Santiago de Cuba Atlantic Ponta Delgada Terceira Newfoundland Bermuda Santiago 1st Azores 1st Flores 2nd Flores Faial Las Palmas 2nd Azores European waters Scheldt Pantelleria 1st Cádiz 1st Calais Gravelines Corunna Lisbon Bayona 1st Gibraltar Strait 2nd Gibraltar Strait Berlengas Gulf of Almería Barbary Coast Bay of Biscay Gironde Mount 's Bay Cawsand 2nd Cádiz Cape Finisterre Cornwall West Wales Sesimbra Dover Strait Gulf of Cádiz Low Countries and Germany Mons Goes Middelburg Haarlem 1st Geertruidenberg Leiden Delft Valkenburg Schoonhoven Gembloux Rijmenam Borgerhout Mechelen 1st Steenwijk Kollum Noordhorn Niezijl Lochem Lier Eindhoven Steenbergen Aalst Antwerp Arnhem 1st Grave Venlo Axel 1st Rheinberg 1st Zutphen 1st Sluis Bergen op Zoom 2nd Geertruidenberg Breda 2nd Zutphen Deventer Delfzijl Knodsenburg 1st Hulst Nijmegen 2nd Steenwijk 1st Coevorden 3rd Geertruidenberg 2nd Coevorden Groningen Huy 1st Groenlo Lippe 2nd Hulst Turnhout 2nd Rheinberg Meurs 2nd Groenlo Bredevoort Enschede Ootmarsum Oldenzaal Lingen Schenckenschans Zaltbommel Rees San Andreas Nieuwpoort 3rd Rheinberg 2nd Meurs Ostend ' s - Hertogenbosch 2nd Grave Hoogstraten Ardenburg Oostberg 2nd Sluis France Arques Ivry Paris Rouen Caudebec Craon Blaye Morlaix Crozon 2nd Calais Amiens Ireland Carrigafoyle Smerwick Irish West Coast Kinsale Castlehaven Anglo - Spanish wars 1585 -- 1604 1625 -- 30 1654 -- 60 1662 -- 68 1701 -- 13 1718 -- 20 1727 -- 29 1739 -- 48 1762 -- 63 1779 -- 83 1796 -- 1802 1803 -- 08 1819 -- 32 1833 -- 40 The Anglo - Spanish War ( 1585 -- 1604 ) was an intermittent conflict between the kingdoms of Spain and England that was never formally declared . The war was punctuated by widely separated battles , and began with England 's military expedition in 1585 to the Netherlands under the command of the Earl of Leicester in support of the resistance of the States General to Spanish Habsburg rule . The English enjoyed some victories at Cádiz in 1587 , and saw the Spanish Armada retreat in 1588 , but then suffered severe defeats of the English Armada in 1589 and the Drake -- Hawkins and Essex -- Raleigh expeditions in 1595 and 1597 respectively . Two further Spanish armadas were sent in 1596 and 1597 but were frustrated in their objectives mainly because of adverse weather and poor planning . The war became deadlocked around the turn of the 17th century during campaigns in the Netherlands , France and Ireland . It was brought to an end with the Treaty of London , negotiated in 1604 between representatives of the new King of Spain , Philip III , and the new King of England , James I. England and Spain agreed to cease their military interventions in the Spanish Netherlands and Ireland , respectively , and the English ended high seas privateering . Contents 1 Causes 2 War 2.1 Dutch Revolt ( 1585 -- 1587 ) 2.2 Spanish Armada 2.3 English Armada 2.4 Dutch Revolt ( 1588 -- 1595 ) 2.5 Naval War and Privateering 2.6 Dutch Revolt ( 1597 -- 1604 ) 2.7 France 2.8 Ireland 2.9 End of the war 3 Treaty and aftermath 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Further reading Causes In the 1560s , Philip II of Spain was faced with increasing religious disturbances as Protestantism gained adherents in his domains in the Low Countries . As a defender of the Catholic Church , he sought to suppress the rising Protestant heresy in his territories , which eventually exploded into open rebellion in 1566 . Meanwhile , relations with the regime of Elizabeth I of England continued to deteriorate , following her restoration of royal supremacy over the Church of England through the Act of Supremacy in 1559 ; this had been first instituted by her father Henry VIII and rescinded by her sister Mary I . The Act was considered by Catholics as a usurpation of papal authority . Calls by leading English Protestants to support the Protestant Dutch rebels against Philip increased tensions further as did the Catholic - Protestant disturbances in France , which saw both sides supporting the opposing French factions . Opposing Monarchs Philip II of Spain Elizabeth I of England Complicating matters were commercial disputes . The activities of English sailors , begun by Sir John Hawkins in 1562 , gained the tacit support of Elizabeth , even though the Spanish government complained that Hawkins 's trade with their colonies in the West Indies constituted smuggling . In September 1568 , a slaving expedition led by Hawkins and Sir Francis Drake was surprised by the Spanish , and several ships were captured or sunk at the Battle of San Juan de Ulúa near Veracruz in New Spain . This engagement soured Anglo - Spanish relations and in the following year the English detained several treasure ships sent by the Spanish to supply their army in the Netherlands . Drake and Hawkins intensified their privateering as a way to break the Spanish monopoly on Atlantic trade . Francis Drake went on a privateering voyage where he eventually circumnavigated the globe between 1577 and 1580 . Spanish colonial ports were plundered and a number of ships were captured including the treasure galleon Nuestra Señora de la Concepción . When news of his exploits reached Europe , Elizabeth 's relations with Philip continued to deteriorate . Soon after the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580 , English support was provided to Prior of Crato who then fought in his struggle with Philip II for the Portuguese throne . Philip in return began to support the Catholic rebellion in Ireland against Elizabeth 's religious reforms . Both Philip 's and Elizabeth 's attempts to support opposing factions were defeated . In 1584 , Philip signed the Treaty of Joinville with the Catholic League of France to stop the rise of Protestantism there . In the Spanish Netherlands , England had secretly supported the side of the Dutch Protestant United Provinces , who were fighting for independence from Spain . In 1584 , the Prince of Orange had been assassinated , leaving a sense of alarm as well as a political vacuum . The following year was a further blow to the Dutch with the capture of Antwerp by Spanish forces led by Alexander Farnese , the Duke of Parma . The Dutch rebels sought help from England , which Elizabeth agreed to as she feared that a Spanish reconquest there would threaten England . The Treaty of Nonsuch was signed as a result -- Elizabeth agreed to provide the Dutch with men , horses , and subsidies but she declined overall sovereignty . In return the Dutch handed over four Cautionary Towns which were garrisoned by English troops . Philip took this to be an open declaration of war against his rule in the Netherlands . War The Anglo - Spanish War broke out in 1585 , following the seizure of English merchant ships in Spanish harbors . In response the English privy council immediately authorised a campaign against the Spanish fishing industry in Newfoundland and off the Grand Banks . The campaign was a huge success , and subsequently led to England 's first sustained activity in the Americas . In August , England joined the Eighty Years ' War on the side of the Dutch Protestant United Provinces , who had declared their independence from Spain . The Queen through Francis Walsingham ordered Sir Francis Drake to lead an expedition to attack the Spanish New World in a kind of preemptive strike . Drake sailed in October to the West Indies , and in January 1586 captured and sacked Santo Domingo . The following month they did the same at Cartagena de Indias and in May sailed North to raid St. Augustine in Florida . When Drake arrived in England in July he became a national hero . In Spain however , the news was a disaster and this now further buoyed a Spanish invasion of England by King Philip . Dutch revolt ( 1585 -- 1587 ) Siege of Grave in 1586 Robert Dudley , The Earl of Leicester was sent to the United Provinces in 1585 with a dignitary party and took the offer of Governor of the United Provinces . This however was met with fury from Elizabeth who had expressed no desire for any sovereignty over the Dutch . An English mercenary army had been present since the beginning of the war and was then under the command of veteran Sir John Norreys . They combined forces but were undermanned and under financed , and faced one of the most powerful armies in Europe led by the famed Alexander Farnese , the Duke of Parma . During the siege of Grave the following year Dudley attempted its relief but the Dutch garrison commander Hadewij van Hemert surrendered the town to the Spanish . Dudley was furious on hearing of Grave 's sudden loss and had van Hemert executed , which shocked the Dutch . The English force then had some successes - taking Axel in July and Doesburg the following month . Dudley 's poor diplomacy with the Dutch however made matters worse . His political base weakened and so too did the military situation . Outside Zutphen an English force was defeated in which notable poet Philip Sidney was mortally wounded , which was a huge blow to English morale . Zutphen itself and Deventer were betrayed by catholic turncoats William Stanley and Rowland York which further damaged Leicester 's reputation . Finally Sluis with a largely English garrison was besieged and taken by the Duke of Parma in June 1587 after the Dutch refused to help in the relief . This resulted in mutual recriminations between Leicester and the States . Leicester soon realised how dire his situation was and then asked to be recalled . He resigned his post as Governor - his tenure was a military and political failure , and as a result he was financially ruined . After Leicester 's departure , the Dutch elected the Prince of Orange 's son Count Maurice of Nassau as the Stadtholder and Governor . At the same time Peregrine Bertie took over English forces in the Netherlands . Spanish Armada Main articles : Spanish Armada and Spanish Armada in Ireland The Invincible Armada , National Maritime Museum , London On 8 February 1587 , the execution of Mary , Queen of Scots outraged Catholics in Europe , and her claim on the English throne passed ( by her own deed of will ) to Philip . In retaliation for the execution of Mary , Philip vowed to invade England to place a Catholic monarch on its throne . In April 1587 Philip 's preparations suffered a setback when Francis Drake burned 37 Spanish ships in the harbour of Cádiz , and as a result the invasion of England had to be postponed for over a year . On 29 July , Philip obtained Papal authority to overthrow Elizabeth , who had been excommunicated by Pope Pius V , and place whomever he chose on the throne of England . He assembled a fleet of about 130 ships , containing 8,000 soldiers and 18,000 sailors . To finance this endeavour , Pope Sixtus V had permitted Philip to collect crusade taxes . Sixtus had promised a further subsidy to the Spanish should they reach English soil . On 28 May 1588 , the Armada under the command of Duke of Medina Sidonia set sail for the Netherlands , where it was to pick up additional troops for the invasion of England . As the armada sailed through the English channel , the English navy led by Charles Howard , 1st Earl of Nottingham and Francis Drake fought a battle of attrition with the Spanish from Plymouth to Portland and then to the Solent , preventing them from securing any English harbours . The Spanish were forced to withdraw to Calais . While the Spanish were at anchor there in a crescent - shaped defensive formation , the English used fireships to break the formation and scatter the Spanish ships . In the subsequent Battle of Gravelines the English navy inflicted a defeat on the Armada and forced it to sail northward in more dangerous stormy waters on the long way home . As they sailed around Scotland , the Armada suffered severe damage and loss of life from stormy weather . As they approached the West coast of Ireland more damaging stormy conditions forced ships ashore while others were wrecked . Disease took a heavy toll as the fleet finally limped back to port . Philip 's invasion plans had miscarried partly because of unfortunate weather and his own mismanagement , and partly because of the opportunistic defensive naval efforts of the English and their Dutch allies prevailed . The defeat of the Armada provided valuable seafaring experience for English oceanic mariners . While the English were able to persist in their privateering against the Spanish and continue sending troops to assist Philip II 's enemies in the Netherlands and France , these efforts brought few tangible rewards . One of the most important effects of the event was that the Armada 's failure was seen as a sign that God supported the Protestant Reformation in England . One of the medals struck to celebrate the English victory bore the Latin / Hebrew inscription Flavit יהוה et Dissipati Sunt ( literally : `` Yahweh blew and they were scattered '' ; traditionally translated more freely as : `` He blew with His winds , and they were scattered '' . ) English Armada Main article : English Armada Statue of Maria Pita at Coruna An English counter armada under the command of Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Norreys was prepared in 1589 to torch the Spanish Atlantic navy , which was refitting in Santander , Corunna and San Sebastián in northern Spain . It was also intended to capture the incoming Spanish treasure fleet and expel the Spanish from Portugal ( ruled by Philip since 1580 ) in favour of the Prior of Crato . The English fleet departed from Plymouth on April 13 but was then delayed for nearly two weeks by bad weather . Drake as a result had to bypass Santander where the majority of the Spanish fleet were being refitted . On May 4 , the English force eventually arrived at Corunna where the lower town was captured and plundered , and a number of merchant ships were seized . Norreys then won a modest victory over a Spanish relief militia force at Puente del Burgo . When the English pressed the attack on the citadel , however , they were repulsed . In addition a number of English ships were captured by Spanish naval forces . With the failure to capture Corunna the English departed and headed towards Lisbon , but owing to poor organisation and lack of co-ordination ( they had very few siege guns ) the invading force also failed to take Lisbon . The expected uprising by the Portuguese loyal to Crato never materialised . With Portuguese and Spanish reinforcements arriving the English retreated and headed North where Drake sacked and burned Vigo . Sickness then struck the expedition , and finally a portion of the fleet led by Drake headed towards the Azores , which was then scattered in a storm . Drake then took the best part of the fleet and plundered Porto Santo in Madeira before they limped back to Plymouth . The English Armada was arguably misconceived and ended in failure overall . In the end , Elizabeth sustained a severe loss to her treasury . Dutch revolt ( 1588 -- 1595 ) Soon after the defeat of the Armada , the Duke of Parma 's force stood down from the invasion . In the autumn Parma moved his force North towards Bergen op Zoom and then attempted to besiege the English - held town with a substantial force . The English in a ruse however managed to repel the Spanish and forced Parma 's retreat with heavy losses which boosted both Dutch and English morale . The following year Bertie under orders from the Queen left for France with a force to help the Protestants in their fight against the Catholic League . Sir Francis Vere assumed command of English forces thereafter - a position he retained during fifteen campaigns , with almost unbroken success . Sir Francis Vere , commander of Elizabeth 's forces in the Low Countries 1589 - 1604 In 1590 an Anglo - Dutch force under Maurice and Vere respectively launched a campaign with the aim of taking Breda . In a remarkable feat a small assault force hid in a peat barge before a successful surprise assault that captured the city . With Spanish forces in France supporting the Catholic League as well as in the Low Countries , Maurice was able to take advantage , and thus started the gradual recapture of the Netherlands . This was known by the Dutch as the ' Ten glory years ' . Soon after Breda the Anglo - Dutch retook Zutphen and Deventer which restored English prestige after their earlier betrayals . After defeating the Spanish under the Duke of Parma at Knodsenberg in 1591 a new confidence in the army took shape . English troops by this time composed nearly half of the Dutch army . The reconquest continued with Hulst , Nijmegen , Geertruidenberg , Steenwijk and Coevorden all being taken within the next two years . In 1593 a Spanish attempt led by Francisco Verdugo to recapture Coevorden ended in failure when the Anglo - Dutch under Maurice and Vere relieved the place during the Spring of 1594 . Finally the capture of Groningen in the summer of 1594 resulted in the Spanish army being forced out of the Northern provinces which led to the complete restoration of the seven provinces . After these successes Elizabeth could view the high confidence in the army and renewed the treaty with the States in 1595 . English troops having been given high praise by the Dutch were kept at around 4,000 men . They were to be paid for by the States and the Queen would also be repaid on the Crowns expenses in instalments until a conclusion of peace was made . In 1595 , Maurice 's campaign was resumed to retake the cities of the Twente region from the Spanish . This was delayed after Huy was besieged in March but Maurice was unable to prevent its fall . When Maurice did go on the offensive an attempt to take Grol in July ended in failure when a Spanish force under a 90 year old veteran Cristóbal de Mondragón relieved the city . Maurice then tried to make an attempt on the city of Rheinberg in September but Mondragon defeated this move at the Battle of the Lippe . Maurice was then forced to cancel further planned offensives as the bulk of his English and Scots troops were withdrawn to take part in the attack on Cadiz . The Spanish under the new commander Archduke of Austria took advantage of this lull and recaptured Hulst the following year which led to a prolonged stalemate in the campaign and delayed the reconquest . Naval war and privateering The Last fight of the Revenge off Flores in the Azores 1591 In this period of respite , the Spanish were able to refit and retool their navy , partly along English lines . The pride of the fleet were named The Twelve Apostles -- twelve massive new galleons -- and the navy proved itself to be far more effective than it had been before 1588 . A sophisticated convoy system and improved intelligence networks frustrated English naval attempts on the Spanish treasure fleet during the 1590s . This was best demonstrated by the repulse of the squadron that was led by Effingham in 1591 near the Azores , who had intended to ambush the treasure fleet . It was in this battle that the Spanish captured the English flagship , the Revenge , after a stubborn resistance by its captain , Sir Richard Grenville . Throughout the 1590s , enormous convoy escorts enabled the Spanish to ship three times as much silver as in the previous decade . English merchant privateers or corsairs known as Elizabeth 's Sea dogs however enjoyed more qualified success . In the three years after the Spanish armada more than 300 prizes were taken from the Spanish with a declared total value of well over £ 400,000 . English courtiers provided money for their own expeditions as well as others , and even Elizabeth herself would make investments . The Earl of Cumberland made a number of expeditions and a few did yield profit - his first being the Azores Voyage in 1589 . Others failed however due to bad weather and his 1591 voyage ended in defeat with Spanish galleys off Berlengas . Cumberland with Sir Walter Raleigh and Martin Frobisher combined financial strength and force that led to the most successful English naval expedition of the war . Off Flores island in 1592 in a naval battle the English fleet captured a large rich Portuguese carrack , the Madre de Deus as well as having outwitted a Spanish fleet led by Alonso de Bazán . The expedition 's reward equalled nearly half the size of the Kingdom of England 's royal annual revenue and yielded Elizabeth a 20-fold return on her investment . These riches gave the English an excited enthusiasm to engage in this opulent commerce . Raleigh himself in 1595 went on an expedition to explore the Orinoco river in an attempt to find the mythical city of El Dorado in the process the English plundered the Spanish settlement of Trinidad . Raleigh however exaggerated the wealth there on his return to England . Supporting Raleigh with his expedition was another led by Amyas Preston and George Somers known as the Preston Somers expedition to South America notable for a daring overland assault that saw the capture of Caracas . Many of the expeditions were financed by famed London merchants , the most notable of these being John Watts . An expedition Watts financed to Portuguese Brazil led by James Lancaster saw the capture and plunder of Recife and Olinda - which was highly profitable for both . In response to English privateering against their merchantmen , the Spanish monarchy struck back with the Dunkirkers devastating English shipping and fishing in the largely undefended seas around England . By far the most successful English privateer was Christopher Newport who was backed financially by Watts . Newport set out in 1590 to raid the Spanish West Indies and in the ensuing fight saw the defeat of an armed Spanish convoy but Newport lost his right arm in the process . Despite this Newport continued the ventures - the blockade of Western Cuba in 1591 was the most successful English privateering venture made during the war . Both Drake and Hawkins died of disease on the later 1595 -- 96 expedition against Puerto Rico , Panama , and other targets in the Spanish Main , a severe setback in which the English suffered heavy losses in soldiers and ships despite a number of minor military victories . In August 1595 , a Spanish force on patrol from Brittany , led by Carlos de Amésquita , landed at and raided Cornwall , burning Penzance and several nearby villages . The battle of Cadiz Bay in 1596 During the summer of 1596 , an Anglo - Dutch expedition under Elizabeth 's young favourite , the Earl of Essex , sacked Cádiz , causing significant loss to the Spanish fleet , leaving the city in ruins and delaying a projected descent on England . The allies were unable to capture the treasure , as the Spanish commander had time to torch the treasure ships in port , sending the treasure to the bottom of the harbour , from where it was later recovered . Despite its failure to capture the treasure fleet , the sack of Cádiz was celebrated as a national triumph comparable to the victory over the Spanish Armada , and for a time Essex 's prestige rivalled Elizabeth 's own . The Crown instead of controlling and taxing its subjects , competed with them for private profit , a race it failed to win , as the great naval expeditions were on the whole unprofitable . The last of the great English naval expeditions took place in 1597 , led by the Earl of Essex known as the Islands Voyage . The objective was to destroy the Spanish fleet and intercept a treasure fleet in the Azores . Neither was achieved and the expedition ended in failure , and Essex on his return was scolded by the Queen for not protecting the English coast . In the final years of the war , English privateering continued despite the strengthening of Spanish navy convoys -- Cumberland 's last expedition in 1598 to the Caribbean led to the capture of San Juan , and had succeeded where Drake had failed . Newport struck at Tobasco in 1599 while William Parker successfully raided Portobello in 1601 . Finally in 1603 Christopher Cleeve struck at Santiago de Cuba and in the last raid of the war Newport plundered Puerto Caballos . By the end of the war English privateering had devastated the Spanish private merchant marine . The most famous pirates lauded by English literature and propaganda tended to attack fishing vessels or boats with small value for the Spanish crown . Spanish prizes though were taken at an attritional rate ; nearly 1,000 were captured by the wars end , and there was on average a declared value of approximately £ 100,000 - £ 200,000 for every year of the war . In addition for every Spanish prize brought back , another was either burned or scuttled , and the presence of so many English corsairs even deterred Spanish merchantman from putting to sea . This all later resulted in Spanish and Portuguese commerce being carried on Dutch and English ships which in itself created competition . Nevertheless throughout the war Spain 's important treasure fleets had been kept safe by their convoy system . Dutch revolt ( 1597 -- 1604 ) By 1597 , Spanish bankruptcy and the war in France gave the Anglo - Dutch an advantage . At the Battle of Turnout a Spanish force was surprised and routed - Vere and Sir Robert Sydney distinguished themselves particularly . With the Spanish distracted by the siege of Amiens in France Maurice launched an offensive in the summer . This time both Rhienberg and Greonlo were finally taken . This was followed by the capture of Bredevoort , Enschede , Ootsmarsum , Oldenzaal and finally Lingen by the end of the year . The offensive success meant that most of the Republic had been recaptured and a significant barrier had been created along the Rhine river . Battle of Nieuwpoort in 1600 In 1598 , the Spanish under Francisco Mendoza retook Rheinberg and Meurs in a campaign known as the Spanish winter of 1598 - 99 . Mendoza then attempted to take Bommelerwaard island but the Dutch and English under Maurice thwarted the attempt and defeated him at Zaltbommel . Mendoza retreated from the area and the defeat resulted in chaos in the Spanish army - mutinies took place and many deserted . The following year the Dutch senate led by Johan van Oldenbarneveldt saw the chaos in the Spanish army and decided the time was ripe for a focal point of the war to be concentrated in Catholic Flanders . Despite a bitter dispute between Maurice and van Oldenbarneveldt , the Dutch and a sizeable contingent of the English Army under Francis Vere reluctantly agreed . They used Ostend ( still in Dutch hands ) as a base to invade Flanders . Their aim was to conquer the privateer stronghold city of Dunkirk . In 1600 they advanced toward Dunkirk and in a pitched battle the Anglo - Dutch inflicted a rare defeat on the Tercio led Spanish army at the Battle of Nieuwpoort in which the English played a major part . Dunkirk was never attempted however as disputes in the Dutch command meant that taking Spanish occupied cities in the rest of the Republic took priority . Maurice 's force thus withdrew leaving Vere to command Ostend in the face of an imminent Spanish siege . With the siege of Ostend under way , Maurice then went on the offensive on the Rhine frontier in the summer of 1600 . Rheinberg and Meurs were thus retaken from the Spanish yet again , although an attempt on s'Hertogenbosch failed during the winter months . At Ostend in January 1602 after being reinforced , Vere faced a huge Spanish assault organised by the Archduke and in bitter fighting this was repelled with heavy losses . Vere left the city soon after and joined Maurice in the field , while Albert was replaced Ambrogio Spinola . The siege there dragged on for another two years as the Spanish attempted to take Ostend 's strongpoints in a costly war of attrition . Around the same time Maurice continued -- his campaign Grave was retaken but Vere was severely wounded during the siege . An attempt by the Dutch and English to relieve Ostend took place in mid 1604 but the inland of port of Sluis was besieged and captured instead . Soon after the Ostend garrison finally surrendered , after a siege of nearly four years and costing thousands of lives -- for the Spanish it was a pyrrhic victory . France Siege of Amiens in 1597 Normandy added a new front in the war and the threat of another invasion attempt across the channel . In 1590 , the Spanish landed a considerable force in Brittany to assist the French Catholic League , expelling the English and Huguenot forces from much of the area . Henry IV 's conversion to Catholicism in 1593 won him widespread French support for his claim to the throne , particularly in Paris ( where he was crowned the following year ) , a city that he had unsuccessfully besieged in 1590 . However , in 1594 Anglo - French forces were able to end Spanish hopes of using the large port of Brest as a launching point for an invasion of England by capturing Fort Crozon . The French civil war turned increasingly against the hardliners of the French Catholic League . With the signing of the Triple Alliance in 1596 between France , England and the Dutch , Elizabeth sent a further 2,000 troops to France after the Spanish took Calais . In September 1597 Anglo - French forces under Henry retook Amiens , just six months after the Spanish took the city , bringing to a halt a string of Spanish victories . The first tentative talks on peace had already begun before the battle . The League hardliners started to lose ground and popular support throughout France to a resurgent Henry . In addition Spanish finances were at breaking point because of fighting wars in France , the Netherlands and against England . Therefore , a deeply ill Philip decided to end his support for the League and to finally recognize the legitimacy of Henry 's accession to the French throne . Without Spanish support the last League hardliners were quickly defeated . In May 1598 , the two kings signed the Peace of Vervins ending the last of the religious civil wars and the Spanish intervention with it . Ireland In 1594 , the Nine Years ' War in Ireland had begun , when Ulster lords Hugh O'Neill and Red Hugh O'Donnell rose up against English rule with fitful Spanish support , mirroring the English support of the Dutch rebellion . While English forces were containing the rebels in Ireland at great cost in men , general suffering and finance , the Spanish attempted two further armadas , in 1596 and 1597 : the first was shattered in a storm off northern Spain , and the second was frustrated by adverse weather as it approached the English coast . King Philip II died in 1598 , and his successor Philip III continued the war but was less determined . At the end of 1601 , a final armada was sent north , this time a limited expedition intended to land troops in southern Ireland to assist the rebels . The Spanish entered the town of Kinsale with 3,000 troops and were immediately besieged by the English . In time , their Irish allies arrived to surround the besieging force but the lack of communication with the rebels led to an English victory at the Battle of Kinsale . Rather than attempt to hold Kinsale as a base to harry English shipping , the Spanish accepted terms of surrender and returned home , while the Irish rebels hung on , surrendering in 1603 , just after Elizabeth died . The new king of England , James I , was the Protestant son and successor to the Catholic Mary , Queen of Scots , whose execution had been a proximate cause of the war . James regarded himself as the peacemaker of Europe , and the ultimate aim of his idealistic foreign policy was the reunion of Christendom . Therefore , when James came to the English throne , his first order of business was to negotiate a peace with Philip III of Spain . End of the war With the end of the war in France the new King of Spain Philip III sought peace with England . By 1598 the war had become long and costly for Spain . England and Dutch republic too were war weary and both sides felt the need for peace . At the peace of Boulogne in 1600 however Spanish demands were adamantly rejected by the English and Dutch . Nevertheless , diplomatic routes were open between the Archduke of Austria and his wife Infanta Isabella ( Philip 's sister ) who differed in their policies to Philip 's . Philip wanted to preserve the hegemony of the Spanish empire , whilst the Archduke and Isabella sought peace and friendly relations . Soon after victory in Ireland the following year the English navy under Richard Leveson conducted a blockade of Spain ; the first of its kind . Off Portugal they sailed into Sesimbra bay where a fleet of eight Spanish galleys under Federico Spinola ( brother of Ambrogio ) and Álvaro de Bazán were present . Spinola had already established his base at Sluis in Flanders , and was gathering more with an intent on a potential strike against England . In June 1602 Leveson defeated the Spanish which resulted in two galleys sunk and the capture of a rich Portuguese carrack . Months later in the English channel Spinola 's galley fleet gathered more galleys and sailed through the English channel once more but was defeated again by an Anglo - Dutch naval squadron off the Dover straits . The result of this action forced the Spanish to cease further naval operations against England for the remainder of the war . Treaty and aftermath Further information : Treaty of London ( 1604 ) The Somerset House Conference between diplomats of England ( right ) and Spain ( left ) ( painting ) The treaty restored the status quo ante bellum , and the terms of the treaty were favourable both to Spain and England . For Spain the treaty secured her position as a leading power in the world . Spain 's upgrading of the convoy system had allowed it to defend its treasure fleets and retain its New World colonies . English support for the Dutch rebellion against the Spanish king , the original cause of the war , had ended . The Spanish would then concentrate their efforts on the Dutch in order to bring them to their knees with a knockout blow . A complete abandonment of the Dutch cause however was not promised in the treaty . The English held cautionary towns in Holland on the other hand were not surrendered despite Spanish demands . The sieges of Ostend and Sluis were allowed to continue until the end of those respective campaigns . The Dutch by 1607 had in fact prevailed - the Spanish did not deliver their knock out blow they had hoped for ; the Twelve Year Truce formally recognized the independence of the Republic . For England the treaty made sure the Protestant reformation there had been protected , and James and his ministers refused the Spanish demand for Catholic toleration in England . After the defeat at Kinsale in 1602 , the Treaty of Mellifont was concluded the following year between James I and the Irish rebels . In the subsequent London treaty Spain pledged not to support the rebels . English public opinion however showed that the peace treaty was highly unpopular and many considered it a `` humiliating peace '' . Many felt that the King had abandoned the Netherlands , their old ally , in order to appease the Spanish Crown and relations with James 's subjects were strained in the following years . The agreement was well received in Spain . Big public celebrations were held at Valladolid , the Spanish capital , where the treaty was ratified in June 1605 , in the presence of a large English ambassadorial delegation led by Lord Admiral Charles Howard . Some members of the Catholic clergy however questioned Philip III 's arrangements with a `` heretical power '' . The provisions of the treaty authorised merchants and warships of both nations to operate from each other 's respective ports . English trade with the Spanish Netherlands ( notably the city of Antwerp ) and the Iberian peninsula was resumed . Spanish warships and privateers were able to use English ports as naval bases to attack Dutch shipping or to ferry troops to Flanders . The war had also diverted Tudor colonial efforts , but the English who had invested in privateering expeditions during the war garnered enormous windfall profits leaving them well placed to finance new ventures . As a result the London Company were able to establish a settlement in Virginia in 1607 . The establishment of the East India Company in 1600 , was significant for the growth of England ( and later Great Britain ) as a colonial power . A factory was established at Banten , Java , in 1603 while the Company had successfully and profitably breached the Spanish and Portuguese monopoly . While the incipient illegal trade with the Spanish colonies was brought to an end , there was deadlock over English demands for the right to trade in the East and West Indies , which Spain adamantly opposed . Eventually the complications resulted in the treaty avoiding any mention of the matter . For Spain there was hope that England would eventually secure tolerance for Catholics but the Gunpowder Plot in 1605 however destroyed any possibility of this . As a result it put to rest Protestant fears that a peace with Spain would ultimately mean an invasion by Jesuits and Catholic sympathisers as the Elizabethan Recusancy laws were rigidly enforced by parliament . England and Spain remained at peace until 1625 . See also Dutch Revolt French Wars of Religion European wars of religion Anglo - Spanish War ( 1625 -- 30 ) Notes ^ Jump up to : Hiram Morgan , ' Teaching the Armada : An Introduction to the Anglo - Spanish War , 1585 - 1604 ' , History Ireland , Vol. 14 , No. 5 ( Sep. -- Oct. , 2006 ) , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Rowse , A. L ( 1955 ) . The Expansion of Elizabethan England . palgrave macmillan . p. 241 . ISBN 1403908133 . Jump up ^ Tracey pp. 157 - 58 Jump up ^ Bicheno p 180 Jump up ^ Karen Ordahl Kupperman , The Jamestown Project Jump up ^ Konstam p. 76 - 77 Jump up ^ Hammer 2003 pp. 125 -- 127 Jump up ^ Wilson 1981 pp. 282 -- 284 Jump up ^ t ' Hart p. 21 - 22 Jump up ^ Wilson 1981 pp. 291 -- 294 Jump up ^ Wilson 1981 pp. 294 -- 295 Jump up ^ Pollen , John Hungerford ( 1907 ) . `` Spanish Armada '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 1 . New York : Robert Appleton Company . `` Pope Sixtus V agreed to renew the excommunication of the Queen , and to grant a large subsidy to the Armada , but , knowing the slowness of Spain , would give nothing till the expedition should actually land in England . In this way he was saved his million crowns , and spared the reproach of having taken futile proceedings against the heretic queen . '' Jump up ^ Hanson p. 379 Jump up ^ Parker & Martin p. 215 Jump up ^ Richard Holmes 2001 , p. 858 : `` The 1588 campaign was a major English propaganda victory , but in strategic terms it was essentially indecisive . '' Jump up ^ R.B. Wernham , ' Queen Elizabeth and the Portugal Expedition of 1589 : Part II ' , English Historical Review , 66 / 259 ( April 1951 ) , pp. 204 - 14 ^ Jump up to : Charles Maurice Davies ( 1851 ) . The History of Holland and the Dutch nation : from the beginning of the tenth century to the end of the eighteenth . G. Willis . pp. 225 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : Knight , Charles Raleigh : Historical records of The Buffs , East Kent Regiment ( 3rd Foot ) formerly designated the Holland Regiment and Prince George of Denmark 's Regiment . Vol I. London , Gale & Polden , 1905 , pp. 36 - 40 Jump up ^ Hadfield & Hammond p. 49 Jump up ^ Andrews p. 124 - 25 ^ Jump up to : Bicheno p. 320 Jump up ^ Andrews p 73 Jump up ^ McCulloch , John Ramsay ( 1833 ) . A Treatise on the Principles , Practice , & History of Commerce . Baldwin and Cradock . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Andrews p. 77 Jump up ^ Bicheno pp. 316 - 18 Jump up ^ Andrews pp 167 Jump up ^ David Starkey , Elizabeth ( Channel 4 , 1999 ) , Episode 4 , ' Gloriana ' . Jump up ^ Andrews p 30 Jump up ^ Andrews pp. 177 Jump up ^ Bradley p 131 Jump up ^ Andrews p. 226 Jump up ^ Chamorro , Germán Vázquez ( 2004 ) . Mujeres piratas . Madrid : Algaba . ISBN 9788496107267 . ^ Jump up to : Hornsby & Hermann p. 17 Jump up ^ Bradley pp. 109 - 10 Jump up ^ Motley , John Lothrop . History of the United Netherlands : from the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Years ' Truce -- 1609 . 3 . p. 422 . Jump up ^ Borman pp 224 -- 25 Jump up ^ Knight p 49 Jump up ^ Edmundson p 102 - 03 Jump up ^ Watson & Thomson , Robert & William ( 1792 ) . The History of the Reign of Philip III . King of Spain Authors . p. 154 . Jump up ^ Ireland , William Henry ( 1824 ) . Memoirs of Henry the Great , and of the Court of France During His Reign : Vol 2 . Harding , Triphook & Lepard . p. 266 . Jump up ^ W.B. Patterson , King James VI and I and the Reunion of Christendom ( New York : Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) . Jump up ^ MacCaffrey pp. 226 - 30 Jump up ^ McCoog pp. 222 - 23 Jump up ^ Duerloo pp. 137 - 38 Jump up ^ Wernham pg 400 - 01 ^ Jump up to : Allen pp. 142 - 43 Jump up ^ The Pirates ' Pact : The Secret Alliances Between History 's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America . McGraw - Hill Professional , 2008 , p29 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 147476 - 5 Jump up ^ Channing , Edward : A history of the United States . Octagon Books , 1977 , v. 1 , p158 . ISBN 0 - 374 - 91414 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Hammer , Paul E. J ( 2003 ) . Elizabeth 's Wars : War , Government and Society in Tudor England , 1544 - 1604 . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 234 -- 35 . ISBN 9781137173386 . ^ Jump up to : Fritze , Ronald H ; Robison , William B ( 1996 ) . Historical Dictionary of Stuart England , 1603 - 1689 . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 310 . ISBN 9780313283918 . Jump up ^ Rowse , A. L ( 1973 ) . The Expansion of Elizabethan England . Cardinal Books . p. 413 . ISBN 978 - 0351180644 . Jump up ^ Israel ( 1995 ) , pp. 399 -- 405 Jump up ^ Phelan , John Leddy ( 1967 ) . The Kingdom of Quito in the Seventeenth Century : Bureaucratic Politics in the Spanish Empire . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 88 . Jump up ^ Smout , T.C. ( 2005 ) . Anglo - Scottish Relations from 1603 to 1900 . p. 17 . ISBN 0197263305 . Jump up ^ Lothrop Motley , John ( 1867 ) . History of the United Netherlands : From the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Year 's Truce -- 1609 , Volume 4 . p. 223 . Jump up ^ Moseley , C.W.R.D. ( 2007 ) . English Renaissance Drama : A Very Brief Introduction to Theatre and Theatres in Shakespeare 's Time . Humanities . p. 90 . ISBN 1847601839 . Jump up ^ Smout , T.C. ( 2005 ) . Anglo - Scottish Relations from 1603 to 1900 . pp. 17 -- 18 . ISBN 0197263305 . ^ Jump up to : Pericot Garcia , Luis ( 1970 ) . La Casa de Austria ( siglos XVI y XVII ) por La Ullon Cisneros y E. Camps Cazeria ( in Spanish ) . Instituto Gallach de Librería y Ediciones . p. 179 . Jump up ^ Feros , Antonio ( 2002 ) . El Duque de Lerma : realeza y privanza en la España de Felipe III ( in Spanish ) . Marcial Pons Historia . p. 305 . ISBN 8495379392 . Jump up ^ Otero Novas , José Manuel ( 2001 ) . Fundamentalismos enmascarados ( in Spanish ) . Editorial Ariel . p. 153 . ISBN 8434412241 . Jump up ^ Herrero García , Miguel ( 1966 ) . Biblioteca románica hispánica : Estudios y ensayos ( in Spanish ) . Gredos . p. 474 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Antonio Domínguez ( 1971 ) . The Golden Age of Spain , 1516 - 1659 Volume 1 of The History of Spain . Basic Books . p. 87 . Jump up ^ Sanz Camañes , Porfirio ( 2002 ) . Diplomacia hispano - inglesa en el siglo XVII : razón de estado y relaciones de poder durante la Guerra de los Treinta Años , 1618 - 1648 ( in Spanish ) . Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha . p. 108 . ISBN 8484271552 . Jump up ^ Rodríguez Hernández , Antonio José ( 2015 ) . Breve historia de los Tercios de Flandes ( in Spanish ) . Ediciones Nowtilus . p. 144 . ISBN 8499676588 . Jump up ^ Billings p. 3 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Britannica . I. Encyclopedia Britannica Company . 1973 . p. 499 . Jump up ^ Hart , Jonathan ( 2008 ) . Empires and Colonies Empires and Colonies . Polity . pp. 68 -- 69 . ISBN 9780745626130 . Jump up ^ Chaudhuri , K. N ( 1965 ) . The English East India Company : The Study of an Early Joint - stock Company 1600 - 1640 . Taylor & Francis . p. 3 . ISBN 9780415190763 . Jump up ^ Wernham pp. 333 - 34 Jump up ^ Allen p 155 Jump up ^ Reed , Richard Burton ( 1970 ) . Sir Robert Cecil and the Diplomacy of the Anglo - Spanish Peace , 1603 - 1604 . University of Wisconsin - Madison . pp. 228 -- 29 . Further reading Allen , Paul C ( 2000 ) . Philip III and the Pax Hispanica , 1598 - 1621 : The Failure of Grand Strategy . Yale University Press . ISBN 9780300076820 . Andrews , Kenneth R ( 1964 ) . Elizabethan Privateering : English Privateering During the Spanish War , 1585 - 1603 . Cambridge University Press , First Edition . ISBN 978 - 0521040327 . Bradley , Peter T ( 2010 ) . British Maritime Enterprise in the New World : From the Late Fifteenth to the Mid-eighteenth Century . Edwin Mellen Press Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0773478664 . Bormen , Tracey ( 1997 ) . Sir Francis Vere in the Netherlands , 1589 - 1603 : A Re-evaluation of His Career as Sergeant Major General of Elizabeth I 's Troops . University of Hull . Charles Beem , The Foreign Relations of Elizabeth I ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search Bicheno , Hugh ( 2012 ) . Elizabeth 's Sea Dogs : How England 's Mariners Became the Scourge of the Seas . Conway . ISBN 978 - 1844861743 . Billings , Warren M , ed. ( 1975 ) . The Old Dominion in the Seventeenth Century : A Documentary History of Virginia , 1606 - 1689 . UNC Press Books . ISBN 9780807812372 . Duerloo , Luc ( 2012 ) . Dynasty and Piety : Archduke Albert ( 1598 - 1621 ) and Habsburg Political Culture in an Age of Religious Wars . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd . ISBN 9781409443759 . Peter Earle The Last Fight of the Revenge ( London , 2004 ) ISBN 0 - 413 - 77484 - 8 Edmundson , George ( 2013 ) . History of Holland . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781107660892 . Winston Graham The Spanish Armadas ( reprint 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 139020 - 4 Hadfield , Andrew ; Hammond , Paul , eds. ( 2014 ) . Shakespeare And Renaissance Europe Arden Critical Companions . A&C Black . ISBN 9781408143681 . Hammer , Paul E. J ( 2003 ) . Elizabeth 's Wars : War , Government and Society in Tudor England , 1544 - 1604 . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 9781137173386 . Hanson , Neil ( 2011 ) . The Confident Hope Of A Miracle : The True History Of The Spanish Armada . Random House . ISBN 9781446423226 . Hornsby , Stephen ; Hermann , Michael ( 2005 ) . British Atlantic , American Frontier : Spaces of Power in Early Modern British America . UPNE . ISBN 9781584654278 . Jonathan I. Israel . Conflicts of Empires : Spain , the Low Countries , and the Struggle for World Supremacy , 1585 - 1713 ( 1997 ) 420pp Israel , Jonathan ( 1995 ) . The Dutch Republic : Its Rise , Greatness , and Fall 1477 -- 1806 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 873072 - 1 . Konstam , Angus ( 2000 ) . Elizabethan Sea Dogs 1560 -- 1605 ( Elite ) . Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 015 - 5 . MacCaffrey , Wallace T ( 1994 ) . Elizabeth I : War and Politics , 1588 - 1603 . Princeton Paperbacks Princeton University Press . ISBN 9780691036519 . McCoog , Thomas M ( 2012 ) . The Society of Jesus in Ireland , Scotland , and England , 1589 - 1597 : Building the Faith of Saint Peter Upon the King of Spain 's Monarchy . Ashgate & Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4094 - 3772 - 7 . Parker , Geoffrey ; Martin , Colin ( 1999 ) . The Spanish Armada : Revised Edition . Manchester University Press . ISBN 9781901341140 . ' t Hart , Marjolein ( 2014 ) . The Dutch Wars of Independence : Warfare and Commerce in the Netherlands 1570 - 1680 . Abingdon : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 73422 - 6 . Tracy , James D ( 2006 ) . Europe 's Reformations , 1450 -- 1650 : Doctrine , Politics , and Community Critical Issues in World and International History . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 9780742579132 . Wernham , R.B. ( 1994 ) . The Return of the Armadas : The Last Years of the Elizabethan Wars Against Spain 1595 -- 1603 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 820443 - 5 . Wilson , Derek ( 1981 ) . Sweet Robin : A Biography of Robert Dudley Earl of Leicester 1533 -- 1588 . Hamish Hamilton . ISBN 0 - 241 - 10149 - 2 . Spanish Empire Timeline -- immersed Catholic Monarchs Treaty of Tordesillas Italian Wars Habsburgs Golden Age War of the League of Cognac Encomiendas New Laws in favour of the indigenous Expulsion of the Moriscos Ottoman -- Habsburg wars French Wars of Religion Bruneian - Spanish conflict Anglo - Spanish War ( 1585 -- 1604 ) Piracy in the Caribbean Eighty Years ' War Spanish -- Moro conflict Thirty Years ' War Franco - Spanish War ( 1635 -- 59 ) Portuguese Restoration War War of the Spanish Succession Queen Anne 's War Bourbons Bourbon Reforms War of Jenkins ' Ear Treaty of Madrid ( 1750 ) Seven Years ' War Nootka Convention Napoleonic invasion Third Treaty of San Ildefonso Independence of Spanish continental Americas Adams -- Onís Treaty Liberal constitution Carlist Wars Spanish -- American War German -- Spanish Treaty ( 1899 ) Spanish Civil War Independence of Morocco Independence of Equatorial Guinea Western Sahara conflict Territories Kingdoms of Naples , Sicily and Sardinia Milan Union with Holy Roman Empire Netherlands , Belgium , Luxembourg , northernmost France Franche - Comté Union with Portugal Philippines Pacific Islands ( Guam , Mariana , Caroline , Palau , Marshall , Micronesia , Moluccas ) Northern Taiwan Tidore Florida New Spain ( Western United States , Mexico , Central America , Spanish Caribbean ) Spanish Louisiana ( Central United States ) Coastal Alaska Haiti Belize Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago Venezuela , Western Guyana New Granada ( Panama , Colombia , Ecuador , a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon ) Peru ( Peru , Acre ) Río de la Plata ( Argentina , Paraguay , Charcas ( Bolivia ) , Banda Oriental ( Uruguay ) , Falkland Islands ) Chile Equatorial Guinea North Africa ( Oran , Tunis , Béjaïa , Peñón of Algiers , Western Sahara , Spanish Morocco , Ifni and Cape Juby ) Administration Archivo de Indias Council of the Indies Cabildo Exequatur Laws of the Indies Papal bull Royal Decree of Graces Trial of residence School of Salamanca Administrative subdivisions Viceroyalties New Spain New Granada Perú Río de la Plata Audiencias Bogotá Buenos Aires Caracas Charcas Concepción Cusco Guadalajara Guatemala Lima Manila Mexico Panamá Quito Santiago Santo Domingo Captaincies General Chile Cuba Guatemala Philippines Provincias Internas Puerto Rico Santo Domingo Venezuela Yucatán Governorates Castilla de Oro Cuba La Florida Luisiana New Andalusia ( 1501 -- 1513 ) New Andalusia New Castile New Navarre New Toledo Paraguay Río de la Plata Economy Currencies Dollar Real Maravedí Escudo Columnario Doubloon Trade Manila galleon Spanish treasure fleet Casa de Contratación Spanish Road Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas Barcelona Trading Company Consulate of the Sea Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires Military Armies Tercio Army of Flanders Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia Indian auxiliaries Spanish Armada Ships of the line Royalists Legión Strategists Duke of Alba Antonio de Leyva Martín de Goiti Alfonso d'Avalos García de Toledo Osorio Duke of Savoy Álvaro de Bazán the Elder John of Austria Charles Bonaventure de Longueval Pedro de Zubiaur Ambrosio Spinola Blas de Lezo Bernardo de Gálvez Mariners Christopher Columbus Pinzón brothers Ferdinand Magellan Juan Sebastián Elcano Juan de la Cosa Juan Ponce de León Miguel López de Legazpi Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Sebastián de Ocampo Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Alonso de Ojeda Vasco Núñez de Balboa Alonso de Salazar Andrés de Urdaneta Antonio de Ulloa Ruy López de Villalobos Diego Columbus Alonso de Ercilla Nicolás de Ovando Juan de Ayala Sebastián Vizcaíno Juan Fernández Felipe González de Ahedo Conquistadors Hernán Cortés Francisco Pizarro Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada Hernán Pérez de Quesada Francisco Vázquez de Coronado Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Pedro de Valdivia Gaspar de Portolà Pere Fages i Beleta Joan Orpí Pedro de Alvarado Martín de Ursúa Diego de Almagro Pánfilo de Narváez Diego de Mazariegos Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor Notable battles Old World Won Comuneros Bicocca Rome ( 1527 ) Landriano Pavia Tunis Mühlberg St. Quentin Gravelines Malta Lepanto Antwerp Azores Mons Gembloux Ostend English Armada Cape Celidonia White Mountain Breda Nördlingen Valenciennes Ceuta Bitonto Bailén Vitoria Tetouan Alhucemas Lost Capo d'Orso Vienna ( 1529 ) Preveza Siege of Castelnuovo Algiers Ceresole Balearic Islands ( 1558 ) Djerba Tunis Spanish Armada Leiden Rocroi Downs Montes Claros Passaro Trafalgar Somosierra Annual New World Won Tenochtitlan Cajamarca Cusco Bogotá savanna Reynogüelén Penco Guadalupe Island Recife San Juan ( 1595 ) Bahia Colonia del Sacramento Comuneros ( Paraguay ) Cartagena de Indias Cuerno Verde Túpac Amaru II Túpac Katari Pensacola Newfoundland San Juan ( 1797 ) Lost La Noche Triste Iguape Tucapel Guiana Comuneros ( New Granada ) Trinidad ( 1797 ) Chacabuco Boyacá Carabobo Pichincha Ayacucho Guam Santiago de Cuba Manila Bay Asomante Spanish colonizations Canary Islands The Americas Aztec Maya Chiapas Yucatán Guatemala Petén El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Chibchan Nations Colombia Chile Inca The Philippines Other civil topics Spanish missions in the Americas Architecture Mesoamerican codices Cusco painting tradition Indochristian painting in New Spain Quito painting tradition Colonial universities in Latin America Colonial universities in the Philippines General Archive of the Indies Colonial Spanish Horse Mustang Castas Old inquisition Slavery in Spanish Empire Asiento Law of coartación ( which allowed slaves to buy their freedom , and that of others ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585 -- 1604 ) &oldid = 854058518 '' Categories : 16th - century conflicts 17th - century conflicts Anglo - Spanish War ( 1585 -- 1604 ) Spain -- United Kingdom military relations Wars involving England Wars involving Spain England -- Spain relations Hidden categories : Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Occitan Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 17 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did england go to war with spain	[ "The Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) was an intermittent conflict between the kingdoms of Spain and England that was never formally declared.[2] The war was punctuated by widely separated battles, and began with England's military expedition in 1585 to the Netherlands under the command of the Earl of Leicester in support of the resistance of the States General to Spanish Habsburg rule.\n" ]	[ "1585–1604" ]
-3994440374306138444	Samwell Tarly	Samwell Tarly - wikipedia Samwell Tarly Jump to : navigation , search This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Samwell Tarly A Song of Ice and Fire character Game of Thrones character John Bradley as Samwell Tarly First appearance Novel : A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) Television : `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things '' ( 2011 ) Created by George R.R. Martin Portrayed by John Bradley ( Game of Thrones ) Information Aliases Sam Ser Piggy Lady Piggy Lord of Ham Sam the Slayer Black Sam Gender Male Family House Tarly Significant other ( s ) Gilly ( lover ) Relatives Randyll Tarly ( father ) Melessa Florent ( mother ) Dickon Tarly ( brother ) Talla Tarly ( sister ) Kingdom The Reach Samwell Tarly , known as Sam , is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R.R. Martin , and its television adaptation Game of Thrones . Introduced in 1996 's A Game of Thrones , Sam is the eldest son of Randyll Tarly , from the fictional kingdom of Westeros . He subsequently appeared in Martin 's A Clash of Kings before being a POV character in the later novels . Sam is portrayed by John Bradley in the HBO television adaptation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character 1.1 Description 1.2 Creation and overview 2 Storylines 2.1 In the books 2.1. 1 A Game of Thrones 2.1. 2 A Clash of Kings 2.1. 3 A Storm of Swords 2.1. 4 A Feast for Crows 2.2 In the show 2.2. 1 Season 1 2.2. 2 Season 2 2.2. 3 Season 3 2.2. 4 Season 4 2.2. 5 Season 5 2.2. 6 Season 6 2.2. 7 Season 7 2.3 Family tree of House Tarly 3 TV adaptation 4 References Character ( edit ) Description ( edit ) Samwell Tarly , called Sam , is the elder son of Lord Randyll Tarly of Horn Hill . Ten chapters throughout A Storm of Swords and A Feast for Crows are told from his point of view . In spite of his self - professed cowardice , Sam is highly intelligent , resourceful , and loyal . Randyll , renowned as one of Westeros ' finest military commanders , tried to groom Sam as a worthy heir when he was young , but Sam 's complete lack of martial abilities and his interest in scholarly pursuits ultimately forced Randyll to raise Sam 's younger brother Dickon to take Sam 's place instead . Randyll refused to let Sam join the Citadel to become a maester , but instead forced him to join the Night 's Watch , implying that he would have Sam killed and his death staged as a hunting accident if he refused . Sam agreed to join the Night 's Watch . Creation and overview ( edit ) Samwell Tarly is a background character in the first two novels of the series , and his actions and thoughts are interpreted by others point of view characters , like Jon Snow . He then becomes a point of view character in the novels , as of third novel , A Storm of Swords . George R.R. Martin has said that the character Samwell Tarly is the closest to himself of all the characters he has written . Asked why , Martin said in a 2014 interview because he 's `` the fat kid who likes to read books and does n't like to go up a lot of stairs . '' Storylines ( edit ) Coat of arms of the Night 's Watch In the books ( edit ) A Game of Thrones ( edit ) Upon arriving at the Wall , Sam is soon bullied by Ser Alliser Thorne and the fellow recruits for his weight , shyness and clumsiness in training . Jon Snow takes pity on Sam and defends him in arms training . Later on , Sam confesses his life story to Jon , who sympathizes with Sam and secretly uses his influence among the recruits ( making violent threats when necessary ) to protect Sam from harm . When Sam fails to progress in fight training and is not deemed worthy to join the Night 's Watch , Jon persuades Maester Aemon take in Sam as a personal steward assigned to help Aemon in the rookery and library . Sam is the first person to notice something strange about the corpse of rangers Othor and Jafer Flowers ( who are actually wights sent to assassinate Lord Commander Jeor Mormont ) . When Jon tries to abandon the Night 's Watch to join Robb Stark 's army and avenge the death of his father Eddard Stark , Sam alerts their fellow recruits , who catch up to Jon and convince to not break his vows to the Night 's Watch . A Clash of Kings ( edit ) Sam takes part in the Great Ranging beyond the Wall , to take care of the ravens as Lord Commander Jeor Mormont 's aide . While stopping at Craster 's Keep , Sam befriends one of Craster 's daughter - wives , Gilly . Gilly is pregnant and fears that , if her child is a boy , Craster will sacrifice him to the Others . Sam is horrified , but unable to help . Later , at camp at the Fist of the First Men , Sam and Jon 's direwolf Ghost discover a cache of dragonglass daggers buried underground . A Storm of Swords ( edit ) The Night 's Watch 's camp at the Fist of the First Men comes under attack and is overwhelmed by an army of wights sent by the Others , with Sam one of the survivors who manage to break out . The survivors then flee to Craster 's Keep , but Sam and two other brothers , Small Paul and Grenn , become separated from the group . They are attacked by an Other that kills Paul before Sam stabs it with a dragonglass dagger in desperation , killing it instantly . Sam and Grenn then regroup with the other survivors at Craster 's Keep , where Gilly gives birth to a son . Soon after , a mutiny breaks out , and Mormont and Craster are among those killed in the fight . Sam flees with Gilly and her son , and are accosted by wights before being rescued by a mysterious man , Coldhands , who looks like a wight but is friendly and supposedly a fellow black brother . Coldhands takes them to the Nightfort and asks them to escort Bran Stark and his party through the Wall . Sam and Gilly then encounter a group of black brothers led by Denys Mallister and Bowen Marsh and join them on the march to Castle Black . They arrive to find that Stannis Baratheon has defeated the Wildlings besieging Castle Black . Due to Lord Commander Mormont 's death , the Night 's Watch undergoes an election for a new leader . Mallister and Cotter Pyke are the leading candidates , but Janos Slynt , who Sam thinks will be a disastrous leader , is gaining popularity . When Stannis threatens to appoint a leader himself if the Watch can not decide on a leader within a few days , Sam approaches Mallister and Pyke ( who despise each other ) independently , claiming that Stannis plans to name the other as Lord Commander , and suggesting that they both support Jon as middle - ground candidate instead . Thanks to Sam 's machinations , Jon is elected Lord Commander with overwhelming majority vote . A Feast for Crows ( edit ) Jon sends Sam to Oldtown to become a Maester , accompanied by another brother , Dareon ( who is appointed as a recruiter ) , Maester Aemon ( who Jon fears will be sacrificed by Melisandre for his royal blood ) and Gilly and her baby . During the voyage to Braavos , Gilly grows despondent , and Sam realises that Jon had swapped Gilly 's baby with Mance Rayder 's newborn son lest he be sacrificed as well . Aemon falls ill during the voyage and they are forced to spend their money on a healer and lodging in Braavos . In Braavos , Sam also encounters Arya Stark , though he does not realise her identity . Aemon hears of his great - grandniece Daenerys Targaryen and her dragons , and comes to believe that she fulfills the prophecy of a `` prince that was promised '' , asking them to inform the Citadel . Dareon decides to desert and Sam fights him , before being thrown into a canal . He is rescued by a Summer Islander , Xhondo , who offers Sam and Gilly passage to Oldtown . Aemon ultimately passes away early in the journey , and Sam and Gilly briefly become lovers in their grief . Sam plans to have Gilly sent to Horn Hill , with the baby passed off as Sam 's bastard . Meanwhile , Sam arrives at Oldtown to meet with Archmaester Marwyn , telling him of Aemon 's request . Marwyn resolves to travel to Slaver 's Bay to meet with Daenerys , ordering Sam to keep his story secret from the other maesters . In the show ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Sam is quickly identified as being soft and weak by Castle Black 's master - at - arms Ser Alliser Thorne and suffers in sword - training until Jon Snow convinces the other new recruits to go easy on him . Sam is assigned to the order of stewards , to serve Maester Aemon . When Jon tries to abandon the Night 's Watch , Sam follows with Pyp and Grenn and convinces Jon to remain loyal to the Night 's Watch . Season 2 ( edit ) Sam joins the Night 's Watch in the Great Ranging . Along the journey the party rests at Craster 's Keep , where Sam encounters and falls in love with Craster 's pregnant daughter - wife Gilly . While camping at the Fist of the First Men , Sam discovers a cache of weapons made from dragonglass . While Sam is out collecting dung for fires , the White Walkers march on the Fist of the First Men . Sam is unable to outrun the army of the dead , but for unknown reasons their leader spares Sam . Season 3 ( edit ) Sam and the survivors of the resulting massacre flee back to Craster 's Keep . Sam witnesses Gilly give birth to a baby boy , with Gilly and Sam realising that they must keep the birth secret to stop Craster giving the baby to the White Walkers . A brawl later breaks out among Craster and the Night 's Watch , and Sam flees with Gilly and the baby . They are followed by a White Walker who tries to take the baby , but Sam kills it by stabbing it with a dragonglass dagger . Sam and Gilly pass through the Wall at the Nightfort , where they discover Jon 's half - brother Bran Stark and his party , headed beyond the Wall . Sam is unable to dissuade them to come to Castle Black , but promises not to tell Jon of their destination . Arriving back at Castle Black , Sam warns Aemon of the advancing White Walkers and Aemon has Sam send the warning throughout the Seven Kingdoms . Later , Jon returns to Castle Black , gravely wounded and disguised as a Wildling . Sam recognises Jon and orders him to be attended to . Season 4 ( edit ) Sam reveals to Jon that Bran is alive and headed beyond the Wall . Sam decides to send Gilly to Mole 's Town to work as a maid in the brothel , as he fears for her safety at Castle Black . Mole 's Town is attacked by the Wildlings , who slaughter the entire populace of the town ; Sam is distraught , unaware that Gilly and her baby had been spared by Ygritte . Gilly later makes it to Castle Black moments before the Wildlings attack . Sam participates in the battle , and manages to kill the Thenn Warg . Season 5 ( edit ) When the Night 's Watch convenes to choose their new Lord Commander , Sam speaks up to nominate Jon , who is ultimately elected . Sam spends his time researching the weaknesses of the White Walkers and tending to a dying Maester Aemon , and comforts Aemon in his final moments as he dies of old age . Later , Sam is beaten while defending Gilly from two black brothers who attempt to rape her , but they are saved by Jon 's direwolf Ghost . Gilly tends to his wounds , and the two finally consummate their relationship . After Jon returns from Hardhome , Sam entreats Jon to send him to the Citadel in Oldtown in order to train as a Maester , while also taking Gilly and her baby to safety . Season 6 ( edit ) As women are banned from the Citadel , Sam intends to leave Gilly and Little Sam at the Tarly seat of Horn Hill , though he warns Gilly to hide her Wildling heritage due to his father 's bigotry towards the Wildlings . At dinner with the members of House Tarly , Randyll insults Sam 's lack of fighting prowess . Gilly defends Sam by revealing that he killed a White Walker , in doing so accidentally revealing that she is a Wildling . Though disgusted , Randyll acquiesces to Gilly staying at Horn Hill as a servant , but forbids Sam from ever returning to Horn Hill . Sam decides to take Gilly and Little Sam with him to the Citadel , also stealing House Tarly 's Valyrian steel sword Heartsbane . They travel on to Oldtown , where Sam is scheduled to explain events at Castle Black to the Archmaester . While he waits , Sam is permitted to peruse the Citadel 's library , and is awestruck by the library 's expanse . Season 7 ( edit ) Sam 's early days in Oldtown are frustrating , as he is assigned to menial tasks in the Citadel . The only person who believes his account of the White Walkers ' return is Archmaester Ebrose ; however , Ebrose refuses to let Sam access forbidden textbooks to learn more about the White Walkers , as he does not consider them a threat serious enough to break with protocol . Sam steals a key to take the books back to his and Gilly 's quarters . He discovers the location of a large deposit of dragonglass in a map of Dragonstone , and sends word to Jon ( now King in the North ) of its existence . Sam encounters Jeor 's son Jorah , who is infected by the terminal disease greyscale . Sam discovers a cure for greyscale in an old medical text . Although Ebrose forbids him from attempting it , Sam treats Jorah anyway , out of gratitude for Jeor 's saving his life . Sam is successful in curing Jorah , who is discharged from the Citadel . Ebrose is grudgingly impressed , but reassigns Sam to transcribe papers in danger of decomposing . Sam overhears Ebrose and several other maesters discussing a warning sent by Bran about the White Walkers ' march on the Wall , and is dismayed when the maesters are skeptical . While transcribing the papers in his quarters , Gilly discovers from a recently - deceased High Septon 's journal that Rhaegar Targaryen had his marriage to Elia Martell annulled and married another woman ( Lyanna Stark ) in secret , but Sam does not realize the significance of this information due to Gilly having mispronounced Rhaegar as ' Ragger ' . Annoyed at being unable to help in the battle against the White Walkers from the Citadel , Sam steals scrolls pertaining to the White Walkers and leaves Oldtown with Gilly and Little Sam . Sam and his family arrive at Winterfell in the season finale , where Sam is reunited with Bran . When Bran tells Sam that Jon is actually the bastard son of Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark , Sam is reminded of the record detailing Rhaegar receiving an annulment to marry another woman and tells Bran of his discovery . Bran then uses his greenseeing abilities to witness the wedding , and deduces that Jon is a trueborn Targaryen and the actual heir to the Iron Throne . Family tree of House Tarly ( edit ) Randyll Melessa Florent Samwell Talla Daughter Daughter Dickon Eleanor Mooton Tv adaptation ( edit ) John Bradley plays the role of Samwell Tarly in the television series . Samwell Tarly is played by John Bradley in the television adaption of the series of books . Samwell Tarly appeared for the first time in the fourth episode of first season , as new recruit of the Night 's Watch and a self - described coward . It was Bradley 's first professional appearance after graduating from the Manchester Metropolitan School of Theatre . The scene used in the auditions belonged to `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things , '' with Sam explaining to Jon how his father forced him to take the black . According to author and executive producer George R.R. Martin , Bradley delivered `` a heartbreaking performance . '' When asked which character he personally would be on the show , Martin said of Samwell Tarly , `` I love Sam , too . He 's a great character - Tyrion might be who I want to be , but Sam is probably closer to who I actually am . The fat kid who likes to read books and does n't like to go up a lot of stairs . '' Remarking on the character 's sex life with Gilly : I think Sam would just happily accept more of the same . He 's not one of the people that tries to inject exotica into his sex life , - Sam thinks about sex the way that most people think about space . It goes on . He has nothing to do with it . He 's fascinated by it in a childlike way . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Viewer 's Guide '' . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Cast and Crew : Samwell Tarly played by John Bradley '' . HBO . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Website for the HBO Series Game of Thrones - Season 4 '' . HBO . Jump up ^ `` From HBO '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` A Read of Ice and Fire : A Storm of Swords , Part 10 '' . Tor.com . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Matthew T. ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` If George R.R. Martin were in ' Game of Thrones , ' this is how he 'd die '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' : John Bradley on Sam '' . Buzzfeed . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' John Bradley on the Evolution of Samwell Tarly '' . New York . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : John Bradley on the `` Success Story '' of Samwell Tarly `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( July 12 , 2010 ) . `` Two For the Watch '' . Not a Blog . Retrieved May 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' John Bradley on Samwell Tarly 's Sex Life '' . Time . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samwell_Tarly&oldid=833100079 '' Categories : A Song of Ice and Fire characters Fictional characters introduced in 1996 Fictional lords and ladies Male characters in literature Male characters in television Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from June 2017 All articles to be expanded Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Español فارسی Italiano Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 17 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is sam's dad in game of thrones	[ "Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Sam is the eldest son of Randyll Tarly, from the fictional kingdom of Westeros. He subsequently appeared in Martin's A Clash of Kings before being a POV character in the later novels.[1]" ]	[ "Randyll Tarly" ]
-9130532844945737161	History of North Carolina State University	History of North Carolina State University - wikipedia History of North Carolina State University Jump to : navigation , search North Carolina State University was founded by the North Carolina General Assembly in 1887 as a land - grant college under the name North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts . As a land - grant college , NC State would provide a `` liberal and practical education '' while focusing on military tactics , agriculture and the mechanical arts without excluding classical studies . Since its founding , the university has maintained these objectives while building on them . After opening its doors in 1889 , NC State saw its enrollment fluctuate and its mandate expand . Due to the Great Depression , the North Carolina government administratively combined the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , the Woman 's College at Greensboro , and NC State . This conglomeration later became the University of North Carolina system in 1971 . After World War II , the university has constantly grown and changed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Founding : 1862 -- 1889 2 Early years : 1889 -- 1945 3 Expansion : 1945 -- present 4 Leaders 4.1 Presidents 4.2 Chancellors 5 Historic enrollment statistics ( 1889 - present ) 6 Notes and references Founding : 1862 -- 1889 ( edit ) Although established in 1887 , the North Carolina State University story begins in 1862 when President Abraham Lincoln signed the federal Morrill Land - Grant Act . This act created endowments that were to be used in the establishment of colleges that would provide a `` liberal and practical education '' while focusing on military tactics , agriculture and the mechanical arts without excluding classical studies . North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts with president Alexander Q. Holladay , faculty , and first freshman class posing in front of the college 's main building ( later named Holladay Hall ) . Date : 1890 During Reconstruction , North Carolina allocated its endowment to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . For two decades , that university received $7,500 annually from the endowment . In the mid-1880s , both state farmers and business leaders claimed that Chapel Hill 's `` elitist '' education did not meet the mandate set forth by the Morrill Land - Grant Act . On March 7 , 1887 the North Carolina General Assembly authorized the establishment of the North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts . The state also budgeted money for the new college and transferred North Carolina 's land - grant endowment to it as well . R. Stanhope Pullen gave land towards the establishment of the new college in Raleigh . Construction began on the main building ( now called Holladay Hall ) in 1888 and the college formally opened on October 3 , 1889 . First freshman class at North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts in 1889 . 71 students enrolled the first year . Early years : 1889 -- 1945 ( edit ) Between 1889 and the end of World War I , the college experienced growth and expansion of purpose . Along with United States Department of Agriculture , State College created the Boys ' and Girls ' Clubs in 1909 ( which later became 4 - H in 1926 ) . In 1914 the federal Smith - Lever Act enabled the university to establish state , county , and local extension programs . These two new programs allowed the university 's knowledge resources to directly benefit the people of North Carolina , not just those students who walked its halls . By 1918 the college had an enrollment over 700 students and it had a new name -- North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering . By the end of World War I , State College experienced many institutional changes and fluctuating enrollment . In the 1920s , many of the college 's educational units were organized into schools ( e.g. School of Agriculture , Textile School ... ) . In 1920 enrollment reached 1,000 and by 1929 enrollment doubled to 2,000 . In 1927 , the first women graduated from the college . The Great Depression brought many challenges to State College when economic hardships caused enrollment to suffer . To address issues institutional inefficiencies , the State of North Carolina established the Consolidated University of North Carolina in 1931 . This administratively combined the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , the Woman 's College in Greensboro , and State College . This move also brought another name -- North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering of the University of North Carolina . The Consolidated University of North Carolina lasted until 1972 when it was remade into the University of North Carolina system . By 1937 enrollment rebounded to over 2,000 , but World War II caused enrollment to drop below 1,000 . Expansion : 1945 -- Present ( edit ) The strutting wolf ( `` Tuffy '' ) logo , designed by a student in the early 1970s and modernized in 2006 , is widely recognized as a symbol of NC State . After the end of World War II , State College experienced rapid growth due to the G.I. Bill . By 1947 enrollment was over 5,000 and the college expanded to accommodate the new students . The 1950s saw many building projects and national recognition of its academic programs . The period also saw the first admission of African - Americans . In 1962 , administrators tried to elevate State College to university status as to North Carolina State University , but Governor Terry Sanford and other UNC system officials proposed the University of North Carolina at Raleigh for consistency . Faculty , students and alumni immediately launched a bitter opposition campaign , arguing that the name would cause the university to lose its identity and to appear to be a branch of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . The name was never adopted . Instead the General Assembly changed the name to North Carolina State of the University of North Carolina at Raleigh in 1963 . Not satisfied , protest and letter writing campaigns continued until 1965 when the university received the present name North Carolina State University at Raleigh . Convention ignores the `` at Raleigh '' part of the name ; indeed , it is omitted even on official documents such as diplomas . However , it is still in the official name . In 1966 single year enrollment reached 10,000 . The 1970s saw enrollment surpass 19,000 and the addition of the School of Humanities and Social Sciences . NC State celebrated its centennial in 1987 and reorganized its internal structure renaming all its schools to colleges ( e.g. School of Engineering to the College of Engineering ) . Also in this year , it gained 700 acres ( 2.8 km ) of land that would later become the Centennial Campus . Over the next decade and a half , NC State has focused on developing its new Centennial Campus . Over $620 million has been invested in facilities and infrastructure at the new campus with 2,700,000 square feet ( 250,000 m ) of space being constructed . There are 61 private and government agency partners located here as well . Currently , NC State has over 8,000 employees , over 34,000 students , and a $1.2 billion annual budget . It is also widely recognized as one of the three anchors of North Carolina 's Research Triangle , together with Duke University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . In 2009 , NC State University spent $10,000 on the `` Rally for Talley '' advertising campaign . The goal of the campaign was to persuade students to approve an increase in student fees that would pay for the renovation of the Talley Student Center and the Atrium Food Court . A record turnout of 19 % of the student body voted 61 % against the fee increase , but the student senate and university administration overruled the students ' decision and enacted the fee anyway . The renovation project was complete in 2016 ... NCSU Libraries Special Collections Research Center maintains a website devoted to NC State history entitled Historical State . Leaders ( edit ) Presidents ( edit ) Alexander Q. Holladay , 1889 - 1899 George T. Winston , 1899 - 1908 Daniel H. Hill , Jr. , 1908 - 1916 Wallace C. Riddick , 1916 - 1923 Eugene C. Brooks , 1923 - 1934 Chancellors ( edit ) John W. Harrelson , 1934 - 1953 ( as Dean of Administration until 1945 ) Carey Hoyt Bostian , 1953 - 1959 John Tyler Caldwell , 1959 - 1975 Jackson A. Rigney , 1975 ( Interim ) Joab Thomas , 1975 - 1981 Nash Winstead , 1981 - 1982 ( Interim ) Bruce Poulton , 1982 - 1989 Larry K. Monteith , 1989 - 1998 Marye Anne Fox , 1998 - 2004 Robert A. Barnhardt , 2004 ( Interim ) James L. Oblinger , 2005 - 2009 Jim Woodward , 2009 - 2010 ( Interim ) Randy Woodson , 2010 -- Present Historic enrollment statistics ( 1889 - Present ) ( edit ) Yearly counts were made until 1920 , when yearly enrollment counts were replaced with seasonal ( spring , summer , fall , winter ) counts ; separate summer session counts were introduced from the summer of 1951 . All numbers from 1920 are for the fall semester . 1889 - 1890 : 71 1891 - 1892 : 110 1894 - 1895 : 240 1900 - 1901 : 301 1902 - 1903 : 504 1903 - 1904 : 856 1918 - 1919 : 1,020 ( surpassed enrollment of 1903 - 1904 ) 1921 : 1,008 1924 : 1,345 1928 : 1,652 1929 : 1,856 ( enrollment subsequently dropped until 1935 , due to the Great Depression ) 1935 : 1,959 1937 : 2,100 1940 : 2,531 ( enrollment dropped until 1946 due to the Second World War ) 1946 : 4,902 1947 : 5,334 ( drop in enrollment until fall 1956 ) 1956 : 5,579 1957 : 5,766 1959 : 6,122 1961 : 7,117 1964 : 8,878 1965 : 9,806 1966 : 10,203 1968 : 11,994 1969 : 12,691 1970 : 13,340 1973 : 14,257 1974 : 15,751 1975 : 17,471 1978 : 18,476 1979 : 19,597 1980 : 21,225 1982 : 22,468 1984 : 23,602 1985 : 24,023 1988 : 25,537 1989 : 26,209 1991 : 27,236 1999 : 28,011 2001 : 29,286 2005 : 30,149 2006 : 31,130 2008 : 32,872 2009 : 33,819 2011 : 34,767 ( all - time high ) Current enrollment ( 2015 - 2016 ) : 34,015 students Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Murray Downs ; NCSU Libraries . `` Historical Sketch of North Carolina State University '' . North Carolina State University . Archived from the original on 6 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brief History of North Carolina State University '' . North Carolina State University . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Enrollment History : 1889 to present Jump up ^ `` History of Degrees Conferred at North Carolina State University ( 1893 - Present ) '' . Retrieved November 23 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` GS 116 - 4 '' . North Carolina General Statutes. 1995 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Historical State Timelines : Academics '' . NCSU Libraries . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Historical State Timelines : Campus Buildings , Grounds & Landmarks '' . NCSU Libraries . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Centennial Campus : Quick Facts '' . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2005 . Retrieved November 23 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Chancellor : Biography '' . Retrieved November 23 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery Begins at NC State '' . NC State : About Us . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` University Budget News : FAQ '' . NC State University . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Chancellor : Biography ( See above ) '' . Retrieved November 23 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` NC State Bulletin : Meet me at Talley '' . Retrieved October 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Enrollment History -- NC State 1889 - Present '' . N.C. State Office of Institutional Research and Planning . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina_State_University&oldid=808734713 '' Categories : North Carolina State University History of colleges and universities in North Carolina Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 20 : 35 . About Wikipedia	who founded north carolina a t state university	[ "North Carolina State University was founded by the North Carolina General Assembly in 1887 as a land-grant college under the name North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. As a land-grant college, NC State would provide a “liberal and practical education” while focusing on military tactics, agriculture and the mechanical arts without excluding classical studies. Since its founding, the university has maintained these objectives while building on them." ]	[ "North Carolina General Assembly" ]
-7628071617406256087	List of Big Ten Conference football champions	List of Big Ten Conference football champions - wikipedia List of Big Ten Conference football champions This is a list of yearly Big Ten Conference football champions . Co-champions are listed in alphabetical order . Contents 1 Champions by year 2 Championships by team 3 Championships by head coach 4 See also 5 References Champions by year ( edit ) Record Ranking Year Champions Conference Overall AP Coaches Bowl result Head coach 1896 Wisconsin 2 -- 0 -- 1 7 -- 1 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Philip King 1897 Wisconsin 3 -- 0 9 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Philip King 1898 Michigan 3 -- 0 10 -- 0 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Gustave Ferbert 1899 Chicago 4 -- 0 16 -- 0 -- 2 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Amos Alonzo Stagg 1900 Iowa 2 -- 0 -- 1 7 -- 0 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Alden Knipe Minnesota 3 -- 0 -- 1 10 -- 0 -- 2 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Henry L. Williams 1901 Michigan * 4 -- 0 11 -- 0 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 W Rose Bowl 49 -- 0 vs. Stanford Fielding H. Yost Wisconsin 2 -- 0 9 -- 0 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Philip King 1902 Michigan * 5 -- 0 11 -- 0 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Fielding H. Yost 1903 Michigan * 3 -- 0 -- 1 11 -- 0 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Fielding H. Yost Minnesota 3 -- 0 -- 1 14 -- 0 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Henry L. Williams Northwestern 1 -- 0 -- 2 10 -- 1 -- 3 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Walter McCornack 1904 Michigan * 2 -- 0 10 -- 0 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Fielding H. Yost Minnesota * 3 -- 0 13 -- 0 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Henry L. Williams 1905 Chicago * 7 -- 0 11 -- 0 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Amos Alonzo Stagg 1906 Michigan 1 -- 0 4 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Fielding H. Yost Minnesota 2 -- 0 4 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Henry L. Williams Wisconsin 3 -- 0 5 -- 0 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Charles P. Hutchins 1907 Chicago 4 -- 0 4 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Amos Alonzo Stagg 1908 Chicago 5 -- 0 5 -- 0 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Amos Alonzo Stagg 1909 Minnesota 3 -- 0 6 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Henry L. Williams 1910 Illinois 4 -- 0 7 -- 0 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Arthur Hall Minnesota 2 -- 0 6 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Henry L. Williams 1911 Minnesota 3 -- 0 -- 1 6 -- 0 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Henry L. Williams 1912 Wisconsin 5 -- 0 7 -- 0 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- William Juneau 1913 Chicago 7 -- 0 7 -- 0 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Amos Alonzo Stagg 1914 Illinois * 6 -- 0 7 -- 0 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Robert Zuppke 1915 Illinois 3 -- 0 -- 2 5 -- 0 -- 2 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Robert Zuppke Minnesota 3 -- 0 -- 1 6 -- 0 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Henry L. Williams 1916 Ohio State 4 -- 0 7 -- 0 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- John Wilce 1917 Ohio State 4 -- 0 8 -- 0 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- John Wilce 1918 Illinois 4 -- 0 5 -- 2 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Robert Zuppke Michigan 2 -- 0 5 -- 0 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Fielding H. Yost Purdue 1 -- 0 3 -- 3 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- A.G. Scanlon 1919 Illinois * 6 -- 1 6 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Robert Zuppke 1920 Ohio State 5 -- 0 7 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 L Rose Bowl 0 -- 28 vs. California John Wilce 1921 Iowa 5 -- 0 7 -- 0 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Howard Jones 1922 Chicago 4 -- 0 -- 1 5 -- 1 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Amos Alonzo Stagg Iowa 5 -- 0 7 -- 0 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Howard Jones Michigan 4 -- 0 6 -- 0 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Fielding H. Yost 1923 Illinois * 5 -- 0 8 -- 0 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Robert Zuppke Michigan * 4 -- 0 8 -- 0 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Fielding H. Yost 1924 Chicago 3 -- 0 -- 3 4 -- 1 -- 3 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Amos Alonzo Stagg 1925 Michigan 5 -- 1 7 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Fielding H. Yost 1926 Michigan 5 -- 0 7 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Fielding H. Yost Northwestern 5 -- 0 7 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Glenn Thistlethwaite 1927 Illinois * 5 -- 0 7 -- 0 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Robert Zuppke Minnesota 3 -- 0 -- 1 6 -- 0 -- 2 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Clarence Spears 1928 Illinois 4 -- 1 7 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Robert Zuppke 1929 Purdue 5 -- 0 8 -- 0 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- James Phelan 1930 Michigan 5 -- 0 8 -- 0 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Harry Kipke Northwestern 5 -- 0 7 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Dick Hanley 1931 Michigan 5 -- 1 8 -- 1 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Harry Kipke Northwestern 5 -- 1 7 -- 1 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Dick Hanley Purdue 5 -- 1 9 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Noble Kizer 1932 Michigan * 6 -- 0 8 -- 0 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Harry Kipke Purdue 5 -- 0 -- 1 7 -- 0 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Noble Kizer 1933 Michigan * 5 -- 0 -- 1 7 -- 0 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Harry Kipke Minnesota 2 -- 0 -- 4 4 -- 0 -- 4 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Bernie Bierman 1934 Minnesota * 5 -- 0 8 -- 0 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Bernie Bierman 1935 Minnesota * 5 -- 0 8 -- 0 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Bernie Bierman Ohio State 5 -- 0 7 -- 1 Started in 1936 Started in 1950 -- Francis Schmidt 1936 Northwestern 6 -- 0 7 -- 1 # 7 Started in 1950 -- Pappy Waldorf 1937 Minnesota 5 -- 0 6 -- 2 # 5 Started in 1950 -- Bernie Bierman 1938 Minnesota 4 -- 1 6 -- 2 # 10 Started in 1950 -- Bernie Bierman 1939 Ohio State 5 -- 1 6 -- 2 # 15 Started in 1950 -- Francis Schmidt 1940 Minnesota * 6 -- 0 8 -- 0 # 1 Started in 1950 -- Bernie Bierman 1941 Minnesota * 5 -- 0 8 -- 0 # 1 Started in 1950 -- Bernie Bierman 1942 Ohio State * 5 -- 1 9 -- 1 # 1 Started in 1950 -- Paul Brown 1943 Michigan 6 -- 0 8 -- 1 # 3 Started in 1950 -- Fritz Crisler Purdue 6 -- 0 9 -- 0 # 5 Started in 1950 -- Elmer Burnham 1944 Ohio State 6 -- 0 9 -- 0 # 2 Started in 1950 -- Carroll Widdoes 1945 Indiana 5 -- 0 -- 1 9 -- 0 -- 1 # 4 Started in 1950 -- Bo McMillin 1946 Illinois 6 -- 1 8 -- 2 # 5 Started in 1950 W Rose Bowl 45 -- 14 vs. UCLA Ray Eliot 1947 Michigan * 6 -- 0 10 -- 0 # 2 Started in 1950 W Rose Bowl 49 -- 0 vs. USC Fritz Crisler 1948 Michigan * 5 -- 0 9 -- 0 # 1 Started in 1950 -- Bennie Oosterbaan 1949 Michigan 4 -- 1 -- 1 6 -- 2 -- 1 # 7 Started in 1950 -- Bennie Oosterbaan Ohio State 4 -- 1 -- 1 7 -- 1 -- 2 # 4 Started in 1950 W Rose Bowl 17 - 14 vs. California Wes Fesler 1950 Michigan 4 -- 1 -- 1 6 -- 3 -- 1 # 9 # 6 W Rose Bowl 14 -- 6 vs. California Bennie Oosterbaan 1951 Illinois 5 -- 0 -- 1 9 -- 0 -- 1 # 4 # 3 W Rose Bowl 40 -- 7 vs. Stanford Ray Eliot 1952 Purdue 4 -- 1 -- 1 4 -- 3 -- 2 # 18 # 12 -- Stu Holcomb Wisconsin 4 -- 1 -- 1 6 -- 3 -- 1 # 11 # 10 L Rose Bowl 7 -- 0 vs. USC Ivy Williamson 1953 Illinois 5 -- 1 7 -- 1 -- 1 # 7 # 7 -- Ray Eliot Michigan State 5 -- 1 9 -- 1 # 3 # 3 W Rose Bowl 28 -- 20 vs. UCLA Clarence Munn 1954 Ohio State * 7 -- 0 10 -- 0 # 1 # 2 W Rose Bowl 20 -- 7 vs. USC Woody Hayes 1955 Ohio State 6 -- 0 7 -- 2 # 5 # 5 -- Woody Hayes 1956 Iowa 5 -- 1 9 -- 1 # 3 # 3 W Rose Bowl 35 -- 19 vs. Oregon State Forest Evashevski 1957 Ohio State * 7 -- 0 9 -- 1 # 2 # 1 W Rose Bowl 10 -- 7 vs. Oregon Woody Hayes 1958 Iowa * 5 -- 1 8 -- 1 -- 1 # 2 # 2 W Rose Bowl 38 -- 12 vs. California Forest Evashevski 1959 Wisconsin 5 -- 2 7 -- 3 # 6 # 6 L Rose Bowl 44 -- 8 vs. Washington Milt Bruhn 1960 Iowa 5 -- 1 8 -- 1 # 3 # 2 -- Forest Evashevski Minnesota * 6 -- 1 8 -- 2 # 1 # 1 L Rose Bowl 17 -- 7 vs. Washington Murray Warmath 1961 Ohio State * 6 -- 0 8 -- 0 -- 1 # 2 # 2 -- Woody Hayes 1962 Wisconsin 6 -- 1 8 -- 2 # 2 # 2 L Rose Bowl 42 -- 37 vs. USC Milt Bruhn 1963 Illinois 5 -- 1 -- 1 8 -- 1 -- 1 # 2 # 2 W Rose Bowl 17 -- 7 vs. Washington Pete Elliott 1964 Michigan 6 -- 1 9 -- 1 # 4 # 4 W Rose Bowl 34 -- 7 vs. Oregon State Bump Elliott 1965 Michigan State * 7 -- 0 10 -- 1 # 2 # 1 L Rose Bowl 14 -- 12 vs. UCLA Duffy Daugherty 1966 Michigan State * 7 -- 0 9 -- 0 -- 1 # 2 # 2 -- Duffy Daugherty 1967 Indiana 6 -- 1 9 -- 2 # 4 # 6 L Rose Bowl 14 -- 3 vs. USC John Pont Minnesota 6 -- 1 8 -- 2 -- # 14 -- Murray Warmath Purdue 6 -- 1 8 -- 2 # 9 # 9 -- Jack Mollenkopf 1968 Ohio State * 7 -- 0 10 -- 0 # 1 # 1 W Rose Bowl 27 -- 16 vs. USC Woody Hayes 1969 Michigan 6 -- 1 8 -- 3 # 9 # 8 L Rose Bowl 10 -- 3 vs. USC Bo Schembechler Ohio State 6 -- 1 8 -- 1 # 4 # 5 -- Woody Hayes 1970 Ohio State * 7 -- 0 9 -- 1 # 5 # 2 L Rose Bowl 27 -- 17 vs. Stanford Woody Hayes 1971 Michigan 8 -- 0 11 -- 1 # 6 # 4 L Rose Bowl 13 -- 12 vs. Stanford Bo Schembechler 1972 Michigan 7 -- 1 10 -- 1 # 6 # 6 -- Bo Schembechler Ohio State 7 -- 1 9 -- 2 # 9 # 3 L Rose Bowl 42 -- 17 vs. USC Woody Hayes 1973 Michigan 7 -- 0 -- 1 10 -- 0 -- 1 # 6 # 6 -- Bo Schembechler Ohio State 7 -- 0 -- 1 10 -- 0 -- 1 # 2 # 3 W Rose Bowl 42 -- 21 vs. USC Woody Hayes Michigan 7 -- 1 10 -- 1 # 3 # 5 -- Bo Schembechler Ohio State 7 -- 1 10 -- 2 # 4 # 3 L Rose Bowl 18 -- 17 vs. USC Woody Hayes Ohio State 8 -- 0 11 -- 1 # 4 # 4 L Rose Bowl 23 -- 10 vs. UCLA Woody Hayes 1976 Michigan 7 -- 1 10 -- 2 # 3 # 3 L Rose Bowl 14 -- 6 vs. USC Bo Schembechler Ohio State 7 -- 1 9 -- 2 -- 1 # 6 # 5 W Orange Bowl 27 -- 10 vs. Colorado Woody Hayes 1977 Michigan 7 -- 1 10 -- 2 # 9 # 8 L Rose Bowl 27 -- 20 vs. Washington Bo Schembechler Ohio State 7 -- 1 9 -- 3 # 11 # 12 L Sugar Bowl 35 -- 6 vs. Alabama Woody Hayes 1978 Michigan 7 -- 1 10 -- 2 # 5 # 5 L Rose Bowl 17 -- 10 vs. USC Bo Schembechler Michigan State 7 -- 1 8 -- 3 # 12 -- -- Darryl Rogers 1979 Ohio State 8 -- 0 11 -- 1 # 4 # 4 L Rose Bowl 17 -- 16 vs. USC Earle Bruce 1980 Michigan 8 -- 0 10 -- 2 # 4 # 4 W Rose Bowl 23 -- 6 vs. Washington Bo Schembechler 1981 Iowa 6 -- 2 8 -- 4 # 18 # 15 L Rose Bowl 28 -- 0 vs. Washington Hayden Fry Ohio State 6 -- 2 9 -- 3 # 15 # 12 W Liberty Bowl 31 -- 28 vs. Navy Earle Bruce 1982 Michigan 8 -- 1 8 -- 4 -- # 15 L Rose Bowl 24 -- 14 vs. UCLA Bo Schembechler Illinois 9 -- 0 10 -- 2 # 10 # 10 L Rose Bowl 45 -- 9 vs. UCLA Mike White 1984 Ohio State 7 -- 2 9 -- 3 # 13 # 12 L Rose Bowl 20 -- 17 vs. USC Earle Bruce 1985 Iowa 7 -- 1 10 -- 2 # 10 # 9 L Rose Bowl 45 -- 28 vs. UCLA Hayden Fry 1986 Michigan 7 -- 1 11 -- 2 # 8 # 7 L Rose Bowl 22 -- 15 vs. Arizona State Bo Schembechler Ohio State 7 -- 1 10 -- 3 # 7 # 6 W Cotton Bowl Classic 28 -- 12 vs. Texas A&M Earle Bruce Michigan State 7 -- 0 -- 1 9 -- 2 -- 1 # 8 # 8 W Rose Bowl 20 -- 17 vs. USC George Perles 1988 Michigan 7 -- 0 -- 1 9 -- 2 -- 1 # 4 # 4 W Rose Bowl 22 -- 14 vs. USC Bo Schembechler 1989 Michigan 8 -- 0 10 -- 2 # 7 # 8 L Rose Bowl 17 -- 10 vs. USC Bo Schembechler 1990 Illinois 6 -- 2 8 -- 4 # 25 # 24 L Hall of Fame Bowl 30 -- 0 vs. Clemson John Mackovic Iowa 6 -- 2 8 -- 4 # 18 # 16 L Rose Bowl 46 -- 34 vs. Washington Hayden Fry Michigan 6 -- 2 9 -- 3 # 7 # 8 W Gator Bowl 35 -- 3 vs. Ole Miss Gary Moeller Michigan State 6 -- 2 8 -- 3 -- 1 # 16 # 14 W John Hancock Bowl 17 -- 16 vs. USC George Perles 1991 Michigan 8 -- 0 10 -- 2 # 6 # 6 L Rose Bowl 34 -- 14 vs. Washington Gary Moeller 1992 Michigan 6 -- 0 -- 2 9 -- 0 -- 3 # 5 # 5 W Rose Bowl 38 -- 31 vs. Washington Gary Moeller 1993 Ohio State 6 -- 1 -- 1 10 -- 1 -- 1 # 11 # 10 W Holiday Bowl 28 -- 21 vs. BYU John Cooper Wisconsin 6 -- 1 -- 1 10 -- 1 -- 1 # 6 # 5 W Rose Bowl 21 -- 16 vs. UCLA Barry Alvarez 1994 Penn State 8 -- 0 12 -- 0 # 2 # 2 W Rose Bowl 38 -- 20 vs. Oregon Joe Paterno 1995 Northwestern 8 -- 0 10 -- 2 # 8 # 7 L Rose Bowl 41 -- 32 vs. USC Gary Barnett Northwestern 7 -- 1 9 -- 3 # 15 # 16 L Florida Citrus Bowl 48 -- 28 vs. Tennessee Gary Barnett Ohio State 7 -- 1 11 -- 1 # 2 # 2 W Rose Bowl 20 -- 17 vs. Arizona State John Cooper 1997 Michigan * 8 -- 0 12 -- 0 # 1 # 2 W Rose Bowl 21 -- 16 vs. Washington State Lloyd Carr 1998 Michigan 7 -- 1 10 -- 3 # 12 # 12 W Florida Citrus Bowl 45 -- 31 vs. Arkansas Lloyd Carr Ohio State 7 -- 1 11 -- 1 # 2 # 2 W Sugar Bowl 24 -- 14 vs. Texas A&M John Cooper Wisconsin 7 -- 1 11 -- 1 # 6 # 5 W Rose Bowl 38 -- 31 vs. UCLA Barry Alvarez 1999 Wisconsin 7 -- 1 10 -- 2 # 4 # 4 W Rose Bowl 17 -- 9 vs. Stanford Barry Alvarez 2000 Michigan 6 -- 2 9 -- 3 # 11 # 10 W Florida Citrus Bowl 31 -- 28 vs. Auburn Lloyd Carr Northwestern 6 -- 2 8 -- 4 -- -- L Alamo Bowl 66 -- 17 vs. Nebraska Randy Walker Purdue 6 -- 2 8 -- 4 # 13 # 13 L Rose Bowl 34 -- 24 vs. Washington Joe Tiller 2001 Illinois 7 -- 1 10 -- 2 # 12 # 12 L Sugar Bowl 47 -- 34 vs. LSU Ron Turner 2002 Iowa 8 -- 0 11 -- 2 # 8 # 8 L Orange Bowl 38 -- 17 vs. USC Kirk Ferentz Ohio State * 8 -- 0 14 -- 0 # 1 # 1 W Fiesta Bowl 31 -- 24 vs. Miami Jim Tressel 2003 Michigan 7 -- 1 10 -- 3 # 6 # 7 L Rose Bowl 28 -- 14 vs. USC Lloyd Carr Iowa 7 -- 1 10 -- 2 # 8 # 8 W Capital One Bowl 30 -- 25 vs. LSU Kirk Ferentz Michigan 7 -- 1 9 -- 3 # 14 # 12 L Rose Bowl 38 -- 37 vs. Texas Lloyd Carr 2005 Ohio State 7 -- 1 10 -- 2 # 4 # 4 W Fiesta Bowl 34 -- 20 vs. Notre Dame Jim Tressel Penn State 7 -- 1 11 -- 1 # 3 # 3 W Orange Bowl 26 -- 23 vs. Florida State Joe Paterno 2006 Ohio State 8 -- 0 12 -- 1 # 2 # 2 L BCS Championship Game 41 -- 14 vs. Florida Jim Tressel 2007 Ohio State 7 -- 1 11 -- 2 # 5 # 4 L BCS Championship Game 38 -- 24 vs. LSU Jim Tressel 2008 Ohio State 7 -- 1 10 -- 3 # 9 # 11 L Fiesta Bowl 24 -- 21 vs. Texas Jim Tressel Penn State 7 -- 1 11 -- 2 # 8 # 8 L Rose Bowl 24 - 38 vs. USC Joe Paterno 2009 Ohio State 7 -- 1 11 -- 2 # 5 # 5 W Rose Bowl 26 -- 17 vs. Oregon Jim Tressel 2010 ^ Michigan State 7 -- 1 11 -- 2 # 14 # 14 L Capital One Bowl 49 -- 7 vs. Alabama Mark Dantonio Wisconsin 7 -- 1 11 -- 2 # 7 # 8 L Rose Bowl 21 -- 19 vs. TCU Bret Bielema 2011 Wisconsin 6 -- 2 11 -- 3 # 10 # 11 L Rose Bowl 45 -- 38 vs. Oregon Bret Bielema 2012 Wisconsin 4 -- 4 8 -- 6 -- -- L Rose Bowl 20 -- 14 vs. Stanford Bret Bielema 2013 Michigan State 8 -- 0 13 -- 1 # 3 # 3 W Rose Bowl 24 -- 20 vs. Stanford Mark Dantonio 2014 Ohio State * 8 -- 0 14 -- 1 # 1 # 1 W CFP Semifinal at Sugar Bowl 42 -- 35 vs. Alabama W College Football Playoff National Championship 42 -- 20 vs. Oregon Urban Meyer 2015 Michigan State 7 -- 1 12 -- 2 # 6 # 6 L CFP Semifinal at Cotton Bowl 38 -- 0 vs. Alabama Mark Dantonio 2016 Penn State 8 -- 1 11 -- 3 # 7 # 7 L Rose Bowl 52 -- 49 vs. USC James Franklin 2017 Ohio State 8 -- 1 12 -- 2 # 5 # 5 W Cotton Bowl 24 -- 7 vs. USC Urban Meyer Note : an asterisk ( * ) denotes a national championship for that season recognized by the College Football Data Warehouse . ^ Ohio State vacated all wins from the 2010 season and its share of the championship due to NCAA violations . Championships by team ( edit ) Team Big Ten Championships Years Michigan 42 1898 , 1901 , 1902 , 1903 , 1904 , 1906 , 1918 , 1922 , 1923 , 1925 , 1926 , 1930 , 1931 , 1932 , 1933 , 1943 , 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1964 , 1969 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1980 , 1982 , 1986 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2004 Ohio State 36 ^ 1916 , 1917 , 1920 , 1935 , 1939 , 1942 , 1944 , 1949 , 1954 , 1955 , 1957 , 1961 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1979 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 1993 , 1996 , 1998 , 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2014 , 2017 Minnesota 18 1900 , 1903 , 1904 , 1906 , 1909 , 1910 , 1911 , 1915 , 1927 , 1933 , 1934 , 1935 , 1937 , 1938 , 1940 , 1941 , 1960 , 1967 Illinois 15 1910 , 1914 , 1915 , 1918 , 1919 , 1923 , 1927 , 1928 , 1946 , 1951 , 1953 , 1963 , 1983 , 1990 , 2001 Wisconsin 14 1896 , 1897 , 1901 , 1906 , 1912 , 1952 , 1959 , 1962 , 1993 , 1998 , 1999 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 Iowa 11 1900 , 1921 , 1922 , 1956 , 1958 , 1960 , 1981 , 1985 , 1990 , 2002 , 2004 Michigan State 9 1953 , 1965 , 1966 , 1978 , 1987 , 1990 , 2010 , 2013 , 2015 Northwestern 8 1903 , 1926 , 1930 , 1931 , 1936 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 Purdue 8 1918 , 1929 , 1931 , 1932 , 1943 , 1952 , 1967 , 2000 Chicago 7 1899 , 1905 , 1907 , 1908 , 1913 , 1922 , 1924 Penn State 1994 , 2005 , 2008 , 2016 Indiana 1945 , 1967 Nebraska 0 Maryland 0 Rutgers 0 Italics indicate a school no longer competing in the Big Ten . Bold indicates an outright conference championship . ^ Ohio State vacated all wins from the 2010 season and its share of the title . Championships by head coach ( edit ) Head Coach School Big Ten Championships Bo Schembechler Michigan 13 Woody Hayes Ohio State 13 Fielding H. Yost Michigan 10 Henry L. Williams Minnesota 8 Bernie Bierman Minnesota 7 Amos Alonzo Stagg Chicago 7 Robert Zuppke Illinois 7 Jim Tressel Ohio State 6 ^ Lloyd Carr Michigan 5 Earle Bruce Ohio State Harry Kipke Michigan Barry Alvarez Wisconsin Bret Bielema Wisconsin John Cooper Ohio State Mark Dantonio * Michigan State Ray Eliot Illinois Forest Evashevski Iowa Hayden Fry Iowa Philip King Wisconsin Gary Moeller Michigan Bennie Oosterbaan Michigan Joe Paterno Penn State John Wilce Ohio State Gary Barnett Northwestern Milt Bruhn Wisconsin Fritz Crisler Michigan Duffy Daugherty Michigan State Kirk Ferentz * Iowa Dick Hanley Northwestern Howard Jones Iowa Noble Kizer Purdue Urban Meyer * Ohio State George Perles Michigan State Francis Schmidt Ohio State Murray Warmath Minnesota Paul Brown Ohio State Elmer Burnham Purdue Bump Elliott Michigan Pete Elliott Illinois Gustave Ferbert Michigan Wes Fesler Ohio State James Franklin * Penn State Arthur Hall Illinois Stu Holcomb Purdue Charles P. Hutchins Wisconsin William Juneau Wisconsin Alden Knipe Iowa John Mackovic Illinois Walter McCornack Northwestern Bo McMillin Indiana Jack Mollenkopf Purdue Clarence Munn Michigan State James Phelan Purdue John Pont Indiana Darryl Rogers Michigan State A.G. Scanlon Purdue Clarence Spears Minnesota Glenn Thistlethwaite Northwestern Joe Tiller Purdue Ron Turner Illinois Pappy Waldorf Northwestern Randy Walker Northwestern Mike White Illinois Carroll Widdoes Ohio State Ivy Williamson Wisconsin ^ Ohio State vacated all wins from the 2010 season and their share of the championship * Active Big Ten coach College football portal See also ( edit ) List of Big Ten Conference football standings ( 1896 -- 1958 ) List of Big Ten Conference football standings ( 1959 -- present ) References ( edit ) Big Ten Conference football champions Western Conference Wisconsin ( 1896 ) Wisconsin ( 1897 ) Michigan ( 1898 ) Chicago ( 1899 ) Iowa & Minnesota ( 1900 ) Michigan & Wisconsin ( 1901 ) Michigan ( 1902 ) Michigan , Minnesota , & Northwestern ( 1903 ) Michigan & Minnesota ( 1904 ) Chicago ( 1905 ) Michigan , Minnesota , & Wisconsin ( 1906 ) Chicago ( 1907 ) Chicago ( 1908 ) Minnesota ( 1909 ) Illinois & Minnesota ( 1910 ) Minnesota ( 1911 ) Wisconsin ( 1912 ) Chicago ( 1913 ) Illinois ( 1914 ) Illinois & Minnesota ( 1915 ) Ohio State ( 1916 ) Ohio State ( 1917 ) Big Ten Illinois , Michigan , & Purdue ( 1918 ) Illinois ( 1919 ) Ohio State ( 1920 ) Iowa ( 1921 ) Chicago , Iowa , & Michigan ( 1922 ) Illinois & Michigan ( 1923 ) Chicago ( 1924 ) Michigan ( 1925 ) Michigan & Northwestern ( 1926 ) Illinois & Minnesota ( 1927 ) Illinois ( 1928 ) Purdue ( 1929 ) Michigan & Northwestern ( 1930 ) Purdue , Michigan & Northwestern ( 1931 ) Michigan & Purdue ( 1932 ) Michigan & Minnesota ( 1933 ) Minnesota ( 1934 ) Minnesota & Ohio State ( 1935 ) Northwestern ( 1936 ) Minnesota ( 1937 ) Minnesota ( 1938 ) Ohio State ( 1939 ) Big Nine Minnesota ( 1940 ) Minnesota ( 1941 ) Ohio State ( 1942 ) Michigan & Purdue ( 1943 ) Ohio State ( 1944 ) Indiana ( 1945 ) Illinois ( 1946 ) Michigan ( 1947 ) Michigan ( 1948 ) Michigan & Ohio State ( 1949 ) Big Ten Michigan ( 1950 ) Illinois ( 1951 ) Purdue & Wisconsin ( 1952 ) Illinois & Michigan State ( 1953 ) Ohio State ( 1954 ) Ohio State ( 1955 ) Iowa ( 1956 ) Ohio State ( 1957 ) Iowa ( 1958 ) Wisconsin ( 1959 ) Minnesota & Iowa ( 1960 ) Ohio State ( 1961 ) Wisconsin ( 1962 ) Illinois ( 1963 ) Michigan ( 1964 ) Michigan State ( 1965 ) Michigan State ( 1966 ) Indiana , Minnesota , Purdue ( 1967 ) Ohio State ( 1968 ) Michigan & Ohio State ( 1969 ) Ohio State ( 1970 ) Michigan ( 1971 ) Michigan & Ohio State ( 1972 ) Michigan & Ohio State ( 1973 ) Michigan & Ohio State ( 1974 ) Ohio State ( 1975 ) Michigan & Ohio State ( 1976 ) Michigan & Ohio State ( 1977 ) Michigan & Michigan State ( 1978 ) Ohio State ( 1979 ) Michigan ( 1980 ) Iowa & Ohio State ( 1981 ) Michigan ( 1982 ) Illinois ( 1983 ) Ohio State ( 1984 ) Iowa ( 1985 ) Michigan & Ohio State ( 1986 ) Michigan State ( 1987 ) Michigan ( 1988 ) Michigan ( 1989 ) Illinois , Iowa , Michigan , & Michigan State ( 1990 ) Michigan ( 1991 ) Michigan ( 1992 ) Ohio State & Wisconsin ( 1993 ) Penn State ( 1994 ) Northwestern ( 1995 ) Ohio State & Northwestern ( 1996 ) Michigan ( 1997 ) Michigan , Ohio State , & Wisconsin ( 1998 ) Wisconsin ( 1999 ) Michigan , Northwestern , & Purdue ( 2000 ) Illinois ( 2001 ) Ohio State & Iowa ( 2002 ) Michigan ( 2003 ) Iowa & Michigan ( 2004 ) Ohio State & Penn State ( 2005 ) Ohio State ( 2006 ) Ohio State ( 2007 ) Ohio State & Penn State ( 2008 ) Ohio State ( 2009 ) Michigan State & Wisconsin ( 2010 ) Wisconsin ( 2011 ) Wisconsin ( 2012 ) Michigan State ( 2013 ) Ohio State ( 2014 ) Michigan State ( 2015 ) Penn State ( 2016 ) Ohio State ( 2017 ) National championships in bold Big Ten Conference football East Division Indiana Hoosiers Maryland Terrapins Michigan Wolverines Michigan State Spartans Ohio State Buckeyes Penn State Nittany Lions Rutgers Scarlet Knights West Division Illinois Fighting Illini Iowa Hawkeyes Minnesota Golden Gophers Nebraska Cornhuskers Northwestern Wildcats Purdue Boilermakers Wisconsin Badgers Championships & awards Conference champions All - time standings ( 1896 -- 1958 ) , ( 1959 -- present ) Championship Game Individual awards Chicago Tribune Silver Football Seasons 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Big_Ten_Conference_football_champions&oldid=844785249 '' Categories : Lists of college football conference champions Big Ten Conference football Talk Contents About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2018 , at 04 : 30 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what team has the most big ten championships in football	[ "\n\nTeam\nBig TenChampionships\nYears\n\n\nMichigan\n\n42\n1898, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1906, 1918, 1922, 1923, 1925, 1926, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1943, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1964, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2004\n\n\nOhio State\n\n36^\n1916, 1917, 1920, 1935, 1939, 1942, 1944, 1949, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1961, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1984, 1986, 1993, 1996, 1998, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2014, 2017\n\n\nMinnesota\n\n18\n1900, 1903, 1904, 1906, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1915, 1927, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1937, 1938, 1940, 1941, 1960, 1967\n\n\nIllinois\n\n15\n1910, 1914, 1915, 1918, 1919, 1923, 1927, 1928, 1946, 1951, 1953, 1963, 1983, 1990, 2001\n\n\nWisconsin\n\n14\n1896, 1897, 1901, 1906, 1912, 1952, 1959, 1962, 1993, 1998, 1999, 2010, 2011, 2012\n\n\nIowa\n\n11\n1900, 1921, 1922, 1956, 1958, 1960, 1981, 1985, 1990, 2002, 2004\n\n\nMichigan State\n\n9\n1953, 1965, 1966, 1978, 1987, 1990, 2010, 2013, 2015\n\n\nNorthwestern\n\n8\n1903, 1926, 1930, 1931, 1936, 1995, 1996, 2000\n\n\nPurdue\n\n8\n1918, 1929, 1931, 1932, 1943, 1952, 1967, 2000\n\n\nChicago\n\n7\n1899, 1905, 1907, 1908, 1913, 1922, 1924\n\n\nPenn State\n\n4\n1994, 2005, 2008, 2016\n\n\nIndiana\n\n2\n1945, 1967\n\n\nNebraska\n\n0\n\n\n\nMaryland\n\n0\n\n\n\nRutgers\n\n0\n\n\n" ]	[ "Michigan" ]
3143007402501965928	2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans	2005 levee failures in greater New Orleans - Wikipedia 2005 levee failures in greater New Orleans Jump to : navigation , search Hurricane Katrina 2005 Atlantic hurricane season General Timeline Meteorological history Tornado outbreak Preparations New Orleans preparedness Impact Economic effects Political effects Criticism of government response Social effects Effects by region Effects on Florida Effects on Mississippi Effects on New Orleans Levee failures New Orleans Hornets New Orleans Saints Superdome Tulane University Infrastructure repairs Reconstruction Relief Disaster relief International response Analysis Global warming Media coverage External links Media related to Hurricane Katrina at Wikimedia Commons News related to Katrina stories at Wikinews Works related to Katrina sources at Wikisource On August 29 , 2005 , there were over 50 failures of the levees and flood walls protecting New Orleans , Louisiana , and its suburbs following passage of Hurricane Katrina and landfall in Mississippi . The levee and flood wall failures caused flooding in 80 % of New Orleans and all of St. Bernard Parish . Tens of billions of gallons of water spilled into vast areas of New Orleans , flooding over 100,000 homes and businesses . Responsibility for the design and construction of the levee system belongs to the United States Army Corps of Engineers ; the responsibility of maintenance belongs to the local levee boards . The Corps hands components of the system over to the local levee boards upon completion . When Katrina struck in 2005 , the project was between 60 -- 90 % complete . Four major investigations were conducted by civil engineers and other experts in an attempt to identify the underlying reasons for the failure of the federal flood protection system . All concur that the primary cause of the flooding was inadequate design and construction by the Corps of Engineers . There were six major breaches in Orleans Parish : Three major breaches occurred on the Industrial Canal : one on the northeast side near the junction with Gulf Intracoastal Waterway and two on the southeast side along the Lower Ninth Ward , between Florida Avenue and Claiborne Avenue . On the west side of New Orleans , the 17th Street Canal levee breached 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) below design specs on the New Orleans side near the Old Hammond Highway Bridge The London Avenue Canal in the Gentilly neighborhood breached on both sides -- on the west side near Robert E. Lee Boulevard and on the east near the Mirabeau Avenue Bridge Storm surge caused breaches in 20 places on the Mississippi River - Gulf Outlet Canal ( `` MR - GO '' ) in Saint Bernard Parish , flooding the entire parish and the East Bank of Plaquemines Parish . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Levee and floodwall breaches 3 Investigations 3.1 Levee investigations 3.2 Criticism of the IPET Federal Investigation 3.3 Flood wall design 3.4 Overtopping of levees in the Eastern New Orleans 3.5 National Academy of Sciences Investigation 3.6 Senate Committee hearings 3.7 Corps of Engineers admits problems with design 4 Conspiracy theories 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) Vertical cross-section of New Orleans , showing maximum levee height of 23 feet ( 7 m ) at the Mississippi River on the left and 17.5 feet ( 5 m ) at Lake Pontchartrain on the right See also : Drainage in New Orleans and Hurricane preparedness for New Orleans The original residents of New Orleans settled on the high ground along the Mississippi River . Later developments eventually extended to nearby Lake Pontchartrain , built upon fill to bring them above the average lake level . Navigable commercial waterways extended from the lake to downtown . After 1940 , the state decided to close those waterways following the completion of a new Industrial Canal for waterborne commerce . Closure of the waterways resulted in a drastic lowering of the water table by the city 's drainage system , causing some areas to settle by up to 8 feet ( 2 m ) due to the compacting and desiccation of the underlying organic soils . After the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 , Congress passed the Flood Control Act of 1928 which authorized the Corps of Engineers to design and construct flood control structures , along with levees , on the Mississippi River to protect populated areas from floods . It also affirmed the principle of local participation in federally funded projects but acknowledged that the $292 million already spent by local interests was sufficient to cover local participatory costs . It is instructive to note that , in addition , sovereign immunity was given to the Corps of Engineers under Section 3 of the Flood Control Act of 1928 , which states `` no liability of any kind would attach or rest upon the United States for any damage from or by floods or flood waters at any place , provided that if on any stretch of the banks of the Mississippi River it was impracticable to construct levees . '' 33 U.S.C. § 702c . Section 702c is sometimes referred as `` Section 3 of the act , '' based on where it appears in the public law . Heavy flooding caused by Hurricane Betsy in 1965 brought concerns regarding flooding from hurricanes to the forefront . In response , the Congress passed the Flood Control Act of 1965 which mandated that henceforth , the Corps of Engineers is the agency responsible for design and construction of flood protection projects , to include those in Greater New Orleans . The local interests ' role was maintenance once the projects were complete . Also that year , Congress authorized the Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity Hurricane Protection Project ( LPVHPP ) which reiterated the principle of local participation in federally funded projects . The project was initially estimated to take 13 years , but when Katrina struck in 2005 , almost 40 years later , the project was only 60 -- 90 % complete with a revised projected completion date of 2015 . On August 29 , 2005 , flood walls and levees catastrophically failed throughout the metro area . Some collapsed well below design thresholds ( 17th Street and London Canals ) . Others collapsed after a brief period of overtopping ( Industrial Canal ) caused scouring or erosion of the earthen levee walls . In April 2007 , the American Society of Civil Engineers called the flooding of New Orleans `` the worst engineering catastrophe in US History . '' Levee and floodwall breaches ( edit ) Sketch of New Orleans ( shaded gray ) , indicating the locations of the principal breaches in the levees / floodwalls ( dark blue arrows ) . Red dots show locations of deaths . Breach in 17th Street Canal levee in New Orleans , Louisiana , on August 31 , 2005 , showing the inundated Lakeview neighborhood on the right and the largely dry Metairie side on the left . ( NOAA ) Severely damaged homes in piles of sand near the upper London Avenue Canal breach Many of the levee and floodwall failures were reported on Monday , August 29 , 2005 , at various times throughout the day . There were 28 reported failures in the first 24 hours and over 50 were reported in the ensuing days . A breach in the Industrial Canal , near the St. Bernard / Orleans parish line , occurred at approximately 9 : 00 a.m. CDT , the day Katrina arrived . Another breach in the Industrial Canal was reported a few minutes later at Tennessee Street , as well as multiple failures in the levee system , and a pump failure in the Lower Ninth Ward , near Florida Avenue . Local fire officials reported a breach at the 17th Street Canal levee shortly after 9 : 00 a.m. CDT . An estimated 66 % to 75 % of the city was now under water . The Duncan and Bonnabel Pumping Stations were also reported to have suffered roof damage , and were non-functional . Breaches at St. Bernard Parish and the Lower Ninth Ward were reported at 5 : 00 p.m. CDT , as well as a breach at the Hayne Blvd . Pumping Station , and another breach along the 17th Street Canal levee . By 8 : 30 p.m. CDT , all pumping stations in Jefferson and Orleans parishes were reported as non-functional . At 10 : 00 pm CDT , a breach of the levee on the west bank of the Industrial Canal was reported , bringing 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) of standing water to the area . At about midnight , a breach in the London Avenue Canal levee was reported . The Orleans Canal about midway between the 17th Street Canal and the London Avenue Canal , engineered to the same standards , and presumably put under similar stress during the hurricane , survived intact because an incomplete section of floodwall along this canal which allowed water to overtop at that point , thus creating a spill way . Investigations ( edit ) Levee investigations ( edit ) In the ten years following Katrina , over a dozen investigations were conducted . There was no federally ordered independent commission like those ordered after the September 11 terrorist attacks and after the BP Oil Spill in the Gulf . The only federally ordered study was convened and managed by the Army Corps of Engineers , the federal agency responsible for the flood protection 's performance . A major independent study was conducted by the University of California at Berkeley . A second major study was sponsored by the Louisiana Department of Transportation led by Ivor van Heerden at Louisiana State University . Studies were also done by FEMA , the insurance industry , the National Research Council , the National Institute of Standards and Technology , and the Katrina Consolidated Lawsuit . All studies basically agreed on the engineering mechanisms of failure . The primary mechanisms of failure at the 17th Street Canal , London Avenue Canal and Industrial Canal ( east side north ) were improper design of the canal floodwalls . The failure mechanism for the Industrial Canal ( east side south and west side ) was overtopping of levees and floodwalls by the storm surge . The primary mechanism of failure for levees protecting eastern New Orleans was the existence of sand in 10 % of places instead of thick Louisiana clay . The primary mechanism of failure for the levees protecting St. Bernard Parish was overtopping due to negligent maintenance of the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet , a navigation channel , built and maintained by the Corps of Engineers . A June 2007 report by the American Society of Civil Engineers in peer review panel concluded that the flooding in the Lakeview neighborhood ( from the 17th Street Canal ) and the Gentilly neighborhood ( from the London Avenue Canal ) was due to two engineering oversights . The engineers responsible for the design of the canal levees and the I - walls embedded in them overestimated the soil strength , meaning that the soil strength used in the design calculations was greater than what actually existed under and near the levee during Hurricane Katrina . They made unconservative ( i.e. , erring toward unsafe ) interpretations of the data : the soil below the levee was actually weaker than that used in the I - wall design ( ASCE : External Review Panel , pg 48 ) . Another critical engineering oversight that led to the failure of the 17th Street Canal involves not taking into account the possibility of a water - filled gap which turned out to be a very important aspect of the failures of the I - walls around New Orleans . `` Analysis indicate that , with the presence of a water - filled gap , the factor of safety is about 30 percent lower . Because a factor of safety of 1.3 was used for design , a reduction of 30 percent would reduce the factor of safety to approximately one : a condition of incipient failure . '' ( ASCE : External Review Panel , pg 51 ) This meant that the design included a safety factor of 30 % ( `` 1.3 '' ) , and could cope in theory with stresses 30 % more than expected , but the error due to the water gap was about 30 % , which immediately used up the entire safety margin , leaving no leeway in the design if any other excess stress occurred . Soil borings in the area of the 17th Street Canal breach showed a layer of peat starting at about 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) below the surface , and ranging from about 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) thick . Engineers misjudged the strength of the peat which is from the remains of the swamp on which some areas of New Orleans ( near Lake Ponchartrain ) in the 20th century were built . The shear strength of this peat was found to be very low and it had a high water content . According to Robert Bea , a geotechnical engineer from the University of California , Berkeley , the weak soil made the floodwall very vulnerable to the stresses of a large flood . `` At 17th Street , the soil moved laterally , pushing entire wall sections with it ... As Katrina 's storm surge filled the canal , water pressure rose in the soil underneath the wall and in the peat layer . Water moved through the soil underneath the base of the wall . When the rising pressure and moving water overcame the soil 's strength , it suddenly shifted , taking surrounding material -- and the wall -- with it . '' The Federal study was initiated in October 2005 , by Lt. Gen. Carl Strock , Chief of Engineers and the Commander of the Corps of Engineers ; he established the Interagency Performance Evaluation Task Force ( IPET ) to `` provide credible and objective scientific and engineering answers to fundamental questions about the performance of the hurricane protection and flood damage reduction system in the New Orleans metropolitan area . IPET consisted of independent and recognized experts from the Universities of Maryland , Florida , Notre Dame , and Virginia Polytechnic Institute , the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , the South Florida Water Management District , Harris County Flood Control District ( Houston , TX ) , the United States Department of Agriculture , and the United States Bureau of Reclamation as well as those from USACE . IPET 's final findings indicated that , With the exception of four foundation design failures , all of the major breaches were caused by overtopping and subsequent erosion . Reduced protective elevations increased the amount of overtopping , erosion , and subsequent flooding , particularly in Orleans East . Ironically , the structures that ultimately breached performed as designed , providing protection until overtopping occurred and then becoming vulnerable to catastrophic breaching . The levee - floodwall designs for the 17th Street and London Avenue Outfall Canals and IHNC were inadequate for the complex and challenging environment . In four cases the structures failed catastrophically prior to water reaching design elevations . A significant number of structures that were subjected to water levels beyond their design limits performed well . Typically , in the case of floodwalls , they represented more conservative design assumptions and , for levees , use of higher quality , less erodible materials . Criticism of the IPET federal investigation ( edit ) The IPET 's findings are challenged by Levees.org ( a grass roots organization ) as lacking credibility since the USACE convened and managed the study and also chose and directly compensated its peer review team . The groups points out that eighty percent of the participants in IPET either worked for the Corps of Engineers or its sister agency Army Research and Development . The top three leaders all were Corps employees or past employees . The credibility of the IPET was also challenged in a 42 - page letter to the American Society of Civil Engineers ( ASCE ) submitted by Dr. Ray M. Seed , co-chair of the ILIT study . Dr. Seed described an early intentional plan by the Corps of Engineers to hide their mistakes in the New Orleans flooding after Katrina and to intimidate anyone who tried to intervene . All of this was done with the help and the complicity of some at the ASCE , according to Dr. Seed . Flood wall design ( edit ) Satellite photos of New Orleans taken in March 2004 , then on August 31 , 2005 , after the levee failures . Investigators focused on the 17th Street and London Avenue canals , where evidence showed they were breached even though water did not flow over their tops , indicating a design or construction flaw . Eyewitness accounts and other evidence show that levees and flood walls in other parts of the city , such as along the Industrial Canal , were topped by floodwaters first , then breached or eroded . A preliminary report released on November 2 , 2005 , carried out by independent investigators from the University of California , Berkeley and the American Society of Civil Engineers ( ASCE ) stated that many New Orleans levee and flood wall failures occurred at weak - link junctions where different levee or wall sections joined together . This was not supported by later final studies . A forensic engineering team from the Louisiana State University , using sonar , showed that at one point near the 17th Street Canal breach , the piling extends just 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) below sea level , 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) shallower than the Corps of Engineers had maintained . `` The Corps keeps saying the piles were 17 feet , but their own drawings show them to be 10 feet , Ivor van Heerden said . `` This is the first time anyone has been able to get a firm fix on what 's really down there . And , so far , it 's just 10 feet . Not nearly deep enough . '' The two sets of November tests conducted by the Corps of Engineers and LSU researchers used non-invasive seismic methods . Both studies understated the length of the piles by about seven feet . By December , seven of the actual piles had been pulled from the ground and measured . The Engineering News Record reported on December 16 that they ranged from 23 ' 3 1 / 8 '' to 23 ' 7 7 / 16 '' long , well within the original design specifications , contradicting the early report of short pilings . They also found that homeowners along the 17th Street Canal , near the site of the breach , had been reporting their front yards flooding from persistent seepage from the canal for a year prior to Hurricane Katrina to the Sewerage and Water Board of New Orleans . However , no data exists confirming that the water was coming from the canal . Other studies showed the levee floodwalls on the 17th Street Canal were `` destined to fail '' from bad Corps of Engineers design , saying in part , `` that miscalculation was so obvious and fundamental , '' investigators said , they , `` could not fathom how the design team of engineers from the Corps , local firm Eustis Engineering , and the national firm Modjeski and Masters could have missed what is being termed the costliest engineering mistake in American history . '' Dr. Robert Bea , chair of an independent levee investigation team , has said that the New Orleans - based design firm Modjeski and Masters could have followed correct procedures in calculating safety factors for the flood walls . He added , however , that design procedures of the Corps may not account for changes in soil strength caused by the changes in water flow and pressure during a hurricane flood . Dr. Bea has also questioned the size of the design safety margins . He said the corps applied a 30 % margin over the maximum design load . A doubling of strength would be a more typical margin for highway bridges , dams , off - shore oil platforms and other public structures . There were also indications that substandard concrete may have been used at the 17th Street Canal . In August 2007 , the Corps released an analysis revealing that their floodwalls were so poorly designed that the maximum safe load is only 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) of water , which is half the original 14 - foot ( 4.3 m ) design . A report released in August 2015 in the official journal of the World Water Council concluded the following : `` ... What is evident from the project record is that the Army Corps of Engineers recommended raising the canal floodwalls for the 17th Street Canal , but recommended gated structures at the mouths of the Orleans and London Avenue Canals because the latter plan was less expensive . The OLB convinced Congress to pass legislation that required the Corps to raise the floodwalls for all three canals . Furthermore , the Corps , in a separate attempt to limit project costs , initiated a sheet pile load test ( E-99 Study ) , but misinterpreted the results and wrongly concluded that sheet piles needed to be driven to depths of only 17 feet ( 1 foot 1⁄4 0.3048 meters ) instead of between 31 and 46 feet . That decision saved approximately US $100 million , but significantly reduced overall engineering reliability ... '' Overtopping of levees in the eastern New Orleans ( edit ) According to Professor Raymond Seed of the University of California , Berkeley , a surge of water estimated at 24 feet ( 7 m ) , about 10 feet ( 3 m ) higher than the height of the levees along the city 's eastern flank , swept into New Orleans from the Gulf of Mexico , causing most of the flooding in the city . He said that storm surge from Lake Borgne travelling up the Intracoastal Waterway caused the breaches on the Industrial Canal . Aerial evaluation revealed damage to approximately 90 % of some levee systems in the east which should have protected St. Bernard Parish . Portion of the flood wall atop 17th Street Canal levee , with Katrina - related graffiti . Notice cracks in the flood wall joints . Operation and maintenance are the responsibility of local levee boards as mandated by the Flood Control Act of 1965 National academy of Sciences investigation ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( April 2016 ) On October 19 , 2005 , Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld announced that an independent panel of experts , under the direction of the National Academy of Sciences , would convene to evaluate the performance of the New Orleans levee system , and issue a final report in eight months . The panel would study the results provided by the two existing teams of experts that had already examined the levee failures . The academy concluded that `` the engineering of the levee system was not adequate . The procedures for designing and constructing hurricane protection systems will have to be improved , and the designing organizations must upgrade their engineering capabilities . The levees must be seen not as a system to protect real estate but as a set of dams to protect people . There must be independent peer reviews of future designs and construction . '' Senate Committee hearings ( edit ) Preliminary investigations and evidence were presented before the U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs on November 2 , 2005 , and generally confirmed the findings of the preliminary investigations . On November 9 , 2005 , The Government Accountability Office testified before the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works . The report cited the Flood Control Act of 1965 , which authorized the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to design and construct a flood protection system to protect south Louisiana from the strongest storms characteristic of the region . Corps of Engineers admits problems with design ( edit ) On April 5 , 2006 , months after independent investigators had demonstrated that the levee failures were not due to natural forces beyond intended design strength , Lt. Gen. Carl Strock testified before the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Energy and Water that , `` We have now concluded we had problems with the design of the structure . '' He also testified that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers did not know of this mechanism of failure prior to August 29 , 2005 . The claim of ignorance is refuted by the National Science Foundation investigators hired by the Army Corps of Engineers , who point to a 1986 study ( E-99 study ) by the corps itself that such separations were possible in the I - wall design . This issue is addressed again in a study released in August 2015 by J. David Rogers et al. , who concluded that a misinterpretation of the 1986 study occurred apparently because the Corps had draped a tarpaulin over the gap that formed between the bases of the deflecting sheet piles and the soil in which they were embedded , so they did not see the gap . The tarpaulin was there for safety and to stop water that would seep through the interlocks . Failure to include the gap in interpretation of the test results introduced unconservatism in the final designs based on these tests . It allowed the use of shorter sheet piles , and reduced overall flood protection reliability . Nearly two months later , on June 1 , 2006 , the USACE finalized their report . The final draft of the IPET report states the destructive forces of Katrina were `` aided by incomplete protection , lower than authorized structures , and levee sections with erodible materials . Conspiracy theories ( edit ) Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan among other public figures claimed the levees were dynamited to divert waters away from wealthy white areas . The conspiracy theory reached a United States House of Representatives committee investigating Katrina when a New Orleans community activist made the claim . According to the New Orleans Times Picayune this is an `` urban myth '' . Reasons for belief in these theories have been ascribed to the decision by city officials during the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 to set off 30 tons of dynamite on the levee at Caernarvon , Louisiana which eased pressure on levees at New Orleans but flooded St. Bernard Parish , the Ninth Ward taking the brunt of the city 's flooding during Hurricane Betsy , the general disenfranchisement of blacks and lower - class people , and the similarity of the sound of the levees collapsing to that of a bombing . See also ( edit ) Flood Control Act of 1965 17th Street Canal Civil engineering and infrastructure repair in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina Drainage in New Orleans Industrial Canal ING 4727 Old River Control Structure Seabrook Floodgate London Avenue Canal U.S. Army Corps of Engineers civil works controversies ( New Orleans ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d051050t.pdf Jump up ^ Flood Control Act of 1928 on Mississippi Valley Division of USACE website Archived 2009 - 01 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ GAO Report on Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity Hurricane Protection Project , September 2005 Jump up ^ The New Orleans Levees : The Worst Engineering Catastrophe in US History - What Went Wrong and Why Archived 2007 - 10 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Staff Writer . `` Timeline : Who Knew When the Levees Broke . '' National Public Radio . February 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ News for New Orleans , Louisiana Local News News for New Orleans , Louisiana wwltv.com Archived 2007 - 12 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ILIT DOWNLOAD CENTER ( sponsored in part by the National Science Foundation ) Archived 2006 - 06 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ LSU Katrina Investigation Jump up ^ http://www.dotd.louisiana.gov/administration/teamlouisiana/ Jump up ^ http://www.nola.com/hurricane/index.ssf/2009/11/post_16.html Jump up ^ The New Orleans Hurricane Protection System : What Went Wrong and Why ( 2007 ) . ASCE Hurricane Katrina External Review Panel report . hosted at web.archive.org . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ McQuaid , John ; Marshall , Bob . `` Officials knew about weak soil under levee Archived 2005 - 10 - 27 at the Wayback Machine ... '' Times Picayune . October 22 , 2005 . Jump up ^ McQuaid , John . `` Swamp peat was poor anchor , engineer says Archived 2005 - 10 - 21 at the Wayback Machine ... '' Times Picayune . October 15 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : IPET Final Draft Report Jump up ^ http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/katrina/ipet/ipet.html Jump up ^ http://levees.org/ Jump up ^ Dr. Ray Seed 's letter to ASCE . hosted at web.archive.org . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Yang , Sarah . `` Investigators release preliminary findings of levee failures at Senate hearing . '' University of California , Berkeley . November 2 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Seed , R.B. ; et al. `` Preliminary Report on the Performance of the New Orleans Levee Systems in Hurricane Katrina on August 29 , 2005 . '' University of California , Berkeley . November 2 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Bob . `` Short Sheeted Archived 2007 - 03 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... '' Times Picayune . November 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Bob . `` 17th Street Canal levee was doomed Archived 2006 - 09 - 07 at the Wayback Machine ... '' Times Picayune . November 30 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Investigation of the Performance of the New Orleans Flood Protection Systems in Hurricane Katrina on August 29 , 2005 '' Archived June 18 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... Independent Levee Investigation Team Final Report . July 31 , 2006 Jump up ^ Corps analysis shows canal 's weaknesses - Breaking News Updates New Orleans - Times - Picayune - NOLA.com Jump up ^ J. David Rogers , G. Paul Kemp ( 2015 ) . `` Interaction between the US Army Corps of Engineers and the Orleans Levee Board preceding the drainage canal wall failures and catastrophic flooding of New Orleans in 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Water Policy . p. 707 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Seed , Raymond B. `` Hurricane Katrina : Performance of the Flood Control System . '' ( Testimony before the Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs , U.S. Senate ) University of California , Berkeley . November 2 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Schleifstein , Mark . `` Corps levee probe role reduced . '' Times Picayune . October 19 , 2005 . Jump up ^ https://www.nae.edu/Publications/Bridge/EngineeringfortheThreatofNaturalDisasters/LessonsfromHurricaneKatrina.aspx Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Katrina : Why Did the Levees Fail ? . '' U.S. Senate ( Hearing Report for the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs ) . November 2 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Bill ( April 6 , 2006 ) . `` Corps chief admits to ' design failure ' '' . Times Picayune . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ J. David Rogers , G. Paul Kemp ( 2015 ) . `` Interaction between the US Army Corps of Engineers and the Orleans Levee Board preceding the drainage canal wall failures and catastrophic flooding of New Orleans in 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Water Policy . p. 707 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Rumor of levee dynamite persists New Orleans Times Picayune December 12 , 2005 Archived November 26 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Manning Marable , Kristen Clarke , Seeking Higher Ground : The Hurricane Katrina Crisis , Race , and Public Policy ( 2008 ) , p. 192 . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 7779 - 8 . Jump up ^ Eve Zibart , Tom Fitzmorris , Will Coviello , The Unofficial Guide to New Orleans ( 2009 ) , p. 23 . Further reading ( edit ) van Heerden , Ivor ; Bryan , Mike ( 2006 ) . What Went Wrong and Why During Hurricane Katrina . Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03781 - 8 . Bush , Ann McReynolds , `` Katrina : 10 Years On '' ( year 2015 publisher + Amazon External links ( edit ) Levees.Org ( non-profit flood protection group in New Orleans ) Interagency Performance Evaluation Taskforce ( IPET ) Draft Final Report ( 1 June 2006 ) provided by USACE Note : Site may be slow to load and considered non-secure by IE7 IPET Draft Final Report ( 1 June 2006 ) provided by The Times - Picayune Independent Levee Investigation Team ( ILIT ) Final Report ( 31 July 2006 ) ASCE Hurricane Katrina External Review Panel Report ( 2007 ) . at web.archive.org Decision - Making Chronology for Hurricane Protection Project ( hide ) Hurricane Katrina Timeline Meteorological history Tornado outbreak Preparations New Orleans preparations Economic effects Political effects Criticism Social effects Effects by region Mississippi New Orleans Florida Levee failures Infrastructural repair Reconstruction Disaster relief International response Media coverage Diaspora Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2005_levee_failures_in_Greater_New_Orleans&oldid=820766543 '' Categories : George W. Bush administration controversies Dikes in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 13 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why did the levees in new orleans break	[ "On August 29, 2005, there were over 50 failures of the levees and flood walls protecting New Orleans, Louisiana, and its suburbs following passage of Hurricane Katrina and landfall in Mississippi. The levee and flood wall failures caused flooding in 80% of New Orleans and all of St. Bernard Parish. Tens of billions of gallons of water spilled into vast areas of New Orleans, flooding over 100,000 homes and businesses. Responsibility for the design and construction of the levee system belongs to the United States Army Corps of Engineers; the responsibility of maintenance belongs to the local levee boards. The Corps hands components of the system over to the local levee boards upon completion. When Katrina struck in 2005, the project was between 60–90% complete.[1] Four major investigations were conducted by civil engineers and other experts in an attempt to identify the underlying reasons for the failure of the federal flood protection system. All concur that the primary cause of the flooding was inadequate design and construction by the Corps of Engineers." ]	[ "inadequate design and construction by the Corps of Engineers" ]
-4922395489380047990	Cliff Huxtable	Cliff Huxtable - wikipedia Cliff Huxtable Cliff Huxtable The Cosby Show character First appearance Pilot Last appearance And So We Commence Created by Bill Cosby Portrayed by Bill Cosby Information Aliases Heathcliff `` Cliff '' Huxtable Gender Male Occupation Physician Title Dr . Family Russell Huxtable ( father ) Anna Huxtable ( mother ) James Theodore Huxtable ( brother ; deceased ) Harriet McCutcheon ( paternal great - aunt ) Spouse ( s ) Clair Huxtable Significant other ( s ) Eunice Chantilly Children Sondra Huxtable Denise Huxtable Theodore Huxtable Vanessa Huxtable Rudy Huxtable Nationality American Dr. Heathcliff `` Cliff '' Huxtable is a fictional character on the NBC sitcom , The Cosby Show . He was portrayed by Bill Cosby . Contents 1 Conception and development 2 Role 3 Reception 4 References Conception and development ( edit ) Cosby originally proposed that the couple should both have blue - collar jobs , with the father a limousine driver , who owned his own car , and the mother an electrician but , with advice from his wife , Camille Cosby , the concept was changed so that the family was well - off financially , with the mother a lawyer and the father a doctor . Role ( edit ) Dr. Heathcliff `` Cliff '' Huxtable is known for his comical antics , playful admonishments , and relentless teasing humor . He lives in Brooklyn Heights , New York . He was born in October 1937 in Philadelphia , making him 47 years old at the beginning of the series . Cliff had a brother , James Theodore Huxtable , who died of rheumatic fever at the age of 7 . In his high school and college years , he was an athlete who wrestled , played football , and ran track . He later served in the Navy before going to medical school . He is an OB / GYN who runs a practice from the office annexed to his home . In the show , most characters outside of family and friends refer to him as `` Dr. Huxtable '' , and he is well - respected in the community . Cliff is married to Clair Huxtable . Both Cliff and Clair attended the fictional historically black college Hillman College . Together , they have five children : Sondra , Denise , Theodore ( Theo ) , Vanessa , and Rudith ( Rudy ) . Cliff enjoys live jazz , has an extensive collection of albums , and tries to eat junk food whenever he can get away with it . Cliff is very eccentric and silly to most people around him , especially his family , however he is very kind - hearted and an extremely dedicated father with a strong sense of humor . Although he and his wife fostered a tight - knit , loving family , a running gag throughout the series is his thwarted attempts to get the grown children to leave the house . Even when he succeeded at this , more issues would come , such as Sondra finally leaving to marry her husband Elvin , only to move into a squalid tenement ( albeit with Cliff 's full support as he and Clair struggled in the early years of their marriage ) , or Denise eloping with a Navy officer with a child from a prior marriage , and Cliff now acclimating to a blended family . Very playful , Cliff enjoys competition , often making bets with Clair over various things , such as the date a certain jazz song was released , or having a `` Smooth Contest '' to see which of them looked more elegant for a night on the town , as judged by the children . He also plays a monthly game of pinochle against his father and some friends , which sometimes gets very passionate . Unfortunately , Cliff often finds himself on the losing end of most of his bets and games , as , for example , he has never beaten his father - in - law at chess . However , Cliff eventually broke his losing streak at pinochle against his father and his friend Homer Dobson with the help of Dr. Foster ( portrayed by Roscoe Lee Brown ) , an expert pinochle player who also happened to be his and Clair 's literary professor at Hillman College . Reception ( edit ) Bill Cosby 's role as Cliff Huxtable has had a mostly positive reception from critics . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McNeil , Alex ( 1996 ) . Total Television : The Comprehensive Guide to Programming from 1948 to the Present . Penguin Group USA . p. 181 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 024916 - 3 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Interview with Bill Cosby , Forum , KQED , broadcast July 23 , 2014 Jump up ^ Cashmore , Ellis ( August 2 , 2012 ) . Beyond Black : Celebrity and Race in Obama 's America . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78093 - 147 - 0 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pope , Kitty ( 2005 ) . Beside Every Great Man -- is a Great Woman : African American Women of Courage , Intellect , Strength , Beauty & Perseverance . Amber Books Publishing . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9749779 - 4 - 2 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IGN 's Top 10 Favorite TV Couples '' . IGN . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Watching Race : Television and the Struggle for Blackness - Herman Gray - Google Books '' . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Harris Polls > Maybe It 's the Sweaters ; Cliff Huxtable is the TV Dad Americans Would Have Wanted Growing Up '' . Harris Interactive . 2011 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Women Watching Television : Gender , Class , and Generation in the American ... - Andrea L. Press - Google Books '' . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Soul Babies : Black Popular Culture and the Post-Soul Aesthetic - Mark Anthony Neal - Google Books '' . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` With Amusement for All : A History of American Popular Culture Since 1830 - LeRoy Ashby - Google Books '' . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 25 . The Cosby Show Characters Cliff Huxtable Clair Huxtable Sondra Huxtable Denise Huxtable Theodore Huxtable Rudy Huxtable Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Goodbye Mr. Fish '' Seasons 6 7 8 Related A Different World episodes characters Dwayne Cleofis Wayne Whitley Gilbert - Wayne Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cliff_Huxtable&oldid=853811068 '' Categories : Male characters in television Fictional characters introduced in 1984 Fictional physicians Fictional African - American people The Cosby Show characters Fictional characters from New York City Fictional characters from Philadelphia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 03 : 17 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what was bill cosby's job in the cosby show	[ "Cosby originally proposed that the couple should both have blue-collar jobs, with the father a limousine driver,[1] who owned his own car, and the mother an electrician[2] but, with advice from his wife, Camille Cosby, the concept was changed so that the family was well-off financially, with the mother a lawyer and the father a doctor.[3][4]\n" ]	[ "doctor" ]
219695464632328278	List of Fairy Tail episodes (season 3)	List of Fairy Tail episodes ( season 3 ) - wikipedia List of Fairy Tail episodes ( season 3 ) Fairy Tail ( season 3 ) Cover of the twenty - second DVD volume released by Pony Canyon in Japan on November 2 , 2011 , featuring Lucy Ashley and Lucy Heartfilia Country of origin Japan No. of episodes 28 Release Original network TV Tokyo Original release April 4 -- October 8 , 2011 Season chronology ← Previous Fairy Tail ( season 2 ) Next → Fairy Tail ( season 4 ) The third season of the Fairy Tail anime series was directed by Shinji Ishihira and produced by A-1 Pictures and Satelight . Like the rest of the series , it follows the adventures of Natsu Dragneel and Lucy Heartfilia of the fictional guild Fairy Tail . The season contains two story arcs . The first 24 episodes adapt the rest of the manga 's 20th volume through the beginning of the 24th volume to form the `` Edolas '' ( エドラス編 , Edorasu - hen ) arc , wherein the guild becomes trapped in the parallel universe Edolas to be used by the world 's ruler Faust to restore magic to his kingdom , and set out to return to their world with the aid of Faust 's son Mystogan and Happy 's race of winged cats called the Exceed . The remaining 4 episodes adapt the rest of the 24th volume through the beginning of the 25th volume as part of the `` Sirius Island '' ( 天狼島編 , `` Tenrōjima - hen '' ) arc , which focuses on Natsu and the guild 's other strongest members as they take their S - Class examination on Sirius Island . The season initially ran in 2011 from April 4 to October 8 on TV Tokyo in Japan . Seven DVD compilations were released , each containing four episodes , by Pony Canyon between August 3 , 2011 and February 1 , 2012 . The season was licensed for a dubbed broadcast in English by Animax Asia , which released it as part of `` Season 2 '' . Funimation Entertainment released the episodes with their own English - dubbed version across three Blu - ray / DVD box sets , released on December 10 , 2013 , and February 4 and March 25 in 2014 along with the first four episodes of season 4 . The first two sets were released as together as `` Collection 4 '' on June 2 , 2015 . The season makes use of 6 pieces of theme music : three opening themes and three ending themes . `` Evidence '' performed by Daisy x Daisy is used until episode 84 , `` The Rock City Boy '' performed by Jamil until 98 , and `` Towa no Kizuna '' ( 永久のキズナ , `` Everlasting Bond '' ) performed by Daisy x Daisy for the rest of the season . The ending themes , used with the opening themes , are `` Hitori Samishiku '' ( ひとりさみしく , `` Lonely Person '' ) by ShaNa , `` Do n't Think . Feel ! ! ! '' performed by Idoling ! ! ! , and `` Kono Te Nobashite '' ( この手伸ばして , `` Reach Out This Hand '' ) performed by Hi - Fi Camp . Contents 1 Episode list 2 Notes 3 References Episode list ( edit ) No . Official English title Original Japanese title Original air date English air date 73 `` Rainbow Cherry Blossoms '' `` Niji no Sakura '' ( 虹の桜 ) April 4 , 2011 May 13 , 2014 When Lucy Heartfilia catches a cold after a mission in the mountains with Natsu Dragneel and their friends , she is unable to go to Fairy Tail 's annual flower watching . Because Natsu ca n't have fun knowing Lucy has been left out , he and Happy uproot a cherry tree so that Lucy can see it . 74 `` Wendy 's First Big Job ! ? '' `` Wendi , Hajimete no Ōshigoto ! ? '' ( ウェンディ、初めての大仕事 ! ? ) April 11 , 2011 May 20 , 2014 For Wendy 's first job , she finds work at the theatre troupe that once hired Natsu , Lucy , Happy , Gray , and Erza . However , a fight with Carla means that she is going to Onibus alone . When her friends learn the train to Onibus is n't working , everyone rushes to help Wendy . When they all arrive in Onibus , they learn that their services were not needed and collapse in exhaustion ; Wendy 's first big job becomes moving her friends out of the way . 75 `` 24 - Hour Endurance Road Race '' `` Nijūyo Jikan Taikyū Rōdo Rēsu '' ( 24 時間耐久ロードレース ) April 16 , 2011 May 27 , 2014 A 24 hour race begins as all the Fairy Tail members race to get Wyvern Scales from the top of Mt . Ivor and return to the starting line . No one is allowed to drop out and flying magic is not permitted , though that does n't dampen Happy 's determination to win . 76 `` Gildarts '' `` Girudātsu '' ( ギルダーツ ) April 23 , 2011 June 3 , 2014 Gildarts has finally come back to Fairy Tail after three years on a hundred - year quest and has news for Natsu concerning Igneel . 77 `` Earth Land '' `` Āsu Rando '' ( アースランド ) April 30 , 2011 June 10 , 2014 Wendy finally meets Mystogan , whom she had known as Jellal in her childhood . In spite of his best efforts , he reveals he is unable to stop Anima , a powerful magic that will destroy all of Magnolia . As Wendy warn Fairy Tail of its impending demise , light shines down from the sky and the city disappears , leaving only Wendy , Natsu , Happy , and Carla behind . 78 `` Edolas '' `` Edorasu '' ( エドラス ) May 7 , 2011 June 17 , 2014 After the disappearance of Magnolia and Fairy Tail , Carla reveals that everything has been taken to an alternate world - Edolas , where she and Happy originally came from . Because Natsu and Wendy are Dragonslayers , they were immune to the Anima were regarded as a threat to Edolas ; thus , Carla and Happy were sent to destroy them . Determined to rescue their friends , Natsu , Wendy , and Happy follow Carla 's lead to reach Edolas , where they discover the Edolas version of Fairy Tail . 79 `` Fairy Hunter '' `` Yōsei Gari '' ( 妖精狩り ) May 14 , 2011 June 24 , 2014 Natsu , Wendy , Carla and Happy are stunned to discover a very different version of Fairy Tail in Edolas , but it is clear that they are not the same Fairy Tail they know and love . However , before any questions can be answered , the Edolas Fairy Tail is attacked by the `` Fairy Hunter '' , Erza Nightwalker . 80 `` Key of Hope '' `` Kibō no Kagi '' ( 希望の鍵 ) May 21 , 2011 July 1 , 2014 After a narrow escape from Erza Nightwalker , Natsu 's group decides to head to the capital of Edolas on their own to save their friends , despite warnings from the Edolas Fairy Tail . However , they soon find themselves guided by Lucy Ashley , Lucy 's Edolas counterpart , and Natsu and Wendy are shocked to discover that their magic does not work in Edolas . 81 `` Fireball '' `` Faiabōru '' ( ファイアボール ) May 28 , 2011 July 8 , 2014 In the capital , Natsu and Wendy are surprised to find their Lucy alive and fully capable of using her magic . After Edolas Lucy and Earth - land Lucy become acquainted with one another , Natsu 's group escapes from the Royal Army and takes refuge in a hotel . When their plan to sneak aboard a Royal Army airship fails , they are saved by the timely arrival of the driver of a 4 - wheeled vehicle : the Edolas version of Natsu . 82 `` Welcome Home '' `` Okaerinasaimase '' ( おかえりなさいませ ) June 4 , 2011 July 15 , 2014 Natsu and his friends reach the Royal City , where an enormous lacrima made of the magical energy of Magnolia is on display . To save their friends , Carla reveals that she has had information about Edolas flowing into her head since they arrived , and the group devises a plan based on getting close to the King of Edolas and having Lucy use Gemini to learn how to transform the lacrima back . Their plan is foiled when they are ambushed by Nightwalker , whose forces exalt Happy and Carla as beings known as `` Exceed '' . 83 `` Extalia '' `` Ekusutaria '' ( エクスタリア ) June 11 , 2011 July 22 , 2014 Because Natsu and Wendy are Dragonslayers , they are detained and wind up discovering a secret about the Exceed . Happy and Carla are brought to Extalia , the home of the Exceed , and learn the reason why they were actually sent to Earth - land . Meanwhile , Edolas Gajeel plans a distraction so Earth - land Gajeel can attempt to destroy the lacrima that holds his friends . 84 `` Fly , to Our Friends ! '' `` Tobe ! Tomo no Moto ni ! '' ( 飛べ ! 友のもとに ! ) June 18 , 2011 July 29 , 2014 After hearing about their mission , Happy and Carla flee from Extalia and end up with two mysterious cats , Lucky and Marl , whose egg has previously been taken by the queen to be used in the Dragonslayer Extermination Project . Though they are shaken by what they think they have done , they resolve to save their friends . 85 `` Code ETD '' `` Kōdo Ītīdī '' ( コード ETD ) June 25 , 2011 August 5 , 2014 When Lucy tries to appeal to Nightwalker to save her friends , she attempts to kill her by dropping Lucy out of a tower , though Lucy is saved by Happy and Carla 's timely arrival . When Faust - the magic - crazed king of Edolas - activates Code ETD ( Exceed Total Destruction ) on the Exceeds that were pursuing Carla and Happy , they are turned into Lacrima . Erza ambushes Lucy , Happy , and Carla , but the Earth - land Erza and Gray suddenly appear to save their comrades . 86 `` Erza vs. Erza '' `` Eruza vs. Eruza '' ( エルザ vs. エルザ ) July 2 , 2011 August 12 , 2014 While Erza Scarlet holds off Erza Nightwalker , Lucy and the others go to rescue Natsu and Wendy , while Happy is sent to find Gajeel , as dragon slayers are inherently able to reverse the magic that transformed everyone else into lacrima . However , Gajeel 's attempt to free everyone is hindered by the Exceed Panther Lily , a captain of the Edolas Army . Faust begins his plan to use the Dragon Chain Cannon to fuse the Magnolia lacrima into Extalia and destroy them together so that magic can rain upon Edolas forever . 87 `` We 're Talking About Lives Here ! ! ! ! '' `` Inochi Darō ga ! ! ! ! '' ( 命だろーが ! ! ! ! ) July 9 , 2011 August 19 , 2014 Natsu , Gray , and Lucy 's attempt to reach the King of Edolas is held up by the Royal Army Captains Hughes and Sugarboy . When the servant Coco steals the key to the Dragon Chain Cannon to save Pantherlily and Extalia , she is pursued by the Royal Army 's Chief of Staff Byro and runs into Lucy , fleeing from monsters . As Coco considers giving the key to Lucy , Lucy and Byro engage in battle . 88 `` For Pride 's Sake , the River of Stars '' `` Hoshi no Taiga wa Hokori no Tame ni '' ( 星の大河は誇りの為に ) July 16 , 2011 August 26 , 2014 After Lucy calls multiple spirits in a row to fight Byro her magic is quickly drained , though Virgo gives Lucy a Spirit World whip that can extend and contract to help in the fight . When Byro is defeated by the timely arrival of Natsu , Coco gives the key to Lucy , but it is stolen by Sugarboy , forcing Gray to pursue him . Gray defeats Sugarboy and destroys the key after learning its purpose , as he can create another key from ice . 89 `` The Apocalyptic Dragon Chain Cannon '' `` Shūen no Ryūsahō '' ( 終焉の竜鎖砲 ) July 23 , 2011 September 2 , 2014 Nightwalker captures both Gray and Natsu and brings them before Faust , whom she quickly takes hostage , revealing herself as Erza Scarlet . Erza 's plan to force the guards to redirect the cannon goes awry when the real Nightwalker appears . 90 `` The Boy Back Then '' `` Ano Toki no Shōnen '' ( あの時の少年 ) July 30 , 2011 September 9 , 2014 Chagot - the queen of the Exceeds - reveals that her divine image was a lie perpetuated by the Elders to protect the Exceeds from humans , but her inner strength convinces the Exceeds to try to save Extalia with their own strength . When the lacrima suddenly disappears , Mystogan arrives to explain that he has restored Magnolia and thanks Panther Lily for saving his life while Lily reveals Mystogan is Prince Jellal of Edolas . 91 `` Dragon Sense '' August 6 , 2011 September 16 , 2014 The Earth - land wizards succeed in preventing Extalia 's demise , but the battle is not over . Nightwalker leads an ambushed by the Edolas Royal Army , while Faust unleashes a super-powerful mechanical dragon , Droma Anim . The dragon slayers confront the king , Scarlet faces off against Nightwalker , the others battle the army while Mystogan and Panther Lily attend to other matters . 92 `` O Living Ones '' `` Ikiru Monotachi yo '' ( 生きる者たちよ ) August 13 , 2011 September 23 , 2014 The battles against the Edolas Royal Kingdom rages on . The army , Nightwalker and the king himself are fighting against the Earth - land wizards who wish to recover their friends . Meanwhile , Edolas Fairy Tail tries to come to a decision on which side they will choose . 93 `` I 'm Standing Right Here '' `` Ore wa Koko ni Tatteiru '' ( オレはここに立っている ) August 20 , 2011 September 30 , 2014 In the midst of the exhausting battle between the Edolas army and the members of Fairy Tail in both worlds , the Edolas combatants panic upon realizing their magic is disappearing thanks to Mystogan reversing Anima . However , to ensure the stability of Edolas , Mystogan declares himself a villain to Edolas and orders Panther Lily to kill him and emerge as a hero amongst the people . 94 `` Bye - Bye Edolas '' `` Baibai Edorasu '' ( バイバイエドラス ) August 27 , 2011 October 7 , 2014 Out of devotion , Panther Lily refuses to accept Mystogan 's plan , but they soon find that Natsu , Wendy , and Gajeel have captured Faust and begun a riot . When Mystogan confronts Natsu and defeats him , Mystogan is revealed to be the Prince of Edolas to the people . As the reversed Anima teleports the Earth - land wizards and the Exceed to Earth - land , everyone says their goodbyes and disappears , while Mystogan remains behind , heralded as the new leader of Edolas . 95 `` Lisanna '' `` Risāna '' ( リサーナ ) September 3 , 2011 October 14 , 2014 The Fairy Tail wizards return to Earth - land and see not only that Magnolia has been restored , but that the Exceed have followed them as well . Chagot and her court explain to the wizards that the queen , who possesses precognitive powers , had foreseen Extalia 's destruction and evacuated 100 eggs to Earth - land for protection , revealing Carla and Happy 's `` mission '' to be a cover story based on future events to prevent a panic . Chagot further reveals that Carla possesses the same powers , which her memories of her `` mission '' are derived from , although Chagot withholds telling Carla that she inherited these powers from her as her daughter . Carla begrudgingly accepts the explanation and forgives the Exceed , who set out to find the remaining Exceed children . Panther Lily appears in a shrunken form and is accepted into the guild ; to the wizards ' surprise , he has Lisanna from Edolas as a captive . The wizards realize she is actually their guildmate Lisanna Strauss from Earth - land ; she reveals that she survived her presumed death and was caught in an Anima portal , living in Edolas with the guild until the reversal of Anima forced her to return . Lisanna subsequently reunites with Mirajane and Elfman . 96 `` He Who Extinguishes Life '' `` Inochi o Kesumono '' ( 生命 ( いのち ) を消す者 ) September 10 , 2011 October 21 , 2014 The people of Edolas rebuild their kingdom to accommodate for the loss of magic ; Edolas 's Fairy Tail decides to relocate closer to the kingdom , towing their guildhall by hand , while Mystogan exiles Faust and sentences the military commanders to aid in the repair effort . In Earth - land , Lisanna 's return is celebrated by the rest of Fairy Tail , while Natsu and his friends recount their experiences in Edolas to their guildmates . Elsewhere , a black - haired young man living alone in a forest is attacked by a pack of wolves . Against his will , he causes the wolves and every other living thing around himself to die , and sorrowfully says he wishes to see Natsu soon . 97 `` Best Partners '' `` Besuto Pātonā '' ( ベストパートナー ) September 17 , 2011 October 28 , 2014 Natsu , Gray , Juvia , Elfman , Cana , Fried , Levy , and Mystogan 's disciple Mest are selected to participate in Fairy Tail 's annual S - Class promotion exam , and are instructed to choose a partner to accompany them during the exam . Natsu partners with Happy , Gray with Loke , Juvia with Lisanna , Elfman with Evergreen , Fried with Bickslow , Levy with Gajeel , and Mest with Wendy . During this time , Cana tells Lucy that she intends to leave the guild if she fails the upcoming exam . After learning of Cana 's reasons for doing so , Lucy offers to become Cana 's partner . Meanwhile , Carla has brief glimpses of disastrous events in the future , one of which includes the black - haired youth from the forest . 98 `` Who 's the Lucky One ? '' `` Ungaii no wa Dare ? '' ( 運がいいのは誰 ? ) September 24 , 2011 November 4 , 2014 The exam participants arrive at Sirius Island , Fairy Tail 's sacred ground , where they each take one of eight routes that will lead to the next stage of the exam . Most of these routes either pit the participants against each other or one of Fairy Tail 's S - Class wizards , who they must defeat in order to advance . Lucy and Cana are pitted against Fried and Bickslow , whom they fear they stand no chance against . However , Fried throws the battle by pretending to be distracted by their swimsuits , allowing Cana to defeat him using illusions of scantily dressed women . Meanwhile , Natsu takes the route he believes will pit him against Erza , but is ecstatic to find Gildarts waiting for him instead . 99 `` Natsu vs. Gildarts '' `` Natsu vs. Girudātsu '' ( ナツ vs. ギルダーツ ) October 1 , 2011 November 11 , 2014 Juvia and Lisanna are pitted against Erza , while Elfman and Evergreen are pitted against Mirajane . Meanwhile , Natsu enthusiastically fights Gildarts , with a series of flashbacks detailing how Natsu had never once been able to defeat him since childhood . Just when Natsu believes he has gained the upper hand , Gildarts unleashes an immense aura of magical power , prompting Natsu to surrender in fear . Gildarts teaches Natsu the benefits that fear has in order for him to grow stronger , and allows him to pass . 100 `` Mest '' `` Mesuto '' ( メスト ) October 8 , 2011 November 18 , 2014 After being defeated by Gray and Loke , Mest convinces Wendy to help him look for a secret he claims to be hidden on the island . Worried about Wendy , Carla arrives on Sirius Island together with Panther Lily , who doubts Mest 's claims of being Mystogan 's disciple and suspects that Mest is not a member of Fairy Tail . Meanwhile , Levy and Gajeel pass through the only route devoid of opponents , Elfman and Evergreen defeat Mirajane , and Juvia and Lisanna lose against Erza . For the second part of the exam , the remaining participants are instructed by Makarov to search the island for the grave of Fairy Tail 's founding master Mavis . During their search , Elfman and Evergreen encounter the black - haired youth , who unleashes a wave of lethal magic against them , though Natsu arrives in time to save his friends . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Funimation . Jump up ^ Date the episode originally aired on TV Tokyo . Jump up ^ Date the episode first aired on the Funimation Channel in an English dub . References ( edit ) General `` Episodes 73 - 85 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . `` Episodes 86 - 98 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . `` Episodes 99 - 111 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2012 . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Specific Jump up ^ `` あにてれ : FAIRY TAIL '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ポニーキャニョン - FAIRY TAIL ( 25 ) : DVD '' . Pony Canyon . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ポニーキャニオン - FAIRY TAIL ( 37 ) : DVD '' . Pony Canyon . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 虹の桜 '' . Fairy Tail . Episode 73 ( in Japanese ) . April 4 , 2011 . TV Tokyo . ^ Jump up to : `` コード ETD '' . Fairy Tail . Episode 85 ( in Japanese ) . June 25 , 2011 . TV Tokyo . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 20 of 2014 ( Mon 12 May 2014 - Sun 18 May 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 73 ) ( P ) - Episode 73 - Rainbow Cherry Blossoms Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 21 of 2014 ( Mon 19 May 2014 - Sun 25 May 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 74 ) ( P ) - Episode 74 - Wendy 's First Big Job ! ? Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 22 of 2014 ( Mon 26 May 2014 - Sun 1 Jun 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 75 ) ( P ) - Episode 75 - 24 - Hour Endurance Road Race Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 23 of 2014 ( Mon 2 Jun 2014 - Sun 8 Jun 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 76 ) ( P ) - Episode 76 - Gildarts Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 24 of 2014 ( Mon 9 Jun 2014 - Sun 15 Jun 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 77 ) ( P ) - Episode 77 - Earth Land Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 25 of 2014 ( Mon 16 Jun 2014 - Sun 22 Jun 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 78 ) ( P ) - Episode 78 - Edolas Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 26 of 2014 ( Mon 23 Jun 2014 - Sun 29 Jun 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 79 ) ( P ) - Episode 79 - Fairy Hunter Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 27 of 2014 ( Mon 30 Jun 2014 - Sun 6 Jul 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 80 ) ( P ) - Episode 80 - Key of Hope Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 28 of 2014 ( Mon 7 Jul 2014 - Sun 13 Jul 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 81 ) ( P ) - Episode 81 - Fireball Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 29 of 2014 ( Mon 14 Jul 2014 - Sun 20 Jul 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 82 ) ( P ) - Episode 82 - Welcome Home Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 30 of 2014 ( Mon 21 Jul 2014 - Sun 27 Jul 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 83 ) ( P ) - Episode 83 - Extalia Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 31 of 2014 ( Mon 28 Jul 2014 - Sun 3 Aug 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 84 ) ( P ) - Episode 84 - Fly , to Our Friends ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 32 of 2014 ( Mon 4 Aug 2014 - Sun 10 Aug 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 85 ) ( P ) - Episode 85 - Code ETD ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 33 of 2014 ( Mon 11 Aug 2014 - Sun 17 Aug 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 86 ) ( P ) - Episode 86 - Erza vs. Erza Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 34 of 2014 ( Mon 18 Aug 2014 - Sun 24 Aug 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 87 ) ( P ) - Episode 87 - We 're Talking About Lives Here ! ! ! ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 35 of 2014 ( Mon 25 Aug 2014 - Sun 31 Aug 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 88 ) ( P ) - Episode 88 - For Pride 's Sake , the River of Stars Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 36 of 2014 ( Mon 1 Sep 2014 - Sun 7 Sep 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 89 ) ( P ) - Episode 89 - The Apocalyptic Dragon Chain Cannon Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 37 of 2014 ( Mon 8 Sep 2014 - Sun 14 Sep 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 90 ) ( P ) - Episode 90 - The Boy Back Then Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 38 of 2014 ( Mon 15 Sep 2014 - Sun 21 Sep 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 91 ) ( P ) - Episode 91 - Dragon Sense Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 39 of 2014 ( Mon 22 Sep 2014 - Sun 28 Sep 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 92 ) ( P ) - Episode 92 - O Living Ones Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 40 of 2014 ( Mon 29 Sep 2014 - Sun 5 Oct 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 93 ) ( P ) - Episode 93 - I 'm Standing Right Here Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 41 of 2014 ( Mon 6 Oct 2014 - Sun 12 Oct 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 94 ) ( P ) - Episode 94 - Bye - Bye Edolas Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 42 of 2014 ( Mon 13 Oct 2014 - Sun 19 Oct 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 95 ) ( P ) - Episode 95 - Lisanna Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 43 of 2014 ( Mon 20 Oct 2014 - Sun 26 Oct 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 96 ) ( P ) - Episode 96 - He Who Extinguishes Life Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 44 of 2014 ( Mon 27 Oct 2014 - Sun 2 Nov 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 97 ) ( P ) - Episode 97 - Best Partners Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 45 of 2014 ( Mon 3 Nov 2014 - Sun 9 Nov 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 98 ) ( P ) - Episode 98 - Who 's The One With The Good Luck ? Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 46 of 2014 ( Mon 10 Nov 2014 - Sun 16 Nov 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 99 ) ( P ) - Episode 99 - Natsu vs. Gildarts Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 47 of 2014 ( Mon 17 Nov 2014 - Sun 23 Nov 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 100 ) ( P ) - Episode 100 - Mest Fairy Tail by Hiro Mashima Media Volumes 1 -- 15 16 -- 30 31 -- 45 46 -- 63 Episodes Season 1 6 7 Zero Fairy Tail Zero Fairy Tail 100 Years Quest Films Phoenix Priestess Dragon Cry Characters Natsu Dragneel Lucy Heartfilia Happy Related Rave Master Edens Zero Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Fairy_Tail_episodes_(season_3)&oldid=848863778 '' Categories : Fairy Tail episode lists 2011 Japanese television seasons Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Română Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 4 July 2018 , at 21 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many episodes are in fairy tail season 3	[ "Fairy Tail (season 3) \nCover of the twenty-second DVD volume released by Pony Canyon in Japan on November 2, 2011, featuring Lucy Ashley and Lucy HeartfiliaCountry of origin\nJapanNo. of episodes\n28ReleaseOriginal network\nTV TokyoOriginal release\nApril 4 – October 8, 2011Season chronology\n← PreviousFairy Tail (season 2) Next →Fairy Tail (season 4) " ]	[ "28" ]
8450638998221024313	Super League Grand Final	Super League Grand Final - wikipedia Super League Grand Final Super League Grand Final Locale Old Trafford , Manchester Teams First meeting 1998 Latest meeting 2018 Next meeting 2019 Broadcasters Sky Sports BBC Stadiums Old Trafford Statistics Meetings total 19 Most wins Leeds Rhinos ( 8 titles ) The Super League Grand Final is the championship - deciding game of rugby league 's Super League competition . It is played between two teams who have qualified via the Super League Play - Off series . The winning team receives the Super League Trophy and goes on to play the NRL champions in the World Club Challenge . The Harry Sunderland Trophy is awarded to the man of the match in the Grand Final . Wigan Warriors are the current champions , after winning the 2018 Grand final Contents 1 History 2 Venue 3 Qualification for World Club Challenge 4 Trophy 5 Awards 6 Finals 6.1 Results 6.2 The Double 6.3 The Treble 6.4 All Four Cups 7 Pre match Headliners 8 Records 8.1 Club Records 8.2 Player Records 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) See also : Rugby Football League Championship Use of a play - off system to decide the Championship brought back a rugby league tradition that had fallen out of use in the 1970s , 1980s , and 1990s . The Super League Premiership replaced the Championship final but it was to decide the Premiership winners , not the Championship winners . The Premiership was discontinued after the introduction of the Super League play - off series in 1998 . The Super League Grand Final was introduced for the 1998 season . The inaugural Grand Final match was played that year on Saturday 24 October , between Wigan and Leeds . The venue of every Super League Grand Final to date has been Old Trafford , Manchester . Venue ( edit ) Leeds celebrating their 2008 Grand Final victory The Grand Final is held at Old Trafford , Manchester , the largest capacity stadium in the North of England . City Stadium Years Manchester Old Trafford 1998 -- 2020 Attendances Year City Stadium Attendance 2015 Manchester Old Trafford 73,512 Qualification for World Club Challenge ( edit ) The winners of the Grand Final qualify to play the winners of the National Rugby League in the World Club Challenge . The Grand Final Runner up can play in the World Club Series if a team were to win the double . Trophy ( edit ) The winners of the Super League collect the Grand Final rings and the teams name , captain and year are engraved into the trophy . The winners also collect £ 100,000 with the runner up collecting £ 50,000 . The record for most Super League titles won is held by Leeds with eight titles . Leeds captain Kevin Sinfield currently holds the record for captaining the most Super League title winning sides after captaining Leeds to 7 of their grand final successes . St. Helens contested the final 6 years in a row ( from 2006 until 2011 ) during which time they succeeded only once in lifting the trophy against Hull F.C. in 2006 ; after which they suffered consecutive defeats against Leeds in 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , Wigan in 2010 and Leeds once again in 2011 . Awards ( edit ) Main article : Harry Sunderland Trophy The Harry Sunderland Trophy is awarded to the Man - of - the - Match in the Super League Grand Final by the Rugby League Writers ' Association . Named after Harry Sunderland , who was an Australian rugby league football administrator in both Australia and the United Kingdom , the Trophy was first awarded in the Rugby Football League Championship Final of the 1964 -- 65 season following Sunderland 's death . Finals ( edit ) The Super League Grand Final has been the championship - deciding game since Super League III in 1998 : These final were held at Old Trafford . Year Winners Score Runner - up Attendance 1998 Wigan 10 -- 4 Leeds 43,533 1999 St. Helens 8 -- 6 Bradford 50,717 2000 St. Helens 29 -- 16 Wigan 58,132 2001 Bradford 37 -- 6 Wigan 60,164 2002 St. Helens 19 -- 18 Bradford 61,138 2003 Bradford 25 -- 12 Wigan 65,537 Leeds 16 -- 8 Bradford 65,547 2005 Bradford 15 -- 6 Leeds 65,728 2006 St. Helens 26 -- 4 Hull 72,582 2007 Leeds 33 -- 6 St. Helens 71,352 2008 Leeds 24 -- 16 St. Helens 68,810 2009 Leeds 18 -- 10 St. Helens 63,259 Wigan 22 -- 10 St. Helens 71,526 2011 Leeds 32 -- 16 St. Helens 69,107 2012 Leeds 26 -- 18 Warrington 70,676 2013 Wigan 30 -- 16 Warrington 66,281 2014 St. Helens 14 -- 6 Wigan 70,102 2015 Leeds 22 -- 20 Wigan 73,512 2016 Wigan 12 -- 6 Warrington 70,202 2017 Leeds 24 -- 6 Castleford 72,827 2018 Wigan 12 -- 4 Warrington 64,892 Results ( edit ) Grand Final winners and runners up Club Winners Runners - up Years won Years runner - up Leeds Rhinos 8 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 , 2017 1998 , 2005 St Helens 5 5 1999 , 2000 , 2002 , 2006 , 2014 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 Wigan Warriors 5 5 1998 , 2010 , 2013 , 2016 , 2018 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2014 , 2015 Bradford Bulls 2001 , 2003 , 2005 1999 , 2002 , 2004 Warrington Wolves 0 2012 , 2013 , 2016 , 2018 Hull F.C. 0 2006 Castleford 0 2017 The double ( edit ) Main article : The Double ( rugby league ) In rugby league , the term ' the Double ' is referring to the achievement of a club that wins the top division and Challenge Cup in the same season . To date , this has been achieved by a total ten different clubs but by only four different clubs during the Super League era . Club Wins Winning years Wigan 7 1989 -- 90 , 1990 -- 91 , 1991 -- 92 , 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1994 -- 95 , 2013 St. Helens 1965 -- 66 , 1996 , 2006 Huddersfield 1912 -- 13 , 1914 -- 15 Broughton Rangers 1901 -- 02 5 Halifax 1902 -- 03 6 Hunslet 1907 -- 08 7 Swinton 1927 -- 28 8 Warrington 1953 -- 54 9 Bradford 2003 10 Leeds 2015 The treble ( edit ) Main article : The Treble ( rugby league ) The Treble refers to the team who wins all three domestic honours on offer during the season ; Grand Final , League Leaders ' Shield and Challenge Cup . To date seven teams have won the treble , only Bradford Bulls , St. Helens and Leeds Rhinos have won the treble in the Super League era . Club Wins Winning years Wigan 1991 -- 92 , 1992 -- 93 , 1994 -- 95 Huddersfield 1912 -- 13 , 1914 -- 15 St. Helens 1965 -- 66 , 2006 Hunslet 1907 -- 08 5 Swinton 1927 -- 28 6 Bradford 2003 7 Leeds 2015 All four cups ( edit ) Main article : All Four Cups Winning all Four Cups refers to winning the Super League , League Leaders ' Shield , Challenge Cup and World Club Challenge in one season . Not all of these cups were available in the past but have replaced other cups that could be won . Club Wins Winning years Hunslet 1907 -- 08 Huddersfield 1914 -- 15 Swinton 1927 -- 28 Wigan 1994 -- 95 5 Bradford 2003 -- 04 6 St. Helens 2006 -- 07 Pre match Headliners ( edit ) Year Act 1998 - 2003 none Heather Small 2005 Madness 2006 Deacon Blue 2007 The Kaiser Chiefs 2008 Scouting for Girls 2009 The Wombats Diana Vickers 2011 Feeder * 2012 - 2013 none 2014 James 2015 The Charlatans 2016 Feeder 2017 Razorlight 2018 Blossoms 2011 - Feeder were cancelled due to Manchester United not wanting a stage to be erected on the wet pitch Records ( edit ) Club records ( edit ) Biggest win : Bradford 37 - 6 Wigan ( at Old Trafford , 2001 ) Highest all - time attendance : 73,512 Leeds v Wigan ( at Old Trafford , 2015 ) Player records ( edit ) Most Grand Final appearances : 11 : Jamie Peacock ( 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 ) Most Grand Final appearances as captain : 8 : Kevin Sinfield ( 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 ) Youngest finalist : Leon Pryce Bradford v St Helens 1999 ( 18 years ) Youngest winner : Jack Walker Leeds v Castleford 2017 ( 18 years , 60 days ) Oldest finalist ( and winner ) : Jamie Peacock Leeds v Wigan 2015 ( 37 years , 300 days ) See also ( edit ) Rugby league portal Super League Super League Play - Off Series Old Trafford Super League Trophy Harry Sunderland Trophy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Rugby League Tickets Archived 20 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) External links ( edit ) Super League Current teams Castleford Tigers Catalans Dragons Huddersfield Giants Hull F.C. Hull Kingston Rovers Leeds Rhinos London Broncos Salford Red Devils St Helens Wakefield Trinity Warrington Wolves Wigan Warriors Former teams Bradford Bulls Crusaders Gateshead Thunder Halifax Leigh Centurions Oldham Bears Paris Saint Germain Sheffield Eagles Widnes Vikings Workington Town Seasons II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII Season results II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII Grand Finals II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII Major events World Club Series ( World Club Challenge ) Magic Weekend The Qualifiers Super 8s Play - offs Grand Final International Origin Awards Albert Goldthorpe Medal League Leader 's Shield Man of Steel Awards Harry Sunderland Trophy Super League Dream Team Fairplay Index Super League Ultimate 13 : Grand Final Team Woman of Steel Related articles Rugby Football League Championship Super League Records Super League war Super League Show 2009 -- 11 licences 2012 -- 14 licences Quota players Players with 100 + tries Women 's Super League Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_League_Grand_Final&oldid=864369076 '' Categories : Super League Grand Finals Super League 1998 establishments in England Recurring sporting events established in 1998 October sporting events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 19 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has won the most grand finals in rugby league	[ "\nGrand Final winners and runners up\n\n\nClub\n\nWinners\n\nRunners-up\n\nYears won\n\nYears runner-up\n\n\n Leeds Rhinos\n\n8\n\n2\n\n2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2017\n\n1998, 2005\n\n\n St Helens\n\n5\n\n5\n\n1999, 2000, 2002, 2006, 2014\n\n2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011\n\n\n Wigan Warriors\n\n5\n\n5\n\n1998, 2010, 2013, 2016, 2018\n\n2000, 2001, 2003, 2014, 2015\n\n\n Bradford Bulls\n\n3\n\n3\n\n2001, 2003, 2005\n\n1999, 2002, 2004\n\n\n Warrington Wolves\n\n0\n\n4\n\n\n\n2012, 2013, 2016, 2018\n\n\n Hull F.C.\n\n0\n\n1\n\n\n\n2006\n\n\n Castleford\n\n0\n\n1\n\n\n\n2017\n" ]	[ "Leeds Rhinos" ]
5502647876437984183	2014 FIFA World Cup Final	2014 FIFA World Cup final - wikipedia 2014 FIFA World Cup final 2014 FIFA World Cup Final Germany 's Mario Götze scores the match - winning goal in the 113th minute Event 2014 FIFA World Cup Germany Argentina 0 After extra time Date 13 July 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 13 ) Venue Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro Man of the Match Mario Götze ( Germany ) Referee Nicola Rizzoli ( Italy ) Attendance 74,738 Weather Partly cloudy 23 ° C ( 73 ° F ) 65 % humidity ← 2010 2018 → The 2014 FIFA World Cup Final was a football match that took place on 13 July 2014 at the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil to determine the 2014 FIFA World Cup champion . Germany defeated Argentina 1 -- 0 in extra time , with the only goal being scored by Mario Götze , who collected André Schürrle 's cross from the left on his chest before volleying a high left - footed shot into the net . The match was the third final between the two countries , a World Cup record , after their 1986 and 1990 matches , and billed as the world 's best player ( Lionel Messi ) versus the world 's best team ( Germany ) . Before the match , Germany had reached the World Cup final seven times ( six times as West Germany from 1954 to 1990 ) , winning three ( 1954 , 1974 , 1990 ) and being runners - up four times ( 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 ) ; Argentina had reached four finals , winning twice ( 1978 , 1986 ) and placing second twice ( 1930 , 1990 ) . The result marked Germany 's fourth World Cup title and their first World championship as a unified nation . The victory meant that three consecutive World Cups have been won by teams from the same continent , following Italy and Spain in 2006 and 2010 respectively , the first time this has happened in World Cup history . It was also the first time that three consecutive World Cup finals were still tied after 90 minutes . The final marked the first time a World Cup hosted in the Americas was not won by a team from the continent . In the winning German team , Miroslav Klose , who had become the top scorer in World Cup history in the semi-final victory over Brazil , became one of the very few players ever to have won gold , silver and bronze medals in the World Cup ( bronze in 2006 and 2010 , silver in 2002 and gold in 2014 ) , joining a club with earlier German players like Franz Beckenbauer , Sepp Maier and Wolfgang Overath ( 1966 -- 1974 ) , as well as Italian Franco Baresi ( 1982 - 1994 ) . According to FIFA , 1.013 billion individuals globally watched the final match of this tournament , making it the most watched sporting event in history . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Returning players 2 Road to the final 3 Match ball 4 Match officials 5 Match 5.1 Summary 5.2 Details 5.3 Statistics 6 Reaction in Brazil 7 Notable spectators 8 Ceremonies 9 Viewer figures 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) The two teams had met in 20 previous matches , with nine wins for Argentina , six wins for Germany and five draws . In these games , both teams had scored a total of 28 goals . Six of these matches were at a World Cup , two of them in the final . The 2014 final was the seventh World Cup match between them , equalling a tournament record for meetings between two teams ( along with Brazil vs Sweden , and Germany vs Yugoslavia ) . The last three meetings were in three consecutive World Cups , having met in quarter - finals of 2006 and 2010 campaigns . Previous World Cup matches between the teams 1958 FIFA World Cup Group 1 , West Germany defeated Argentina 3 -- 1 . 1966 FIFA World Cup Group 2 , West Germany and Argentina drew 0 -- 0 . 1986 FIFA World Cup Final , Argentina defeated West Germany 3 -- 2 to win their second and most recent title . 1990 FIFA World Cup Final , West Germany defeated Argentina 1 -- 0 to win their third title . It was Germany 's last title as West Germany and the last before the 2014 Final . 2006 FIFA World Cup quarter - finals , Germany defeated Argentina 4 -- 2 on penalties ( 1 -- 1 draw after extra time ) . 2010 FIFA World Cup quarter - finals , Germany defeated Argentina 4 -- 0 . In the 1966 FIFA World Cup , Argentina and West Germany played a 0 -- 0 draw in the group stage . FIFA cautioned Argentina for its violent style against the Germans which saw Argentine Rafael Albrecht get sent off and suspended for the next match . The 1990 FIFA World Cup Final saw two Argentine players get sent off and West Germany won 1 -- 0 due to a controversial penalty kick late in the match . The 2006 quarter - final game , where Germany won 4 -- 2 in the shootout after the game ended 1 -- 1 , was marred by a post-match brawl caused by the Argentines , which resulted in suspensions for two Argentine players and one German player . The most recent meeting between the two teams was a friendly match played on 15 August 2012 at Commerzbank - Arena , Frankfurt am Main , won by Argentina 3 -- 1 . Before the tournament , a friendly was scheduled for 3 September 2014 , being the first match for both teams after the World Cup . Argentina won this meeting 4 -- 2 . Returning players ( edit ) Among the players in the 2014 World Cup squads , the following played in the 2006 and 2010 meetings : Previous appearance of players from the teams 2006 Germany : Miroslav Klose , Philipp Lahm , Per Mertesacker , Lukas Podolski , and Bastian Schweinsteiger ; Argentina : Javier Mascherano , Maxi Rodríguez , Lionel Messi and Rodrigo Palacio Germany : Jérôme Boateng , Sami Khedira , Miroslav Klose , Toni Kroos ( substitute ) , Philipp Lahm , Per Mertesacker , Thomas Müller , Manuel Neuer , Mesut Özil , Lukas Podolski , and Bastian Schweinsteiger ; Argentina : Sergio Agüero ( substitute ) , Martín Demichelis , Ángel Di María , Gonzalo Higuaín , Javier Mascherano , Lionel Messi , Maxi Rodríguez , and Sergio Romero ( Mariano Andújar was an unused substitute ) Klose scored one goal in the 2006 meeting and two goals in the 2010 meeting , while Müller scored one goal in the 2010 meeting . Germany manager Joachim Löw was the assistant manager in 2006 and the manager in 2010 . Road to the final ( edit ) Germany Round Argentina Opponent Result Group stage Opponent Result Portugal 4 -- 0 Match 1 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 -- 1 Ghana 2 -- 2 Match 2 Iran 1 -- 0 United States 1 -- 0 Match 3 Nigeria 3 -- 2 Group G winner Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Germany 0 7 + 5 7 United States 0 Portugal 7 − 3 Ghana 0 6 − 2 Final standings Group F winner Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Argentina 0 0 6 + 3 9 Nigeria 0 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 0 Iran 0 − 3 Opponent Result Knockout stage Opponent Result Algeria 2 -- 1 ( aet ) Round of 16 Switzerland 1 -- 0 ( aet ) France 1 -- 0 Quarter - finals Belgium 1 -- 0 Brazil 7 -- 1 Semi-finals Netherlands 0 -- 0 ( aet ) ( 4 -- 2 pen . ) Match ball ( edit ) See also : Adidas Brazuca The match ball for the 2014 FIFA World Cup Final , announced on 29 May 2014 , featured a variation of the Adidas Brazuca named the Adidas Brazuca Final Rio . Whilst the technical aspects of the ball were the same , the design was different from the Brazuca balls used in the group stages and other playoffs , with a green , gold and black coloring . It was the third special ball for FIFA World Cup final matches , after the + Teamgeist Berlin ( 2006 ) and the Jo'bulani ( 2010 ) . Match officials ( edit ) Nicola Rizzoli , from Italy , was named as the referee of the final , together with fellow Italians Renato Faverani and Andrea Stefani as the assistant referees , and Carlos Vera and Christian Lescano from Ecuador as the fourth and fifth officials . Earlier in the 2014 World Cup , Rizzoli took charge of the Spain -- Netherlands and Nigeria -- Argentina matches in the group stage , and the Argentina -- Belgium quarter - final . He had previously taken charge of the 2010 UEFA Europa League Final and the 2013 UEFA Champions League Final . He was also one of the referees at the 2011 FIFA Club World Cup , UEFA Euro 2012 and the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup . He became the third Italian referee to take charge of a World Cup final , after Sergio Gonella in 1978 and Pierluigi Collina in 2002 . Match ( edit ) Summary ( edit ) Both teams named unchanged starting line - ups from their semi-finals , but German midfielder Sami Khedira withdrew during the warm - up with a calf injury . He was replaced by Christoph Kramer , who had made two brief substitute appearances during the tournament . Kramer himself suffered a head injury after a collision with Ezequiel Garay inside the penalty area , but was initially cleared to continue playing . Fourteen minutes later in the 31st minute however , he collapsed to the ground , apparently suffering from concussion and was replaced by André Schürrle . Argentina 's Lionel Messi ( front ) battles Germany 's Mats Hummels for the ball . Argentina 's Gonzalo Higuaín challenging Germany 's Mats Hummels and Manuel Neuer . Argentina 's Gonzalo Higuaín missed a good opportunity in the first half , dragging his shot wide after being put through on goal by a misjudged header from Toni Kroos . He had a goal disallowed later in the first half , when he was ruled offside after tapping in a cross by Ezequiel Lavezzi from the right wing . Lionel Messi missed a chance early in the second half , firing wide of the German goal from inside the penalty area after receiving a through pass . In extra time , Rodrigo Palacio 's lob over Manuel Neuer went just wide after the forward received a cross , missed by Mats Hummels , in the German penalty area . Germany had the closest chance when Benedikt Höwedes ' header hit the post after a corner . Mario Götze of Germany scored during extra time , in the 113th minute , when he collected Schürrle 's cross from the left on his chest before volleying left - footed into the net . He became the first substitute to score a World Cup - winning goal , as well as the youngest player to score in a World Cup Final since German Wolfgang Weber in 1966 ( same age , 22 ) . Prior to Götze 's goal , Germany came close to scoring on a number of occasions , including a header by Benedikt Höwedes that struck the Argentine goalpost just before halftime . Schürrle later struck a close - range shot straight at Argentine goalkeeper Sergio Romero early in the first half of extra time , after a pass from Götze . Thomas Müller had a chance to double Germany 's lead after dribbling past two defenders , but his shot across the net was too wide . Late in extra time , Messi had a free kick within goal - scoring distance , which would have equalised , but he hit it over the crossbar . Details ( edit ) 13 July 2014 16 : 00 UTC − 3 Germany 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Argentina Götze 113 ' Report Estádio do Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Attendance : 74,738 Referee : Nicola Rizzoli ( Italy ) Germany Argentina GK Manuel Neuer RB 16 Philipp Lahm ( c ) CB 20 Jérôme Boateng CB 5 Mats Hummels LB Benedikt Höwedes 34 ' CM 23 Christoph Kramer 31 ' CM 7 Bastian Schweinsteiger 29 ' RW 13 Thomas Müller AM 18 Toni Kroos LW 8 Mesut Özil 120 ' CF 11 Miroslav Klose 88 ' Substitutions : FW 9 André Schürrle 31 ' MF 19 Mario Götze 88 ' DF 17 Per Mertesacker 120 ' Manager : Joachim Löw GK Sergio Romero RB Pablo Zabaleta CB 15 Martín Demichelis CB Ezequiel Garay LB 16 Marcos Rojo CM 14 Javier Mascherano 64 ' CM 6 Lucas Biglia RW 8 Enzo Pérez 86 ' LW 22 Ezequiel Lavezzi 46 ' SS 10 Lionel Messi ( c ) CF 9 Gonzalo Higuaín 78 ' Substitutions : FW 20 Sergio Agüero 65 ' 46 ' FW 18 Rodrigo Palacio 78 ' MF 5 Fernando Gago 86 ' Manager : Alejandro Sabella Man of the Match : Mario Götze ( Germany ) Assistant referees : Renato Faverani ( Italy ) Andrea Stefani ( Italy ) Fourth official : Carlos Vera ( Ecuador ) Fifth official : Christian Lescano ( Ecuador ) Match rules : 90 minutes . 30 minutes of extra-time if necessary . Penalty shoot - out if still tied . Twelve named eligible substitutes . Maximum of three substitutions . Statistics ( edit ) Overall Germany Argentina Goals scored 0 Total shots 10 10 Shots on target 7 Ball possession 60 % 40 % Corner kicks 5 Fouls committed 20 16 Offsides Saves 6 Yellow cards Red cards 0 0 Reaction in Brazil ( edit ) See also : Argentina -- Brazil football rivalry Due to the Argentina -- Brazil football rivalry , the Brazilians in the crowd supported Germany , despite their resounding 7 -- 1 victory over Brazil in the semi-finals , as the Germans had shown respect to the defeated hosts , while Argentine fans had celebrated Brazil 's elimination . Most Brazilians were reportedly relieved that their rivals did not win the World Cup in Brazil 's iconic home stadium . Notable spectators ( edit ) Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel ( left ) attended the final . However , President of Argentina Cristina Fernández de Kirchner ( right ) was absent due to illness . Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff invited the BRICS leaders to the final ahead of the 6th BRICS summit . Among those who showed up were Vladimir Putin , the President of Russia , the next World Cup hosts , and Jacob Zuma , the President of South Africa , the previous hosts . The Chinese President , Xi Jinping , and the Indian Prime Minister , Narendra Modi , did not attend the event . Other world leaders Viktor Orbán ( Hungary ) , Ali Bongo Ondimba ( Gabon ) and Gaston Browne ( Antigua and Barbuda ) also attended the event , which led The Guardian to label the guest list `` bizarre and random '' , as those countries were failed to qualify for this World Cup . German President Joachim Gauck and Chancellor Angela Merkel were present for the final . Merkel already watched the Germany vs. Portugal match in Salvador , when the German team won 4 -- 0 . The President of Argentina , Cristina Fernández de Kirchner , did not attend because of both her grandson 's birthday and a case of pharyngo - laryngitis . Russian comedian Vitaly Zdorovetskiy ran onto the pitch during the match with `` Natural Born Prankster '' written across his torso and attempted to kiss Benedikt Höwedes of Germany . Brazilian authorities arrested him , and he was released hours after the match . Several celebrities also attended the final , including Rihanna , Mick Jagger , David Beckham , Ashton Kutcher , Daniel Craig , Tom Brady , and LeBron James . Former World Cup winners like Fabio Cannavaro , Lothar Matthäus , Daniel Passarella -- who all had won the World Cup as captain -- and Pelé were present as well . Ceremonies ( edit ) Germany captain Philipp Lahm lifts the World Cup trophy . The closing ceremony took place about an hour and forty minutes before the final . A performance of two acts , the ceremony lasted about 20 minutes . The first act featured 22 samba dancers and a host of other performers , with 32 of the dancers wearing dresses decorated in the colours of the 32 participating teams . The second act featured musical performances headlined by Colombian singer Shakira , and included singers Carlinhos Brown , Wyclef Jean , Alexandre Pires , Ivete Sangalo and guitarist Carlos Santana . Brazilian supermodel Gisele Bündchen and Carles Puyol , a member of Spain 's winning team in 2010 , unveiled the FIFA World Cup Trophy . President Rousseff of Brazil delivered the trophy to German captain Philip Lahm during the awards ceremony on the stands . Alongside her during the trophy handover was FIFA president Sepp Blatter . As Lahm raised the trophy , the outro of the tournament 's official song `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' was played . Viewer figures ( edit ) According to FIFA , 1.013 billion individuals globally watched the final match of this tournament . See also ( edit ) Association football portal Football in Argentina portal Football in Germany portal Brazil portal 2010s portal FIFA World Cup 2014 1986 FIFA World Cup Final 1990 FIFA World Cup Final References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tactical line - up -- Germany -- Argentina '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Groups & Schedule '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Matches '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The World Cup Final : The Best Team vs. the Best Player '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 15 July 2014 Jump up ^ `` Franz Beckenbauer '' . Planet World Cup . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sepp Maier '' . Planet World Cup . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 FIFA World Cup England : England -- Germany FR match report '' . FIFA . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wolfgang Overath '' . Planet World Cup . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 FIFA World Cup TM reached 3.2 billion viewers , one billion watched final '' . FIFA.com -- Media Release . FIFA . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 FIFA World Cup Match Report : Argentina -- Germany FR '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` 1966 FIFA World Cup Match Report : Germany FR -- Argentina '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Match Report : Argentina -- Germany FR '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Match Report : Germany FR -- Argentina '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Match Report : Germany -- Argentina '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` 2010 FIFA World Cup Match Report : Argentina -- Germany '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` History of the World Cup '' . fifaworldcup.webspace.virginmedia.com . Archived from the original on 24 February 2014 . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Alsos , Jan. `` 1966 -- Story of England ' 66 '' . Planet World Cup . Archived from the original on 12 June 2010 . Retrieved 3 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Walker , Michael ( 30 June 2006 ) . `` World Cup 2006 : Mass brawl marrs quarter - final '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Players brawl after penalty heartbreak for Argentina '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Argentine pair banned over brawl '' . 8 July 2006 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa fury at Berlin match fracas '' . 5 July 2006 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 1 Argentina 3 '' . Goal.com. 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Schedule '' . Deutscher Fussball - Bund . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Miroslav Klose breaks Ronaldo 's record to become the top scorer in World Cup history '' . Daily Mail . 8 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` adidas Brazuca Final Rio unveiled '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nicola Rizzoli to referee Final '' . FIFA.com. 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 's Christoph Kramer asked referee : ' Is this the final ? ' '' . The Guardian . 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 1 Argentina 0 '' . BBC Sport. 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup final 2014 , Germany vs Argentina : as it happened '' . Daily Telegraph . 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Germany beat Argentina to win World Cup final with late Mario Götze goal '' . The Guardian . 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Presenter : Gary Lineker ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` Match of the Day Live '' . 2014 FIFA World Cup : World Cup Final . Event occurs at 4 : 07 : 29 . BBC One . Do you know , that 's the first substitute to score a winning goal in a World Cup final ? Jump up ^ `` Numbers Game : All the stats from Germany 's fourth World Cup triumph '' . Firstpost. 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi 's World Cup ends on a bitter note '' . CBS . Associated Press . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina '' ( PDF ) . FIFA ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Young , James ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` Brazil falls short , but its World Cup provides unforgettable theater '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ Brunner , Cody ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` Argentina 's World Cup final loss to Germany gives Brazil something to cheer about '' . Yahoo . Jump up ^ `` Brazilians Go Back to Real Life '' . The New York Times . 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vladimir Putin to attend World Cup final in Brazil '' . The Voice of Russia . 20 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Zuma to watch World Cup final '' . The Citizen . South African Press Association . 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup final guest list has bizarre and random look '' . The Guardian . 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Camargo , Marcelo ( 25 January 2014 ) . `` Germany chancellor and president to watch final at Maracanã '' . Agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Payne , Marissa ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` Argentina 's president is n't attending the World Cup final because of grandson 's birthday '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2014 : Moment streaker invades pitch and attempts to KISS German star '' . Daily Mirror. 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup closing ceremony 2014 sees Shakira , Rihanna , David Beckham , Pele , Tom Brady , Vladimir Putin and more in the crowd as celebrities spotted at Maracana in Rio de Janeiro for final '' . Daily Mail . 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Maese , Rick ; Phillips , Dom ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` 2014 World Cup draws to a close in conflicted Brazil '' . The Washington Post . Rio de Janeiro . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2014 : Best selfies '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Former internationals Lothar Matthaeus , Fabio Cannavaro and Daniel Passarella take a selfie the WC 2014 Final match '' . Veooz . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Closing ceremony to celebrate Brazil 2014 in style '' . FIFA. 12 July 2014 . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shakira , Santana Electrify World Cup 2014 Closing Ceremony '' . NDTV. 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shakira headlines fairly normal World Cup closing ceremony '' . CBC.ca. 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Puyol , Gisele to unveil Trophy prior to the Final '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dilma Rousseff Confirms She Will Hand the Trophy to the World Cup Winner and Says Boos `` Are Part of the Job '' `` . Folha de S. Paulo . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil defeated pessimistic predictions for the World Cup - Rousseff '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters. 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philipp Lahm of Germany is presented with the World Cup trophy by Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff and FIFA President Joseph S. Blatter '' . Getty Images . 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ 2014 World Cup Final Germany Lifts the Trophy v Argentina July 13 , 2014 Live on YouTube External links ( edit ) Media related to 2014 FIFA World Cup Match 64 , Germany v Argentina at Wikimedia Commons 2014 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Brazil v Germany Final General information Qualification Awards Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Marketing Matches Officials Opening ceremony Preparations Seeding Squads Statistics Venues Official symbols 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil ( video game ) Adidas Brazuca ( ball ) Caxirola ( musical instrument ) Fuleco ( mascot ) One Love , One Rhythm ( album ) We Are One ( Ole Ola ) ( song ) 2014 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Germany Runners - up Argentina Third place Netherlands Fourth place Brazil Quarter - finals Belgium Colombia Costa Rica France Round of 16 Algeria Chile Greece Mexico Nigeria Switzerland United States Uruguay Group stage Australia Bosnia and Herzegovina Cameroon Croatia Ecuador England Ghana Honduras Iran Italy Ivory Coast Japan Portugal Russia South Korea Spain FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Argentina national football team matches Summer Olympics Final 1928 FIFA World Cup Finals 1930 1978 1986 1990 2014 FIFA Confederations Cup Finals 1992 ( King Fahd Cup ) 1995 ( King Fahd Cup ) 2005 Copa América Finals 2007 2015 2016 FIFA World Cup play - offs Final 1994 Superclásico de las Américas 2011 2012 2014 2017 Other matches Argentina 2 -- 1 England ( 1986 ) Argentina 0 -- 5 Colombia ( 1993 ) Germany national football team matches FIFA World Cup Finals 1954 1966 1982 1986 1990 2002 2014 FIFA Confederations Cup Finals 2017 UEFA European Championship Finals 1972 1976 1980 2008 Other matches Germany 8 -- 0 Denmark ( 1937 ) Italy 4 -- 3 West Germany ( 1970 ) Austria 3 -- 2 West Germany ( 1978 ) West Germany 1 -- 0 Austria ( 1982 ) West Germany 3 -- 3 ( 5 -- 4 pen . ) France ( 1982 ) England 0 -- 1 Germany ( 2000 ) Germany 1 -- 5 England ( 2001 ) Brazil 1 -- 7 Germany ( 2014 ) South Korea 2 -- 0 Germany ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2014_FIFA_World_Cup_Final&oldid=854332964 '' Categories : 2014 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup finals Football in Rio de Janeiro ( city ) International sports competitions hosted by Rio de Janeiro ( city ) Germany national football team matches Argentina national football team matches Germany at the 2014 FIFA World Cup Argentina at the 2014 FIFA World Cup Argentina -- Germany relations 21st century in Rio de Janeiro Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Avañe'ẽ বাংলা Български Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 15 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did germany play in the world cup final 2014	[ "2014 FIFA World Cup Final\nGermany's Mario Götze scores the match-winning goal in the 113th minuteEvent\n2014 FIFA World Cup\n\n\nGermany\nArgentina\n\n\n\n\n1\n0\n\n\nAfter extra timeDate\n13 July 2014 (2014-07-13)Venue\nMaracanã Stadium, Rio de JaneiroMan of the Match\nMario Götze (Germany)Referee\nNicola Rizzoli (Italy)Attendance\n74,738Weather\nPartly cloudy23 °C (73 °F)65% humidity[1]\n← 2010 2018 → " ]	[ "Argentina" ]
7715156371123181187	Who Framed Roger Rabbit	Who Framed Roger Rabbit - wikipedia Who Framed Roger Rabbit Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For other uses , see Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( disambiguation ) . Who Framed Roger Rabbit Theatrical release poster by Steven Chorney Directed by Robert Zemeckis Produced by Frank Marshall Robert Watts Screenplay by Jeffrey Price Peter S. Seaman Based on Who Censored Roger Rabbit ? by Gary K. Wolf Starring Bob Hoskins Christopher Lloyd Charles Fleischer Stubby Kaye Joanna Cassidy Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Dean Cundey Edited by Arthur Schmidt Production company Touchstone Pictures Amblin Entertainment Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution Release date June 22 , 1988 ( 1988 - 06 - 22 ) Running time 104 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $50.6 million Box office $329.8 million Who Framed Roger Rabbit is a 1988 American live - action / animated fantasy film directed by Robert Zemeckis , produced by Frank Marshall and Robert Watts , and written by Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman . The film is based on Gary K. Wolf 's 1981 novel Who Censored Roger Rabbit ? The film stars Bob Hoskins , Christopher Lloyd , Charles Fleischer , Stubby Kaye , and Joanna Cassidy . Combining live - action and animation , the film is set in Hollywood during the late 1940s , where animated characters and people co-exist . The story follows Eddie Valiant , a private detective who must exonerate `` Toon '' Roger Rabbit , who is accused of murdering a wealthy businessman . Walt Disney Pictures purchased the film rights for Who Framed Roger Rabbit 's story in 1981 . Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman wrote two drafts of the script before Disney brought in executive producer Steven Spielberg , and his production company , Amblin Entertainment . Zemeckis was brought on to direct the film , and Canadian animator Richard Williams was hired to supervise the animation sequences . Production was moved from Los Angeles to Elstree Studios in England to accommodate Williams and his group of animators . While filming , the production budget began to rapidly expand and the shooting schedule ran longer than expected . Disney released the film through its Touchstone Pictures division on June 22 , 1988 , to critical and commercial success , becoming a blockbuster . The film brought a renewed interest in the Golden Age of American animation , spearheading modern American animation and the Disney Renaissance . In 2016 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Writing 3.4 Filming 3.5 Animation and post-production 3.6 Music 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 6 Legacy 6.1 Controversy 6.2 Legal issue 6.3 Proposed sequel 6.4 Roger Rabbit dance 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1947 Los Angeles , `` toons '' act out theatrical cartoon shorts as with live - action films ; they regularly interact with real people and animals and reside in Toontown . Private detective Eddie Valiant and his brother , Teddy , once worked closely with the toons on several famous cases , but after Teddy was killed by a toon , Eddie lapsed into alcoholism and vowed never to work for toons again . One day , R.K. Maroon , head of Maroon Cartoon Studios , is concerned about the recent poor acting performances of one of his biggest stars , Roger Rabbit . Maroon hires Valiant to investigate rumors about Roger 's voluptuous toon wife Jessica being romantically involved with businessman and gadgets inventor , Marvin Acme , owner of both Acme Corporation and Toontown . After watching Jessica perform at the underground Ink & Paint Club , Valiant secretly takes photographs of her and Acme playing patty - cake in her dressing room , which he shows to Roger . Maroon suggests to Roger that he should leave Jessica , but a drunken Roger refuses and flees . The next morning , Acme is discovered dead at his factory by the LAPD with a safe dropped on his head , and evidence points to Roger 's being responsible . While investigating , Valiant meets Judge Doom , Toontown 's Superior Court judge , who has created a substance capable of killing a toon : a toxic `` Dip '' made of turpentine , acetone , and benzene . Valiant runs into Roger 's toon co-star , Baby Herman , who believes Roger is innocent and that Acme 's missing will , which will give the toons ownership of Toontown , may be the key to his murder . He then finds Roger hiding in his office , who begs him to help exonerate him . Valiant reluctantly hides Roger in a local bar where his ex-girlfriend , Dolores , works . Later , Jessica approaches Valiant and says that Maroon had forced her to pose for the photographs so that he could blackmail Acme . Doom and his toon henchmen discover Roger , but he and Valiant escape with Benny , an anthropomorphic taxicab . They flee to a theater , where Valiant explains to Roger that a toon killed Teddy when they were investigating a crime in Toontown . As they leave with Dolores , Valiant sees a newsreel detailing the sale of Maroon Cartoons to Cloverleaf , a mysterious corporation that bought the city 's trolley network shortly before Acme 's murder . Valiant goes to the studio to confront Maroon , leaving Roger to guard outside , but Jessica knocks Roger out and puts him in the trunk . Maroon tells Valiant that he blackmailed Acme into selling his company so that he could then sell the studio , but is killed before he can explain the consequences of the missing will . Valiant spots Jessica fleeing the scene and , assuming she is the culprit , follows her into Toontown . Jessica reveals that Doom killed Acme and Maroon and that the former had given her his will for safe - keeping , but she discovered that the will was blank . She and Valiant are soon captured by Doom and the weasels . At the Acme factory , Doom reveals his plot to destroy Toontown with a giant machine loaded with dip to build a freeway , the only way past Toontown since Cloverleaf has bought out Los Angeles ' tram system . Roger unsuccessfully attempts to save Jessica , and the couple is tied onto a hook in front of the machine 's hose . Valiant then performs a comedic vaudeville act , causing the weasels to die of laughter ; Valiant kicks their leader , Smart Ass , into the machine 's Dip vat , killing him instantly . Valiant then fights Doom , who is eventually flattened by a steamroller , but survives . Eddie is shocked when Doom reveals that he is the toon who killed Teddy . Valiant uses a toon mallet with a spring - loaded boxing glove and fires it at a switch that causes the machine to empty its dip onto Doom , dissolving him . The empty machine crashes through the wall into Toontown , where it is destroyed by a train . Numerous toons run in to regard Doom 's remains , and Roger discovers that he inadvertently wrote his love letter for Jessica on Acme 's will , which was written in invisible ink . Roger then shocks Valiant with a joy buzzer , and Valiant gives him a kiss , having regained his sense of humor . Valiant happily enters Toontown with Dolores , and Roger with Jessica , followed by the other toons . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Who Framed Roger Rabbit characters Bob Hoskins played the role of Eddie Valiant Bob Hoskins as Eddie Valiant , an alcoholic private investigator who resents Toons . Executive producer Spielberg 's first choice for the role was Harrison Ford , but Ford 's price was too high . Bill Murray was also considered for the role ; however , due to his method of receiving offers for roles , he missed out . Eddie Murphy reportedly turned down the role and later regretted it . Christopher Lloyd as Judge Doom , the cold and power - hungry judge of Toontown District 's Superior Court . Lloyd was cast because he previously worked with Zemeckis and Amblin Entertainment in Back to the Future . Lloyd compared his part as Doom to his previous role as the Klingon commander Kruge in Star Trek III : The Search for Spock , both being overly evil characters which he considered being `` fun to play '' . Lloyd avoided blinking his eyes while on camera in order to perfectly portray the character . Charles Fleischer as the voice of Roger Rabbit , an A-list Toon working for Maroon Cartoons , who is framed for the murder of Marvin Acme , and requests Eddie 's help in proving his innocence . To facilitate Hoskins ' performance , Fleischer dressed in a Roger bunny suit and `` stood in '' behind camera for most scenes . Animation director Williams explained Roger Rabbit was a combination of `` Tex Avery 's cashew nut - shaped head , the swatch of red hair ... like Droopy 's , Goofy 's overalls , Porky Pig 's bow tie , Mickey Mouse 's gloves and Bugs Bunny - like cheeks and ears . '' Fleischer also voices Benny the Cab and two members of Doom 's Weasel Gang , Psycho and Greasy . Lou Hirsch , who supplied the voice for Baby Herman , was the original choice for Benny the Cab but was replaced by Fleischer . Stubby Kaye as Marvin Acme , the jester - like owner of the Acme Corporation . This was Kaye 's last film before his retirement in 1988 . Joanna Cassidy as Dolores , Eddie 's on - off girlfriend who works as a waitress . Kathleen Turner provides the uncredited voice of Jessica Rabbit , Roger Rabbit 's beautiful and flirtatious Toon wife , She loves Roger because , as she says , `` he makes me laugh '' . Amy Irving supplied the singing voice , while Betsy Brantley served as the stand - in . Alan Tilvern , in his final film role , portrays R.K. Maroon , the short - tempered and manipulative owner of `` Maroon Cartoon '' studios . Lou Hirsch provides the voice of Baby Herman , a mentally middle - aged smoker baby and co-star in Maroon Cartoons . Williams said Baby Herman was a mixture of `` Elmer Fudd and Tweety crashed together '' . April Winchell provides the voice of Mrs. Herman and the `` baby noises '' . Additionally , Richard LeParmentier has a minor role as Santino , a Lieutenant of the Los Angeles Police Department . Joel Silver has a cameo appearance as Raoul J. Raoul , a director frustrated with Roger Rabbit 's antics . David Lander voices Smart Ass , the leader of the weasels , Fred Newman voices Stupid and June Foray voices Wheezy . Foray also voiced Lena Hyena , a hag Toon woman who resembles Jessica Rabbit and provides a comical role which shows her falling for Eddie and pursuing him . Mel Blanc voiced Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Porky Pig , Tweety , and Sylvester ( Roger Rabbit was one of the final productions in which Blanc voiced his Looney Tunes characters before his death the following year ) . Joe Alaskey voiced Yosemite Sam and Foghorn Leghorn ( in place of the elderly Blanc ) , Wayne Allwine voiced Mickey Mouse , Tony Anselmo voiced Donald Duck ( with an archival recording of Clarence Nash , the original voice of Donald , used at the beginning of the scene ) , Tony Pope voiced Goofy ( also partially voiced by Bill Farmer ) and The Big Bad Wolf , Mae Questel reprised her role of Betty Boop , Russi Taylor voiced Minnie Mouse and some birds , Pat Buttram , Jim Cummings and Jim Gallant voiced Valiant 's animated bullets , Les Perkins voiced Mr. Toad , Mary Radford voiced Hyacinth Hippo from Fantasia , Nancy Cartwright voiced the Dipped shoe , Cherry Davis voiced Woody Woodpecker , Peter Westy voiced Pinocchio , and Frank Welker voiced Dumbo . Animation director Richard Williams voiced Droopy . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Walt Disney Productions purchased the film rights to Gary K. Wolf 's novel Who Censored Roger Rabbit ? shortly after its publication in 1981 . Ron W. Miller , then president of Disney , saw it as a perfect opportunity to produce a blockbuster . Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman were hired to write the script , penning two drafts . Robert Zemeckis offered his services as director in 1982 , but Disney declined as his two previous films ( I Wanna Hold Your Hand and Used Cars ) had been box office bombs . Between 1981 and 1983 Disney developed test footage with Darrell Van Citters as animation director , Paul Reubens voicing Roger Rabbit , Peter Renaday as Eddie Valiant , and Russi Taylor as Jessica Rabbit . The project was revamped in 1985 by Michael Eisner , the then - new CEO of Disney . Amblin Entertainment , which consisted of Steven Spielberg , Frank Marshall and Kathleen Kennedy , were approached to produce Who Framed Roger Rabbit alongside Disney . The original budget was projected at $50 million , which Disney felt was too expensive . Roger Rabbit was finally green - lit when the budget decreased to $30 million , which at the time still made it the most expensive animated film ever green - lit . Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg argued that the hybrid of live action and animation would `` save '' Disney 's animation department . Spielberg 's contract included an extensive amount of creative control and a large percentage of the box office profits . Disney kept all merchandising rights . Spielberg convinced Warner Bros. , Fleischer Studios , King Features Syndicate , Felix the Cat Productions , Turner Entertainment , and Universal Pictures / Walter Lantz Productions to `` lend '' their characters to appear in the film with ( in some cases ) stipulations on how those characters were portrayed ; for example , Disney 's Donald Duck and Warner 's Daffy Duck appear as equally - talented dueling pianists , and Mickey Mouse and Bugs Bunny also share a scene . Apart from this agreement , Warner Bros. and the various other companies were not involved in the production of Roger Rabbit . Additionally , the producers were unable to acquire the rights to use Popeye , Tom and Jerry , Little Lulu , Casper the Friendly Ghost or the Terrytoons for appearances from their respective owners ( King Features , Turner , Western Publishing , Harvey Comics and Viacom ) . Terry Gilliam was offered the chance to direct , but he found the project too technically challenging . ( `` Pure laziness on my part , '' he later admitted , `` I completely regret that decision . '' ) Robert Zemeckis was hired to direct in 1985 , based on the success of Romancing the Stone and Back to the Future . Disney executives were continuing to suggest Darrell Van Citters to direct the animated sequences , but Spielberg and Zemeckis decided against it . Richard Williams was eventually hired to direct the animation . Zemeckis wanted the film to imbue `` Disney 's high quality of animation , Warner Bros . ' characterization and Tex Avery humor '' . Casting ( edit ) Harrison Ford was Spielberg 's original choice to play Eddie Valiant . Bill Murray was also considered for the part , but due to his method of receiving offers for roles , Murray missed out on it . Eddie Murphy reportedly turned down the role of Eddie , but later regretted it . Several other actors were also considered for the role of Eddie Valiant including Chevy Chase , Robert Redford , Jack Nicholson , Sylvester Stallone , Wallace Shawn , Ed Harris , Charles Grodin and Don Lane . Tim Curry original auditioned for the role of Judge Doom , but after his audition , the producers found him too terrifying for the role . Christopher Lee was also considered for the role , but turned it down . Several other actors were also considered for the role of Judge Doom including John Cleese , Roddy McDowell , Eddie Deezen and Sting . Writing ( edit ) Price and Seaman were brought aboard to continue writing the script once Spielberg and Zemeckis were hired . For inspiration , the two writers studied the work of Walt Disney and Warner Bros. Cartoons from the Golden Age of American animation , especially Tex Avery and Bob Clampett cartoons . The Cloverleaf streetcar subplot was inspired by Chinatown . Price and Seaman said that `` the Red Car plot , suburb expansion , urban and political corruption really did happen , '' Price stated . `` In Los Angeles , during the 1940s , car and tire companies teamed up against the Pacific Electric Railway system and bought them out of business . Where the freeway runs in Los Angeles is where the Red Car used to be . '' In Wolf 's novel Who Censored Roger Rabbit ? , the Toons were comic strip characters rather than movie stars . During the writing process , Price and Seaman were unsure of whom to include as the villain in the plot . They wrote scripts that had either Jessica Rabbit or Baby Herman as the villain , but they made their final decision with newly created character Judge Doom . Doom was supposed to have an animated vulture sit on his shoulder , but this was deleted due to the technical challenges this posed . Doom would also have a suitcase of 12 small animated kangaroos that act as a jury , by having their joeys pop out of their pouches , each with letters , when put together would spell YOU ARE GUILTY . This was also cut for budget and technical reasons . Doom 's five - man `` Weasel Gang '' ( Stupid , Smart Ass , Greasy , Wheezy and Psycho ) satirizes the Seven Dwarfs ( Doc , Grumpy , Happy , Sleepy , Bashful , Sneezy and Dopey ) who appeared in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) . There were originally seven weasels to mimic the dwarf 's complement , but eventually two of them , Slimey and Slezey , were written out of the script . Further references included The `` Ink and Paint Club '' resembling the Harlem Cotton Club , while Zemeckis compared Judge Doom 's invention of `` The Dip '' to eliminate all the Toons as Hitler 's Final Solution . Doom was originally the hunter who killed Bambi 's Mother , but Disney objected to the idea . Benny the Cab was first conceived to be a Volkswagen Beetle before being changed to a Taxicab . Ideas originally conceived for the story also included a sequence set at Marvin Acme 's funeral , whose attendees included Eddie , Foghorn Leghorn , Mickey Mouse , Minnie Mouse , Tom and Jerry , Heckle and Jeckle , Chip n ' Dale , Mighty Mouse , Superman , Popeye , Olive Oyl , Bluto , Clarabelle Cow , and The Seven Dwarfs in cameo appearances . However , the scene was cut for pacing reasons and never made it past the storyboard stage . Before finally agreeing on Who Framed Roger Rabbit as the film 's title , working titles included Murder in Toontown , Toons , Dead Toons Do n't Pay Bills , The Toontown Trial , Trouble in Toontown , and Eddie Goes to Toontown . Filming ( edit ) Judge Doom ( Christopher Lloyd ) threatens Roger Rabbit before introducing him to `` The Dip '' . Mime artists , puppeteers , mannequins and robotic arms were commonly used during filming to help the actors interact with `` open air and imaginative cartoon characters '' . Animation director Richard Williams admitted he was `` openly disdainful of the Disney bureaucracy '' and refused to work in Los Angeles . To accommodate him and his animators , production was moved to Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire , England . Disney and Spielberg also told Williams that in return for doing Roger Rabbit , they would help distribute his uncompleted film The Thief and the Cobbler . Supervising animators included Dale Baer , James Baxter , David Bowers , Andreas Deja , Chris Jenkins , Phil Nibbelink , Nik Ranieri , and Simon Wells . The animation production , headed by associate producer Don Hahn , was split between Richard Williams ' London studio and a specialized unit in Los Angeles , set up by Walt Disney Feature Animation and supervised by Dale Baer . The production budget continued to escalate while the shooting schedule lapsed longer than expected . When the budget reached $40 million , Disney president Michael Eisner seriously considered shutting down production , but Jeffrey Katzenberg talked him out of it . Despite the budget escalating to over $50 million , Disney moved forward on production because they were enthusiastic to work with Spielberg . VistaVision cameras installed with motion control technology were used for the photography of the live - action scenes which would be composited with animation . Rubber mannequins of Roger Rabbit , Baby Herman and the Weasels would portray the animated characters during rehearsals in order to teach the actors where to look when acting with `` open air and imaginative cartoon characters '' . Many of the live - action props held by cartoon characters were shot on set with either robotic arms holding the props or the props were manipulated by strings , similar to a marionette . The voice of Roger , Charles Fleischer , insisted on wearing a Roger Rabbit costume while on the set , in order to get into character . Filming began on December 2 , 1986 , and lasted for seven months at Elstree Studios , with an additional month in Los Angeles and at Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) for blue screen effects of Toontown . The entrance of Desilu Studios served as the fictional Maroon Cartoon Studio lot . Animation and post-production ( edit ) Post-production lasted for fourteen months . Because the film was made before computer animation and digital compositing were widely used , all the animation was done using cels and optical compositing . First , the animators and lay - out artists were given black and white printouts of the live action scenes ( known as `` photo stats '' ) , and they placed their animation paper on top of them . The artists then drew the animated characters in relationship to the live action footage . Due to Zemeckis ' dynamic camera moves , the animators had to confront the challenge of ensuring the characters were not `` slipping and slipping all over the place . '' After rough animation was complete , it would run through the normal process of traditional animation until the cels were shot on the rostrum camera with no background . The animated footage was then sent to ILM for compositing , where technicians would animate three lighting layers ( shadows , highlights and tone mattes ) separately , in order to make the cartoon characters look three - dimensional and give the illusion of the characters being affected by the lighting on set . Finally , the lighting effects were optically composited on to the cartoon characters , who were , in turn , composited into the live - action footage . One of the most difficult effects in the film was Jessica 's dress in the night club scene , because it had flashing sequins , an effect accomplished by filtering light through a plastic bag scratched with steel wool . Music ( edit ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) Soundtrack album by Alan Silvestri and the London Symphony Orchestra Released June 22 , 1988 Recorded April 3 , 1988 Genre Soundtrack Length 45 : 57 Label Buena Vista Regular Zemeckis collaborator Alan Silvestri composed the film score , performed by the London Symphony Orchestra ( LSO ) under the direction of Silvestri . Zemeckis joked that `` the British ( musicians ) could not keep up with Silvestri 's jazz tempo '' . The performances of the music themes written for Jessica Rabbit were entirely improvised by the LSO . The work of American composer Carl Stalling heavily influenced Silvestri 's work on Who Framed Roger Rabbit . The film 's soundtrack was originally released by Buena Vista Records on June 22 , 1988 , and reissued by Walt Disney Records on CD on April 16 , 2002 . No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Maroon Logo '' Alan Silvestri Alan Silvestri 0 : 19 2 . `` Maroon Cartoon '' Silvestri Silvestri 3 : 25 3 . `` Valiant & Valiant '' Silvestri Silvestri 4 : 22 4 . `` The Weasels '' Silvestri Silvestri 2 : 08 5 . `` Hungarian Rhapsody ( Dueling Pianos ) '' arranged by Silvestri Tony Anselmo , Mel Blanc 1 : 53 6 . `` Judge Doom '' Silvestri Silvestri 3 : 47 7 . `` Why Do n't You Do Right ? '' Joseph `` Kansas Joe '' McCoy Amy Irving 3 : 07 8 . `` No Justice for Toons '' Silvestri Silvestri 2 : 45 9 . `` The Merry - Go - Round Broke Down ( Roger 's Song ) '' Dave Franklin , Cliff Friend Charles Fleischer 0 : 47 10 . `` Jessica 's Theme '' Silvestri Silvestri 2 : 03 11 . `` Toontown '' Silvestri Silvestri 1 : 57 12 . `` Eddie 's Theme '' Silvestri Silvestri 5 : 22 13 . `` The Gag Factory '' Silvestri Silvestri 3 : 48 14 . `` The Will '' Silvestri Silvestri 1 : 10 15 . `` Smile , Darn Ya , Smile ! '' Jack Meskill , Charles O'Flynn , Max Rich Toon Chorus 1 : 17 16 . `` End Title ( Who Framed Roger Rabbit ) '' Silvestri Silvestri 4 : 56 Release ( edit ) Michael Eisner , then CEO , and Roy E. Disney , Vice Chairman of the Walt Disney Company , felt Who Framed Roger Rabbit was too risqué with sexual references . Eisner and Zemeckis disagreed over various elements of the film , but since Zemeckis had final cut privilege , he refused to make alterations . Roy E. Disney , head of Feature Animation along with studio chief Jeffrey Katzenberg , felt it was appropriate to release the film under their Touchstone Pictures banner instead of the traditional Walt Disney Pictures banner . Who Framed Roger Rabbit opened in the United States on June 22 , 1988 , grossing $11,226,239 in 1,045 theaters during its opening weekend , ranking first place in the domestic box office . The film went on to gross $156,452,370 in North America and $173,351,588 internationally , coming to a worldwide total of $329,803,958 . At the time of release , Roger Rabbit was the twentieth highest - grossing film of all time . The film was also the second highest - grossing film of 1988 , behind only Rain Man . Zemeckis has revealed a 3D reissue could be possible . Home media ( edit ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit was first released on VHS on October 12 , 1989 . A Laserdisc edition was also released . A DVD version was first available on September 28 , 1999 . On March 25 , 2003 , Buena Vista Home Entertainment released it as a part of the `` Vista Series '' line in a two - disc collection with many extra features including a documentary , Behind the Ears : The True Story of Roger Rabbit ; a deleted scene in which a pig 's head is `` tooned '' onto Eddie 's own ; the three Roger Rabbit shorts , Tummy Trouble , Roller Coaster Rabbit , and Trail Mix - Up ; as well as a booklet and interactive games . The only short on the 2003 VHS release was Tummy Trouble . On March 12 , 2013 , Who Framed Roger Rabbit was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu - ray Disc and DVD combo pack special edition for the film 's 25th Anniversary . The film was also digitally restored by Disney for its 25th Anniversary . Frame - by - frame digital restoration was done by Prasad Studios removing dirt , tears , scratches and other defects . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 97 % based on 61 reviews and an average score of 8.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Who Framed Roger Rabbit is an innovative and entertaining film that features a groundbreaking mix of live action and animation , with a touching and original story to boot . '' Aggregator Metacritic calculated a score of 83 out of 100 based on 15 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film four stars out of four , predicting it would carry `` the type of word of mouth that money ca n't buy . This movie is not only great entertainment but a breakthrough in craftsmanship . '' Ebert and his colleague Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune spent a considerable amount of time in the Siskel & Ebert episode in which they reviewed the film analyzing the film 's painstaking filmmaking . Siskel also praised the film , and ranked it # 2 on his top ten films list for 1988 , while Ebert ranked it as # 8 on a similar list . Janet Maslin of The New York Times commented that `` although this is n't the first time that cartoon characters have shared the screen with live actors , it 's the first time they 've done it on their own terms and make it look real '' . Desson Thomson of The Washington Post considered Roger Rabbit to be `` a definitive collaboration of pure talent . Zemeckis had Walt Disney Pictures ' enthusiastic backing , producer Steven Spielberg 's pull , Warner Bros. 's blessing , Canadian animator Richard Williams ' ink and paint , Mel Blanc 's voice , Jeffrey Price 's and Peter S. Seaman 's witty , frenetic screenplay , George Lucas ' Industrial Light & Magic , and Bob Hoskins ' comical performance as the burliest , shaggiest private eye . '' Gene Shalit on the Today Show also praised the film , calling it `` one of the most extraordinary movies ever made '' . Filmsite.org called it `` a technically - marvelous film '' and a `` landmark '' that resulted from `` unprecedented cooperation '' between Warner Bros. and Disney . Conversely , Richard Corliss , writing for Time , gave a mixed review . `` The opening cartoon works just fine but too fine . The opening scene upstages the movie that emerges from it , '' he said . Corliss was mainly annoyed by the homages to the Golden Age of American animation . Animation legend Chuck Jones made a rather scathing attack on the film in his book Chuck Jones Conversations . Among his complaints , Jones accused Robert Zemeckis of robbing Richard Williams of any creative input and ruining the piano duel that both he and Williams storyboarded . Accolades ( edit ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit won three competitive Academy Awards and a Special Achievement Award . It became the first live - action / animation hybrid film to win multiple Academy Awards since Mary Poppins in 1964 . It won Academy Awards for Best Sound Effects Editing ( Charles L. Campbell and Louis Edemann ) , Best Visual Effects and Best Film Editing . Other nominations included Best Art Direction ( Art Direction : Elliot Scott ; Set Decoration : Peter Howitt ) , Best Cinematography and Best Sound ( Robert Knudson , John Boyd , Don Digirolamo and Tony Dawe ) . Richard Williams received a Special Achievement Academy Award `` for animation direction and creation of the cartoon characters '' . Roger Rabbit won the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film , as well as Best Direction for Zemeckis and Special Visual Effects . Hoskins , Lloyd , and Cassidy were nominated for their performances , while Alan Silvestri and the screenwriters received nominations . The film was nominated for four categories at the 42nd British Academy Film Awards and won for Best Visual Effects . Roger Rabbit was nominated the Golden Globe for Best Motion Picture ( Musical or Comedy ) , while Hoskins was also nominated for his performance . The film also won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and the Kids ' Choice Award for Favorite Movie . American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` I 'm not bad . I 'm just drawn that way . '' -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- Nominated Fantasy Film LEGACY ( edit ) See also : List of Who Framed Roger Rabbit media , Toontown Online , and Disney Renaissance Who Framed Roger Rabbit marks the first time that Disney 's Mickey Mouse and Warner Bros . ' Bugs Bunny have ever officially appeared on - screen together . The success of Who Framed Roger Rabbit rekindled an interest in the Golden Age of American animation , and sparked the modern animation scene . In 1991 , Walt Disney Imagineering began to develop Mickey 's Toontown for Disneyland , based on the Toontown that appeared in the film . The attraction also features a ride called Roger Rabbit 's Car Toon Spin . Three theatrical animated shorts were also produced ; Tummy Trouble played in front of Honey , I Shrunk the Kids , Roller Coaster Rabbit was shown with Dick Tracy and Trail Mix - Up was included with A Far Off Place . The film also inspired a short - lived comic book and video game spin - offs , including two PC games , the Japanese version of The Bugs Bunny Crazy Castle ( which features Roger instead of Bugs ) , a 1989 game released on the Nintendo Entertainment System , and a 1991 game released on the Game Boy . In December 2016 , the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Controversy ( edit ) With the film 's Laserdisc release , Variety first reported in March 1994 that observers uncovered several scenes of antics from the animators that supposedly featured brief nudity of the Jessica Rabbit character . While undetectable when played at the usual rate of 24 film frames per second , the Laserdisc player allowed the viewer to advance frame - by - frame to uncover these visuals . Whether or not they were actually intended to depict the nudity of the character remains unknown . Many retailers said that within minutes of the Laserdisc debut , their entire inventory was sold out . The run was fueled by media reports about the controversy , including stories on CNN and various newspapers . Another frequently debated scene includes one in which Baby Herman extends his middle finger as he passes under a woman 's dress and re-emerges with drool on his lip . There is also controversy over the scene where Daffy Duck and Donald Duck are playing a piano duel , and , during his trademark ranting gibberish , it is claimed that Donald calls Daffy a `` goddamn stupid nigger '' ; however , this is a misinterpretation , with the line from the script being `` doggone stubborn little -- . '' Legal issue ( edit ) Gary K. Wolf , author of the novel Who Censored Roger Rabbit ? , filed a lawsuit in 2001 against The Walt Disney Company . Wolf claimed he was owed royalties based on the value of `` gross receipts '' and merchandising sales . In 2002 , the trial court in the case ruled that these only referred to actual cash receipts Disney collected and denied Wolf 's claim . In its January 2004 ruling , the California Court of Appeal disagreed , finding that expert testimony introduced by Wolf regarding the customary use of `` gross receipts '' in the entertainment business could support a broader reading of the term . The ruling vacated the trial court 's order in favor of Disney and remanded the case for further proceedings . In a March 2005 hearing , Wolf estimated he was owed $7 million . Disney 's attorneys not only disputed the claim but said Wolf actually owed Disney $500,000 -- $1 million because of an accounting error discovered in preparing for the lawsuit . Wolf won the decision in 2005 , receiving between $180,000 and $400,000 in damages . Proposed sequel ( edit ) With the film 's critical and financial success , Disney and Spielberg felt it was obviously time to plan a second installment . J.J. Abrams says that he met Spielberg in 1989 to discuss working on a sequel , to the extent of preparing an outline and storyboards . More substantial work was done by Nat Mauldin , who wrote a prequel titled Roger Rabbit : The Toon Platoon , set in 1941 . Similar to the previous film , Toon Platoon featured many cameo appearances by characters from the golden Age of American animation . It began with Roger Rabbit 's early years , living on a farm in the Midwestern United States . With human Richie Davenport , Roger travels west to seek his mother , in the process meeting Jessica Krupnick ( his future wife ) , a struggling Hollywood actress . While Roger and Ritchie are enlisting in the Army , Jessica is kidnapped and forced to make pro-Nazi Germany broadcasts . Roger and Ritchie must save her by going into Nazi - occupied Europe accompanied by several other toons in their Army platoon . After their triumph , Roger and Ritchie are given a Hollywood Boulevard parade , and Roger is finally reunited with his mother , and father : Bugs Bunny . Mauldin later re-titled his script Who Discovered Roger Rabbit . Spielberg left the project when deciding he could not satirize Nazis after directing Schindler 's List . Eisner commissioned a rewrite in 1997 with Sherri Stoner and Deanna Oliver . Although they kept Roger 's search for his mother , Stoner and Oliver replaced the WWII subplot with Roger 's inadvertent rise to stardom on Broadway and Hollywood . Disney was impressed and Alan Menken was hired to write five songs for the film and offered his services as executive producer . One of the songs , `` This Only Happens in the Movies '' , was recorded in 2008 on the debut album of Broadway actress Kerry Butler . Eric Goldberg was set to be the new animation director , and began to redesign Roger 's new character appearance . Spielberg had no interest in the project because he was establishing DreamWorks , although Frank Marshall and Kathleen Kennedy decided to stay on as producers . Test footage for Who Discovered Roger Rabbit was shot sometime in 1998 at the Disney animation unit in Lake Buena Vista , Florida ; the results were a mix of CGI , traditional animation and live - action that did not please Disney . A second test had the toons completely converted to CGI ; but this was dropped as the film 's projected budget escalated well past $100 million . Eisner felt it was best to cancel the film . In March 2003 , producer Don Hahn was doubtful about a sequel being made , arguing that public tastes had changed since the 1990s with the rise of computer animation . `` There was something very special about that time when animation was not as much in the forefront as it is now . '' In December 2007 , Marshall stated that he was still `` open '' to the idea , and in April 2009 , Zemeckis revealed he was still interested . According to a 2009 MTV News story , Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman were writing a new script for the project , and the animated characters would be in traditional 2D , while the rest would be in motion capture . However , in 2010 , Zemeckis said that the sequel would remain hand - drawn animated and live - action sequences will be filmed , just like in the original film , but the lighting effects on the cartoon characters and some of the props that the toons handle will be done digitally . Also in 2010 , Don Hahn , who was the film 's original associate producer , confirmed the sequel 's development in an interview with Empire . He stated , `` Yeah , I could n't possibly comment . I deny completely , but yeah ... if you 're a fan , pretty soon you 're going to be very , very , very happy . '' In 2010 , Bob Hoskins stated he was interested in the project , reprising his role as Eddie Valiant . However , he retired from acting in 2012 after being diagnosed with Parkinson 's disease a year earlier , and died from those complications in 2014 . Marshall has confirmed that the film is a prequel , similar to earlier drafts , and that the writing was almost complete . During an interview at the premiere of Flight , Zemeckis stated that the sequel was still possible , despite Hoskins ' absence , and the script for the sequel was sent to Disney for approval from studio executives . In February 2013 , Gary K. Wolf , writer of the original novel , said that he , as well as Erik Von Wodtke were working on a development proposal for an animated Disney buddy comedy starring Mickey Mouse and Roger Rabbit called The Stooge , based on the 1952 film of the same name . The proposed film is set to a prequel , taking place five years before Who Framed Roger Rabbit and part of the story is about how Roger met Jessica , his future wife . Wolf has stated the film is currently wending its way through Disney . In November 2016 , while promoting his latest film , Allied , in England , Zemeckis took some time to have an interview with Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph . As the conversation shifted focus to the Roger Rabbit sequel , Zemeckis stated that the sequel `` moves the story of Roger and Jessica Rabbit into the next few years of period film , moving on from film noir to the world of the 1950s '' . He also stated that the sequel would feature a `` digital Bob Hoskins '' , as Eddie Valiant would return in `` ghost form '' . While the director went on to state that the script is `` terrific '' and the film would still utilize hand - drawn animation , Zemeckis thinks that the chances of Disney green - lighting the sequel are `` slim '' . As he explained more in detail , `` The current corporate Disney culture ( the current studio management of The Walt Disney Company ) has no interest in Roger , and they certainly do n't like Jessica at all . '' Roger Rabbit dance ( edit ) Roger Rabbit was the inspiration for a popular dance move in the early 1990s , called `` the Roger Rabbit '' due to the floppy movements of the character in the film . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The budget has been commonly reported as $70 million , including by The New York Times in 1991 , who subsequently issued an erratum to state that both Amblin and Touchstone insist the budget was `` about $50 million '' . Publications of the film 's accounts since then indicate that the exact production cost of the film was $58,166,000 , including the production overhead which came to a total of $7,587,000 , putting the net cost at $50,587,000 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WHO FRAMED ROGER RABBIT ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 18 , 1988 . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greenburg , James ( 26 May 1991 ) . `` FILM ; Why the ' Hudson Hawk ' Budget Soared So High '' . The New York Times . p. 3 . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ; Wilson , Lucy Autrey , eds. ( 2010 ) . George Lucas 's Blockbusting : A Decade - By - Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success . HarperCollins . p. 615 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 177889 - 6 . Production cost ( with overhead ) : $58,166 ( Unadjusted $ s in Thousands of Dollars ) Jump up ^ Vogel , Harold L. ( 2010 ) . Entertainment Industry Economics : A Guide for Financial Analysis . Cambridge University Press . p. 208 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00309 - 5 . Production cost : 50,579 ; Production overhead : 7,587 ( Data in $000 s ) Jump up ^ Who Framed Roger Rabbit at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ King , Susan ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Classic Hollywood : On the case of ' Roger Rabbit ' '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` With `` 20,000 Leagues , '' the National Film Registry Reaches 700 `` . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : James B. Stewart ( 2005 ) . DisneyWar . New York City : Simon & Schuster . p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80993 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Bradford ( 7 April 2011 ) . `` The Lost Roles of Eddie Murphy '' . Splitsider . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Harris , Will ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` Christopher Lloyd on playing a vampire , a taxi driver , a toon , and more '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Zemeckis , Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman , Ken Ralston , Frank Marshall , Steve Starkey , DVD audio commentary , 2003 , Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment ^ Jump up to : Robert Zemeckis , Richard Williams , Bob Hoskins , Charles Fleischer , Frank Marshall , Alan Silvestri , Ken Ralston , Behind the Ears : The True Story of Roger Rabbit , 2003 , Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment ^ Jump up to : Norman Kagan ( May 2003 ) . `` Who Framed Roger Rabbit '' . The Cinema of Robert Zemeckis . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 93 -- 117 . ISBN 0 - 87833 - 293 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rabin , Nathan ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Kathleen Turner talks The Perfect Family , Body Heat , and her return to cinema '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What You Never Knew About Who Framed Roger Rabbit ? '' ( Video ) . YouTube . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Disneyana Fan Club Convention Highlight : Voice Panel '' ( Video ) . YouTube . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stewart , p. 72 Jump up ^ TheThiefArchive ( September 5 , 2014 ) . `` Early unmade version of `` Who Framed Roger Rabbit '' ( Paul Reubens , Darrell Van Citters , Disney 1983 ) `` . YouTube . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ian Nathan ( May 1996 ) . `` Dreams : Terry Gilliam 's Unresolved Projects '' . Empire . pp. 37 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Don Hahn , Peter Schneider , Waking Sleeping Beauty DVD commentary , 2010 , Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment Jump up ^ `` ' Who Framed Roger Rabbit ? ' And Six Other Big Roles Harrison Ford Missed Out On '' . July 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farr , John ( September 19 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Murray and the Roles That Got Away '' . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 15 Things You Might Not Know About Who Framed Roger Rabbit '' . April 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , Brian Galindo BuzzFeed. `` 20 Things You Did n't Know About `` Who Framed Roger Rabbit '' `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Who Shot Roger Rabbit , 1986 script by Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman Jump up ^ DVD production notes ^ Jump up to : Stewart , p. 87 Jump up ^ Wolf , Scott ( 2008 ) . `` DON HAHN talks about ' Who Framed Roger Rabbit ? ' '' . Mouseclubhouse.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Robert Zemeckis , Frank Marshall , Jeffrey Price , Peter Seaman , Steve Starkey , and Ken Ralston . Who Framed Roger Rabbit - Blu - ray audio commentary , 2013 , Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment Jump up ^ `` Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( Alan Silvestri ) '' . Filmtracks. April 16 , 2002 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Stewart , p. 88 Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for June 24 - 26 , 1988 '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . June 27 , 1988 . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Framed Roger Rabbit '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Domestic Totals '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dave Trumbore . `` Robert Zemeckis Talks WHO FRAMED ROGER RABBIT Sequel , a Possible 3D Re-Release , 3D Post-Conversions and Possible Remakes of His Other Films '' Retrieved March 7 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` More Toons For Grownup ` Roger ` Fans '' . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Dave ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Who Framed Roger Rabbit ' and more modern Disney classics head to Blu - ray '' . HitFix . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rawden , Jessica ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` Who Framed Roger Rabbit And Three More Disney Titles To Hit Blu - ray In March '' . Cinemablend . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ prasadgroup.org , Digital Film Restoration Archived October 13 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Who Framed Roger Rabbit Gets Digital Restoration For 25th Anniversary Screening '' . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who Framed Roger Rabbit '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2004 . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( June 22 , 1988 ) . `` Who Framed Roger Rabbit '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 31 , 1988 ) . `` The Best 10 Movies of 1988 '' . Roger Ebert 's Journal . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Janet Maslin ( June 22 , 1988 ) . `` Who Framed Roger Rabbit '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Desson Thomson ( June 24 , 1988 ) . `` Who Framed Roger Rabbit '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Roger Rabbit TV spot Jump up ^ AMC Filmsite : Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Retrieved 15 December 2014 Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( June 27 , 1988 ) . `` Creatures of A Subhuman Species '' ( Registration required to read article ) . Time . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Furniss , Maureen ( 2005 ) . Chuck Jones : Conversations . Conversations with Comic Artists . Jackson , Miss. : University Press of Mississippi . pp. 152 -- 153 . ISBN 1 - 578067 - 2 - 86 . Jump up ^ `` The 61st Academy Awards ( 1989 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who Framed Roger Rabbit '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Saturn Awards Organization . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2008 . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Who Framed Roger Rabbit '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Who Framed Roger Rabbit '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2006 . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Hugo Awards : 1989 '' . The Hugo Awards . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Gore ( July 1999 ) . `` Roger Rabbit Two : The Toon Platoon '' . The 50 Greatest Movies Never Made . New York City : St. Martin 's Press . pp. 165 -- 168 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 20082 - X . Jump up ^ Aljean Harmetz ( July 19 , 1989 ) . `` Marketing Magic , With Rabbit , for Disney Films '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Maria Eftimiades ( April 29 , 1990 ) . `` It 's Heigh Ho , as Disney Calls the Toons to Work '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` No Underwear Under There '' . Chicago Tribune . March 22 , 1994 . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Fleming ( March 14 , 1994 ) . `` Jessica Rabbit revealed '' . Variety . Retrieved November 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Adam Sandler ( March 16 , 1994 ) . `` Rabbit frames feed flap '' . Variety . Retrieved November 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Naked Jessica Rabbit '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schweizer , Peter ; Schweizer , Rochelle ( 1998 ) . Disney : The Mouse Betrayed . Regnery . pp. 143 & 144 . ISBN 0 - 89526 - 387 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Quacking Wise '' . Jump up ^ Smith , Dave . Disney A to Z : The Official Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Paul Sweeting ( February 5 , 2004 ) . `` Disney , Roger Rabbit author in spat '' . Video Business . Retrieved November 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jesse Hiestand ( March 22 , 2005 ) . `` Roger Rabbit Animated In Court '' . AllBusiness.com . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2009 . Retrieved November 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Disney To Pay Wolf ' Rabbit ' Royalties '' . Billboard . July 5 , 2005 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ J.J. Abrams ; Dan Trachtenberg ( March 11 , 2016 ) . Episode 791 : Nerdist Podcast - J.J. Abrams and Dan Trachtenberg . The Nerdist Podcast . Event occurs at 01 : 24 : 55 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Script Review : Roger Rabbit II : Toon Platoon '' . FilmBuffOnline.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steve Daly ( April 16 , 2008 ) . `` Steven Spielberg and George Lucas : The Titans Talk ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Martin `` Dr. Toon '' Goodman ( April 3 , 2003 ) . `` Who Screwed Roger Rabbit ? '' . Animation World Magazine . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2009 . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kerry Butler 's ' Faith , Trust and Pixie Dust ' Set For May Release '' . Broadway World . February 28 , 2008 . Retrieved November 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Staff ( March 26 , 2003 ) . `` Do n't expect a Rabbit sequel '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shawn Adler ( September 11 , 2007 ) . `` Roger Rabbit Sequel Still In The Offing ? Stay Tooned , Says Producer '' . MTV Movies Blog . Retrieved November 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Eric Ditzian ( April 29 , 2009 ) . `` Robert Zemeckis ' Buzzing ' About Second ' Roger Rabbit ' Movie '' . MTV Movies Blog . Retrieved April 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Robert Zemeckis Indicates He 'll Use Performance - Capture And 3 - D In ' Roger Rabbit ' Sequel '' . Moviesblog.mtv.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Toontown Antics - Roger Rabbit 's adventures in real and animated life : Roger Rabbit 2 -- In 3D ? '' . Toontownantics.blogspot.com . July 20 , 2010 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : The Lion King To Go 3D ! Movie News Empire '' . Empireonline.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ HeyUGuys. Twitter. September 2010 Jump up ^ `` Bob Hoskins retires from acting '' . Itv.com . August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Marshall Talks WHO FRAMED ROGER RABBIT 2 Sequel , THE BOURNE LEGACY , THE GOONIES 2 , More '' . Collider . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ . `` Despite Bob Hoskins ' Retirement , the ' Roger Rabbit ' Sequel is Still Possible '' . / Film . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` View topic - Mickey Mouse & Roger Rabbit in The Stooge '' . Dvdizzy.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon . `` Who Framed Roger Rabbit 2 would include `` digital Bob Hoskins '' `` . Den of Geek . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ For example , fitness expert Monica Brant verifies her efforts to learn the dance in the 1990s in Monica Brant , Monica Brant 's Secrets to Staying Fit and Loving Life ( Sports Publishing LLC , 2005 ) , 4 . Jump up ^ The dance is even used in the dedication of W. Michael Kelley , The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Calculus ( Alpha Books , 2002 ) , ii . Further reading ( edit ) Mike Bonifer ( June 1989 ) . The Art of Who Framed Roger Rabbit . First Glance Books . ISBN 0 - 9622588 - 0 - 6 . Martin Noble ( December 1988 ) . Who Framed Roger Rabbit . Novelization of the film . Virgin Books . ISBN 0 - 352 - 32389 - 2 . Gary K. Wolf ( July 1991 ) . Who P-P-P - Plugged Roger Rabbit ? . Spin - off from the film and Wolf 's Who Censored Roger Rabbit ? . Villard . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 40094 - 3 . Bob Foster ( 1989 ) . Roger Rabbit : The Resurrection of Doom . Comic book sequel between Who Framed Roger Rabbit and the theatrical short Tummy Trouble . Marvel Comics . ISBN 0 - 87135 - 593 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Who Framed Roger Rabbit . Look up Appendix : Roger Rabbit in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Who Framed Roger Rabbit Who Framed Roger Rabbit on IMDb Who Framed Roger Rabbit at the TCM Movie Database Who Framed Roger Rabbit at The Big Cartoon DataBase Who Framed Roger Rabbit at Box Office Mojo Who Framed Roger Rabbit at Rotten Tomatoes Who Framed Roger Rabbit at Metacritic Ken P ( April 1 , 2003 ) . `` An Interview with Don Hahn '' . IGN . Ken P ( March 31 , 2003 ) . `` An Interview with Andreas Deja '' . IGN . Wade Sampson ( December 17 , 2008 ) . `` The Roger Rabbit That Never Was '' . Mouse Planet . Andrew , Farago ; Bill Desowitz ( November 30 , 2008 ) . `` Roger Rabbit Turns 20 '' . Animation World Network . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2008 . Links to related articles ( hide ) Roger Rabbit Environment Characters Roger Rabbit Jessica Rabbit Toontown Acme Corporation Media Who Censored Roger Rabbit ? ( Gary K. 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Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Looney Tunes films Theatrical Space Jam Looney Tunes : Back in Action Featurettes Adventures of the Road Runner Direct - to - video Tweety 's High - Flying Adventure Bah , Humduck ! A Looney Tunes Christmas Looney Tunes : Rabbits Run Documentaries Bugs Bunny : Superstar Chuck Amuck : The Movie Compilations Bugs Bunny The Bugs Bunny / Road Runner Movie The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie Bugs Bunny 's 3rd Movie : 1001 Rabbit Tales The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame Daffy Duck Daffy Duck 's Fantastic Island Daffy Duck 's Quackbusters Cameos Haunted Gold Alice in Wonderland When 's Your Birthday ? The Big Broadcast of 1938 She Married a Cop Love Thy Neighbor The Lady Eve Hi Diddle Diddle Two Guys from Texas My Dream Is Yours Who Framed Roger Rabbit Gremlins 2 : The New Batch Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed Woody Woodpecker by Walter Lantz Cartoons & TV series Woody Woodpecker filmography The Woody Woodpecker Show ( 1957 -- 1958 ) The New Woody Woodpecker Show ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Characters Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Pooch the Pup Andy Panda Woody Woodpecker Buzz Buzzard Chilly Willy Dapper Denver Dooley Sugarfoot Wally Walrus Gabby Gator Inspector Willoughby Mrs. Meany Maggie and Sam The Beary Family Video games Férias Frustradas do Pica - Pau ( 1996 ) Woody Woodpecker Racing ( 2000 ) Woody Woodpecker : Escape from Buzz Buzzard Park ( 2001 ) Universal Studios Theme Parks Adventure ( 2001 ) Woody Woodpecker in Crazy Castle 5 ( 2003 ) Other film / TV appearances Destination Moon ( 1950 ) Psycho III ( 1986 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) Son of the Mask ( 2005 ) `` Homer Simpson , This Is Your Wife '' ( 2006 ) Related personnel Walter Lantz Productions Universal Cartoon Studios Ben Hardaway Mel Blanc Grace Stafford Alex Lovy Shamus Culhane Dick Lundy Don Patterson Paul Smith List of Woody Woodpecker merchandise Woody Woodpecker ( 2017 ) VIAF : 227043783 GND : 1024741664 SUDOC : 177516690 BNF : cb142949680 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit&oldid=808578803 '' Categories : 1988 films English - language films 1988 animated films 1980s American animated films 1980s comedy films 1980s fantasy films 1980s mystery films American films American animated fantasy films American detective films American fantasy - comedy films Who Framed Roger Rabbit Animated films about animals Comedy mystery films Crossover animation Crossover films Films about animation Films about films Films about rabbits and hares Films adapted into comics Films adapted into video games Films based on American novels Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in 1947 Films set in Los Angeles Films set in studio lots Films shot in Hertfordshire Films shot in Los Angeles Films with live action and animation Looney Tunes films Pacific Electric Railway Parallel universes in fiction Rotoscoped films Amblin Entertainment films Amblin Entertainment animated films Disney animated films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Films shot at Elstree Studios Touchstone Pictures films Touchstone Pictures animated films Walt Disney Records soundtracks Films that won the Best Sound Editing Academy Award Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation winning works Film scores by Alan Silvestri Films directed by Robert Zemeckis Films produced by Frank Marshall Films produced by Steven Spielberg United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from October 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 18 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played eddie in who framed roger rabbit	[ "Bob Hoskins as Eddie Valiant, an alcoholic private investigator who resents Toons. Executive producer Spielberg's first choice for the role was Harrison Ford, but Ford's price was too high. Bill Murray was also considered for the role; however, due to his method of receiving offers for roles, he missed out.[8] Eddie Murphy reportedly turned down the role and later regretted it.[9]" ]	[ "Bob Hoskins" ]
7139444393625709196	List of Chief Ministers of Odisha	List of chief ministers of Odisha - Wikipedia List of chief ministers of Odisha Jump to : navigation , search Chief Minister of Odisha ( Odisha 's chief minister ) Incumbent Naveen Patnaik since 5 March 2000 Appointer Governor of Odisha Inaugural holder Harekrushna Mahatab Formation 23 April 1946 The Chief Minister of Odisha , an eastern Indian state , is the head of the Government of Odisha . As per the Constitution of India , the governor is the state 's de jure head , but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister . Following elections to the Odisha Legislative Assembly , the governor usually invites the party ( or coalition ) with a majority of seats to form the government . The governor appoints the chief minister , whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly . Given that he has the confidence of the assembly , the chief minister 's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits . Since 1946 , Odisha has had 14 chief ministers . The first was Harekrushna Mahatab of the Indian National Congress . Serving since 2000 , Naveen Patnaik of the Biju Janata Dal is the incumbent chief minister , and the longest - serving one in Odisha 's history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premiers of Orissa 2 Chief Ministers of Odisha 3 See also 4 References Premiers of Orissa ( edit ) No Name Term of office Party Days in office Krushna Chandra Gajapati 1 April 1937 19 July 1937 Independent 80 days Biswanath Das 19 July 1937 4 November 1939 Indian National Congress ( 1 ) Krushna Chandra Gajapati 29 November 1941 29 June 1944 Independent Chief ministers of Odisha ( edit ) Colour key for parties Biju Janata Dal Indian National Congress Janata Dal Janata Party Swatantra Party N / A ( President 's rule ) No Name Term of office Party Days in office Harekrushna Mahatab 23 April 1946 12 May 1950 Indian National Congress 1002 days Nabakrushna Choudhury MLA for Barchana 12 May 1950 20 Feb 1952 2352 days 20 Feb 1952 19 Oct 1956 ( 1 ) Harekrushna Mahatab MLA for Soro 19 October 1956 6 Apr 1957 1591 days ( Total 2593 days ) 6 Apr 1957 22 May 1959 22 May 1959 25 Feb 1961 -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 25 February 1961 23 June 1961 N / A Biju Patnaik MLA for Choudwar 23 June 1961 2 October 1963 Indian National Congress 832 days Biren Mitra MLA for Cuttack City 2 October 1963 21 February 1965 509 days Sadashiva Tripathy MLA for Omerkote 21 February 1965 8 March 1967 746 days 6 Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo MLA for Bolangir 8 March 1967 9 January 1971 Swatantra Party 1403 days -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 11 January 1971 3 April 1971 N / A 7 Biswanath Das MLA for Rourkela 3 April 1971 14 June 1972 Independent 439 days 8 Nandini Satpathy 14 June 1972 3 March 1973 Indian National Congress 263 days -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 3 March 1973 6 March 1974 N / A ( 8 ) Nandini Satpathy MLA for Dhenkanal 6 March 1974 16 December 1976 Indian National Congress 1016 days ( Total 1279 days ) -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 16 December 1976 29 December 1976 N / A 9 Binayak Acharya MLA for Berhampur 29 December 1976 30 April 1977 Indian National Congress 123 days -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 30 April 1977 26 June 1977 N / A 10 Nilamani Routray MLA for Basudevpur 26 June 1977 17 February 1980 Janata Party 968 days -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 17 February 1980 9 June 1980 N / A 11 Janaki Ballabh Patnaik MLA for Athagarh 9 June 1980 10 Mar 1985 Indian National Congress 3469 days 10 Mar 1985 7 Dec 1989 12 Hemananda Biswal MLA for Laikera 7 December 1989 5 March 1990 89 days ( 3 ) Biju Patnaik MLA for Bhubaneswar 5 March 1990 15 March 1995 Janata Dal 1837 days ( Total 2669 days ) ( 11 ) Janaki Ballabh Patnaik MLA for Begunia 15 March 1995 17 February 1999 Indian National Congress 1437 days ( Total 4906 days ) 13 Giridhar Gamang MLA for Laxmipur 17 February 1999 6 December 1999 291 days ( 12 ) Hemananda Biswal MLA for Laikera 6 December 1999 5 March 2000 91 days ( Total 180 days ) 14 Naveen Patnaik MLA for Hinjili 5 March 2000 16 May 2004 Biju Janata Dal 6512 days ( 7003651200000000000 ♠ 17 years , 303 days ) 16 May 2004 21 May 2009 21 May 2009 21 May 2014 21 May 2014 Incumbent Notes Jump up ^ This column only names the chief minister 's party . The state government he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents ; these are not listed here . ^ Jump up to : When President 's rule is in force in a state , its council of ministers stands dissolved . The office of chief minister thus lies vacant . At times , the legislative assembly also stands dissolved . See also ( edit ) Legislative Assembly election results of Odisha List of current Indian chief ministers List of Governors of Odisha References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Durga Das Basu . Introduction to the Constitution of India . 1960 . 20th Edition , 2011 Reprint . pp. 241 , 245 . LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 559 - 9 . Note : although the text talks about Indian state governments in general , it applies for the specific case of Odisha as well . Jump up ^ Amberish K. Diwanji . `` A dummy 's guide to President 's rule '' . Rediff.com. 15 March 2005 . Retrieved on 3 March 2013 . Lists of chief ministers of Indian states ( and current incumbents ) Andhra Pradesh N. Chandrababu Naidu Arunachal Pradesh Pema Khandu Assam Sarbananda Sonowal Bihar Nitish Kumar Chhattisgarh Raman Singh Delhi Arvind Kejriwal Goa Manohar Parrikar Gujarat Vijay Rupani Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar Himachal Pradesh Jai Ram Thakur Jammu and Kashmir Mehbooba Mufti Jharkhand Raghubar Das Karnataka Siddaramaiah Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh Chouhan Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis Manipur N. Biren Singh Meghalaya Mukul Sangma Mizoram Lal Thanhawla Nagaland T.R. Zeliang Odisha Naveen Patnaik Puducherry V. Narayanasamy Punjab Amarinder Singh Rajasthan Vasundhara Raje Sikkim Pawan Kumar Chamling Tamil Nadu Edappadi K. Palaniswami Telangana K. Chandrasekhar Rao Tripura Manik Sarkar Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath Uttarakhand Trivendra Singh Rawat West Bengal Mamata Banerjee Women chief ministers From the Bharatiya Janata Party From the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Chief Ministers of Odisha Harekrushna Mahatab Nabakrushna Choudhuri Biju Patnaik Biren Mitra Sadashiva Tripathy Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo Biswanath Das Nandini Satpathy Binayak Acharya Nilamani Routray Janaki Ballabh Patnaik Hemananda Biswal Giridhar Gamang Naveen Patnaik State of Odisha Capital : Bhubaneswar Governance Governors Chief Ministers Legislative Assembly Political parties Raj Bhavan High Court Police Topics Arts Cinema Cuisine Culture Economy Education Elections Flora and Fauna Geography Highest point History Historic sites Rulers Language Act Alphabet Literature Morphology People Politics Tourism GI Products Berhampur Patta Bomkai Sari Dhalapathar Parda & Fabrics Ganjam Kewda Flower Ganjam Kewda Rooh Gopalpur Tussar Fabrics Habaspuri Saree & Fabrics Khandua Konark Stone Carving Kotpad Handloom fabrics Orissa Ikat Pattachitra Pipili applique work Sambalpuri saree Districts Angul Balasore Bargarh Bhadrak Balangir Boudh Cuttack Debagarh Dhenkanal Gajapati Ganjam Jagatsinghpur Jajpur Jharsuguda Kalahandi Kandhamal Kendrapara Kendujhar Khordha Koraput Malkangiri Mayurbhanj Nabarangpur Nayagarh Nuapada Puri Rayagada Sambalpur Subarnapur Sundargarh Cities Angul Balasore Barbil Bargarh Baripada Bhadrak Bhubaneswar Berhampur Cuttack Dhenkanal Jajpur Jharsuguda Puri Rourkela Sambalpur Odisha portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Odisha&oldid=793883446 '' Categories : Chief Ministers of Odisha Lists of Chief Ministers of Indian states Odisha - related lists Hidden categories : Use Indian English from August 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia नेपाल भाषा ଓଡ଼ିଆ தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2017 , at 14 : 52 . About Wikipedia	who is the chief minister of odisha in 2017	[ "\n\nNo\nName\nTerm of office\nParty[a]\nDays in office\n\n\n1\nHarekrushna Mahatab\n23 April 1946\n12 May 1950\nIndian National Congress\n\n1002 days\n\n\n2\nNabakrushna Choudhury\nMLA for Barchana\n12 May 1950\n20 Feb 1952\n2352 days\n\n\n20 Feb 1952\n19 Oct 1956\n\n\n(1)\nHarekrushna Mahatab\nMLA for Soro\n19 October 1956\n6 Apr 1957\n1591 days (Total 2593 days)\n\n\n6 Apr 1957\n22 May 1959\n\n\n22 May 1959\n25 Feb 1961\n\n\n–\nVacant[b]\n(President's rule)\n25 February 1961\n23 June 1961\nN/A\n\n\n\n\n3\nBiju Patnaik\nMLA for Choudwar\n23 June 1961\n2 October 1963\nIndian National Congress\n\n832 days\n\n\n4\nBiren Mitra\nMLA for Cuttack City\n2 October 1963\n21 February 1965\n509 days\n\n\n5\nSadashiva Tripathy\nMLA for Omerkote\n21 February 1965\n8 March 1967\n746 days\n\n\n6\nRajendra Narayan Singh Deo\nMLA for Bolangir\n8 March 1967\n9 January 1971\nSwatantra Party\n\n1403 days\n\n\n–\nVacant[b]\n(President's rule)\n11 January 1971\n3 April 1971\nN/A\n\n\n\n\n7\nBiswanath Das\nMLA for Rourkela\n3 April 1971\n14 June 1972\nIndependent\n\n439 days\n\n\n8\nNandini Satpathy\n14 June 1972\n3 March 1973\nIndian National Congress\n\n263 days\n\n\n–\nVacant[b]\n(President's rule)\n3 March 1973\n6 March 1974\nN/A\n\n\n\n\n(8)\nNandini Satpathy\nMLA for Dhenkanal\n6 March 1974\n16 December 1976\nIndian National Congress\n\n1016 days (Total 1279 days)\n\n\n–\nVacant[b]\n(President's rule)\n16 December 1976\n29 December 1976\nN/A\n\n\n\n\n9\nBinayak Acharya\nMLA for Berhampur\n29 December 1976\n30 April 1977\nIndian National Congress\n\n123 days\n\n\n–\nVacant[b]\n(President's rule)\n30 April 1977\n26 June 1977\nN/A\n\n\n\n\n10\nNilamani Routray\nMLA for Basudevpur\n26 June 1977\n17 February 1980\nJanata Party\n\n968 days\n\n\n–\nVacant[b]\n(President's rule)\n17 February 1980\n9 June 1980\nN/A\n\n\n\n\n11\nJanaki Ballabh Patnaik\nMLA for Athagarh\n9 June 1980\n10 Mar 1985\nIndian National Congress\n\n3469 days\n\n\n10 Mar 1985\n7 Dec 1989\n\n\n12\nHemananda Biswal\nMLA for Laikera\n7 December 1989\n5 March 1990\n89 days\n\n\n(3)\nBiju Patnaik\nMLA for Bhubaneswar\n5 March 1990\n15 March 1995\nJanata Dal\n\n1837 days (Total 2669 days)\n\n\n(11)\nJanaki Ballabh Patnaik\nMLA for Begunia\n15 March 1995\n17 February 1999\nIndian National Congress\n\n1437 days (Total 4906 days)\n\n\n13\nGiridhar Gamang\nMLA for Laxmipur\n17 February 1999\n6 December 1999\n291 days\n\n\n(12)\nHemananda Biswal\nMLA for Laikera\n6 December 1999\n5 March 2000\n91 days (Total 180 days)\n\n\n14\nNaveen Patnaik\nMLA for Hinjili\n5 March 2000\n16 May 2004\nBiju Janata Dal\n\n6512 days\n(7003651200000000000♠17 years, 303 days)\n\n\n16 May 2004\n21 May 2009\n\n\n21 May 2009\n21 May 2014\n\n\n21 May 2014\nIncumbent\n\n" ]	[ "Naveen Patnaik" ]
6136356697554036246	United States Passport Card	United States passport card - wikipedia United States passport card `` Passport Card '' redirects here . For the Irish Passport Card , see Irish passport § Passport Card . United States Passport Card The front of a United States Passport Card . Date first issued July 14 , 2008 Issued by United States Valid in ( NOT for international air travel ) Canada Mexico ( only within border zone ) Bermuda Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba the Bahamas British Virgin Islands Caribbean Netherlands ( of Bonaire ; Sint Eustatius and Saba ; Curaçao ; Sint Maarten ) Cayman Islands Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Jamaica ( not for business ) Montserrat Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Turks and Caicos Islands Type of document Identity document Travel document * Purpose Identification Eligibility requirements United States nationality Expiration 10 years after acquisition for people 16 or older ; 5 years for minors under 16 Cost $30 ( adults ) / $15 ( minors under 16 ) $35 execution fee ( required for all minor 's cards and passports and an adult 's first passport . Only one execution fee is charged for an individual applying for both a card and book at the same time . ) The U.S. Passport Card is the de facto national identification card of the United States and a limited travel document issued by the federal government of the United States in the size of a credit card . Like a U.S. passport book , the passport card is only issued to U.S. citizens and U.S. nationals exclusively by the U.S. Department of State and is compliant to the standards for identity documents set by the REAL ID Act and can be used as proof of U.S. citizenship . The passport card 's intended primary purpose is for identification and to allow cardholders to travel by domestic air flights within the United States and to enter and exit the United States via land and sea between member states of the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative ( WHTI ) . However , the passport card can not be used for international air travel . The passport card ( previously known as the People Access Security Service Card , or PASS Card ) was created as a result of the WHTI which imposed more stringent documentary requirements on travelers . Applications have been accepted since February 1 , 2008 ; production of the cards began July 14 , 2008 . By the end of 2016 , more than 12 million Passport Cards had been issued to U.S. citizens . The card is manufactured by L - 1 Identity Solutions . National identity cards with similar utility are common inside the European Union countries for both national and international use , with the difference that such cards are often mandatory to carry in several of these countries . In contrast , there are only some states in the US which have ' stop and identify statutes ' and in these states a driving licence will always suffice . Contents 1 History 2 Use 3 Validity and fees 4 Card layout 4.1 Anti-counterfeiting features 5 Use 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) As a result of the September 11 attacks , the United States began implementing a range of measures to increase the security of its borders and its identity documents . One result of this was WHTI , which mandates that a smaller , more secure number of documents verifying both identity and citizenship be used to facilitate identification and international border crossing . Previous to WHTI , many different types of documents were acceptable to cross the border , including birth certificates issued by thousands of different authorities within the United States and Canada . As a result of WHTI , American citizens traveling to Canada would have been required to obtain a passport booklet in order to cross the border . In order to offer a less expensive and more portable alternative to border communities and frequent travelers , the passport card was developed . In an effort to improve efficiency at land crossings , the passport card also includes a vicinity - read radio frequency identification chip with a unique identifying number tied to government databases . Unlike the passport book , the RFID chip in the passport card is designed to be readable at a greater distance , allowing border agents to access traveler information before they pull up to the inspection station . While a biometric passport contains a chip containing all of the traveler 's information in electronic format , the RFID chip in a passport card does not contain any personal information beyond the identifying number , which is used to locate records in secure government databases . To prevent the RFID chip from being read when the card is not being used , the passport card comes with a sleeve designed to block RFID while inside . Use ( edit ) The passport card is a limited travel document , valid only for land and sea travel within North America ( Canada , the United States , Mexico , the Caribbean , and Bermuda ) . It can not be used for international air travel . The Department of State indicates that this is because `` designing a card format passport for wide use , including by air travelers , would inadvertently undercut the broad based international effort to strengthen civil aviation security and travel document specifications to address the post 9 / 11 threat environment '' . Aside from being unable to be used for international air travel , the passport card is treated as a passport for all other purposes . A United States passport card can be used as primary evidence of United States citizenship , just like a passport booklet , and can be used as a valid proof of citizenship and proof of identity both inside and outside the United States . However , the acceptance of the passport card as an identity document by both private and governmental entities within the U.S. varies greatly , due to its unfamiliarity with many people . Under the REAL ID Act , the passport card is also accepted for federal purposes ( such as domestic air travel or entering federal buildings ) , which may make it an attractive option for people living in states whose driver 's licenses and ID cards are not REAL ID -- compliant when those requirements go into effect . TSA regulations list the passport card as an acceptable identity document at airport security checkpoints . For the purposes of state voter photo identification initiatives , the passport card has been deemed acceptable . U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services has indicated that the U.S. Passport Card may be used in the Employment Eligibility Verification Form I - 9 process . The passport card is considered a `` List A '' document that may be presented by newly hired employees during the employment eligibility verification process to show work authorized status . `` List A '' documents are those used by employees to prove both identity and work authorization when completing the Form I - 9 . Validity and fees ( edit ) The passport card will share the same validity period as the passport book : 10 years for persons 16 and over , 5 years for children under 16 . As of April 9 , 2018 , the passport card renewal fee for eligible applicants ( adults only , by mail ) is $30 ; first - time applicants and those applying in person must also pay a $35 processing fee , for a total fee of $65 . Passport cards for children must be applied for in person ; the total fee is $50 , including the $35 processing fee . Adults who already have a fully valid passport book may pay a fee of $30 to apply for the card as a passport renewal . A citizen or national is allowed to hold both a card passport and a booklet passport . A passport in either form entitles its holder to apply for the other form ( or both forms ) as a `` renewal '' by mail at the end of its validity period . Card layout ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Figure 1 : Front of Card blank artwork ( 2008 ) . Figure 2 : Card back artwork ( 2008 ) . The passport card is formatted according to specifications for credit card ( ID - 1 ) sized travel documents , as described in ICAO Document 9303 , Part 3 , Volume 1 . The card contains both human - readable and machine - readable information ; the latter is printed in the machine - readable zone on the rear of the card as OCR - readable text in a similar format as on the identity page of the passport book . The zone starts with the letters IP ( designated by ICAO for passport card ) , followed by the issuing country code USA and then the Passport Card 's serial number ( which is prefixed with a `` C '' and differs from the individual 's passport book number , even if issued together ) . The general layout of the Passport Card is virtually identical to the layout of the Border Crossing Card issued to Mexican citizens with primarily the background imagery and entitlements varying between the two cards . Anti-counterfeiting features ( edit ) In addition to the embedded RFID chip , the front of the card features a complex multi-layer hologram consisting of an American bald eagle surrounded by the words `` United States of America Department of State '' in a small clearly readable font , further surrounded by the same words repeatedly in microprint . The card 's background consists of interweaving smooth curves rich in variable color and microprint . All of the personal information on the card is created by laser engraving , with some key information produced in raised tactile engraving , including the date of birth , vertical letters `` USA '' , the passport card number , and an alphanumeric sequence underneath the photograph . A second , smaller `` ghost '' photograph of the bearer is included on the right side of the card ; when closely inspected this ghost image is actually an approximation of the shading in the original photo composed of various letters from the card holder 's name . There is an embossed seal in the upper left hand corner of the card ( partially overlapping the photograph ) depicting the obverse of the Great Seal of the United States . On the rear of the card , the `` PASSsystem '' mark appears in Optically variable ink . When viewed under UV lighting , a reddish - orange bald eagle in flight appears . On newer passport cards , the eagle is surrounded by a blue ring that reads `` From Sea To Shining Sea '' . Use ( edit ) U.S. Passport Cards can be used at land border - crossings or sea ports - of - entry only to member states and territories of the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative , currently : Canada Mexico ( only for travel within the border zone ) Bermuda Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba the Bahamas British Virgin Islands Caribbean Netherlands ( of Bonaire ; Sint Eustatius and Saba ; Curaçao ; Sint Maarten ) Cayman Islands Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Jamaica ( except for business travel ) Montserrat Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Turks and Caicos Islands The U.S. Passport card is accepted for land travel by the immigration authorities of Canada and Mexico . The U.S. Passport Card is not valid for international air travel . Since they are not participating in the WHTI , the U.S. Passport Card can not be used when entering the U.S. from the following countries and territories , even though they are considered part of the Caribbean : Barbados Trinidad and Tobago ( opted out ) Haiti ( considered too unstable ) Cuba ( embargoed ) French West Indies , composed of Guadeloupe , Martinique , Saint Barthélemy , and Saint Martin ( under French sovereignty ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Passport Fees '' . Jump up ^ `` Passport Card '' . travel.state.gov . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Passport Application Form DS - 11 ( Accessed December 2 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Passport Card '' . Travel.State.Gov . U.S. Department of State - Bureau of Consular Affairs . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Passport Card '' . U.S. Department of State , Bureau of Consular Affairs . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Passport Statistics '' . travel.state.gov . United States Department of State . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Passport Card & Border Crossing Card Solutions Archived 2013 - 03 - 01 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 24 May 2011 Jump up ^ U.S. Passport Card . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ US Government Printing Office ( 2006 - 10 - 17 ) . Federal Register , Volume 71 Issue 200 . US Government Printing Office , 17 October 2006 . Retrieved on 2010 - 08 - 04 from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2006-10-17/html/E6-17237.htm . Jump up ^ `` 42 CFR 435.407 - Types of acceptable documentary evidence of citizenship '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Passport Card Jump up ^ Driver 's License or Passports Preferred ID at Checkpoints , retrieved May 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` USCIS Informs The Public That New Passport Card Is Acceptable For Employment Eligibility Verification '' . USCIS . Jump up ^ `` List A Documents That Establish Identity and Employment Authorization '' . USCIS . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Form I - 9 Acceptable Documents '' . USCIS . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ see page V - 11 of ICAO9303 part 3 Jump up ^ `` Caribbean Region '' . Archived from the original on 31 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative '' . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jared Paventi , Demand Media . `` Which Caribbean Countries Require a Passport ? '' . Travel Tips - USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . U.S. Department of State , Bureau of Consular Affairs . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Advisory and technical committee for communications and transit . Replies of the governments to the enquiry on the application of the resolutions relating to passports , customs formalities and through tickets . Geneva : League of Nations . 1922 . OCLC 46235968 . Holder IV , Floyd William ( Fall 2009 ) . An Empirical Analysis of the State 's Monopolization of the Legitimate Means of Movement : Evaluating the Effects of Required Passport use on International Travel ( M.P.A. thesis ) . San Marcos : Texas State University . OCLC 503473693 . Docket Applied Research Projects , Paper 308 . Lloyd , Martin ( 2008 ) ( 2003 ) . The Passport : The History of Man 's Most Travelled Document ( 2nd ed . ) . Canterbury : Queen Anne 's Fan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9547150 - 3 - 8 . OCLC 220013999 . Salter , Mark B. ( 2003 ) . Rights of Passage : The Passport in International Relations . Boulder , Co : Lynne Rienner Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58826 - 145 - 8 . OCLC 51518371 . Torpey , John C. ( 2000 ) . The Invention of the Passport : Surveillance , Citizenship and the State . Cambridge studies in law and society . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63249 - 8 . OCLC 59408523 . United States ; Hunt , Gaillard ( 1898 ) . The American Passport ; Its History and a Digest of Laws , Rulings and Regulations Governing Its Issuance by the Department of State . Washington : Govt . print . off . OCLC 3836079 . External links ( edit ) Fact Sheet : Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative ( WHTI ) Passport Card Technology Choice : Vicinity RFID Release Date : October 17 , 2006 Fact Sheet : US Passport Card Release Date : January 8 , 2008 National identity cards Africa Egypt Ghana Mozambique South Africa Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh China Hong Kong Macau Cyprus Georgian India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Kazakhstan Kuwait South Korea Lebanon Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore United Arab Emirates Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Turkey Europe European Economic Area & Schengen Area Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Estonia Finland France Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands ( BES ) Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Other Europe Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Russia Serbia Turkey Ukraine North America Costa Rica Dominican Republic United States South America Argentina Brazil Chile British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . A small ( 3 % ) part of its territory is Turkish Thrace in Southeast Europe . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country and has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but have socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East having a portion of its territory , the Sinai Peninsula , in the Middle East . Partially recognized . Biometric identity cards ( ) are indicated in italics . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Passport_Card&oldid=851785372 '' Categories : Expedited border crossing schemes International travel documents Passports Canada -- United States relations United States -- Caribbean relations Radio - frequency identification Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles that may contain original research from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2018 , at 15 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where can you travel with the passport card	[ "The passport card is a limited travel document, valid only for land and sea travel within North America (Canada, the United States, Mexico, the Caribbean, and Bermuda). It cannot be used for international air travel. The Department of State indicates that this is because \"designing a card format passport for wide use, including by air travelers, would inadvertently undercut the broad based international effort to strengthen civil aviation security and travel document specifications to address the post 9/11 threat environment\".[9]\n", "The passport card is a limited travel document, valid only for land and sea travel within North America (Canada, the United States, Mexico, the Caribbean, and Bermuda). It cannot be used for international air travel. The Department of State indicates that this is because \"designing a card format passport for wide use, including by air travelers, would inadvertently undercut the broad based international effort to strengthen civil aviation security and travel document specifications to address the post 9/11 threat environment\".[9]\n", "The passport card is a limited travel document, valid only for land and sea travel within North America (Canada, the United States, Mexico, the Caribbean, and Bermuda). It cannot be used for international air travel. The Department of State indicates that this is because \"designing a card format passport for wide use, including by air travelers, would inadvertently undercut the broad based international effort to strengthen civil aviation security and travel document specifications to address the post 9/11 threat environment\".[9]\n", "The passport card is a limited travel document, valid only for land and sea travel within North America (Canada, the United States, Mexico, the Caribbean, and Bermuda). It cannot be used for international air travel. The Department of State indicates that this is because \"designing a card format passport for wide use, including by air travelers, would inadvertently undercut the broad based international effort to strengthen civil aviation security and travel document specifications to address the post 9/11 threat environment\".[9]\n" ]	[ "Canada", "Mexico", "the Caribbean", "Bermuda" ]
-5999632292902827282	Germany at the FIFA World Cup	Germany at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia Germany at the FIFA World Cup Germany national team at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia This is a record of Germany and West Germany 's results at the FIFA World Cup . The FIFA World Cup , sometimes called the Football World Cup , but usually referred to simply as the World Cup , is an international association football competition contested by the men 's national teams of the members of FIFA , the sport 's global governing body . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently takes place over the three years going to the Finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the Finals . The current format of the Finals involves 32 teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 tournament final . For Germany 's World Cup history , FIFA considers only the teams managed by the Deutscher Fußball - Bund , comprising three periods : Germany ( during Nazi era ) , West Germany and reunified Germany . The Germany national football team is one of the most successful national teams at the FIFA World Cup , winning four titles , earning second - place and third - place finishes four times each and one fourth - place finish . If you consider 3rd place or better for a winning campaign , Germany 's 12 victories in 19 tournaments add up to at least three more than any other nation . In addition , Germany are the only team which has stood on the podium ( 3rd place or better ) every decade there was a tournament held -- 1930s , 1950s , 1960s , 1970s , 1980s , 1990s , 2000s and 2010s . Along with Argentina , Brazil and Spain , they are one of the four national teams to win outside their continental confederation , with the title of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in South America . The team was present in 19 out of the 21 tournaments , the second most frequent , and only did not reach the quarterfinals twice , in 1938 and 2018 . With this , Germany 's 8th place or better ( quarterfinals ) in 17 out of 19 tournaments ( 89 % ) ranks highest in FIFA World Cup Finals history . It makes Germany the better team in the history of the tournament in terms of final positions , if points were awarded proportionally for a title , runner - up finish , third - place finish , semi-final and quarter - final appearances . Contents 1 Records 1.1 Winning World Cups 2 FIFA World Cup finals 2.1 1954 World Cup Final v Hungary 2.2 1966 World Cup Final v England 2.3 1974 World Cup Final v the Netherlands 2.4 1982 World Cup Final v Italy 2.5 1986 World Cup Final v Argentina 2.6 1990 World Cup Final v Argentina 2.7 2002 World Cup Final v Brazil 2.8 2014 World Cup Final v Argentina 3 Record players 4 Top goalscorers 5 By match 6 By opponent 7 References 8 External links Records ( edit ) 1930 -- 1938 as → → Germany 1950 -- 1990 as West Germany 1994 -- present as Germany Champions Runners - up Third place Fourth place FIFA World Cup finals record Qualifications record Year Round Position GP D * GF GA Squad GP GF GA 1930 Did not enter Did not enter -- 1934 Third place 3rd 0 11 8 Squad 0 0 9 1934 1938 First round 10th 0 5 Squad 0 0 11 1938 1950 Banned from entering 1950 1954 Champions 1st 6 5 0 25 14 Squad 0 12 1954 1958 Fourth place 4th 6 12 14 Squad Qualified as defending champions 1958 1962 Quarter - finals 7th Squad 0 0 11 5 1962 1966 Runners - up 2nd 6 15 6 Squad 0 14 1966 1970 Third place 3rd 6 5 0 17 10 Squad 6 5 0 20 1970 Champions 1st 7 6 0 13 Squad Qualified as hosts 1978 Second group stage 6th 6 10 5 Squad Qualified as defending champions 1978 1982 Runners - up 2nd 7 12 10 Squad 8 8 0 0 33 1982 1986 Runners - up 2nd 7 8 7 Squad 8 5 22 9 1986 1990 Champions 1st 7 5 0 15 5 Squad 6 0 13 1990 1994 Quarter - finals 5th 5 9 7 Squad Qualified as defending champions 1994 1998 Quarter - finals 7th 5 8 6 Squad 10 6 0 23 9 1998 2002 Runners - up 2nd 7 5 14 Squad 10 6 19 12 2002 2006 Third place 3rd 7 5 14 6 Squad Qualified as hosts 2006 Third place 3rd 7 5 0 16 5 Squad 10 8 0 26 5 2014 Champions 1st 7 6 0 18 Squad 10 9 0 36 10 2014 2018 Group stage 22nd 0 Squad 10 10 0 0 43 2018 2022 To be decided - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2022 2026 To be decided - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2026 Total 19 / 21 4 titles 109 67 20 * 22 226 125 94 74 18 292 70 Total * Denotes draws including knockout matches decided on penalty kicks . * * Red border indicates tournament was held on home soil . show Germany 's World Cup record First Match Germany 5 -- 2 Belgium ( 27 May 1934 ; Florence , Italy ) Biggest Win Germany 8 -- 0 Saudi Arabia ( 1 June 2002 ; Sapporo , Japan ) Biggest Defeat Hungary 8 - 3 West Germany ( 20 June 1954 ; Basel , Switzerland ) Best Result Champions at the 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , and 2014 World Cups Worst Result Round 1 in 1938 , Group Stage in 2018 Winning World Cups ( edit ) Year Manager Captain Winning Goal Scorer ( s ) 1954 Sepp Herberger Fritz Walter Helmut Rahn Helmut Schön Franz Beckenbauer Gerd Müller 1990 Franz Beckenbauer Lothar Matthäus Andreas Brehme 2014 Joachim Löw Philipp Lahm Mario Götze FIFA World Cup Finals ( edit ) 1954 World Cup final v Hungary ( edit ) Main article : 1954 FIFA World Cup Final Only 14 days before the final , Germany played the favoured Hungarian Golden Team in the first round of the tournament and suffered a 3 - 8 loss , their highest World Cup defeat to this day . In the final , Hungary was up by two goals after only eight minutes , so it came as a surprise that the German team not only quickly equalized but turned the game around in the 84th minute with a goal scored by Helmut Rahn . 4 July 1954 ( 1954 - 07 - 04 ) 17 : 00 CET West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary Morlock 10 ' Rahn 18 ' , 84 ' Report Puskás 6 ' Czibor 8 ' Wankdorf Stadium , Bern Attendance : 62,500 Referee : William Ling GK Toni Turek RB 7 Josef Posipal CB 10 Werner Liebrich LB Werner Kohlmeyer HB 6 Horst Eckel HB 8 Karl Mai IR 13 Max Morlock IL 16 Fritz Walter ( c ) OR 12 Helmut Rahn CF 15 Ottmar Walter OL 20 Hans Schäfer Manager : Sepp Herberger GK Gyula Grosics RB Jenő Buzánszky CB Gyula Lóránt LB Mihály Lantos HB 5 József Bozsik HB 6 József Zakariás RW 11 Zoltán Czibor AM 9 Nándor Hidegkuti LW 20 Mihály Tóth CF 8 Sándor Kocsis CF 10 Ferenc Puskás ( c ) Manager : Gusztáv Sebes 1966 World Cup final v England ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup Final The strongly contested game between Germany and host nation England went into extra time after a score of 2 - 2 after 90 minutes . Geoff Hurst 's goal in the 101st minute is one of the most controversial in football history : His shot bounced off the cross-bar onto the ground and back away from the goal . After a brief discussion with the Soviet linesman Tofiq Bahramov , referee Gottfried Dienst awarded the goal . With the Germans forced to press for the equalizer , Hurst converted a counter attack in the 120th minute and decided the match for England . 30 July 1966 15 : 00 BST England 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) West Germany Hurst 18 ' , 101 ' , 120 ' Peters 78 ' Report Haller 12 ' Weber 89 ' Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 96,924 Referee : Gottfried Dienst GK Gordon Banks RB George Cohen CB 5 Jack Charlton CB 6 Bobby Moore ( c ) LB Ray Wilson DM Nobby Stiles RM 7 Alan Ball AM 9 Bobby Charlton LM 16 Martin Peters 20 ' CF 10 Geoff Hurst CF 21 Roger Hunt Manager : Alf Ramsey GK Hans Tilkowski RB Horst - Dieter Höttges CB 5 Willi Schulz CB 6 Wolfgang Weber LB Karl - Heinz Schnellinger CM Franz Beckenbauer CM 12 Wolfgang Overath RF 8 Helmut Haller CF 9 Uwe Seeler ( c ) CF 10 Sigfried Held LF 11 Lothar Emmerich Manager : Helmut Schön 1974 World Cup final v the Netherlands ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup Final Germany reached the final as host nation in 1974 and were facing their neighbours and rivals from the Netherlands . After an early penalty scored by Johan Neeskens , Germany turned the game around to win their second World Cup trophy . 7 July 1974 16 : 00 ( CET ) Netherlands 1 -- 2 West Germany Neeskens 2 ' ( pen . ) Report Breitner 25 ' ( pen . ) Müller 43 ' Olympiastadion , Munich Attendance : 75,200 Referee : Jack Taylor GK 8 Jan Jongbloed RB 20 Wim Suurbier CB 17 Wim Rijsbergen 69 ' CB Arie Haan LB 12 Ruud Krol RM 6 Wim Jansen CM 13 Johan Neeskens 40 ' LM Willem van Hanegem 23 ' RF 16 Johnny Rep CF 14 Johan Cruyff ( c ) 45 ' LF 15 Rob Rensenbrink 46 ' Substitutes : GK 18 Piet Schrijvers DF 5 Rinus Israël MF 7 Theo de Jong 69 ' MF 10 René van de Kerkhof 46 ' FW 9 Piet Keizer Manager : Rinus Michels GK Sepp Maier RB Berti Vogts 4 ' CB 5 Franz Beckenbauer ( c ) CB Hans - Georg Schwarzenbeck LB Paul Breitner RM 16 Rainer Bonhof CM 14 Uli Hoeneß LM 12 Wolfgang Overath RF 9 Jürgen Grabowski CF 13 Gerd Müller LF 17 Bernd Hölzenbein Substitutes : GK 21 Norbert Nigbur DF 6 Horst - Dieter Höttges MF 8 Bernhard Cullmann MF 15 Heinz Flohe FW 11 Jupp Heynckes Manager : Helmut Schön 1982 World Cup final v italy ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup Final Paul Breitner became only the third player in World Cup history to have scored in two separate finals , but only after the Italians had already taken a 3 - 0 lead after 81 minutes . 11 July 1982 20 : 00 CEST Italy 3 -- 1 West Germany Rossi 57 ' Tardelli 69 ' Altobelli 81 ' Report Breitner 83 ' Estadio Santiago Bernabéu , Madrid Attendance : 90,000 Referee : Arnaldo Cézar Coelho GK Dino Zoff ( c ) SW 7 Gaetano Scirea CB 6 Claudio Gentile CB 5 Fulvio Collovati RWB Giuseppe Bergomi LWB Antonio Cabrini DM 13 Gabriele Oriali 73 ' RM 16 Bruno Conti 31 ' CM 14 Marco Tardelli LW 19 Francesco Graziani 7 ' CF 20 Paolo Rossi Substitutions : GK 12 Ivano Bordon MF 10 Giuseppe Dossena MF 11 Giampiero Marini MF 15 Franco Causio 89 ' FW 18 Alessandro Altobelli 7 ' 89 ' Manager : Enzo Bearzot GK Harald Schumacher SW 15 Uli Stielike 73 ' RB 20 Manfred Kaltz CB Karlheinz Förster LB 5 Bernd Förster RM 6 Wolfgang Dremmler 61 ' 62 ' CM Paul Breitner LM Hans - Peter Briegel RW 11 Karl - Heinz Rummenigge ( c ) 70 ' LW 7 Pierre Littbarski 88 ' CF 8 Klaus Fischer Substitutions : GK 21 Bernd Franke DF 12 Wilfried Hannes MF 10 Hansi Müller 70 ' MF 14 Felix Magath FW 9 Horst Hrubesch 62 ' Manager : Jupp Derwall 1986 World Cup final v Argentina ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup Final With the highest attendance ever at a FIFA World Cup final , West Germany faced Argentina in Mexico City . Although the South Americans ' star player Diego Maradona was closely guarded by the German team , he assisted the decisive 3 - 2 scored by Jorge Burruchaga , ensuring his country 's second World Cup win . Late during the match , three yellow cards were given to Argentinians for time wasting . 29 June 1986 12 : 00 CST Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany Brown 23 ' Valdano 56 ' Burruchaga 84 ' Report Rummenigge 74 ' Völler 81 ' Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Attendance : 114,600 Referee : Romualdo Arppi Filho GK 18 Nery Pumpido 85 ' SW 5 José Luis Brown CB 9 José Cuciuffo CB 19 Oscar Ruggeri RWB 14 Ricardo Giusti LWB 16 Julio Olarticoechea 77 ' DM Sergio Batista CM 12 Héctor Enrique 81 ' AM 7 Jorge Burruchaga 90 ' SS 10 Diego Maradona ( c ) 17 ' CF 11 Jorge Valdano Substitutions : MF 21 Marcelo Trobbiani 90 ' Manager : Carlos Bilardo GK Harald Schumacher SW 17 Ditmar Jakobs CB Karlheinz Förster CB Hans - Peter Briegel 62 ' RWB 14 Thomas Berthold LWB Andreas Brehme CM 6 Norbert Eder CM 8 Lothar Matthäus 21 ' AM 10 Felix Magath 62 ' CF 11 Karl - Heinz Rummenigge ( c ) CF 19 Klaus Allofs 46 ' Substitutions : FW 9 Rudi Völler 46 ' FW 20 Dieter Hoeneß 62 ' Manager : Franz Beckenbauer 1990 World Cup final v Argentina ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Final For this re-match of the 1986 Final , Argentina played extremely defensively . Defender Pedro Monzón became the first player ever to receive a red card in a World Cup final , only to be joined by team mate Gustavo Dezotti 22 minutes later . Although West Germany was the dominating side with 23 : 1 shots , it is fitting that the rough match was decided by a penalty kick taken by Andreas Brehme . Franz Beckenbauer achieved the feat to lose and then win a World Cup final each as player ( 1966 , 1974 ) and manager ( 1986 , 1990 ) . 8 July 1990 20 : 00 UTC + 2 West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Brehme 85 ' ( pen . ) Report Stadio Olimpico , Rome Attendance : 73,603 Referee : Edgardo Codesal GK Bodo Illgner SW 5 Klaus Augenthaler CB 6 Guido Buchwald CB Jürgen Kohler RWB 14 Thomas Berthold 73 ' LWB Andreas Brehme CM 8 Thomas Häßler CM 10 Lothar Matthäus ( c ) CM 7 Pierre Littbarski CF 9 Rudi Völler 52 ' CF 18 Jürgen Klinsmann Substitutes : GK 12 Raimond Aumann DF Stefan Reuter 73 ' MF 15 Uwe Bein MF 20 Olaf Thon FW 13 Karl - Heinz Riedle Manager : Franz Beckenbauer GK 12 Sergio Goycochea SW 20 Juan Simón CB 18 José Serrizuela CB 19 Oscar Ruggeri 46 ' RWB José Basualdo LWB 17 Roberto Sensini DM 13 Néstor Lorenzo CM 21 Pedro Troglio 84 ' AM 10 Diego Maradona ( c ) 87 ' CM 7 Jorge Burruchaga 53 ' CF 9 Gustavo Dezotti 5 ' , 87 ' Substitutes : GK 22 Fabián Cancelarich DF 5 Edgardo Bauza DF 15 Pedro Monzón 65 ' 46 ' MF 6 Gabriel Calderón 53 ' FW Abel Balbo Manager : Carlos Bilardo 2002 World Cup final v Brazil ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup Final With only one goal against during the six matches leading up to the final , hopes were on the German defence to withstand Brazil 's star quality strikers . Germany 's playmaker Michael Ballack was suspended for the final after picking his second yellow card of the tournament in the semi-final against South Korea . Two goals from Ronaldo in the middle of the second half decided the match in favour of the South Americans and ensured their record fifth title . 30 June 2002 20 : 00 UTC + 9 Germany 0 -- 2 Brazil Report Ronaldo 67 ' , 79 ' International Stadium , Yokohama Attendance : 69,029 Referee : Pierluigi Collina GK Oliver Kahn ( c ) CB Thomas Linke CB 5 Carsten Ramelow CB 21 Christoph Metzelder RM 22 Torsten Frings CM 8 Dietmar Hamann CM 16 Jens Jeremies 77 ' LM 17 Marco Bode 84 ' AM 19 Bernd Schneider CF 11 Miroslav Klose 9 ' 74 ' CF 7 Oliver Neuville Substitutes : FW 20 Oliver Bierhoff 74 ' FW 14 Gerald Asamoah 77 ' MF 6 Christian Ziege 84 ' Manager : Rudi Völler GK Marcos CB Lúcio CB 5 Edmílson CB Roque Júnior 6 ' RM Cafu ( c ) CM 8 Gilberto Silva CM 15 Kléberson LM 6 Roberto Carlos AM 11 Ronaldinho 85 ' CF 10 Rivaldo CF 9 Ronaldo 90 ' Substitutes : MF 19 Juninho 85 ' MF 17 Denílson 90 ' Manager : Brazil Luiz Felipe Scolari 2014 World Cup final v Argentina ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Final Despite defeating host country Brazil 7 -- 1 , Germany was supported by the home fans due to Brazil 's rivalry with Argentina . This record third match - up of two teams in World Cup finals saw good chances for both sides in regular time , but stayed goalless until substitute striker Mario Götze scored during the second half of extra time , in the 113th minute . The fourth title was the first since Germany 's reunification in October 1990 . 13 July 2014 16 : 00 UTC − 3 Germany 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Argentina Götze 113 ' Report Estádio do Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Attendance : 74,738 Referee : Nicola Rizzoli GK Manuel Neuer RB 16 Philipp Lahm ( c ) CB 20 Jérôme Boateng CB 5 Mats Hummels LB Benedikt Höwedes 34 ' CM 23 Christoph Kramer 31 ' CM 7 Bastian Schweinsteiger 29 ' CM 18 Toni Kroos RW 13 Thomas Müller LW 8 Mesut Özil 120 ' CF 11 Miroslav Klose 88 ' Substitutions : FW 9 André Schürrle 31 ' MF 19 Mario Götze 88 ' DF 17 Per Mertesacker 120 ' Manager : Joachim Löw GK Sergio Romero RB Pablo Zabaleta CB 15 Martín Demichelis CB Ezequiel Garay LB 16 Marcos Rojo CM 14 Javier Mascherano 64 ' CM 6 Lucas Biglia RW 8 Enzo Pérez 86 ' LW 22 Ezequiel Lavezzi 46 ' SS 10 Lionel Messi ( c ) CF 9 Gonzalo Higuaín 78 ' Substitutions : FW 20 Sergio Agüero 65 ' 46 ' FW 18 Rodrigo Palacio 78 ' MF 5 Fernando Gago 86 ' Manager : Alejandro Sabella Record players ( edit ) Lothar Matthäus is the FIFA World Cup 's all - time record player . In addition , along with Antonio Carbajal and Rafael Márquez from Mexico , he is one of the few players to have been fielded in five FIFA World Cups . Miroslav Klose , who is only one match behind , also holds the record for most victories at FIFA World Cups ( 17 ) . No . Name Matches World Cups Lothar Matthäus 25 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1994 and 1998 Miroslav Klose 24 2002 , 2006 , 2010 and 2014 Uwe Seeler 21 1958 , 1962 , 1966 and 1970 Philipp Lahm 20 2006 , 2010 and 2014 Bastian Schweinsteiger 20 2006 , 2010 and 2014 6 Wolfgang Overath 19 1966 , 1970 and 1974 Berti Vogts 19 1970 , 1974 and 1978 Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 19 1978 , 1982 and 1986 Per Mertesacker 19 2006 , 2010 and 2014 10 Franz Beckenbauer 18 1966 , 1970 and 1974 Sepp Maier 18 1970 , 1974 and 1978 Thomas Berthold 18 1986 , 1990 and 1994 Top goalscorers ( edit ) Since 2014 , Miroslav Klose is the all - time top goalscorer at FIFA World Cup final tournaments . Gerd Müller used to be the holder of that record from 1974 until it was broken by Ronaldo in 2006 . No . Name Goals World Cups Miroslav Klose 16 2002 ( 5 ) , 2006 ( 5 ) , 2010 ( 4 ) and 2014 ( 2 ) Gerd Müller 14 1970 ( 10 ) and 1974 ( 4 ) Jürgen Klinsmann 11 1990 ( 3 ) , 1994 ( 5 ) and 1998 ( 3 ) Thomas Müller 10 2010 ( 5 ) and 2014 ( 5 ) Helmut Rahn 10 1954 ( 4 ) and 1958 ( 6 ) 6 Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 9 1978 ( 3 ) , 1982 ( 5 ) and 1986 ( 1 ) Uwe Seeler 9 1958 ( 2 ) , 1962 ( 2 ) , 1966 ( 2 ) and 1970 ( 3 ) 8 Rudi Völler 8 1986 ( 3 ) , 1990 ( 3 ) and 1994 ( 2 ) 9 Hans Schäfer 7 1954 ( 4 ) and 1958 ( 3 ) 10 Helmut Haller 6 1966 Lothar Matthäus 6 1986 ( 1 ) , 1990 ( 4 ) and 1994 ( 1 ) Max Morlock 6 1954 By match ( edit ) show Year as Round Against Score Scorers 1934 Round 1 Belgium 5 -- 2 Kobierski , Siffing , Conen ( 3 ) Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 1 Hohmann ( 2 ) Semi-final Czechoslovakia 1 -- 3 Noack Third place match Austria 3 -- 2 Lehner ( 2 ) , Conen 1938 Round 1 Switzerland 1 -- 1 ( AET ) Gauchel Round 1 ( replay ) Switzerland 2 -- 4 Hahnemann , Lörtscher ( o.g. ) 1954 Group 2 Turkey 4 -- 1 Schäfer , Klodt , O. Walter , Morlock Group 2 Hungary 3 -- 8 Pfaff , Rahn , Herrmann Play - off Turkey 7 -- 2 O. Walter , Schäfer ( 2 ) , Morlock ( 3 ) , F. Walter Quarter - final Yugoslavia 2 -- 0 Horvath ( o.g. ) , Rahn Semi-final Austria 6 -- 1 Schäfer , Morlock , F. Walter ( 2 ) , O. Walter ( 2 ) Final Hungary 3 -- 2 Morlock , Rahn ( 2 ) 1958 Group 1 Argentina 3 -- 1 Rahn ( 2 ) , Seeler Group 1 Czechoslovakia 2 -- 2 Schäfer , Rahn Group 1 Northern Ireland 2 -- 2 Rahn , Seeler Quarter - final Yugoslavia 1 -- 0 Rahn Semi-final Sweden 1 -- 3 Schäfer Third place match France 3 -- 6 Cieslarczyk , Rahn , Schäfer 1962 Group 2 Italy 0 -- 0 Group 2 Switzerland 2 -- 1 Brülls , Seeler Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Szymaniak , Seeler Quarter - final Yugoslavia 0 -- 1 1966 Group 2 Switzerland 5 -- 0 Held , Haller ( 2 ) , Beckenbauer ( 2 ) Group 2 Argentina 0 -- 0 Group 2 Spain 2 -- 1 Emmerich , Seeler Quarter - final Uruguay 4 -- 0 Haller ( 2 ) , Beckenbauer , Seeler Semi-final Soviet Union 2 -- 1 Haller , Beckenbauer Final England 2 -- 4 ( AET ) Haller , Weber 1970 Group 4 Morocco 2 -- 1 Seeler , Müller Group 4 Bulgaria 5 -- 2 Libuda , Müller ( 3 ) , Seeler Group 4 Peru 3 -- 1 Müller ( 3 ) Quarter - final England 3 -- 2 ( AET ) Beckenbauer , Seeler , Müller Semi-final Italy 3 -- 4 ( AET ) Schnellinger , Müller ( 2 ) Third place match Uruguay 1 -- 0 Overath Group 1 Chile 1 -- 0 Breitner Group 1 Australia 3 -- 0 Overath , Cullmann , Müller Group 1 East Germany 0 -- 1 Group B ( Round 2 ) Yugoslavia 2 -- 0 Breitner , Müller Group B ( Round 2 ) Sweden 4 -- 2 Overath , Bonhof , Grabowski , Hoeneß Group B ( Round 2 ) Poland 1 -- 0 Müller Final Netherlands 2 -- 1 Breitner , Müller 1978 Group 2 Poland 0 -- 0 Group 2 Mexico 6 -- 0 D. Müller , H. Müller , Rummenigge ( 2 ) , Flohe ( 2 ) Group 2 Tunisia 0 -- 0 Group A ( Round 2 ) Italy 0 -- 0 Group A ( Round 2 ) Netherlands 2 -- 2 Abramczik , D. Müller Group A ( Round 2 ) Austria 2 -- 3 Rummenigge , Hölzenbein 1982 Group 2 Algeria 1 -- 2 Rummenigge Group 2 Chile 4 -- 1 Rummenigge ( 3 ) , Reinders Group 2 Austria 1 -- 0 Hrubesch Group B ( Round 2 ) England 0 -- 0 Group B ( Round 2 ) Spain 2 -- 1 Littbarski , Fischer Semi-final France 3 -- 3 ( AET ) , 5 -- 4 ( p ) Littbarski , Rummenigge , Fischer Final Italy 1 -- 3 Breitner 1986 Group E Uruguay 1 -- 1 Allofs Group E Scotland 2 -- 1 Völler , Allofs Group E Denmark 0 -- 2 Round of 16 Morocco 1 -- 0 Matthäus Quarter - final Mexico 0 -- 0 ( AET ) , 4 -- 1 ( p ) Semi-final France 2 -- 0 Brehme , Völler Final Argentina 2 -- 3 Rummenigge , Völler 1990 Group D Yugoslavia 4 -- 1 Matthäus ( 2 ) , Klinsmann , Völler Group D United Arab Emirates 5 -- 1 Völler ( 2 ) , Klinsmann , Matthäus , Bein Group D Colombia 1 -- 1 Littbarski Round of 16 Netherlands 2 -- 1 Klinsmann , Brehme Quarter - final Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Matthäus Semi-final England 1 -- 1 ( AET ) , 4 -- 3 ( p ) Brehme Final Argentina 1 -- 0 Brehme 1994 Group C Bolivia 1 -- 0 Klinsmann Group C Spain 1 -- 1 Klinsmann Group C South Korea 3 -- 2 Klinsmann ( 2 ) , Riedle Round of 16 Belgium 3 -- 2 Völler ( 2 ) , Klinsmann Quarter - final Bulgaria 1 -- 2 Matthäus 1998 Group F United States 2 -- 0 Möller , Klinsmann Group F Yugoslavia 2 -- 2 Mihajlović ( o.g. ) , Bierhoff Group F Iran 2 -- 0 Bierhoff , Klinsmann Round of 16 Mexico 2 -- 1 Klinsmann , Bierhoff Quarter - final Croatia 0 -- 3 2002 Group E Saudi Arabia 8 -- 0 Klose ( 3 ) , Ballack , Jancker , Linke , Bierhoff , Schneider Group E Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Klose Group E Cameroon 2 -- 0 Bode , Klose Round of 16 Paraguay 1 -- 0 Neuville Quarter - final United States 1 -- 0 Ballack Semi-final South Korea 1 -- 0 Ballack Final Brazil 0 -- 2 2006 Group A Costa Rica 4 -- 2 Lahm , Klose ( 2 ) , Frings Group A Poland 1 -- 0 Neuville Group A Ecuador 3 -- 0 Klose ( 2 ) , Podolski Round of 16 Sweden 2 -- 0 Podolski ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 1 ( AET ) , 4 -- 2 ( p ) Klose Semi-final Italy 0 -- 2 ( AET ) Third place match Portugal 3 -- 1 Schweinsteiger ( 2 ) , Petit ( o.g. ) Group D Australia 4 -- 0 Podolski , Klose , Müller , Cacau Group D Serbia 0 -- 1 Group D Ghana 1 -- 0 Özil Round of 16 England 4 -- 1 Klose , Podolski , Müller ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 4 -- 0 Müller , Klose ( 2 ) , Friedrich Semi-final Spain 0 -- 1 Third place match Uruguay 3 -- 2 Müller , Jansen , Khedira 2014 Group G Portugal 4 -- 0 Müller ( 3 ) , Hummels Group G Ghana 2 -- 2 Götze , Klose Group G United States 1 -- 0 Müller Round of 16 Algeria 2 -- 1 ( AET ) Schürrle , Özil Quarter - final France 1 -- 0 Hummels Semi-final Brazil 7 -- 1 Müller , Klose , Kroos ( 2 ) , Khedira , Schürrle ( 2 ) Final Argentina 1 -- 0 ( AET ) Götze 2018 Group F Mexico 0 -- 1 Group F Sweden 2 -- 1 Reus , Kroos Group F South Korea 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Legend Won more than lost Won equals lost Lost more than won Opponent Pld GF GA GD Win % Argentina 7 12 5 + 7 57.14 % Yugoslavia 6 11 + 7 66.67 % Sweden 5 0 11 7 + 4 80.00 % England 5 10 8 + 2 40.00 % Italy 5 0 9 − 5 0.00 % Uruguay 0 9 + 6 75.00 % Austria 0 12 6 + 6 75.00 % Mexico 8 + 6 50.00 % Switzerland 10 6 + 4 50.00 % Spain 5 + 1 50.00 % France 9 9 0 50.00 % Chile 0 0 7 + 6 100.00 % United States 0 0 0 + 4 100.00 % Netherlands 0 6 + 2 66.67 % Poland 0 0 + 2 66.67 % South Korea 0 0 66.67 % Czechoslovakia 5 − 1 33.33 % Turkey 0 0 11 + 8 100.00 % Australia 0 0 7 0 + 7 100.00 % Portugal 0 0 7 + 6 100.00 % Belgium 0 0 8 + 4 100.00 % Morocco 0 0 + 2 100.00 % Ghana 0 + 1 50.00 % Brazil 0 7 + 4 50.00 % Bulgaria 0 6 + 2 50.00 % Algeria 0 0 50.00 % Hungary 0 6 10 − 4 50.00 % Saudi Arabia 0 0 8 0 + 8 100.00 % United Arab Emirates 0 0 5 + 4 100.00 % Ecuador 0 0 0 + 3 100.00 % Costa Rica 0 0 + 2 100.00 % Peru 0 0 + 2 100.00 % Cameroon 0 0 0 + 2 100.00 % Iran 0 0 0 + 2 100.00 % Scotland 0 0 + 1 100.00 % Soviet Union 0 0 + 1 100.00 % Bolivia 0 0 0 + 1 100.00 % Paraguay 0 0 0 + 1 100.00 % Northern Ireland 0 0 0 0.00 % Colombia 0 0 0 0.00 % Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 0.00 % Tunisia 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 % East Germany 0 0 0 − 1 0.00 % Serbia 0 0 0 − 1 0.00 % Denmark 0 0 0 − 2 0.00 % Croatia 0 0 0 − 3 0.00 % Total ( 46 ) 109 67 20 22 226 125 + 101 61.47 % References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 2006 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage Archived June 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) , FIFA.com . Retrieved on June 6 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) DFB 's German national football team page FIFA Official Ranking of all Participants at Finals 1930 -- 2002 . FIFA Match Results for all Stages 1930 -- 2002 FIFA official site West Germany / Germany FIFA World Cup squads Germany squad -- 1934 FIFA World Cup third place GK Buchloh GK Jakob GK Kreß DF Bender DF Busch DF Haringer DF Schwartz MF Albrecht MF Gramlich MF Janes MF Münzenberg MF Szepan ( c ) MF Zielinski FW Conen FW Dienert FW Heidemann FW Hohmann FW Kobierski FW Lehner FW Noack FW Siffling FW Streb Coach : Nerz Germany squad -- 1938 FIFA World Cup GK Buchloh GK Jakob GK Raftl DF Janes DF Münzenberg DF Schmaus MF Goldbrunner MF Kitzinger MF Kupfer MF Mock MF Wagner FW Gauchel FW Gellesch FW Hahnemann FW Lehner FW Neumer FW Pesser FW Siffling FW Skoumal FW Streitle FW Stroh FW Szepan ( c ) Coach : Herberger West Germany squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Turek 2 Laband 3 Kohlmeyer 4 Bauer 5 Erhardt 6 Eckel 7 Posipal 8 Mai 9 Mebus 10 Liebrich 11 Metzner 12 Rahn 13 Morlock 14 Klodt 15 O. Walter 16 F. Walter ( c ) 17 Herrmann 18 Biesinger 19 Pfaff 20 Schäfer 21 Kubsch 22 Kwiatkowski Coach : Herberger West Germany squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Herkenrath 2 Erhardt 3 Juskowiak 4 Eckel 5 Wewers 6 Szymaniak 7 Stollenwerk 8 Rahn 9 Walter 10 Schmidt 11 Schäfer ( c ) 12 Seeler 13 Klodt 14 Cieslarczyk 15 Kelbassa 16 Sturm 17 Schnellinger 18 Hoffmann 19 Peters 20 Nuber 21 Sawitzki 22 Kwiatkowski Coach : Herberger West Germany squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Tilkowski 2 Erhardt 3 Schnellinger 4 Schulz 5 Wilden 6 Szymaniak 7 Koslowski 8 Haller 9 Seeler 10 Brülls 11 Schäfer ( c ) 12 Nowak 13 Kurbjuhn 14 Werner 15 Giesemann 16 Sturm 17 Kraus 18 Herrmann 19 Strehl 20 Vollmar 21 Sawitzki 22 Fahrian Coach : Herberger West Germany squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Tilkowski 2 Höttges 3 Schnellinger 4 Beckenbauer 5 Schulz 6 Weber 7 Brülls 8 Haller 9 Seeler ( c ) 10 Held 11 Emmerich 12 Overath 13 Hornig 14 Lutz 15 Patzke 16 Lorenz 17 Paul 18 Sieloff 19 Krämer 20 Grabowski 21 Bernard 22 Maier Coach : Schön West Germany squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup third place 1 Maier 2 Höttges 3 Schnellinger 4 Beckenbauer 5 Schulz 6 Weber 7 Vogts 8 Haller 9 Seeler ( c ) 10 Held 11 Fichtel 12 Overath 13 Müller 14 Libuda 15 Patzke 16 Lorenz 17 Löhr 18 Sieloff 19 Dietrich 20 Grabowski 21 Manglitz 22 Wolter Coach : Schön West Germany squad -- 1974 FIFA World Cup winners ( 2nd title ) 1 Maier 2 Vogts 3 Breitner 4 Schwarzenbeck 5 Beckenbauer ( c ) 6 Höttges 7 Wimmer 8 Cullmann 9 Grabowski 10 Netzer 11 Heynckes 12 Overath 13 Müller 14 Hoeneß 15 Flohe 16 Bonhof 17 Hölzenbein 18 Herzog 19 Kapellmann 20 Kremers 21 Nigbur 22 Kleff Coach : Schön West Germany squad -- 1978 FIFA World Cup 1 Maier 2 Vogts ( c ) 3 Dietz 4 Rüssmann 5 Kaltz 6 Bonhof 7 Abramczik 8 Zimmermann 9 Fischer 10 Flohe 11 Rummenigge 12 Schwarzenbeck 13 Konopka 14 D. Müller 15 Beer 16 Cullmann 17 Hölzenbein 18 Zewe 19 Worm 20 H. Müller 21 Kargus 22 Burdenski Coach : Schön West Germany squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Schumacher 2 Briegel 3 Breitner 4 K. Förster 5 B. Förster 6 Dremmler 7 Littbarski 8 Fischer 9 Hrubesch 10 Müller 11 Rummenigge ( c ) 12 Hannes 13 Reinders 14 Magath 15 Stielike 16 T. Allofs 17 Engels 18 Matthäus 19 Hieronymus 20 Kaltz 21 Franke 22 Immel Coach : Derwall West Germany squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Schumacher ( c ) 2 Briegel 3 Brehme 4 Förster 5 Herget 6 Eder 7 Littbarski 8 Matthäus 9 Völler 10 Magath 11 Rummenigge 12 Stein 13 Allgöwer 14 Berthold 15 Augenthaler 16 Thon 17 Jakobs 18 Rahn 19 K. Allofs 20 Hoeneß 21 Rolff 22 Immel Coach : Beckenbauer West Germany squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup winners ( 3rd title ) 1 Illgner 2 Reuter 3 Brehme 4 Kohler 5 Augenthaler 6 Buchwald 7 Littbarski 8 Häßler 9 Völler 10 Matthäus ( c ) 11 Mill 12 Aumann 13 Riedle 14 Berthold 15 Bein 16 Steiner 17 Möller 18 Klinsmann 19 Pflügler 20 Thon 21 Hermann 22 Köpke Coach : Beckenbauer Germany squad -- 1994 FIFA World Cup 1 Illgner 2 Strunz 3 Brehme 4 Kohler 5 Helmer 6 Buchwald 7 Möller 8 Häßler 9 Riedle 10 Matthäus ( c ) 11 Kuntz 12 Köpke 13 Völler 14 Berthold 15 Gaudino 16 Sammer 17 Wagner 18 Klinsmann 19 Kirsten 20 Effenberg 21 Basler 22 Kahn Coach : Vogts Germany squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Köpke 2 Wörns 3 Heinrich 4 Kohler 5 Helmer 6 Thon 7 Möller 8 Matthäus 9 Kirsten 10 Häßler 11 Marschall 12 Kahn 13 Jeremies 14 Babbel 15 Freund 16 Hamann 17 Ziege 18 Klinsmann ( c ) 19 Reuter 20 Bierhoff 21 Tarnat 22 Lehmann Coach : Vogts Germany squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Kahn ( c ) 2 Linke 3 Rehmer 4 Baumann 5 Ramelow 6 Ziege 7 Neuville 8 Hamann 9 Jancker 10 Ricken 11 Klose 12 Lehmann 13 Ballack 14 Asamoah 15 Kehl 16 Jeremies 17 Bode 18 Böhme 19 Schneider 20 Bierhoff 21 Metzelder 22 Frings 23 Butt Coach : Völler Germany squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup third place 1 Lehmann 2 Jansen 3 Friedrich 4 Huth 5 Kehl 6 Nowotny 7 Schweinsteiger 8 Frings 9 Hanke 10 Neuville 11 Klose 12 Kahn 13 Ballack ( c ) 14 Asamoah 15 Hitzlsperger 16 Lahm 17 Mertesacker 18 Borowski 19 Schneider 20 Podolski 21 Metzelder 22 Odonkor 23 Hildebrand Coach : Klinsmann Germany squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup third place 1 Neuer 2 Jansen 3 Friedrich 4 Aogo 5 Tasci 6 Khedira 7 Schweinsteiger 8 Özil 9 Kießling 10 Podolski 11 Klose 12 Wiese 13 Müller 14 Badstuber 15 Trochowski 16 Lahm ( c ) 17 Mertesacker 18 Kroos 19 Cacau 20 Boateng 21 Marin 22 Butt 23 Gómez Coach : Löw Germany squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup winners ( 4th title ) 1 Neuer 2 Großkreutz 3 Ginter 4 Höwedes 5 Hummels 6 Khedira 7 Schweinsteiger 8 Özil 9 Schürrle 10 Podolski 11 Klose 12 Zieler 13 Müller 14 Draxler 15 Durm 16 Lahm ( c ) 17 Mertesacker 18 Kroos 19 Götze 20 Boateng 21 Mustafi 22 Weidenfeller 23 Kramer Coach : Löw Germany national football team General German Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Home venues Statistics All - time record World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Matches ( 2000 -- present ) Players Players ( 1908 -- 1942 ) All - time players Previous squads Other categories World Finals Summary 1934 1938 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Finals Summary 1972 1976 1980 1984 2000 2008 2012 2016 Other tournaments FIFA Confederations Cup The Olympics Mundialito Azteca 2000 Four Nations U.S. Cup UEFA Nations League Culture Noted rivalries Noted matches Paul the Octopus Other DFB teams B team Olympic team U21 team Other youth teams Women Beach soccer Football in Germany German Football Association League competitions Bundesliga 2 . Bundesliga 3 . Liga Regionalliga Oberliga Verbandsliga Landesliga Bezirksoberliga Gruppenliga Bezirksliga Kreisliga Kreisklasse Cup competitions DFB - Pokal DFL - Ligapokal DFL - Supercup Verbandspokal National teams National team B team Olympic team U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 U-15 Manager All - time record World Cup performance By city Berlin Munich Champions Clubs Clubs in Europe Records History Rivalries Venues Player category International players Men Women International players 1908 -- 1942 Footballer of the Year Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=855015057 '' Categories : Germany at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup Germany national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 10 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many times have germany been in the world cup	[ "For Germany's World Cup history, FIFA considers only the teams managed by the Deutscher Fußball-Bund, comprising three periods: Germany (during Nazi era), West Germany and reunified Germany. The Germany national football team is one of the most successful national teams at the FIFA World Cup, winning four titles, earning second-place and third-place finishes four times each and one fourth-place finish. If you consider 3rd place or better for a winning campaign, Germany's 12 victories in 19 tournaments add up to at least three more than any other nation. In addition, Germany are the only team which has stood on the podium (3rd place or better) every decade there was a tournament held—1930s, 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s and 2010s. Along with Argentina, Brazil and Spain, they are one of the four national teams to win outside their continental confederation, with the title of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in South America. The team was present in 19 out of the 21 tournaments, the second most frequent, and only did not reach the quarterfinals twice, in 1938 and 2018. With this, Germany's 8th place or better (quarterfinals) in 17 out of 19 tournaments (89%) ranks highest in FIFA World Cup Finals history. It makes Germany the better team in the history of the tournament in terms of final positions, if points were awarded proportionally for a title, runner-up finish, third-place finish, semi-final and quarter-final appearances.\n" ]	[ "19" ]
1702722169076393841	Call of Duty: Black Ops II	Call of Duty : Black Ops II - wikipedia Call of Duty : Black Ops II Jump to : navigation , search Call of Duty : Black Ops II Developer ( s ) Treyarch Publisher ( s ) Activision Director ( s ) Dave Anthony Artist ( s ) Colin Whitney Writer ( s ) Craig Houston David S. Goyer Dave Anthony Micah Wright Composer ( s ) Jack Wall Series Call of Duty Engine IW engine Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii U Release Windows WW : November 12 , 2012 ( Steam ) PS3 , X360 WW : November 13 , 2012 Wii U NA : November 18 , 2012 EU / AUS : November 30 , 2012 Genre ( s ) First - person shooter Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Call of Duty : Black Ops II is a first - person shooter video game , developed by Treyarch and published by Activision . It was released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , and the Xbox 360 on November 13 , 2012 , and for the Wii U on November 18 in North America and November 30 elsewhere . Black Ops II is the ninth game in the Call of Duty franchise of video games , a sequel to the 2010 game Call of Duty : Black Ops and the first Call of Duty game for the Wii U . A corresponding game for the PlayStation Vita , Call of Duty : Black Ops : Declassified , was developed by nStigate Games and also released on November 13 . The game 's campaign follows up the story of Black Ops and is set in two different time periods ; the late 1980s and 2025 . In the 80s , the player switches control between Alex Mason and Frank Woods , two of the protagonists from Black Ops , while in 2025 , the player assumes control of Mason 's son , David ( codenamed `` Section '' ) . Both time periods involve the characters pursuing Raul Menendez , a Nicaraguan cartel leader , who is responsible for kidnapping Woods in the 80s and later sparking a second Cold War in 2025 . The campaign features nonlinear gameplay and has multiple endings . Development for the game began sometime after the release of Black Ops , with Activision promising that the follow - up would bring `` meaningful innovation '' to the Call of Duty franchise . Black Ops II is the first game in the series to feature futuristic warfare technology and the first to present branching storylines driven by player choice as well as selecting weapons before starting story mode missions . It also offers a 3D display option . Black Ops II received generally positive reviews from critics . The game was a commercial success ; within 24 hours of going on sale , the game grossed over $500 million . It had remained the largest entertainment launch of all time until September 2013 , when Take - Two Interactive announced that Grand Theft Auto V had grossed $800 million in its first day of release . It went on to sell 7.5 million copies in the U.S. in November 2012 , making it the highest grossing game of the month . A sequel , Call of Duty : Black Ops III , was released in 2015 . Black Ops II was made backwards compatible for the Xbox One in April 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Campaign 1.2 Multiplayer 1.3 Zombies 2 Plot 2.1 Single - player campaign 2.1. 1 Setting and characters 2.1. 2 Story 2.1. 3 Endings 2.2 Zombies 2.2. 1 Characters and setting 2.2. 2 Story 3 Development 3.1 Internal leaks 3.2 Reveal 3.3 Gameplay revisions 3.4 Japanese release 3.5 Soundtrack 3.6 The Replacers 4 Downloadable content 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Sales and revenue 5.3 Lawsuit 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Citations 7 External links Gameplay Tactical view in a Strike Force mission Campaign Black Ops II is the first Call of Duty video game to feature branching storylines , in which the player 's choice affects both the current mission and in turn , the overall course of the story . Known as `` Strike Force missions '' , these branching storylines appear during the 2025 storyline and feature permanent death . The success or failure of these missions can have ramifications for the wider campaign storyline . Choosing one of the missions locks out the others unless the player begins a fresh campaign . Strike Force missions allow the player to control a number of different war assets , such as unmanned aerial vehicles , jet fighters and robots . If the player dies in a Strike Force mission , the campaign continues recording that loss , as opposed to letting the player load a previously saved checkpoint . The player 's progress in the Strike Force missions may go on to change even the plans of the story 's antagonist , Raul Menendez . By the end of the game , the player may have changed the results of the new Cold War . Similarly , in the main story missions , there are certain points where the player is given different choices and paths to progress , which could have an effect on the gameplay , as well as the story . Black Ops II is also the first game in the series to allow the player to customize their loadout before beginning a mission , creating freedom in choosing how to approach a mission . Multiplayer One of the biggest changes added to multiplayer in Black Ops II is the introduction of Pick 10 , a new system within the Create - a-Class menu . Pick 10 gives the player a total of 10 allocation slots in a class , which are used for guns , perks , grenades , etc ... The player can choose to allocate the slots however they like , to either have more attachments for a gun , or more perks . Killstreaks from previous Call of Duty games are renamed as Scorestreaks , which are now earned by gaining points , rather than kills . This allows the player to focus on objective modes , which also earn points towards Scorestreaks . Unlike past games , weapons in Black Ops II have a progression system , which is used to unlock weapon attachments . After maxing out a weapon 's level , the player can choose to `` prestige '' the gun , similar to how they can prestige the player level , and reset their attachment progress . In exchange , the player can customize their weapons with custom clan tags and emblems . Black Ops II is also the first Call of Duty game to include a competitive mode . Known as League Play , the mode allows players of similar skill level to be matched together , and play according to the rules of Major League Gaming . Zombies Treyarch confirmed that the Zombies mode would return for Black Ops II with new game modes . Its predecessors were Call of Duty : World at War and Call of Duty : Black Ops . This is the third time for the Zombies mode to appear in a Call of Duty game , and the first time to have game modes other than the traditional Survival mode . Treyarch also confirmed that Zombies would run on the game 's multiplayer engine , allowing for a deeper community experience , along with new features . A new , 8 player co-op game called `` Grief '' is also supported , featuring 2 teams of 4 players competing to survive , unlike Call of Duty : World at War and Call of Duty : Black Ops , which only supported 4 player online co-op . As with the previous game , each map contains `` Easter eggs '' side quests , which is used to progress the story . A new mode , `` Turned '' , is introduced with several downloadable content maps , in which three players attempt to survive a player - controlled zombie , who must turn the other three players into zombies . Plot Single - player campaign Setting and characters The single - player campaign features two connected storylines , with the first set from 1986 to 1989 during the final years of the First Cold War , and the other set in 2025 during a Second Cold War . The protagonist of Black Ops , Alex Mason ( Sam Worthington ) returns as the protagonist in the first Cold War section , and chronicles the rise to infamy of the game 's primary antagonist , Raul Menendez ( Kamar de los Reyes ) . The 2025 section of the game features Alex Mason 's son David ( codenamed Section ) ( Rich MacDonald ) as the protagonist , in which Menendez is plotting against the United States and China with one of his ultimate goals being to see the United States locked in a new Cold War with China , in revenge for many of his misfortunes . In this era , wars are defined by robotics , cyberwarfare , unmanned vehicles , and other futuristic technology . Returning characters include Alex 's CIA squadmates Frank Woods ( James C. Burns ) and Jason Hudson ( Michael Keaton ) , former Soviet Army Colonel Lev Kravchenko ( Andrew Divoff ) , and disgraced Red Army Captain Viktor Reznov ( Gary Oldman ) . New characters include : Section 's SEAL teammates Mike Harper ( Michael Rooker ) and Javier Salazar ( Celestino Cornielle ) , their commanding officer Admiral Tommy Briggs ( Tony Todd ) , the CIA double agent Farid ( Omid Abtahi ) , U.S. President Marion Bosworth ( Cira Larkin ) , Strategic Defense Coalition leader General Tian Zhao ( Byron Mann ) , Tacitus Corporation ex-employee Chloe Lynch ( codename Karma ) ( Erin Cahill ) . The game also features several historical and real - life characters , including : UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi ( Robert Wisdom ) , former Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega ( Benito Martinez ) , Colonel Oliver North ( voiced by himself ) , and former CIA director David Petraeus ( Jim Meskimen ) . Jimmy Kimmel cameos as himself in one of the game 's endings , while the rock band Avenged Sevenfold makes a non-canonical appearance at the end of the game . Story In 1986 , Alex Mason , now retired from active duty , pursues an obscure existence in Alaska with his son , seven - year - old David . Their shaky relationship is further strained when Mason is approached by Jason Hudson for an assignment in Cuando Cubango during the height of the Angolan Civil and South African Border Wars . Frank Woods and his team have disappeared aiding Jonas Savimbi 's UNITA rebels against Angola 's Marxist government ; their actions have already been disavowed by the CIA , but Hudson hopes to rescue any survivors . Mason and Hudson recover Woods from the Kavango River , subsequently locating Raul Menendez among a contingent of Cuban military advisers . As a lengthy firefight breaks out , the trio are rescued by Savimbi . It is revealed that Menendez is responsible for holding Woods captive after murdering his team . In light of this , Mason , Woods , and Hudson begin tracking Menendez , an established primary arms dealer for bush conflicts in Southern Africa and Latin America . The CIA later authorize a strike against the unscrupulous Nicaraguan , now making a healthy profit running arms across Soviet - occupied Afghanistan . The trio and Chinese operative Tian Zhao ally with the Afghan Mujahideen against the Soviets . They locate Lev Kravchenko , who survived the grenade explosion with Woods in Vietnam , and interrogate him into disclosing that Menendez has moles inside the CIA . The Mujahideen then betray the Americans and Zhao , leaving them to die in the Afghan wilderness until their rescue by two unidentified civilians . The origins of Menendez 's anti-American sentiment is revealed at this point . His sister Josefina was disfigured in a fire as part of an insurance fraud masterminded by an American businessman . The CIA sanctions the assassination of Menendez 's father after uncovering his ties to South American drug trade . Mason , Woods , Hudson , and Panamanian security forces led by President Manuel Noriega raid Menendez 's compound in Nicaragua ; during the chaos , Woods inadvertently kills Josefina with a grenade . Conspiring with Noriega to fake his demise , Menendez crosses paths with Mason and Woods again during the American invasion of Panama . Utilizing moles within the CIA , Menendez captures Hudson and David , and has Hudson manipulate Woods into shooting Mason before crippling Woods . He then executes Hudson , promising to return and complete his revenge at a later date . In 2025 , Menendez reemerges as the charismatic leader of Cordis Die , a militant populist movement . His organization stages a cyberattack that cripples the Chinese stock exchanges , forcing their government to leverage its economic influence and sparking a second Cold War between NATO and the Chinese - led Strategic Defense Coalition headed by Zhao . David , now a Navy SEAL code - named Section , spearheads an effort by American Joint Special Operations Command ( JSOC ) to track down Menendez . They fail to apprehend him , but learn that Menendez is planning a second cyberattack with global repercussions , dependent on a quantum supercomputer engineered by rogue developer Chloe Lynch . Section and two other SEALs , Harper and Salazar , either rescue Lynch by killing Menendez 's second - in - command , DeFalco , or he escapes . The `` Strike Force '' mission `` Second Chance '' must be completed to rescue Lynch if the latter occurs . JSOC finally capture Menendez in Yemen with the assistance of undercover CIA agent , Farid . However , prior to being apprehended , Menendez orders Farid to kill a captured Harper . Farid will be executed by Menendez if he refuses . American forces take Menendez aboard the aircraft carrier U.S.S. Barack Obama , commanded by Admiral Briggs ; however , Menendez escapes with the aid of a mole inside JSOC : Salazar . How Salazar 's betrayal pans out is determinant on the fates of Lynch , Farid , and DeFalco . Menendez hacks into the U.S. military satellite to seize control of their entire drone fleet . Whether the Americans regain control is determined on whether the Strike Force missions were completed and whether Briggs remains alive to activate the ship 's defenses . Regardless , Menendez uses the drones to attack Los Angeles during a meeting of G20 leaders , hoping to kill them and ferment widespread economic and civil chaos . With the drones also targeting several other strategic cities across the U.S. and China , Section escorts the President of the United States to safety in a Cougar HE . Menendez is tracked to Haiti , where Section must either execute or reapprehend him . Endings The events of the player 's ending is determinant on the fates of Menendez , Lynch , and Alex Mason , and whether the Strike Force missions were completed . If Section executes Menendez , Cordis Die supporters launch a massive global insurrection , resulting in widespread anarchy . This is the canonical ending and sets the background for Call of Duty : Black Ops III . If Section reapprehends Menendez and Lynch survives , she will prevent Menendez 's cyberattack and he will remain imprisoned , watching Lynch being interviewed on Jimmy Kimmel Live . If Section reapprehends Menendez and Lynch was killed or not rescued , Menendez 's cyberattack will succeed and he will break out of prison . After killing Woods , Menendez commits suicide . If Mason survives being shot by Woods , he will reunite with him and Section . Otherwise , David retires from the military after visiting his father 's grave . If all the Strike Force missions were completed , China and the United States enter into an alliance , ending the Second Cold War . A non-canon ending is unlocked by completing the game , depicting Menendez and Woods performing at a concert with Synyster Gates and M. Shadows of Avenged Sevenfold . Zombies Characters and setting Zombies takes place throughout various time periods , mostly focused during the modern time , in a post-apocalyptic world , created as a result of the missile launch from the moon striking the Earth . The majority of the story follows four new characters : Samuel Stuhlinger ( David Boat ) , Marlton Johnson ( Scott Menville ) , Abigail `` Misty '' Briarton ( Stephanie Lemelin ) and Russman ( Keith Szarabajka ) . Dr. Edward Richtofen ( Nolan North ) , one of the previous playable characters from the previous game , returns as the demonic announcer , overseeing the four characters . Another returning character is Dr. Ludvig Maxis ( Fred Tatasciore ) , who instructs the new group to help him defeat Richtofen . Players can choose whether to help Maxis or Richtofen , which will have different results once the story ends . The map `` Mob of the Dead '' features a new crew of characters : Albert `` The Weasel '' Arlington ( Joe Pantoliano ) , Billy Handsome ( Ray Liotta ) , Michael `` Finn '' O'Leary ( Michael Madsen ) , and Salvatore `` Sal '' DeLuca ( Chazz Palminteri ) . The map `` Origins '' features an alternate version of the original crew : Tank Dempsey ( Steven Blum ) , Nikolai Belinski ( also voiced by Tatasciore ) , Takeo Masaki ( Tom Kane ) , and Richtofen , as well as Maxis ' daughter , Samantha ( Grace Kaufman ) . Story In the year 2025 at Nevada , a team of CIA and CDC operatives investigate a nuclear testing site known as `` Nuketown '' , where they are attacked by zombies . At the same time , Dr. Edward Richtofen seizes control of the zombies by entering the Aether from Group 935 's moon base . However , Dr. Ludvig Maxis joins with his daughter Samantha and Richtofen 's former allies , Tank Dempsey , Nikolai Belinski , and Takeo Masaki , to thwart him . To end this , Maxis launches three massive nuclear missiles filled with Element 115 , the element responsible for the reanimation of dead cells , at the Earth , destroying its atmosphere . One missile completely destroys Nuketown and all present , except for one individual , Marlton Johnson , who escapes after hiding out in the site 's bunker . Ten years later following the events on the Moon , Earth has been reduced to a crumbling , hellish wasteland overrun by zombies . In this new world , four survivors - Samuel Stuhlinger , Abigail `` Misty '' Briarton , Marlton , and Russman - have banded together to survive in Washington with the help of a bus driven by a robotic driver . The four are contacted by both Richtofen and Maxis , who is now a digital artificial intelligence , for aid against the other . Both former scientists request the four to assist them in powering up a tower within the area to work in their favor . Once done , regardless of the path they choose , they are teleported by Richtofen to a crumbling skyline in Shanghai , China . The four learn of The Flesh , a cannibalistic cult that chooses to eat zombie meat , as well as the beginnings of a new airborne pandemic of Element 115 . Stuhlinger is threatened by Richtofen , who knows of his past as a member of The Flesh , which allows only him to hear Richtofen and not the others . At the site , Maxis and Richtofen once again instruct the four to power up a second tower . Following their battles in Shanghai , Russman leads the group across the continents to a large hole in the ground known as The Rift in Africa , hoping to find answers about the unseen forces commanding them . Richtofen commands Samuel to `` mend the rift '' . The four gain a new ally in the form of a mute giant ( real name later known as Arthur ) in a Western town warped underground by temporal displacement , and are hampered by a ghostly woman in a massive mansion . In the canonical ending , the group aids Maxis , allowing him to use the power from the towers to enter the Aether and assume ultimate control , trapping Richtofen in a zombie 's body . However , the Earth begins shaking , and Maxis explains to the four that he is beginning the process of the destruction of the Earth and humanity to reach Agartha , where he believes Samantha is ; in the non-canon ending , the group aids Richtofen , letting him gain unlimited power over the Aether and the Earth , allowing him to kill Maxis and condemn Samantha 's soul to eternal damnation . Following the canonical ending , Maxis then plucks Samantha 's soul from Richtofen 's body on the Moon and forces her to join him in Agartha . Realizing her father has been corrupted by the Aether , Samantha reaches out to an alternate version of him , who resides in Dimension 63 . She ends up in 1918 in France during World War I , where Group 935 was formed much earlier , with Maxis as one of its leaders , operating to secure German victory in the war . Group 935 created mechanical robots , as well as staffs that control the powers of the elements . Stumbling upon an ancient tomb believed to be of Vril origin , they accidentally unleash the first known zombie outbreak in history . Aiming to stop Germany , Japan , Russia and the United States of America send Takeo , Nikolai and Dempsey to capture Richtofen , the mastermind behind the advanced technology . By this time , Group 935 's operatives have been wiped out , and Maxis himself was lobotomized when he began to turn into a zombie . The group are contacted by Samantha , who begs them to free her from Agartha . Richtofen puts Maxis ' brain in a flying drone , and he joins the fight against the zombies and to free Samantha . The group is eventually successful , and while Maxis meets his daughter , they enter Agartha to be rewarded . A cutscene is played , showing Samantha with a boy named Eddie inside a house playing with toys of the characters who have appeared in the Zombies game mode throughout all three games . Air raid sirens are heard and the two children retreat to the basement with Maxis , with Samantha noting her father has a plan to make the heroes of their games real . A separate story , `` Mob of the Dead '' , taking place also in Dimension 63 , focuses on four mobsters : Salvatore `` Sal '' DeLuca , Billy Handsome , Michael `` Finn '' O'Leary , and Albert `` The Weasel '' Arlington , who are incarcerated at Alcatraz Island . On New Year 's Eve 1933 , the four attempt to escape the prison , using Weasel 's plan to build a makeshift airplane called Icarus . However , the prison becomes infested with zombies , and they are forced to fight their way out . They succeed in building the airplane , but crash - land at the Golden Gate Bridge . They are then teleported back to the prison , with no memories of their previous attempt ( except Weasel , who keeps a journal of the ongoing events ) . They continuously try to escape , but the result remains the same . After many failures , they discover that they were actually stuck in Purgatory , constantly repeating a cycle as punishment for their past sins . In reality , the escape plan never came to fruition , and Weasel was killed by the other three on New Year 's Eve , while the rest were given the death penalty weeks later . Having remembered the truth , Sal , Billy and Finn set out to kill Weasel once again . Two possible endings can occur : if Weasel is killed , the cycle repeats once again ; if Weasel lives and the other three are killed , the cycle is broken , and he is finally freed of his punishment . Development Activision Blizzard CEO Robert Kotick stated on November 8 , 2011 , that a new Call of Duty game was in development for a 2012 release and will be the newest installment in the franchise . The game was officially confirmed by Activision during its fourth - quarter earnings call on February 9 , 2012 , and promised that it will feature `` meaningful innovation '' for the series . Oliver North , who was involved in the Iran -- Contra affair was a consultant on the 1980s portion and helped promote the game . The author and defense expert Peter W. Singer served as a consultant on the 2025 storyline of the game . Internal leaks Reports of Black Ops 2 surfaced following a product page for Call of Duty : Black Ops 2 appeared on Amazon France before quickly being taken down in February 2012 . No information had yet been released by Activision , but Gameblog claimed that Activision demanded it remove its original report too . When it refused to do so , the publisher cut off Gameblog from ad support , review game mailings and future Activision events for refusing to comply . Later Activision denied Gameblog 's claims that it has been cut off . Around the same time , computer game artist Hugo Beyer also listed `` Black Ops 2 '' as his current project in his Linkedin CV , before his LinkedIn page was taken down . Beyer is an artist working for Nerve Software , `` a Dallas - based independent developer '' which has `` helped '' with previous Activision games including , Black Ops in 2010 . A `` Black Ops 2 '' trademark by Activision was spotted January 2012 . Further , Black Ops 2 was listed by the France international entertainment retail chain Fnac in March 2012 , which touted a predictable November release date . On April 9 , 2012 , an image was leaked from a URL on the official Call of Duty website , which leaked the Call of Duty : Black Ops 2 logo , as well as a reveal date of April 28 , 2012 . The URL was later removed . On April 18 , 2012 , Kotaku received an image from `` a retail source '' , which showed a teaser poster that lacked a game title but had clear nods to Black Ops and a May 2 date that seemingly points to a reveal . On April 27 , 2012 , an image containing two Target pre-order cards sent by IGN reader Richard confirmed the game 's title and release date . The cards clearly display the Call of Duty : Black Ops II logo , and the release date November 13 , 2012 . Reveal Call of Duty : Black Ops II advertisements are shown at Gamescom 2012 in Cologne , Germany On April 23 , 2012 , Activision redesigned CallofDuty.com to announce that the game will be revealed on May 1 , 2012 , during the NBA playoffs on TNT . The art featured on the site matched up perfectly with the supposed retailer leak received by Kotaku . However , parts of the official website went live hours prior to the announcement , which revealed the title , confirmed the release date for PC , PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 , and the `` 21st Century Cold War '' setting . Activision had hinted that the game may eventually become available for Nintendo 's own consoles , although had no official announcements for the time being . As promised by Activision , the preview for the game was revealed in the form of a YouTube trailer that detailed the futuristic setting , the characters carried over from the previous games , and the conflict . After the game was revealed , the preorder rates on the game set records three times higher than for the preorders of the first Black Ops . Critics have noted the trailer 's similarities to that of Metal Gear Solid 4 : Guns of the Patriots . On July 19 , 2012 , a second trailer was released by Treyarch , offering insight into the game 's narrative . The storyline has been described by writer David S. Goyer as `` better than a Hollywood movie '' . Gameplay revisions In developing Black Ops II , Treyarch introduced several revisions to the gameplay mechanics for online multiplayer that have been a hallmark of the Call of Duty franchise . These include the introduction of `` multi-team '' games that allow matches to host three or more teams of players , in contrast to the traditional two factions , and revisions to the `` Create - A-Class '' function that allows users to select which guns , attachments , weapon camouflage and perks ( additional bonuses that alter aspects of gameplay ) to use in multiplayer matches . The `` Kill Streak '' function , which gives players in - game rewards for killing other players , was revised and is now known as `` Score Streaks '' . Whereas players still receive in - game rewards , these are unlocked by performing certain actions -- such as killing other players , successfully capturing territory , and so on - rather than simply killing other players . Furthermore , the `` wager matches '' feature included in Call of Duty : Black Ops was removed . These changes were introduced to shift the emphasis towards objective - based gameplay , to reward players who work in teams and to make the game more accessible to new players . Additionally , Treyarch announced plans to integrate Black Ops II into the world of `` eSports '' or competitive gaming . To this end , Treyarch unveiled a matchmaking system designed to pair players up based on their skills within the game to ensure that online games are relatively equal in terms of player skill . They also announced what they termed `` CODcasting '' , a form of live streaming that allows users to stream their games directly onto YouTube from their gaming consoles . There is also 3D support if players are playing with an HDMI cable on a 3D TV . Before one enters multiplayer mode , one needs to simply just turn on the 3D setting in the `` options '' menu . Japanese release Square Enix released the game for the Japanese market on November 22 , 2012 , as a subbed version . A Japanese voice - dubbed version was released separately on December 20 , 2012 . The script for this version was translated by Zenigame Nakamoto . The translated version was criticized for its translation errors . The Japanese release of the Wii U port is only the dubbed version since the console was not available in Japan in November . Soundtrack Call of Duty : Black Ops II ( Original Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Jack Wall Released November 13 , 2012 Genre Video game soundtrack Length 2 : 28 : 49 The game 's soundtrack was composed by Jack Wall , with the main theme composed by Trent Reznor the leader of industrial rock project Nine Inch Nails since 1988 . The soundtrack was released as a part of the Hardened Edition and Care Package releases , as well as on iTunes and Amazon , with two supplemental tracks by Brian Tuey , as well as `` Symphony No. 40 in G minor , K550 ( Allegro Molto ) '' by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart . Also , a version of the song `` Try It Out '' by Skrillex and Alvin Risk is used in the game , but it is not present in the soundtrack album . When the Campaign is completed , after the end credits , Woods and Menendez perform a concert with heavy metal band Avenged Sevenfold on their song `` Carry On '' , with Woods on drums and Menendez on rhythm guitar . The band chose to use Woods as the drummer in the game due to the loss of their original drummer The Rev , who died of a drug overdose on December 28 , 2009 . The band 's song `` Shepherd of Fire '' is featured on the Zombie mode Origins . Additional artists include Sean Murray , Jimmy Hinson , Sergio Jimenez Lacima , Kamar de los Reyes , Azam Ali , & Rudy Cardenas . The Replacers Heralding the release of Black Ops II 's DLCs , Activision releases a live - action short starring a well - groomed Peter Stormare , who acts as a `` Replacer '' , part of a group who are sent by mutual friends to take your place during your daily life while you can stay at home and play Black Ops II 's new content . Stormare goes on to explain the aims of his jobs and is then shown in multiple situations where he has taken over random people 's jobs , such as masquerading as a pregnant lady 's husband , working at an office , and enduring a grandmother 's endless talking , as well as other such scenarios . To promote Black Ops II 's second DLC , entitled `` Uprising '' , comedian J.B. Smoove joined Stormare in the second production of The Replacers , in which the two maintain a haphazard relationship . Stormare normally acts as a mentor to the new replacer Smoove by pointing out his various quirks while doing his job , such as his poor performance defending his client while he replaces a lawyer , admitting that he might be guilty . Downloadable content A Black Ops II Season Pass was released by Treyarch with the release of the game . On December 12 , 2012 , all Xbox 360 Season Pass holders received access to the Nuketown Zombies map , with PC holders following on January 17 , and PlayStation 3 holders on January 19 , having been delayed two days due to PSN technical issues . It was later released as an individual download for PC on April 13 , 2013 . The first major DLC pack is called Revolution . It was announced on January 8 , 2013 , and released for Xbox 360 on January 29 and PC and PS3 on February 28 The pack contained four new multiplayer maps - Downhill , Hydro , Mirage and Grind ; and two new Zombies modes - Turned and Die Rise . Also included was the first DLC weapon ; the Peacekeeper . Turned occurs in the Diner segment of the TranZit map from the original release , and allows up to four players to fight each other in two teams - one human against three zombies . The Die Rise map is a larger zombies survival map taking place in a destroyed office building , where one to four players use elevators to travel between floors . Personalisation pack microtransactions for the game were released for Xbox 360 on March 12 , 2013 , and PC and PS3 on April 12 . These allow the player to make small aesthetic changes to the multiplayer functionality of the game , like adding the flag of their country to the kill notification box , adding new weapon skins and allowing the player to use more Create - a-Class slots . The second major DLC pack is known as Uprising . It was released for Xbox 360 on April 16 , 2013 , and came out for PC and PS3 players on 16 May . It includes the new zombies map Mob of the Dead as well as new multiplayer maps Magma , Vertigo , Encore , and a re-imagining of fan - favourite from previous installment Black Ops Firing Range , known as Studio . The third major DLC pack is called Vengeance . It was released for Xbox 360 on July 2 , 2013 , and PC and PS3 on August 1 . It includes new zombies map Buried as well as new multiplayer maps Cove , Detour , Rush and a remake of the popular map Summit from Black Ops : Uplink . The fourth and final major DLC pack is called Apocalypse . It was released for Xbox 360 on August 27 , 2013 , and PC and PS3 on September 26 . It includes new zombies map Origins back to the old characters ( Takeo , Nikolai , Richtofen and Dempsey ) , as well as new multiplayer maps Pod , Frost and two remakes of popular maps Courtyard and Stadium of Call of Duty : World at War and Black Ops : First Strike DLC . On July 8 , 2014 , Activision released Nuketown 2025 for the Wii U Version . On March 27 , 2013 , Activision revealed that they were considering releasing Revolution , but a firm decision has not yet been made . Reception Critical reception Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings ( WIIU ) 86.07 % ( X360 ) 85.53 % ( PS3 ) 82.57 % ( PC ) 79.17 % Metacritic ( X360 ) 83 / 100 ( PS3 ) 83 / 100 ( WIIU ) 81 / 100 ( PC ) 74 / 100 Review scores Publication Score G4 4.5 / 5 Game Informer 8.5 / 10 GameSpot 8.0 / 10 GameTrailers 9.4 / 10 IGN 9.3 / 10 OPM ( UK ) 8 / 10 OXM ( US ) 8.5 / 10 OXM ( UK ) 8 / 10 Call of Duty : Black Ops II received generally positive reviews from critics . IGN editor Anthony Gallegos describes the game as `` a good example of how to evolve an annualized franchise . '' Gallegos praised the game for telling a story was genuinely interesting and creating a villain that he empathised with to the point of questioning his own actions over the course of the story . Gallegos directed criticisms at the artificial intelligence of allies in Strike Force mode and at the ending of the campaign , which he felt was disappointing even though he was aware that the outcome was directly influenced by the choices he made . Dan Ryckert of Game Informer was also critical of the artificial intelligence of Strike Force mode , and was unimpressed by the `` Pick Ten '' system introduced to multiplayer modes , noting that it was `` interesting , but ultimately less exciting '' than the system used in previous Call of Duty titles . Like Gallegos , Ryckert praised the narrative and structure of the single - player campaign , introducing changes that he felt were overdue and noting that the branching storylines `` had me talking to others about their experiences in a way I had never done before with this ( Call of Duty ) series '' . Steven O'Donnell and Stephanie Bendixsen , of video game talk show Good Game , both gave the game an 8.5 out of 10 , praising the gameplay multiplayer and zombies mode , but were critical of the campaign 's confusing narrative and Strike Force missions . In particular to the narrative Good Game , was critical of the opening battle where the player guns down fleeing Africans rebels , feeling that it was added purely for shock value and commenting that The landscape of shooters is changing somewhat . The fact is that everyone loves playing military shooters , but we 're also realising that we do n't want to glorify aimless killings . A lot of games are trying to make you feel that conflict and even make you feel bad about what you 're doing . But I do n't think it 's been handled very well here . Frederick Charles Fripp of IT News Africa gave it a final score of 9.2 / 10 and wrote that `` BO2 is a non-stop action - packed shooter that will keep gamers on their toes and on the edge of their seats . It has everything a player could want in a game : great graphics , a good story , easy controls and superb acting . '' Sales and revenue Activision reported sales figures for Black Ops II in the U.S. were more than 7.5 million copies sold on launch day and grossed over $500 million , in the US alone in its first 24 hours , making it the biggest entertainment launch of all time until the record was surpassed by Grand Theft Auto V in September 2013 . It is the fourth year in a row that the Call Of Duty series has broken the same record . 2011 's Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 grossed $400 million on one full day ; 2010 's Call of Duty : Black Ops grossed $360 million on day one ; in 2009 , Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 brought in $310 million . Black Ops II went on to gross $1 billion in the first 15 days of availability , beating Modern Warfare 3 's record of the first 16 days . On November 5 , 2013 , IGN confirmed that the game sold 24.2 million copies , making it the third highest selling game in the series , behind 2010 's Black Ops , and 2011 's Modern Warfare 3 . Lawsuit In July 2014 , former Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega sued Activision for lost profits from the use of his likeness in the game . He also claims that his inclusion translated to higher sales of Black Ops II . Noriega makes an appearance in the Cold War portions of the game and aids the primary antagonist . The suit sought compensation for lost profits and damages for his depiction as a `` kidnapper , murderer , and enemy of the state '' in the game . On October 28 , the Los Angeles court dismissed the lawsuit , ruling that Noriega 's inclusion was protected under free speech laws . References Notes Jump up ^ The game was published by Square Enix in Japan . Jump up ^ Lynch will be absent if she was not rescued and will die if all the Strike Force missions were not completed . If Lynch was rescued and Farid is alive , he will die either shielding her from Salazar or killing DeFalco ( if he is alive ) ; if Farid was killed , Lynch will be killed . Citations Jump up ^ `` Game Credits '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Ben ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Black Ops 2 soundtrack bolstered by Trent Reznor , Mass Effect composer Jack Wall '' . Joystiq . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wii U can be the preferred platform for core games , says Nintendo '' . Wiiudaily.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Neon ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Black Ops 2 officially confirmed by Activision '' . Videogamer.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ivan , Tom ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Black Ops 2 site goes live , confirms release date , ' 21st Century Cold War ' setting '' . Computerandvideogames.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Crecente , Brian ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 2 releases on Nov. 13 , will include future LA battle '' . The Verge . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Select - Our pick of all the latest Nintendo News '' . Official Nintendo Magazine . Nintendo ( 48 ) : 6 -- 7 . 2012 . ISSN 1836 - 4276 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops II Reviews '' . Giant Bomb . November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved November 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Warman , Matt ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` Call of duty : Black Ops II sales hit $500 million in first 24 hours '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` GTA V makes a record $800 m in 24 - hours '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Ops sold 7.5 million copies in November -- NPD '' . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 3 teaser trailer pairs Snapchat and The Matrix '' . The Verge. April 9 , 2015 . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Matulef , Jeffrey ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 2 now has Xbox backwards compatibility '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 48 Things That You Should Know About Call of Duty : Black Ops II '' . Kotaku . May 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 2 preview '' . Shacknews . May 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Black Ops 2 spans decades , offers branching missions and choice '' . Joystiq . May 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Scalzo , John ( November 9 , 2011 ) . `` Activision announces Call of Duty : 9 , multiple Blizzard titles for 2012 '' . Warp Zoned . Retrieved November 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Andrew ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Activision Confirms New Call of Duty Game in 2012 '' . IGN . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Votta , Marlon ( February 10 , 2012 ) . `` Official confirmation on COD : BO2 , title a mystery '' . inentertainment.co.uk . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty Creators Say Oliver North Helped Make Their Game More Authentic '' . Jump up ^ Thier , Dave ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` Oliver North is Selling Call of Duty : Black Ops 2 '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Interview : ' Black Ops II ' consultant Peter Singer '' . USA Today . May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dutton , Fred ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 2 listed on Amazon France - report News `` . Eurogamer.net . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Mike ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` News : ' Black Ops 2 ' listed on Amazon '' . ComputerAndVideoGames.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Conditt , Jessica ( February 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Activision does n't blacklist journalists , ' working on resolution with Gameblog '' . Joystiq . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Ben ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` Treyarch contract art studio employee lists ' Black Ops 2 ' among current projects ( update : pulled ! ) '' . Joystiq . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Mike ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` News : Black Ops 2 appears on developer CV '' . ComputerAndVideoGames.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sliwinski , Alexander ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` Report : Activision scoops up blackops2.com '' . Joystiq . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Major Spanish / Portuguese shop lists Call of Duty : Black Ops 2 '' . Eurogamer.net . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Winfrey , Lorenzo ( April 9 , 2012 ) . `` Call Of Duty : Black Ops 2 Logo Leaked , Reveal Trailer Release Date Outed ZoKnowsGaming '' . ZoKnowsGaming.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Narcisse , Evan ( April 18 , 2012 ) . `` Is This an Official Poster for Call of Duty : Black Ops 2 ? '' . Kotaku . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Andrew ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` Black Ops 2 Title , Release Date Confirmed '' . IGN . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gunther , Cory ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 2 confirmed by Target , coming November 13 '' . Slashgear.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` May 1 Call of Duty premiere points to Black Ops 2 '' . videogaming247 . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Andy ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` Official : New Call of Duty to premiere May 1 '' . ComputerAndVideoGames.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ivan , Tom ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` News : Black Ops 2 site goes live , confirms release date , ' 21st Century Cold War ' setting '' . ComputerAndVideoGames.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fossum , Erik ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` Vi lytter til fansen '' ( in Norwegian ) . pressfire.no . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Callofduty '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jeffrey L. ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 2 Blows Away Amazon Pre-Order Records News & Opinion '' . PCMag.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cook , Dave ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` Black Ops 2 Trailer Secrets -- 29 Things You Missed '' . NowGamer . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Plant , Michael ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 2 announcement trailer released '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Otero , Jose ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Is Black Ops 2 America 's Metal Gear Solid ? '' . 1UP.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Ana ( July 19 , 2012 ) . `` The Story Line Of ' Call Of Duty : Black Ops 2 ' Better Than A Hollywood Movie '' . Business Insider . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . I would argue that with Black Ops , the story is better than most movies being made . ^ Jump up to : Cowen , Nick ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 2 -- multiplayer hands - on preview '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Yin - Poole , Wesley ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Treyarch hopes Black Ops 2 multiplayer changes will make Call of Duty a team game again '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ottone , Robert ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Treyarch Looking To Enhance ' Call Of Duty : Black Ops 2 ' Multiplayer Experience '' . International Business Times . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops II will be coming at you in 3D this November '' . Warp Zoned . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ashcraft , Brian . `` How Square Enix Screwed Up Black Ops II for Japan '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` コールオブデューティブラックオプス II ( 吹き替え版 ) 発売日決定 ! Wii U 版も同日発売 ! '' ( in Japanese ) . Square - Enix Co. , Ltd . October 3 , 2012 . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Whoa , Nine Inch Nails ' Trent Reznor Is Doing the Theme Music for Black Ops 2 '' . Kotaku.com . July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops II Soundtrack '' . VGMdb . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Richard ( December 12 , 2012 ) . `` Xbox Black Ops 2 season pass holders get Nuketown Zombies today ( update : Trailer ) - Joystiq '' . Joystiq . Joystiq . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ keshav ( January 19 , 2013 ) . `` PSA : Nuketown Zombies available now for PS3 / PC Season Pass owners - Charlie INTEL Blog : Call of Duty Black Ops 2 , Modern Warfare 3 '' . Charlie Intel . Charlie Intel . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty ® : Black Ops II - Nuketown Zombies Map '' . Steam . Valve. April 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hinkle , David ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` Black Ops 2 ' Revolution ' DLC hits PS3 and PC '' . Joystiq . Joystiq . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Andrew ( January 8 , 2013 ) . `` Black Ops II Revolution DLC Confirmed '' . IGN . IGN . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pitcher , Jenna ( March 12 , 2013 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 2 gets microtransactions for ' little luxuries ' in game '' . Polygon . Polygon . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pitcher , Jenna ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 2 microtransactions coming to PS3 and PC on April 12 '' . Polygon . Polygon . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Luke ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Black Ops 2 Uprising DLC Hits PS3 / PC Next Month - IGN '' . IGN . IGN . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , J.C. ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` PSA : Black Ops 2 , Dishonored , Forza Horizon DLC out today '' . Joystiq . Joystiq . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cundy , Matt ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Black Ops 2 Vengeance DLC out today new maps , Zombies , Wonder Weapon '' . DL Central . Retrieved July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chris Pereira , Mitch Dyer ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 2 's Final DLC Revealed : Apocalypse '' . IGN . IGN . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ iDigitalTimes Staff Reporter ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' Black Ops 2 ' DLC : Bacon Camo , Other Micro Items Confirmed For April Release On PS3 And PC '' . International Digital Times . International Digital Times . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops II ( WIIU ) '' . GameRankings . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops II ( X360 ) '' . GameRankings . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops II ( PS3 ) '' . GameRankings . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops II ( PC ) '' . GameRankings . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops II for Xbox 360 - Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops II for PlayStation 3 - Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops II for Wii U - Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops II for PC - Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Kevin . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 2 Review - Xbox 360 '' . G4tv . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ryckert , Dan ( November 13 , 2012 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops II review from GameInformer '' . Game Informer . Jump up ^ Watters , Chris ( November 13 , 2012 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops II Review '' . GameStop . Jump up ^ `` REVIEW - Call of Duty : Black Ops II '' . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gallegos , Anthony ( November 13 , 2012 ) . `` This is not the Shooter you expected '' . IGN . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gallegos , Anthony ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 2 Wii U Review '' . IGN . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Black Ops 2 PS3 review -- Ditching modern warfare for future shooter thrills '' . Official UK PlayStation Magazine . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2012 . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops II review '' . Official Xbox Magazine . November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 2 Review '' . Official Xbox Magazine UK . November 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bendixsen , O'Donnell ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 2 '' . Good Game . Season 5 . Episode 42 . November 20 , 2012 Call of Duty : Black Ops 2 . ABC Television . Jump up ^ Fripp , Charlie ( December 12 , 2012 ) . `` Review : Call Of Duty Black Ops 2 '' . IT News Africa . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty ® : Black Ops II Grosses $1 Billion In 15 Days '' ( Press release ) . Santa Monica , California : Activision . December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : A Short History '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . November 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dave , Parish ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Ex-dictator Manuel Noriega sues Activision over ' Call of Duty ' game '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mullins , Dexter ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Manuel Noriega sues over ' Call of Duty ' videogame '' . Aljazeera America . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . External links Official website Call of Duty : Black Ops II on IMDb ( hide ) Call of Duty Games World War II setting Call of Duty United Offensive Finest Hour Big Red One Roads to Victory World at War Nintendo DS version Final Fronts WWII Modern Warfare story arc 4 : Modern Warfare Nintendo DS version Remastered Modern Warfare 2 Mobilized Controversies `` No Russian '' Modern Warfare 3 Downloadable content Defiance Black Ops story arc World at War Zombies Black Ops Zombies Black Ops II Declassified Strike Team Black Ops III Other games Ghosts Advanced Warfare Infinite Warfare Media Modern Warfare 2 : Ghost Find Makarov : Operation Kingfish `` Not Ready to Die '' `` Nightmare '' `` Carry On '' `` Shepherd of Fire '' `` Survival '' Main developers Infinity Ward Sledgehammer Games Treyarch Related articles Championship Elite Experience 2011 Experience 2016 Captain Price id Tech 3 IW engine Soap MacTavish World League Book Video games portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Call_of_Duty:_Black_Ops_II&oldid=827596736 '' Categories : 2012 video games 2025 in fiction Activision games Call of Duty Cold War video games Cyberpunk video games First - person shooters Futuristic shooting games Martyrdom in fiction Military science fiction video games Multiplayer and single - player video games Nintendo Network games PlayStation 3 games Science fiction video games South African Border War in popular culture Square Enix games Stealth video games Terrorism in fiction Video games developed in the United States Video games set in 1986 Video games set in 1989 Alternate history video games Video games set in Afghanistan Video games set in Angola Video games set in China Video games set in Cuba Video games set in Haiti Video games set in France Video games set in India Video games set in Kyrgyzstan Video games set in Los Angeles Video games set in Myanmar Video games set in Nicaragua Video games set in Pakistan Video games set in Panama Video games set in Saudi Arabia Video games set in Singapore Video games set in the 1980s Video games set in the 2020s War video games set in the United States Video games set in Yemen Video games with alternate endings Angolan Civil War video games Soviet -- Afghan War video games War in North - West Pakistan fiction Wii U games Windows games Works by David S. Goyer Xbox 360 games Zombie video games Hidden categories : CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from February 2016 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Саха тыла Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 17 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was call of duty black ops 2 made	[ "Call of Duty: Black Ops II is a first-person shooter video game, developed by Treyarch and published by Activision. It was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and the Xbox 360 on November 13, 2012, and for the Wii U on November 18 in North America and November 30 elsewhere.[4][5][6] Black Ops II is the ninth game in the Call of Duty franchise of video games, a sequel to the 2010 game Call of Duty: Black Ops and the first Call of Duty game for the Wii U. A corresponding game for the PlayStation Vita, Call of Duty: Black Ops: Declassified, was developed by nStigate Games and also released on November 13." ]	[ "November 13, 2012" ]
939084341244084955	Strickland v. Washington	Strickland v. Washington - wikipedia Strickland v. Washington This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) United States Supreme Court case Strickland v. Washington Supreme Court of the United States Argued January 10 , 1984 Decided May 14 , 1984 Full case name Strickland , Superintendent , Florida State Prison , v. Washington Citations 466 U.S. 668 ( more ) 104 S. Ct. 2052 ; 80 L. Ed . 2d 674 Prior history Writ of habeas corpus denied by the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ; reversed by the Eleventh Circuit , 693 F. 2d 1243 ( 11th Cir. 1982 ) ; cert . granted , 462 U.S. 1105 ( 1983 ) . Holding To obtain relief because of ineffective assistance of counsel , a criminal defendant must show both that counsel 's performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and that counsel 's deficient performance gives rise to a reasonable probability that if counsel had performed adequately , the result of the proceeding would have been different . Court membership Chief Justice Warren E. Burger Associate Justices William J. Brennan Jr . Byron White Thurgood Marshall Harry Blackmun Lewis F. Powell Jr . William Rehnquist John P. Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor Case opinions Majority O'Connor , joined by Burger , White , Blackmun , Powell , Rehnquist , Stevens Concur / dissent Brennan Dissent Marshall Laws applied U.S. Const . amend . VI Strickland v. Washington , 466 U.S. 668 ( 1984 ) , was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that established the standard for determining when a criminal defendant 's Sixth Amendment right to counsel is violated by that counsel 's inadequate performance . The Court , in a decision by Justice O'Connor , established a two - part test for an ineffective assistance of counsel claim : a criminal defendant must show two things : Counsel 's performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness . Counsel 's performance gives rise to a reasonable probability that if counsel had performed adequately , the result would have been different . The decision was a compromise by the majority in which the varying `` tests for ineffective performance of counsel '' among the federal circuits and state supreme courts were forced into a singular middle ground test . State governments are free to create a test even more favorable to an appellant . Contents 1 Background 2 Decision 2.1 Concurring opinion 2.2 Dissenting opinion 3 Subsequent events 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Background ( edit ) David Washington pleaded guilty in a Florida trial court to an indictment that included three capital murder charges . During the plea colloquy , Washington told the trial judge that although he had committed a string of burglaries , at the time of his criminal spree , he was under extreme stress caused by his inability to support his family . The trial judge told Washington that he had `` a great deal of respect for people who are willing to step forward and admit their responsibility . '' In preparing for the sentencing hearing , defense counsel spoke with Washington about his background but did not seek out character witnesses or request a psychiatric examination . The counsel 's decision not to present evidence concerning Washington 's character and emotional state reflected his judgment that it was advisable to rely on the plea colloquy for evidence as to such matters , thus preventing the state from cross-examining Washington and from presenting psychiatric evidence of its own . Counsel did not request a presentence report because it would have included Washington 's criminal history and thereby would have undermined the claim of no significant prior criminal record . Finding numerous aggravating circumstances and no mitigating circumstance , the trial judge sentenced Washington to death on each of the murder counts . The Florida Supreme Court affirmed Washington 's sentences on direct appeal . Washington then sought collateral relief in state court on the ground , inter alia , that counsel had rendered ineffective assistance at the sentencing proceeding in several respects , including his failure to request a psychiatric report , to investigate and present character witnesses , and to seek a presentence report . The trial court denied relief , and the Florida Supreme Court affirmed . Washington then filed a habeas corpus petition in Federal District Court advancing numerous grounds for relief , including the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel . After an evidentiary hearing , he was denied relief , as it was concluded that although counsel made errors in judgment in failing to investigate mitigating evidence further than he did , no prejudice to Washington 's sentence resulted from any such error in judgment . The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit , in a three judge panel , determined that Washington had been ineffectively represented . However , the state of Florida appealed the decision , and the appeal occurred while the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit was statutorily created from a part of the Fifth Circuit . The United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit en banc , reversed the Fifth Circuit 's ruling , stating that the Sixth Amendment accorded ( 466 U.S. 668 , 669 ) criminal defendants a right to counsel rendering `` reasonably effective assistance given the totality of the circumstances . '' After outlining standards for judging whether a defense counsel fulfilled the duty to investigate nonstatutory mitigating circumstances and whether counsel 's errors were sufficiently prejudicial to justify reversal , it remanded the case for application of the standards . The State of Florida appealed the decision to the United States Supreme Court , which granted certiorari . Decision ( edit ) The Supreme Court began its decision with the idea that the Sixth Amendment right to counsel `` exists , and is needed , in order to protect the fundamental right to a fair trial . '' A fair trial is one in which `` evidence subject to adversarial testing is presented to an impartial tribunal for resolution of issues defined in advance of the proceeding . '' Criminal defendants require counsel 's skill and knowledge in order to be able to successfully rebuff the state 's attempt to imprison or execute them . Accordingly , the Court has ruled that counsel must be appointed for criminal defendants if they can not afford to hire their own counsel . However , the fact that `` a person who happens to be a lawyer is present at trial alongside the accused ... is not enough to satisfy the constitutional command . '' Counsel must play the role in the adversarial system that allows the system to produce just results . Hence , the right to counsel is the right to the effective assistance of counsel . A claim that counsel was ineffective , then , has two components , without which `` it can not be said that the conviction or death sentence resulted from a breakdown in the adversary process that renders the result unreliable : '' Firstly , the defendant must show that counsel 's performance was `` deficient , '' such that counsel 's errors were `` so serious that counsel was not functioning as the ' counsel ' guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment . '' Secondly , the deficient performance must be so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial . In order to show that counsel 's performance was `` deficient , '' the defendant must show that it fell below an `` objective standard of reasonableness . '' The legal profession is capable of maintaining standards that justify the law 's presumption that counsel ordinarily serves his function in the adversary system . That includes such basic duties as assisting the defendant and showing him undivided loyalty by representing him unburdened by any conflict of interest . Counsel should advocate the defendant 's case , consult with the defendant on the important decisions and keep him informed of important developments in the course of the prosecution . However , the basic duties do not serve as a `` checklist '' for counsel for `` no particular set of detailed rules for counsel 's conduct can satisfactorily take account of the variety of circumstances faced by defense counsel or the range of legitimate decisions regarding how best to represent a criminal defendant . '' Counsel must have `` wide latitude '' to make `` reasonable tactical decisions '' lest the requirements for constitutionally effective assistance distract counsel from `` the overriding mission of vigorous advocacy of the defendant 's cause . '' Judges who evaluate ineffective assistance claims should , in turn , be highly deferential to counsel 's decisions and avoid scrutinizing them in hindsight . Harsh scrutiny would encourage the proliferation of ineffective assistance claims and `` dampen the ardor and impair the independence of defense counsel . '' Counsel does , however , have a duty to make `` reasonable investigations , or to make a reasonable decision that makes particular investigations unnecessary . '' After all , strategic decisions made in light of a reasonable investigation and compared to plausible options are virtually unchallengeable . By contrast , strategic choices made after less than complete investigation are reasonable only to the extent that reasonable professional judgments justify the curtailment of counsel 's investigation . The judgments may be informed by statements the defendant himself makes to counsel and the effects of previous strategic choices . However , not all errors on counsel 's part justify setting aside the judgment ; rather , they must prejudice the defendant 's ability to receive a fair trial . In certain circumstances , such as when the defendant has had no counsel at all or when counsel has labored under a conflict of interest , the Court will presume prejudice , but ordinarily , the defendant must show that counsel 's deficient performance had an adverse effect on the defense . Since the goal is to ensure that the defendant had a fair trial , the defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that , but for counsel 's errors , the result of the proceeding would have been different . The Court outlined several crucial guidelines to consider when applying the Strickland test : most importantly , the Court found that a `` mechanical '' application of the test was the wrong approach . A reasonable probability is one sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome . When the defendant challenges his conviction , he must show that counsel 's errors prevented the jury from forming a reasonable doubt as to his guilt . When he challenges a death sentence , as Washington is doing , he must show a reasonable probability that the sentencer would have balanced the aggravation and mitigation evidence differently . The assessments must be made , of course , with respect to the totality of the evidence presented at the hearing so that when the prosecution 's case is weak , the defendant will more easily show prejudice . Applying the test to Washington 's case , the Court concluded that counsel did not perform deficiently and that Washington suffered no prejudice . The counsel 's decision to focus on remorse and emotional distress was a reasonable strategic decision in light of the trial judge 's stated views on remorse , the heinousness of Washington 's crimes , and Washington 's own statements to counsel . In view of those considerations , the Court could not conclude that additional mitigating evidence would have given rise to a reasonable probability that the trial judge would have sentenced Washington to life in prison rather than death . The majority reversed the judgment of the Court of Appeals . Concurring opinion ( edit ) Justice Brennan concurred in the result because he believed that the Court 's new test for ineffective assistance , particularly the prejudice prong , would not impede the presentation of mitigating evidence on behalf of capital defendants : Counsel 's general duty to investigate ... takes on supreme importance to a defendant in the context of developing mitigating evidence to present to a judge or jury considering the sentence of death ; claims of ineffective assistance in the performance of that duty should therefore be considered with commensurate care . However , because Justice Brennan believed that the death penalty is in all circumstances cruel and unusual punishment , he would have vacated Washington 's death sentence and remanded for further proceedings . Dissenting opinion ( edit ) Justice Marshall dissented from the majority 's holding . He objected that the Court 's newly crafted test was unlikely to `` improve the adjudication of Sixth Amendment claims . '' He considered the performance standard `` so malleable that , in practice , it will either have no grip at all or will yield excessive variation in the manner in which the Sixth Amendment is interpreted and applied by different courts . '' What does `` reasonable '' mean ? Should counsel 's performance be judged by reference to a reasonable paid attorney or a reasonable appointed one ? After all , Marshall pointed out , `` a person of means , by selecting a lawyer and paying him enough to ensure he prepares thoroughly , usually can obtain better representation than that available to an indigent defendant , who must rely on appointed counsel , who , in turn , has limited time and resources to devote to a given case . '' Marshall also disputed that counsel 's performance must be given especially wide latitude , since `` much of the work involved in preparing for trial , applying for bail , conferring with one 's client , making timely objections to significant , arguably erroneous rulings of the trial judge , and filing a notice of appeal if there are colorable grounds therefor could profitably be made the subject of uniform standards . '' Marshall also disputed that it should be made the defendant 's burden to show prejudice from an allegedly incompetent attorney 's performance . Prejudice can not be measured solely with respect to the fairness of the outcome of the trial ; the fairness of the procedure matters just as much . `` The majority contends that the Sixth Amendment is not violated when a manifestly guilty defendant is convicted after a trial in which he was represented by a manifestly ineffective attorney . I can not agree . '' Marshall worried that the Court 's admonition to future judges , presented with ineffective assistance claims should defer to counsel 's strategic judgments , placed too heavy a burden on defendants making such claims . Finally , Marshall took issue with the Court 's conclusion that the same standard for ineffectiveness should apply in a capital sentencing proceeding that applies at an ordinary trial . The capital sentencing process is intended to be especially reliable , and `` reliability in the imposition of the death sentence can be approximated only if the sentencer is fully informed of all possible relevant information about the individual defendant whose fate it must determine . '' The defendant 's attorney is responsible for doing that . That and in light of the `` severity and irrevocability of the sanction at stake , '' the standard for effective assistance in capital sentencing proceedings must be especially stringent . Accordingly , Marshall believed that a person on death row seeking relief from his death sentence on grounds of ineffective assistance should not have to show a reasonable probability that he would not have received a death sentence if counsel had presented more mitigating evidence . Because it was clear that Washington 's attorney had failed to investigate and then present large amounts of information to the sentencing judge , Marshall concluded that Washington 's lawyer was ineffective . Subsequent events ( edit ) Washington was executed on July 14 , 1984 , two months after the Supreme Court 's decision. ( 1 ) One of the important aspects of this decision was its relationship to United States v. Cronic , 466 U.S. 648 ( 1984 ) , and the number of appeals `` held '' by the Court in abeyance for the decision . Justice O'Connor's ability to gain a majority in this decision prevented the antiquated `` farce and mockery standard , '' a standard extremely difficult to achieve for an appellant , from making a return . ( see Kastenberg article listed below ) See also ( edit ) List of United States Supreme Court cases , volume 466 Wiggins v. Smith ( 2003 ) Premo v. Moore ( 2011 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Casey Scott McKay , Constitutional Law - the Plea - Bargaining Process - Mr. Counsel , Please Bargain Effectively for Your Client 's Sixth Amendment Rights , Otherwise the Trial Court Will Be Forced to Reoffer the Plea Deal and Then Exercise Discretion in Resentencing , 82 Miss . L.J. 731 ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ The Strickland referenced in the decision was the Superintendent of the Florida State Prison , where Washington was incarcerated upon his sentencing . Jump up ^ Casey Scott McKay , Constitutional Law - the Plea - Bargaining Process - Mr. Counsel , Please Bargain Effectively for Your Client 's Sixth Amendment Rights , Otherwise the Trial Court Will Be Forced to Reoffer the Plea Deal and Then Exercise Discretion in Resentencing , 82 Miss . L.J. 731 ( 2013 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Rigg , Robert R. ( 2007 ) . `` The T - Rex without Teeth : Evolving Strickland v. Washington and the Test for Ineffective Assistance of Counsel '' . Pepperdine Law Review . 35 ( 1 ) : 77 -- 105 . Casey Scott McKay , Constitutional Law - the Plea - Bargaining Process - Mr. Counsel , Please Bargain Effectively for Your Client 's Sixth Amendment Rights , Otherwise the Trial Court Will Be Forced to Reoffer the Plea Deal and Then Exercise Discretion in Resentencing , 82 Miss . L.J. 731 ( 2013 ) , available at http://mississippilawjournal.org/category/volume-82/volume-82-number-3/ Kastenberg , Joshua E , `` Nearing Thirty Years : The Burger Court , Strickland v. Washington , and the Parameters of the Right to Counsel , '' Journal of Appellate Practice and Process , 14 J. App . Prac . & Proc 215 ( 2013 ) . External links ( edit ) Text of Strickland v. Washington , 466 U.S. 668 ( 1984 ) is available from : Justia Library of Congress Oyez ( oral argument audio ) Lawlio hide United States Sixth Amendment case law Speedy Trial Clause Beavers v. Haubert ( 1905 ) United States v. Provoo ( 1955 ) Pollard v. United States ( 1957 ) United States v. Ewell ( 1966 ) Klopfer v. North Carolina ( 1967 ) Smith v. Hooey ( 1969 ) Dickey v. Florida ( 1970 ) United States v. Marion ( 1971 ) Barker v. Wingo ( 1972 ) Strunk v. United States ( 1973 ) United States v. Lovasco ( 1977 ) United States v. MacDonald ( 1982 ) United States v. Loud Hawk ( 1986 ) Doggett v. United States ( 1992 ) Vermont v. Brillon ( 2009 ) Betterman v. Montana ( 2016 ) Public Trial Clause Gaines v. Washington ( 1928 ) In re Oliver ( 1948 ) Gannett Co. , Inc. v. DePasquale ( 1979 ) Waller v. Georgia ( 1984 ) Presley v. Georgia ( 2010 ) Impartial Jury Clause Availability Callan v. Wilson ( 1888 ) Natal v. State ( 1891 ) Schick v. United States ( 1904 ) District of Columbia v. Colts ( 1930 ) District of Columbia v. Clawans ( 1937 ) United States v. Barnett ( 1964 ) Cheff v. Schnackenberg ( 1966 ) Duncan v. Louisiana ( 1968 ) Bloom v. Illinois ( 1968 ) DeStefano v. Woods ( 1968 ) Frank v. United States ( 1969 ) Baldwin v. New York ( 1970 ) Mayberry v. Pennsylvania ( 1971 ) Taylor v. Haynes ( 1974 ) Codispoti v. Pennsylvania ( 1974 ) Blanton v. North Las Vegas ( 1989 ) United States v. Nachtigal ( 1993 ) Lewis v. United States ( 1996 ) Impartiality Reynolds v. United States ( 1878 ) Connors v. United States ( 1895 ) Aldridge v. United States ( 1931 ) Glasser v. United States ( 1942 ) Dennis v. United States ( 1950 ) Irvin v. Dowd ( 1961 ) Beck v. Washington ( 1962 ) Rideau v. Louisiana ( 1963 ) Sheppard v. Maxwell ( 1966 ) Witherspoon v. Illinois ( 1968 ) Ham v. South Carolina ( 1973 ) Murphy v. Florida ( 1975 ) Ristaino v. Ross ( 1976 ) Adams v. Texas ( 1980 ) Rosales - Lopez v. United States ( 1981 ) Patton v. Yount ( 1984 ) Wainwright v. Witt ( 1985 ) Turner v. Murray ( 1986 ) Lockhart v. McCree ( 1986 ) Gray v. Mississippi ( 1987 ) Ross v. Oklahoma ( 1988 ) Mu'Min v. Virginia ( 1991 ) Morgan v. Illinois ( 1992 ) United States v. Martinez - Salazar ( 2000 ) Skilling v. United States ( 2010 ) McDonnell v. United States ( 2016 ) Facts found McMillan v. Pennsylvania ( 1986 ) Walton v. Arizona ( 1990 ) Almendarez - Torres v. United States ( 1998 ) Jones v. United States ( 1999 ) Apprendi v. New Jersey ( 2000 ) Harris v. United States ( 2002 ) Ring v. Arizona ( 2002 ) Blakely v. Washington ( 2004 ) Schriro v. Summerlin ( 2004 ) United States v. Booker ( 2005 ) Washington v. Recuenco ( 2006 ) Cunningham v. California ( 2007 ) Oregon v. Ice ( 2009 ) Southern Union Co. v. United States ( 2012 ) Alleyne v. United States ( 2013 ) Hurst v. Florida ( 2016 ) Size and unanimity Thompson v. Utah ( 1898 ) Maxwell v. Dow ( 1900 ) Rassmussen v. United States ( 1905 ) Patton v. United States ( 1930 ) Williams v. Florida ( 1970 ) Apodaca v. Oregon ( 1972 ) Ballew v. Georgia ( 1978 ) Burch v. Louisiana ( 1979 ) Vicinage Clause United States v. Dawson ( 1853 ) Jones v. United States ( 1890 ) Cook v. United States ( 1891 ) Burton v. United States ( 1905 , 1906 ) Ruthenberg v. United States ( 1918 ) Lewis v. United States ( 1929 ) United States v. Cabrales ( 1998 ) Impeachment of verdicts McDonald v. Pless ( 1915 ) Tanner v. United States ( 1987 ) Warger v. Shauers ( 2014 ) Peña - Rodriguez v. Colorado ( 2017 ) Information Clause Twitchell v. Pennsylvania ( 1868 ) Cole v. Arkansas ( 1948 ) Russell v. United States ( 1962 ) Rabe v. Washington ( 1972 ) Confrontation Clause Out - of - court statements Reynolds v. United States ( 1878 ) Mattox v. United States ( 1895 ) Kirby v. United States ( 1899 ) Motes v. United States ( 1900 ) Dowdell v. United States ( 1911 ) Pointer v. Texas ( 1965 ) Brookhart v. Janis ( 1966 ) Barber v. Page ( 1968 ) Bruton v. United States ( 1968 ) Berger v. California ( 1969 ) Frazier v. Cupp ( 1969 ) California v. Green ( 1970 ) Dutton v. Evans ( 1970 ) Mancusi v. Stubbs ( 1972 ) Ohio v. Roberts ( 1980 ) Tennessee v. Street ( 1985 ) Delaware v. Fensterer ( 1985 ) United States v. Inadi ( 1986 ) Lee v. Illinois ( 1986 ) Crawford v. Washington ( 2004 ) Davis v. Washington ( 2006 ) Whorton v. Bockting ( 2007 ) Giles v. California ( 2008 ) Melendez - Diaz v. Massachusetts ( 2009 ) Michigan v. Bryant ( 2011 ) Bullcoming v. New Mexico ( 2011 ) Williams v. Illinois ( 2012 ) Ohio v. Clark ( 2015 ) Face - to - face confrontation Snyder v. Massachusetts ( 1934 ) Kentucky v. Stincer ( 1987 ) Coy v. Iowa ( 1988 ) Maryland v. Craig ( 1990 ) Restrictions on cross-examination Douglas v. Alabama ( 1965 ) McCray v. Illinois ( 1967 ) Smith v. Illinois ( 1968 ) Chambers v. Mississippi ( 1973 ) Davis v. Alaska ( 1974 ) Delaware v. Fensterer ( 1985 ) Delaware v. Van Arsdall ( 1986 ) Right to present relevant evidence Cooper v. California ( 1967 ) McCray v. Illinois ( 1967 ) Pennsylvania v. Ritchie ( 1987 ) Olden v. Kentucky ( 1988 ) Michigan v. Lucas ( 1991 ) Compulsory Process Clause Washington v. Texas ( 1967 ) United States v. Valenzuela - Bernal ( 1982 ) Taylor v. 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-3621127445922942810	Watch Me (Whip/Nae Nae)	Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) - wikipedia Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' Single by Silentó Released May 5 , 2015 Format Digital download Recorded November 2014 Genre Hip hop dance - pop Length 3 : 05 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Ricky Hawk Timothy Mingo Producer ( s ) Bolo Da Producer Silentó singles chronology `` Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' ( 2015 ) `` Lightning in a Bottle '' ( 2015 ) `` Watch Me '' ( 2015 ) `` Lightning in a Bottle '' ( 2015 ) Music video `` Watch Me '' on YouTube `` Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' is the debut single by the American rapper Silentó . In March 2015 , he was signed to Capitol Records , which released the track as a single with an accompanying music video . The song peaked at # 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 , where it has spent 6 non-consecutive weeks . With a viral clip on YouTube , the song was popular for its dance despite mixed reviews , a combination of 2 popular moves cited in the title : the `` Whip ( dance ) '' and the `` Nae Nae '' as well as other hip hop dances from various songs `` Crank That ( Soulja Boy ) '' and `` Stanky Legg '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Release 1.1 Music video 1.2 DanceOn Campaign 2 Reception 2.1 Commercial 2.2 Critical 2.3 In other media 3 Charts and certifications 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 3.3 Certifications 4 References Release ( edit ) The song was released on May 5 , 2015 . Starting August 28 until September 6 , 2015 , Silentó performed a remixed version for Nickelodeon to help advertise their Labor Day weekend line - up of shows ( ALVINNN ! ! ! and the Chipmunks , Harvey Beaks , Sanjay and Craig , and Pig Goat Banana Cricket ) under the title `` Epic Dance Party '' . In the promos , portions of Silentó 's original music video are used , although there are new shots featuring him dancing with the Nick characters and rapping the remix . Music video ( edit ) The music video was uploaded online on Silentó 's Vevo channel on YouTube on June 25 , 2015 and shot in Atlanta , Georgia . It was directed by Marc Klasfeld . Set in a high school gymnasium , Silentó performs the dance moves mentioned in the song with dance crews , high school and university cheerleaders , fans , even a trio of conservative women who later join in on the dance , and also incorporates videos sent in by viewers . Lil Scrappy and Rich White Ladies make guest appearances in the video . As of January 2018 , it has surpassed 1.4 billion views on YouTube , making it the site 's 37th most - watched video . DanceOn campaign ( edit ) The digital media company DanceOn was crucial to the success of `` Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) . '' After striking a deal with Silentó , DanceOn reached out to its network of dance content creators to make instructional videos to the song for their # WatchMeDanceOn campaign . 50 of their creators made videos that they then posted on YouTube . Instantly they gained popularity bringing in more than 250 million views in under three months . The campaign was launched on April 13 , 2015 and by May 22 , 2015 the track 's sales tripled from 17,000 units a week to 42,000 a week . Reception ( edit ) Commercial ( edit ) `` Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 , where it has spent six non-consecutive weeks being kept from number one on the chart by songs such as `` Cheerleader '' by Omi and `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' by The Weeknd . It spent eighteen weeks in the top ten of that chart before dropping out on October 14 , 2015 . Internationally , the song has peaked within the top ten of the charts in Australia , as well as the top twenty of the charts in Denmark , New Zealand and the United Kingdom . The song reached over 2 million in sales by November 2015 , and has sold 2,440,000 copies as of June 2016 . Critical ( edit ) The song received mostly positive reviews for its dance . It also received a nomination for Song of the Summer at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards and another nomination for R&B / Hip - Hop Song at the Teen Choice Awards . However , it was not immune to negative reception , as Australian site Irkitated named it one of the absolute `` worst songs '' . In other Media ( edit ) The song is featured in the television shows South Park , The $100,000 Pyramid , and The Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt . It can also be heard in the film The Emoji Movie . The track appears in the video game Just Dance 2017 , and is playable in the demo for Xbox One , PlayStation 4 , and Nintendo Switch , Wii U copies of the demo keep Sorry as the playable demo track . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 9 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 65 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 31 Belgium Urban ( Ultratop Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 41 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 15 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 46 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 40 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 16 France ( SNEP ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 50 Ireland ( IRMA ) 35 Italy ( FIMI ) 95 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 17 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 43 South Africa ( EMA ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 52 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 41 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 19 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) 2 US Billboard Hot 100 3 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 24 US Latin Airplay ( Billboard ) 36 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 39 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 2 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 18 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 3 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Radio Disney ( Top 30 ) 5 Australia ( ARIA ) 52 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 42 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 48 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs 3 Chart ( 2016 ) Position Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) 69 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 99 US Billboard Hot 100 88 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Platinum 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 6,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stanos , Brittany ( 9 December 2015 ) . `` 2015 's 10 Most Viewed Music Videos on YouTube '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Nickelodeon ( 2015 - 08 - 27 ) , Watch Me Whip Nae Nae Nick Remix Silentó Nick , retrieved 2016 - 08 - 25 Jump up ^ `` Watch Me : Behind the Scenes '' from YouTube ( Posted July 21 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ SilentoVEVO ( 2015 - 06 - 25 ) , Silentó - Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) ( Official ) , retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 Jump up ^ `` Most Viewed Videos of All Time ( Over 375 million views ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna cofounded a startup that manufactures viral dance trends -- and ' Whip / Nae Nae ' was its first monster hit '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Rapper Silento 's Road to a Label Deal , Chart Success : Professional YouTubers '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Silento Chart History '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' . acharts.co . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Mansell , Henry ( 14 November 2015 ) . `` Hip Hop Single Sales : Drake , Justin Timberlake & The Weeknd '' . HipHopDX . Cheri Media Group . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 06 / 06 / 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song of Summer '' . MTV . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Teen Choice Awards , Nominees , Winners , TV Schedule '' . chiff.com . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Irkitated . `` Worst Songs - crazy - Silento - Watch me Whip and Watch me Nae Nae - Irkitated '' . Irkitated . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Silentó -- Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top40 : Single - Charts '' . orf.at . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Silentó -- Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Silentó -- Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Silento Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canada CHR / Top 40 : Sep 12 , 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201534 into search . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Silentó -- Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Silentó -- Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' ( in French ) . Less classement single . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Silentó Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 35 , 2015 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Digital - Classifica settimanale WK 37 ( dal 2015 - 09 - 11 al 2015 - 09 - 17 ) '' . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Silentó -- Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Silentó -- Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201535 into search . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2015 - 09 - 15 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Silentó -- Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' . Singles Top 60 . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Silentó -- Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Silento Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Silento Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Silento Chart History ( Latin Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Silento Chart History ( Latin Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Silento Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Silento Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Silento Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Disney - Year End Charts - Top 50 Songs of 2015 '' . Disney . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Media Group . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2015 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . billboard.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Year - end - US Hot R&B / Hop - hop Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` As 100 Mais Tocadas nas Rádios Jovens em 2016 '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs - Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Silento -- Watch Me '' . Music Canada . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Silento -- Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Silento -- Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Silento -- Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Enter Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Silento -- Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watch_Me_(Whip/Nae_Nae)&oldid=832076402 '' Categories : 2015 singles Capitol Records singles Debut singles 2015 songs Songs about dancing Music videos directed by Marc Klasfeld Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 17 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the song watch me whip whip watch me nae nae	[ "\"Watch Me (Whip/Nae Nae)\" is the debut single by the American rapper Silentó. In March 2015, he was signed to Capitol Records, which released the track as a single with an accompanying music video. The song peaked at #3 on the Billboard Hot 100, where it has spent 6 non-consecutive weeks. With a viral clip on YouTube, the song was popular for its dance despite mixed reviews, a combination of 2 popular moves cited in the title: the \"Whip (dance)\" and the \"Nae Nae\"[1] as well as other hip hop dances from various songs \"Crank That (Soulja Boy)\" and \"Stanky Legg\"." ]	[ "Watch Me (Whip/Nae Nae)" ]
-3005673978471679451	Beauty and the Beast (musical)	Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the stage adaptation . For the Disney animated film of the same name , see Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 film ) . For the Disney live - action film of the same name , see Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) . Beauty and the Beast Vocal Selections cover art Music Alan Menken Lyrics Howard Ashman Tim Rice Book Linda Woolverton Productions 1993 Houston ( tryout ) 1994 Broadway 1995 Los Angeles 1995 Melbourne 1995 Toronto 1995 Vienna 1995 US Tour 1995 Tokyo 1997 Mexico City 1997 London 1997 Stuttgart 1998 Buenos Aires 1999 Beijing 1999 US Tour 1999 Madrid 2001 UK Tour 2001 US Tour 2002 São Paulo 2004 Seoul 2005 Sweden Tour 2005 Budapest 2005 Manila 2005 Netherlands Tour 2005 Oberhausen 2006 Israel Tour 2007 Helsinki 2007 Antwerp 2007 Mexico City 2007 Madrid 2008 Johannesburg 2008 Moscow 2009 São Paulo 2009 Milan 2010 US Tour 2010 Buenos Aires 2010 Germany Tour 2012 Spain Tour 2013 Paris 2014 Oslo 2014 International Tour 2014 Moscow 2015 India Tour 2015 The Hague 2016 Ghent 2017 Disney Cruise Line 2018 Shanghai Beauty and the Beast is a musical with music by Alan Menken , lyrics by Howard Ashman and Tim Rice , and book by Linda Woolverton . Adapted from Walt Disney Pictures ' Academy Award - winning 1991 animated musical film of the same name -- which in turn had been based on the classic French fairy tale by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont -- Beauty and the Beast tells the story of a cold - blooded prince who has been magically transformed into an unsightly creature as punishment for his selfish ways . To revert into his true human form , the Beast must first earn the love of a bright , beautiful young woman whom he has imprisoned in his enchanted castle before it is too late . Critics , who hailed it as one of the year 's finest musicals , immediately noted the film 's Broadway musical potential when it was first released in 1991 , encouraging Disney CEO Michael Eisner to venture into Broadway . All eight songs from the animated film were reused in the musical , including a resurrected musical number which had been cut from the motion picture . Original songwriter Menken composed six new songs for the production alongside lyricist Rice , replacing Ashman who had died during production of the film . Woolverton , who had written the film 's screenplay , adapted her own work into the musical 's libretto , and specifically expanded upon the characterization of the Beast . Woolverton also expanded the storylines of the castle staff from servants who had already been transformed into household objects into humans who were gradually turning into inanimate objects . Costumes were designed by Ann Hould - Ward , who based her creations on both the animators ' original designs as well as the Rococo art movement after researching how clothing and household objects looked during the 18th century . After completing tryouts in Houston , Beauty and the Beast premiered on Broadway on April 18 , 1994 , starring Susan Egan and Terrence Mann as the eponymous Belle and Beast , respectively . The musical opened to mixed reviews from theatre critics , but was a massive commercial success and well received by audiences . Beauty ran on Broadway for 5,461 performances for thirteen years ( 1994 - 2007 ) , becoming Broadway 's tenth longest - running production in history . The musical has grossed more than $1.4 billion worldwide and played in thirteen countries and 115 cities . It has also become a popular choice for high school productions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and inception 2 Development 2.1 Writing and screen - to - stage modifications 2.2 Casting 2.3 Musical numbers and choreography 2.4 Set and costumes 2.5 Lighting and special effects 3 Plot 3.1 Act I 3.2 Act II 4 Productions 4.1 Original Broadway production 4.2 Original London production 4.3 National tours 4.4 Other productions 4.5 International productions 4.6 Amateur productions 5 Characters 6 Musical numbers 7 Instrumentation 8 Cast information 9 Recordings 10 Junior version 11 Critical reception 12 Awards and nominations 12.1 Original Broadway production 12.2 Original London production 13 Impact and legacy 14 References 15 External links Background and inception ( edit ) Still recovering from Walt Disney 's demise , Disney 's animated films continued to experience a noticeable decline in quality while struggling to attain critical and commercial success during the 1970s and 1980s . The Walt Disney Company CEO Michael Eisner was hired to ensure the performance of the studio 's next animated projects , despite having virtually no animation experience . Eisner himself had been a theatre major in college . Eisner 's first hire as Disney 's CEO was theatrical producer Peter Schneider , who subsequently became responsible for hiring more artists who shared similar theatrical backgrounds to contribute to the studio 's next animated releases , among them lyricist Howard Ashman and his long - time collaborator , composer Alan Menken . Ashman and Menken had previously amassed great live musical success with their Off - Broadway production Little Shop of Horrors , but the performance of Ashman 's first Broadway venture Smile had been disappointing . Eager to redeem himself , Ashman agreed to work on Disney 's animated film The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , which he and Menken would famously decide to approach as though they were scoring a Broadway musical . Upon release , The Little Mermaid was a massive critical and commercial success , garnering two Academy Awards , both of them for Ashman and Menken 's original music . Disney established a successful renaissance period , during which Ashman and Menken became responsible for teaching the art of transforming traditional animated films into animated musicals . Disney CEO Michael Eisner eventually green - lit a Broadway adaption of Beauty and the Beast . Inspired by Mermaid 's success , production on an animated musical adaptation of the `` Beauty and the Beast '' fairy tale began shortly afterward , during which Ashman finally confessed to Menken that he was dying of AIDS , a secret he had been keeping from the studio in fear of being discriminated against or fired . Before the film had even been completed , executive vice president Ron Logan suggested to Eisner that he consider adapting Beauty and the Beast for Broadway , an idea Eisner quickly deflected . While the film , written by screenwriter Linda Woolverton , was premiering at the New York Film Festival , an ailing Ashman was being cared for at St. Vincent 's Hospital ; the lyricist succumbed to his disease four days later on March 14 , 1991 , dying eight months before the film 's November release . Beauty and the Beast became the last project on which Menken worked with Ashman . The film was released to immediate critical acclaim and commercial success , outperforming The Little Mermaid by becoming the highest - grossing animated film in history , as well as the first animated film to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture . Once again , Academy Awards were won for Ashman and Menken 's music . Several critics noticed the film 's live musical potential , among them prolific New York Times theatre critic Frank Rich . Lamenting the Broadway selection at the time , Rich famously praised the songwriting duo for having written `` ( t ) he best Broadway musical score of 1991 '' , while hailing the film as a `` better ( musical ) ... than anything he had seen on Broadway '' in 1991 . Rich 's review would ultimately provide Eisner and Katzenberg with the confidence needed to seriously consider the film as a potential Broadway project . Disney was also inspired by the successes of Broadway musicals such as Cats , Les Misérables and The Phantom of the Opera , strongly believing their production could be just as profitable . Virtually unknown at the time , Robert Jess Roth was appointed the production 's director based on his various successes directing live shows at the Disney theme parks . Eisner and Katzenberg had opted against hiring a more established director in order to retain creative control over the project , believing that an A-list director would likely feel more inclined to challenge their vision . Roth himself had previously pursued Eisner about investing in a Broadway show -- originally suggesting a stage adaptation of Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) -- only to have his idea declined , citing cost of investment and time concerns . However , Eisner invited Roth to ask him about pursuing Broadway again in the future once he had finished directing three additional Disney theme park shows . Ultimately impressed with Roth 's adaptation of The Nutcracker , Eisner finally suggested an adaptation of Beauty and the Beast , inspired by the success of a condensed stage version of the film at Disneyland , although briefly discouraged by the idea of having humans instantly transformed into inanimate objects live . Since the film had not yet been released on home video , Roth spent an entire day re-watching Beauty and the Beast in theaters while brainstorming how to present its fantastical elements onstage , and eventually worked with choreographer Matt West and set designer Stan Meyer on their own proposal , with contributions from Menken and Woolverton . In a hotel in Aspen , Roth convinced Eisner and Katzenberg to green - light a Broadway adaptation of Beauty and the Beast using a combination of 140 storyboards , costume sketches , fabric swatches and demonstrating one illusion . Eisner retained final approval over all creative elements of the production , `` from the lowest chorus swing performer to the director , stars and design team . '' Menken was initially skeptical of Roth 's qualifications , as he had never directed a Broadway show before . Meanwhile , the producers were concerned that audiences might not be interested in seeing the same story that they had enjoyed on film on Broadway . Among the skeptics was theatrical producer Steven Suskin , author of Opening Night and Broadway , who argued that the production was more likely to be successful in reverse : `` ( The movie is ) basically written as a theater piece . I 'm sure it would 've worked in the theater first , and it then would 've worked in the movies , '' believing audiences would have difficulties accepting a new version of such an immensely popular work . Beauty and the Beast became Disney 's first Broadway venture , although a stage adaptation of Disney 's animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) had premiered in New York in 1979 , produced by Radio City Music Hall Productions , Inc . Theatre Under the Stars ' executive director Frank Young campaigned heavily to have the show open in Houston , even getting Governor Ann Richards involved in order to secure the stage rights . Development ( edit ) Writing and Screen - to - stage modifications ( edit ) Roth summarized Beauty and the Beast as a story about `` seeing past the exterior of a person and into his or her heart '' . Woolverton learned that Disney had commissioned her to adapt the animated film she had written into a Broadway musical while she was vacationing with her family in Maui , and her initial response to the idea was `` Yikes . '' In the process of adapting her own animated screenplay into a full - length , two - act libretto for the stage , Woolverton contributed several distinct changes to the material , specifically instilling more emotional `` depth '' into each main character . The writer expanded the story by both `` fleshing out '' each character and allowing room for new musical numbers . Namely , Woolverton made the Beast a more threatening yet sympathetic figure ; the writer expanded upon his characterization by developing the Beast into `` a fuller character '' , aided by the addition of his own song , `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' . Meanwhile , the book - loving Belle was adapted into a more headstrong and determined heroine . Belle and the Beast 's relationship benefits from a new scene Woolverton wrote specifically for the stage , during which the couple read in the castle 's library ; Belle introduces the Beast to the tale of King Arthur and reads the book to him , to which the Beast responds by showing genuine vulnerability for the first time . In 1993 , Woolverton explained to the Los Angeles Times that `` the mythology in the story would be changed to explain , for example , a 6 - foot - tall candelabra . '' Perhaps Woolverton 's most significant modification involves the enchanted objects , and the decision to have the enchantress ' spell gradually transform the castle 's staff of loyal servants into household objects throughout the entire duration of the musical , as opposed to having already done so immediately at the beginning . Essentially , becoming completely inanimate if the spell is not broken in time would equate to each character dying , which ultimately augments the story 's drama . Consequently , this plot decision enhanced the story into a tale about people being forced to make difficult decisions , as opposed to solely a story of a man struggling to retain his humanity , in turn providing the audience with an opportunity to care about the supporting characters dramatically . Generally , Woolverton 's book remained quite faithful to the original text ; the plot is essentially the same , but particular detail has been added in order to `` flesh out '' the story . The feather duster and wardrobe characters -- only minor characters in the animated film -- were broadened into fully realized supporting characters and named for the first time ; Woolverton named them Babette and Madame de la Grande Bouche , respectively . Taking her job seriously , Woolverton worked relentlessly on revising the script , and often took the cast 's suggestions into consideration ( though not always yielding to their opinions ) . Despite the musical having been based on a pre-existing story by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont , Woolverton retains a sole writing credit for her work . Casting ( edit ) Actress Susan Egan was cast as Broadway 's original Belle based on her refreshing ability to play the role both comically and as an ingenue . The role served as her Broadway debut , garnering her a Tony Award nomination . Broadway producers are usually eager to cast big - named performers in their musicals , but Katzenberg , famous at the time for avoiding working with actors of such caliber , decided against this practice for Beauty and the Beast . Eisner concluded that most of the film 's original voice actors would be too busy to reprise their roles onstage . In her Broadway debut , then - 22 - year - old actress Susan Egan was cast as the musical 's original Belle . Egan , who had not yet seen the film , had been auditioning for several other Broadway projects at the time -- namely My Fair Lady , Carousel and Grease -- in which she was much more interested . Despite longing to originate a Broadway role , the actress was initially reluctant to audition for Beauty and the Beast because she thought that `` it was a terrible idea for Disney to put a cartoon on Broadway . '' Additionally , Egan felt she was not attractive enough to play a character touted `` the most beautiful girl in the village '' , but her agent managed to convince her otherwise . Without any film to reference , Egan determined that Belle is supposed to be a `` quirky '' character and approached her funnier than how she is depicted in the film , in turn garnering laughs from the producers -- who were amused by her unique interpretation -- and eventually earning several callbacks . Meanwhile , her competition of 500 actresses , many of whom were simply offering imitations of voice actress Paige O'Hara 's original performance , continued to be eliminated . Egan 's final week of auditions , during which she sang for Menken for the first time , was particularly challenging . On her last day of auditioning , Egan auditioned opposite several different actors trying out for the roles of the Beast and Gaston . As the day concluded , Roth directed Egan to approach the role as `` a straight ingénue '' , and she was ultimately cast upon proving capable of playing Belle both straight and comically . Only afterward did Egan celebrate by finally renting and watching the entire film for the first time . Although Egan did not feel particularly pressured about the role , she was grateful to be surrounded by a supporting cast of veteran Broadway performers . Actor Terrence Mann was cast as the Beast . Mann had previously performed as Javert in Les Misérables , for which he was nominated for a Tony Award . For his final audition for Disney management , Mann performed for a large audience comprising Disney executives and secretaries in a theatre located on 42nd Street , which he felt was in stark contrast to the usual method of auditioning for six to eight people in a dark theatre . Actor Gary Beach was cast as Lumiere . Beach had seen Beauty and the Beast premiere at the El Capitan Theatre , prior to which he had watched a stage rendition of the film , and thoroughly enjoyed both . Beach was particularly drawn to Jerry Orbach 's rendition of `` Be Our Guest '' in his role as Lumiere , thinking , `` Now why ca n't I get a part like that '' . Two years later , Beach received a call from casting director Jay Binder inviting him to play Lumiere during their workshop of Beauty and the Beast , but kept turning down the offer due to having prior commitments to an upcoming show starring comedian Carol Burnett . It was only at Burnett 's insistence that Beach finally accepted . Amidst a cast of relatively obscure actors , Tom Bosley , famous for his roles on the television series Happy Days and Murder , She Wrote , became the show 's most recognizable performer when he was cast as Belle 's father Maurice . Musical numbers and choreography ( edit ) An entirely new song entitled `` A Change in Me '' was written specially for Toni Braxton when the R&B singer joined the production in the role of Belle in 1998 , and has been included in the musical ever since . All eight of the film 's original songs were retained for the Broadway adaptation . The song `` Human Again '' had originally been written for the film , but it was ultimately abandoned due to time and story constraints ; the musical number was finally resurrected for and included in the production . Composer Alan Menken , who had both scored and written the film 's songs alongside lyricist Howard Ashman , returned to the project to write six new songs for the musical . Lyricist Tim Rice joined Menken to co-write the new numbers , replacing Ashman who had died in 1991 , before the film was released . Both Menken and Rice initially approached the project with some resistance ; Menken 's emotional attachment to the music he had written with Ashman made him fear Disney 's vision of a Broadway musical would transform Beauty and the Beast into an attraction too similar to what one would find at Walt Disney World . Meanwhile , Rice , who had previously worked as composer Andrew Lloyd Webber 's lyricist on the Broadway musicals Jesus Christ Superstar and Evita , was hesitant to replace Ashman in fear of worsening Beauty and the Beast . Notably , Rice had similarly replaced Ashman to write the remaining songs for Disney 's Aladdin ( 1992 ) after the lyricist died . Ultimately , the collaboration resulted in approximately half of the Broadway score having co-writing credits by Menken and Ashman , while the remaining half are Menken and Rice compositions . The Menken - Rice songs are sometimes billed as `` additional songs composed by ( Alan ) Menken and lyrics by Tim Rice . '' On working on the musical without Ashman , Menken explained that `` The main challenge ... was blending the lyrics of Tim Rice with those of Howard . In the end , the finished score has a quality all its own ; a hybrid between '' Ashman and Rice 's styles . Elaborating on the main difference between writing songs for the stage as opposed to film , Menken stated that the lack of close - ups and montages in a live musical production creates a requirement for more singing material in order `` to provide the same kind of illumination that intimate facial expression provides . '' Most of the new material focused on character development , such as Gaston 's `` Me '' , Belle 's `` Home '' and the Beast 's `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' . Some new songs , Maurice 's fatherly ballad `` No Matter What '' and Gaston , Lefou , and Monseuir 's D'Arque villainous number `` Maison des Lunes '' , for example , were written to serve as `` time - servers '' . In 1998 , a seventh song entitled `` A Change in Me '' was written four years into production 's run specifically for R&B singer Toni Braxton when she joined the cast to play Belle , and appears during the show 's second act . The idea for the song originated while Braxton was still in negotiations with Disney to appear in the show for a total of three months , but various circumstances led to the singer constantly delaying signing the contract . It was not until Braxton had dinner with Menken , Rice and West that she finally agreed to sign the contract under the condition that a brand new song be written specifically for her , which an intoxicated Rice had drunkenly offered and promised . When confronted by Roth about his promise upon learning of it from Braxton a few days later , within 24 hours Rice successfully discovered a location within the musical in which to include a new song , specifically `` Where Belle tells Maurice about how the time that she spent with the Beast in his castle has changed her . '' That song ultimately became the ballad `` A Change in Me '' , which lyrically addresses the ways in which Belle 's initial motivations have ultimately changed during her imprisonment , explaining to Maurice that she has matured and no longer longs for what she originally cited in `` Belle ( Reprise ) '' . Braxton premiered the song in the form of a live performance on The Rosie O'Donnell Show . Both the song and Braxton 's performance were well received , and `` A Change in Me '' has been included in the musical ever since . Eisner especially enjoyed the song , demanding that it be included in international productions as well , to which he personally traveled in order to teach it to the cast . Music supervision was handled by Michael Kosarin , with sound design by John Petrafesa Jr . Unlike in the film , Belle actually performs and dances alongside the enchanted objects during `` Be Our Guest '' , which resembles `` a high - energy Vegas number '' similar to the musical Ziegfeld Follies . The original Broadway cast recording of Beauty and the Beast was released by Walt Disney Records in 1994 . Similar cast albums followed suit , including Australian and Japanese recordings in 1994 and 1996 , respectively . `` A Change in Me '' has yet to be included on any official English - language cast recordings . Set and costumes ( edit ) Stanley Meyer designed the production 's set . Following Disney 's instructions `` to make the animated film come to life '' , Meyer 's set was very much a literal interpretation of the film . Meyer found it `` tricky '' to translate two - dimensional environments into a three - dimensional world . The West Wing 's appearance mirrors that of its resident the Beast , being hideous on the outside but beautiful when the audience is finally taken inside of it . In stark contrast to popular musicals The Phantom of the Opera and Into the Woods , Beauty and the Beast 's set resembles a hybrid of Gothic Victorian and Louis Quinze . Disney hired costume designer Ann Hould - Ward to design the musical 's costumes because the studio enjoyed a `` certain aesthetic '' she had used in her previous work , and thus allowed her much creative freedom . Roth was particularly impressed with the designer 's contributions to the musicals Sunday in the Park With George and Into the Woods . Hould - Ward accepted Disney 's offer because she was interested in seeing exactly how a corporate company producing a Broadway musical for the first time would `` change the Broadway world . '' Conceptualization began in summer 1992 . For research purposes , Disney encouraged Hould - Ward to reference the animated film ; she also researched clothing worn throughout the late 18th century , during which the original fairy tale was written , and spent one year discovering how household items looked during the mid-1700s . Additionally , Hould - Ward visited with Beauty and the Beast 's original animators , spending one week learning how they created their characters to ensure that they would be recognizable to those who had seen the film . However , the designer also decided that her own creations would not exactly replicate the film 's . Basing the costumes on the Rococo art movement , Hould - Ward presented her initial ideas to Eisner and then - Disney president Frank Wells . Once approved , Hould - Ward and her team spent the following year creating prototypes of each major costume . With an unusually long work schedule of two years , Hould - Ward recalled that `` this kind of timeline ... was n't the norm in a Broadway musical '' at the time . The process of designing Beauty and the Beast 's costumes was more collaborative between designer and actor than most other Broadway productions Hould - Ward had previously worked on , and she frequently sought input from the cast to make sure they were able to move . Designing Belle 's costumes was an `` easy '' task for Hould - Ward ; the character is initially dressed in standard Disney heroine attire until replaced by more elaborate costumes once Belle meets the Beast . Hould - Ward based the character 's famous yellow ballgown on several historic portraits . The gown became the first costume built for the production in order to accommodate Disney 's mandate to market the dress in photoshoots and commercials starring Egan and Mann , six months prior to rehearsals . Weighing 45 pounds , the dress is a combination of various patterns and materials , including a hoop skirt , silk , brocade , beading , flowers and bows . Too large to fit inside Egan 's dressing room after the ballroom sequence , undressing required assistance from three backstage crew members who used wires to hoist the dress up into the rafters , where it would be stored until the next performance . A lot of time was spent designing the Beast 's costume , the creation of which was especially challenging due to requirements to `` allow enough of the performer to show through . '' Hould - Ward 's initial designs for the Beast were constantly rejected by Katzenberg , who reiterated that she `` put the movie onstage '' until the producer realized that the excessive prosthetics were limiting Mann 's vocal performance . A wire frame was also used to maintain the costume 's shape , which evokes heavy metal fashion until ultimately substituted for a black Oscar de la Renta - inspired velvet suit when the Beast finally transforms back into a prince . Hould - Ward designed the leads ' costumes from the perspective of her daughter Leah , explaining , `` when Leah comes to see it , she remembers from the movie that the Beast was in that blue jacket . Leah expects that blue jacket , and if you do n't give it to her , she and a lot of other ten - year - olds are going to be sad '' . At the same time , the designer wanted her creations to be equally as interesting on an intellectual level for parents to enjoy also . The challenge of designing Belle and the Beast 's costumes paled in comparison to the difficulty of creating the enchanted objects , a combination of intricate wiring , prosthetics and pyrotechnics . Scale was the most prominent `` obstacle '' for Hould - Ward 's to overcome : `` The problem was the presentation of an actor as a life - sized teapot when the characters in the film were so little in comparison '' . Because the castle 's enchanted staff is slowly transforming into objects , shown at various stages of transformation without ever completely becoming the objects themselves , Hould - Ward was required to create several different costumes for each character in order to depict the transformation as the show progresses . Meanwhile , the costume of Lumiere alone was built by a team of forty people , including a creator of the prosthetic candle , hair and Vacuform specialist ; the pyrotechnician , man responsible for equipping the costume 's pyro unit with butane and man operating the butane tank were each separate people . While transforming animation into real life , Hould - Ward also worked on incorporating the human body each costume , explaining , `` I wanted the reality of the real person rather than the fantasy of the object ... The essence of my job is to allow my real actors to take you to this fantastical place . '' A system of wired frames was used to help the actors support their characters ' heavy garments . Such elaborate costumes had never been designed for a Broadway production before . Cogsworth 's costume features a fully functioning clock on his face . Meanwhile , Madame de la Grande Bouche was the production 's most expensive costume . The musical originally relied on heavy prosthetics and elaborate costumes in an attempt to make the musical resemble the film as closely as possible . In an attempt to replicate the film 's famous movie poster , Egan was dressed in flats while Mann was positioned on stilts to establish a more dramatic height difference . According to Egan , the studio `` did n't trust the audience 's ability to suspend disbelief , something theater - goers are routinely asked to do . '' However , the company finally began to relent as the production neared Houston tryouts after a final run - through during which the actors did not wear costumes ; thus , the prosthetics were gradually lessened and replaced by make up for the Beast and enchanted objects during 1993 previews . The elaborate costumes resulted in their fair share of technical difficulties , malfunctions and performance restrictions , many of which manifested during the seven - week tryouts in Houston . The costumes left little room for the performers to change between scenes , and air conditioners were fastened to them to regulate their temperatures . In general , the weight of the enchanted objects ' costumes limited their dancing . Chiropractors and therapists remained on standby to assist Fowler , whose Mrs. Potts costume required her to always keep one arm in the air . Beach compared holding up the two propane tanks used to represent Lumiere 's candles to carrying two hams around a grocery store two and a half hours . To build his stamina , Beach would carry the tanks during rehearsal . Beach 's hand caught fire during one performance , which he did not notice until Mann subtly pointed it out using `` furtive head nods '' . While dancing , the inertia of Egan 's heavy ballgown caused its skirt to constantly pull her in the opposite direction of whichever way she turned . Mann likened performing in the Beast 's costume to wearing several heavy winter coats , comparing the wig to `` four Angora cats and gaffer taping them to your head and then running around the block 10 or 12 times . '' Disney was outraged when , after their first performance at the Palace Theatre , The New York Times published caricaturist Al Hirschfeld 's line drawing interpretation of Belle and the Beast 's pose , in which Belle 's yellow gown was colored pink , and the Beast 's tuxedo appeared greenish as opposed to royal blue . When Disney confronted Hirschfeld , the artist defended his work , explaining , `` The costumes may have been blue and yellow , but they made me feel green and pink . '' Hould - Ward adjusted the costumes to accommodate the locations as the production traveled to various theaters . Lighting and special effects ( edit ) Lighting designer Natasha Katz was hired to work on Beauty and the Beast . When Disney first approached Katz to offer her the job , several of Katz 's cohorts -- specifically other lighting designers -- attempted to discourage her from accepting in fear of changing the appearance of musical theatre forever . In hindsight , Katz defended Disney 's work , explaining , `` Beauty and the Beast did n't bring theatre back to New York , but it did change the dynamic , no question about it , of the business . '' Known for assisting David Copperfield with his illusions , Roth hired Jim Steinmeyer to work on Beauty and the Beast . Steinmeyer had previously contributed to the musical Merlin . The Beast 's transformation sequence during the second act was much - discussed . It took about 11 weeks to set the design . Plot ( edit ) Act I ( edit ) On a cold winter 's night , an old beggar woman comes to a young spoiled prince 's castle , offering him a single rose in return for shelter . But the prince turns her away solely for her appearance . The old woman warns him not to be fooled by appearances , as true beauty lies within , only to be rejected again . She then transforms into a beautiful enchantress and turns the prince into a hideous Beast and his servants into various household objects . She gives him the rose to use as an hour - glass . The only way he can break the spell is to learn to love another and earn her love in return by the time the last petal falls ( `` Prologue '' ) . Ten years later , a beautiful young girl named Belle makes her way into town one morning in order to get a book from the local bookseller . On the way she expresses her wish to live in a world like her books , full of adventure , while the townspeople note her unparalleled beauty but find her love of books odd ( `` Belle '' ) . Belle has also attracted the attention of Gaston ( the local hunter and town hero ) , who admires her only for her beauty . Belle , however , is not oblivious to her peers ' views of her . She voices her concerns about it to her eccentric father and inventor , Maurice who assures her that she is anything but strange ( `` No Matter What '' ) . The two then put the finishing touches on his invention and Maurice heads off to an invention fair donning a scarf knitted for him by Belle ( `` No Matter What ( Reprise ) '' ) , but becomes lost in the woods and attacked by a pack of wolves . After surviving a wolf attack , he enters the Beast 's castle where the servants , including Lumière , a maître d ' turned into a candelabra , Cogsworth , the head of household turned into a clock , Babette , a maid turned into a feather duster that still seems to retain her flirtatious tendencies , Mrs. Potts , the head of the kitchen turned into a teapot , and Chip , her son turned into a teacup . They welcome him , but the horrid Beast arrives and locks Maurice away in the dungeon for trespassing . Back in town , Gaston proposes to Belle , which she politely rejects ( `` Me '' ) . Appalled by Gaston 's forwardness , Belle once again voices her need for a life outside this provincial life ( `` Belle ( Reprise ) '' ) . Gaston 's sidekick , LeFou , returns from the woods wearing the scarf Belle knitted for Maurice . Belle realizes her father is in danger and heads into the woods to look for him . She ends up at the castle where she finds her father locked away in a dungeon . She makes a deal with the Beast , Maurice goes free but she remains instead . They agree and Maurice is sent back to town without being allowed to say goodbye . Belle is given a guest room and ordered by the Beast to join him for dinner . She mourns her situation ( `` Home '' ) , but Mrs. Potts and Madame de la Grande Bouche , an operatic wardrobe , attempt to cheer her up ( `` Home ( Reprise ) '' ) . Back in town , at the local tavern , Gaston sulks at his loss of a bride . LeFou and the patrons attempt to cheer him up ( `` Gaston '' ) , when Maurice rushes in claiming a Beast has Belle locked away , they laugh at him but Gaston formulates a plan ( `` Gaston ( Reprise ) '' ) . Back at the castle , the Beast grows impatient as Belle has yet to join him for dinner . Cogsworth informs him she refuses to come , after a shouting match between Belle and the Beast ( which ends in a victory for Belle ) he tells her if she can not eat with him then she will not eat at all . In his quarters , he sulks and notes his fate should the spell not break ( `` How Long Must This Go On ? '' ) . Eventually , Belle does become hungry and ventures into the kitchen where the servants offer her dinner despite their master 's orders . They treat her to an amazing cabaret show ( `` Be Our Guest '' ) . After dinner , Belle gets a tour of the castle courtesy of Cogsworth and Lumière , her curiosity leads her to enter the West Wing , a place the Beast told her was forbidden . Mesmerized by a mysterious rose floating in a bell jar , she reaches out to touch it but before she can , the Beast stops her and orders her to get out accidentally shoving her in the process . Fearing for her life , Belle flees from the castle . Realizing his deadly mistake , the Beast knows he will be a monster forever if he can not learn to love her ( `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' ) . Act ii ( edit ) In the woods , Belle is attacked by wolves and is only rescued when the Beast comes to her aid , but he is injured during the fight and collapses ( `` Entr'acte / Wolf Chase '' ) . Instead of taking the chance to run home Belle helps him back to the castle . She cleans his injuries and after a brief argument about whose fault this is , the Beast thanks her for her kindness and thus their friendship is born . Wanting to give her a thank - you gift , the Beast gives Belle his huge library , which excites her . She notes a change in the Beast 's personality as the servants note a change in Belle and the Beast 's relationship ( `` Something There '' ) . They express their hope of being human once more ( `` Human Again '' ) while Belle asks the Beast to accompany her to dinner that night . Back in the village , Gaston meets with the asylum owner Monsieur D'Arque . They plan to lock Maurice away to blackmail Belle into marrying Gaston ( `` Maison des Lunes '' ) . In the castle , the Beast and Belle attend a lovely dinner and personal ball , where they dance together in the ballroom ( `` Beauty and the Beast '' ) . The Beast , who plans to tell Belle he loves her , asks Belle if she is happy here , to which she responds positively but notes that she misses her father . He offers her his Magic Mirror to view him . She sees that Maurice is sick and lost in the woods and fears for his life . But even though the Beast knows there 's only a few hours left till the last petal falls from the rose , he allows Belle to leave in order to save her father ; she departs after a tearful goodbye ( `` If I Ca n't Love Her ( Reprise ) '' ) . Belle finds her father and brings him back to their house in the village . After she is able to nurse him back to health , she explains the transformation she seems to have gone through while she was with the Beast ( `` A Change in Me '' ) . A mob arrives , led by Gaston to take Maurice to the asylum . Belle proves her father 's sanity by showing the townspeople the Beast is real using the Magic Mirror , but does n't realize the error in her gesture . The townspeople immediately fear the Beast , but Belle insists he 's gentle and kind . Gaston catches her tone and recognizes the Beast as his rival for Belle 's affections and organizes the mob to kill the Beast ( `` Mob Song '' ) . In order to warn the Beast , Belle and Maurice decide to beat the mob to the castle . However , Gaston and the mob had already reached the castle before Belle and Maurice did . At the castle , the servants are able to keep the lynch mob at bay , but Gaston breaks through and finds the Beast in his tower . He engages in a fight with him , mercilessly beating and taunting him ( `` Battle '' ) . The Beast has lost the will to live at Belle 's departure . As Gaston moves in for the killing blow , Belle arrives . The Beast immediately turns on Gaston and is prepared to kill him , but spares his life after seeing the fear in his eyes . The Beast and Belle are reunited , but this reunion is cut short as Gaston fatally stabs the Beast . This act of violence causes Gaston to lose his footing and he falls to his death . On the balcony , Belle assures the Beast he 'll live but they both know she is helpless to save him . She begs him not to leave her because she has found home in his company ( `` End Duet '' ) , but despite this , he dies ; Belle sobs on his body and says she loves him just before the last rose petal falls . A transformation takes place ( `` Transformation '' ) and the Beast is alive and human once more . Though Belle does n't recognize him for the first time , she looks into his eyes and sees the Beast within and they kiss . The two of them sing of how their lives have changed because of love and they dance once more as the company , now changed back to their human form , gathers in the ballroom ( `` Beauty and the Beast ( Reprise ) '' ) . Productions ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast premiered in a joint production of Theatre Under The Stars and Disney Theatrical at the Music Hall , Houston , Texas , from November 28 , 1993 , through December 26 , 1993 . Original Broadway production ( edit ) The musical opened on Broadway at the Palace Theatre on April 18 , 1994 , and ran there until September 5 , 1999 . The show then transferred to the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre on November 11 , 1999 , with an official opening date of November 16 , 1999 . The musical closed on July 29 , 2007 , after 46 previews and 5,461 performances , and is Broadway 's tenth - longest running production in history ( as of January 2017 ) . The production holds the record of being the longest running production at both the Palace Theatre , where it opened , and the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre , where it closed its Broadway run . The production cost an estimated $12 million , arguably higher , becoming the most costly Broadway musical at the time . However , some analysists estimate the cost to be closer to $20 million . Directed by Robert Jess Roth with choreography by Matt West and assisted by Dan Mojica , the original Broadway cast included Susan Egan as Belle , Terrence Mann as the Beast , Burke Moses as Gaston , Gary Beach as Lumière and Beth Fowler as Mrs. Potts . Orchestrations were by Danny Troob ( after his own orchestrations and arrangements of the film ) , scenic designer was Stan Meyer , costume designer Ann Hould - Ward , lighting designer Natasha Katz , sound was by T. Richard Fitzgerald , hair designer David H. Lawrence , and prosthetics were by John Dods . Illusions were by Jim Steinmeyer and John Gaughan , and pyrotechnic design was by Tyler Wymer . The Broadway production closed to make way for Disney 's next musical venture , The Little Mermaid . With Disney set to open its Broadway version of The Little Mermaid on November 3 , 2007 , at the time , it was believed that having two Disney princess films on Broadway at the same time would divide audiences and cause competition between the two shows . At this point , Disney also had three other shows running at the same time : The Lion King , Tarzan , and Mary Poppins . It was reported that Disney Theatrical planned to revive the show on Broadway for the 2008 holiday season , but Disney did not pursue this . Original London production ( edit ) The West End production opened at London 's Dominion Theatre on April 29 , 1997 , starring Julie - Alanah Brighten as Belle and Alasdair Harvey as the Beast . It also featured Burke Moses as Gaston , Derek Griffiths as Lumiere , Mary Millar as Mrs. Potts , Norman Rossington as Maurice , Barry James as Cogsworth , Di Botcher as Madame de la Grande Bouche , Richard Gauntlett as LeFou , and Rebecca Thornhill as Babette . Over the course of the production , notable replacements included Michelle Gayle and Annalene Beechey as Belle , John Barrowman and Earl Carpenter as the Beast , Alex Bourne as Gaston , and Billy Boyle and Terry Doyle as Maurice . The production ended on December 11 , 1999 . The production won the 1998 American Express Award for Best New Musical Olivier Award , against other nominees Enter the Guardsman , The Fix and Lady in the Dark . National tours ( edit ) The show had four US national tours . The first opened on November 15 , 1995 , and closed in 1999 . It featured Kim Huber as Belle , Fred Inkley as the Beast , Patrick Page as Lumiere and Paige Davis as Babette . Patrick Page and Paige Davis met and fell in love during the tour . A second national tour opened in 1999 with Susan Owen as Belle and Grant Norman as The Beast . This production closed in 2003 . The third national tour opened in 2001 and closed in 2003 . This production starred Jennifer Shraeder as Belle and Roger Befeler as the Beast with Marc G. Dalio as Gaston . Notable replacements on the tours have included Sarah Litzsinger , Erin Dilly and Danyelle Bossardet as Belle . The three touring companies visited 137 venues in 90 North American cities . About 5.5 million people in the United States and Canada saw these tours . The fourth national tour of Beauty and the Beast began February 2010 , opening in Providence , Rhode Island , starring Liz Shivener as Belle and Justin Glaser as the Beast . Under the direction of the original Broadway creative team , the show featured all new sets and costumes . The tour was the longest in the show 's history , running until July 2016 . The UK National tour ( prior to the closure of the West End Production in 1999 ) began on November 2 , 2001 , at the Empire Theatre in Liverpool with stops in Bristol , Birmingham , Dublin , Southampton , Manchester and ended on April 12 , 2003 , at the Playhouse Theatre in Edinburgh . The tour starred Annalene Beechey ( reprising her role from the London production ) as Belle , Alistair Robins as the Beast , Ben Harlow as Gaston , Julia Goss as Mrs. Potts , Stephen Matthews as Lumiere Barry James ( reprising his role from the London production ) as Cogsworth , Billy Boyle ( reprising his role from the London production ) as Maurice , Karen Davies as Madame de la Grande Bouche , Kate Graham ( reprising her role from the London production ) as Babette , Anthony Clegg as LeFou , and Oliver Taylor ( reprising his role from the London production ) and Sion Eifion sharing the role of Chip . Notable replacements included Dianne Pilkington as Belle , Alex Bourne as the Beast , Earl Carpenter as Gaston , Marilyn Cutts as Mrs. Potts , Richard Tate as Maurice , and Drew Varley as LeFou . Madison Sqaure Garden Starrs Alan Bosley as Gaston Other productions ( edit ) Los Angeles A Los Angeles production opened at the Shubert Theatre on April 12 , 1995 , and closed on September 29 , 1996 . Most of the original Broadway cast , including Susan Egan , Terrence Mann , Gary Beach , Beth Fowler , Burke Moses and Tom Bosley reprised their roles . Notable replacements included James Stacy Barbour as the Beast . The sets in this production were widely considered to be the largest out of all the musical 's productions in the world . After the show closed in Los Angeles , all of the sets were transferred for the production in Mexico City in 1997 . Canada The Toronto production opened at the Princess of Wales Theatre on August 8 , 1995 , and closed in 1998 . The production starred Kerry Butler as Belle and Chuck Wagner as the Beast , and Terry Doyle as Maurice . Notable replacements included Melissa Thomson as Belle and Steve Blanchard as the Beast . The lesser known Halifax production at the Neptune Theatre was the longest running production in the theatre 's history . International productions ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast has been performed in more than 30 countries , including Argentina , Australia , Austria , Belgium , Brazil , Canada , China , Egypt , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Hungary , India , Indonesia , Ireland , Israel , Italy , Japan , Lebanon , Mexico , Netherlands , Norway , Philippines , Qatar , Romania , Russia , Singapore , South Africa , South Korea , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , Taiwan , Thailand , Turkey , United Arab Emirates , United Kingdom , and United States . Over 35 million people have seen the show worldwide and it has grossed more than $1.7 billion . On July 15 , 1995 , the musical began its original Australian run in Melbourne at The Princess Theatre , before moving on to Sydney . The original Australian cast included Michael Cormick as The Beast , Rachael Beck as Belle , Hugh Jackman as Gaston , and Ernie Bourne as Maurice . In 1995 , the musical opened in Japan and is performed by the Shiki Theatre Company . The musical continues to tour Japan . In December 1997 , the musical opened in Stuttgart at the Palladium Theatre , Stuttgart and played there until December 22 , 2000 . Leah Delos Santos played Belle and Uwe Kröger played the Beast and Marc G. Dalio played Gaston . In 1999 , the musical opened in China . On March 4 , 2005 , Beauty and the Beast had its Scandinavian premiere at The Göteborg Opera with Fred Johanson as the Beast and Annica Edstam as Belle . On June 16 , 2005 , the musical began its Philippine run at the Meralco Theater . Produced by Atlantis Productions , it featured KC Concepcion alternating with Karel Marquez as Belle , Jett Pangan as the Beast , and Calvin Millado as Gaston . In South America , Argentina was the first country to produce it , with Marisol Otero as Belle , Juan Rodó as Beast , Diego Jaraz as Gaston , Gustavo Monje as LeFou , Pablo Lizaso as Lumière , Mónica Nuñez as Mrs. Potts , Omar Pini as Cogsworth , Alejandra Radano as Babette and Rodolfo Valss as Maurice . It ran from November 26 , 1998 , at the Teatro Ópera in Buenos Aires until August 15 , 1999 , before opening again in 2010 . Brazil was the second country to host the musical . Disney had plans to bring it to the country in 1999 , after the success in Argentina , but nobody really knew if it would work . Three years later , in 2002 , Beauty and the Beast finally opened in Brazil at Teatro Abril , one of the biggest theaters in the country . It was a huge hit , for more than one and a half years , it was presented with Kiara Sasso playing Belle and Saulo Vasconcelos playing the Beast . In 2009 , a new Belle and a new Beast were cast , Lissah Martins and Ricardo Vieira , as the musical came back to Brazil , Kiara Sasso was playing Maria in The Sound of Music . Beauty and the Beast remained for six months at Teatro Abril . Even though the play was brought back as a way to try to recoup some of the money lost in Brazil 's version of Miss Saigon , this second incarnation of Beauty and the Beast failed to create any critical buzz , or to be a box office success . In Spain there have been three productions of the show . The first one , based on the original Broadway production , had its Madrid debut on December 2 , 1999 , at Teatro Lope de Vega . The original cast included Xenia Reguant ( later replaced by Julia Möller ) as Belle , Carlos Marín ( later replaced by Joe Luciano ) as Beast , Lisardo Guarinos ( later replaced by Manuel Bandera ) as Gaston , Víctor Ullate Roche as LeFou , Germán Torres as Lumière , Kirby Navarro as Mrs. Potts , David Venancio Muro as Cogsworth , Dulcinea Juárez as Babette , Laura Inclán as Madame de la Grande Bouche and Miguel de Grandy as Maurice . After a successful run of 27 months and about 900 performances , the production finally closed on March 3 , 2002 , becoming the longest - running musical ever in Madrid at that time . In 2007 , a second version produced by Stage Entertainment premiered on October 3 , at Teatro Coliseum , Madrid , for a limited run of six months , but the closing was postponed due to a successful season . The original cast included Julia Möller reprising her role as Belle ( later replaced by María Adamuz ) , David Ordinas as Beast , Pablo Puyol as Gaston , Raúl Peña as LeFou , Armando Pita as Lumière , Angels Jiménez as Mrs. Potts ( later replaced by Rita Barber ) , Esteban Oliver as Cogsworth , Silvia Luchetti as Babette , María José Oquendo as Madame de la Grande Bouche and Lorenzo Valverde as Maurice . The production closed on January 11 , 2009 , and was transferred to Barcelona , where it ran from February 26 , 2009 , to January 10 , 2010 , at BTM , with some changes in the cast , including Mercè Martínez as Mrs. Potts , Marta Capel as Babette , Patricia Paisal as Madame de la Grande Bouche and Albert Muntanyola as Maurice . In 2012 , the Stage Entertainment version was relaunched as a touring production , beginning performances on September 6 , at Teatro Calderón , Valladolid . The original cast of this third Spanish production included Talía del Val as Belle , Ignasi Vidal as Beast , Daniel Diges as Gaston , Raúl Peña as LeFou , Diego Rodríguez as Lumière , Mone as Mrs. Potts , Frank Capdet as Cogsworth , Marta Capel as Babette , Eva Diago as Madame de la Grande Bouche and Enrique R. del Portal as Maurice . In 2005 , Disney and Stage Entertainment produced a new version of the show using brand new sets and costumes . After touring the Netherlands and playing in Antwerp , Belgium , Disney and Stage Entertainment brought the show to Berlin , Germany , in 2006 after a ( approx . ) one - year run at the Metronom Theater in Oberhausen . This production opened in 2007 in Madrid , Spain , and in 2009 in Milan , Italy , with Arianna as Belle and Michel Altieri as the Beast . The Broadway production played a second time in Mexico City beginning in September 2007 and in Hiroshima , Japan , beginning in February 2008 . The Broadway production opened in South Africa in September 2008 and ran until March 2009 . In 2004 , Disney began to license the show to other companies for touring , and the show has been performed by professional and amateur companies in many countries . On October 24 , 2013 , Beauty and the Beast opened at Théâtre Mogador in Paris , France . Beginning October 2014 , Disney Theatrical Productions , NETworks and Broadway Entertainment Group launched an international tour in celebration of Beauty and the Beast 's 20th anniversary on stage . The tour opened at the Zorlu Center in Istanbul , Turkey , and closed in January 2016 at Dubai World Trade Centre , having visited Turkey , United Arab Emirates , Greece , Italy , Philippines , Thailand , Singapore , Indonesia , China , Taiwan , Egypt , Lebanon , Romania , and Qatar . In December 2015 , Beauty and the Beast came back to the Netherlands for a run at Circustheater in The Hague . In 2016 , Disney and Marmelade produced an updated version for the Flemish Region of Belgium . The original cast included Josje Huisman as Belle , Jan Schepens as Beast , Dieter Troubleyn as Gaston , Peter Van de Velde as Lumière , Frank Hoelen as Maurice , Ivan Pecnik as Cogsworth ( called Tickens ) , Eline De Munck as Babette , Peter Thyssen as LeFou , Barbara Dex as Mrs. Potts and Saskia Schäfer as Madame de la Grande Bouche ( called La Commodia ) . The show premiered on December 10 , 2016 , at Flanders Expo in Ghent . Amateur productions ( edit ) The show 's rights became available ( in association with Josef Weinberger Ltd . ) to amateur performing groups and regional musical societies . The show has been performed in numerous countries , by theatre companies of both an amateur and professional level . In 2010 Tipperary Musical Society staged the Irish amateur premiere of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast , for which it was nominated for 4 AIMS Awards ( Association of Irish Musical Societies ) including Best Overall Show in Ireland and winning one , Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( John Murphy for the part of Gaston ) . Belle was played by Bridget Nolan and Beast was played by Derek Ryan . Characters ( edit ) Character Description Beast / Prince A Prince transformed into a terrifying beast for his lack of compassion ; short - tempered and commanding , but with a warm , loving heart buried far beneath his gruff exterior . Belle A vibrant , intelligent young beauty who wants much more in life than living in a small town . She is perceived to be quite odd . Maurice Belle 's loving , eccentric inventor father . Gaston The story 's antagonist . The vain , egotistical , narcissistic , ultra-masculine villain determined to marry Belle . Le Fou Gaston 's bumbling sidekick . Lumière A suave , French , debonair enchanted candelabra . The maître d ' of the castle . Cogsworth A tightly wound , enchanted stuffy mantle clock and head of the Beast 's castle . Mrs. Potts A kind - hearted , maternal enchanted teapot . The head of the castle 's kitchen . Babette A saucy , flirtatious featherduster who seeks Lumière 's affections . The maid of the castle . Madame de la Grande Bouche A former opera diva turned into a wardrobe Monsieur D'Arque The freaky , scheming proprietor of the local insane asylum , the Maison des Lunes . Chip A young teacup ; Mrs. Potts ' son . Ensemble Silly Girls , Enchanted Objects , Townspeople , Tavern Patrons , Mob . Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I Overture * # -- Orchestra Prologue -- Narrator Belle -- Belle , Gaston , LeFou , Silly Girls , Ensemble No Matter What * # - Maurice , Belle No Matter What ( Reprise ) / Wolf Chase * # -- Maurice Me * # -- Gaston , Belle Belle ( Reprise ) -- Belle Home * -- Belle Home ( Reprise ) * -- Mrs. Potts Gaston † -- LeFou , Gaston , Silly Girls , Ensemble Gaston ( Reprise ) † -- Gaston , LeFou How Long Must This Go On ? * # -- Beast Be Our Guest † -- Lumiere , Mrs. Potts , Company If I Ca n't Love Her * # -- Beast Act II Entr'acte / Wolf Chase * -- Orchestra Something There -- Belle , Beast , Lumiere , Mrs. Potts , Cogsworth Human Again * ‡ -- Lumiere , Mrs. Potts , Chip , Madame de la Grande Bouche , Babette , Cogsworth , Company Maison Des Lunes * # - Gaston , LeFou , Monsieur D ' Arque Beauty and the Beast -- Mrs. Potts If I Ca n't Love Her ( Reprise ) * # -- Beast A Change in Me * § # -- Belle The Mob Song -- Gaston , Ensemble The Battle * - The Company Home ( Reprise II ) * -- Belle End Duet / Transformation * -- Beast , Belle Beauty and the Beast ( Reprise ) -- The Company * New song or instrumental cue † Expanded vocal or instrumental content , using either cut lyrics by Ashman or dance arrangements by Glen Kelly , or both . ‡ `` Human Again '' was written by Menken and Ashman for the movie , but was cut , due to the complications it made on the film 's timeline . It was repurposed for the Broadway play , and on account of the musical 's great success , an entirely new animated sequence based on the Broadway version was set to this song and inserted into 2002 's Special Edition DVD release . § `` A Change in Me '' was written into the show in 1998 for the debut of Toni Braxton and was retained thereafter . # not in the Junior Broadway show Instrumentation ( edit ) Music Theatre International offers two orchestrations for Beauty and the Beast . The principal , larger orchestration is based on the original Broadway orchestration . It is scored for three synthesizers , a drum kit , a percussion section , double bass , three woodwind players , three French horns in F , two trumpets in B - flat , trombone , divided violins , cellos , and harp . The first woodwind player doubles on flute and piccolo , the second on English horn and oboe , and the third on clarinet , bass clarinet , and flute . The trombonist doubles on bass trombone and tuba . The original Broadway orchestration featured two additional woodwind players . The first played flute and piccolo , the second oboe and English horn , the third piccolo , flute and clarinet in B - flat , the fourth piccolo , flute , clarinet in B - flat and bass clarinet in B - flat , and the fifth on bassoon and contrabassoon . The excised reed parts were used for the synthesizer parts upon their removal for the licensed orchestration . The optional reduced orchestration is scored for two synthesizers , a percussion section , double bass , three woodwind players , a trumpet , a French horn , and solo violin and cello . Cast information ( edit ) Original Broadway Cast Belle -- Susan Egan Beast -- Terrence Mann Lumière -- Gary Beach Cogsworth -- Heath Lamberts Mrs. Potts -- Beth Fowler Gaston -- Burke Moses LeFou -- Kenny Raskin Chip -- Brian Press Babette -- Stacey Logan Madame de la Grande Bouche -- Eleanor Glockner Maurice -- Tom Bosley Monsieur D'Arque -- Gordon Stanley Silly Girls -- Paige Price , Sarah Solie Shannon , Linda Talcott Notable Broadway cast replacements ( approximate dates given where available ) Belle : Sarah Uriarte Berry ( 1995 -- 1996 & 2006 ) , Kerry Butler ( 1996 -- 1997 ) , Deborah Gibson ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , Toni Braxton ( 1998 -- 1999 ; first African American to play Belle on Broadway ) , Andrea McArdle ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , Sarah Litzsinger ( 2000 -- 2002 , 2003 & 2006 ) , Jamie - Lynn Sigler ( 2002 -- 2003 , Broadway debut ) , Megan McGinnis ( 2003 -- 2004 ) , Christy Carlson Romano ( 2004 ) , Ashley Brown ( 2005 -- 2006 , Broadway debut ) , Anneliese van der Pol ( 2007 , Broadway debut , closing cast ) . A total of seventeen actresses have played the part of Belle in the Broadway production , with Litzsinger playing it the longest . Beast : Jeff McCarthy ( 1995 -- 1997 & 2004 ) , Chuck Wagner ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , James Barbour ( 1998 -- 1999 ) , Steve Blanchard ( who played the Beast for the last eight years of the Broadway run ) . Lumière : Lee Roy Reams ( 1995 ) , Meshach Taylor ( 1998 -- 1999 , Broadway debut ) , Paul Schoeffler ( 2001 ) , Bryan Batt ( 2001 -- 2002 ) , Patrick Page ( 1999 -- 2001 & 2003 ) , Jacob Young ( 2006 , Broadway debut ) , John Tartaglia ( 2006 -- 2007 ) , David DeVries ( closing cast ) Cogsworth : Peter Bartlett , Jonathan Freeman ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Gaston : Marc Kudisch ( 1995 ) , Steve Blanchard ( 1997 -- he later played Beast ) , Christopher Sieber ( 2001 ) , Donny Osmond ( 2006 & final Broadway performance ) Chip : Jonathan Bleicher ( 1997 - 1999 ) , Nick Jonas ( 2002 ) , Jeremy Bergman ( 2002 -- 2003 ) , Trevor Braun ( Longest - running Chip ) , Harrison Chad , Henry Hodges , Andrew Keenan - Bolger Babette : Ann Mandrella ( 2007 closing cast ) Recordings ( edit ) The Original Broadway Cast Recording was released on April 26 , 1994 . The CD included Susan Egan as Belle , Terrence Mann as Beast , Burke Moses as Gaston , Gary Beach as Lumière and Beth Fowler as Mrs. Potts . The Original Australian Cast Recording was released in 1995 . The principal cast included Rachael Beck as Belle , Michael Cormick as Beast , Hugh Jackman as Gaston , Ernie Bourne as Maurice , Toni Lamond as Madame de la Grande Bouche , Grant Smith as Lumière , Robyn Arthur as Mrs. Potts and Bert Newton as Cogsworth . The Original Vienna Cast Recording was released in 1996 . The principal cast included Ethan Freeman as Beast , Caroline Vasicek as Belle , Kevin Tarte as Gaston , Viktor Gernot as Lumière , Ann Mandrella as Babette , and Rosita Mewis as Mrs. Potts . The Original London Cast Recording was released in 1997 . The principal cast included Julie - Alanah Brighten as Belle , Alasdair Harvey as Beast , Burke Moses as Gaston , Derek Griffiths as Lumière and Mary Millar as Mrs. Potts . The Original Stuttgart Cast Recording was released in 1998 . The principal cast included Uwe Kroger as Beast and Leah Delos Santos as Belle and Ann Mandrella as Babette . The Original Madrid Cast Recording was released in 1999 . The principal cast included Xenia Reguant as Belle , Carlos Marín as Beast , Lisardo Guarinos as Gaston , Víctor Ullate Roche as LeFou , Germán Torres as Lumière , David Venancio Muro as Cogsworth and Kirby Navarro as Mrs. Potts . A second cast recording for the new production was released in May 2008 , starring Julia Möller as Belle , David Ordinas as Beast , Pablo Puyol as Gaston , Raúl Peña as LeFou , Armando Pita as Lumière , Esteban Oliver as Cogsworth and Angels Jiménez as Mrs. Potts . Junior version ( edit ) A `` junior '' version of the musical for middle and high school students was published by MTI . This version only included a selected number of the songs , including `` Belle '' , `` Belle ( Reprise ) '' , `` Home '' , `` Home ( Tag ) '' , `` Gaston '' , `` Gaston ( Reprise ) '' , `` Be Our Guest '' , `` Something There '' , `` Human Again '' , `` Beauty and the Beast '' , `` The Mob Song '' , `` Home ( Reprise ) '' , and `` Beauty and the Beast ( Reprise ) '' . Also in `` Belle ( Reprise ) '' , The Silly Girls take Belle 's part in the beginning of the song instead of Belle having to sing the whole song . Also in `` Something There '' , Madame de la Grande Bouche and Babette sing as well . Critical reception ( edit ) Reception towards the tryouts in Houston were so enthusiastic that the production was extended for two weeks . Jerome Weeks of Variety responded to the show with a positive review , praising the performances of Egan , Mann and Moses , as well as the Beast 's new song `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' . At the same time , Weeks felt that the production `` gets close to slipping into a big - budget kiddie show or magic act with its overdone showbiz glitz and sparkly stage - illusion effects '' at times , but in the end predicted that `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could well be the big new musical hit this Broadway season has been waiting for . '' However , in 1994 , Beauty and the Beast finally premiered on Broadway to reviews that ranged from mixed to negative , leaving critics mostly unimpressed . Reactions from the New York theatre community and Broadway producers were particularly harsh , ridiculing Disney for deciding to produce the musical themselves as opposed to enlisting traditional theatre companies . Egan recalled that `` the same five families ( had ) produced Broadway shows for a hundred years and Disney shook that up . '' Nearly universally panned by theatre critics , they concurred that Beauty and the Beast was a `` great spectacle , but not great theater '' . Likening the musical to the Empire State Building , David Richards of The New York Times called the show `` hardly a triumph of art , but it 'll probably be a whale of a tourist attraction . '' While awarding specific praise towards its musical numbers , choreography , costumes and cast -- particularly Mann 's ability to `` convey the delicacy of awakening love '' despite the physical demands of his costume , at the same time Richards criticized the production 's set and special effects for lacking subtlety , ultimately accusing them of leaving little `` to the imagination '' . Richards concluded , `` The result is a sightseer 's delight , which is n't the same thing as a theatergoer 's dream . '' Also writing for The New York Times , Vincent Canby disparaged the musical entirely as `` relentlessly bland , busy , upbeat and robotlike '' , criticizing the production for resembling `` a dinner theater . '' Canby felt that the new Menken - Rice songs were `` inferior '' to the originals , likened the special effects to Fourth of July sparklers , criticized the sound engineering for ranging from too loud to barely audible , and panning Woolverton 's book for failing to supplement her screenplay . Minor praise was awarded to the performances of Lamberts , Beach and Fowler , as well as Mann 's climactic beast - to - prince transformation . In addition to predicting that Beauty and the Beast would be derided by traditional Broadway theatre - goers and critics alike , Variety writer Jeremy Gerard was largely negative in his own review . While admitting that the production `` boasts several real pluses '' , Gerard criticized the show for appearing `` bloated , padded , gimmick - ridden , tacky and ... utterly devoid of imagination . '' The critic voiced his strong disapproval of the costumes while dismissing the set as `` something designed to be seen by people in moving seats , maybe at Disneyland '' , panning West 's choreography and ultimately deriding Roth 's directing and blocking of actors who `` look generally like they 're following dotted lines on the stage . '' Critics agreed that Roth 's direction and West 's were equally uninspired . In a mixed review with a headline reading `` Beauty and the Beast is n't magical in the least , even if it does bristle with magic tricks '' , New York 's John Simon wrote that the production resembles `` a belated infomercial '' for the film by which he was bored , yet impressed by its special effects and illusions . Simon also felt that the actors struggled to resemble their animated counterparts despite Hould - Ward 's , criticizing Egan 's acting , Woolverton 's dialogue and the new Menken - Rice numbers while praising Moses ' , Beach 's and Fowler 's performances . Audiences did not share critics ' negative opinions , and the musical famously resonated with the public and families . Children were especially delighted by the idea of their favorite movie performed on stage by live actors . Subsequent productions have gradually attracted kinder remarks ; the national tours in particular have been well received . Reviewing a performance of the musical at the Shubert Theatre in Los Angeles in 1995 , Tom Jacobs of Variety wrote , `` Born in Hollywood as an animated film , Disney 's version of ' Beauty and the Beast ' has returned home as an opulent stage musical , a year after its Broadway bow . Both good and bad choices have been made in adapting the 1991 film , but with its outstanding performances , fantastic production values and memorable score , this show should warm the hearts of all but the most curmudgeonly theatergoers . '' However , Jacobs felt that the production suffered from the lack of danger felt watching the film . After having been left unimpressed upon viewing the original Broadway production , Variety 's Matt Wolf was pleasantly surprised by the musical 's West End debut one year later . Awards and nominations ( edit ) `` Be Our Guest '' was used as the commercial for the 1994 Tony Awards . Michael Goldstein of New York correctly predicted that Mann would earn a Tony Award nomination for his performance . Despite having been nominated for a total of nine individual awards , Beauty and the Beast was ultimately shunned at the ceremony , winning only one award -- Best Costume Design -- for Hould - Ward . Nominated for the Tony Award for Best Musical , the production famously lost to Stephen Sondheim 's Passion , which is considered to be his own version of the `` Beauty and the Beast '' fairy tale . In 1995 , some of Hould - Ward 's costumes , namely Lumiere , were put on display in Nordstrom stores . Meanwhile , Belle and the Beast 's ballroom costumes were exhibited at Westside Pavilion , and Mrs. Potts and LeFou appeared at South Coast Plaza . Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 1994 Tony Awards Best Musical Nominated Best Book of a Musical Linda Woolverton Nominated Best Original Score Alan Menken , Howard Ashman , and Tim Rice Nominated Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Terrence Mann Nominated Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Susan Egan Nominated Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Gary Beach Nominated Best Direction of a Musical Robert Jess Roth Nominated Best Costume Design Ann Hould - Ward Won Best Lighting Design Natasha Katz Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Musical Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Musical Terrence Mann Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Musical Susan Egan Nominated Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Burke Moses Nominated Outstanding Choreography Matt West Nominated Outstanding Orchestrations Danny Troob Nominated Outstanding Lyrics Howard Ashman and Tim Rice Nominated Outstanding Music Alan Menken Nominated Outstanding Sound Design T. Richard Fitzgerald Nominated Outstanding Special Effects Jim Steinmeyer and John Gaughan Nominated Original London production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 1998 Laurence Olivier Award Best New Musical Won Best Theatre Choreographer Matt West Nominated Best Costume Design Ann Hould - Ward Nominated Impact and Legacy ( edit ) Largely due to audience reception , Beauty and the Beast remains one of Broadway 's biggest successes of the current era . Beauty and the Beast established itself as a musical that could survive on Broadway despite its unenthusiastic reviews . Several detractors had thought that musicals like Beauty and the Beast would be a one - time event , but the results ultimately turned out to be quite the opposite . According to theatrical producer Stuart Oken , Disney 's success with Beauty and the Beast is responsible for today 's biggest Broadway hits and making the medium `` better than it has ever been '' . The groundbreaking performance of Beauty and the Beast inspired other major Hollywood studios to produce Broadway renditions of some of their own films . Disney soon began to commission Broadway adaptations of several of the studio 's most popular musical films , namely The Lion King ( 1997 ) , Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) , Tarzan ( 2006 ) , The Little Mermaid ( 2008 ) , Newsies ( 2012 ) and Aladdin ( 2014 ) , in addition to producing the musical Aida . After completing her run in Beauty and the Beast , Egan would famously go on to voice Meg in Disney 's animated musical Hercules ( 1997 ) , establishing herself as a popular voice and film actress . Following the success of `` Human Again '' , the song was later incorporated into reissues of the animated film in the form of an animated musical sequence . Beauty and the Beast is considered to be Broadway 's first legitimate family show , responsible for birthing an entirely new generation of young theatregoers . The family demographic of the musical established inspired international productions of Aladdin and Matilda . According to The Complete Book of 1990s Broadway Musicals author Dan Dietz , `` the show 's resounding success opened the floodgates for a spate of ... productions based on Disney and other family - oriented films '' , transforming Broadway into `` a theme park with a parade of musicals aimed at kids and teenagers . '' Dietz believes that the plethora of Broadway musicals that came after Beauty and the Beast have unfortunately resembled `` feel - good family show ( s ) whose goal was to emulate its film source . '' Additionally , the success of the musical inspired a legion of Broadway productions geared towards young women , including Hairspray ( 2002 ) , Wicked ( 2003 ) , Legally Blonde ( 2007 ) , Matilda ( 2013 ) and Rodgers and Hammerstein 's Cinderella ( 2013 ) . While these musicals flourished on Broadway , it seems as though more serious , adult - oriented fare struggled to perform as well . New York theatre critic Howard Kissel famously despised `` the Kiddy Komponent of New York theatergoing '' spearheaded by the successful 13 - year Broadway run of Beauty and the Beast . The success of Beauty and the Beast inspired Eisner invest in his own theatre to house future stage adaptations of the studio 's animated classics . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dietz , Dan ( 2016 ) . The Complete Book of 1990s Broadway Musicals . United States : Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 154 -- 156 . ISBN 9781442272149 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Grossman , Julie ( 2015 ) . Theater , Film , And Their Hideous Progeny : Adaptation and ElasTEXTity . Palgrave Macmillan UK . p. 127 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 39902 - 1 . Jump up ^ Zoglin , Richard. Bye Bye , Birdie . Hello , Rent `` TIME magazine , May 15 , 2008 . Reported in its May 15 , 2008 issue that this musical ranked as the fourth most frequently produced musical by U.S. high schools in 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Eagan , Daniel ( 2010 ) . America 's Film Legacy : The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry . United Kingdom : A&C Black . p. 808 . ISBN 9780826429773 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty & The Beast from Screen to Stage '' . Thread By Thread : Costumes on Screen . September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Riedel , Michael ( 2015 ) . Razzle Dazzle : The Battle for Broadway . United States : Simon and Schuster . pp. 384 -- 388 . ISBN 9781451672183 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` History of The Walt Disney Stuios '' ( PDF ) . The Walt Disney Studios . Disney . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Davenport , Ken ( 2016 ) . Candid Conversations With Broadway Pros : , Volume 3 . 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Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & the Beast '' . StageAgent . StageAgent.com . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stadler , Nancy ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` Gary Beach and Terrence Mann remember `` Beauty and the Beast '' ' s trip from the screen to the stage `` . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Simon , John ( May 2 , 1994 ) . `` Hairy Fairy Tale '' . New York . New York Media , LLC . pp. 72 -- 75 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` Susan Egan : Belle , Meg , Glamour and Goop - Part 1 '' . The Mouse Castle . Mouse Castle Media . July 29 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : North , Jesse ( October 25 , 2011 ) . `` Susan Egan on her dirt - catching days as a Disney Princess and humble motherhood '' . Stage Rush . Stage Rush . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Everett , William A ; Laird , Paul R ( 2015 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Broadway Musical . United States : Rowman & Littlefiel . p. 32 . ISBN 9781442256699 . ^ Jump up to : Tan , Corrie ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Alan Menken : Q&A with the music maestro behind Disney 's Beauty And The Beast '' . The Straights Times . Singapore Press Holdings Ltd . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast -- Show History '' . Music Theatre International . MTI Enterprises , Inc . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Be Our Guest ' for the ultimate love story -- ' Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ' returns to Eisenhower Auditorium Feb. 23 '' . PennState . The Pennsylvania State University . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ehren , Christine ( October 7 , 1998 ) . `` Toni Braxton Premieres Beauty ' s New Song , Oct. 7 On ' Rosie ' '' . Playbill . Playbill , Inc . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jim ( April 8 , 2010 ) . `` Tune Thursday : How `` A Change in Me '' wound up being added to Broadway 's `` Beauty & the Beast '' `` . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Page to Screen : Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) '' . The Literary Omnivore . July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baker , C. Daniel ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` Toni Braxton Decoded : `` Family Values '' Help Put Struggling Singer Back in Spotlight -- Are you a fan of the Grammy winning diva ? `` . Black Enterprise . Black Enterprise . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hodgins , Paul ( November 12 , 2010 ) . `` ' Beauty ' was no beast for costume designer '' . The Orange County Register . The Orange County Register . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Adler , Andrew ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Ann Hould - Ward 's costumes give ' Disney 's Beauty and the Beast , ' at the Saenger Theater Dec. 29 - Jan. 3 '' . The Times - Picayune . NOLA Media Group . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Conter , Jenna ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast comes to Halifax - will you be their guest ? '' . Metro News . Free Daily News Group Inc . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Egan , Susan . `` How Beauty and the Beast Prepared Me For # TheDress '' . Susan Egan . Susan Egan . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Victoria ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` An Interview with Natasha Katz '' . The Interval . The Interval . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` Long Runs on Broadway '' . Playbill . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Richards , David ( April 19 , 1994 ) . `` Review / Theater : Beauty and the Beast ; Disney Does Broadway , Dancing Spoons and All '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Haun , Harry ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` Bye Bye Beauty '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( June 3 , 2008 ) . `` '' High School Musical 5 & 6 '' ? ! `` Beauty & the Beast '' headed back to Broadway ? ! `` . www.jimhillmedia.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Lights Up London 's West End Tonight '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire. April 29 , 1997 . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Paul . `` REVIEW : MUSICAL ' Beauty and the Beast ' Dominion Theatre , London '' The Independent , 14 May 1997 , retrieved January 23 , 2017 Jump up ^ Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Theatrecrafts.com , Retrieved February 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Olivier Winners 1998 '' . Olivier Awards . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Theater Review : Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( San Francisco ) Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew. `` New Beauty and Beast Tour Now Playing Providence ; Peoria Is Next '' Playbill , February 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` MTI Will License Disney 's Aida and Beauty and the Beast for Regional and Amateur Markets '' Archived 2009 - 10 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Playbill.com , September 22 , 2003 Jump up ^ http://sv.opera.se/forestallningar/skonheten-och-odjuret-2004-2005/ Jump up ^ South Africa production Archived 2008 - 08 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . beautyandthebeast.co.za , accessed September 5 , 2011 Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` Disney 's BEAUTY AND THE BEAST to Make French - Language Debut in Paris , October 2013 '' . Jump up ^ `` Broadway Creative Team of Beauty and the Beast Will Reunite for International Tour '' . Playbill. April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast musical comes to Dubai '' . Gulf News . November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Disney 's Beauty and the Beast returns to Belgium beautyandthebeast.be , accessed December 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' josef-weinberger.com , accessed September 5 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast at IBDB.com '' . www.ibdb.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( January 28 , 2003 ) . `` One `` Soprano '' Exits , Another Returns `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved September 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ David Lefkowitz ; Robert Simonson . `` Schoeffler to Light Up Bway 's Beauty and the Beast , March 21 - May 13 '' . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Bartlett '' . Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Andrew Bleicher - Playbill '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty ' Moving From Palace To the Fontanne '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . July 14 , 1999 . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Rick ( July 29 , 2012 ) . `` Sigmund Romberg / Beauty and the Beast '' . NewsOK . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( April 24 , 1994 ) . `` SUNDAY VIEW ; Is Broadway Ready for a Disney World Show ? '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gates , Anita ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` Howard Kissel , Daily News Theater Critic , Dies at 69 '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Makagon , Daniel ( 2004 ) . Where the Ball Drops : Days and Nights in Times Square . United States : University of Minnesota Press . p. 52 . ISBN 9780816642755 -- via Google Books . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) . Information about Regional US and International productions Indianapolis Civic Theatre ( Production Photos ) Theatre Cedar Rapids Beauty and the Beast ( Production Photos ) Cedar Rapids , IA Chattanooga Theatre Centre ( Production Photos ) Chattanooga , TN Music Theatre Louisville ( Archive Page ) Louisville , KY Actor 's Playhouse ( Review ) Coral Gables , FL Finnish version , 2007 , Helsinki City Theatre Helsinki , Finland Mexican Production Mexico Others Beauty and the Beast on Tour Beauty and the Beast Belgium Beauty and the Beast at the Internet Broadway Database Beauty and the Beast info page on StageAgent.com - Beauty and the Beast plot summary and character descriptions Gabrielle - Suzanne de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Disney Theatrical Productions Animated Disney film adaptations Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Tarzan ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2008 ) Aladdin ( 2011 ) Pinocchio ( 2017 ) Frozen ( 2018 ) Disney live - action film adaptations Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) High School Musical on Stage ! ( 2007 ) High School Musical 2 : On Stage ! ( 2008 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Other adaptations King David ( 1997 ) Aida ( 2000 ) On the Record ( 2004 ) Peter and the Starcatcher ( 2009 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 2014 ) Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical 1976 - 2000 A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) The Comedy of Errors ( 1977 ) Evita ( 1978 ) Songbook ( 1979 ) Sweeney Todd ( 1980 ) Cats ( 1981 ) Poppy ( 1982 ) Blood Brothers ( 1983 ) 42nd Street ( 1984 ) Me and My Girl ( 1985 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) Follies ( 1987 ) Candide ( 1988 ) Return to the Forbidden Planet ( 1989 / 1990 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1991 ) Carmen Jones ( 1992 ) Crazy for You ( 1993 ) City of Angels ( 1994 ) Once on This Island ( 1995 ) Jolson ( 1996 ) Martin Guerre ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1998 ) Kat and the Kings ( 1999 ) Honk ! ( 2000 ) 2001 - present Merrily We Roll Along ( 2001 ) Our House ( 2003 ) Jerry Springer : The Opera ( 2004 ) The Producers ( 2005 ) Billy Elliot ( 2006 ) Caroline , or Change ( 2007 ) Hairspray ( 2008 ) Jersey Boys ( 2009 ) Spring Awakening ( 2010 ) Legally Blonde ( 2011 ) Matilda the Musical ( 2012 ) Top Hat ( 2013 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2014 ) Sunny Afternoon ( 2015 ) Kinky Boots ( 2016 ) Groundhog Day ( 2017 ) Hamilton ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(musical)&oldid=842796875 '' Categories : Beauty and the Beast ( franchise ) 1994 musicals Broadway musicals West End musicals Musicals based on films Laurence Olivier Award - winning musicals Walt Disney Theatrical Fantasy theatre Works based on Beauty and the Beast Musicals by Tim Rice Plays based on fairy tales Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Articles with IBDb links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Ripoarisch Русский Simple English Svenska 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 18 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did beauty and the beast open on broadway	[ "After completing tryouts in Houston, Beauty and the Beast premiered on Broadway on April 18, 1994, starring Susan Egan and Terrence Mann as the eponymous Belle and Beast, respectively. The musical opened to mixed reviews from theatre critics, but was a massive commercial success and well received by audiences. Beauty ran on Broadway for 5,461 performances for thirteen years (1994 - 2007)[2], becoming Broadway's tenth longest-running production in history. The musical has grossed more than $1.4 billion worldwide and played in thirteen countries and 115 cities.[citation needed] It has also become a popular choice for high school productions.[3]" ]	[ "April 18, 1994" ]
-8088914461793600778	Pontifical Swiss Guard	Pontifical Swiss Guard - wikipedia Pontifical Swiss Guard For the Swiss Guards in France and other countries , see Swiss Guards . Pontifical Swiss Guard Banner of the Pontifical Swiss Guard of Pope Francis under the command of Christoph Graf ( 2015 to present ) Active 22 January 1506 -- present ( 512 years ) Country Vatican City Papal States Allegiance Pope Francis Branch Army Type Foot Guards Role Close Protection Size 135 men Garrison / HQ Vatican City Patron Ignatius of Loyola Martin of Tours Saint Sebastian Nicholas of Flüe Motto ( s ) `` Acriter et Fideliter '' Fiercely and Faithfully Colors Red , Yellow & Blue Engagements War of Urbino ( 1517 ) Sack of Rome ( 1527 ) Battle of Lepanto ( 1571 ) Commanders Ceremonial Chief Pope Francis Commander of the Pontifical Swiss Guard Christoph Graf Vice Commander Philippe Morard A member of the Pontifical Swiss Guard with halberd The Pontifical Swiss Guard ( also Papal Swiss Guard , or just Swiss Guard ; Latin : Pontificia Cohors Helvetica or Cohors Pedestris Helvetiorum a Sacra Custodia Pontificis ; Italian : Guardia Svizzera Pontificia ; German : Päpstliche Schweizergarde ; French : Garde suisse pontificale ) is a small force maintained by the Holy See that is responsible for the safety of the Pope , including the security of the Apostolic Palace . The Swiss Guard serves as the de facto military of Vatican City . Established in 1506 under Pope Julius II , the Pontifical Swiss Guard is among the oldest military units in continuous operation . The dress uniform is of blue , red , orange and yellow with a distinctly Renaissance appearance . The modern guard has the role of bodyguard of the Pope . The Swiss Guard is equipped with traditional weapons , such as the halberd , as well as with modern firearms . Since the assassination attempt on Pope John Paul II in 1981 , a much stronger emphasis has been placed on the guard 's non-ceremonial roles , and has seen enhanced training in unarmed combat and small arms . Recruits to the guards must be unmarried Swiss Catholic males between 19 and 30 years of age who have completed basic training with the Swiss Armed Forces . Contents 1 History 1.1 Italian Wars 1.2 Early Modern history 1.3 Modern history 2 Recruitment and service 3 Uniforms 4 Equipment 5 Ranks and insignia 6 Banner 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Papal Army , Swiss Guards , and Swiss mercenaries Further information : List of commanders of the Pontifical Swiss Guard Italian Wars ( edit ) Conclave of Pius V , with Swiss Guard guarding the entrance ( Codex Maggi , 1578 ) Armour for the Papal Guard of Gregory XIII , c. 1580s ( Higgins Armory Museum ) Uniform and armour style c. 1850 ( Pius IX ) The Pontifical Swiss Guard has its origins in the 15th century . Pope Sixtus IV ( 1471 -- 1484 ) had already made an alliance with the Swiss Confederacy and built barracks in Via Pellegrino after foreseeing the possibility of recruiting Swiss mercenaries . The pact was renewed by Innocent VIII ( 1484 -- 1492 ) in order to use them against the Duke of Milan . Alexander VI ( 1492 -- 1503 ) later actually used the Swiss mercenaries during their alliance with the King of France . During the time of the Borgias , however , the Italian Wars began in which the Swiss mercenaries were a fixture in the front lines among the warring factions , sometimes for France and sometimes for the Holy See or the Holy Roman Empire . The mercenaries enlisted when they heard King Charles VIII of France was going to war with Naples . Among the participants in the war against Naples was Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere , the future Pope Julius II ( 1503 -- 1513 ) , who was well acquainted with the Swiss , having been Bishop of Lausanne years earlier . The expedition failed , in part thanks to new alliances made by Alexander VI against the French . When Cardinal della Rovere became Pope Julius II in 1503 , he asked the Swiss Diet to provide him with a constant corps of 200 Swiss mercenaries . This was made possible through the financing of the German merchants from Augsburg , Bavaria , Ulrich and Jacob Fugger , who had invested in the Pope and saw it fit to protect their investment . In September 1505 , the first contingent of 150 soldiers started their march towards Rome , under the command of Kaspar von Silenen , and entered the city on 22 January 1506 , today given as the official date of the Guard 's foundation . `` The Swiss see the sad situation of the Church of God , Mother of Christianity , and realize how grave and dangerous it is that any tyrant , avid for wealth , can assault with impunity , the common Mother of Christianity , '' declared Huldrych Zwingli , a Swiss Catholic who later became a Protestant reformer . Pope Julius II later granted them the title `` Defenders of the Church 's freedom '' . The force has varied greatly in size over the years and has even been disbanded . Its most significant hostile engagement was on 6 May 1527 , when 147 of the 189 Guards , including their commander , died fighting the troops of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in the stand of the Swiss Guard during the Sack of Rome in order to allow Clement VII to escape through the Passetto di Borgo , escorted by the other 42 guards . The last stand battlefield is located on the left side of St Peter 's Basilica , close to the Campo Santo Teutonico ( German Graveyard ) . Clement VII was forced to replace the Swiss Guard by a contingent of 200 German mercenaries ( Custodia Peditum Germanorum ) . Ten years later , under Pope Paul III , the Swiss Guard was reinstated , under commander Jost von Meggen . Early modern History ( edit ) After the end of the Italian Wars , the Swiss Guard ceased to be used as a military combat unit in the service of the pope and its role became mostly that of the protection of the person of the pope and of a ceremonial guard . However , twelve members of the Pontifical Swiss Guard of Pius V served as part of the Swiss Guard of admiral Marcantonio Colonna in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 . The office of commander of the Papal Guard came to be a special honour in the Catholic part of the Swiss Confederacy . It became strongly associated with the leading family of Lucerne , Pfyffer von Altishofen . Between 1652 and 1847 , nine out a total of ten commanders were members of this family ( the exception being Johann Kaspar Mayr von Baldegg , also of Lucerne , served 1696 -- 1704 ) . In 1798 , commander Franz Alois Pfyffer von Altishofen went into exile with the deposed Pius VI . After the death of the pope on 29 August 1799 , the Swiss Guard was disbanded and only reinstated by Pius VII in 1801 . In 1808 , Rome was again captured by the French and the guard was disbanded again . Pius VII was exiled to Fontainebleau . The guard was reinstated under the same commander , Karl Leodegar Pfyffer von Altishofen , when the pope returned from exile in 1814 . Vatican Swiss Guards 2017 Modern History ( edit ) The guard was disbanded yet again in 1848 , when Pius IX fled to Gaeta , but was reinstated when the pope returned to Rome in the following year . In the later 19th century , the Swiss Guard declined into a purely ceremonial body with low standards . Guards in the Vatican were `` Swiss '' only in name , mostly born in Rome to parents of Swiss descent and speaking the Roman Trastevere dialect . The guards were trained solely for ceremonial parade , kept only a few obsolete rifles in store and wore civilian dress when drilling or in barracks . Administration , accommodation , discipline and organization were neglected and the unit numbered only about 90 men out of an authorized establishment of 133 . The modern Swiss Guard is the product of the reforms pursued by Jules Repond , commander during 1910 -- 1921 . Repond proposed to recruit only native citizens of Switzerland and he introduced rigorous military exercise . He also attempted to introduce modern arms , but Pius X only permitted the presence of firearms if they were not functional . Repond 's reforms and strict discipline were not well received by the corps , culminating in a week of open mutiny in July 1913 and the subsequent dismissal of thirteen ringleaders from the guard . In his project to restore the Swiss Guard to its former prestige , Repond also dedicated himself to the study of historical costume , with the aim of designing a new uniform that would be both reflective of the historical Swiss costume of the 16th century and suited for military exercise . The result of his studies was published as Le costume de la Garde suisse pontificale et la Renaissance italienne ( 1917 ) . Repond designed the distinctive Renaissance - style uniforms still worn by the modern Swiss Guard . The introduction of the new uniforms was completed in May 1914 . The foundation of Vatican City as a modern sovereign state was negotiated in the Lateran Treaty of 1929 . The duties of protecting public order and security in the Vatican lay with the Papal Gendarmerie Corps , while the Swiss Guard , the Palatine Guard and the Noble Guard served mostly ceremonial functions . The Palatine and Noble Guards were disbanded by Paul VI in 1970 , leaving the Swiss Guard as the only ceremonial guard unit of the Vatican . At the same time , the Gendarmerie Corps was transformed into a Central Security Office , with the duties of protecting the Pope , defending Vatican City , and providing police and security services within its territory , while the Swiss Guard continued to serve ceremonial functions only . Paul VI in a decree of 28 June 1976 defined the nominal size of the corps at 90 men . This was increased to 100 men by John Paul II on 5 April 1979 . As of 2010 the guard numbered 107 halberdiers divided into three squads , plus five officers . Since the assassination attempt on John Paul II of 13 May 1981 , a much stronger emphasis has been placed on the guard 's non-ceremonial roles . The Swiss Guard has developed into a modern guard corps equipped with modern small arms , and members of the Swiss Guard in plain clothes now accompany the pope on his travels abroad for his protection . On 4 May 1998 commander Alois Estermann was murdered on the day of his promotion . Estermann and his wife , Gladys Meza Romero , were killed by the young guardsman Cédric Tornay , who later committed suicide . The case received considerable public attention and became the subject of a number of conspiracy theories involving either Cold War politics or the Opus Dei controversy . British journalist John Follain who published a book on the case in 2006 concluded that the killer acted purely on personal motivation . On the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the Swiss Guard , in April -- May 2006 , 80 former guardsmen marched from Bellinzona in southern Switzerland to Rome , recalling the march of the original 200 Swiss guards to take up Papal service , in 1505 . The march had been preceded by other celebrations in Lucerne , including a rally of veterans of the Guard and a mass . In a public ceremony on 6 May 2006 , 33 new guards were sworn in on the steps of St. Peter 's Basilica instead of the traditional venue in the San Damaso Courtyard . The date chosen marked the anniversary of the Sack of Rome when the Swiss Guard had been nearly destroyed . Present at this event were representatives of the Company of Pikemen and Musketeers of the Honourable Artillery Company of London and the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts . In December 2014 , Pope Francis directed that Daniel Anrig 's term as commander should end on 31 January 2015 , being replaced by his deputy Christoph Graf . This followed reports about Anrig 's `` authoritarian style '' . With the rise of Islamic terrorism in Europe and open threats against the Vatican issued by the Islamic State ( ISIS ) , Vatican officials in 2015 collaborated with Italian authorities to improve the protection of Vatican City against attacks that can not be reasonably defended against by the Swiss Guard and Vatican police , notably against drone attacks . Recruitment and service ( edit ) Oath ceremony in the Paul VI Audience Hall ( 6 May 2013 ) Group of Pontifical Swiss Guard inside St. Peter 's Basilica . Recruits to the guards must be Catholic , single males with Swiss citizenship who have completed basic training with the Swiss Armed Forces and can obtain certificates of good conduct . Recruits must have a professional degree or high school diploma and must be between 19 and 30 years of age and at least 174 cm ( 5 ft 8.5 in ) tall . In 2009 , the Pontifical Swiss Guard commandant , Daniel Anrig , suggested that the Guard might someday be open to recruiting women , but he added that the admission of female recruits remained far in the future . Qualified candidates must apply to serve . If accepted , new guards are sworn on 6 May every year in the San Damaso Courtyard ( Italian : Cortile di San Damaso ) in the Vatican ( 6 May is the anniversary of the Sack of Rome ) . The chaplain of the guard reads aloud the oath in the languages of the guard ( German , Italian , and French ) : ( English translation ) I swear I will faithfully , loyally and honourably serve the Supreme Pontiff ( name of pope ) and his legitimate successors , and dedicate myself to them with all my strength , sacrificing , if necessary , my life to defend them . I assume this same commitment with regard to the Sacred College of Cardinals whenever the Apostolic See is vacant . Furthermore I promise to the Commanding Captain and my other superiors respect , fidelity and obedience . I swear to observe all that the honor of my position demands of me . When his name is called , each new guard approaches the Pontifical Swiss Guard 's flag , grasping the banner in his left hand . He raises his right hand with his thumb , index , and middle finger extended along three axes , a gesture that symbolizes the Holy Trinity , and swears in his native tongue : ( German version ) Ich schwöre , alles das , was mir soeben vorgelesen wurde , gewissenhaft und treu zu halten , so wahr mir Gott und seine Heiligen helfen . ( Italian version ) Giuro d'osservare fedelmente , lealmente e onorevolmente tutto ciò che in questo momento mi è stato letto , che Iddio ei Suoi Santi mi assistano . ( French version ) Je jure d'observer , loyalement et de bonne foi , tout ce qui vient de m'être lu aussi vrai que Dieu et ses Saints m'assistent . ( English translation ) I swear to diligently and faithfully abide by all that has just been read out to me , so help me God and his Saints . `` Those who are accepted serve for a minimum of two years , but can also stay in service for an additional year or two , which was the case for many guards during last year 's Jubilee of Mercy . '' Regular guardsmen ( halberdiers ) receive a tax - free salary of EUR 1,300 per month ( as of 2015 ) plus extra pay for hours worked overtime . In addition , accommodation and boarding are provided . Members of the guard are eligible for Vatican decorations . The Benemerenti medal is usually awarded after three years of faithful service . Uniforms ( edit ) Tricolor uniform worn with black beret Morion helmet with red feathers A Swiss Guardsman in regular duty uniform The official dress uniform is of blue , red , orange and yellow with a distinctly Renaissance appearance . It was introduced by commandant Jules Repond ( 1910 -- 1921 ) in 1914 . Repond 's design was inspired by 16th - century depictions of the Swiss Guard . While both Michelangelo and a painting of the Pontifical Swiss Guard bearing Pope Julius II on a litter ( by Raphael ) are often cited as inspiration for the Pontifical Swiss Guard uniform , the actual uniforms worn by those soldiers included a flaring skirt ; a common feature in male clothing during the Renaissance . A clear expression of the modern Pontifical Swiss Guard uniform can be seen in a 1577 fresco by Jacopo Coppi of the Empress Eudoxia conversing with Pope Sixtus III . It shows the precursor of today 's recognizable three - colored uniform with boot covers , white gloves , a high or ruff collar , and either a black beret or a black Comb morion ( silver for high occasions ) . Sergeants wear a black top with crimson leggings , while other officers wear an all - crimson uniform . The colours blue and yellow were in use from the 16th century , said to be chosen to represent the Della Rovere coat of arms of Julius II , with the colour red added to represent the Medici coat of arms of Leo X . The ordinary guardsmen and the sub-corporals wear the `` tricolor '' ( yellow , blue and red ) uniform without any rank distinctions except for a different model of halberd in gala dress . The corporals have red braid insignia on their cuffs and use a different , more spear - like , halberd . Headwear is typically a black beret for daily duties , while a black or silver morion helmet with red , white , yellow and black , and purple ostrich feathers is worn for ceremonial duties , the former for guard duty or drill ; the latter for high ceremonial occasions such as the annual swearing in ceremony or reception of foreign heads of state . Historically brightly coloured pheasant or heron feathers were used . The senior non-commissioned and warrant officers have a different type of uniform . All sergeants have essentially the same pattern of dress as ordinary guardsmen , but with black tunics and red breeches . Every sergeant has a red plume on his helmets , except for the Sergeant Major , who displays distinctive white feathers . When the gala uniform is worn , sergeants have a different pattern of armor with a gold cord across the chest . The commissioned officers ( Captains , Major , Vice-Commander and Commander ) are distinguished by a completely red uniform with a different style of breeches , and golden embroidery on the sleeves . They have a longer sword , which is used when commanding a group or a squadron of guards . In gala dress all ranks use a bigger purple plume on their helmets , except for the Commander , who has a white one . Usually the Commander and the Chief of Staff ( usually the Vice-Commander ) use armor when present at gala ceremonies . On such occasions `` armor complete '' - including sleeve armor , is worn . Except for ceremonial occasions and exercises officers of the guard wear civilian dress when on duty . The tailors of the Swiss Guard work inside the Vatican barracks . There the uniform for each guardsman is tailor - made individually . The total set of Renaissance style clothing weighs 8 pounds ( 3.6 kg ) , and may be the heaviest and most complicated uniform in use by any standing army today . A single uniform requires 154 pieces and takes nearly 32 hours and 3 fittings to complete . The modern regular duty uniform is more functional , consisting of a simpler solid blue version of the more colorful tricolor grand gala uniform , worn with a simple brown belt , a flat white collar and a black beret . For new recruits and rifle practice , a simple light blue overall with a brown belt may be worn . During cold or inclement weather , a dark blue cape is worn over the regular uniform . Equipment ( edit ) The sword worn by the Pontifical Swiss Guard The eponymous main weapon of the halbardiers is the halberd ; corporals and vice-corporals are equipped with a partisan polearm . Ranks above corporal do not have polearms , but on certain ceremonial occasions carry command batons . The banner is escorted by two flamberge great swords carried by corporals or vice-corporals . A dress sword is carried by all ranks , swords with a simple S - shaped crossguard by the lower ranks , and elaborate basket - hilt rapiers in the early baroque style by officers . Arms and armour used by the Swiss Guard are kept in the Armeria ( armoury ) . The Armeria also contains a collection of historical weapons no longer in use . The armoury preserves a collection of historical plate armour ( cuirasses or half - armour ) . The oldest specimens date to c. 1580 , while the majority originates in the 18th century . Historical armour was worn on the occasion of canonizations until 1970 , since 1970 their use has been limited to the oath ceremony on 6 May . A full set of replicas of the historical cuirasses was commissioned in 2012 , from Waffen und Harnischschmiede Schmidberger in Molln , Upper Austria in 2012 . The cuirasses are handmade , and the production of a single piece takes about 120 hours . The replicas are not financed by the Vatican itself but by private donations via the Foundation for the Swiss Guard in the Vatican , a Fribourg - based organisation established in 2000 . The Swiss Guard in their function as bodyguards are equipped with the SIG P220 pistol and the SIG SG 550 rifle ( or its SG 552 variant ) also in use by the Swiss Army . As recruits to the Swiss Guard must have passed basic military training in Switzerland , they are already familiar with these weapons when they begin their service . The pepper spray used by the Swiss Army ( RSG - 2000 ) is also in use . The Glock 19 pistol and Heckler & Koch MP7 submachine gun are reportedly also carried by Swiss Guard members in their function as plainclothes bodyguards . In the 19th century ( prior to 1870 ) , the Swiss Guard along with the Papal Army used firearms with special calibres such as the 12 , 7 mm Remington Papal . The Swiss Guard historically also used the M1842 T. 59 - 67 , 1871 Vetterli , Schmidt - Rubin K31 and SIG SG 510 rifles , the Dreyse M1907 pistol , and the SIG MKMO , Hispano - Suiza MP43 / 44 and Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine guns . Ranks and insignia ( edit ) Commissioned officers Oberst ( Colonel -- the commandant of the Guard ) Oberstleutnant ( Lieutenant Colonel -- the vice-commandant ) Kaplan ( Chaplain -- considered the same rank as a lieutenant colonel ) Major Hauptmann ( Captain ) Non-commissioned officers Feldweibel ( Sergeant - major ) Wachtmeister ( Sergeant ) Korporal ( Corporal ) Vizekorporal ( Vice-corporal ; closest British equivalent would be lance corporal ) Enlisted Hellebardier / Gardist ( Halbardier / Guardsman ) Table of shoulder marks worn by officers . Equivalent NATO Code OF - 10 OF - 9 OF - 8 OF - 7 OF - 6 OF - 5 OF - 4 OF - 3 OF - 2 OF - 1 OF ( D ) & Student officer Vatican City ( Edit ) No equivalent No equivalent Oberst Oberstleutnant Major Hauptmann Table of sleeve insignia worn by other ranks . Equivalent NATO Code OR - 9 OR - 8 OR - 7 OR - 6 OR - 5 OR - 4 OR - 3 OR - 2 OR - 1 Vatican City ( Edit ) No equivalent No equivalent No equivalent Feldweibel Wachtmeister Korporal Vizekorporal Hellebardier Table of cap badges worn on berets and other headdress . Colonel ( Oberst ) Lieutenant Colonel ( Oberstleutnant ) Major ( Major ) Captain ( Hauptmann ) Sergeant Major ( Feldweibel ) Sergeant ( Wachtmeister ) Corporal ( Korporal ) Vice Corporal ( Vizekorporal ) 1 ( + Chaplain ) 5 10 10 Banner ( edit ) The banner of the Swiss Guard under Pope John Paul II and commander Elmar Mäder ( 2002 -- 2005 ) The della Rovere coat of arms , used by Sixtus IV ( Francesco della Rovere , r . 1471 -- 1484 ) and by his nephew Julius II ( Giuliano della Rovere , r . 1503 - 1513 ) , azure , an oak tree eradicated or , its four branches interlaced in saltire . The design of the banner of the Pontifical Swiss Guard banner has been changed several times . A fresco by Polidoro da Caravaggio in the burial chapel of the guard in Santa Maria della Pietà in Campo Santo Teutonico , commissioned by the second commander , Marx Röist , in 1522 , depicts the commander of the guard flanked by two banners . An early reference to the guard 's banner ( vennly ) dates to 1519 , although the design of that banner is unknown . An early surviving banner is on display in the Sala Regia . The banner would change with each pontificate , and depict the colours of the coat of arms of the reigning pope . The modern colours of the Swiss Guard , introduced in the early 20th century , are those of the House of Medici , first used under the Medici popes and depicted in a fresco by Giuseppe Porta ( 1520 -- 1575 ) . Under Pius IX ( Mastai Ferretti , r . 1846 - 1878 ) , it was divided into three horizontal fields , displaying the coat of arms of the Holy See ( keys in saltire surmounted by the papal tiara on a red field ) , the Swiss flag ( a white cross with two laurel branches on a red field ) and a yellow field without heraldic charge . On the reverse side of the banner was the papal coat of arms of Pius IX . Under Pius X ( Giuseppe Melchiorre , r . 1903 -- 1914 ) and commander Leopold Meyer von Schauensee ( 1901 -- 1910 ) , the top field displayed the papal coat of arms in a blue field , in the center field was red without heraldic charge and the bottom field displayed the family coat of arms of the guard commander . The modern design of the banner was first used under commander Jules Repond of Freiburg ( 1910 -- 1921 ) . The modern banner is a square divided by a white cross into quarters ( in the tradition of the banners historically used by the Swiss Guards in the 18th century ) . In the fourth quarter ( lower right ) is Pope Julius II 's coat of arms ; in the first quarter ( upper left ) that of the reigning Pope . The other two quarters display the Swiss Guard 's colours ( red , yellow and blue , the colours of the House of Medici ) , and in the center of the cross is the commander 's own coat of arms . The current banner ( As of 2016 ) thus shows the coat of arms of Pope Francis in the first quarter and a vignette of the family coat of arms of Christoph Graf in the center . It has dimensions of 2.2 m squared , woven in a damask pattern of pomegranates and thistles , in what is known as `` Julius - damask '' based on the Julius banners of 1512 . The central vignette is embroidered on the backdrop of the colours of the flag of Lucerne . The guard colours in the second quarter ( upper right ) were reversed so that the second and third quarters are identical . The banner was completed in April 2015 , and it was first used for the oath of service of new recruits on 6 May 2015 . Even though the banner is carried out during ceremonies and the Urbi et Orbi address and blessing twice a year , during the current term of Pope Francis , only the Flag of Vatican City is used instead of the banner during ceremonial occasions as a sort of National Colour whenever the Pope is present . See also ( edit ) Swiss Guards Papal Army Military of Vatican City Noble Guard ( Vatican ) Palatine Guard Corsican Guard Papal Zouaves Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Werner Affentranger , Fahne Gardekommandant Graf ( Gardefahne ) ( Maa 2015 ) . The banner colonel Graf was completed in April 2015 . Its central vignette displays the family coat of arms of Graf of Pfaffnau , gules a plowshare argent and antlers or . WH 1 / 396.1 Familienwappen \ Familie : Graf \ Heimatgemeinden : Altbüron , Dagmersellen , Pfaffnau , Schötz , Triengen ( State Archives of Lucerne ) . Jump up ^ The Swiss Guard has been repeatedly disbanded , most notably for a twenty - year period during 1527 -- 1548 , and briefly in 1564 / 5 , in 1798 / 9 and during 1808 -- 1814 . `` Spotlight on the Swiss Guard '' . news.va . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Extant units of comparable age include the English Yeomen of the Guard , established in 1485 , and the 1st King 's Immemorial Infantry Regiment of AHQ of the Spanish Army ( Regimiento de Infantería `` Inmemorial del Rey '' no 1 ) . `` Regimiento de Infantería `` Inmemorial del Rey '' no 1 `` . Ejército de Tierra - Ministerio de Defensa - España . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Admission requirements Official Vatican web page , Roman Curia , Swiss Guards , retrieved 7 August 2006 Jump up ^ `` Suisse en Cuirasse '' , G. Perugini Costumes de la cour de Rome ( 1852 ) , pl. 42 . Jump up ^ Pölnitz , Götz Freiherr von ( 6 May 2018 ) . `` Jakob Fugger : Quellen und Erläuterungen '' . Mohr Siebeck -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Peter Quardi : Kaspar von Silenen in German , French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland , 2011 . Jump up ^ McCormack , John ( 1 September 1993 ) . One Million Mercenaries : Swiss Soldiers in the Armies of the World . Pen and Sword . ISBN 9781473816909 . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ History of the Pontifical Swiss Guards Official Vatican web page , Roman Curia , Swiss Guards , retrieved on 7 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Alois Lütolf , Die Schweizergarde in Rom : Bedeutung und Wirkungen im sechszehnten Jahrhundert : nebst brieflichen Nachrichten zur Geschichte jenes Zeitalters von den Gardeofficieren ( 1859 ) , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Alvarez , David . The Pope 's Soldiers . p. 285 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1770 - 8 . Jump up ^ Alvarez , David . The Pope 's Soldiers . pp. 288 -- 290 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1770 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Alvarez , David . The Pope 's Soldiers . p. 368 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1770 - 8 . Jump up ^ Alvarez , David . The Pope 's Soldiers . p. 365 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1770 - 8 . Jump up ^ John Follain , City of Secrets : The Truth behind the murders at the Vatican ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ BBC News , Sunday 22 January 2006 Jump up ^ `` Pope Francis dismisses ' authoritarian ' Swiss Guard commander '' . BBC News . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Swiss Guard Commander on ISIS Threat to Pope : ' We Are Ready to Intervene ' , National Catholic Register , 24 February 2015 . `` Vatican on alert for Islamic State attacks against Pope Francis '' , Reuters , 3 March 2015 . Eric J. Lyman , Protecting Vatican from terrorists is an ' enormous ' challenge , USA Today , 29 November 2015 . Andrew Woods , In Defence of His Holiness : the Pontifical Swiss Guard and the Islamic State , Foreign Affairs Review , 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pope thanks Pontifical Swiss Guard for dedicated , loyal service '' , Catholic News Service , 7 May 2009 Jump up ^ `` May 6th : The Recruits Take their Oath of Loyalty '' . Vatican - The Holy See . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swearing - in '' . Swissguard.va . Holy See . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Formula del Giuramento ( Oath of Loyalty ) '' ( in German , French , and Italian ) . Vatican - The Holy See . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Swiss Guard is more than an army -- it 's a school of faith : : EWTN News '' . www.ewtnnews.com . C1 control character in title = at position 38 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Interview with a Papal Swiss Guard '' . themosttraveled.com . Archived from the original on 8 February 2015 . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Pontifical Swiss Guard -- Uniforms '' . The Vatican . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Preben Kannik , plate 1 `` Military Uniforms of the World '' , SBN 71370482 9 Jump up ^ `` The Swiss Guard - The Uniform of the Swiss Guards '' . vatican.va . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 15 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ National Geographic : Inside the Vatican , 2001 Jump up ^ Chris Eger ( 16 April 2017 ) . `` Guns of the Vatican 's Swiss Guard '' . Guns.com . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Tyler Rogoway ( 28 September 2015 ) . `` The Pope Has A Small But Deadly Army Of Elite Warriors Protecting Him '' . Foxtrot Alpha . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Harald Pöcher , Österreichische Waffen für die Schweizergarde DER SOLDAT 15 / 2012 . Johanna Wedl Rüstungen für Schweizer Garde NZZ 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Harnischreplikate Fondazione GSP ( guardiasvizzera.va ) , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Eger , Guns of the Swiss Guard ( guns.com ) 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ 12 , 7 mm Remington Papal ( patronensammlervereinigung.at ) ; see also earmi.it database . Jump up ^ John Woodward , A Treatise On Ecclesiastical Heraldry ( 1894 ) , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Die Fahne der Päpstlichen Schweizergarde ( kath.net ) , 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Stefan Vogler , Sacco di Roma ; Plünderung von Rom ( 2015 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Gardefahnen der Schweizergarde ( vaticanhistory.de ) Alvarez , David . The Pope 's Soldiers : A Military History of the Modern Vatican . University Press of Kansas , 2011 . Richard , Christian - Roland Marcel . La Guardia Svizzera Pontificia nel corso dei secoli . Leonardo International , 2005 . Royal , Robert . The Pope 's Army : 500 Years of the Papal Swiss Guard . Crossroads Publishing Co , 2006 . Roland Beck - von Büren : Päpstliche Schweizergarde in German , French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland , 2005 - 08 - 29 . Serrano , Antonio . Die Schweizergarde der Päpste . Verlagsanstalt , Bayerland , 1992 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Swiss Guards in the Vatican City . Official website : English Official website : German Official website : French Official website : Italian Official Facebook Page Official YouTube Channel The Vatican 's Official Swiss Guard site Pontifical Swiss Guard , Commission or Committee of the Roman ( CuriaGCatholic.org ) Five Hundred Years of Loyalty ( catholicism.org ) Insignia of Rank ( officers and other ranks ) Pontifical Swiss Guard ( uniforminsignia.com ) Orders , decorations , and medals of the Holy See Orders of the Holy See Supreme Order of Christ Order of the Golden Spur Order of Pope Pius IX Order of St. Gregory the Great Order of Saint Sylvester Orders under protection of the Holy See ( with distinctions ) Sovereign Military Order of Malta ( Order pro merito Melitensi , Medal of the Order pro Merito Melitensi ) Order of the Holy Sepulchre ( Palm of Jerusalem , Pilgrim Shell , Cross of Merit ) Teutonic Order ( Honorary Knights ) Other distinctions Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice Benemerenti medal Golden Rose Jerusalem Pilgrim 's Cross Defunct / dormant distinctions ( 1870 , 1954 , 1977 ) Order of Saint John of the Lateran Order of Saint Cecilia ( 1870 ) Order of the Moor ( 1870 ) Order of Saint Sylvester and the Militia Aurata ( 1905 ) Advocates of Saint Peter ( 1909 ) Blessed sword and hat ( 1823 ) Medal of Military Merit Fidei et Virtuti Pro Petri Sede Lauretan Cross ( middle part of the 20th Century ) Papal Lateran Cross ( 1977 ) See also Papal Household Pontifical academies Swiss Guard Other Catholic orders of chivaly Catholic ecclesiastical decorations Pope portal Vatican City portal Catholicism portal Vatican City articles Index * Outline * Holy See History History of the papacy `` Prisoner in the Vatican '' Lateran Palace Circus of Nero Old St. Peter 's Basilica Lateran Treaty Geography Apostolic Palace Papal Apartments Raphael Rooms Castel Gandolfo Domus Sanctae Marthae ( Pope Francis ' residence ) Gardens Mater Ecclesiae Monastery ( Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI 's residence ) Paul VI Audience Hall The Resurrection Passetto di Borgo St. Peter 's Basilica St. Peter 's Square Saint Peter 's tomb Sistine Chapel ceiling Vatican Hill Vatican Museums Historical Museum Modern Religious Art Vatican Necropolis St. Peter 's Baldachin Cortile del Belvedere Bramante Staircase Politics Politics Pope List of sovereigns Elections Foreign relations Pontifical Commission Pontifical Council Government Roman Curia Secretariat of State Vicar General Law Fundamental Law of Vatican City State Crime Military Corpo della Gendarmeria Swiss Guard Economy Banking Communications . va ( Internet domain ) Secretariat for the Economy Tourism Transport rail Culture Academy of Sciences AT telescope observatory Anthem Catholic Church Coats of arms Demographics Flag Languages Media Acta Apostolicae Sedis Holy See Press Office Dicastery for Communication Annuario Pontificio newspaper radio television information service News.va Octava Dies Music National football team Philatelic and Numismatic Office Public holidays Vatican Cricket Team Vatican Library film secret archives Pope portal Vatican City portal Catholicism portal Switzerland portal Vatican City portal WorldCat Identities GND : 2127514 - 2 HDS : 8624 ISNI : 0000 0001 0663 6155 LCCN : n94069781 LIR : 1126 NKC : olak2004203660 VIAF : 134191354 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pontifical_Swiss_Guard&oldid=866380201 '' Categories : Pontifical Swiss Guard 1506 establishments in Europe Military units and formations established in the 16th century Guards regiments Honour guards Hidden categories : HDS different on Wikidata Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 errors : invisible characters CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Italian - language text Articles containing German - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LIR identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Edit Contents About Wikipedia Languages Alemannisch Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latviešu Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Rumantsch Русский Scots Sicilianu Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 00 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who inspired the swiss guard uniform that is still worn today	[ "The official dress uniform is of blue, red, orange and yellow with a distinctly Renaissance appearance. It was introduced by commandant Jules Repond (1910–1921) in 1914.[24]\nRepond's design was inspired by 16th-century depictions of the Swiss Guard.\nWhile both Michelangelo and a painting of the Pontifical Swiss Guard bearing Pope Julius II on a litter (by Raphael) are often cited as inspiration for the Pontifical Swiss Guard uniform,[24] the actual uniforms worn by those soldiers included a flaring skirt;[25] a common feature in male clothing during the Renaissance.\nA clear expression of the modern Pontifical Swiss Guard uniform can be seen in a 1577 fresco by Jacopo Coppi of the Empress Eudoxia conversing with Pope Sixtus III. It shows the precursor of today's recognizable three-colored uniform with boot covers, white gloves, a high or ruff collar, and either a black beret or a black Comb morion (silver for high occasions). Sergeants wear a black top with crimson leggings, while other officers wear an all-crimson uniform.\nThe colours blue and yellow were in use from the 16th century, said to be chosen to represent the Della Rovere coat of arms of Julius II, with the colour red added to represent the Medici coat of arms of Leo X.\n" ]	[ "16th-century depictions of the Swiss Guard" ]
4031445326118600240	Politics	Politics - wikipedia Politics Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Politics ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on Politics Primary topics ( show ) Index of politics articles Politics by country Politics by subdivision Political economy Political history Political history of the world Political philosophy Political systems ( show ) Anarchy City - state Democracy Federacy Feudalism Dictatorship Directory Meritocracy Monarchy Parliamentary Presidential Republic Semi-parliamentary Semi-presidential Theocracy Academic disciplines ( show ) Political science ( political scientists ) International relations ( theory ) Comparative politics Public administration ( show ) Bureaucracy ( street - level ) Adhocracy Policy ( show ) Public policy ( doctrine ) Domestic and foreign policy Civil society Public interest Organs of government ( show ) Separation of powers Legislature Executive Judiciary Election commission Related topics ( show ) Sovereignty Theories of political behavior Political psychology Biology and political orientation Political organisations Foreign electoral intervention Subseries ( show ) Electoral systems Elections ( voting ) Federalism Form of government Ideology Political campaigning Political parties ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Politics ( from Greek : Politiká : Politika , definition `` affairs of the cities '' ) is the process of making decisions that apply to members of a group . More narrowly , it refers to achieving and exercising positions of governance -- organized control over a human community , particularly a state . Furthermore , politics is the study or practice of the distribution of power and resources within a given community ( this is usually a hierarchically organized population ) as well as the interrelationship ( s ) between communities . In most countries , people have formed political parties to put forward their ideas . There is usually some disagreement between people within a party , but they work together because they feel that they agree on enough things , and they will have more power if they join together . They agree to take the same position on many issues , and agree to support the same changes to law and the same leaders . An election is usually a competition between different parties . Some examples of political parties are the Liberal party , the Labor party , the Greens and the Conservative party . Politics is a multifaceted word . It has a set of fairly specific meanings that are descriptive and nonjudgmental ( such as `` the art or science of government '' and `` political principles '' ) , but it can and often does carry a negative meaning closely related to these ( `` political activities characterized by artful and often dishonest practices '' ) . The negative sense of politics , as seen in the phrase `` play politics '' , for example , has been in use since at least 1853 , when abolitionist Wendell Phillips declared : `` We do not play politics ; anti-slavery is no half - jest with us . '' A variety of methods are deployed in politics , which include promoting or forcing one 's own political views among people , negotiation with other political subjects , making laws , and exercising force , including warfare against adversaries . Politics is exercised on a wide range of social levels , from clans and tribes of traditional societies , through modern local governments , companies and institutions up to sovereign states , to the international level . It is very often said that politics is about power . A political system is a framework which defines acceptable political methods within a given society . History of political thought can be traced back to early antiquity , with seminal works such as Plato 's Republic , Aristotle 's Politics and the works of Confucius . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 1.1 Classifications 2 History of state politics 2.1 The state 3 Themes 3.1 Forms of political organization 3.2 Global politics 3.3 Political corruption 3.4 Political parties 3.5 Politics as an academic discipline 4 Political values 4.1 Left -- right 4.2 Authoritarian -- libertarian 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Etymology ( edit ) The word comes from the same Greek word from which the title of Aristotle 's book Politics ( Πολιτικά , Politika ) also derives ; politika means `` affairs of the cities '' . The book title was rendered in Early Modern English in the mid-15th century as `` Polettiques '' ; it became `` politics '' in Modern English . The singular politic first attested in English 1430 and comes from Middle French politique , in turn from Latin politicus , which is the Latinization of the Greek πολιτικός ( politikos ) , meaning amongst others `` of , for , or relating to citizens '' , `` civil '' , `` civic '' , `` belonging to the state '' , in turn from πολίτης ( polites ) , `` citizen '' and that from πόλις ( polis ) , `` city '' . Classifications ( edit ) Formal Politics refers to the operation of a constitutional system of government and publicly defined institutions and procedures . Political parties , public policy or discussions about war and foreign affairs would fall under the category of Formal Politics . Many people view formal politics as something outside of themselves , but that can still affect their daily lives . Semi-formal Politics is Politics in government associations such as neighborhood associations , or student governments where student government political party politics is often important . Informal Politics is understood as forming alliances , exercising power and protecting and advancing particular ideas or goals . Generally , this includes anything affecting one 's daily life , such as the way an office or household is managed , or how one person or group exercises influence over another . Informal Politics is typically understood as everyday politics , hence the idea that `` politics is everywhere '' . History of state politics ( edit ) The history of politics is reflected in the origin , development , and economics of the institutions of government . The state ( edit ) Main article : State ( polity ) The origin of the state is to be found in the development of the art of warfare . Historically speaking , all political communities of the modern type owe their existence to successful warfare . Kings , emperors and other types of monarchs in many countries including China and Japan , were considered divine . Of the institutions that ruled states , that of kingship stood at the forefront until the American Revolution put an end to the `` divine right of kings '' . Nevertheless , the monarchy is among the longest - lasting political institutions , dating as early as 2100 BC in Sumeria to the 21st century AD British Monarchy . Kingship becomes an institution through the institution of Hereditary monarchy . The king often , even in absolute monarchies , ruled his kingdom with the aid of an elite group of advisors , a council without which he could not maintain power . As these advisors and others outside the monarchy negotiated for power , constitutional monarchies emerged , which may be considered the germ of constitutional government . The greatest of the king 's subordinates , the earls and dukes in England and Scotland , the dukes and counts in the Continent , always sat as a right on the council . A conqueror wages war upon the vanquished for vengeance or for plunder but an established kingdom exacts tribute . One of the functions of the council is to keep the coffers of the king full . Another is the satisfaction of military service and the establishment of lordships by the king to satisfy the task of collecting taxes and soldiers . Themes ( edit ) Forms of political organization ( edit ) There are many forms of political organization , including states , non-government organizations ( NGOs ) and international organizations such as the United Nations . States are perhaps the predominant institutional form of political governance , where a state is understood as an institution and a government is understood as the regime in power . According to Aristotle , states are classified into monarchies , aristocracies , timocracies , democracies , oligarchies , and tyrannies . Due to changes across the history of politics , this classification has been abandoned . All states are varieties of a single organizational form , the sovereign state . All the great powers of the modern world rule on the principle of sovereignty . Sovereign power may be vested on an individual as in an autocratic government or it may be vested on a group as in a constitutional government . Constitutions are written documents that specify and limit the powers of the different branches of government . Although a constitution is a written document , there is also an unwritten constitution . The unwritten constitution is continually being written by the legislative branch of government ; this is just one of those cases in which the nature of the circumstances determines the form of government that is most appropriate . England did set the fashion of written constitutions during the Civil War but after the Restoration abandoned them to be taken up later by the American Colonies after their emancipation and then France after the Revolution and the rest of Europe including the European colonies . There are many forms of government . One form is a strong central government as in France and China . Another form is local government , such as the ancient divisions in England that are comparatively weaker but less bureaucratic . These two forms helped to shape the practice of federal government , first in Switzerland , then in the United States in 1776 , in Canada in 1867 and in Germany in 1871 and in 1901 , Australia . Federal states introduced the new principle of agreement or contract . Compared to a federation , a confederation has a more dispersed system of judicial power . In the American Civil War , the contention of the Confederate States that a State could secede from the Union was untenable because of the power enjoyed by the Federal government in the executive , legislative and judiciary branches . According to professor A.V. Dicey in An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution , the essential features of a federal constitution are : a ) A written supreme constitution in order to prevent disputes between the jurisdictions of the Federal and State authorities ; b ) A distribution of power between the Federal and State governments and c ) A Supreme Court vested with the power to interpret the Constitution and enforce the law of the land remaining independent of both the executive and legislative branches . Global politics ( edit ) Main article : Global politics Global politics include different practices of political globalization in relation to questions of social power : from global patterns of governance to issues of globalizing conflict . The 20th century witnessed the outcome of two world wars and not only the rise and fall of the Third Reich but also the rise and fall of communism . The development of the atomic bomb gave the United States a more rapid end to its conflict in Japan in World War II . Later , the development of the hydrogen bomb became the ultimate weapon of mass destruction . Global politics also concerns the rise of global and international organizations . The United Nations has served as a forum for peace in a world threatened by nuclear war , `` The invention of nuclear and space weapons has made war unacceptable as an instrument for achieving political ends . '' Although an all - out final nuclear holocaust is out of the question for man , `` nuclear blackmail '' comes into question not only on the issue of world peace but also on the issue of national sovereignty . On a Sunday in 1962 , the world stood still at the brink of nuclear war during the October Cuban Missile Crisis from the implementation of U.S. vs U.S.S.R. nuclear blackmail policy . According to political science professor Paul James , global politics is affected by values : norms of human rights , ideas of human development , and beliefs such as cosmopolitanism about how we should relate to each : Cosmopolitanism can be defined as a global politics that , firstly , projects a sociality of common political engagement among all human beings across the globe , and , secondly , suggests that this sociality should be either ethically or organizationally privileged over other forms of sociality . Political corruption ( edit ) Main article : Political corruption William Pitt the Elder , speaking before the British House of Lords , 9 January 1770 , observed : `` Unlimited power is apt to corrupt the minds of those who possess it . '' This was echoed more famously by John Dalberg - Acton over a century later : `` Power tends to corrupt , and absolute power corrupts absolutely . '' Political corruption is the use of legislated powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain . Misuse of government power for other purposes , such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality , is not considered political corruption . Neither are illegal acts by private persons or corporations not directly involved with the government . An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties and / or power . Forms of corruption vary , but include corruption , extortion , cronyism , nepotism , patronage , graft , and embezzlement . While corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking , money laundering , and trafficking , it is not restricted to these activities . The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction . For instance , certain political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another . In some cases , government officials have broad or poorly defined powers , which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions . Worldwide , bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually . A state of unrestrained political corruption is known as a kleptocracy , literally meaning `` rule by thieves '' . Political parties ( edit ) Main article : political party A political party is a political organization that typically seeks to attain and maintain political power within government , usually by participating in electoral campaigns , educational outreach or protest actions . Parties often espouse an expressed ideology or vision bolstered by a written platform with specific goals , forming a coalition among disparate interests . Politics as an academic discipline ( edit ) Political science , the study of politics , examines the acquisition and application of power . Political scientist Harold Lasswell defined politics as `` who gets what , when , and how '' . Related areas of study include political philosophy , which seeks a rationale for politics and an ethic of public behaviour , political economy , which attempts to develop understandings of the relationships between politics and the economy and the governance of the two , and public administration , which examines the practices of governance . The philosopher Charles Blattberg , who has defined politics as `` responding to conflict with dialogue , '' offers an account which distinguishes political philosophies from political ideologies . The first academic chair devoted to politics in the United States was the chair of history and political science at Columbia University , first occupied by Prussian émigré Francis Lieber in 1857 . Political values ( edit ) Political views differ on average across nations . A recreation of the Inglehart -- Welzel Cultural Map of the World based on the World Values Survey . Main article : Political spectrum Several different political spectra have been proposed . Left -- right ( edit ) Political analysts and politicians divide politics into left wing and right wing politics , often also using the idea of center politics as a middle path of policy between the right and left . This classification is comparatively recent ( it was not used by Aristotle or Hobbes , for instance ) , and dates from the French Revolution era , when those members of the National Assembly who supported the republic , the common people and a secular society sat on the left and supporters of the monarchy , aristocratic privilege and the Church sat on the right . The meanings behind the labels have become more complicated over the years . A particularly influential event was the publication of the Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848 . The Manifesto suggested a course of action for a proletarian revolution to overthrow the bourgeois society and abolish private property , in the belief that this would lead to a classless and stateless society . The meaning of left - wing and right - wing varies considerably between different countries and at different times , but generally speaking , it can be said that the right wing often values tradition and social stratification while the left wing often values reform and egalitarianism , with the center seeking a balance between the two such as with social democracy or regulated capitalism . According to Norberto Bobbio , one of the major exponents of this distinction , the Left believes in attempting to eradicate social inequality , while the Right regards most social inequality as the result of ineradicable natural inequalities , and sees attempts to enforce social equality as utopian or authoritarian . Some ideologies , notably Christian Democracy , claim to combine left and right wing politics ; according to Geoffrey K. Roberts and Patricia Hogwood , `` In terms of ideology , Christian Democracy has incorporated many of the views held by liberals , conservatives and socialists within a wider framework of moral and Christian principles . '' Movements which claim or formerly claimed to be above the left - right divide include Fascist Terza Posizione economic politics in Italy , Peronism in Argentina , and National Action Party in Mexico . Authoritarian -- libertarian ( edit ) Authoritarianism and libertarianism refer to the amount of individual freedom each person possesses in that society relative to the state . One author describes authoritarian political systems as those where `` individual rights and goals are subjugated to group goals , expectations and conformities '' , while libertarians generally oppose the state and hold the individual as sovereign . In their purest form , libertarians are anarchists , who argue for the total abolition of the state , of political parties and of other political entities , while the purest authoritarians are , theoretically , totalitarians who support state control over all aspects of society . For instance , classical liberalism ( also known as laissez - faire liberalism , ) is a doctrine stressing individual freedom and limited government . This includes the importance of human rationality , individual property rights , free markets , natural rights , the protection of civil liberties , constitutional limitation of government , and individual freedom from restraint as exemplified in the writings of John Locke , Adam Smith , David Hume , David Ricardo , Voltaire , Montesquieu and others . According to the libertarian Institute for Humane Studies , `` the libertarian , or ' classical liberal , ' perspective is that individual well - being , prosperity , and social harmony are fostered by ' as much liberty as possible ' and ' as little government as necessary . ' '' For anarchist political philosopher L. Susan Brown `` Liberalism and anarchism are two political philosophies that are fundamentally concerned with individual freedom yet differ from one another in very distinct ways . Anarchism shares with liberalism a radical commitment to individual freedom while rejecting liberalism 's competitive property relations . '' See also ( edit ) Politics portal Book : Politics Index of law articles Index of politics articles - alphabetical list of political subjects List of years in politics Outline of law Outline of political science - structured list of political topics , arranged by subject area Political lists - lists of political topics Politics of present - day states Political organisation List of political ideologies Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Johnston , Alexander ; Woodburn , James Albert ( 1903 ) . `` American Orations : V . The anti-slavery struggle '' . ^ Jump up to : Painter , Joe ; Jeffrey , Alex . `` Political Geography '' . Jump up ^ The Diets and Sayings of the Philosophers ( Early English Text Society , Original Series No. 211 , 1941 ; reprinted 1961 ) , p. 154 : `` the book of Etiques and of Polettiques '' . Jump up ^ Charlton T. Lewis , Charles Short . `` A Latin Dictionary '' . Perseus Digital Library . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott . πολιτικός `` A Greek - English Lexicon '' Check url = value ( help ) . Perseus Digital Library . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott . πολίτης `` A Greek - English Lexicon '' Check url = value ( help ) . Perseus Digital Library . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott . πόλις `` A Greek - English Lexicon '' Check url = value ( help ) . Perseus Digital Library . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Carneiro , Robert L. ( 21 August 1970 ) . `` A Theory of the Origin of the State '' . Science . 169 ( 3947 ) : 733 -- 8 . Bibcode : 1970Sci ... 169 ... 733C . doi : 10.1126 / science. 169.3947. 733 . PMID 17820299 . Jump up ^ `` Sumerian King List '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` European Absolutism And Power Politics '' , International World History Project , 1998 , retrieved 22 April 2017 Jump up ^ Constitutional Monarchy , British Monarchist League Ltd , retrieved 22 April 2017 Jump up ^ Jenks , Edward . A history of politics . pp. 73 -- 96 . The origin of the State , or Political Society , is to be found in the development of the art of military warfare . Jump up ^ http://www.diffen.com/difference/Confederation_vs_Federation Jump up ^ Jenks , Edward ( 1900 ) . A history of politics . J.M. Dent & Co. pp. 1 -- 164 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Rabinowitch , Eugene ( June 1973 ) . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science , Inc. p. 13 . ISSN 0096 - 3402 ... the rationale of traditional patterns of world politics . Jump up ^ Dulles , Allen ( 2006 ) . The Craft of Intelligence . Globe Pequot . p. 224 . ISBN 1599215772 ... using ' nuclear blackmail ' as a threat to intimidate other countries . Jump up ^ James , Paul ( 2014 ) . Globalization and Politics , Vol. 4 : Political Philosophies of the Global . London : Sage Publications . pp. x . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Safire , William , ed. ( 2008 ) . Safire 's Political Dictionary . Oxford University Press . p. 566 . Jump up ^ Dalberg - Acton , John ( Lord Acton ) . Letter to Bishop Mandell Creighton , April 5 , 1887 . Published in Historical Essays and Studies , edited by J.N. Figgis and R.V. Laurence ( London : Macmillan , 1907 ) Jump up ^ `` Political Coruption Law & Definition '' . USLegal . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - Business - African corruption ' on the wane ' '' . Jump up ^ Safire , William ( 2008 ) . Safire 's Political Dictionary . Oxford University Press US . p. 566 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 534334 - 4 . Power tends to corrupt ; absolute power corrupts absolutely . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Barbara A. ; Bardes , Mack C. ; Shelley , Steffen W. ( 2011 ) . American Government and Politics Today : The Essentials ( 2011 -- 2012 Student ed . ) . Boston : Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 538 - 49719 - 0 . Jump up ^ Blattberg , Charles ( July 2001 ) . `` Political Philosophies and Political Ideologies '' . Public Affairs Quarterly . 15 ( 3 ) : 193 -- 217 . ISSN 0887 - 0373 . SSRN 1755117 . Jump up ^ Farr , James ; Seidelman , Raymond ( 1993 ) . Discipline and history . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 06512 - 2 ... a chair at Columbia in 1857 as professor of history and political science , the very first of its kind in America . Jump up ^ Andrew Knapp and Vincent Wright ( 2006 ) . The Government and Politics of France . Routledge . Jump up ^ Marx , Karl ; Engels , Friedrich ( 2002 - 01 - 01 ) . The Communist Manifesto . Penguin . ISBN 9780140447576 . Jump up ^ Daniel J. Levinson . `` CONSERVATISM AND RADICALISM '' . International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Bobbio , Norberto , Left and Right : The Significance of a Political Distinction ( translated by Allan Cameron ) , 1997 , University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 06246 - 5 Jump up ^ Roberts and Hogwood , European Politics Today , Manchester University Press , 1997 Jump up ^ https://www.miis.edu/media/view/18971/original/balenouvelleresarticle.pdf Jump up ^ Markus Kemmelmeier ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` Individualism , Collectivism , and Authoritarianism in Seven Societies '' . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology . 34 ( 3 ) : 304 -- 322 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022022103034003005 . Jump up ^ Politics . PediaPress . Jump up ^ Ian Adams , Political Ideology Today ( Manchester : Manchester University Press , 2001 ) , 20 . Jump up ^ What Is Libertarian ? , Institute for Humane Studies Archived 24 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ L. Susan Brown . The Politics of Individualism : Liberalism , Liberal Feminism , and Anarchism . BLACK ROSE BOOKS LID. 1993 References ( edit ) Connolly , William ( 1981 ) . Appearance and Reality in Politics . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . James , Paul ; Soguk , Nevzat ( 2014 ) . Globalization and Politics , Vol. 1 : Global Political and Legal Governance . London : Sage Publications . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . Ryan , Alan : On Politics : A History of Political Thought from Herodotus to the Present . London : Allen Lane , 2012 . 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the word politics is derived from the greek word	[ "Politics (from Greek: Politiká: Politika, definition \"affairs of the cities\") is the process of making decisions that apply to members of a group. More narrowly, it refers to achieving and exercising positions of governance — organized control over a human community, particularly a state. Furthermore, politics is the study or practice of the distribution of power and resources within a given community (this is usually a hierarchically organized population) as well as the interrelationship(s) between communities." ]	[ "Politiká" ]
-9099733934344731179	Article (grammar)	Article ( grammar ) - wikipedia Article ( grammar ) For grammatical articles in English , see English articles . `` Definite article '' redirects here . For the Eddie Izzard comedy DVD , see Definite Article . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An article ( with the linguistic glossing abbreviation ART ) is a word that is used with a noun ( as a standalone word or a prefix or suffix ) to specify grammatical definiteness of the noun , and in some languages extending to volume or numerical scope . The articles in English grammar are the and a / an , and in certain contexts some . `` An '' and `` a '' are modern forms of the Old English `` an '' , which in Anglian dialects was the number `` one '' ( compare `` on '' in Saxon dialects ) and survived into Modern Scots as the number `` owan '' . Both `` on '' ( respelled `` one '' by the Norman language ) and `` an '' survived into Modern English , with `` one '' used as the number and `` an '' ( `` a '' , before nouns that begin with a consonant sound ) as an indefinite article . In many languages , articles are a special part of speech which can not easily be combined with other parts of speech . In English grammar , articles are frequently considered part of a broader category called determiners , which contains articles , demonstratives ( such as `` this '' and `` that '' ) , possessive determiners ( such as `` my '' and `` his '' ) , and quantifiers ( such as `` all '' and `` few '' ) . Articles and other determiners are also sometimes counted as a type of adjective , since they describe the words that they come before . In languages that employ articles , every common noun , with some exceptions , is expressed with a certain definiteness , definite or indefinite , as an attribute ( similar to how many languages express every noun with a certain grammatical number -- singular or plural -- or a grammatical gender ) . Articles are among the most common words in many languages ; in English , for example , the most frequent word is the . Articles are usually categorized as either definite or indefinite . A few languages with well - developed systems of articles may distinguish additional subtypes . Within each type , languages may have various forms of each article , due to confirming to grammatical attributes such as gender , number , or case . Articles may also be modified as influenced by adjacent sounds or words as in elision ( e.g. , French `` le '' becoming `` l ' '' before a vowel ) , epenthesis ( e.g. , English `` a '' becoming `` an '' before a vowel ) , or contraction ( e.g. Irish `` i + na '' becoming `` sna '' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definite article 2 Indefinite article 3 Proper article 4 Partitive article 5 Negative article 6 Zero article 7 Variation among languages 7.1 Tokelauan 8 Evolution 8.1 Definite articles 8.2 Indefinite articles 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Definite article ( edit ) The definite article is used to refer to a particular member of a group or class . It may be something that the speaker has already mentioned or it may be something uniquely specified . There is one definite article in English , for both singular and plural nouns : the : The children know the fastest way home . The sentence above refers to specific children and a specific way home ; it contrasts with the much more general observation that : Children know the fastest ways home . The latter sentence refers to children in general and their specific ways home . Likewise , Give me the book . refers to a specific book whose identity is known or obvious to the listener ; as such it has a markedly different meaning from Give me a book . which uses an indefinite article , which does not specify what book is to be given . The definite article can also be used in English to indicate a specific class among other classes : The cabbage white butterfly lays its eggs on members of the Brassica genus . However , recent developments show that definite articles are morphological elements linked to certain noun types due to lexicalization . Under this point of view , definiteness does not play a role in the selection of a definite article more than the lexical entry attached to the article . Indefinite article ( edit ) An indefinite article indicates that its noun is not a particular one identifiable to the listener . It may be something that the speaker is mentioning for the first time , or the speaker may be making a general statement about any such thing . a / an are the indefinite articles used in English . The form an is used before words that begin with a vowel sound ( even if spelled with an initial consonant , as in an hour ) , and a before words that begin with a consonant sound ( even if spelled with a vowel , as in a European ) . She had a house so large that an elephant would get lost without a map . Before some words beginning with a pronounced ( not silent ) h in an unstressed first syllable , such as historic ( al ) , hallucination , hilarious , horrendous , and horrific , some ( especially older ) British writers prefer to use an over a ( an historical event , etc . ) . An is also preferred before hotel by some writers of British English ( probably reflecting the relatively recent adoption of the word from French , in which the h is not pronounced ) . The use of `` an '' before words beginning with an unstressed `` h '' is more common generally in British English than in American . American writers normally use a in all these cases , although there are occasional uses of an historic ( al ) in American English . According to the New Oxford Dictionary of English , such use is increasingly rare in British English too . Unlike British English , American English typically uses an before herb , since the h in this word is silent for most Americans . The correct usage in respect of the term `` hereditary peer '' was the subject of an amendment debated in the UK Parliament . The word some can be viewed as functionally a plural of a / an in that , for example , `` an apple '' never means more than one apple but `` give me some apples '' indicates more than one is desired but without specifying a quantity . In this view it is functionally homologous to the Spanish plural indefinite article unos / unas ; un / una ( `` one '' ) is completely indistinguishable from the unit number , except where it has a plural form ( unos / unas ) . Thus Dame una manzana '' ( `` Give me an apple '' ) but `` Dame unas manzanas '' ( `` Give me some apples '' ) . The indefiniteness of some or unos can sometimes be semiquantitatively narrowed , as in `` There are some apples there , but not many . '' Some also serves as a singular indefinite article , as in `` There is some person on the porch '' . Proper article ( edit ) A proper article indicates that its noun is proper , and refers to a unique entity . It may be the name of a person , the name of a place , the name of a planet , etc . The Maori language has the proper article a , which is used for personal nouns ; so , `` a Pita '' means `` Peter '' . In Maori , when the personal nouns have the definite or indefinite article as an important part of it , both articles are present ; for example , the phrase `` a Te Rauparaha '' , which contains both the proper article a and the definite article Te refers to the person name Te Rauparaha . The definite article is sometimes also used with proper names , which are already specified by definition ( there is just one of them ) . For example : the Amazon , the Hebrides . In these cases , the definite article may be considered superfluous . Its presence can be accounted for by the assumption that they are shorthand for a longer phrase in which the name is a specifier , i.e. the Amazon River , the Hebridean Islands . Where the nouns in such longer phrases can not be omitted , the definite article is universally kept : the United States , the People 's Republic of China . This distinction can sometimes become a political matter : the former usage the Ukraine stressed the word 's Russian meaning of `` borderlands '' ; as Ukraine became a fully independent state following the collapse of the Soviet Union , it requested that formal mentions of its name omit the article . Similar shifts in usage have occurred in the names of Sudan and both Congo ( Brazzaville ) and Congo ( Kinshasa ) ; a move in the other direction occurred with The Gambia . In certain languages , such as French and Italian , definite articles are used with all or most names of countries : la France / le Canada / l'Allemagne , l'Italia / la Spagna / il Brasile . If a name ( has ) a definite article , e.g. the Kremlin , it can not idiomatically be used without it : we can not say Boris Yeltsin is in Kremlin . -- R.W. Burchfield Some languages also use definite articles with personal names . For example , such use is standard in Portuguese ( a Maria , literally : `` the Maria '' ) , in Greek ( η Μαρία , ο Γιώργος , ο Δούναβης , η Παρασκευή ) and in Catalan ( la Núria , el / en Oriol ) . It also occurs colloquially in Spanish , German , French , Italian and other languages . In Hungary it is considered to be a Germanism . Rarely , this usage can appear in English . A prominent example is how President of The United States and businessman Donald Trump is known as `` The Donald '' , this wording being used by many publications such as Newsweek and New York Post . ( This is derived from his ex-wife Ivana Trump 's use of the article with his name , a second - language error influenced by the lack of articles in her native Czech . ) Another is US President Ronald Reagan 's nickname of `` The Gipper '' ; publisher Townhall.com issued an article after Reagan 's death titled simply `` Goodbye to ' the Gipper ' '' . Partitive article ( edit ) A partitive article is a type of article , sometimes viewed as a type of indefinite article , used with a mass noun such as water , to indicate a non-specific quantity of it . Partitive articles are thus a class of determiner ; they are used in French and Italian in addition to definite and indefinite articles . ( In Finnish and Estonian , the partitive is indicated by inflection . ) The nearest equivalent in English is some , although the latter is classified as a determiner but not in all authorities ' classifications as an indefinite article , and English uses it less than French uses de . French : Veux - tu du café ? Do you want ( some ) coffee ? For more information , see the article on the French partitive article . Haida has a partitive article ( suffixed - gyaa ) referring to `` part of something or ... to one or more objects of a given group or category , '' e.g. , tluugyaa uu hal tlaahlaang `` he is making a boat ( a member of the category of boats ) . '' Negative article ( edit ) A negative article specifies none of its noun , and can thus be regarded as neither definite nor indefinite . On the other hand , some consider such a word to be a simple determiner rather than an article . In English , this function is fulfilled by no , which can appear before a singular or plural noun : No man has been on this island . No dogs are allowed here . No one is in the room . Zero article ( edit ) See also : Zero article in English The zero article is the absence of an article . In languages having a definite article , the lack of an article specifically indicates that the noun is indefinite . Linguists interested in X-bar theory causally link zero articles to nouns lacking a determiner . In English , the zero article rather than the indefinite is used with plurals and mass nouns , although the word `` some '' can be used as an indefinite plural article . Visitors end up walking in mud . Variation among languages ( edit ) Articles in languages in and around Europe indefinite and definite articles only definite articles indefinite and suffixed definite articles only suffixed definite articles no articles Note that although the Saami languages spoken in northern parts of Norway and Sweden lack articles , Norwegian and Swedish are the majority languages in this area . Note also that although the Irish and Scottish Gaelic languages lack indefinite articles they too are minority languages in this area , with English being the main spoken language . Articles are found in many Indo - European languages , Semitic languages ( only the definite article ) , and Polynesian languages , but are formally absent from many of the world 's major languages , such as Chinese , Indonesian , Japanese , Hindi , Punjabi , Urdu , Russian , the majority of Slavic and Baltic languages , Yoruba , and the Bantu languages . In some languages that do have articles , like for example some North Caucasian languages , the use of articles is optional but in others like English and German it is mandatory in all cases . Linguists believe the common ancestor of the Indo - European languages , Proto - Indo - European , did not have articles . Most of the languages in this family do not have definite or indefinite articles : there is no article in Latin or Sanskrit , nor in some modern Indo - European languages , such as the families of Slavic languages ( except for Bulgarian and Macedonian , which are rather distinctive among the Slavic languages in their grammar ) and Baltic languages . Although Classical Greek had a definite article ( which has survived into Modern Greek and which bears strong functional resemblance to the German definite article , which it is related to ) , the earlier Homeric Greek used this article largely as a pronoun or demonstrative , whereas the earliest known form of Greek known as Mycenaean Greek did not have any articles . Articles developed independently in several language families . Not all languages have both definite and indefinite articles , and some languages have different types of definite and indefinite articles to distinguish finer shades of meaning : for example , French and Italian have a partitive article used for indefinite mass nouns , whereas Colognian has two distinct sets of definite articles indicating focus and uniqueness , and Macedonian uses definite articles in a demonstrative sense , with a tripartite distinction ( proximal , medial , distal ) based on distance from the speaker or interlocutor . The words this and that ( and their plurals , these and those ) can be understood in English as , ultimately , forms of the definite article the ( whose declension in Old English included thaes , an ancestral form of this / that and these / those ) . In many languages , the form of the article may vary according to the gender , number , or case of its noun . In some languages the article may be the only indication of the case . Many languages do not use articles at all , and may use other ways of indicating old versus new information , such as topic -- comment constructions . The articles used in some languages Language definite article partitive article indefinite article Afrikaans die ' n Albanian - a , - ja , - i , - u , - t , - të ( all suffixes ) disa një Arabic al - or el ال ‎ ( prefix ) - n Assamese - tû , - ta , - ti , - khôn , - khini , - zôn , - zôni , - dal , - zûpa etc . êta , êkhôn , êzôn , êzôni , êdal , êzûpa etc . Bangla ঐ একটি Breton an , al , ar un , ul , ur Bulgarian - та , - то , - ът , - ят , - те един / някакъв , една / някаква , едно / някакво , едни / някакви Catalan el , la , l ' , els , les ses , lo , los , es , sa un , una uns , unes Cornish an Danish Singular : - en , - et , - ( all suffixes ) Plural : - e , - ene ( all suffixes ) en , et Dutch de , het ( 't ) een ( ' n ) English the a , an Esperanto la Finnish * se yks ( i ) French le , la , l ' les du , de la , de l ' des un , une des German der , die , das des , dem , den ein , eine , einer , eines einem , einen Greek ο , η , το οι , οι , τα ένας , μια , ένα Hawaiian ka , ke nā he Hebrew ha - ה ‎ ( prefix ) Hungarian a , az egy Icelandic - ( i ) nn , - ( i ) n , - ( i ) ð , - ( i ) na , - num , - ( i ) nni , - nu , - ( i ) ns , - ( i ) nnar , - nir , - nar , - ( u ) num , - nna ( all suffixes ) Interlingua le un Irish an , na Italian il , lo , la , l ' i , gli , le del , dello , della , dell ' dei , degli , degl ' , delle un ' , uno , una , un Khasi u , ka , i ki Kurdish - eke - ekan hendê , birrê - êk - anêk Latin Luxembourgish den , déi ( d ' ) , dat ( d ' ) dem , der däers / es , däer / er en , eng engem , enger Macedonian - от - ов - он - та - ва - на - то - во - но - те - ве - не - та - ва - на ( all suffixes ) неколку еден една едно едни Manx y , yn , ' n , ny Norwegian Bokmål Singular : - en , - et , - a ( all suffixes ) Plural : - ene , - a ( all suffixes ) en , et , ei Norwegian Nynorsk Singular : - en , - et , - a ( all suffixes ) Plural : - ane , - ene , - a ( all suffixes ) ein , eit , ei Persian language yek ( 1 ) Portuguese o , a os , as um , uma uns , umas Quenya i , in , ' n Romanian - ( u ) l , - le , - ( u ) a - ( u ) lui , - i , - lor ( all suffixes ) un , o unui , unei niște , unor Scots the Scottish Gaelic an , am , a ' , na , nam , nan Sindarin i , in , - in , - n , en Spanish el , la , lo los , las un , una unos , unas Swedish Singular : - en , - n , - et , - t ( all suffixes ) Plural : - na , - a , - en ( all suffixes ) en , ett Welsh y , yr , - ' r Yiddish דער ( der ) , די ( di ) , דאָס ( dos ) , דעם ( dem ) אַ ( a ) , אַן ( an ) * Grammatically speaking Finnish has no articles , but the words se ( it ) and yks ( i ) ( one ) are used in the same fashion as the and a / an in English and are , for all intents and purposes , treated like articles when used in this manner in colloquial Finnish . The following examples show articles which are always suffixed to the noun : Albanian : zog , a bird ; zogu , the bird Aramaic : שלם ( shalam ) , peace ; שלמא ( shalma ) , the peace Note : Aramaic is written from right to left , so an Aleph is added to the end of the word . ם becomes מ when it is not the final letter . Assamese : `` কিতাপ ( kitap ) '' , book ; `` কিতাপখন ( kitapkhôn ) '' : `` The book '' Bengali : `` Bôi '' , book ; `` Bôiti / Bôita / Bôikhana '' : `` The Book '' Bulgarian : стол stol , chair ; столът stolǎt , the chair ( subject ) ; стола stola , the chair ( object ) Icelandic : hestur , horse ; hesturinn , the horse Macedonian : стол stol , chair ; столот stolot , the chair ; столов stolov , this chair ; столон stolon , that chair Persian : sib , apple . ( The Persian language does not have definite articles . It has one indefinite article ' yek ' that means one . In Persian if a noun is not indefinite , it is a definite noun . `` Sib e ' man ، means my apple . Here ' e ' is like ' of ' in English ; an so literally `` Sib e man '' means the apple of mine . ) Romanian : drum , road ; drumul , the road ( the article is just `` l '' , `` u '' is a `` connection vowel '' Romanian : vocală de legătură ) Swedish and Norwegian : hus , house ; huset , the house ; if there is an adjective : det gamle ( N ) / gamla ( S ) huset , the old house Danish : hus , house ; huset , the house ; if there is an adjective : det gamle hus , the old house Example of prefixed definite article : Hebrew : ילד ‎ , transcribed as yeled , a boy ; הילד ‎ , transcribed as hayeled , the boy A different way , limited to the definite article , is used by Latvian and Lithuanian . The noun does not change but the adjective can be defined or undefined . In Latvian : galds , a table / the table ; balts galds , a white table ; baltais galds , the white table . In Lithuanian : stalas , a table / the table ; baltas stalas , a white table ; baltasis stalas , the white table . Languages in the above table written in italics are constructed languages and are not natural , that is to say that they have been purposefully invented by an individual ( or group of individuals ) with some purpose in mind . They do , however , all belong to language families themselves . Esperanto is derived from European languages and therefore all of its roots are found in Proto - Indo - European and cognates can be found in real - world languages like French , German , Italian and English . Interlingua is also based on European languages but with its main source being that of Italic descendent languages : English , French , Spanish , Italian and Portuguese , with German and Russian being secondary sources , with words from further afield ( but internationally known and often borrowed ) contributing to the language 's vocabulary ( such as words taken from Japanese , Arabic and Finnish ) . The result is a supposedly easy - to - learn language for the world . As well as these `` auxiliary '' languages the list contains two more : Quenya and Sindarin ; these two languages were created by Professor Tolkien and used in his fictional works . They are not based on any real - world language family ( as are Esperanto and Interlingua ) , but do share a common history with roots in Common Eldarin . Tokelauan ( edit ) When using a definite article in Tokelauan language , unlike in some languages like English , if the speaker is speaking of an item , they need not to have referred to it previously as long as the item is specific . This is also true when it comes to the reference of a specific person . So , although the definite article used to describe a noun in the Tokelauan language is te , it can also translate to the indefinite article in languages that requires the item being spoken of to have been referenced prior . When translating to English , te could translate to the English definite article the , or it could also translate to the English indefinite article a . An example of how the definite article te can be used as an interchangeable definite or indefinite article in the Tokelauan language would be the sentence `` Kua hau te tino '' . In the English language , this could be translated as `` A man has arrived '' or `` The man has arrived '' where using te as the article in this sentence can represent any man or a particular man . The word he , which is the indefinite article in Tokelauan , is used to describe ' any such item ' . The word he is used in negative statements because that is where it is most often found , alongside its great use in interrogative statements . Though this is something to make note of , he is not used in just in negative statements and questions alone . Although these two types of statements are where he occurs the most , it is also used in other statements as well . An example of the use of he as an indefinite article is `` Vili ake oi k'aumai he toki '' , where ' he toki ' mean ' an axe ' . The use of he and te in Tokelauan are reserved for when describing a singular noun . However , when describing a plural noun , different articles are used . For plural definite nouns , rather than te , the article nā is used . ' Vili ake oi k'aumai nā nofoa ' in Tokelauan would translate to `` Do run and bring me the chairs '' in English . There are some special cases in which instead of using nā , plural definite nouns have no article before them . The absence of an article is represented by 0 . One way that it is usually used is if a large amount or a specific class of things are being described . Occasionally , such as if one was describing an entire class of things in a nonspecific fashion , the singular definite noun te would is used . In English , ' Ko te povi e kai mutia ' means `` Cows eat grass '' . Because this is a general statement about cows , te is used instead of nā . The ko serves as a preposition to the `` te '' The article ni is used for describing a plural indefinite noun . ' E i ei ni tuhi ? ' translates to `` Are there any books ? '' Evolution ( edit ) Articles have developed independently in many different language families across the globe . Generally , articles develop over time usually by specialization of certain adjectives or determiners , and their development is often a sign of languages becoming more analytic instead of synthetic , perhaps combined with the loss of inflection as in English , Romance languages , Bulgarian , Macedonian and Torlakian . Joseph Greenberg in Universals of Human Language describes `` the cycle of the definite article '' : Definite articles ( Stage I ) evolve from demonstratives , and in turn can become generic articles ( Stage II ) that may be used in both definite and indefinite contexts , and later merely noun markers ( Stage III ) that are part of nouns other than proper names and more recent borrowings . Eventually articles may evolve anew from demonstratives . Definite articles ( edit ) Definite articles typically arise from demonstratives meaning that . For example , the definite articles in most Romance languages -- e.g. , el , il , le , la , lo -- derive from the Latin demonstratives ille ( masculine ) , illa ( feminine ) and illud ( neuter ) . The English definite article the , written þe in Middle English , derives from an Old English demonstrative , which , according to gender , was written se ( masculine ) , seo ( feminine ) ( þe and þeo in the Northumbrian dialect ) , or þæt ( neuter ) . The neuter form þæt also gave rise to the modern demonstrative that . The ye occasionally seen in pseudo-archaic usage such as `` Ye Olde Englishe Tea Shoppe '' is actually a form of þe , where the letter thorn ( þ ) came to be written as a y . Multiple demonstratives can give rise to multiple definite articles . Macedonian , for example , in which the articles are suffixed , has столот ( stolot ) , the chair ; столов ( stolov ) , this chair ; and столон ( stolon ) , that chair . These derive from the Common Slavic demonstratives * tъ `` this , that '' , * ovъ `` this here '' and * onъ `` that over there , yonder '' respectively . Colognian prepositions articles such as in dat Auto , or et Auto , the car ; the first being specifically selected , focused , newly introduced , while the latter is not selected , unfocused , already known , general , or generic . Standard Basque distinguishes between proximal and distal definite articles in the plural ( dialectally , a proximal singular and an additional medial grade may also be present ) . The Basque distal form ( with infix - a - , etymologically a suffixed and phonetically reduced form of the distal demonstrative har - / hai - ) functions as the default definite article , whereas the proximal form ( with infix - o - , derived from the proximal demonstrative hau - / hon - ) is marked and indicates some kind of ( spatial or otherwise ) close relationship between the speaker and the referent ( e.g. , it may imply that the speaker is included in the referent ) : etxeak ( `` the houses '' ) vs. etxeok ( `` these houses ( of ours ) '' ) , euskaldunak ( `` the Basque speakers '' ) vs. euskaldunok ( `` we , the Basque speakers '' ) . Indefinite articles ( edit ) Indefinite articles typically arise from adjectives meaning one . For example , the indefinite articles in the Romance languages -- e.g. , un , una , une -- derive from the Latin adjective unus . Partitive articles , however , derive from Vulgar Latin de illo , meaning ( some ) of the . The English indefinite article an is derived from the same root as one . The - n came to be dropped before consonants , giving rise to the shortened form a . The existence of both forms has led to many cases of juncture loss , for example transforming the original a napron into the modern an apron . The Persian indefinite article is yek , meaning one . See also ( edit ) English articles Al - ( definite article in Arabic ) Definiteness Definite description False title References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What Is a Determiner ? '' . YourDictionary . Jump up ^ `` Using Articles -- A , An , The Scribendi.com '' . Scribendi . Jump up ^ `` The 500 Most Commonly Used Words in the English Language '' . World English . Archived from the original on 13 January 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ The Use and Non-Use of Articles Jump up ^ Recasens , Taulé and Martí https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228748115_First-mention_definites_more_than_exceptional_cases Jump up ^ Diaz Collazos , Ana Maria . 2016 . Definite and indefinite articles in Nikkei Spanish . In González - Rivera , Melvin , & Sessarego , Sandro . New Perspectives on Hispanic Contact Linguistics in the Americas . Madrid / Frankfurt : Iberoamericana - Vervuert ^ Jump up to : New Oxford Dictionary of English , 1999 , usage note for an : `` There is still some divergence of opinion over the form of the indefinite article to use preceding certain words beginning with h - when the first syllable is unstressed : ' a historical document ' or ' an historical document ' ; ' a hotel ' or ' an hotel ' . The form depends on whether the initial h is sounded or not : an was common in the 18th and 19th centuries , because the initial h was commonly not pronounced for these words . In standard modern English the norm is for the h to be pronounced in words like hotel and historical , and therefore the indefinite article a is used ; however , the older form , with the silent h and the indefinite article an , is still encountered , especially among older speakers . '' ^ Jump up to : Brown Corpus and Lancaster - Oslo - Bergen Corpus , quoted in Peters ( 2004 : 1 ) Jump up ^ Algeo , p. 49 . Jump up ^ www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199899/ldhansrd/vo990427/text/90427-43.htm . Jump up ^ Burchfield , R.W. ( 1996 ) . The New Fowler 's Modern English Usage ( 3rd ed . ) . p. 512 . ISBN 0199690367 . Jump up ^ Argetsinger , Amy ( 1 September 2015 ) . `` Why does everyone call Donald Trump ' The Donald ' ? It 's an interesting story '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story/ Jump up ^ http://townhall.com/columnists/patbuchanan/2004/06/08/goodbye_to_the_gipper/page/full Jump up ^ Lawrence , Erma ( 1977 ) . Haida dictionary . Fairbanks : Alaska Native Language Center . p. 64 . Jump up ^ ScienceDirect Master , Peter ( 1997 ) `` The English Article System : acquisition , function , and pedagogy '' in : System , Volume 25 , Issue 2 , pp. 215 -- 232 ^ Jump up to : Simona , Ropati ( 1986 ) . Tokelau Dictionary . New Zealand : Office of Tokelau Affairs . p . Introduction . Jump up ^ `` Genetic Linguistics : Essays on Theory and Method '' . google.com . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier 's Encyclopedia article Article . `` The Definite Article , ' The ' : The Most Frequently Used Word in World 's Englishes '' Lexical categories and their features Noun Abstract / Concrete Adjectival Agent Animate / Inanimate Attributive Common / Proper Countable / Mass / Collective Initial - stress - derived Relational Strong / Weak Verbal / Deverbal Verb Forms Finite / Non-finite Attributive Converb Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle ( adjectival adverbial ) Supine Verbal noun Types Accusative Ambitransitive Andative / Venitive Anticausative Autocausative Auxiliary Captative Catenative Compound Copular Defective Denominal Deponent Ditransitive Dynamic ECM Ergative Frequentative Impersonal Inchoative Intransitive Irregular Lexical Light Modal Monotransitive Negative Performative Phrasal Predicative Preterite - present Reflexive Regular Separable Stative Stretched Strong Transitive Unaccusative Unergative Weak Adjective Collateral Demonstrative Nominalized Possessive Postpositive Adverb Genitive Conjunctive Flat Locative Interrogative Prepositional Pronominal Relative Pronoun Demonstrative Disjunctive Distributive Donkey Dummy Formal / Informal Gender - neutral Gender - specific Inclusive / Exclusive Indefinite Intensive Interrogative Objective Personal Possessive Prepositional Reciprocal Reflexive Relative Resumptive Subjective Weak Preposition / postposition Inflected Casally modulated Stranded Conjunction Determiner Article Demonstrative Interrogative Possessive Quantifier Classifier Measure word Particle Discourse Interrogative Modal Noun Possessive Complementizer Other Yes and no Copula Coverb Expletive Interjection ( verbal ) Preverb Pro-form Pro-sentence Pro-verb Procedure word Prop - word GND : 4003090 - 8 NDL : 00577103 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Article_(grammar)&oldid=846151429 '' Categories : Grammar Parts of speech Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from July 2008 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2016 Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Romanian - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Malti Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Seeltersk Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Walon ייִדיש 中文 55 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 17 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the meaning of article in english	[ "An article (with the linguistic glossing abbreviation ART) is a word that is used with a noun (as a standalone word or a prefix or suffix) to specify grammatical definiteness of the noun, and in some languages extending to volume or numerical scope." ]	[ "a word that is used with a noun (as a standalone word or a prefix or suffix) to specify grammatical definiteness of the noun" ]
6943307535685071336	The Dualers	The Dualers - wikipedia The Dualers Jump to : navigation , search The Dualers Origin South London Genres Ska , reggae Years active 1999 -- present Labels Galley Music , Sunbeat Records Members Tyber Cranstoun Peter Lee Jason Gale Tom Hindley Taz Summers Alex Moody Paul Bilson Sam Adams Raphael Clarkson The Dualers are a 9 piece ska / reggae band from South East London . They first hit the headlines when the single Kiss on the Lips stormed in to the UK top 30 despite no industry backing . With a number of album releases , several top 40 chart singles and a large worldwide fan base behind them their success has continued . The Dualers unique Jamaican style rhythm & blues sound teamed with their lively vibrant performances has seen the band consistently perform to sell - out crowds all over the UK , Europe & Asia . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Band 3 Discography 3.1 Albums 3.2 DVD 3.3 Singles 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Lead singer and founding member Tyber Cranstoun 's love for Ska and Reggae music developed from a very early age . His father , Bill was a local promoter of Jamaican music in the 1960s and ran his Savoy Sound System at several locations in south London . After graduating from Guildhall School of Music and Drama , Tyber began busking with his brother Si Cranstoun on the streets of Canterbury and South London where his distinctive vocals and lively performances soon began to draw in large audiences . With an ever increasing fan base developing Tyber seconded a group of musicians and together , began writing their own songs and performing them live to audiences across the south - east . As The Dualers , they progressed to performing alongside some of the biggest names in Ska and Reggae including The Skatalites , Prince Buster , Toots and The Maytals , Ziggy Marley , Jimmy Cliff , UB40 and Madness . In 2004 they sent shock waves through the music industry when their single Kiss On The Lips entered the UK charts at # 21 despite no national airplay or professional backing . Their next release ' Truly Madly Deeply ' charted at # 23 and featured in the Hollywood blockbuster Fools Gold starring Kate Hudson and Matthew McConaughey . The Dualers success has continued to build and their recent record breaking 7th sell out show at indigo at the 02 in Greenwich was used as a launch pad to release their latest album Back to Paradise . The new album has 15 new original tracks and is a tribute to his Fathers dedication to bringing Jamaican music to the rest of the world . Although the songs are based on Tyber 's early musical influences the album produces an emphatic fusion of the authentic Jamaican sound with a modern twist which has seen it receive rave reviews from fans and critics alike . The Sun said `` Once you start dancing to The Dualers it 's impossible to stop '' and The Independent wrote `` These local superstars are inching towards fame '' Band ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tyber Cranstoun : Lead Vocals Peter Lee : Lead Guitar Tom Hindley : Rhythm Guitar Jason Gale : Bass Taz Summers : Keyboards Alex Moody : Drums Paul Bilson : Trumpet Sam Adams : Saxophone Raph Clarkson : Trombone Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Vintage Versions Volume I - Sandcamel Records Vintage Versions Volume II - Galley Music Rhymes & Rhythms - Galley Music The Melting Pot - Galley Music Get Festive Volume 1 - Galley Music Upbeat Sounds - Galley Music The Very Best of Vintage Versions - Galley Music The Cooking Pot - Galley Music The Summer of Ska - Live at the Indigo2 July 22ND 2010 With Respect Prince Buster Shakedown - Phoenix City a division of Cherry Red Records Ltd Rewind Back to Paradise - Sunbeat Records Reggae Street Live at Indigo 2nd December 2015 Reggae Street 2 DVD ( edit ) The Dualers - Documentary DVD 2006 The Dualers - Documentary Reissued DVD 2010 The Summer of Ska - Live at the Indigo2 July 22ND 2010 Singles ( edit ) UK Release : Title : UK Singles Chart : October 2004 `` Kiss on the Lips '' 21 November 2005 `` Truly Madly Deeply '' 23 June 2006 `` Do n't Go '' 61 2008 `` Wonder Girl '' - References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lee Tyler ( 2012 ) , `` SI CRANSTOUN NEW SINGLE , ALBUM AND TOUR DATES ... '' , B&S ( 1075 ) , retrieved 2016 - 03 - 13 External links ( edit ) Official Dualers Website The Dualers Official Facebook Page The Dualers YouTube Channel Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dualers&oldid=801213826 '' Categories : English buskers British ska musical groups Musical groups from London British people of Sierra Leonean descent Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from February 2016 Articles needing additional references from July 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 10 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang kiss on the lips my lover	[ "The Dualers are a 9 piece ska / reggae band from South East London. They first hit the headlines when the single Kiss on the Lips stormed in to the UK top 30 despite no industry backing. With a number of album releases, several top 40 chart singles and a large worldwide fan base behind them their success has continued. The Dualers unique Jamaican style rhythm & blues sound teamed with their lively vibrant performances has seen the band consistently perform to sell-out crowds all over the UK, Europe & Asia." ]	[ "The Dualers" ]
-277357940206611200	List of all-time NASCAR Cup Series winners	List of All - Time NASCAR Cup Series Winners - wikipedia List of All - Time NASCAR Cup Series Winners Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list compiling the total number of career victories in Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series competition . The list recognizes `` Cup '' victories under the following auspices : Strictly Stock ( 1949 ) Grand National Series ( 1950 -- 1970 ) Winston Cup Series ( 1971 -- 2003 ) Nextel Cup Series ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Sprint Cup Series ( 2008 -- 2016 ) Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ( 2017 -- present ) Rule changes in 1972 established a minimum distance of 250 miles ( 400 km ) for points - paying Cup Series events ( reduced to 186.4 miles ( 300.0 km ) in 1974 due to the ongoing energy crisis ) . This led to the elimination of shorter races ( 50 to 150 miles ) from the schedule . Seasons since 1972 are referenced as the `` modern era '' largely due to the schedule and distance changes . Years since 2004 are generally referred to as the `` Chase Era or Playoffs Era . '' Only points - paying championship races count towards the total . Note that the Daytona qualifying races prior to 1972 were points - paying championship races , and count in the totals below . Since 1972 , the Daytona qualifying races do not count due to the race distance change rules . Wins in The Clash , All - Star Race , or international exhibitions at Calder Park Raceway , Suzuka , or Motegi do not count . Contents ( hide ) 1 Win table 2 Most wins at different tracks 2.1 Modern era 3 Most wins at each track 3.1 Current NASCAR tracks 3.2 Former NASCAR tracks 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Win table ( edit ) All figures correct as of the 2017 AAA Texas 500 at Texas Motor Speedway ( November 5 , 2017 ) . Key Driver is competing full - time in the 2017 season Driver is competing part - time in the 2017 season Driver has been inducted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame Driver Strictly Stock ( 1949 ) Grand National ( 1950 -- 1970 ) Winston Cup ( 1971 -- 2003 ) Playoffs era ( 2004 -- present ) Modern era total ( 1972 -- present ) Combined total Petty , Richard Richard Petty 119 81 0 60 200 Pearson , David David Pearson 58 47 0 45 105 Gordon , Jeff Jeff Gordon 0 64 29 93 93 Allison , Bobby Bobby Allison 19 65 0 55 84 Waltrip , Darrell Darrell Waltrip 0 84 0 84 84 Johnson , Jimmie Jimmie Johnson 0 6 77 83 83 Yarborough , Cale Cale Yarborough 14 69 0 69 83 Earnhardt , Dale Dale Earnhardt 0 76 0 76 76 Wallace , Rusty Rusty Wallace 0 54 55 55 Petty , Lee Lee Petty 54 0 0 0 54 Jarrett , Ned Ned Jarrett 50 0 0 0 50 Johnson , Junior Junior Johnson 50 0 0 0 50 Stewart , Tony Tony Stewart 0 17 32 49 49 Thomas , Herb Herb Thomas 48 0 0 0 48 Baker , Buck Buck Baker 46 0 0 0 46 Elliott , Bill Bill Elliott 0 44 0 44 44 Busch , Kyle Kyle Busch 0 0 43 43 43 Martin , Mark Mark Martin 0 33 7 40 40 Flock , Tim Tim Flock 39 0 0 0 39 Kenseth , Matt Matt Kenseth 0 7 31 38 38 Harvick , Kevin Kevin Harvick 0 33 37 37 Isaac , Bobby Bobby Isaac 32 5 0 37 Roberts , Fireball Fireball Roberts 33 0 0 0 33 Jarrett , Dale Dale Jarrett 0 31 32 32 Hamlin , Denny Denny Hamlin 0 0 31 31 31 Busch , Kurt Kurt Busch 0 8 21 29 29 Edwards , Carl Carl Edwards 0 0 28 28 28 White , Rex Rex White 28 0 0 0 28 Earnhardt Jr. , Dale Dale Earnhardt Jr . 0 9 17 26 26 Lorenzen , Fred Fred Lorenzen 26 0 0 0 26 Paschal , Jim Jim Paschal 25 0 0 0 25 Weatherly , Joe Joe Weatherly 25 0 0 0 25 Keselowski , Brad Brad Keselowski 0 0 24 24 24 Rudd , Ricky Ricky Rudd 0 23 0 23 23 Labonte , Terry Terry Labonte 0 22 0 22 22 Burton , Jeff Jeff Burton 0 17 21 21 Labonte , Bobby Bobby Labonte 0 21 0 21 21 Parsons , Benny Benny Parsons 0 21 0 21 21 Smith , Jack Jack Smith 21 0 0 0 21 Thompson , Speedy Speedy Thompson 20 0 0 0 20 Allison , Davey Davey Allison 0 19 0 19 19 Baker , Buddy Buddy Baker 16 0 15 19 Biffle , Greg Greg Biffle 0 18 19 19 Flock , Fonty Fonty Flock 19 0 0 0 19 Bodine , Geoffrey Geoffrey Bodine 0 18 0 18 18 Bonnett , Neil Neil Bonnett 0 18 0 18 18 Gant , Harry Harry Gant 0 18 0 18 18 Kahne , Kasey Kasey Kahne 0 0 18 18 18 Logano , Joey Joey Logano 0 0 18 18 18 Newman , Ryan Ryan Newman 0 9 9 18 18 Panch , Marvin Marvin Panch 17 0 0 0 17 Turner , Curtis Curtis Turner 17 0 0 0 17 Irvan , Ernie Ernie Irvan 0 15 0 15 15 Hutcherson , Dick Dick Hutcherson 14 0 0 0 14 Truex Jr. , Martin Martin Truex Jr . 0 0 14 14 14 Yarbrough , LeeRoy LeeRoy Yarbrough 14 0 0 0 14 Rathmann , Dick Dick Rathmann 13 0 0 0 13 Richmond , Tim Tim Richmond 0 13 0 13 13 Allison , Donnie Donnie Allison 5 5 0 10 Marlin , Sterling Sterling Marlin 0 10 0 10 10 Goldsmith , Paul Paul Goldsmith 9 0 0 0 9 Owens , Cotton Cotton Owens 9 0 0 0 9 Welborn , Bob Bob Welborn 9 0 0 0 9 Bowyer , Clint Clint Bowyer 0 0 8 8 8 Petty , Kyle Kyle Petty 0 8 0 8 8 Dieringer , Darel Darel Dieringer 7 0 0 0 7 Foyt , A.J. A.J. Foyt 0 7 McMurray , Jamie Jamie McMurray 0 6 7 7 Reed , Jim Jim Reed 7 0 0 0 7 Teague , Marshall Marshall Teague 7 0 0 0 7 Burton , Ward Ward Burton 0 5 0 5 5 Gurney , Dan Dan Gurney 5 0 0 0 5 Kulwicki , Alan Alan Kulwicki 0 5 0 5 5 Larson , Kyle Kyle Larson 0 0 5 5 5 Lund , Tiny Tiny Lund 5 0 0 0 5 Marcis , Dave Dave Marcis 0 5 0 5 5 Mayfield , Jeremy Jeremy Mayfield 0 5 5 Moody , Ralph Ralph Moody 5 0 0 0 5 Dane , Lloyd Lloyd Dane 0 0 0 Flock , Bob Bob Flock 0 0 0 Glotzbach , Charlie Charlie Glotzbach 0 0 Gray , Eddie Eddie Gray 0 0 0 Hamilton , Bobby Bobby Hamilton 0 0 Hamilton , Pete Pete Hamilton 0 0 Jones , Parnelli Parnelli Jones 0 0 0 McGriff , Hershel Hershel McGriff 0 0 0 Nemechek , Joe Joe Nemechek 0 Pagan , Eddie Eddie Pagan 0 0 0 Schrader , Ken Ken Schrader 0 0 Shepherd , Morgan Morgan Shepherd 0 0 Stacy , Nelson Nelson Stacy 0 0 0 Wade , Billy Billy Wade 0 0 0 Waltrip , Michael Michael Waltrip 0 0 Wood , Glen Glen Wood 0 0 0 Blair , Bill Bill Blair 0 0 0 Gordon , Robby Robby Gordon 0 0 Linder , Dick Dick Linder 0 0 0 Mundy , Frank Frank Mundy 0 0 0 Sadler , Elliott Elliott Sadler 0 Staley , Gwyn Gwyn Staley 0 0 0 Vickers , Brian Brian Vickers 0 0 Ambrose , Marcos Marcos Ambrose 0 0 Andretti , John John Andretti 0 0 Beauchamp , Johnny Johnny Beauchamp 0 0 0 Byron , Red Red Byron 0 0 0 Cope , Derrike Derrike Cope 0 0 Craven , Ricky Ricky Craven 0 0 Elder , Ray Ray Elder 0 0 Hylton , James James Hylton 0 Johns , Bobby Bobby Johns 0 0 0 Johnson , Joe Lee Joe Lee Johnson 0 0 0 Keller , Al Al Keller 0 0 0 Langley , Elmo Elmo Langley 0 0 0 Letner , Danny Danny Letner 0 0 0 Montoya , Juan Pablo Juan Pablo Montoya 0 0 Myers , Billy Billy Myers 0 0 0 Pardue , Jimmy Jimmy Pardue 0 0 0 Park , Steve Steve Park 0 0 Pistone , Tom Tom Pistone 0 0 0 Porter , Marvin Marvin Porter 0 0 0 Ragan , David David Ragan 0 0 Reutimann , David David Reutimann 0 0 Sosebee , Gober Gober Sosebee 0 0 0 Spencer , Jimmy Jimmy Spencer 0 0 Stenhouse Jr. , Ricky Ricky Stenhouse Jr . 0 0 Zervakis , Emanuel Emanuel Zervakis 0 0 0 Allen , Johnny Johnny Allen 0 0 0 Allmendinger , A.J. A.J. Allmendinger 0 0 Almirola , Aric Aric Almirola 0 0 Amick , Bill Bill Amick 0 0 0 Andretti , Mario Mario Andretti 0 0 0 Balmer , Earl Earl Balmer 0 0 0 Bayne , Trevor Trevor Bayne 0 0 Benson , Johnny Johnny Benson 0 0 Blaney , Ryan Ryan Blaney 0 0 Bodine , Brett Brett Bodine 0 0 Bouchard , Ron Ron Bouchard 0 0 Brickhouse , Richard Richard Brickhouse 0 0 0 Brooks , Dick Dick Brooks 0 0 Buescher , Chris Chris Buescher 0 0 Burdick , Bob Bob Burdick 0 0 0 Burke , Marvin Marvin Burke 0 0 0 Cole , Neil Neil Cole 0 0 0 Cook , Jim Jim Cook 0 0 0 Dillon , Austin Austin Dillon 0 0 Donohue , Mark Mark Donohue 0 0 Eubanks , Joe Joe Eubanks 0 0 0 Figaro , Lou Lou Figaro 0 0 0 Florian , Jimmy Jimmy Florian 0 0 0 Frank , Larry Larry Frank 0 0 0 Graves , Danny Danny Graves 0 0 0 Haggerty , Royce Royce Haggerty 0 0 0 Hillin Jr. , Bobby Bobby Hillin Jr . 0 0 Hurtubise , Jim Jim Hurtubise 0 0 0 Kieper , John John Kieper 0 0 0 Kite , Harold Harold Kite 0 0 0 Lewis , Paul Paul Lewis 0 0 0 Mantz , Johnny Johnny Mantz 0 0 0 McQuagg , Sam Sam McQuagg 0 0 0 Mears , Casey Casey Mears 0 0 Menard , Paul Paul Menard 0 0 Moore , Lloyd Lloyd Moore 0 0 0 Nadeau , Jerry Jerry Nadeau 0 0 Nelson , Norm Norm Nelson 0 0 0 Norton , Bill Bill Norton 0 0 0 Parsons , Phil Phil Parsons 0 0 Passwater , Dick Dick Passwater 0 0 0 Pond , Lennie Lennie Pond 0 0 Rexford , Bill Bill Rexford 0 0 0 Ridley , Jody Jody Ridley 0 0 Rollins , Shorty Shorty Rollins 0 0 0 Roper , Jim Jim Roper 0 0 0 Ross , Earl Earl Ross 0 0 Rostek , John John Rostek 0 0 0 Rutherford , Johnny Johnny Rutherford 0 0 0 Sacks , Greg Greg Sacks 0 0 Sales , Leon Leon Sales 0 0 0 Schneider , Frankie Frankie Schneider 0 0 0 Scott , Wendell Wendell Scott 0 0 0 Shuman , Buddy Buddy Shuman 0 0 0 Smith , Regan Regan Smith 0 0 Soares , John John Soares 0 0 0 Speed , Lake Lake Speed 0 0 Stevenson , Chuck Chuck Stevenson 0 0 0 Thomas , Donald Donald Thomas 0 0 0 Thompson , Tommy Tommy Thompson 0 0 0 Watts , Art Art Watts 0 0 0 Weinberg , Danny Danny Weinberg 0 0 0 White , Jack Jack White 0 0 0 Most wins at different tracks ( edit ) Modern Era ( edit ) Key Driver and Track is part of 2017 season Track was part of the NASCAR Cup between 1972 and 2016 Driver Total AMS ACS BMS CMS CHI DAR DAY DOV HMS IMS KAN KEN LVS MAR MIS NAS NHS NCS NWS OMS PHO POC RIC RIV SON TAL TMS TWS TRE WGL Jeff Gordon 24 of 25 X X X X X X X X X X X - X X X X X X X X X X X X X Kyle Busch 23 of 23 X X X x X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Tony Stewart 21 of 24 X X X X X - X X X X X - X X X X - X X X X X X X Kevin Harvick 21 of 24 X X X X X X X X X X X - X X X X - X - X X X X X Mark Martin 21 of 27 X X X X X X x X - - X - X X X - X X X X - X - X X X X Jimmie Johnson 20 of 24 X X X X - X X X X X X - X X X X - X X X X X X - Matt Kenseth 19 of 24 - X X X X X X X X - X X X - X X X X X X - X X - Denny Hamlin 17 of 23 X - X x X X X - X - X - - X X X X X X - X X X Rusty Wallace 17 of 25 X X X X - - x X - - - - X X X X X X X X X X - - X Dale Earnhardt 17 of 26 X - X X X X X - X - X X X - X X - X X X - X X - - - Cale Yarborough 16 of 17 X X X X X X X X X X X - X X X X X Bobby Allison 16 of 19 X X X X X X - X X X X X X X X X - X - Dale Jarrett 16 of 25 X - X X - X X X - X - - X X X X - X X X - - X X - Darrell Waltrip 16 of 26 X - X X X X X - - - X X X - X X - - X X - X X - X - Richard Petty 15 of 21 X X X - X X X X X X X - - X X X - X X - - Brad Keselowski 15 of 23 X X X X X - X X - - X X X X - X - X X - X - - Kurt Busch 15 of 24 X X X X - - X X X - - - - X X X - X X X X - X - Bill Elliott 15 of 26 X - X X - X X X X X - - - X - - X - X X X X - X - - Note : X - at least one win in a points race x - at least one win in a non-points race - - participation , but no win no entry = no participation Most wins at each track ( edit ) Current NASCAR tracks ( edit ) Track Driver Wins Active drivers Wins Atlanta Motor Speedway Dale Earnhardt 9 Jimmie Johnson 5 Auto Club Speedway Jimmie Johnson 6 Jimmie Johnson 6 Bristol Motor Speedway Darrell Waltrip 12 Kyle Busch 6 Charlotte Motor Speedway Jimmie Johnson 8 Jimmie Johnson 8 Chicagoland Speedway Tony Stewart Brad Keselowski Kevin Harvick & Martin Truex Jr . Darlington Raceway David Pearson 10 Jimmie Johnson Daytona International Speedway Richard Petty 10 Dale Earnhardt , Jr . Dover International Speedway Jimmie Johnson 11 Jimmie Johnson 11 Homestead - Miami Speedway Greg Biffle & Tony Stewart Denny Hamlin Indianapolis Motor Speedway Jeff Gordon 5 Jimmie Johnson Kansas Speedway Jeff Gordon & Jimmie Johnson Jimmie Johnson Kentucky Speedway Brad Keselowski Brad Keselowski Las Vegas Motor Speedway Jimmie Johnson Jimmie Johnson Martinsville Speedway Richard Petty 15 Jimmie Johnson 9 Michigan International Speedway David Pearson 9 Kurt Busch , Matt Kenseth & Kyle Larson New Hampshire Motor Speedway Jeff Burton Jimmie Johnson , Ryan Newman , Kurt Busch , Matt Kenseth , Denny Hamlin , & Kyle Busch Phoenix International Raceway Kevin Harvick 8 Kevin Harvick 8 Pocono Raceway Jeff Gordon 6 Denny Hamlin Richmond International Raceway Richard Petty 13 Kyle Busch Sonoma Raceway Jeff Gordon 5 Kyle Busch Talladega Superspeedway Dale Earnhardt 10 Dale Earnhardt , Jr . 6 Texas Motor Speedway Jimmie Johnson 7 Jimmie Johnson 7 Watkins Glen International Tony Stewart 5 Kyle Busch Former NASCAR tracks ( edit ) Track Driver Wins Albany - Saratoga Speedway Richard Petty Asheville - Weaverville Speedway Rex White 5 Augusta Speedway Joe Weatherly , Richard Petty , Bobby Isaac & David Pearson Beltsville Speedway Bobby Isaac Birmingham International Raceway Ned Jarrett Bowman Gray Stadium Rex White 6 California State Fairgrounds Eddie Gray Central City Speedway Herb Thomas Champion Speedway Bob Welborn Charlotte Speedway Buck Baker Cleveland County Fairgrounds Buck Baker & Ned Jarrett Columbia Speedway Richard Petty 7 Concord Speedway Jack Smith Dayton Speedway Dick Rathman Daytona Beach and Road Course Marshall Teague & Tim Flock Dog Track Speedway Ned Jarrett Fonda Speedway Richard Petty Fort Miami Speedway Tim Flock Greenville - Pickens Speedway Richard Petty 6 Heidelberg Raceway Lee Petty Hickory Motor Speedway Junior Johnson 7 Islip Speedway Richard Petty & Bobby Allison Jacksonville Speedway Park Herb Thomas & Lee Petty Kingsport Speedway Richard Petty Lakewood Speedway Herb Thomas & Buck Baker Langhorne Speedway Dick Rathmann & Herb Thomas Langley Speedway David Pearson Lincoln Speedway Buck Baker Middle Georgia Raceway Richard Petty Monroe County Fairgrounds Tim Flock & Lee Petty Montgomery Speedway Tim Flock Morristown Speedway Tim Flock Myrtle Beach Speedway Ned Jarrett Nashville Speedway Richard Petty 9 New Asheville Speedway Ned Jarrett & Richard Petty Newport Speedway Fireball Roberts North Wilkesboro Speedway Richard Petty 15 Occoneechee Speedway Buck Baker , Lee Petty & Richard Petty Old Dominion Speedway Ned Jarrett & Richard Petty Ontario Motor Speedway A.J. Foyt , Bobby Allison & Benny Parsons Oxford Plains Speedway Bobby Allison Palm Beach Speedway Herb Thomas Piedmont Interstate Fairgrounds Ned Jarrett 6 Portland Speedway Eddie Pagan Raleigh Speedway Fonty Flock , Herb Thomas & Fireball Roberts Reading Fairgrounds Junior Johnson Riverside International Raceway Bobby Allison 6 Rockingham Speedway Richard Petty 11 Savannah Speedway Richard Petty Smoky Mountain Raceway Richard Petty 6 South Boston Speedway Richard Petty 5 Southern States Fairgrounds Lee Petty Starkey Speedway Junior Johnson Tar Heel Speedway Jim Paschal Texas World Speedway Richard Petty Trenton Speedway Richard Petty West Virginia International Speedway Richard Petty Wilson Speedway Herb Thomas See also ( edit ) Book : NASCAR List of Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series champions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Statistics : Modern Era Race Winners '' . NASCAR . June 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sprint Cup Series All - Time Winners '' . Jayski 's Silly Season Site. 2009 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Racing-Reference.info NASCAR Chairmen and presidents Bill France Sr . Bill France Jr . 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About Wikipedia	who's got the most wins in nascar	[ "\n\nDriver\nStrictly Stock\n(1949)\nGrand National\n(1950–1970)\nWinston\nCup\n(1971–2003)\nPlayoffs era\n(2004–present)\nModern era\ntotal\n(1972–present)\n[1]\nCombined\ntotal\n[2]\n\n\nPetty, RichardRichard Petty\n119\n81\n0\n60\n200\n\n\nPearson, DavidDavid Pearson\n58\n47\n0\n45\n105\n\n\nGordon, JeffJeff Gordon\n0\n64\n29\n93\n93\n\n\nAllison, BobbyBobby Allison\n19\n65\n0\n55\n84\n\n\nWaltrip, DarrellDarrell Waltrip\n0\n84\n0\n84\n84\n\n\nJohnson, JimmieJimmie Johnson\n0\n6\n77\n83\n83\n\n\nYarborough, CaleCale Yarborough\n14\n69\n0\n69\n83\n\n\nEarnhardt, DaleDale Earnhardt\n0\n76\n0\n76\n76\n\n\nWallace, RustyRusty Wallace\n0\n54\n1\n55\n55\n\n\nPetty, LeeLee Petty\n54\n0\n0\n0\n54\n\n\nJarrett, NedNed Jarrett\n50\n0\n0\n0\n50\n\n\nJohnson, JuniorJunior Johnson\n50\n0\n0\n0\n50\n\n\nStewart, TonyTony Stewart\n0\n17\n32\n49\n49\n\n\nThomas, HerbHerb Thomas\n48\n0\n0\n0\n48\n\n\nBaker, BuckBuck Baker\n46\n0\n0\n0\n46\n\n\nElliott, BillBill Elliott\n0\n44\n0\n44\n44\n\n\nBusch, KyleKyle Busch\n0\n0\n43\n43\n43\n\n\nMartin, MarkMark Martin\n0\n33\n7\n40\n40\n\n\nFlock, TimTim Flock\n39\n0\n0\n0\n39\n\n\nKenseth, MattMatt Kenseth\n0\n7\n31\n38\n38\n\n\nHarvick, KevinKevin Harvick\n0\n4\n33\n37\n37\n\n\nIsaac, BobbyBobby Isaac\n32\n5\n0\n1\n37\n\n\nRoberts, FireballFireball Roberts\n33\n0\n0\n0\n33\n\n\nJarrett, DaleDale Jarrett\n0\n31\n1\n32\n32\n\n\nHamlin, DennyDenny Hamlin\n0\n0\n31\n31\n31\n\n\nBusch, KurtKurt Busch\n0\n8\n21\n29\n29\n\n\nEdwards, CarlCarl Edwards\n0\n0\n28\n28\n28\n\n\nWhite, RexRex White\n28\n0\n0\n0\n28\n\n\nEarnhardt Jr., DaleDale Earnhardt Jr.\n0\n9\n17\n26\n26\n\n\nLorenzen, FredFred Lorenzen\n26\n0\n0\n0\n26\n\n\nPaschal, JimJim Paschal\n25\n0\n0\n0\n25\n\n\nWeatherly, JoeJoe Weatherly\n25\n0\n0\n0\n25\n\n\nKeselowski, BradBrad Keselowski\n0\n0\n24\n24\n24\n\n\nRudd, RickyRicky Rudd\n0\n23\n0\n23\n23\n\n\nLabonte, TerryTerry Labonte\n0\n22\n0\n22\n22\n\n\nBurton, JeffJeff Burton\n0\n17\n4\n21\n21\n\n\nLabonte, BobbyBobby Labonte\n0\n21\n0\n21\n21\n\n\nParsons, BennyBenny Parsons\n0\n21\n0\n21\n21\n\n\nSmith, JackJack Smith\n21\n0\n0\n0\n21\n\n\nThompson, SpeedySpeedy Thompson\n20\n0\n0\n0\n20\n\n\nAllison, DaveyDavey Allison\n0\n19\n0\n19\n19\n\n\nBaker, BuddyBuddy Baker\n3\n16\n0\n15\n19\n\n\nBiffle, GregGreg Biffle\n0\n1\n18\n19\n19\n\n\nFlock, FontyFonty Flock\n19\n0\n0\n0\n19\n\n\nBodine, GeoffreyGeoffrey Bodine\n0\n18\n0\n18\n18\n\n\nBonnett, NeilNeil Bonnett\n0\n18\n0\n18\n18\n\n\nGant, HarryHarry Gant\n0\n18\n0\n18\n18\n\n\nKahne, KaseyKasey Kahne\n0\n0\n18\n18\n18\n\n\nLogano, JoeyJoey Logano\n0\n0\n18\n18\n18\n\n\nNewman, RyanRyan Newman\n0\n9\n9\n18\n18\n\n\nPanch, MarvinMarvin Panch\n17\n0\n0\n0\n17\n\n\nTurner, CurtisCurtis Turner\n17\n0\n0\n0\n17\n\n\nIrvan, ErnieErnie Irvan\n0\n15\n0\n15\n15\n\n\nHutcherson, DickDick Hutcherson\n14\n0\n0\n0\n14\n\n\nTruex Jr., MartinMartin Truex Jr.\n0\n0\n14\n14\n14\n\n\nYarbrough, LeeRoyLeeRoy Yarbrough\n14\n0\n0\n0\n14\n\n\nRathmann, DickDick Rathmann\n13\n0\n0\n0\n13\n\n\nRichmond, TimTim Richmond\n0\n13\n0\n13\n13\n\n\nAllison, DonnieDonnie Allison\n5\n5\n0\n4\n10\n\n\nMarlin, SterlingSterling Marlin\n0\n10\n0\n10\n10\n\n\nGoldsmith, PaulPaul Goldsmith\n9\n0\n0\n0\n9\n\n\nOwens, CottonCotton Owens\n9\n0\n0\n0\n9\n\n\nWelborn, BobBob Welborn\n9\n0\n0\n0\n9\n\n\nBowyer, ClintClint Bowyer\n0\n0\n8\n8\n8\n\n\nPetty, KyleKyle Petty\n0\n8\n0\n8\n8\n\n\nDieringer, DarelDarel Dieringer\n7\n0\n0\n0\n7\n\n\nFoyt, A. J.A. J. Foyt\n3\n4\n0\n2\n7\n\n\nMcMurray, JamieJamie McMurray\n0\n1\n6\n7\n7\n\n\nReed, JimJim Reed\n7\n0\n0\n0\n7\n\n\nTeague, MarshallMarshall Teague\n7\n0\n0\n0\n7\n\n\nBurton, WardWard Burton\n0\n5\n0\n5\n5\n\n\nGurney, DanDan Gurney\n5\n0\n0\n0\n5\n\n\nKulwicki, AlanAlan Kulwicki\n0\n5\n0\n5\n5\n\n\nLarson, KyleKyle Larson\n0\n0\n5\n5\n5\n\n\nLund, TinyTiny Lund\n5\n0\n0\n0\n5\n\n\nMarcis, DaveDave Marcis\n0\n5\n0\n5\n5\n\n\nMayfield, JeremyJeremy Mayfield\n0\n3\n2\n5\n5\n\n\nMoody, RalphRalph Moody\n5\n0\n0\n0\n5\n\n\nDane, LloydLloyd Dane\n4\n0\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nFlock, BobBob Flock\n4\n0\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nGlotzbach, CharlieCharlie Glotzbach\n3\n1\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nGray, EddieEddie Gray\n4\n0\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nHamilton, BobbyBobby Hamilton\n0\n4\n0\n4\n4\n\n\nHamilton, PetePete Hamilton\n3\n1\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nJones, ParnelliParnelli Jones\n4\n0\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nMcGriff, HershelHershel McGriff\n4\n0\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nNemechek, JoeJoe Nemechek\n0\n3\n1\n4\n4\n\n\nPagan, EddieEddie Pagan\n4\n0\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nSchrader, KenKen Schrader\n0\n4\n0\n4\n4\n\n\nShepherd, MorganMorgan Shepherd\n0\n4\n0\n4\n4\n\n\nStacy, NelsonNelson Stacy\n4\n0\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nWade, BillyBilly Wade\n4\n0\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nWaltrip, MichaelMichael Waltrip\n0\n4\n0\n4\n4\n\n\nWood, GlenGlen Wood\n4\n0\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nBlair, BillBill Blair\n3\n0\n0\n0\n3\n\n\nGordon, RobbyRobby Gordon\n0\n3\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nLinder, DickDick Linder\n3\n0\n0\n0\n3\n\n\nMundy, FrankFrank Mundy\n3\n0\n0\n0\n3\n\n\nSadler, ElliottElliott Sadler\n0\n1\n2\n3\n3\n\n\nStaley, GwynGwyn Staley\n3\n0\n0\n0\n3\n\n\nVickers, BrianBrian Vickers\n0\n0\n3\n3\n3\n\n\nAmbrose, MarcosMarcos Ambrose\n0\n0\n2\n2\n2\n\n\nAndretti, JohnJohn Andretti\n0\n2\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nBeauchamp, JohnnyJohnny Beauchamp\n2\n0\n0\n0\n2\n\n\nByron, RedRed Byron\n2\n0\n0\n0\n2\n\n\nCope, DerrikeDerrike Cope\n0\n2\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nCraven, RickyRicky Craven\n0\n2\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nElder, RayRay Elder\n0\n2\n0\n1\n2\n\n\nHylton, JamesJames Hylton\n1\n1\n0\n1\n2\n\n\nJohns, BobbyBobby Johns\n2\n0\n0\n0\n2\n\n\nJohnson, Joe LeeJoe Lee Johnson\n2\n0\n0\n0\n2\n\n\nKeller, AlAl Keller\n2\n0\n0\n0\n2\n\n\nLangley, ElmoElmo Langley\n2\n0\n0\n0\n2\n\n\nLetner, DannyDanny Letner\n2\n0\n0\n0\n2\n\n\nMontoya, Juan PabloJuan Pablo Montoya\n0\n0\n2\n2\n2\n\n\nMyers, BillyBilly Myers\n2\n0\n0\n0\n2\n\n\nPardue, JimmyJimmy Pardue\n2\n0\n0\n0\n2\n\n\nPark, SteveSteve Park\n0\n2\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nPistone, TomTom Pistone\n2\n0\n0\n0\n2\n\n\nPorter, MarvinMarvin Porter\n2\n0\n0\n0\n2\n\n\nRagan, DavidDavid Ragan\n0\n0\n2\n2\n2\n\n\nReutimann, DavidDavid Reutimann\n0\n0\n2\n2\n2\n\n\nSosebee, GoberGober Sosebee\n2\n0\n0\n0\n2\n\n\nSpencer, JimmyJimmy Spencer\n0\n2\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nStenhouse Jr., RickyRicky Stenhouse Jr.\n0\n0\n2\n2\n2\n\n\nZervakis, EmanuelEmanuel Zervakis\n2\n0\n0\n0\n2\n\n\nAllen, JohnnyJohnny Allen\n1\n0\n0\n0\n1\n\n\nAllmendinger, A. J.A. J. 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-6086118412796169315	The Greatest Showman	The Greatest Showman - wikipedia The Greatest Showman The Greatest Showman Theatrical release poster Directed by Michael Gracey Produced by Laurence Mark Peter Chernin Jenno Topping Screenplay by Jenny Bicks Bill Condon Story by Jenny Bicks Starring Hugh Jackman Zac Efron Michelle Williams Rebecca Ferguson Zendaya Music by John Debney Joseph Trapanese Cinematography Seamus McGarvey Edited by Tom Cross Robert Duffy Joe Hutshing Michael McCusker Jon Poll Spencer Susser Production company Laurence Mark Productions Chernin Entertainment TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) ( RMS Queen Mary 2 ) December 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $84 million Box office $434.5 million The Greatest Showman is a 2017 American musical film directed by Michael Gracey in his directorial debut , written by Jenny Bicks and Bill Condon and starring Hugh Jackman , Zac Efron , Michelle Williams , Rebecca Ferguson , and Zendaya . The film is inspired by the story of P.T. Barnum 's creation of the Barnum & Bailey Circus and the lives of its star attractions . Principal photography began in New York City in November 2016 . The film premiered on December 8 , 2017 , aboard the RMS Queen Mary 2 . It was released in the United States on December 20 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox and grossed over $434 million worldwide , making it the fifth - highest grossing live - action musical of all time . The Greatest Showman received mixed reviews , with praise for the performances , music , and production values , but criticism for its artistic license , with some reviewers calling it `` faux - inspiring and shallow '' . At the 75th Golden Globe Awards , the film received nominations for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy and Best Actor -- Musical or Comedy for Jackman . For the song `` This Is Me '' , the film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and was nominated for Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Post-production 4 Music 4.1 Musical numbers 4.2 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Historical accuracy 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In the late 19th century , P.T. Barnum and his troupe perform a show at the circus ( `` The Greatest Show '' ) . In a flashback to Barnum 's childhood where he and his father Philo , a tailor , work for the Hallett family , he becomes infatuated with their daughter , Charity . Though Charity is being sent to finishing school , Barnum reassures her they will not be separated . The two keep in touch through letters until they meet again in adulthood ( `` A Million Dreams '' ) , eventually marrying and raising two daughters , Caroline and Helen , in New York City ( `` A Million Dreams '' reprise ) . They live a humble life ; though Charity is happy , Barnum dreams of more . Barnum loses his job as a clerk at a shipping company after the company goes bankrupt . Taking a risky bet , he takes out a large loan from a bank , deceiving the bank into accepting his former employer 's lost ships as collateral . He uses this loan to buy Barnum 's American Museum in downtown Manhattan , an attraction showcasing various wax models . Initially , sales are slow ; on the suggestion of his children to showcase something `` alive '' , Barnum searches for `` freaks '' to serve as performers for his museum ( `` Come Alive '' ) . This attracts a large audience despite protests and poor reviews , prompting Barnum to rename his venture `` Barnum 's Circus . '' Searching for ways to further his reputation amongst the upper class , Barnum meets playwright Phillip Carlyle and convinces him to join his venture ( `` The Other Side '' ) . Carlyle is enchanted with Anne Wheeler , an African - American trapeze artist , but he hides his feelings . During a trip , Carlyle arranges for Barnum and his troupe to meet Queen Victoria . Afterwards , Barnum meets Jenny Lind , a famed Swedish singer , whom he convinces to perform in America , with him serving as her manager . Lind 's first American performance is a rousing success ( `` Never Enough '' ) . While Barnum gains favor with the aristocratic patrons , he begins to distance himself from his original troupe , refusing to socialize with them . Dejected , they decide to stand against their local harassers ( `` This Is Me '' ) . Carlyle and Wheeler attend the theater together one night , only to run into Carlyle 's parents , who are blatantly racist toward Wheeler , causing her to leave . Carlyle chases her and tries to convince her that they can be together , but she rejects him despite her feelings towards him ( `` Rewrite the Stars '' ) . As Barnum takes Lind on a US tour , Charity feels isolated from her husband as she stays home with their daughters ( `` Tightrope '' ) . While on tour , Lind begins falling in love with Barnum , but when he refuses her advances , she calls off the tour and kisses him at the end of her last show , which is photographed by the press ( `` Never Enough '' reprise ) . Barnum returns home to find his circus on fire , caused by a fight between the protesters and the troupe . Carlyle , who had tried to save Anne not knowing she had already escaped , is rescued by Barnum amid the chaos but suffers severe burns . Most of the sets and props are destroyed . Word of Lind 's cancellation and Barnum 's public intimacy also reaches New York , resulting in his mansion being foreclosed upon and Charity taking Caroline and Helen to her parents ' home . Depressed , Barnum retreats to a local bar , where his troupe find him there and explain that despite their disappointments , they still consider themselves a family that needs him . An inspired Barnum resolves to start anew and not let ambition overtake his loved ones anymore . Meanwhile , the injured Carlyle wakes in a hospital with Anne by his side and they share a kiss ( `` From Now On '' ) . Barnum leaves and finds his estranged wife , and they decide to mend their relationship . Faced with the financial difficulty of rebuilding the circus , the recovering Carlyle steps in , offering to use his earnings from his share of the circus 's profits to rebuild it under the condition of becoming partners , which Barnum happily accepts . As rebuilding the circus in its original location would be too expensive , Barnum rebuilds it as an open - air tent circus by the docks . The revamped circus is a huge success , and Barnum gives full control of the show to Carlyle so he can focus on his family ( `` The Greatest Show '' reprise ) . Cast ( edit ) Hugh Jackman as P.T. Barnum , an ambitious showman and entrepreneur . Ellis Rubin as Young P.T. Barnum Ziv Zaifman provides Young P.T. Barnum 's singing voice . Zac Efron as Phillip Carlyle , a playwright who becomes Barnum 's partner . His character is partly based on James Anthony Bailey . Michelle Williams as Charity Hallett - Barnum , the wife of P.T. Barnum . Skylar Dunn as Young Charity Rebecca Ferguson as Jenny Lind , a famous Swedish singer known as the `` Swedish Nightingale '' . Loren Allred provides Lind 's singing voice . Zendaya as Anne Wheeler , an acrobat , trapeze artist , W.D. 's younger sister and Phillip Carlyle 's love interest . Her character is partly based on Ruth Louisa McCaddon . Keala Settle as Lettie Lutz , a bearded lady . She is a composite character partly based on Josephine Clofullia and Annie Jones . Yahya Abdul - Mateen II as W.D. Wheeler , an acrobat and Anne 's brother . Natasha Liu Bordizzo as Deng Yan , a Chinese acrobat and blade - specialist . Paul Sparks as James Gordon Bennett , the founder , editor and publisher of the New York Herald . Sam Humphrey as Charles Stratton , a dwarf performer who is also known by his stage name , General Tom Thumb . James Babson provides Stratton 's speaking and singing voice . Austyn Johnson as Caroline Barnum , one of Barnum 's daughters . Cameron Seely as Helen Barnum , one of Barnum 's daughters . Eric Anderson as Mr. O'Malley , a former thief whom Barnum employs at his circus to handle different tasks like staffing the front of the house , selling tickets , reading the reviews , fending off the protestors , producing the posters and promotional materials , and distributing the circus posters on everything . Daniel Everidge as The Lord of Leeds , a heavyweight man who is based on Teodulo Valenzuela . Timothy Hughes as the Strongman , a man with enhanced strength who is based on Angus MacAskill . Shannon Holtzapffel as Prince Constantine , the Tattooed Man who is based off George Costentenus . Luciano Acuna Jr. as Walter , the Dog Boy who is based on Fedor Jeftichew . Danial Son and Yusaku Komori as Chang and Eng Bunker , the `` Siamese Twins . '' Jonathan Redavid as Frank Lentini , the Three - Legged Man . Nick Jantz as Jeff Harris , the Juggler . Kenneth Chan as the Human Cannonball Martha Nichols as Woman in Gold , a woman in gold clothing with gold spots on her . Jeremy Hudson as The Elephant - Skinned Man , a man who is based on Ralph Krooner . He was credited as `` Dancer Oddity # 3 . '' Taylor James as Blockhead , a man with facial piercing that is based on Melvin Burkhart . He is credited as `` Dancing Oddity # 4 . '' Chelsea Caso as Tattoo Lady , a woman covered in tattoos who is based on Nora Hildebrant . She is credited as `` Dancing Oddity # 5 . '' Caoife Coleman and Mishay Petronelli as the Albino Twins . They were credited as `` Dancer Oddity # 6 '' and `` Dancer Oddity # 7 . '' Khasan Brasilford as Albino Man , a white - haired man in white clothes . He was credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 1 . '' Alex Wong as Oriental Man , a man dressed in an oriental outfit . He was credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 2 . '' Julius Rubio as Golden Boy , a man in gold clothing with gold spots on him . He was credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 2 . '' Vincent - Oliver Noiseux as Devil Boy , a performer with horns . He was credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 4 . '' Dean Walters and Jessica Castro as the Voodoo Twins . They are credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 5 '' and `` Ensemble Dancer '' # 6 . Najla Gilam as Snake Dancer , a snake charmer who is based on Nala Damajanti . She was credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 7 . '' Damian Young as Mr. Winthrop Tina Benko as Mrs. Winthrop Gayle Rankin as Queen Victoria . Will Swenson as Philo Barnum , a tailor and the father of P.T. Barnum . Fredric Lehne as Benjamin Hallett , father of Charity and abusive father - in - law of Barnum . Kathryn Meisle as Hannah Hallett , mother of Charity and mother - in - law of Barnum . Production ( edit ) The project was first announced in 2009 , with Jackman already set for the title role . In August 2011 , Michael Gracey was chosen to direct . In 2013 , Fox hired lyricists Pasek and Paul to write the songs . On June 15 , 2016 , Zac Efron began negotiations to star in the film , and in July 2016 , Michelle Williams was cast . The film was choreographed by Ashley Wallen . Filming ( edit ) Rehearsals on the film began in October 2016 in New York City , and principal photography began on November 22 , 2016 . Post-production ( edit ) In December 2017 , it was reported that James Mangold , who had worked with Jackman on several projects ( including 2017 's Logan ) , had been brought in to serve as an executive producer during the film 's post-production . In an interview , director Michael Gracey noted , `` There were eight producers on this film , and it was amazing having one of them be a filmmaker . '' Music ( edit ) Musical numbers ( edit ) Benj Pasek and Justin Paul wrote all the songs appearing in the film . `` The Greatest Show '' -- Hugh Jackman , Keala Settle , Zac Efron , Zendaya `` A Million Dreams '' -- Ziv Zaifman , Jackman , Michelle Williams `` A Million Dreams '' ( Reprise ) -- Austyn Johnson , Cameron Seely , Jackman `` Come Alive '' -- Jackman , Settle , Daniel Everidge , Zendaya `` The Other Side '' -- Jackman & Efron `` Never Enough '' -- Loren Allred `` This Is Me '' -- Settle `` Rewrite the Stars '' -- Efron & Zendaya `` Tightrope '' -- Williams `` Never Enough '' ( Reprise ) -- Allred `` From Now On '' -- Jackman Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Greatest Showman : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack The soundtrack album is produced by Greg Wells , Justin Paul , and Benj Pasek , featuring the eleven tracks performed by the cast . In the United Kingdom it became only the second album in 30 years to achieve 11 consecutive weeks at number 1 . The Greatest Showman now draws level with Adele 's 21 for the longest unbroken run at the UK summit in the last 30 years . The cast album is now at 910,000 combined units , according to the Official Charts Company , made up of 420,000 physical copies , 186,000 downloads and 186,000 streaming . Release ( edit ) The Greatest Showman held its premiere on December 8 , 2017 , aboard the RMS Queen Mary 2 , while it was docked in New York City . The film was then released in the United States on December 20 , 2017 . Like Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast , a sing - along version of the film was released in the United Kingdom on February 23 , 2018 . The film had a limited IMAX release on February 2 . Marketing ( edit ) On June 28 , 2017 , 20th Century Fox released the first international trailer to promote the film . On November 13 , 2017 , the second trailer was released . On December 17 , 2017 , Fox televised a live performance of `` Come Alive '' from Warner Bros. Studios during its live musical special A Christmas Story Live ! ( which was based on fellow Pasek and Paul work A Christmas Story : The Musical ) . The number featured the film 's stars and a cast of 150 dancers . Home media ( edit ) In the United States , the film was released via digital download on March 20 , 2018 , and was released on Blu - ray , DVD and 4K Ultra HD on April 10 , 2018 . In the United Kingdom , the film was released first on digital download on April 27 , 2018 , while Blu - ray , 4K Ultra HD and DVD copies went on sale on May 14 . These versions include the sing - along version , two hours of behind - the - scenes footage and music machine jukebox features . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Greatest Showman grossed $174.3 million in the United States and Canada , and $260.2 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $434.5 million , against a production budget of $84 million . It is the third highest grossing musical ever in North America and globally , respectively , and Deadline Hollywood estimated the film would turn a profit between $50 -- 100 million . In the United States and Canada , The Greatest Showman was released alongside Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle , and was projected to gross around $21 million from 3,006 theaters over its first six days . It took in $2 million on its first day and $2 million on its second . Over the three day weekend , it grossed $9 million ( for a six - day total of $19 million ) , finishing fourth at the box office , behind Star Wars : The Last Jedi , Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle and Pitch Perfect 3 . In its second weekend , the film grossed $15.5 million , again finishing 4th at the box office . The weekend - to - weekend increase of 76.3 % marked the largest ever for a film playing in over 3,000 theaters , and the fourth biggest ever . In its third week , the film dropped 11 % to $14 million . The film made $13 million in its fourth weekend and $11 million in its fifth , finishing 4th and 5th at the box office , respectively . The film continued to hold well in its sixth week of release , grossing $9.5 million and returning to 4th place , and again finished fourth in its seventh week , this time grossing $7.8 million ( a drop of just 18 % ) . It is the 13th highest - grossing film that never reached first place at the American box office . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 56 % based on 208 reviews , and an average rating of 6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The Greatest Showman tries hard to dazzle the audience with a Barnum - style sense of wonder -- but at the expense of its complex subject 's far more intriguing real - life story . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100 , based on 43 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , while it earned a 70 % `` definite recommend '' from comScore . Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a positive review , writing , `` The Greatest Showman is a concoction , the kind of film where all the pieces click into place , yet at an hour and 45 minutes it flies by , and the link it draws between P.T. Barnum and the spirit of today is more than hype . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3 / 4 stars , saying , `` With all that corn and cheese and old - timey sentiment , The Greatest Showman ends up scoring some very timely social arguments . P.T. Barnum himself would have approved the dramatic sleight of hand . '' Steve Persall of Tampa Bay Times gave the film an ' A ' , and said , `` The Greatest Showman is the feel - good movie the holiday season needs , '' while William Bibbiani of IGN gave The Greatest Showman a score of 7.9 / 10 , and called the film , `` wildly entertaining . '' Britton Peele of The Dallas Morning News said , `` The story is interesting and the beats are well - acted , but it 's the musical numbers that make The Greatest Showman . '' Jackie K Cooper of HuffPost gave the film a score of 10 / 10 and wrote , `` You will be overwhelmed by the music and magic that explode on the screen . The film has a message that should resonate with today 's world concerning acceptance and courage . '' Hugh Armitage of Digital Spy said , `` The Greatest Showman is a broad and solid crowd - pleaser . An undemanding spectacle for all the family . '' Alan Jones of Radio Times called it `` A joyously uplifting potpourii of visual resplendence , stylish choreography and solid gold magic , one engineered to approximate the lavish spectacle the movie musical once offered . '' Sheila O'Malley of RogerEbert.com gave it 3.5 / 4 , stating `` The Greatest Showman is an unabashed piece of pure entertainment punctuated by memorable songs . '' Douglas Davidson of CLTure called the film , `` An undeniable spectacle with a infectious soundtrack , a movie that dazzles and delights . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film a 3 / 4 score , and said , `` The film has show - stopping well - choreographed numbers with catchy tunes , '' and Calvin Wilson of St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the film `` highly enjoyable . '' Carl Kozlowski of Pasadena Weekly gave the film an ' A ' , calling it `` Groundbreaking & grandly innovative . '' Sean P. Means of The Salt Lake Tribune gave The Greatest Showman 3.5 / 4 stars , stating , `` A strong cast give emotional power to this romanticized , tune - filled biography . '' Manuela Lazic of Little White Lies gave it 4 / 5 , saying , `` The Greatest Showman deserves to become a Christmas classic . The film 's severe romanticism and ridiculous but affecting enthusiasm make it irresistibly life - affirming . '' Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and called it , `` A fantasia of song and dance , a joyous exercise in pure entertainment that is made for the holiday crowd . '' Conversely , Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film a negative review , criticizing the songs and characters and saying `` There 's idiotic , and there 's magnificent , but The Greatest Showman is that special thing that happens sometimes . It 's magnificently idiotic . It 's an awful mess , but it 's flashy . The temptation is to cover your face and watch it through your fingers , because it 's so earnest and embarrassing and misguided -- and yet it 's well - made . '' In a negative review for The Hollywood Reporter , David Rooney wrote `` This ersatz portrait of American big - top tent impresario P.T. Barnum is all smoke and mirrors , no substance . It hammers pedestrian themes of family , friendship and inclusivity while neglecting the fundaments of character and story . '' Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers gave the film 1.5 out of 4 stars , saying , `` How do you cast a virtuoso Hugh Jackman as P.T. Barnum , spare no expense in production values , add a score by Oscar and Tony winners Benj Pasek and Justin Paul and still end up with the shrill blast of nothing that is The Greatest Showman ? Ask first - time director Michael Gracey , who cut his teeth on commercials and music videos without ever mastering the crucial knack of building snippets of musical comedy and drama into a satisfying whole . '' Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film 's failures `` are rooted in something deeper : a dispiriting lack of faith in the audience 's intelligence , and a dawning awareness of its own aesthetic hypocrisy . You 've rarely seen a more straight - laced musical about the joys of letting your freak flag fly . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Nominee ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards February 5 , 2018 Best Grownup Love Story The Greatest Showman Won Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Original Song `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Casting Society of America January 18 , 2018 Big Budget -- Comedy Bernard Telsey , Tiffany Little Canfield , Rori Bergman and Patrick Goodwin Won Costume Designers Guild February 20 , 2018 Excellence in Period Film Ellen Mirojnick Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Song `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Dorian Awards February 24 , 2018 Campy Flick of the Year The Greatest Showman Nominated Empire Awards March 18 , 2018 Best Costume Design The Greatest Showman Nominated Best Make - up And Hairstyling The Greatest Showman Nominated Georgia Film Critics Association January 12 , 2018 Best Original Song `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Golden Globe Awards January 7 , 2018 Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy The Greatest Showman Nominated Best Original Song -- Motion Picture `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Won Golden Reel Awards February 18 , 2018 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing -- Musical Jen Monnar , Jim Harrison , Jeff Carson , Peter Myles and Sheri Ozeki Won Guild of Music Supervisors Awards February 8 , 2018 Best Music Supervision for Film : Budgeted Over 25 Million Dollars Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Best Song / Recording Created for a Film `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Heartland Film Festival December 31 , 2017 Truly Moving Picture Award Michael Gracey Won Kids ' Choice Awards March 24 , 2018 Favorite Movie The Greatest Showman Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Zendaya Won Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild February 24 , 2018 Feature Motion Picture : Best Period and / or Character Makeup Nicki Ledermann , Tania Ribalow and Sunday Englis Nominated Saturn Awards June 27 , 2018 Best Action or Adventure Film The Greatest Showman Won Best Costume Design Ellen Mirojnick Nominated Best Music John Debney and Joseph Trapanese Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 12 , 2018 Choice Breakout Movie Star Keala Settle Nominated Choice Collaboration `` Rewrite the Stars '' -- Zac Efron and Zendaya Won Choice Drama Movie The Greatest Showman Won Choice Drama Movie Actor Zac Efron Won Hugh Jackman Nominated Choice Drama Movie Actress Zendaya Won Choice Liplock Zac Efron and Zendaya Nominated Choice Movie Ship Zac Efron and Zendaya Won Choice Pop Song `` This Is Me '' -- Keala Settle Nominated Historical accuracy ( edit ) Detailing the differences between the biography of Barnum , and the character portrayed in the film , Smithsonian magazine called the film `` pretty humbug . '' The magazine noted that one of the legacies ascribed to the real Barnum was his profiting from marketing racism to the masses , even though later in life he came to express some regrets . See also ( edit ) The Greatest Show on Earth Barnum ( musical ) Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman on The Greatest Showman , Saying Goodbye to Wolverine and Turning Down Bond '' . Variety . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle is Certified Fresh '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman review round - up : A `` crowd - pleaser '' with a `` sinister '' side `` . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nourrie , Doug ( December 25 , 2017 ) . `` This Rotten Week : Predicting All The Money In The World Reviews '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Heather ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Discover Utah 's Loren Allred , the voice behind the hit song ' Never Enough ' from The Greatest Showman soundtrack '' . Deseret News . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Allred , Loren ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ( post ) '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : No More Living in the Shadows at Tumbler Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` Michael Gracey To Direct Hugh Jackman Musical The Greatest Showman On Earth '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ; Kit , Borys ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Michael Gracey to Direct The Greatest Showman on Earth '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grobar , Matt ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Songwriters Benj Pasek & Justin Paul On The Revitalization Of The Original Hollywood Musical '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Zac Efron in Talks to Join Hugh Jackman 's Greatest Showman ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Michelle Williams in Talks for Hugh Jackman 's Greatest Showman on Earth '' . Variety . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pulver , Andrew ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Michelle Williams and Zac Efron sought for PT Barnum biopic '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Michelle Williams In Talks To Join The Greatest Showman With Hugh Jackman '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giroux , Jack ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Michelle Williams Joins Hugh Jackman in The Greatest Showman on Earth '' . SlashFilm . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gold , Sylvaine ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the Man Behind Hugh Jackman 's Moves in The Greatest Showman '' . Dance Magazine . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Christine ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` The Greatest Showman , starring Hugh Jackman & Zac Efron , begins filming in NYC soon ! '' . On Location Vacations . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ La Cioppa , Bianca ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` A personal touch : Hugh Jackman sings happy birthday to good pal Zac Efron '' . The Daily Mail . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Director On The Epic Musical Numbers And If It Could Head To Broadway '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Me ' From The Greatest Showman Is an Anthem for Outcasts '' . Variety . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` The Greatest Showman soundtrack equals Adele 's massive UK chart record '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sexton , Paul ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Greatest Showman Matches Adele 's Record Atop U.K. Albums Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cunard Line ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Cunard to Broadcast Live Red Carpet from The Greatest Showman World Premiere on Flagship Queen Mary 2 '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Trailer : Hugh Jackman 's Singing & Dancing Ringmaster '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman : Sing - Along ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Joshua ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman Is Fun Again in The Greatest Showman Trailer '' . GQ . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Live Movie Trailer Electrifies During A Christmas Story Live '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Natividad , Angela ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman 's Live Ad Last Night for The Greatest Showman Was Quite the Circus '' . Adweek . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman : Movie Plus Sing - Along '' . Amazon . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Simpson , George ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` The Greatest Showman home release dates REVEALED for Blu - ray , DVD and Digital Download '' . Daily Express . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` This Is $400 M+ : The Greatest Showman Hits WW Milestone On Feel - Good Legs '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Does 2017 's Domestic Box Office Stand A Chance To Eclipse Last Year 's All - Time $11.4 B Record ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Jumanji , Greatest Showman , Pitch Perfect to Challenge the Star Wars Box Office Force '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' Now At $99 M , ' Jumanji ' Huge At $72 M+ ; ' All The Money In The World ' Opens To $2.6 M -- Christmas Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' & ' Jumanji ' Duel For No. 1 Over New Year 's Weekend As 2017 Box Office Closes With $11.1 B -- Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Smallest Second Weekend Drop : 1982 - Present '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman 's The Greatest Showman Just Set A New Box Office Record '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Goes Wild With $36 M ; ' Insidious ' Rises To $29 M+ -- Sunday AM B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` January Slows As Jumanji Takes No. 1 For 3rd Weekend With $19 M To $20 M ; Older Guy Pics 12 Strong & Den Of Thieves In Mid-Teens '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Controls Close To 40 % Of Weekend B.O. Led By Maze Runner & Oscar Holdovers ; Hostiles Gallops Past $10 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Jumanji Poised To Be Dwayne Johnson 's Highest Grossing Pic Of All - Time Stateside After Super Bowl Weekend Rebound '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies that never hit # 1 , the Top 5 or Top 10 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : The Greatest Showman '' . Variety . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Catchy songs steal the show in The Greatest Showman '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Persall , Steve ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Why The Greatest Showman is the feel - good movie the holiday season needs '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman review '' . IGN . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Peele , Britton ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Catchy musical The Greatest Showman , like its central character , reshapes truth for entertainment '' . The Dallas Morning News -- GuideLive . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Jackie K ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Is Movie Magic '' . HuffPost . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Hugh ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman review -- An undemanding spectacle for all the family '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman review : `` pure musical entertainment of a sumptuous vintage '' `` . Radio Times . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Malley , Sheila ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Douglas ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman is an undeniable spectacle with a infectious soundtrack '' . CLTure . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman film review '' . ReelViews . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Calvin ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman shines in The Greatest Showman '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kozlowski , Carl ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman provide an eclectic feast for the senses '' . Pasadena Weekly . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Means , Sean P. ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman and some Utah - grown talent deliver Barnum 's bravado in musical The Greatest Showman '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lazic , Manuela ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Review '' . Little White Lies . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Review : Hugh Jackman Sings And Dances His Way Into Holiday Hearts In Lively Family Musical '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Greatest Showman starring Hugh Jackman as Barnum magnificently idiotic '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Review : The Greatest Showman Is ' a Shrill Blast of Nothing ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman turns Hugh Jackman 's P.T. Barnum into a hero , and cons the audience in the process '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards : ' The Post ' Leads Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Appelo , Tim ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Complete List of Winners at the 2018 Movies for Grownups Awards '' . Movies for Grownups . AARP . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Oscars : ' Shape of Water ' Leads With 13 Noms '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Variety Staff ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` Academy Award Winners 2018 : The Complete List '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Brockington , Ariana ; Caranicas , Peter ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' Black Mirror ' Among Winners at Casting Society Artios Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stone , Sasha ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Costume Designers Guild Announces Nominees '' . Awards Daily . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' The Shape of Water ' Leads With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Leads Dorian Award Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Dorian Awards : ' Call Me by Your Name ' Hailed as Film of the Year '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ruby , Jennifer ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Empire Film Awards 2018 : The Last Jedi leads the pack with nine nominations including Best Actress for Daisy Ridley '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Leads Nominations for U.K. 's Empire Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Awards '' . Georgia Film Critics Association . January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Respers , Lisa ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe nominations 2018 : The list '' . CNN . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` MPSE Golden Reel Awards : Baby Driver , Dunkirk Among Sound Editors ' Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Variety staff ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Sufjan Stevens , Greatest Showman , Girls Among Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Nominees '' . Variety . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Truly Moving Picture Award '' . Heartland Film . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haring , Bruce ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2018 Winners -- The Complete List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards : ' Darkest Hour , ' ' Wonder ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Tops Saturn Awards with Five Wins ; ' The Last Jedi ' Takes Best Screenplay '' . Collider . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Esme . `` Teen Choice Awards 2018 : See the full list of winners '' . EW . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2018 . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mansky , Jackie ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` P.T. Barnum Is n't the Hero the `` Greatest Showman '' Wants You to Think `` . Smithsonian . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Greatest Showman The Greatest Showman on IMDb The Greatest Showman at AllMovie The Greatest Showman at Box Office Mojo The Greatest Showman at Metacritic The Greatest Showman at Rotten Tomatoes The Greatest Showman at History vs. Hollywood P.T. Barnum Acts and exhibits Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus Anna Haining Bates Eli Bowen Chang and Eng Bunker Cardiff Giant Circassian beauties Henry Alexander Cooper Captain George Costentenus Nala Damajanti John Diamond ( dancer ) Admiral Dot Colonel Routh Goshen Fiji mermaid Joice Heth Fedor Jeftichew Annie Jones ( bearded woman ) Jumbo William S. Hutchings Nellie Keeler Jenny Lind Count Primo Magri Master Juba Maximo and Bartola Millie and Christine McKoy Edmund Newell Commodore Nutt Isaac W. Sprague General Tom Thumb Charles B. Tripp Lavinia Warren Minnie Warren Wild Men of Borneo Zip the Pinhead Fictional portrayals Barnum ( musical ) The Mighty Barnum The Greatest Showman The Greatest Show on Earth Related articles James `` Grizzly '' Adams Barnum 's American Museum Barnum 's Aquarial Gardens Barnum Museum Bridgeport half dollar William C. 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Confidential ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) Memento ( 2001 ) Road to Perdition ( 2002 ) Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( 2003 ) Kill Bill : Volume 2 ( 2004 ) Sin City ( 2005 ) Casino Royale ( 2006 ) 300 ( 2007 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) Salt ( 2010 ) Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol ( 2011 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Unbroken ( 2014 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) Hidden Figures ( 2016 ) The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Greatest_Showman&oldid=854755664 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s biographical films 2010s drama films 2010s musical films American films American biographical films American musical drama films 20th Century Fox films Biographical films about businesspeople Biographical films about entertainers Films about playwrights Circus films Directorial debut films Films set in New York City Films shot in New York City Films scored by John Debney Films scored by Joseph Trapanese Films produced by Peter Chernin Films produced by Laurence Mark Screenplays by Bill Condon Cultural depictions of P.T. Barnum Cultural depictions of Jenny Lind Cultural depictions of Queen Victoria on film Musical films based on actual events Hidden categories : All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 15 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the swedish singer in the greatest showman	[ "Hugh Jackman as P. T. Barnum, an ambitious showman and entrepreneur.\nEllis Rubin as Young P. T. Barnum\nZiv Zaifman provides Young P. T. Barnum's singing voice.\nZac Efron as Phillip Carlyle, a playwright who becomes Barnum's partner. His character is partly based on James Anthony Bailey.\nMichelle Williams as Charity Hallett-Barnum, the wife of P.T. Barnum.\nSkylar Dunn as Young Charity\nRebecca Ferguson as Jenny Lind, a famous Swedish singer known as the \"Swedish Nightingale\".\nLoren Allred provides Lind's singing voice.[8][9]\nZendaya as Anne Wheeler, an acrobat, trapeze artist, W.D.'s younger sister and Phillip Carlyle's love interest. Her character is partly based on Ruth Louisa McCaddon.\nKeala Settle as Lettie Lutz, a bearded lady. She is a composite character partly based on Josephine Clofullia and Annie Jones.\nYahya Abdul-Mateen II as W. D. Wheeler, an acrobat and Anne's brother.\nNatasha Liu Bordizzo as Deng Yan, a Chinese acrobat and blade-specialist.\nPaul Sparks as James Gordon Bennett, the founder, editor and publisher of the New York Herald.\nSam Humphrey as Charles Stratton, a dwarf performer who is also known by his stage name, General Tom Thumb.\nJames Babson provides Stratton's speaking and singing voice.\nAustyn Johnson as Caroline Barnum, one of Barnum's daughters.\nCameron Seely as Helen Barnum, one of Barnum's daughters.\nEric Anderson as Mr. O'Malley, a former thief whom Barnum employs at his circus to handle different tasks like staffing the front of the house, selling tickets, reading the reviews, fending off the protestors, producing the posters and promotional materials, and distributing the circus posters on everything.\nDaniel Everidge as The Lord of Leeds, a heavyweight man who is based on Teodulo Valenzuela.\nTimothy Hughes as the Strongman, a man with enhanced strength who is based on Angus MacAskill.\nShannon Holtzapffel as Prince Constantine, the Tattooed Man who is based off George Costentenus.\nLuciano Acuna Jr. as Walter, the Dog Boy who is based on Fedor Jeftichew.\nDanial Son and Yusaku Komori as Chang and Eng Bunker, the \"Siamese Twins.\"\nJonathan Redavid as Frank Lentini, the Three-Legged Man.\nNick Jantz as Jeff Harris, the Juggler.\nKenneth Chan as the Human Cannonball\nMartha Nichols as Woman in Gold, a woman in gold clothing with gold spots on her.\nJeremy Hudson as The Elephant-Skinned Man, a man who is based on Ralph Krooner. He was credited as \"Dancer Oddity #3.\"[10]\nTaylor James as Blockhead, a man with facial piercing that is based on Melvin Burkhart. He is credited as \"Dancing Oddity #4.\"[10]\nChelsea Caso as Tattoo Lady, a woman covered in tattoos who is based on Nora Hildebrant. She is credited as \"Dancing Oddity #5.\"[10]\nCaoife Coleman and Mishay Petronelli as the Albino Twins. They were credited as \"Dancer Oddity #6\" and \"Dancer Oddity #7.\"\nKhasan Brasilford as Albino Man, a white-haired man in white clothes. He was credited as \"Ensemble Dancer #1.\"[10]\nAlex Wong as Oriental Man, a man dressed in an oriental outfit. He was credited as \"Ensemble Dancer #2.\"[10]\nJulius Rubio as Golden Boy, a man in gold clothing with gold spots on him. He was credited as \"Ensemble Dancer #2.\"[10]\nVincent-Oliver Noiseux as Devil Boy, a performer with horns. He was credited as \"Ensemble Dancer #4.\"[10]\nDean Walters and Jessica Castro as the Voodoo Twins. They are credited as \"Ensemble Dancer #5\" and \"Ensemble Dancer\" #6.[10]\nNajla Gilam as Snake Dancer, a snake charmer who is based on Nala Damajanti. She was credited as \"Ensemble Dancer #7.\"[10]\nDamian Young as Mr. Winthrop\nTina Benko as Mrs. Winthrop\nGayle Rankin as Queen Victoria.\nWill Swenson as Philo Barnum, a tailor and the father of P. T. Barnum.\nFredric Lehne as Benjamin Hallett, father of Charity and abusive father-in-law of Barnum.\nKathryn Meisle as Hannah Hallett, mother of Charity and mother-in-law of Barnum." ]	[ "Rebecca Ferguson" ]
2526999242072955014	Four Noble Truths	Four Noble truths - wikipedia Four Noble truths Jump to : navigation , search The Buddha teaching the Four Noble Truths . Sanskrit manuscript . Nālandā , Bihar , India . Translations of Four Noble Truths Pali चत्तारि अरियसच्चानि ( cattāri ariyasaccāni ) Sanskrit चत्वारि आर्यसत्यानि ( catvāri āryasatyāni ) Bengali চারি আর্য সত্য ( Cari Arjô Shôttô ) Burmese သစ္စာလေးပါး ( IPA : ( θɪʔsà lé bá ) ) Chinese 四聖諦 ( T ) / 四圣谛 ( S ) ( Pinyin : sìshèngdì ) Japanese 四諦 ( rōmaji : shitai ) Khmer អរិយ សច្ច បួន ( areyasachak buon ) Korean 사성제 ( 四聖諦 ) ( sa - seong - je ) Mongolian Хутагт дөрвөн үнэн ( Khutagt durvun unen ) ( ᠬᠤᠲᠤᠭᠲᠤ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ) Sinhalese චතුරාර්ය සත්ය Tibetan འཕགས ་ པའི ་ བདེན ་ པ ་ བཞི ་ ( Wylie : ' phags pa'i bden pa bzhi THL : pakpé denpa shyi ) Thai อริยสัจ สี่ ( ariyasat sii ) Vietnamese Tứ Diệu Đế ( 四妙諦 ) Glossary of Buddhism Part of a series on Buddhism History ( show ) Timeline Gautama Buddha Councils Later Buddhists Dharma Concepts ( show ) Four Noble Truths Five Aggregates Impermanence Suffering Non-self Dependent Origination Middle Way Emptiness Karma Rebirth Saṃsāra Cosmology Buddhist texts ( show ) Buddhavacana Tripiṭaka Mahayana Sutras Pāli Canon Tibetan canon Chinese canon Practices ( show ) Three Jewels Buddhist Paths to liberation Morality Perfections Meditation Philosophical reasoning Mindfulness Wisdom Compassion Aids to Enlightenment Monasticism Laity Nirvāṇa ( show ) Four Stages Arhat Buddha Bodhisattva Traditions ( show ) Theravāda Pāli Mahāyāna Hinayana Chinese Vajrayāna Tibetan Navayana Newar Buddhism by country ( show ) India China Thailand Japan Myanmar Sri Lanka Laos Cambodia Korea Taiwan Tibet Bhutan Mongolia Russia Outline Buddhism portal The Four Noble Truths refer to and express the basic orientation of Buddhism in a short expression : we crave and cling to impermanent states and things , which are dukkha , `` incapable of satisfying '' and painful . This craving keeps us caught in samsara , the endless cycle of repeated rebirth and dying again , and the dukkha that comes with it . There is , however , a way to end this cycle , namely by attaining nirvana , cessation of craving , whereafter rebirth and associated dukkha will no longer arise again . This can be accomplished by following the eightfold path , restraining oneself , cultivating discipline , and practicing mindfulness and meditation . In short form , the four truths are dukkha , samudaya ( `` arising , '' `` coming together '' ) , nirodha ( `` cessation , '' `` confinement '' ) , and marga , the path leading to cessation . As the `` Four Noble Truths '' ( Sanskrit : catvāri āryasatyāni ; Pali : cattāri ariyasaccāni ) , they are `` the truths of the Noble Ones , '' the truths or realities which are understood by the `` worthy ones '' who have attained nirvana . In the sutras , Buddhist religious texts , the four truths have both a symbolic and a propositional function . They represent the awakening and liberation of the Buddha , but also the possibility of liberation for all sentient beings , describing how release from craving is to be reached . In the Pali canon scriptures , the four truths appear in a `` network of teachings , '' as part of `` the entire dhamma matrix , '' which have to be taken together . They provide a conceptual framework for introducing and explaining Buddhist thought , which has to be personally understood or `` experienced '' . The function of the four truths , and their importance , developed over time , when prajna , or `` liberating insight , '' came to be regarded as liberating in itself , instead of or in addition to the practice of dhyana , meditation . This `` liberating insight '' gained a prominent place in the sutras , and the four truths came to represent this liberating insight , as part of the enlightenment story of the Buddha . The four truths became of central importance in the Theravada tradition of Buddhism , which holds to the idea that insight into the four truths is liberating in itself . They are less prominent in the Mahayana tradition , which sees the higher aims of insight into sunyata , emptiness , and following the Bodhisattva path as central elements in their teachings and practice . The Mahayana tradition reinterpreted the four truths to explain how a liberated being can still be `` pervasively operative in this world . '' Beginning with the exploration of Buddhism by western colonialists in the 19th century and the development of Buddhist modernism , they came to be often presented in the west as the central teaching of Buddhism . Contents ( hide ) 1 The four truths 1.1 Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta 1.2 Mnemonic set 1.3 Full set 1.4 Alternative formulations 1.5 Truths for the noble ones 1.6 Symbolic and propositional function 1.7 Dukkha and its ending 1.8 Ending rebirth 1.9 Other interpretations 2 Historical development in early Buddhism 2.1 Scholarly analysis of the oldest texts 2.2 Development 2.2. 1 Growing importance 2.2. 2 Substituting `` liberating insight '' 2.3 Acquiring the dhamma - eye and destroying the āsavās 2.4 Popularisation in the west 3 Appearance within the discourses 3.1 Symbolic function 3.1. 1 Mahasaccaka Sutta 3.1. 2 Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta 3.1. 3 Maha - parinibbana Sutta 3.2 Propositional function 3.2. 1 Maha - salayatanika Sutta 4 Emphasis within different traditions 4.1 Early Indian Buddhism 4.2 Theravada 4.3 Mahayana 4.3. 1 Tibetan Buddhism 4.3. 2 Nichiren Buddhism 4.4 Western Buddhism 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Sources 8.1 Printed sources 8.1. 1 Sutta Pitaka 8.1. 2 Buddhist teachers 8.1. 3 Scholarly sources 8.2 Web - sources 9 Further reading 9.1 Historical background and development 9.2 Theravada commentaries 9.3 Tibetan Buddhism 9.4 Modern interpretations 9.5 Other scholarly explanations 10 External links The four truths ( edit ) Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta ( edit ) The four truths are best known from their presentation in the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta text , which contains two sets of the four truths , while various other sets can be found in the Pali Canon , a collection of scriptures in the Theravadan Buddhist tradition . According to the Buddhist tradition , the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta , `` Setting the Wheel of Dhamma in Motion , '' contains the first teachings that the Buddha gave after attaining full awakening , and liberation from rebirth . According to L.S. Cousins , many scholars are of the view that `` this discourse was identified as the first sermon of the Buddha only at a later date , '' and according to professor of religion Carol S. Anderson the four truths may originally not have been part of this sutta , but were later added in some versions . Within this discourse , the four noble truths are given as follows ( `` bhikkus '' is normally translated as `` Buddhist monks '' ) : Now this , bhikkhus , is the noble truth of suffering : birth is suffering , aging is suffering , illness is suffering , death is suffering ; union with what is displeasing is suffering ; separation from what is pleasing is suffering ; not to get what one wants is suffering ; in brief , the five aggregates subject to clinging are suffering . Now this , bhikkhus , is the noble truth of the origin of suffering : it is this craving which leads to re-becoming , accompanied by delight and lust , seeking delight here and there ; that is , craving for sensual pleasures , craving for becoming , craving for disbecoming . Now this , bhikkhus , is the noble truth of the cessation of suffering : it is the remainderless fading away and cessation of that same craving , the giving up and relinquishing of it , freedom from it , non-reliance on it . Now this , bhikkhus , is the noble truth of the way leading to the cessation of suffering : it is this noble eightfold path ; that is , right view , right intention , right speech , right action , right livelihood , right effort , right mindfulness , right concentration . According to this sutra , with the complete comprehension of these four truths release from samsara , the cycle of rebirth , was attained : Knowledge & vision arose in me : ' Unprovoked is my release . This is the last birth . There is now no further becoming . The comprehension of these four truths by his audience leads to the opening of the Dhamma Eye , that is , the attainment of right vision : Whatever is subject to origination is subject to cessation . Mnemonic set ( edit ) According to K.R. Norman , the Pali canon contains various shortened forms of the four truths , the `` mnemonic set , '' which were `` intended to remind the hearer of the full form of the NTs . '' The earliest form of the mnemonic set was `` dukkham samudayo nirodho magga , '' without the reference to the Pali terms sacca or arya , which were later added to the formula . The four mnemonic terms can be translated as follows : Dukkha - `` incapable of satisfying , '' `` the unsatisfactory nature and the general insecurity of all conditioned phenomena '' ; `` painful . '' Dukkha is most commonly translated as `` suffering '' . According to Khantipalo , this is an incorrect translation , since it refers to the ultimately unsatisfactory nature of temporary states and things , including pleasant but temporary experiences . According to Emmanuel , Dukkha is the opposite of sukha , `` pleasure , '' and it is better translated as `` pain . '' Samudaya - `` origin '' , `` source '' , `` arising '' , `` coming to existence '' ; `` aggregate of the constituent elements or factors of any being or existence '' , `` cluster '' , `` coming together '' , `` combination '' , `` producing cause '' , `` combination '' , `` rising . '' Nirodha - cessation ; release ; to confine ; `` prevention , suppression , enclosing , restraint '' Marga - `` path . '' Full set ( edit ) This full set , which is most commonly used in modern expositions , contains grammatical errors , pointing to multiple sources for this set and translation problems within the ancient Buddhist community . Nevertheless , they were considered correct by the Pali tradition , which did n't correct them . According to K.R. Norman , the basic set is as follows : idam dukkham , `` this is pain '' ayam dukkha - samudayo , `` this is the origin of pain '' ayam dukkha - nirodha , `` this is the cessation of pain '' ayam dukkha - nirodha - gamini patipada , `` this is the path leading to the cessation of pain . '' The key terms in the longer version of this expression , dukkha - nirodha - gamini Patipada , can be translated as follows : Gamini : leading to , making for Patipada : road , path , way ; the means of reaching a goal or destination Alternative formulations ( edit ) According to L.S. Cousins , the four truths are not restricted to the well - known form where dukkha is the subject . Other forms take `` the world , the arising of the world '' or `` the āsavas , the arising of the āsavas '' as their subject . According to Cousins , `` the well - known form is simply shorthand for all of the forms . '' `` The world '' refers to the saṅkhāras , that is , all compounded things , or to the six sense spheres . The various terms all point to the same basic idea of Buddhism , as described in five skandhas and twelve nidānas : sense - contact with objects leads to sensation , perception , Saṅkhāra ( ' inclinations ' , c.q. craving etc . ) , and consciousness . The Twelve Nidānas describe how this also leads to rebirth : from sensation comes craving , from craving comes karma , from karma comes rebirth . The aim of the Buddhist path is to reverse this causal chain : when there is no ( response to ) sensation , there is no craving , no karma , no rebirth . Truths for the Noble ones ( edit ) The Pali terms ariya sacca ( Sanskrit : arya satya ) are commonly translated as `` noble truths '' . This translation is a convention started by the earliest translators of Buddhist texts into English . According to K.R. Norman , this is just one of several possible translations . According to Paul Williams , ( T ) here is no particular reason why the Pali expression ariyasaccani should be translated as ' noble truths ' . It could equally be translated as ' the nobles ' truths ' , or ' the truths for nobles ' , or ' the nobilising truths ' , or ' the truths of , possessed by , the noble ones ' ( ... ) In fact the Pali expression ( and its Sanskrit equivalent ) can mean all of these , although the Pali commentators place ' the noble truths ' as the least important in their understanding . The term `` arya '' was later added to the four truths . The term ariya ( Sanskrit : arya ) can be translated as `` noble '' , `` not ordinary '' , `` valuable '' , `` precious '' . `` pure '' , Paul Williams : The Aryas are the noble ones , the saints , those who have attained ' the fruits of the path ' , ' that middle path the Tathagata has comprehended which promotes sight and knowledge , and which tends to peace , higher wisdom , enlightenment , and Nibbana ' . The term sacca ( Sanskrit : satya ) is a central term in Indian thought and religion . It is typically translated as `` truth '' ; but it also means `` that which is in accord with reality '' , or `` reality '' . According to Rupert Gethin , the four truths are `` four ' true things ' or ' realities ' whose nature , we are told , the Buddha finally understood on the night of his awakening . '' They function as `` a convenient conceptual framework for making sense of Buddhist thought . '' According to K.R. Norman , probably the best translation is `` the truth ( s ) of the noble one ( the Buddha ) . '' It is a statement of how things are seen by a Buddha , how things really are when seen correctly . It is the truthful way of seeing , Through not seeing things this way , and behaving accordingly , we suffer . Symbolic and propositional function ( edit ) The Dharmacakra , often used to represent the Noble Eightfold Path According to Anderson , the four truths have both a symbolic and a propositional function : ... the four noble truths are truly set apart within the body of the Buddha 's teachings , not because they are by definition sacred , but because they are both a symbol and a doctrine and transformative within the sphere of right view . As one doctrine among others , the four noble truths make explicit the structure within which one should seek enlightenment ; as a symbol , the four noble truths evoke the possibility of enlightenment . As both , they occupy not only a central but a singular position within the Theravada canon and tradition . As a symbol , they refer to the possibility of awakening , as represented by the Buddha , and are of utmost importance : ( W ) hen the four noble truths are regarded in the canon as the first teaching of the Buddha , they function as a view or doctrine that assumes a symbolic function . Where the four noble truths appear in the guise of a religious symbol in the Sutta - pitaka and the Vinaya - pitaka of the Pali canon , they represent the enlightenment experience of the Buddha and the possibility of enlightenment for all Buddhists within the cosmos . As a proposition , they are part of the matrix or `` network of teachings , '' in which they are `` not particularly central , '' but have an equal place next to other teachings , describing how release from craving is to be reached . A long recognized feature of the Theravada canon is that it lacks an `` overarching and comprehensive structure of the path to nibbana . '' The sutras form a network or matrix , and the four truths appear within this `` network of teachings , '' which have to be taken together . Within this network , `` the four noble truths are one doctrine among others and are not particularly central , '' but are a part of `` the entire dhamma matrix . '' The four noble truths are be set and learnt in that network , learning `` how the various teachings intersect with each other , '' and refer to the various Buddhist techniques , which are all explicitly and implicitly part of the passages which refer to the four truths . According to Anderson , There is no single way of understanding the teachings : one teaching may be used to explain another in one passage ; the relationship may be reversed or altered in other talks . Dukkha and its ending ( edit ) As a proposition , the four truths defy an exact definition , but refer to and express the basic orientation of Buddhism : clinging and craving to temporary states and things is ultimately unsatisfactory and painful , dukkha , and leads to repeated rebirth and `` redeath . '' By following the Buddhist path , craving and clinging can be confined , peace of mind and real happiness can be attained , and the resulting cycle of repeated rebirth and `` redeath '' will be stopped . The truth of dukkha , `` incapable of satisfying , '' `` painful , '' is the basic insight that life in this `` mundane world , '' '' with its clinging and craving to impermanent states and things '' is dukkha , unsatisfactory and painful . We expect happiness from states and things which are impermanent , and therefore can not attain real happiness . The truth of samudaya , `` arising , '' `` coming together , '' or dukkha - samudaya , the origination or arising of dukkha , is the truth that repeated life in this world , and its associated dukkha arises , or continues , with taṇhā , `` thirst , '' craving for and clinging to these impermanent states and things . This clinging and craving produces karma , which leads to renewed becoming , keeping us trapped in rebirth and renewed dissatisfaction . Craving includes kama - tanha , craving for sense - pleasures ; bhava - tanha , craving to continue the cycle of life and death , including rebirth ; and vibhava - tanha , craving to not experience the world and painful feelings . While dukkha - samudaya , the term in the basic set of the four truths , is traditionally translated and explained as `` the origin ( or cause ) of suffering , '' giving a causal explanation of dukkha , Brazier and Batchelor point to the wider connotations of the term samudaya , `` coming into existence together '' : together with dukkha arises tanha , thirst . Craving does not cause dukkha , but comes into existence together with dukkha , or the five skandhas . It is this craving which is to be confined , as Kondanna understood at the end of the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta : `` whatever arises ceases . '' The truth of nirodha , cessation , or dukkha - nirodha , the cessation of dukkha , is the truth that dukkha ceases , or can be confined , when craving and clinging cease or are confined , and nirvana is attained . Nirvana refers to the moment of attainment itself , and the resulting peace of mind and happiness ( khlesa - nirvana ) , but also to the final dissolution of the five skandhas at the time of death ( skandha - nirvana or parinirvana ) ; in the Theravada - tradition , it also refers to a transcendental reality which is `` known at the moment of awakening . '' According to Gethin , `` modern Buddhist usage tends to restrict ' nirvāṇa ' to the awakening experience and reserve ' parinirvāṇa ' for the death experience . When nirvana is attained , no more karma is being produced , and rebirth and dissatisfaction will no longer arise again . Cessation is nirvana , `` blowing out , '' and peace of mind . Joseph Goldstein explains : Ajahn Buddhadasa , a well - known Thai master of the last century , said that when village people in India were cooking rice and waiting for it to cool , they might remark , `` Wait a little for the rice to become nibbana '' . So here , nibbana means the cool state of mind , free from the fires of the defilements . As Ajahn Buddhadasa remarked , `` The cooler the mind , the more Nibbana in that moment '' . We can notice for ourselves relative states of coolness in our own minds as we go through the day . The truth of magga , refers to the path to the cessation of , or liberation from dukkha . By following the Noble Eightfold Path , to moksha , liberation , restraining oneself , cultivating discipline , and practicing mindfulness and meditation , one starts to disengage from craving and clinging to impermanent states and things , and rebirth and dissatisfaction will be ended . The term `` path '' is usually taken to mean the Noble Eightfold Path , but other versions of `` the path '' can also be found in the Nikayas . The Theravada tradition regards insight into the four truths as liberating in itself . The well - known eightfold path consists of the understanding that this world is fleeting and unsatisfying , and how craving keeps us tied to this fleeting world ; a friendly and compassionate attitude to others ; a correct way of behaving ; mind - control , which means not feeding on negative thoughts , and nurturing positive thoughts ; constant awareness of the feelings and responses which arise ; and the practice of dhyana , meditation . The tenfold path adds the right ( liberating ) insight , and liberation from rebirth . The four truths are to be internalised , and understood or `` experienced '' personally , to turn them into a lived reality . Ending rebirth ( edit ) Tibetan Bhavacakra or `` Wheel of Life . '' The four truths describe dukkha and its ending as a means to reach peace of mind in this life , but also as a means to end rebirth . According to Geoffrey Samuel , `` the Four Noble Truths ( ... ) describe the knowledge needed to set out on the path to liberation from rebirth . '' By understanding the four truths , one can stop this clinging and craving , attain a pacified mind , and be freed from this cycle of rebirth and redeath . Patrick Olivelle explains that moksha is a central concept in Indian religions , and `` literally means freedom from samsara . '' Melvin E. Spiro further explains that `` desire is the cause of suffering because desire is the cause of rebirth . '' When desire ceases , rebirth and its accompanying suffering ceases . Peter Harvey explains : Once birth has arisen , ' ageing and death ' , and various other dukkha states follow . While saying that birth is the cause of death may sound rather simplistic , in Buddhism it is a very significant statement ; for there is an alternative to being born . This is to attain Nirvāna , so bringing an end to the process of rebirth and redeath . Nirvāna is not subject to time and change , and so is known as the ' unborn ' ; as it is not born it can not die , and so it is also known as the ' deathless ' . To attain this state , all phenomena subject to birth -- the khandhas and nidānas -- must be transcended by means of non-attachment . The last sermon , the Maha - parinibbana Sutta ( Last Days of the Buddha , Digha Nikaya 16 ) `` , states it as follows : ( ... ) it is through not realizing , through not penetrating the Four Noble Truths that this long course of birth and death has been passed through and undergone by me as well as by you ( ... ) But now , bhikkhus , that these have been realized and penetrated , cut off is the craving for existence , destroyed is that which leads to renewed becoming ( rebirth ) , and there is no fresh becoming . Other interpretations ( edit ) Some contemporary teachers tend to explain the four truths psychologically , by taking dukkha to mean mental anguish in addition to the physical pain of life , and interpreting the four truths as a means to attain happiness in this life . In the contemporary Vipassana movement that emerged out of the Theravada Buddhism , freedom and the `` pursuit of happiness '' have become the main goals , not the end of rebirth , which is hardly mentioned in their teachings . Yet , though freedom and happiness is a part of the Buddhist teachings , these words refer to something different in traditional Asian Buddhism . According to Fronsdal , `` when Asian teachers do talk about freedom , it is primarily in reference to what one is free from -- that is , from greed , hate , delusion , grasping , attachment , wrong view , self , and most significantly , rebirth '' . Nibbana is the final freedom , and it has no purpose beyond itself . In contrast , freedom in the creative modern interpretation of Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path means living happily and wisely , `` without drastic changes in lifestyle '' . Such freedom and happiness is not the goal of Four Noble Truths and related doctrines within traditional Buddhism , but the vipassana teachings in the West make no reference to traditional Theravada doctrines , instead they present only the pragmatic and experiential goals in the form of therapy for the audience 's current lives . The creative interpretations are driven in part because the foundational premises of Buddhism do not make sense to audiences outside of Asia . According to Spiro , `` the Buddhist message is not simply a psychological message , '' but an eschatological message . Historical development in early Buddhism ( edit ) According to Anderson , `` the four truths are recognized as perhaps the most important teaching of the Buddha . '' Yet , as early as 1935 Caroline Rhys Davids wrote that for a teaching so central to Theravada Buddhism , it was missing from critical passages in the Pali canon . According to Gethin , the four truths and the eightfold path are only two lists of `` literally hundreds of similar lists covering the whole range of the theory and practice of ancient Buddhism . '' The position of the four truths within the canon raises questions , and has been investigated throughout the 19th and 20th century . Scholarly analysis of the oldest texts ( edit ) According to academic scholars , inconsistencies in the oldest texts may reveal developments in the oldest teachings . While the Theravada - tradition holds that the Sutta Pitaka is `` the definitive recension of the Buddha - word , '' and Theravadins argue that it is likely that the sutras date back to the Buddha himself , in an unbroken chain of oral transmission , academic scholars have identified many of such inconsistencies , and tried to explain them . Information of the oldest teachings of Buddhism , such as on the Four Noble Truths , has been obtained by analysis of the oldest texts and these inconsitencies , and are a matter of ongoing discussion and research . Development ( edit ) Growing importance ( edit ) According to Bronkhorst , the four truths may already have been formulated in earliest Buddhism , but did not have the central place they acquired in later buddhism . According to Anderson , only by the time of the commentaries , in the fifth century CE , did the four truths come to be identified in the Theravada tradition as the central teaching of the Buddha . According to Anderson , ... the four noble truths were probably not part of the earliest strata of what came to be recognized as Buddhism , but that they emerged as a central teaching in a slightly later period that still preceded the final redactions of the various Buddhist canons . According to Feer and Anderson , the four truths probably entered the Sutta Pitaka from the Vinaya , the rules for monastic order . They were first added to enlightenment - stories which contain the Four Jhanas , replacing terms for `` liberating insight '' . From there they were added to the biographical stories of the Buddha . Substituting `` liberating insight '' ( edit ) Scholars have noted inconsistencies in the presentations of the Buddha 's enlightenment , and the Buddhist path to liberation , in the oldest sutras . These inconsistencies show that the Buddhist teachings evolved , either during the lifetime of the Buddha , or thereafter . According to the Japanese scholar Ui , the four truths are not the earliest representation of the Buddha 's enlightenment . Instead , they are a rather late theory on the content of the Buddha 's enlightenment . According to Vetter and Bronkhorst , the earliest Buddhist path consisted of a set of practices which culminate in the practice of dhyana , leading to a calm of mind which according to Vetter is the liberation which is being sought . Later on , `` liberating insight '' came to be regarded as equally liberating . This `` liberating insight '' came to be exemplified by prajna , or the insight in the `` four truths , '' but also by other elements of the Buddhist teachings . According to Vetter and Bronkhorst , this growing importance of `` liberating insight '' was a response to other religious groups in India , which held that a liberating insight was indispensable for moksha , liberation from rebirth . This change is reflected in the canon , where , according to Bronkhorst , ... the accounts which include the Four Noble Truths had a completely different conception of the process of liberation than the one which includes the Four Dhyanas and the destruction of the intoxicants . The ideas on what exactly constituted this `` liberating insight '' was not fixed but developed over time . According to Bronkhorst , in earliest Buddhism the four truths did not serve as a description of `` liberating insight '' . Initially the term prajna served to denote this `` liberating insight . '' Later on , prajna was replaced in the suttas by the `` four truths . '' This happened in those texts where practicing the four jhanas preceded the attainment of `` liberating insight , '' and where this practice of the four jhanas then culminates in `` liberating insight . '' This `` liberating insight '' came to be defined as `` insight into the four truths , '' which is presented as the `` liberating insight '' which constituted the awakening , or `` enlightenment '' of the Buddha . When he understood these truths he was `` enlightened '' and liberated , as reflected in Majjhima Nikaya 26 : 42 : `` his taints are destroyed by his seeing with wisdom . '' Oddly , the four truths refer here to the eightfold path as the means to gain liberation , while the attainment of insight into the four truths is portrayed as liberating in itself . According to Bronkhorst , this is an inconsistency which reveals a change which took place over time in the composition of the sutras . An example of this substitution , and its consequences , is Majjhima Nikaya 36 : 42 - 43 , which gives an account of the awakening of the Buddha . The four truths were superseded by pratityasamutpada , and still later , in the Hinayana schools , by the doctrine of the non-existence of a substantial self or person . Schmithausen states that still other descriptions of this `` liberating insight '' exist in the Buddhist canon : `` that the five Skandhas are impermanent , disagreeable , and neither the Self nor belonging to oneself '' ; `` the contemplation of the arising and disappearance ( udayabbaya ) of the five Skandhas '' ; `` the realisation of the Skandhas as empty ( rittaka ) , vain ( tucchaka ) and without any pith or substance ( asaraka ) . Acquiring the Dhamma - eye and destroying the āsavās ( edit ) In their symbolic function , the sutras present the insight into the four truths as the culmination of the Buddh 's path to awakening . In the Vinayapitaka and the Sutta - pitaka they have the same symbolic function , in a reenactment by his listeners of the Buddha 's awakening by attaining the dhamma - eye . In contrast , here this insight serves as the starting point to path - entry for his audience . These sutras present a repeated sequence of events : Annupubbikathā ( `` graduated talk '' ) , in which the Buddha explains the four truths ; this talk frees the listener from the hindrances ; This talk opens the dhammacakkhu ( `` dhamma eye '' ) , and knowledge arises : `` all that has the nature of arising has the nature of ending '' ; The request to become a member of the Buddhist order ; A second talk by the Buddha , which destroys the āsavās , impurities ; The statement that `` there are now x arahats in the world . '' Yet , in other sutras , where the four truths have a propositional function , the comprehension of the four truths destroys the corruptions . They do so in combination with the practice of the jhanas and the attainment of the divine eye , with which past lifes and the working of rebirth are being seen . According to Anderson , following Schmithausen and Bronkhorst , these two presentations give two different models of the path to liberation , reflecting their function as a symbol and as a proposition . Most likely , the four truths were first associated with the culmination of the path in the destruction of the āsavās , where they substituted the unspecified `` liberating insight '' ; as the canon developed , they became more logically associated with the beginning of the Buddhist path . Popularisation in the West ( edit ) According to Anderson there is a strong tendency within scholarship to present the four truths as the most essential teaching of Buddhism . According to Anderson , the four truths have been simplified and popularized in western writings , due to `` the colonial project of gaining control over Buddhism . '' According to Crosby , the Buddhist teachings are reduced to a `` simple , single rationalized account , '' which has parallels in the reinterpretation of the Buddha in western literature . The presentation of the four truths as one of the most important teachings of the Buddha `` has been ( done ) to reduce the four noble truths to a teaching that is accessible , pliable , and therefore readily appropriated by non-Buddhists . '' There is a great variety of teachings in the Buddhist literature , which may be bewildering for those who are unaware of this variety . The four truths are easily accessible in this regard , and are `` readily ( understood ) by those outside the Buddhist traditions . '' For example Walpola Rahula 's What the Buddha Taught , a widely used introductory text for non-Buddhists , uses the four truths as a framework to present an overview of the Buddhist teachings . According to Harris , the British in the 19th century crafted new representations of Buddhism and the Buddha . 19th century missionaries studied Buddhism , to be more effective in their missionary efforts . The Buddha was de-mystified , and reduced from a `` superhuman '' to a `` compassionate , heroic human , '' serving `` western historical method and the missionary agenda of situating the Buddha firmly below the divine . '' The four truths were discovered by the British by reading the Buddhist texts , and were not immediately granted the central position they later received . The writings of British missionaries show a growing emphasis on the four truths as being central to Buddhism , with somewhat different presentations of them . This colonial project had a strong influence on some strands of Buddhism , culminating in socalled Protestant Buddhism , which incorporated several essentially Protestant attitudes regarding religion , such as the emphasis on written texts . According to Gimello , Rahula 's book is an example of this Protestant Budhism , and `` was created in an accommodating response to western expectations , and in nearly diametrical opposition to Buddhism as it had actually been practised in traditional Theravada . '' Hendrick Kern proposed in 1882 that the model of the four truths may be an analogy with classical Indian medicine , in which the four truths function as a medical diagnosis , and the Buddha is presented as a physician . Kern 's analogy became rather popular , but `` there is not sufficient historical evidence to conclude that the Buddha deliberately drew upon a clearly defined medical model for his fourfold analysis of human pain . '' According to Anderson , those scholars who did not place the four truths at the center of Buddhism , either `` located the four truths in a fuller reading of the Theravada canon and the larger context of South Asian literature , '' or `` located the teaching within an experience of Buddhism as practiced in a contemporary setting . '' According to Anderson , `` these autors suggest a more complex reading of the four noble truths than those who locate the teaching as the key to or as a crucial element within the grand scheme of Buddhism . '' Appearance within the discourses ( edit ) The developing Buddhist tradition inserted the four truths , using various formulations , at various sutras . They are being used both as a symbol of all dhammas and the Buddha 's awakening , and as a set of propositions which function within a matrix of teachings . According to Anderson , there is no single way to understand the teachings ; one teaching may be used to explain another teaching , and vice versa . The teachings form a network , which should be apprehended as such to understand how the various teachings intersect with each other . Symbolic function ( edit ) Mahasaccaka Sutta ( edit ) The Mahasaccaka Sutta ( `` The Greater Discourse to Saccaka '' , Majjhima Nikaya 36 ) gives one of several versions of the Buddha 's way to liberation . He attains the three knowledges , namely knowledge of his former lifes , knowledge of death and rebirth , and knowledge of the destruction of the taints , the Four Noble Truths . After going through the four dhyanas , and gaining the first two knowledges , the story proceeds : I directed my mind to the knowledge of the destruction of the intoxicants ( suffering ... origin ... cessation ... path ) ( intoxicants ( asava ) ... origin ... cessation ... path ) My mind was liberated ( ... ) the knowledge arose that it was liberated . Bronkhorst dismisses the first two knowledges as later additions , and proceeds to notice that the recognition of the intoxicants is modelled on the four truths . According to Bronkhorst , those are added the bridge the original sequence of `` I directed my mind to the knowledge of the destruction of the intoxicants . My mind was liberated '' , which was interrupted by the addition of the four truths . Bronkhorst points out that those do not fit here , since the four truths culminate in the knowledge of the path to be followed , while the Buddha himself is already liberated at that point . Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta ( edit ) A relief depicting the first discourse of the Buddha , from the 2nd century ( Kushan ) . The Walters Art Museum . The Buddha 's hand can be seen at right . According to the Buddhist tradition , the first talk of Gautama Buddha after he attained enlightenment is recorded in the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta ( `` Setting in Motion the Wheel of Dhamma '' , Samyutta Nikaya 56.11 ) . The Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta provides details on three stages in the understanding of each truth , for a total of twelve insights . The three stages for understanding each truth are : sacca - ñāṇa - knowing the nature of the truth ( e.g. , acknowledgement , view , reflection ) kicca - ñāṇa - knowing what needs to be done in connection with that truth ( e.g. , practice ; motivation ; directly experiencing ) kata - ñāṇa - accomplishing what needs to be done ( e.g. , result , full understanding , knowing ) These three stages of understanding are emphasized particularly in the Theravada tradition , but they are also recognized by some contemporary Mahayana teachers . According to Cousins , many scholars are of the view that `` this discourse was identified as the first sermon of the Buddha only at a later date . '' According to Stephen Batchelor , the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta contains incongruities , and states that The First Discourse can not be treated as a verbatim transcript of what the Buddha taught in the Deer Park , but as a document that has evolved over an unspecified period of time until it reached the form in which it is found today in the canons of the different Buddhist schools . According to Bronkhorst this `` first sermon '' is recorded in several sutras , with important variations . In the Vinaya texts , and in the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta which was influenced by the Vinaya texts , the four truths are included , and Kondañña is enlightened when the `` vision of Dhamma '' arises in him : `` whatever is subject to origination is all subject to cessation . '' Yet , in the Ariyapariyesanā Sutta ( `` The Noble Search '' , Majjhima Nikaya 26 ) the four truths are not included , and the Buddha gives the five ascetics personal instructions in turn , two or three of them , while the others go out begging for food . The versions of the `` first sermon '' which include the four truths , such as the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta , omit this instruction , showing that ... the accounts which include the Four Noble Truths had a completely different conception of the process of liberation than the one which includes the Four Dhyanas and the subsequent destruction of the intoxicants . According to Bronkhorst , this indicates that the four truths were later added to earlier descriptions of liberation by practicing the four dhyanas , which originally was thought to be sufficient for the destruction of the arsavas . Anderson , following Norman , also thinks that the four truths originally were not part of this sutta , and were later added in some versions . According to Bronkhorst , the `` twelve insights '' are probably also a later addition , born out of unease with the substitution of the general term `` prajna '' for the more specific `` four truths '' . Maha - parinibbana Sutta ( edit ) According to the Buddhist tradition , the Maha - parinibbana Sutta ( Last Days of the Buddha , Digha Nikaya 16 ) was given near the end of the Buddha 's life . This sutta `` gives a good general idea of the Buddha 's Teaching : '' And the Blessed One addressed the bhikkhus , saying : `` Bhikkhus , it is through not realizing , through not penetrating the Four Noble Truths that this long course of birth and death has been passed through and undergone by me as well as by you . What are these four ? They are the noble truth of suffering ; the noble truth of the origin of suffering ; the noble truth of the cessation of suffering ; and the noble truth of the way to the cessation of suffering . But now , bhikkhus , that these have been realized and penetrated , cut off is the craving for existence , destroyed is that which leads to renewed becoming , and there is no fresh becoming . '' Thus it was said by the Blessed One . And the Happy One , the Master , further said : Through not seeing the Four Noble Truths , Long was the weary path from birth to birth . When these are known , removed is rebirth 's cause , The root of sorrow plucked ; then ends rebirth . Propositional function ( edit ) Maha - salayatanika Sutta ( edit ) The Maha - salayatanika Sutta , Majjhima Nikaya 149 : 3 plus 149 : 9 , give an alternative presentation of the four truths : When one abides inflamed by lust , fettered , infatuated , contemplating gratification , ( ... ) ( o ) ne 's bodily and mental troubles increase , one 's bodily and mental torments increase , one 's bodily and mental fevers increase , and one experiences bodily and mental suffering . ... when one does not know and see as it actually is ( the feeling ) felt as pleasant or painful or neither painful - nor - pleasant that arises with eye - contact as condition , then one is inflamed by lust for the eye , for forms , for eye - consciousness , for eye - contact , for ( the feeling ) felt as pleasant or painful or neither painful - nor - pleasant that arises with eye - contact as condition ( repeated for the nose , tongue , body , mind ) . When one abides uninflamed by lust , unfettered , uninfatuated , contemplating danger ( ... ) one 's craving ( ... ) is abandoned . One 's bodily and mental troubles are abandoned , one 's bodily and mental torments are abandoned , one 's bodily and mental fevers are abandoned , and one experiences bodily and mental pleasure . ... when one knows and see as it actually is ( the feeling ) felt as pleasant or painful or neither painful - nor - pleasant that arises with eye - contact as condition , then one is not inflamed by lust for the eye , for forms , for eye - consciousness , for eye - contact , for ( the feeling ) felt as pleasant or painful or neither painful - nor - pleasant that arises with eye - contact as condition ( repeated for the nose , tongue , body , mind ) . Emphasis within different traditions ( edit ) Early Indian Buddhism ( edit ) The Ekavyāvahārika sect emphasized the transcendence of the Buddha , asserting that he was eternally enlightened and essentially non-physical . According to the Ekavyāvahārika , the words of the Buddha were spoken with one transcendent meaning , and the Four Noble Truths are to be understood simultaneously in one moment of insight . According to the Mahīśāsaka sect , the Four Noble Truths should be meditated upon simultaneously . Theravada ( edit ) See also : Vipassana movement According to Carol Anderson , the four truths have `` a singular position within the Theravada canon and tradition . '' The Theravada tradition regards insight in the four truths as liberating in itself . As Walpola Rahula states , `` when the Truth is seen , all the forces which feverishly produce the continuity of samsara in illusion become calm and incapable of producing any more karma - formations ( ... ) he is free from ( ... ) the ' thirst ' for becoming . '' This liberation can be attained in one single moment , when the four truths are understood together . Within the Theravada tradition , great emphasis is placed upon reading and contemplating The Discourse That Sets Turning the Wheel of Truth , and other suttas , as a means to study the four noble truths and put them into practice . For example , Ajahn Sumedho states : The Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta , the Buddha 's teaching on the Four Noble Truths , has been the main reference that I have used for my practice over the years . It is the teaching we used in our monastery in Thailand . The Theravada school of Buddhism regards this sutta as the quintessence of the teachings of the Buddha . This one sutta contains all that is necessary for understanding the Dhamma and for enlightenment . '' Within the Theravada - tradition , three different stances on nirvana and the question what happens with the Arhat after death can be found . Nirvana refers to the cessation of the defilements and the resulting peace of mind and happiness ( khlesa - nirvana ) ; to the final dissolution of the five skandhas at the time of death ( skandha - nirvana or parinirvana ) ; and to a transcendental reality which is `` known at the moment of awakening . '' According to Gethin , `` modern Buddhist usage tends to restrict ' nirvāṇa ' to the awakening experience and reserve ' parinirvāṇa ' for the death experience . According to Geisler and Amano , in the `` minimal Theravada interpretation '' , nirvana is a psychological state , which ends with the dissolution of the body and the total extinction of existence . According to Geisler and Amano , the `` orthodox Theravada interpretation '' is that nirvana is a transcendent reality with which the self unites . According to Bronkhorst , while `` Buddhism preached liberation in this life , i.e. before death , '' there was also a tendency in Buddhism to think of liberation happening after death . According to Bronkhorst , this ... becomes visible in those canonical passages which distinguish between Nirvana - qualified in Sanskrit and pali as ' without a remainder of upadhi / upadi ( anupadhisesa / anupadisesa ) - and the ' highest and complete enlightenment ' ( anuttara samyaksambodhi / sammasambodhi ) . The former occurs at death , the latter in life . According to Walpola Rahula , the cessation of dukkha is nirvana , the summum bonum of Buddhism , and is attained in this life , not when one dies . Nirvana is `` perfect freedom , peace , tranquility and happiness , '' and `` Absolute Truth , '' which simply is . Jayatilleke also speaks of `` the attainment of an ultimate reality . '' According to Bhikkhu Bodhi , the `` elimination of craving culminates not only in the extinction of sorrow , anguish and distress , but in the unconditioned freedom of nibbana , which is won with the ending of reapeated rebirth . '' According to Spiro , most ( lay ) Theravada Buddhists do not aspire for nirvana and total extinction , but for a pleasurable rebirth in heaven . According to Spiro , this presents a `` serious conflict '' since the Buddhist texts and teaching `` describe life as suffering and hold up nirvana as the summum bonum . '' In response to this deviation , `` monks and others emphasize that the hope for nirvana is the only legitimate action for Buddhist action . '' Nevertheless , according to Spiro most Burmese lay Buddhists do not aspire for the extinction of existence which is nirvana . According to B.R. Ambedkar , the Indian Buddhist Dalit leader , the four truths were not part of the original teachings of the Buddha , but a later aggregation , due to Hindu influences . According to Ambedkar , total cessation of suffering is an illusion ; yet , the Buddhist Middle Path aims at the reduction of suffering and the maximizing of happiness , balancing both sorrow and happiness . According to Paauk Sayadaw , the Myanmar Buddhist Monk , You have to concur and know the First Noble Truth Dukkha Thitsar ( Pali ) . The Dukkha is arising and diminishing while you are meditating , contemplating , and focusing . Mahayana ( edit ) The four truths are less prominent in the Mahayana traditions , which emphasize insight into sunyata and the Bodhisattva - path as a central elements in their teachings . If the sutras in general are studied at all , it is through various Mahayana commentaries . According to Makransky the Mahayana Bodhisattva ideal created tensions in the explanation of the four truths . In the Mahayana view , a fully enligtened Buddha does not leave samsara , but remains in the world out of compassion with all sentient beings . The four truths , which aim at ending samsara , do not provide a doctrinal basis for this view , and had to be reinterpreted . In the old view , klesas and karma are the cause of prolonged existence . According to Makransky , `` ( t ) o remove those causes was , at physical death , to extinquish one 's conditioned existence , hence to end forever one 's participation in the world ( Third Truth ) . '' According to Makransky , the question how a liberated being can stiil be `` pervasively operative in this world '' has been `` a seminal source of ongoing doctrinal tension over Buddhahood throughout the history of the Mahayana in India and Tibet . '' Tibetan Buddhism ( edit ) Atisha , in his Bodhipathapradīpa ( `` A Lamp for the Path to Awakening '' ) , which forms the basis for the Lamrim tradition , discerns three levels of motivation for Buddhist practitioners . At the beginning level of motivation , one strives toward a better life in samsara . At the intermediate level , one strives to a liberation from existence in samsara and the end of all suffering . At the highest level of motivation , one strives after the liberation of all living beings . In his commentary on the text , Tsenshap Serkong Rinpoche explains that the four truths are to be meditated upon as a means of practice for the intermediate level . According to Geshe Tashi Tsering , within Tibetan Buddhism , the four noble truths are studied as part of the Bodhisattva path . They are explained in Mahayana commentaries such as the Abhisamayalamkara , a summary of and commentary on the Prajna Paramitra sutras , where they form part of the lower Hinayana teachings . The truth of the path ( the fourth truth ) is traditionally presented according to a progressive formula of five paths , rather than as the eightfold path presented in Theravada . According to Tsering , the study of the four truths is combined with the study of the sixteen characteristics of the four noble truths . Some contemporary Tibetan Buddhist teachers have provided commentary on the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta and the noble eightfold path when presenting the dharma to Western students . Nichiren Buddhism ( edit ) Nichiren Buddhism is based on the teaching of the Japanese priest and teacher Nichiren , who believed that the Lotus Sūtra contained the essence of all of Gautama Buddha 's teachings . The third chapter of the Lotus Sutra states that the Four Noble Truths was the early teaching of the Buddha , while the Dharma of the Lotus is the `` most wonderful , unsurpassed great Dharma . '' The teachings on the four noble truths are a provisional teaching , which Shakyamuni Buddha taught according to the people 's capacity , while the Lotus Sutra is a direct statement of Shakyamuni 's own enlightenment . Western Buddhism ( edit ) For many western Buddhists , the rebirth doctrine in the Four Noble Truths teaching is a problematic notion . According to Lamb , `` Certain forms of modern western Buddhism ( ... ) see it as purely mythical and thus a dispensable notion . '' According to Coleman , the focus of most vipassana students in the west `` is mainly on meditation practice and a kind of down - to - earth psychological wisdom . '' According to Damien Keown , westerners find `` the ideas of karma and rebirth puzzling . '' According to Gowans , many Western followers and people interested in exploring Buddhism are skeptical and object to the belief in karma and rebirth foundational to the Four Noble Truths . According to Konik , Since the fundamental problems underlying early Indian Buddhism and contemporary western Buddhism are not the same , the validity of applying the set of solutions developed by the first to the situation of the second becomes a question of great importance . Simply putting an end to rebirth would not necessarily strike the western Buddhist as the ultimate answer , as it certainly was for early Indian Buddhists . According to Keown , it is possible to reinterpret the Buddhist doctrines such as the Four Noble Truths , since the final goal and the answer to the problem of suffering is nirvana , and not rebirth . Some Western interpreters have proposed what is sometimes referred to as `` naturalized Buddhism '' . It is devoid of rebirth , karma , nirvana , realms of existence , and other concepts of Buddhism , with doctrines such as the Four Noble Truths reformulated and restated in modernistic terms . This `` deflated secular Buddhism '' stresses compassion , impermanence , causality , selfless persons , no Boddhisattvas , no nirvana , no rebirth , and a naturalists approach to well - being of oneself and others . According to Melford Spiro , this approach undermines the Four Noble Truths , for it does not address the existential question for the Buddhist as to `` why live ? why not commit suicide , hasten the end of dukkha in current life by ending life '' . In traditional Buddhism , rebirth continues the dukkha and the path to cessation of dukkha is n't suicide , but the fourth reality of the Four Noble Truths . The `` naturalized Buddhism '' , according to Gowans , is a radical revision to traditional Buddhist thought and practice , and it attacks the structure behind the hopes , needs and rationalization of the realities of human life to traditional Buddhists in East , Southeast and South Asia . According to Keown , it may not be necessary to believe in some of the core Buddhist doctrines to be a Buddhist , but the rebirth , karma , realms of existence and cyclic universe doctrines underpin the Four Noble Truths in Buddhism . Traditional Buddhist scholars disagree with these modernist Western interpretations . Bhikkhu Bodhi , for example , states that rebirth is an integral part of the Buddhist teachings as found in the sutras , despite the problems that `` modernist interpreters of Buddhism '' seem to have with it . Thanissaro Bhikkhu , as another example , rejects the `` modern argument '' that `` one can still obtain all the results of the practice without having to accept the possibility of rebirth . '' He states , `` rebirth has always been a central teaching in the Buddhist tradition . '' According to Owen Flanagan , the Dalai Lama states that `` Buddhists believe in rebirth '' and that this belief has been common among his followers . However , the Dalai Lama 's belief , adds Flanagan , is more sophisticated than ordinary Buddhists , because it is not same as reincarnation , rebirth in Buddhism is envisioned as happening without an assumption of an `` atman , self , soul '' , rather through a `` consciousness conceived along the anatman lines '' . The doctrine of rebirth is considered mandatory in Tibetan Buddhism , and across many Buddhist sects . According to Christopher Gowans , for `` most ordinary Buddhists , today as well as in the past , their basic moral orientation is governed by belief in karma and rebirth '' . Buddhist morality hinges on the hope of well being in this lifetime or in future rebirth , with nirvana ( enlightenment ) a project for a future lifetime . A denial of karma and rebirth undermines their history , moral orientation and religious foundations . According to Keown , most Buddhists in Asia do accept these traditional teachings , and seek better rebirth . See also ( edit ) List of Buddhist topics Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Graham Harvey : `` Siddhartha Gautama found an end to rebirth in this world of suffering . His teachings , known as the dharma in Buddhism , can be summarized in the Four Noble truths . '' Geoffrey Samuel ( 2008 ) : `` The Four Noble Truths ( ... ) describe the knowledge needed to set out on the path to liberation from rebirth . '' See also The Theravada tradition holds that insight into these four truths is liberating in itself . This is reflected in the Pali canon . According to Donald Lopez , `` The Buddha stated in his first sermon that when he gained absolute and intuitive knowledge of the four truths , he achieved complete enlightenment and freedom from future rebirth . '' The Maha - parinibbana Sutta also refers to this liberation . Carol Anderson : `` The second passage where the four truths appear in the Vinaya - pitaka is also found in the Mahaparinibbana - sutta ( D II 90 - 91 ) . Here , the Buddha explains that it is by not understanding the four truths that rebirth continues . '' Mahaparinibbana - sutta : Through not seeing the Four Noble Truths , Long was the weary path from birth to birth . When these are known , removed is rebirth 's cause , The root of sorrow plucked ; then ends rebirth . On the meaning of moksha as liberation from rebirth , see Patrick Olivelle in the Encyclopædia Britannica . ^ Jump up to : See : * Gogerly ( 1861 ) : `` 1 . That sorrow is connected with existence in all its forms . 2 . That its continuance results from a continued desire of existence . '' * Perry Schmidt - Leukel : `` Thirst can be temporarily quenched but never brought to final stillness . It is in this sense that thirst is the cause of suffering , duhkha . And because of this thirst , the sentient beings remain bound to samsara , the cycle of constant rebirth and redeath : it is this craving which leads to renewed existence as the Second Noble Truth . '' * See also Williams & Wynne , Spiro . ^ Jump up to : On samsara , rebirth and redeath : * Mahasatipatthana - sutta : `` And what , bhkkhus , is the noble truth that is the arising of pain ? This is craving that leads to rebirth . '' * accesstoisight.org : `` Because of our ignorance ( avijja ) of these Noble Truths , because of our inexperience in framing the world in their terms , we remain bound to samsara , the wearisome cycle of birth , aging , illness , death , and rebirth . '' * Paul Williams : `` All rebirth is due to karma and is impermanent . Short of attaining enlightenment , in each rebirth one is born and dies , to be reborn elsewhere in accordance with the completely impersonal causal nature of one 's own karma . The endless cycle of birth , rebirth , and redeath , is samsara . '' * Buswell and Lopez on `` rebirth '' : `` An English term that does not have an exact correlate in Buddhist languages , rendered instead by a range of technical terms , such as the Sanskrit PUNARJANMAN ( lit . `` birth again '' ) and PUNABHAVAN ( lit . `` re-becoming '' ) , and , less commonly , the related PUNARMRTYU ( lit . `` redeath '' ) . '' See also Perry Schmidt - Leukel ( 2006 ) pages 32 - 34 , John J. Makransky ( 1997 ) p. 27 . for the use of the term `` redeath . '' The term Agatigati or Agati gati ( plus a few other terms ) is generally translated as ' rebirth , redeath ' ; see any Pali - English dictionary ; e.g. pages 94 - 95 of Rhys Davids & William Stede , where they list five Sutta examples with rebirth and re-death sense . See also punarmrityu ^ Jump up to : Warder refers to Majjhima Nikaya 75 : `` I gave up the desire for pleasure ( ... ) I did not long for them ( ... ) Now what was the cause ? That delight , Māgandiya , which is apart from pleasures , apart , from bad principles , which even stands completely surpassing divine happiness , enjoying that delight I did not long for inferior ones , did not take pleasure in them . '' ^ Jump up to : Ending rebirth : * Graham Harvey : `` The Third Noble Truth is nirvana . The Buddha tells us that an end to suffering is possible , and it is nirvana . Nirvana is a `` blowing out , '' just as a candle flame is extinguished in the wind , from our lives in samsara . It connotes an end to rebirth '' * Spiro : `` The Buddhist message then , as I have said , is not simply a psychological message , i.e. that desire is the cause of suffering because unsatisfied desire produces frustration . It does contain such a message to be sure ; but more importantly it is an eschatological message . Desire is the cause of suffering because desire is the cause of rebirth ; and the extinction of desire leads to deliverance from suffering because it signals release from the Wheel of Rebirth . '' * John J. Makransky : `` The third noble truth , cessation ( nirodha ) or nirvana , represented the ultimate aim of Buddhist practice in the Abhidharma traditions : the state free from the conditions that created samsara . Nirvana was the ultimate and final state attained when the supramundane yogic path had been completed . It represented salvation from samsara precisely because it was understood to comprise a state of complete freedom from the chain of samsaric causes and conditions , i.e. , precisely because it was unconditioned ( asamskrta ) . '' * Walpola Rahula : `` Let us consider a few definitions and descriptions of Nirvana as found in the original Pali texts ( ... ) ' It is the complete cessation of that very thirst ( tanha ) , giving it up , renouncing it , emancipation from it , detachment from it . ' ( ... ) ' The abandoning and destruction of craving for these Five Aggregates of Attachment : that is the cessation of dukkha . ( ... ) ' The Cessation of Continuity and becoming ( Bhavanirodha ) is Nibbana . ' '' ^ Jump up to : Gethin : `` The word satya ( Pali sacca ) can certainly mean truth , but it might equally be rendered as ' real ' or ' actual thing ' . That is , we are not dealing here with propositional truths with which we must either agree or disagree , but with four ' true things ' or ' realities ' whose nature , we are told , the Buddha finally understood on the night of his awakening . ( ... ) This is not to say that the Buddha 's discourses do not contain theoretical statements of the nature of suffering , its cause , its cessation , and the path to its cessation , but these descriptions function not so much as dogmas of the Buddhist faith as a convenient conceptual framework for making sense of Buddhist thought . '' ^ Jump up to : For example : Ven . Dr. Rewata Dhamma : The Four Noble Truths ( ... ) are : 1 . The Noble Truth of Suffering ( dukkha ) ; 2 . The Noble Truth of the origin of suffering ( samudaya ) ; 3 . The Noble Truth of the cessation of suffering ( nirodha ) ; 4 . The Noble Truth of the path leading to the cessation of suffering ( magga ) . Bhikkhu Bodhi : `` The Four Noble Truths are as follows : 1 . The truth of Dukkha ; 2 . The truth of the origin of Dukkha ; 3 . The truth of the cessation of Dukkha ; 4 . The truth of the path , the way to liberation from Dukkha '' . Geshe Tashi Tsering : `` The four noble truths are : 1 . The noble truth of suffering ; 2 . The noble truth of the origin of suffering ; 3 . The noble truth of the cessation of suffering and the origin of suffering ; 4 . The noble truth of the path that leads to the cessation of suffering and the origin of suffering . '' Joseph Goldstein : `` The four noble truths are the truth of suffering , its cause , its end , and the path to that end . Jump up ^ Professor of religion , Kalamazoo College ; Co-Editor of the Journal of Buddhist - Christian Studies . Jump up ^ Ajahn Sucitto states : `` So the four truths ( ariya sacca ) are generally called `` noble '' truths , although one might also translate ariya as `` precious . '' `` Jump up ^ ' `` Truth '' , satya ( Sanskrit ) , sacca ( Pali ) , derived from sat , being , how it is . Jump up ^ Contemporary Buddhist teacher Mingyur Rinpoche describes the four arya satya as `` Four Pure Insights into the Way Things Are '' . Contemporary scholar Peter Harvey translates arya satya as `` True Realities for the Spiritually Ennobled '' . Jump up ^ Dukkha is most commonly translated as `` suffering '' . According to Khantipalo , this is an incorrect translation , since it refers to the ultimately unsatisfactory nature of temporary states and things , including pleasant but temporary experiences . According to Emmanuel , Dukkha is the opposite of sukha , `` pleasure , '' and it is better translated as `` pain . '' See also : Malcolm Huxter : `` dukkha ( unsatisfactoriness or suffering ) ... '' Carole Anderson : `` ( ... ) the three characteristics of samsara / sankhara ( the realm of rebirth ) : anicca ( impermance ) , dukkha ( pain ) and anatta ( no - self ) . '' Harvey ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Gogerly ( 1861 ) : `` 1 . That sorrow is connected with existence in all its forms . 2 . That its continuance results from a continued desire of existence . '' Jump up ^ According to Schmitthausen , as cited by James egge , the four truths do not mention karma , but solely declare craving to be the cause of misery and rebirth . Jump up ^ Another variant , which may be condensed to the eightfold or tenfold path , starts with a Tathagatha entering this world . A layman hears his teachings , decides to leave the life of a householder , starts living according to the moral precepts , guards his sense - doors , practices mindfulness and the four jhanas , gains the three knowledges , understands the Four Noble Truths and destroys the taints , and perceives that he 's liberated . Jump up ^ Patrick Olivelle : `` Moksha , also spelled mokṣa , also called mukti , in Indian philosophy and religion , liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth ( samsara ) . Derived from the Sanskrit word muc ( '' to free `` ) , the term moksha literally means freedom from samsara . This concept of liberation or release is shared by a wide spectrum of religious traditions , including Hinduism , Buddhism , and Jainism . Jump up ^ Melvin E. Spiro : `` Desire is the cause of suffering because desire is the cause of rebirth ; and the extinction of desire leads to deliverance from suffering because it signals release from the Wheel of Rebirth . '' Jump up ^ The Vipassana - movement originated in colonial Burma , in response to the British colonial regime . While traditional Theravada saw little room for meditation practice , a subordinate role for lay Buddhists , and the attainment of nirvana as impossible in our times , reformists advocated the practice of meditation by lay Buddhists , as a means to preserve the pre-colonial order , which centered around Buddhism . Nirvana was suddenly deemed attainable , also for lay Buddhists . The Burmese reformists had a profound influence in the Theravada world , and also in the USA since the 1970s , shaping the popular understanding of Buddhism . See also David Chapman ( 2011 ) , Theravada reinvents meditation . Jump up ^ Stephen Batchelor states , `` Such craving is at the root of greed , hatred , and bewilderment that prompt one to commit acts that cause one to be reborn after death in more or less favourable conditions in samsara . Although I have presented this formulation of the existential dilemma and its resolution in Buddhist terms , the same soteriological framework is shared by Hindus and Jains . ( ... ) So embedded is this Indian soteriological framework in Buddhism that Buddhists might find it unintelligible that one would even consider questioning it . For to dispense with such key doctrines as rebirth , the law of kamma , and liberation from the cycle of birth and death would surely undermine the entire edifice of Buddhism itself . Yet for those who have grown up outside of Indian culture , who feel at home in a modernity informed by the natural sciences , to then be told that one can not `` really '' practise the dharma unless one adheres to the tenets of ancient Indian soteriology makes little sense . The reason people can no longer accept these beliefs need not be because they reject them as false , but because such views are too much at variance with everything else they know and believe about the nature of themselves and the world . They simply do not work anymore , and the intellectual gymnastics one needs to perform to make them work seem casuistic and , for many , unpersuasive . They are metaphysical beliefs , in that ( like belief in God ) they can neither be convincingly demonstrated nor refuted . '' ^ Jump up to : B. Alan Wallace states , `` The Theravada Buddhist worldview is originally based on the Pali Buddhist canon , as interpreted by the great fifth - century commentator Buddhaghosa and later Buddhist scholars and contemplatives . For the immigrant Theravada Buddhist laity , the central feature of this worldview is the affirmation of the reality of reincarnation and karma . The possibility of achieving nirvana is primarily a concern for Buddhist monastics , while the laity are more concerned with avoiding karma that would propel them to a miserable rebirth , and with accumulating meritorious karma that will lead to a favorable rebirth and , in the long run , to ultimate liberation . ( ... ) As a direct result of their belief in the efficacy of karma , Theravada lay Buddhists commonly make offerings of food , goods , and money to the ordained Sangha . Such meritorious conduct is thought to lead to a better rebirth either for themselves or for their deceased loved ones , depending on how the merit is dedicated by the person who performs this service . '' ^ Jump up to : See : La Vallee Possin ( 1937 ) , Musila et Narada ; reprinted in Gombrich ( 2006 ) , How Buddhism Began , appendix Erich Frauwallner ( 1953 ) , Geschichte der indischen Philosophie , Band Der Buddha und der Jina ( pp. 147 - 272 ) Andre Bareau ( 1963 ) , Recherches sur la biographiedu Buddha dans les Sutrapitaka et les Vinayapitaka anciens , Ecole Francaise d'Extreme - Orient Schmithausen , On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of ' Liberating Insight ' and ' Enlightenment ' in Early Buddhism . In : Studien zum Jainismus und Buddhismus ( Gedenkschrift für Ludwig Alsdorf ) , hrsg . von Klaus Bruhn und Albrecht Wezler , Wiesbaden 1981 , 199 - 250 . Griffiths , Paul ( 1981 ) , `` Concentration or Insight ; The Problematic of Theravada Buddhist Meditation - theory '' , The Journal of the American Academy of Religion K.R. Norman , Four Noble Truths Bronkhorst , Johannes ( 1993 ) ( 1986 ) , The Two Traditions Of Meditation In Ancient India , Motilal Banarsidass Publishers , chapter 8 Tilman Vetter ( 1988 ) , The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism , by Tilmann Vetter Richard F. Gombrich ( 2006 ) ( 1996 ) . How Buddhism Began : The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 19639 - 5 . , chapter four Anderson , Carol ( 1999 ) , Pain and Its Ending : The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon , Routledge Alexander Wynne ( 2007 ) , The Origin of Buddhist Meditation , Routledge Jump up ^ Bhikkhu Sujato & Bhikkhu Brahmali , p. 4 : `` Most academic scholars of Early Buddhism cautiously affirm that it is possible that the EBTS contain some authentic sayings of the Buddha . We contend that this drastically understates the evidence . A sympathetic assessment of relevant evidence shows that it is very likely that the bulk of the sayings in the EBTS that are attributed to the Buddha were actually spoken by him . It is very unlikely that most of these sayings are inauthentic . Jump up ^ According to Schmithausen , three positions held by scholars of Buddhism can be distinguished regarding the possibility to retain knowledge of the oldest Buddhism : `` Stress on the fundamental homogeneity and substantial authenticity of at least a considerable part of the Nikayic materials ; '' `` Scepticism with regard to the possibility of retrieving the doctrine of earliest Buddhism ; '' `` Cautious optimism in this respect . '' Jump up ^ Anderson : `` However , the four noble truths do not always appear in stories of the Buddha 's enlightenment where we might expect to find them . This feature may indicate that the four noble truths emerged into the canonical tradition at a particular point and slowly became recognized as the first teaching of the Buddha . Speculations about early and late teachings must be made relative to other passages in the Pali canon because of a lack of supporting extratextual evidence . Nonetheless , it is still possible to suggest a certain historical development of the four noble truths within the Pali canon . What we will find is a doctrine that came to be identified as the central teaching of the Buddha by the time of the commentaries in the fifth century C.E. '' Jump up ^ Anderson refers to Léon Feer , who already in 1870 `` suggested the possibility that the four noble truths emerged into Buddhist literature through vinaya collections . '' She also refers to Bareau , who noticed the consistency between the two versions in the Mahavagga , part of the Vinaya , and the Dhammacakkappavattana - sutta of the Buddha 's enlightenment : `` As Bareau noted , the consistency between these two versions of the Buddha 's enlightenment is an indication that the redactors of the Theravada canon probably brought the two accounts into agreement with each other at a relatively late point in the formation of the canon . Leon Feer had already suggested in 1870 that the versions of the four noble truths found in the sutras and suttas were derived from the vinaya rescensions in the larger body of Buddhist literature ; Bareau 's conclusion builds on this claim . '' Jump up ^ According to Schmithausen , in his often - cited article On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of ' Liberating Insight ' and ' Enlightenment ' in Early Buddhism , the mention of the four noble truths as constituting `` liberating insight '' , which is attained after mastering the Rupa Jhanas , is a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36 . Jump up ^ Anderson refers to research by K.R. Norman , Bareau , Skilling , Schmithausen and Bronkhorst . Jump up ^ Tillmann Vetter : `` Very likely the cause was the growing influence of a non-Buddhist spiritual environment which claimed that one can be released only by some truth or higher knowledge . In addition the alternative ( and perhaps sometimes competing ) method of discriminating insight ( fully established after the introduction of the four noble truths ) seemed to conform so well to this claim . '' According to Bronkhorst , this happened under influence of the `` mainstream of meditation , '' that is , Vedic - Brahmanical oriented groups , which believed that the cessation of action could not be liberating , since action can never be fully stopped . Their solution was to postulate a fundamental difference between the inner soul or self and the body . The inner self is unchangeable , and unaffected by actions . By insight into this difference , one was liberated . To equal this emphasis on insight , Buddhists presented insight into their most essential teaching as equally liberating . What exactly was regarded as the central insight `` varied along with what was considered most central to the teaching of the Buddha . '' Jump up ^ `` Enlightenment '' is a typical western term , which bears its own , specific western connotations , meanings and interpretations . Jump up ^ Majjhima Nikaya 26 Jump up ^ Anguttara Nikaya II. 45 ( PTS ) Jump up ^ Samyutta Nikaya III. 140 - 142 ( PTS ) Jump up ^ In effect to the exposition of the four truths , as presented in the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta , the `` dustless , stainless Dhamma eye '' arose to Kondañña , stating : `` Whatever is subject to origination is all subject to cessation . '' Jump up ^ Whereas Gogerly wrote in 1861 `` That sorrow is connected with existence in all its forms ( and ) ( t ) hat its continuance results from a continued desire of existence , '' Spencer Hardy wrote in 1866 that `` there is sorrow connected with every mode of existence ; that the cause of sorrow is desire . '' Childers , drawing on Gogerly and Hardy , writes that `` existence is suffering ; human passion ( tanhã - desire ) is the cause of continued existence . '' Jump up ^ See David Chapman , Protestant Buddhism , A new World Religion and Problems with scripture . Jump up ^ Gimello ( 2004 ) , as quoted in Taylor ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Kern 's model : The truth of dukkha : identifying the illness and the nature of the illness ( the diagnosis ) The truth of origin : identifying the causes of the illness The truth of cessation : identifying a cure for the illness ( the prognosis ) The truth of the path : recommending a treatment for the illness that can bring about a cure ( the prescription ) Jump up ^ See , Jump up ^ Majjhima Nikaya 26 , `` The Noble Search , '' also gives an account , which is markedly different , omitting the ascetic practices and the four truths . Jump up ^ Which keep one trapped in samsara . Jump up ^ Translation Bhikkhu Bodhi ( 2000 ) , Samyutta Nikaya , SN 56.11 , p. 1846 . See also Anderson ( 2001 ) , Pain and its Ending , p. 69 . Jump up ^ MN 26.17 merely says `` ( ' ) This will serve for the striving of a clansman intent on striving . ' And I sat down there thinking : ' This will serve for striving . ' According to Bhikkhu Bodhi Majjhima Nikaya 36 then continuous with the extreme ascetic practices , which are omitted in MN 26 . In verse 18 , the Buddha has attained Nirvana , being secured from bondage by birth , ageing , sickness and death , referring to the truths of dependent origination and `` the stilling of all formations , the relinquishing of all attachments , the destruction of craving , dispassion , cessation . '' Jump up ^ According to Cousins , Anderson misunderstands Norman in this respect , but does `` not think that this misunderstanding of Norman 's position critically affects Anderson 's thesis . Even if these arguments do not prove that the four truths are definitely a later insertion in the Dhammacakkapavattana - sutta , it is certainly possible to take the position that the sutta itself is relatively late . '' Jump up ^ Walpola Rahula : `` When wisdom is developed and cultivated according to the Fourth Noble Truth ( the next to be taken up ) , it sees the secret of life , the reality of things as they are . When the secret is discovered , when the Truth is seen , all the forces which feverishly produce the continuity of saṃsāra in illusion become calm and incapable of producing any more karma - formations , because there is no more illusion , no more ' thirst ' for continuity . '' `` The remaining two factors , namely Right Thought and Right Understanding go to constitute Wisdom . '' `` Right Understanding is the understanding of things as they are , and it is the Four Noble Truths that explain things as they really are . Right Understanding therefore is ultimately reduced to the understanding of the Four Noble Truths . This understanding is the highest wisdom which sees the Ultimate Reality . '' Jump up ^ Gethin : `` ( I ) it is the extinguishing of the defilements of greed , hatred , and delusion ; ( 2 ) it is the final condition of the Buddha and arhats after death consequent upon the extinction of the defilements ; ( 3 ) it is the unconditioned realm known at the moment of awakening . Jump up ^ According to Rahula , in What the Buddha Taught , ... if Nirvāṇa is to be expressed and explained in positive terms , we are likely immediately to grasp an idea associated with those terms , which may be quite the contrary . Therefore it is generally expressed in negative terms . '' Rahula gives an overview of negative statements of nirvana , whereafter he states : Because Nirvana is thus expressed in negative terms , there are many who have got a wrong notion that it is negative , and expresses self - annihilation . Nirvāṇa is definitely no annihilation of self , because there is no self to annihilate . If at all , it is the annihilation of the illusion of the false idea of self . It is incorrect to say that Nirvāṇa is negative or positive . The ideas of ' negative ' and ' positive ' are relative , and are within the realm of duality . These terms can not be applied to Nirvāṇa , Absolute Truth , which is beyond duality and relativity ( ... ) Nirvāṇa is neither cause nor effect . It is beyond cause and effect . Truth is not a result nor an effect . It is not produced like a mystic , spiritual , mental state , such as dhyāna or samādhi . TRUTH IS . NIRVĀṆA IS . Rahula refers to the Dhātuvibhaṅga - sutta ( the Majjhima - nikāya 140 ) for his interpretation of `` Nirvāṇa as Absolute Truth , '' which , according to Rahula , says : O bhikkhu , that which is unreality ( mosadhamma ) is false ; that which is reality ( amosadhamma ) , Nibbāna , is Truth ( Sacca ) . Therefore , O bhikkhu , a person so endowed is endowed with this Absolute Truth . For , the Absolute Noble Truth ( paramaṃ ariyasaccaṃ ) is Nibbāna , which is Reality . ' While Jayatilleke translates amosadhamma as `` ineffable , '' Thanissaro Bhikkhu gives a somewhat different translation : His release , being founded on truth , does not fluctuate , for whatever is deceptive is false ; Unbinding -- the undeceptive -- is true . Thus a monk so endowed is endowed with the highest determination for truth , for this -- Unbinding , the undeceptive -- is the highest noble truth . In response to Rahula , Richard Gombrich states that : In proclaiming ( in block capitals ) that ' Truth is ' , Rahula has for a moment fallen into Upanisadic mode . Since truth can only be a property of propositions , which have subjects and predicates , and nirvana is not a proposition , it makes no sense in English to say that nirvana is truth . The confusion arises , perhaps , because the Sanskrit word satyam and the corresponding Pali word saccam can indeed mean either ' truth ' or ' reality ' . But in our language this will not work . Richard Gombrich also states that Rahula 's book would more aptly be titled What Buddhagosa Taught . According to David Kalupahana , Buddhagosa was influenced by Mahayana Buddhism , and introduced `` the substantialist as well as essentialist standpoints of the Sarvastavadins and Sautrantikas . '' Jump up ^ See also : * James Ford , The Karma and Rebirth Debate Within Contemporary Western Buddhism : Some Links to Follow * Manon Welles , Secular Buddhism vs. Traditional Buddhism : 6 Key Differences * Alan Peta , Reincarnation and Buddhism : Here We Go Again * David Chapman , The Making of Buddhist Modernism Jump up ^ According to Coleman , the goal in Theravada Buddhism `` is to uproot the desires and defilements in order to attain nibbana ( nirvana in Sanskrit ) and win liberation from the otherwise endless round of death and rebirth . But few Western Vipassana teachers pay much attention to the more metaphysical aspects of such concepts as rebirth and nibbana , and of course very few of their students are celibate monks . Their focus is mainly on meditation practice and a kind of down - to - earth psychological wisdom . `` As a result , '' one respected Vipassana teacher writes , `` many more Americans of European descent refer to themselves as Vipassana students rather than as students of Theravada Buddhism . '' Jump up ^ Gowans groups the objections into three categories . The first objection can be called `` consistency objection '' , which asks if `` there is no self ( atman , soul ) , then what is reborn and how does karma work ? '' . The second objection can be called `` naturalism objection '' , which asks `` can rebirth be scientifically proven , what evidence is there that rebirth happens '' . The third objection can be called `` morality objection '' , which asks `` why presume that an infant born with an illness , is because of karma in previous life '' as seems implied by Majjhima Nikāya section 3.204 for example . Gowans provides a summary of prevaling answers , clarifications and explanations proffered by practicing Buddhists . Jump up ^ Prothereo : `` In addition to a restatement of the Four Noble Truths and the Five Precepts for lay Buddhists , the fourteen propositions included : an affirmation of religious tolerance and of the evolution of the universe , a rejection of supernaturalism , heaven or hell , and superstition , and an emphasis on education and the use of reason . '' Jump up ^ According to Owen Flanagan , the proportion of people in North America that believe in heaven is about the same as the proportion of East and Southeast Asia who believe in rebirth . But , ' rebirth ' is considered superstitious by many in the West while ' heaven ' is not , adds Flanagan , though a reflective naturalistic approach demands that both ' heaven ' and ' rebirth ' be equally questioned `` . According to Donald S. Lopez , Buddhist movements in the West have reconstructed a `` Scientific Buddha '' and a `` modern Buddhism '' unknown in Asia , `` one that may never have existed there before the late 19th - century '' . Jump up ^ Bhikkhu Bodhi : `` Newcomers to Buddhism are usually impressed by the clarity , directness , and earthy practicality of the Dhamma as embodied in such basic teachings as the Four Noble Truths , the Noble Eightfold Path , and the threefold training . These teachings , as clear as day - light , are accessible to any serious seeker looking for a way beyond suffering . When , however , these seekers encounter the doctrine of rebirth , they often balk , convinced it just does n't make sense . At this point , they suspect that the teaching has swerved off course , tumbling from the grand highway of reason into wistfulness and speculation . Even modernist interpreters of Buddhism seem to have trouble taking the rebirth teaching seriously . Some dismiss it as just a piece of cultural baggage , `` ancient Indian metaphysics , '' that the Buddha retained in deference to the world view of his age . Others interpret it as a metaphor for the change of mental states , with the realms of rebirth seen as symbols for psychological archetypes . A few critics even question the authenticity of the texts on rebirth , arguing that they must be interpolations . A quick glance at the Pali suttas would show that none of these claims has much substance . The teaching of rebirth crops up almost everywhere in the Canon , and is so closely bound to a host of other doctrines that to remove it would virtually reduce the Dhamma to tatters . Moreover , when the suttas speak about rebirth into the five realms -- the hells , the animal world , the spirit realm , the human world , and the heavens -- they never hint that these terms are meant symbolically . To the contrary , they even say that rebirth occurs `` with the breakup of the body , after death , '' which clearly implies they intend the idea of rebirth to be taken quite literally . '' Jump up ^ Thanissaro Bhikkhu : `` A second modern argument against accepting the canonical accounts of what 's known in awakening -- and in particular , the knowledge of rebirth achieved in awakening -- is that one can still obtain all the results of the practice without having to accept the possibility of rebirth . After all , all the factors leading to suffering are all immediately present to awareness , so there should be no need , when trying to abandon them , to accept any premises about where they may or may not lead in the future . This objection , however , ignores the role of appropriate attention on the path . As we noted above , one of its roles is to examine and abandon the assumptions that underlie one 's views on the metaphysics of personal identity . Unless you 're willing to step back from your own views -- such as those concerning what a person is , and why that makes rebirth impossible -- and subject them to this sort of examination , there 's something lacking in your path . You 'll remain entangled in the questions of inappropriate attention , which will prevent you from actually identifying and abandoning the causes of suffering and achieving the full results of the practice . In addition , the terms of appropriate attention -- the four noble truths -- are not concerned simply with events arising and passing away in the present moment . They also focus on the causal connections among those events , connections that occur both in the immediate present and over time . If you limit your focus solely to connections in the present while ignoring those over time , you ca n't fully comprehend the ways in which craving causes suffering : not only by latching on to the four kinds of nutriment , but also giving rise to the four kinds of nutriment as well . Jump up ^ According to Konik : No doubt , according to the early Indian Buddhist tradition , the Buddha 's great discovery , as condensed in his experience of nirvana , involved the remembrance of his many former existences , presupposing as fact the reality of a never - ending process of rebirth as a source of deep anxiety , and an acceptance of the Buddha 's overcoming of that fate as ultimate liberation . Jump up ^ The Dalai Lama himself is regarded to be an incarnation of the thirteen previous Dalai Lamas , who are all manifestations of Avalokitasvara . Jump up ^ Merv Foweler : `` For a vast majority of Buddhists in Theravadin countries , however , the order of monks is seen by lay Buddhists as a means of gaining the most merit in the hope of accumulating good karma for a better rebirth . '' Jump up ^ The vast majority of Buddhist lay people , states Kevin Trainor , have historically pursued Buddhist rituals and practices motivated with rebirth into Deva realm . Fowler and others concur with Trainor , stating that better rebirth , not nirvana , has been the primary focus of a vast majority of lay Buddhists . This they attempt through merit accumulation and good kamma . Subnotes Jump up ^ Well - known proponents of the first position are : * A.K. Warder . According to A.K. Warder , in his 1970 publication `` Indian Buddhism '' , from the oldest extant texts a common kernel can be drawn out , namely the Bodhipakkhiyādhammā . According to Warder , c.q. his publisher : `` This kernel of doctrine is presumably common Buddhism of the period before the great schisms of the fourth and third centuries BC . It may be substantially the Buddhism of the Buddha himself , although this can not be proved : at any rate it is a Buddhism presupposed by the schools as existing about a hundred years after the parinirvana of the Buddha , and there is no evidence to suggest that it was formulated by anyone else than the Buddha and his immediate followers . '' * Richard Gombrich : `` I have the greatest difficulty in accepting that the main edifice is not the work of a single genius . By `` the main edifice '' I mean the collections of the main body of sermons , the four Nikāyas , and of the main body of monastic rules . '' Jump up ^ A proponent of the second position is Ronald Davidson : `` While most scholars agree that there was a rough body of sacred literature ( disputed ) ( sic ) that a relatively early community ( disputed ) ( sic ) maintained and transmitted , we have little confidence that much , if any , of surviving Buddhist scripture is actually the word of the historic Buddha . '' Jump up ^ Well - known proponent of the third position are : * J.W. de Jong : `` It would be hypocritical to assert that nothing can be said about the doctrine of earliest Buddhism ( ... ) the basic ideas of Buddhism found in the canonical writings could very well have been proclaimed by him ( the Buddha ) , transmitted and developed by his disciples and , finally , codified in fixed formulas . '' * Johannes Bronkhorst : `` This position is to be preferred to ( ii ) for purely methodological reasons : only those who seek may find , even if no success is guaranteed . '' * Donald Lopez : `` The original teachings of the historical Buddha are extremely difficult , if not impossible , to recover or reconstruct . '' Jump up ^ According to Gombrich this distinction between apophatic and cataphatic approaches can be found in all religions . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gethin 1998 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Norman 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Nyanatiloka 1980 , p. 65 . ^ Jump up to : Khantipalo 2003 , p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : Emmanuel 2015 , p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : Williams 2002 , p. 74 - 75 . ^ Jump up to : Lopez 2009 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Warder 1999 , p. 45 - 46 . ^ Jump up to : Buswell & Lopez 2003 , p. 304 . ^ Jump up to : Raju 1985 , p. 147 -- 151 . ^ Jump up to : Eliot 2014 , p. 39 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Norman 2003 , p. 219 , 222 . ^ Jump up to : Williams 2002 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Warder 1999 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1999 , pp. 223 - 231 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1999 , p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 2001 , p. 85 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 2001 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : Bronkhorst 1993 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Makransky 1997 , p. 27 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Gethin 1998 , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Bronkhorst 1993 , p. 99 - 100 , 102 - 111 . ^ Jump up to : Gombrich 1997 , p. 99 - 102 . ^ Jump up to : Bronkhorst 1993 , p. 93 - 111 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 1999 , p. 55 - 56 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 1999 , p. 230 - 231 . ^ Jump up to : Carter 1987 , p. 3179 . ^ Jump up to : Carter 1987 , p. 3179 - 3180 . ^ Jump up to : Makransky 1997 , p. 346 - 347 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 2006 , p. 72 - 73 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 2001 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2003 , p. 295 . ^ Jump up to : Cousins 2002 , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 1999 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Norman 2003 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Norman 2003 , p. 219 . ^ Jump up to : Norman 2003 , p. 220 . ^ Jump up to : Khantipalo 2003 , p. 46 . ^ Jump up to : Brazier 2001 . Jump up ^ Dhamma 1997 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Geshe Tashi Tsering 2005 , Kindle Locations 246 - 250 . Jump up ^ Goldstein 2002 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Cousins 2001 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Choong 2000 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Bhikkhu Bodhi 2000 , p. 840 . Jump up ^ Harvey 2013 , p. 55 - 59 . Jump up ^ Analayo 2013 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Ajahn Sucitto 2010 , Kindle Location 122 . ^ Jump up to : Mingyur Rinpoche 2007 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Williams 2002 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Harvey 2013 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 1999 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2011 , p. 127 - 128 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2001 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2001 , p. 86 - 87 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 2001 , p. 132 . ^ Jump up to : Warder 2000 , p. 45 - 46 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2013 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Buswell & Lopez 2003 , p. 708 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt - Leukel 2006 , p. 32 - 34 . Jump up ^ Makransky 1997 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Rhys Davids & William Stede ^ Jump up to : Harvey 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Samuel 2008 , p. 136 . ^ Jump up to : Spiro 1982 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Vetter 1988 , p. xxi , xxxi - xxxii . Jump up ^ Idema 2004 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Kingsland 2016 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2013 , p. 162 with note 38 , for context see pages 1 - 3 . Jump up ^ Huxter 2016 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2013 , p. 1 , 22 with note 4 . Jump up ^ Harvey 2015 , p. 26 -- 31 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 2006 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Paul Williams , Anthony Tribe & Alexander Wynne 2012 , pp. 32 -- 34 . ^ Jump up to : Walpola Rahula 2007 , loc. 791 - 809 . Jump up ^ Egge 2013 , p. 124 , note 37 . Jump up ^ Schmithausen 1986 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Gethin 1998 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Ajahn Sucitto 2010 , Kindle loc. 943 - 946 . Jump up ^ Batchelor 2012 , p. - 95 - 97 . Jump up ^ Batchelor 2012 , p. 97 . ^ Jump up to : Gethin 1998 , p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Hick 1994 , p. 436 . ^ Jump up to : Bronkhorst , 1993 & ( 96 - 97 . ^ Jump up to : Geisler & Amano 2004 , p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : Gethin 1998 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Rahula 2007 . Jump up ^ Walpola Rahula 2007 , loc. 904 - 923 . Jump up ^ Gethin 1998 , p. 75 . ^ Jump up to : Goldstein 2002 , p. 158 . ^ Jump up to : Bucknell 1984 . Jump up ^ Harvey 2013 , p. 71 - 72 . Jump up ^ Batchelor 2012 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Bhikkhu Bodhi 2016 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Kingsland 2016 , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Fronsdal 1998 , pp. 164 - 166 . ^ Jump up to : Fronsdal 1998 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Fronsdal 1998 , pp. 172 - 174 . Jump up ^ Batchelor 2012 , p. 89 - 90 . Jump up ^ Wallace 2002 , p. 36 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1999 , p. ix . Jump up ^ Gethin 2003 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2001 , p. 168 - 211 . Jump up ^ Vetter 1988 , p. ix . Jump up ^ Bhikkhu Bodhi 1995a , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Vetter 1988 . ^ Jump up to : Schmithausen 1981 . ^ Jump up to : Gombrich 1997 . Jump up ^ Bronkhorst 1993 , p. vii . ^ Jump up to : Warder 1999 , inside flap . Jump up ^ Davidson 2003 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Jong 1993 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bronkhorst 1997 , p. vii . Jump up ^ Lopez 1995 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Bronkhorst 1993 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1999 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1999 , p. 74 , 77 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2001 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1999 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1999 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1999 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1999 , p. 19 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hirakawa 1990 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Vetter 1988 , p. xxi - xxxvii . ^ Jump up to : Bronkhorst 1993 , p. chpter 7 . Jump up ^ Vetter 1988 , p. xxxii , xxxiii . ^ Jump up to : Bronkhorst 1993 , p. 54 - 55 , 96 , 99 . Jump up ^ Vetter 1988 , p. xxxiii . ^ Jump up to : Bronkhorst 1993 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Bronkhorst 1993 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Cohen 2006 . Jump up ^ Sharf 1995 . Jump up ^ Sharf 2000 . Jump up ^ Bhikkhu Nanamoli ( translator ) 1995 , p. 268 . ^ Jump up to : Bronkhorst 1993 , p. 102 - 103 . Jump up ^ Bronkhorst 1993 , p. 100 - 101 . Jump up ^ Bronkhorst 1993 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2001 , p. 126 , 132 , 143 . ^ Jump up to : Bronkhorst 2000 , p. 79 , 80 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2001 , p. 132 - 134 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2001 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2001 , p. 146 - 147 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 2001 , p. 149 . ^ Jump up to : Crosby 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1999 , p. 197 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 2001 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2001 , p. 196 - 197 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 2006 , p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 2006 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Gombrich & Obeyesekere 1988 . Jump up ^ McMahan 2008 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2007 , p. 361 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 2001 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Keown 2000 , Kindle Locations 909 - 911 . Jump up ^ Lopez 2001 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Williams 2002 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Keown ( 2000 , Kindle Locations 909 - 911 ) Jump up ^ Lopez ( 2001 , p. 52 ) Jump up ^ Williams ( 2002 , p. 42 ) ^ Jump up to : Anderson 2001 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1999 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1999 , p. 86 - 87 . Jump up ^ Bhikkhu Nanamoli ( translator ) 1995 . Jump up ^ Bronkhorst 1993 , p. 103 - 104 . Jump up ^ Walpola Rahula 2007 , Kindle loc. 3935 - 3939 . Jump up ^ Ajahn Sucitto 2010 , pp. 99 - 100 . Jump up ^ Ajahn Sumedho 2002 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Moffitt 2002 , Kindle loc. 225 - 226 . ^ Jump up to : Geshe Tashi Tsering 2005 , Kindle Locations 303 - 306 . Jump up ^ Thich Nhat Hahn 1999 , pp. 28 - 46 . Jump up ^ Batchelor 2012 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2001 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Bhikkhu Bodhi 2000 , p. 1846 . Jump up ^ Bhikkhu Nanamoli ( translator ) 1995 , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Bhikkhu Nanamoli ( translator ) 1995 , p. 1216 , note 403 . Jump up ^ Bhikkhu Nanamoli ( translator ) 1995 , p. 259 - 260 . Jump up ^ Bronkhorst 1993 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Bhikkhu Nanamoli ( translator ) 1995 , p. 1137 . Jump up ^ Rockhill 1884 , pp. 187 - 188 . Jump up ^ Potter 2004 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Geshe Tashi Tsering 2005 , Kindle Locations 275 - 280 . Jump up ^ Ajahn Sumedho 2002 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Bronkhorst , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Bronkhorst 1993 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Gombrich 2009 , p. 150 - 152 . ^ Jump up to : Jayatilleke 2009 , p. 306 . ^ Jump up to : Gombrich 2009 , p. 156 - 157 . Jump up ^ Kalupahana 1992 , p. 208 , 210 . Jump up ^ Bhikkhu Bodhi 2011 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Spiro 1982 , p. 76 - 77 . ^ Jump up to : Spiro 1982 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Karunyakara 2002 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Karunyakara 2002 , p. 67 - 68 . Jump up ^ Wikipedia Overview ( outline ) Censorship Conflict - of - interest editing Criticism Deletionism and inclusionism Gender bias Ideological bias Racial bias MediaWiki Notability Reliability Vandalism Predictions of the project 's end Community Administrators Arbitration Committee Edit - a-thon List of Wikipedias The Signpost Wikipedian in residence Wikimania WikiProject Women in Red People Florence Devouard Sue Gardner James Heilman Katherine Maher Magnus Manske Erik Möller Larry Sanger Lila Tretikov Jimmy Wales Wikipedians Wikipedian of the Year History Bomis Logo Controversies U.S. Congressional staff edits Essjay controversy Seigenthaler biography incident Henryk Batuta hoax Internet Watch Foundation Scientology Italian Wikipedia blackout English Wikipedia blackout Hillsborough Wikipedia posts MyWikiBiz Lsjbot VisualEditor Art + Feminism # 1Lib1Ref Honors 2008 Quadriga award Wikipedia Monument 2015 Erasmus Prize 2015 Princess of Asturias Award References and analysis Cultural Bibliography Films Academic studies WikiScanner Wikipedia Review Wikipediocracy Wiki - Watch Mobile access Apps QRpedia Wapedia WikiNodes Wikipedia Zero Wikiwand Content use Books LLC DBpedia Deletionpedia Kiwix WikiReader Science information Health information Similar projects Interpedia Nupedia Citizendium Enciclopedia Libre Universal en Español Everipedia Veropedia List of online encyclopedias List of wikis Related Wikimedia Foundation Wikimedia movement The Iraq War : A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs Print Wikipedia Magna Carta ( An Embroidery ) 274301 Wikipedia Category Jump up ^ Williams 1989 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Makransky 1997 , p. 345 . ^ Jump up to : Makransky 1997 , p. 346 . ^ Jump up to : Tsenshap Serkong Rinpoche 1996 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Tsenshap Serkong Rinpoche 1996 , p. 17 , 66 - 67 . Jump up ^ Tsenshap Serkong Rinpoche 1996 , p. 66 - 67 . Jump up ^ Geshe Tashi Tsering 2005 , Kindle Locations 2187 - 2190 . Jump up ^ Geshe Tashi Tsering 2005 , Kindle Locations 741 - 743 . Jump up ^ Geshe Tashi Tsering 2005 , Kindle Locations 241 . Jump up ^ Ringu Tulku 2005 , pp. 36 - 54 . Jump up ^ Lama Surya Das 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Konik 2009 , p. ix . Jump up ^ Hayes 2013 , p. 172 . ^ Jump up to : Lamb 2001 , p. 258 . ^ Jump up to : Coleman 2002 , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : Keown 2009 , p. 60 -- 63 , 74 - 85 , 185 - 187 . ^ Jump up to : Gowans 2014 , p. 18 - 23 , 76 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Gowans 2014 , p. 18 - 23 , 91 -- 94 . ^ Jump up to : Prothero 1996 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Flanagan 2011 , p. 2 -- 3 , 68 -- 70 , 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Lopez 2012 , p. 39 - 43 , 57 -- 60 , 74 - 76 , 122 - 124 . ^ Jump up to : Spiro 1982 , p. 39 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Flanagan 2014 , pp. 233 - 234 with note 1 . Jump up ^ Chitkara 1998 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Flanagan 2014 , pp. 234 - 235 with note 5 . Jump up ^ Trainor 2004 , p. 62 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler 1999 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Gowans 2004 , p. 169 . Sources ( edit ) Printed sources ( edit ) Sutta Pitaka ( edit ) Bhikkhu Bodhi ( 2000 ) , The Connected Discourses of the Buddha : A New Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya , Boston : Wisdom Publications , ISBN 0 - 86171 - 331 - 1 Bhikkhu Nanamoli ( translator ) ( 1995 ) , The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha : A New Translation of the Majjhima Nikaya , Boston : Wisdom Publications , ISBN 0 - 86171 - 072 - X Bhikkhu Thanissaro ( translator ) ( 1997 ) , Tittha Sutta : Sectarians ( AN 3.61 ) , retrieved 2007 - 11 - 12 ( See also Anguttara Nikaya ) Feer , Leon ( editor ) ( 1976 ) , The Samyutta Nikaya , 5 , London : Pāli Text Society CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Walsh , Maurice ( 1995 ) , The Long Discourses of the Buddha . A Translation of the Dīgha Nikāya , Wisdom Publications Buddhist teachers ( edit ) Ajahn Sumedho ( 2002 ) , The Four Noble Truths , Amaravati Publications Ajahn Sucitto ( 2010 ) , Turning the Wheel of Truth : Commentary on the Buddha 's First Teaching , Shambhala Batchelor , Stephen ( 2012 ) , `` A Secular Buddhism '' , Journal of Global Buddhism , 13 : 87 -- 107 Bhikkhu Bodhi ( 1995a ) , `` Preface '' , The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha . A New Translation of the Majjhima Nikaya , Wisdom Publications Bhikkhu Bodhi ( 2011 ) , The Noble Eightfold Path : Way to the End of Suffering ( Kindle ed . ) , Independent Publishers Group Brazier , David ( 2001 ) , The Feeling Buddha , Robinson Publishing Chogyam Trungpa ( 2009 ) , Leif , Judy , ed. , The Truth of Suffering and the Path of Liberation , Shambhala Dalai Lama ( 1992 ) , The Meaning of Life : Buddhist Perspectives on Cause and Effect , Translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins , Wisdom Dalai Lama ( 1998 ) , The Four Noble Truths , Thorsons Dhamma , Ven . Dr. Rewata ( 1997 ) , The First Discourse of the Buddha , Wisdom , ISBN 0 - 86171 - 104 - 1 Duff , Tony ( 2008 ) , Contemplation by way of the Twelve Interdependent Arisings , Padma Karpo Translation Committee , archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 23 , retrieved 2008 - 08 - 19 Epstein , Mark ( 2004 ) , Thoughts Without A Thinker : Psychotherapy from a Buddhist Perspective ( Kindle ed . ) , Basic Books Geshe Tashi Tsering ( 2005 ) , The Four Noble Truths : The Foundation of Buddhist Thought , Volume I ( Kindle ed . ) , Wisdom Geshe Tashi Tsering ( 2006 ) , Buddhist Psychology : The Foundation of Buddhist Thought , Volume III ( Kindle ed . ) , Perseus Books Group Goenka , S.N. ( 2000 ) , The Discourse Summaries , Pariyatti Goldstein , Joseph ( 2002 ) , One Dharma : The Emerging Western Buddhism , HarperCollins Goldstein , Joseph ( 2013 ) , Mindfulness : A Practical Guide to Awakening ( Kindle ed . ) , Sounds True Huxter , Malcolm ( 2016 ) , Healing the Heart and Mind with Mindfulness : Ancient Path , Present Moment , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 50540 - 2 Khunu Rinpoche ( 2012 ) , Vast as the Heavens , Deep as the Sea : Verses in Praise of Bodhicitta , Translated by Thubten Thardo ( Gareth Sparham ) ( Kindle ed . ) , Wisdom Khantipalo , Bhikkhu Phra ( 2003 ) , Calm and Insight : A Buddhist Manual for Meditators , Routledge Lama Surya Das ( 1997 ) , Awakening the Buddha Within ( Kindle ed . ) , Broadway Books Mingyur Rinpoche ( 2007 ) , The Joy of Living : Unlocking the Secret and Science of Happiness ( Kindle ed . ) , Harmony Pema Chodron ( 2010 ) , Comfortable with Uncertainty : 108 Teachings on Cultivating Fearlessness and Compassion , Shambhala Rahula , Walpola ( 2007 ) , What the Buddha Taught , Grove Press Ringu Tulku ( 2005 ) , Daring Steps Toward Fearlessness : The Three Vehicles of Tibetan Buddhism , Snow Lion Thich Nhat Hanh ( 1991 ) , Old Path White Clouds , Parallax Press Thich Nhat Hanh ( 1999 ) , The Heart of the Buddha 's Teaching , Three River Press Traleg Kyabgon ( 2001 ) , The Essence of Buddhism , Shambhala Tsenshap Serkong Rinpoche ( 1996 ) , Een Lamp voor het Pad naar Verlichting , Uitgeverij Maitreya , ISBN 978 - 90718 - 86 - 089 Scholarly sources ( edit ) Analayo ( 2013 ) , `` The Chinese Parallels to the Dhammacakkappavattana - sutta ( 2 ) '' , Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies , 5 : 9 -- 41 Anderson , Carol ( 1999 ) , Pain and Its Ending : The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon , Routledge Anderson , Carol ( 2001 ) , Pain and Its Ending : The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon , Motilall Banarsidas Anderson , Carol ( 2003 ) , `` Four Noble Truths '' , in Buswell , Robert E. , Encyclopedia of Buddhism , Macmillan Reference Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 865718 - 9 Anderson , Carol ( 2013 ) , Pain and Its Ending : The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon , Routledge Barber , Anthony W. ( 2008 ) , Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley Bhikkhu Bodhi ( 2016 ) , `` The Transformations of Mindfulness '' , in Purser , Ronald E. ; Forbes , David ; Burke , Adam , Handbook of Mindfulness : Culture , Context , and Social Engagement , Springer Bronkhorst , Johannes ( 1993 ) , The Two Traditions of Meditation in Ancient India , Motilal Banarsidass Publ . Bucknell , Rod ( 1984 ) , `` The Buddhist to Liberation : An Analysis of the Listing of Stages '' , The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies , 7 ( 2 ) Buswell , Robert E. JR ; Gimello , Robert M. ( editors ) ( 1994 ) , Paths to Liberation . The Marga and its Transformations in Buddhist Thought , Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Publishers CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Buswell , Robert E. Jr. ; Lopez , Donald Jr. ( 2003 ) , The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism , Princeton University Press Carter , John Ross ( 1987 ) , `` Four Noble Truths '' , in Jones , Lindsay , MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religions , MacMillan Chitkara , M.G. ( 1998 ) , Buddhism , Reincarnation , and Dalai Lamas of Tibet , APH Publishing Choong , Mun - keat ( 2000 ) , The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism : A Comparative Study Based on the Sutranga Portion of the Pali Samyutta - Nikaya and the Chinese Samyuktagama , Otto Harrassowitz Verlag Cohen , Robert S. ( 2006 ) , Beyond Enlightenment : Buddhism , Religion , Modernity , Routledge Coleman , James William ( 2002 ) , The New Buddhism . The Western Transformation of an Ancient Tradition , Oxford University Press Cousins , L.S. ( 2001 ) , `` Review of `` Pain and its Ending : The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon '' ( PDF ) , Journal of Buddhist Ethics , 8 : 36 -- 41 Crosby , Kate ( 2013 ) , Theravada Buddhism : Continuity , Diversity , and Identity , John Wiley & Sons Davidson , Ronald M. ( 2003 ) , Indian Esoteric Buddhism , Columbia University Press , ISBN 0 - 231 - 12618 - 2 Egge , James ( 2013 ) , Religious Giving and the Invention of Karma in Theravada Buddhism , Routledge Eliot , Charles ( 2014 ) , Japanese Buddhism , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 79274 - 1 Emmanuel , Steven M. ( 2015 ) , A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy , John Wiley & Sons Flanagan , Owen ( 2011 ) , The Bodhisattva 's Brain : Buddhism Naturalized , MIT Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 29723 - 3 Flanagan , Owen ( 2014 ) , Science for Monks : Buddhism and Science : A BIT of The Really Hard Problem , MIT Press Fowler , Merv ( 1999 ) , Buddhism : Beliefs and Practices , Sussex Academic Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 898723 - 66 - 0 Fronsdal , Gil ( 1998 ) , `` Insight Meditation in the United States : Life , Liberty , and the Pursuit of Happiness '' , in Prebish , Charles S. ; Tanaka , Kenneth K. , The Faces of Buddhism in America , University of California Press Fronsdal , Gil ( 2001 ) , The Issue at Hand ( Kindle ed . ) , self - published Geisler , Norman ; Amano , J. Yutaka ( 2004 ) , The Reincarnation Sensation , Wipf and Stock Publishers Gethin , Rupert ( 1998 ) , Foundations of Buddhism , Oxford University Press Gethin , R.M. ( 2003 ) , The Buddhist Path to Awakening , OneWorld Publications Gombrich , Richard ; Obeyesekere , Ganan ( 1988 ) , Buddhism Transformed : Religious Change in Sri Lanka , Motilall Banarsidass Gombrich , Richard F. ( 1997 ) , How Buddhism Began : The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 19639 - 5 Gombrich , Richard ( 2009 ) , What the Buddha Thought , Equinox Gowans , Christopher ( 2004 ) , Philosophy of the Buddha : An Introduction , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 46973 - 4 Gowans , Christopher W. ( 2014 ) , Buddhist Moral Philosophy : An Introduction , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 65935 - 8 Harris , Elizabeth ( 2006 ) , Theravada Buddhism and the British Encounter : Religious , Missionary and Colonial Experience in Nineteenth Century Sri Lanka , Routledge Harvey , Graham ( 2016 ) , Religions in Focus : New Approaches to Tradition and Contemporary Practices , Routledge Harvey , Peter ( 2013 ) , An Introduction to Buddhism , Cambridge University Press Harvey , Peter ( 2015 ) , Emmanuel , Steven M. , ed. , A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy , John Wiley & Sons , ISBN 978 - 1 - 119 - 14466 - 3 Hayes , Richard P. ( 2013 ) , `` The Internet as Window onto American Buddhism '' , in Queen , Christopher ; Williams , Duncan Ryuken , American Buddhism : Methods and Findings in Recent Scholarship , Routledge Hick , John ( 1994 ) , Death and Eternal Life , Westminster John Knox Press Hirakawa , Akira ( 1990 ) , A History of Indian Buddhism . From Sakyamuni to Early Mahayana , University of Hawai'i Press , hdl : 10125 / 23030 Jayatilleke , K.N. ( 2009 ) , Facets of Buddhist Thought : Collected Essays , Buddhist Publication Society Kalupahana , David J. ( 1992 ) , A history of Buddhist philosophy , Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited Karunyakara , Lella ( 2002 ) , Modernisation of Buddhism : Contributions of Ambedkar and Dalai Lama XIV , Gyan Books Keown , Damien ( 2000 ) , Buddhism : A Very Short Introduction ( Kindle ed . ) , Oxford University Press Keown , Damien ( 2009 ) , Buddhism , Sterling Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 6883 - 5 Kingsland , James ( 2016 ) , Siddhartha 's Brain : Unlocking the Ancient Science of Enlightenment , HarperCollins Konik , Adrian ( 2009 ) , Buddhism and Transgression : The Appropriation of Buddhism in the Contemporary West , BRIIL Lamb , Christopher ( 2001 ) , `` Cosmology , myth and symbolism '' , in Harvey , Peter , Buddhism , Bloomsbury Publishing Leifer , Ron ( 1997 ) , The Happiness Project , Snow Lion Lopez , Donald S ( 1995 ) , Buddhism in Practice ( PDF ) , Princeton University Press , ISBN 0 - 691 - 04442 - 2 Lopez , Donald S. ( 2001 ) , The Story of Buddhism , HarperCollins Lopez , Donald , jr. ( 2009 ) , Buddhism and Science : A Guide for the Perplexed , University of Chicago Press Lopez , Donald S. ( 2012 ) , The Scientific Buddha : His Short and Happy Life , Yale University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 15913 - 4 Makransky , John J. ( 1997 ) , Buddhahood Embodied : Sources of Controversy in India and Tibet , SUNY McDermott , James Paul ( 1975 ) , `` The Kathāvatthu Kamma Debates '' , Journal of the American Oriental Society , 95 ( 3 ) McMahan , David L. ( 2008 ) , The Making of Buddhist Modernism , Oxford University Press , ISBN 9780195183276 Moffitt , Philip ( 2008 ) , Dancing with Life : Buddhist Insights for Finding Meaning and Joy in the Face of Suffering ( Kindle ed . ) , Rodale Monier - Williams , A Sanskrit - English Dictionary ( PDF ) , London : Oxford University Press , retrieved 27 December 2008 Norman , K.R. ( 2003 ) , `` The Four Noble Truths '' , K.R. Norman Collected Papers II ( PDF ) Nyanatiloka ( 1980 ) , Buddhist Dictionary , Buddhist Publication Society Potter , Karl ( 2004 ) , The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies , Vol . IX : Buddhist philosophy from 350 to 600 AD Prothero , Stephen R. ( 1996 ) , The White Buddhist : the Asian odyssey of Henry Steel Olcott , Indiana University Press Raju , P.T. ( 1985 ) , Structural Depths of Indian Thought , State University of New York Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 88706 - 139 - 4 Rockhill , William Woodville , transl. ( 1884 ) , The life of the Buddha and the early history of his order , derived from Tibetan works in the Bkah - Hgyur and Bstan - Hgyur , followed by notices on the early history of Tibet and Khoten , London : Trübner Samuel , Geoffrey ( 2008 ) , The Origins of Yoga and Tantra : Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century , Cambridge University Press Schmidt - Leukel , Perry ( 2006 ) , Understanding Buddhism , Dunedin Academic Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 903765 - 18 - 0 Schmithausen , Lambert ( 1981 ) , On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of ' Liberating Insight ' and ' Enlightenment ' in Early Buddhism `` . In : Studien zum Jainismus und Buddhismus ( Gedenkschrift für Ludwig Alsdorf ) , hrsg . von Klaus Bruhn und Albrecht Wezler , Wiesbaden Schmithausen , Lambert ( 1986 ) , `` Critical response '' , in Neufeldt , Ronald W. , Karma and rebirth : Post-Classical Developments , State University of New York Sharf , Robert H. ( 1995 ) , `` Buddhist Modernism and the Rhetoric of Meditative Experience '' ( PDF ) , NUMEN , 42 Sharf , Robert H. ( 2000 ) , `` The Rhetoric of Experience and the Study of Religion '' ( PDF ) , Journal of Consciousness Studies , 7 ( 11 - 12 ) : 267 -- 87 Smith , Huston ; Novak , Philip ( 2009 ) , Buddhism : A Concise Introduction ( Kindle ed . ) , HarperOne Snelling , John ( 1987 ) , The Buddhist handbook . A Complete Guide to Buddhist Teaching and Practice , London : Century Paperbacks Spiro , Melford E. ( 1982 ) , Buddhism and Society : A Great Tradition and Its Burmese Vicissitudes , University of California Press Taylor , Philip ( 2007 ) , Modernity and Re-enchantment : Religion in Post-revolutionary Vietnam , Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Trainor , Kevin ( 2004 ) , Buddhism : The Illustrated Guide , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517398 - 7 Vetter , Tilmann ( 1988 ) , The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism , BRILL Wallace , B. Alan ( 2002 ) , `` The Spectrum of Buddhist Practice in the West '' , in Prebish , Charles S. ; Baumann , Martin , Westward Dharma : Buddhism Beyond Asia , University of California Press , ISBN 0 - 520 - 23490 - 1 Warder , A.K. ( 1999 ) , Indian Buddhism , Delhi Watson , Burton ( 1993 ) , The Lotus Sutra , Columbia University Press Williams , Paul ( 1989 ) , Mahayana Buddhism Williams , Paul ( 2002 ) , Buddhist Thought ( Kindle ed . ) , Taylor & Francis Williams , Paul ( 2008 ) , Mahayana Buddhism : The Doctrinal Foundations , Routledge Paul Williams ; Anthony Tribe ; Alexander Wynne ( 2012 ) , Buddhist Thought , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 52088 - 4 Web - sources ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ajahn Sumedho , The First Noble Truth ^ Jump up to : Donald Lopez , Four Noble Truths , Encyclopædia Britannica . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopædia Britannica , Arhat ( Buddhism ) ^ Jump up to : Thanissaro Bhikkhu , Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta : Setting the Wheel of Dhamma in Motion - Majjhima Nikaya 56.11 Jump up ^ Governing Board of the Society for Buddhist - Christian studies Jump up ^ Carol Anderson Jump up ^ Bikkhu Bodhi ( translator ) , Dhammacakkapavattana Sutta . Samyutta Nikaya LVI , 11 . `` Setting in Motion the Wheel of the Dhamma . '' Jump up ^ Digital Library & Museum of Buddhist Studies , College of liberal Arts , Taiwan University : Samudaya Jump up ^ Sanskrit Dictionary for spoken Sanskrit , samudaya Jump up ^ spokensanskrit.de , nirodha Jump up ^ Access to Insight Glossary - m ^ Jump up to : The Four Noble Truths - By Bhikkhu Bodhi Jump up ^ Pali Text Society Dictionary Jump up ^ Access to Insight Glossary - pq Jump up ^ The Dharmafarers , Rhitassa Sutra ( Samyutta Nikaya 2.26 ) Jump up ^ accestoinsight.org , What is Theravada Buddhism ? Jump up ^ Thanissaro Bhikkhu , The Truth of Rebirth And Why it Matters for Buddhist Practice Jump up ^ Maha - parinibbana Sutta : Last Days of the Buddha , translated by Sister Vajira & Francis Story ^ Jump up to : Maha - parinibbana Sutta : Last Days of the Buddha , translated by Sister Vajira & Francis Story ^ Jump up to : Patrick Olivelle ( 2012 ) , Encyclopædia Britannica , Moksha ( Indian religions ) Jump up ^ Maha - parinibbana Sutta : Last Days of the Buddha , translated by Sister Vajira & Francis Story Jump up ^ Eric Braun ( 2014 ) , How colonialism sparked the global Vipassana movement Jump up ^ Payutto , P.A. `` The Pali Canon What a Buddhist Must Know '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Bhikkhu Sujato and Bhikkhu Brahmali . `` The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies . Jump up ^ Expounding the Law , The Walters Art Museum ^ Jump up to : Walpola Rahula , What the Buddha Taught , chapter four : Nirodha ^ Jump up to : Walpola Rahula , Chapert 5 . Magga Jump up ^ Walpola Rahula , What the Buddha Taught . Chapter 2 . Dukkha Jump up ^ Dhatu - vibhanga Sutta : An Analysis of the Properties Jump up ^ http://www.nichiren-shu.org.uk/septoctnewsletter.html Jump up ^ Quote from Watson ( 1993 ) , The Lotus Sutra Jump up ^ Four Noble truths for Voice Hearers , see `` Background '' section ^ Jump up to : Bhikkhu Bodhi , Does Rebirth Make Sense ? ^ Jump up to : Thanissaro Bhikkhu , The Truth of Rebirth . And Why it Matters for Buddhist Practice Further reading ( edit ) Historical background and development ( edit ) Vetter , Tilmann ( 1988 ) , The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism , BRILL Bronkhorst , Johannes ( 1993 ) , The Two Traditions of Meditation in Ancient India , Motilal Banarsidass Publishers , chapter 8 Anderson , Carol ( 1999 ) , Pain and Its Ending : The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon , Routledge Theravada commentaries ( edit ) Walpola Rahula ( 1974 ) , What the Buddha Taught , Grove Press Ajahn Sucitto ( 2010 ) , Turning the Wheel of Truth : Commentary on the Buddha 's First Teaching , Shambhala . Ajahn Sumedho ( 2002 ) , The Four Noble Truths , Amaravati Publications . Bhikkhu Bodhi ( 2006 ) , The Noble Eightfold Path : Way to the End of Suffering , Pariyatti Publishing . Tibetan Buddhism ( edit ) Chögyam Trungpa ( 2009 ) , The Truth of Suffering and the Path of Liberation , Shambhala . Dalai Lama ( 1998 ) , The Four Noble Truths , Thorsons . Geshe Tashi Tsering ( 2005 ) , The Four Noble Truths : The Foundation of Buddhist Thought , Volume I , Wisdom , Kindle Edition Ringu Tulku ( 2005 ) , Daring Steps Toward Fearlessness : The Three Vehicles of Tibetan Buddhism , Snow Lion . ( Part 1 of 3 is a commentary on the four truths ) Modern interpretations ( edit ) Brazier , David ( 2001 ) , The Feeling Buddha , Robinson Publishing Epstein , Mark ( 2004 ) , Thoughts Without A Thinker : Psychotherapy from a Buddhist Perspective . Basic Books . Kindle Edition . ( Part 1 examines the four truths from a Western psychological perspective ) Moffitt , Phillip ( 2008 ) , Dancing with Life : Buddhist Insights for Finding Meaning and Joy in the Face of Suffering , Rodale , Kindle Edition . ( An explanation of how to apply the Four Noble Truths to daily life ) Thich Nhat Hanh ( 1999 ) , The Heart of the Buddha 's Teaching , Three Rivers Press Other scholarly explanations ( edit ) Gethin , Rupert ( 1998 ) , Foundations of Buddhism , Oxford University Press , ( Chapter 3 is a commentary of about 25 pages . ) Lopez , Donald S. ( 2001 ) , The Story of Buddhism , HarperCollins . ( pp. 42 -- 54 ) External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Saṃyukta Āgama 379 : Dharmacakra Pravartana Sūtra Topics in Buddhism Glossary Index Outline Foundations Three Jewels Buddha Dharma Sangha Four Noble Truths Noble Eightfold Path Nirvana Middle Way The Buddha Tathāgata Birthday Four sights Physical characteristics Footprint Relics Iconography in Laos and Thailand Films Miracles Family Suddhodāna ( father ) Māyā ( mother ) Mahapajapati Gotamī ( aunt , adoptive mother ) Yasodhara ( wife ) Rāhula ( son ) Ānanda ( cousin ) Devadatta ( cousin ) Places where the Buddha stayed Buddha in world religions Key concepts Avidyā ( Ignorance ) Bardo Bodhicitta Bodhisattva Buddha - nature Dhamma theory Dharma Enlightenment Five hindrances Indriya Karma Kleshas Mind Stream Parinirvana Pratītyasamutpāda Rebirth Saṃsāra Saṅkhāra Skandha Śūnyatā Taṇhā ( Craving ) Tathātā Ten Fetters Three marks of existence Impermanence Dukkha Anatta Two truths doctrine Cosmology Ten spiritual realms Six realms Deva ( Buddhism ) Human realm Asura realm Hungry Ghost realm Animal realm Hell Three planes of existence Practices Bhavana Bodhipakkhiyādhammā Brahmavihara Mettā Karuṇā Mudita Upekkha Buddhābhiseka Dāna Devotion Dhyāna Faith Five Strengths Iddhipada Meditation Mantras Kammaṭṭhāna Recollection Smarana Anapanasati Samatha Vipassanā ( Vipassana movement ) Shikantaza Zazen Kōan Mandala Tonglen Tantra Tertön Terma Merit Mindfulness Satipatthana Nekkhamma Pāramitā Paritta Puja Offerings Prostration Chanting Refuge Satya Sacca Seven Factors of Enlightenment Sati Dhamma vicaya Pīti Passaddhi Śīla Five Precepts Bodhisattva vow Prātimokṣa Threefold Training Śīla Samadhi Prajñā Vīrya Four Right Exertions Nirvana Bodhi Bodhisattva Buddhahood Pratyekabuddha Four stages of enlightenment Sotāpanna Sakadagami Anāgāmi Arhat Monasticism Bhikkhu Bhikkhuni Śrāmaṇera Śrāmaṇerī Anagarika Ajahn Sayadaw Zen master Rōshi Lama Rinpoche Geshe Tulku Householder Upāsaka and Upāsikā Śrāvaka The ten principal disciples Shaolin Monastery Major figures Gautama Buddha Kaundinya Assaji Sāriputta Mahamoggallāna Mulian Ānanda Mahākassapa Anuruddha Mahākaccana Nanda Subhuti Punna Upali Mahapajapati Gotamī Khema Uppalavanna Asita Channa Yasa Buddhaghoṣa Nagasena Angulimala Bodhidharma Nagarjuna Asanga Vasubandhu Atiśa Padmasambhava Nichiren B.R. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	first noble truth of buddhist also known as suffering is	[ "\nDukkha - \"incapable of satisfying,\"[web 1] \"the unsatisfactory nature and the general insecurity of all conditioned phenomena\"; \"painful.\"[3][5] Dukkha is most commonly translated as \"suffering\". According to Khantipalo, this is an incorrect translation, since it refers to the ultimately unsatisfactory nature of temporary states and things, including pleasant but temporary experiences.[39] According to Emmanuel, Dukkha is the opposite of sukha, \"pleasure,\" and it is better translated as \"pain.\"[5]\nSamudaya - \"origin\", \"source\", \"arising\", \"coming to existence\";[web 8] \"aggregate of the constituent elements or factors of any being or existence\", \"cluster\", \"coming together\", \"combination\", \"producing cause\", \"combination\", \"rising.\"[web 9]\nNirodha - cessation; release; to confine;[40] \"prevention, suppression, enclosing, restraint\"[web 10]\nMarga - \"path.\"[web 11]\n" ]	[ "Dukkha" ]
-2080144862239607144	Manchester derby	Manchester derby - wikipedia Manchester derby Manchester derby Locale Greater Manchester Teams Manchester City Manchester United First meeting 12 November 1881 St. Mark 's ( West Gorton ) 0 -- 3 Newton Heath Latest meeting 7 April 2018 Premier League City 2 -- 3 United Next meeting 10 November 2018 Premier League City v United Stadiums City of Manchester Stadium ( City ) Old Trafford ( United ) Statistics Meetings total 176 Most wins Manchester United ( 73 ) Most player appearances Ryan Giggs ( 36 ) Top scorer Wayne Rooney ( 11 ) All - time series Manchester City : 51 Drawn : 52 Manchester United : 73 Largest victory United 1 -- 6 City ( 1926 ) United 0 -- 5 City ( 1955 ) United 5 -- 0 City ( 1994 ) United 1 -- 6 City ( 2011 ) The Manchester derby refers to football matches between Manchester City and Manchester United , first contested in 1881 . United play at Old Trafford while City play at the City of Manchester Stadium , the two grounds separated by approximately 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) . The teams have played 176 matches in all competitions , United winning 73 , City 51 , and the remaining 52 having been drawn . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.2 Floodlights 1.3 The 1970s 1.3. 1 The Denis Law game 1.4 The 1980s 1.5 The 1990s 1.6 The 2000s 1.7 2010 onwards 2 Statistics 3 Honours 4 Non-competitive derbies 5 All - time results 5.1 League 5.2 Cup 6 Shared player history 6.1 Players who have played for both clubs 6.2 Played for one , managed the other 6.3 Managed both clubs 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Map of Manchester showing the current and former home grounds of the clubs . City : Hyde Road ( 1887 -- 1923 ) , Maine Road ( 1923 -- 2003 ) , City of Manchester ( 2003 -- present ) . United : North Road ( 1878 -- 1893 ) , Bank Street ( 1893 -- 1910 ) , Old Trafford ( 1910 -- present ) The first meeting between the two teams occurred on 12 November 1881 , when St. Mark 's ( West Gorton ) -- who would later become Manchester City -- hosted Newton Heath LYR -- who would later become Manchester United . The game finished 3 -- 0 in favour of Newton Heath and was described by the Ashton Reporter as `` a pleasant game '' . At this time , the clubs were just two of many fledgling sides in the Manchester area , and the fixture had no special significance . Both clubs grew in stature as the 1880s progressed , leading to their first meeting of the 1890s being billed as `` a meeting of two local clubs , ( Ardwick ( City ) ) just rising to the highest standard in the football world whilst ( Newton Heath ) are nearly in the front rank '' . The pair became the dominant teams in the Manchester area ; the winner of the Manchester Cup was either Newton Heath or Ardwick every year between 1888 and 1893 . Both teams joined the Football Alliance , a short - lived rival to the Football League . During this period both clubs made unsuccessful attempts to gain election to the League ( Newton Heath in 1889 , 1890 and 1891 ; Ardwick in 1891 ) . Admission to the Football League finally came in 1892 . Newton Heath joined the First Division , and Ardwick the new Second Division . Early years ( edit ) The first Football League meeting between the teams came in the 1894 -- 95 season , Newton Heath beating Manchester City 5 -- 2 at Hyde Road . The first meeting between the clubs to take place at the highest level of English football occurred in December 1906 , a 3 -- 0 City win in a First Division match for which the gate receipts exceeded £ 1,000 , a very large figure for the era . At this time City were suffering the after - effects of a financial scandal in which the club were found guilty of making off - balance sheet payments to players . As a result , seventeen players were suspended and banned from ever representing the club again , including the core of the team which had won the 1904 FA Cup . When the suspensions ended in January 1907 , four players ( Jimmy Bannister , Herbert Burgess , Billy Meredith and Sandy Turnbull ) joined United , where they helped United gain their first league title in 1908 . In contrast to modern antipathy , the transfers were generally welcomed for helping a fellow Manchester club . The following season Turnbull became the first player to be sent off in a derby . Before the Second World War , many football supporters in Manchester watched City one week and United the next . After the war , a stronger rivalry developed and following both teams became uncommon . Floodlights ( edit ) The first floodlit Manchester derby was played on 26 February 1889 at the Belle Vue Athletic Ground . Wells electric lights were placed around the ground and a crowd of 10,000 watched Newton Heath defeat Ardwick 3 -- 2 . The match was played in aid of the Hyde Coal Mine disaster . The first competitive floodlit derby was the 1956 FA Charity Shield match , as Manchester United were defending league champions and Manchester City were FA Cup holders . The game was a break with tradition as Charity Shield games were typically played at the home ground of the League Champions , but as Old Trafford had yet to install lights , the game was played at Maine Road . The 1970s ( edit ) Manchester derbies in the 1970s were frequently bad tempered . In the December 1970 derby , a tackle by United 's George Best broke the leg of City 's Glyn Pardoe ; the severity of the injury almost resulted in the City defender losing his leg . The following season , an entertaining 3 -- 3 draw saw Francis Lee accuse George Best of diving and emphasised the point to the referee by throwing himself theatrically to the floor . The first derby of the 1973 -- 74 season saw Mike Doyle and Lou Macari each receive a red card in a dour contest which finished 0 -- 0 at Maine Road . Both players refused to leave the pitch , leading the referee to take both teams back to the dressing room until the two players accepted their dismissals . The Denis Law game ( edit ) The return fixture came at Old Trafford on the penultimate day of the season ( United still had an away game to play at Stoke ) with United trying to avoid relegation with a win , although they were also relying on Norwich beating Birmingham that day for their result to matter . After 80 minutes , with no score , Francis Lee played the ball towards former United player Denis Law who was standing with his back to goal . Law back - heeled the ball past goalkeeper Alex Stepney into the net . This was Law 's last appearance in league football , announcing his retirement soon after . In the closing minutes of the match , United supporters invaded the pitch and forced an abandonment . However , the result stood , and other results meant that United would have still been relegated if the match had ended in a United win or a draw . United returned to the First Division a year later . The rest of the decade brought generally good fortunes for the two sides , as City won the League Cup in 1976 and were league runners - up a year later , while United reached three FA Cup finals in four seasons , although they had only one win in the competition . The 1980s ( edit ) The 1980s began with a 2 -- 2 draw at Old Trafford between the two sides on 27 September 1980 . It was the beginning of a relatively frustrating season in the league for United , who sacked manager Dave Sexton at the end of the campaign , while City dismissed manager Malcolm Allison soon afterwards and improved in the league under his successor John Bond , also reaching the FA Cup Final . By 1982 -- 83 , however , any suggestions that City were a better side than United were silenced as United finished third in the league and won the FA Cup , while City were relegated . The Old Trafford derby on 23 October 1982 ended in a 2 -- 2 draw , but United won the return game at Maine Road 2 -- 1 on 5 March 1983 . City regained their First Division status for the 1985 -- 86 season , and hosted United at Maine Road on 14 September 1985 . United won this game 3 -- 0 , to extend their winning start to the league season to eight games . They would go on to win all of their opening 10 games and lead the First Division table into the new year , but eventually finished fourth . Although City finished 15th in the league this season , they did come to Old Trafford on 22 March 1986 and hold the hosts to a 2 -- 2 draw , costing them two vital points as their title hopes continued to fade . 1986 -- 87 brought relegation for City , while United finished 11th in a season which saw them replace Ron Atkinson with Alex Ferguson as manager on 6 November 1986 . One of Atkinson 's last games in charge of United was the visit to Maine Road in the league on 25 October , which ended in a 1 -- 1 draw . Alex Ferguson first faced City as United manager on 10 January 1987 in the third round of the FA Cup , which United won 1 -- 0 . The league clash at Old Trafford came on 7 March 1987 , which United won 2 -- 0 to continue their improvement in form under Ferguson and push City closer to eventual relegation . The 1980s ended on a high note for City as they won promotion back to the First Division in 1989 and were paired with United for the derby match at Maine Road on 23 September 1989 , just weeks into the 1989 -- 90 season . City defeated United 5 -- 1 , but this would be their last win over United for 13 years . The 1990s ( edit ) Goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel , who played for both United and City , can claim an unbeaten record in derby games -- United were unbeaten during his 10 matches keeping goal for them against City , while in his single season at Maine Road , City beat United at home and picked up a point at Old Trafford . However , in the 1990s , United dominated the fixture , going unbeaten in derbies for the full decade . In 1990 -- 91 , with both Manchester clubs competing in the top half of the table but not looking like real title contenders , the Maine Road clash in October delivered a pulsating 3 -- 3 draw , but the return match at Old Trafford in early May saw United win 1 -- 0 and the only goal of the game came from 17 - year - old winger Ryan Giggs , scoring the first senior goal of what would prove to be an illustrious and uniquely successful career . The 1991 -- 92 derbies were uneventful -- a goalless draw at Maine Road in mid-November and a 1 -- 1 draw at Old Trafford in early April . United finished the season runners - up after leading the league for much of the season , finally buckling under fixture congestion and a shortage of goals in the second half of the campaign . The first Manchester derby following the creation of the Premier League for the 1992 -- 93 season was a 2 -- 1 win for United at Old Trafford on 6 December 1992 . Making his United debut on that day was new signing Eric Cantona , who would go on to score eight goals in Manchester derbies over the next four seasons -- the first in the return match at Maine Road that March which ended in a 1 -- 1 draw . 1993 -- 94 saw one of the finest Manchester derbies ever , when United overturned a 2 -- 0 deficit at Maine Road to win 3 -- 2 , with Eric Cantona scoring twice . Cantona scored a double on St George 's Day as United won 2 -- 0 at Old Trafford . Cantona was on target again in the next Manchester derby in November 1994 , though it was Andrei Kanchelskis who stole the show with a hat - trick in a 5 -- 0 win . United won the return game 3 -- 0 at Maine Road three months later . 1995 -- 96 was the last season of the millennium which brought a Manchester derby , as City were relegated at the end of the season . The first derby of the season came at Old Trafford in mid-October with a 1 -- 0 win for United in which Paul Scholes , still only 20 , scored the only goal of the game and only a string of superb saves from United goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel prevented City from gaining a surprise win . The return game in early April saw United win 3 -- 2 at Maine Road , with yet another goal from Cantona , who had netted a highly controversial penalty after Uwe Rosler had put City 1 -- 0 FA Cup fifth round two months earlier , which United went on to win 2 -- 1 . The 2000s ( edit ) Three years later , in the first Old Trafford derby of the new millennium in April 2001 , saw the culmination of a long - standing feud between Roy Keane and Alf - Inge Håland , which Keane received a red card for making a knee - high tackle on Håland . The feud started in 1998 , when United captain Keane suffered a cruciate ligament injury when he fouled Håland ( then playing for Leeds , a team that also have an unpleasant rivalry with United ) . As Keane lay on the ground , Håland accused him of feigning injury . The game ended in a 1 -- 1 draw ; United were already league champions and City 's two dropped points brought them closer to eventual relegation , which was confirmed in the penultimate game of the season . It was the first time in nine years that City had come away from Old Trafford unbeaten , and the first time in eight years that they had been unbeaten by United home or away in any competition . In his autobiography , published in 2002 , Keane admitted that the challenge was a premeditated attempt to injure , an admission which resulted in a £ 150,000 fine and a five - match ban during the autumn of that year . Commemorative scarves given out for the 50th anniversary of the Munich air disaster which coincided with the Manchester derby in February 2008 . Blue scarves were also given to Manchester City supporters On 9 November 2002 , City , managed by Kevin Keegan , won the last ever derby at Maine Road 3 -- 1 , with Shaun Goater scoring his 100th and 101st goals for the club , and Nicolas Anelka scoring the other . This was City 's first win over United since the 5 -- 1 victory in 1989 , ending a 13 - year barren run for the blue half of Manchester . City would later go on to draw at Old Trafford in the same season 1 -- 1 , Shaun Goater again scoring the goal . This was the first season since 1991 -- 92 that City had been unbeaten by United in either of their league meetings . Goater also had a second goal disallowed for handball , which would have handed City their first derby double over United since 1970 and their first win at Old Trafford since the `` Denis Law game '' of 1974 . City followed this up by winning the first ever derby match at their new stadium , the City of Manchester Stadium , 4 -- 1 , with goals from Robbie Fowler , Jon Macken , Trevor Sinclair and Shaun Wright - Phillips . The 2007 -- 08 derby games were both won by Manchester City , 1 -- 0 at the City of Manchester Stadium on 19 August 2007 , and 2 -- 1 at Old Trafford on 10 February 2008 ( four days after the 50th anniversary of the Munich air disaster ; a well - observed one - minute silence preceded the match ) . Darius Vassell and Benjani scored for City in the 24th and 45th minutes respectively , and Michael Carrick scored a consolation goal for United in the 90th minute . It was the first time since April 1974 that City had beaten United in the league at Old Trafford and the first time they had won both league derby games since the 1969 -- 70 season . United prevented City from winning a third consecutive derby match in the first derby of the 2008 -- 09 season , Wayne Rooney scoring the game 's only goal . Cristiano Ronaldo was sent off in the same game for a bizarre handball . Ronaldo and Carlos Tevez then scored in the return match at Old Trafford to give United a 2 -- 0 win . 2010 onwards ( edit ) Wembley pictured before the 2010 -- 11 Semi-final -- only the second FA Cup semi-final between both clubs and the first ever meeting at Wembley ( new or old ) . The seasons following City 's big money takeover , in 2008 -- 09 , saw two well - contested semi-final fixtures ( League Cup and FA Cup ) between the clubs . Controversy was generated prior to the start of the 2009 -- 10 season , when City signed Carlos Tevez after his contract with United ended , and erected a billboard reading `` Welcome to Manchester '' at the top of Deansgate . The billboard provoked Alex Ferguson into claiming City were a `` small club with a small mentality '' and subsequently called them `` noisy neighbours '' during the season . The 2009 -- 10 season featured some tense matches , including two League Cup semi-final legs . Sir Alex Ferguson proclaimed the 2009 -- 10 Manchester derby at Old Trafford as `` probably ( ... ) the best derby of all time '' . Manchester United won this game 4 -- 3 after Manchester City had equalised three times only for Michael Owen to score the winning goal after 95 minutes . The match was voted the greatest Premier League game at the Premier League 20 Seasons Awards in 2012 . The sides were drawn against each other in the League Cup semi-finals , meaning a further two games . City won the first leg 2 -- 1 after overturning a 1 -- 0 deficit made by Ryan Giggs with goals from Carlos Tevez . United went 2 -- 0 up in the second leg via Paul Scholes and Michael Carrick before Tevez made it 2 -- 1 , levelling the tie and setting the game up for extra time . However , Rooney scored a stoppage time header which won the tie for United and took them to their second consecutive League Cup final . On 17 April 2010 , United beat City 1 -- 0 thanks to a 90th minute Scholes goal , but the victory was to little avail as it was not enough to help United chase Chelsea down to win the Premier League title , pipping United by a point . The 2010 -- 11 season featured three Manchester derbies , with one victory for United , one draw and one victory for City . The victory for United was at Old Trafford , where Wayne Rooney defined the game through a spectacular bicycle kick , this game gave United some space to overcome the rest of the season and get their 19th league title . City 's win came in the FA Cup semi-final , knocking United out on the way to their ninth FA Cup Final , and their first trophy since 1976 . Consequently , the Community Shield that began the 2011 -- 12 season was a Manchester derby , as United won the league the same day City won the FA Cup , 14 May . United won the Community Shield 3 -- 2 at Wembley , coming from two goals behind to clinch the Shield in stoppage time . On 23 October 2011 , Manchester City beat United 6 -- 1 at Old Trafford , giving the latter their first defeat of the season . Jonny Evans was sent off in the 47th minute after fouling Mario Balotelli , with the score at 1 -- 0 to City . United pulled a goal back at 3 -- 0 down before three goals for City sealed their victory . The 6 -- 1 score was the biggest defeat suffered by Manchester United against City at Old Trafford since the 5 -- 0 loss in 1955 . It was also the first time since 1926 that City had scored six at Old Trafford , when the score that day also finished 6 -- 1 . United and City met for the third time in the season in the third round of the FA Cup , resulting in a 3 -- 2 win for United . The scoring opened in the tenth minute as Wayne Rooney headed neatly past stand - in keeper Costel Pantilimon , before Vincent Kompany received a red card in the 12th minute for a challenge on Nani . United went 3 -- 0 up by half time , and successfully battled off a second half comeback from City in which they scored twice . The game was notable for the re-emergence of Paul Scholes , who came out of retirement and replaced Nani in the 59th minute . City beat United 1 -- 0 at the City of Manchester Stadium on 30 April 2012 , with Vincent Kompany scoring a header just before the half - time whistle . There was also a spat between City boss Roberto Mancini and Sir Alex Ferguson after a challenge on Danny Welbeck by Nigel de Jong . Ferguson claimed that Mancini harangued the fourth official Mike Jones throughout the match , while Mancini laughed off the incident , sarcastically claiming Ferguson never talks to , or harangues the referee -- an offence Ferguson has been found guilty of on numerous occasions , most recently in 2011 for which he received a five - match ban . Consequently , the win put City top of the league on goal difference after being 8 points behind in the league in March . Only two wins against Newcastle United and Queens Park Rangers were required for City to win the league , which they subsequently achieved . City ultimately won the last six league matches to clinch the league title on goal difference -- the first time a tie - breaker was used to decide the championship since 1988 -- 89 , and repeated the 1967 -- 68 league season , when City pipped United to the title after both teams went into their final games level on points . The first Manchester derby of the 2012 -- 13 season was won by Manchester United in the dying minutes of the game . United went ahead with two early goals from Wayne Rooney , before City came back and levelled the match with goals from Yaya Touré and the equaliser from Pablo Zabaleta in the 86th minute . Robin van Persie scored from a free kick that took a deflection off of Samir Nasri in the 92nd minute , to seal the win and three points in the league . Manchester United 's victory ended Manchester City 's run of being unbeaten in 37 games . During the celebrations following the late winner by Robin van Persie , Rio Ferdinand was hit by a coin thrown by a fan , causing Ferdinand to suffer an injury near his left eye . Another fan invaded the pitch and attempted to confront Ferdinand , only to be restrained by Joe Hart . City won the second derby of the season at Old Trafford , the first time they had won two away derbies in a row since the 1970s . The first Manchester derby of the 2013 -- 14 season was won by City 4 -- 1 at the City of Manchester Stadium on 22 September 2013 . Sergio Agüero opened the scoring on the 16th minute followed by a goal from Yaya Touré just before half - time . In the second half , Agüero scored his second followed by a Samir Nasri goal three minutes later . Wayne Rooney scored a late free kick for United as a consolation goal . It was the first time in 26 years that the Derby had been contested by two new managers : Manuel Pellegrini for Manchester City and David Moyes for Manchester United . Manchester City went on to do the double over United with a third consecutive win at Old Trafford on 25 March 2014 , and won the Premier League for the second time in three seasons . During the 2014 -- 15 season , City defeated United 1 -- 0 at City of Manchester Stadium in November 2014 , but United won their next encounter at Old Trafford in April 2015 with a final score of 4 -- 2 , a game which City goalkeeper Joe Hart dubbed `` one of my worst days in a Man City shirt '' . The first derby of the 2015 -- 16 campaign , contested at Old Trafford , ended in a 0 -- 0 draw . This was the first time the derby had ended without any goals since 2010 . United won the second derby of the season , hosted at the City of Manchester Stadium , after Marcus Rashford scored the only goal of the game at the 16 - minute mark . Both clubs had managerial changes prior to the start of the 2016 -- 17 campaign , with José Mourinho taking over Manchester United and Pep Guardiola taking over Manchester City . City took the bragging rights that season , winning 2 -- 1 at Old Trafford on 10 September before a goalless draw at the City of Manchester Stadium on 27 April in which Marouane Fellaini was sent off for headbutting Sergio Agüero . In the 2017 -- 18 season , City won 2 -- 1 at Old Trafford for the second year in a row on 10 December , and had the chance to win the league with victory over United at the City of Manchester Stadium on 7 April . They led 2 -- 0 at half - time , but two goals from Paul Pogba and one from Chris Smalling meant City had to wait to secure the title ; however , City 's victory against Tottenham the following weekend , combined with a defeat for United against West Bromwich Albion the next day , meant City won the title with five games to play . Statistics ( edit ) As of 7 April 2018 , there have been 176 competitive meetings between the teams . United have won 73 , City 51 and the remaining 52 games finished as draws . The biggest victories have been to City , who have won 6 -- 1 on two occasions in the official league ( both times in the away fixture at Old Trafford ) ; on 23 January 1926 and 23 October 2011 . But on 14 April 1941 , during a war league derby match at Maine Road , United beat City 7 -- 1 , which remains the biggest victory between the two sides overall , this result has been omitted as the official league was suspended but the derby still continued . Both teams have won 5 -- 0 once ( City in 1955 , United in 1994 ) . The largest attendance for a Manchester derby was 78,000 on 20 September 1947 , a time when both clubs were playing at Maine Road , as Old Trafford was being repaired following damage sustained in the Second World War . Manchester City and Manchester United league positions from 1893 to present Statistics are correct as of 7 April 2018 . Competition Played City Draw United City goals United goals Premier League 42 13 8 21 55 63 Football League First Division 104 30 39 35 147 141 Football League Second Division 12 6 13 21 FA Cup 9 0 6 12 18 EFL Cup 7 11 9 FA Community Shield 0 0 Total 176 51 52 73 240 256 Top goalscorers Player Club Goals Wayne Rooney Manchester United 11 Joe Hayes Manchester City 10 Francis Lee Manchester City 10 Bobby Charlton Manchester United 9 Sergio Agüero Manchester City 8 Colin Bell Manchester City 8 Eric Cantona Manchester United 8 Brian Kidd Manchester United Manchester City 8 Joe Spence Manchester United 8 Paul Scholes Manchester United 7 Dennis Viollet Manchester United 7 All statistics exclude the abandoned match from the 1960 -- 61 season . Italics denote players still currently playing for either Manchester City or Manchester United . Honours ( edit ) City won their first honour in 1904 with victory in the FA Cup and United in 1908 with the Football League First Division title . There have been four occasions where City and United , finished champions and runners - up in the league , the 1967 -- 68 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , and 2017 -- 18 seasons . On the first two occasions City pipped United to the title in the last game of the season , with both teams going into their final games level on points . In 2013 United finished 11 points clear to clinch their 20th title . City finished 19 points clear in 2018 , breaking a record set by United in 1999 -- 2000 season . Three semi-finals ( two in the FA Cup and one in the League Cup ) have been played between both clubs , but they have never met in the final of any senior competition . Table correct as of 15 April 2018 . Team League FA Cup League Cup Community Shield European Cup / Champions League UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup UEFA Super Cup Intercontinental Cup FIFA Club World Cup Total Manchester City 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 20 Manchester United 20 12 5 21 66 Combined 25 17 10 25 86 ( Charity / Community Shields includes shared honours after a drawn match , as per competition regulations prior to 1993 ) Manchester United = 17 outright , 4 shared Non-competitive derbies ( edit ) A large number of non-competitive Manchester derbies have taken place . The majority of these occurred during the Second World War , when a total of 44 matches were played between the teams . In recent years , non-competitive matches between the teams have generally been testimonials , such as those for Paul Lake and Denis Irwin . In 1978 , for Colin Bell 's testimonial , players from City and United lined up side by side against a combined Liverpool and Everton team in a Manchester v Merseyside fixture . Matches between non-first team sides representing the Manchester clubs also have an element of rivalry , with occasions when the reserve teams meet sometimes referred to as `` mini-derbies '' . This term is also used in reference to when supporters ' offshoot clubs ( Maine Road F.C. and F.C. United of Manchester ) meet . The two clubs have met twice , in the 2006 -- 07 season , with FC United winning the inaugural match 2 -- 1 away at Bower Fold , Stalybridge , in front of 3,181 spectators . United also won the second game 3 -- 0 at Gigg Lane , Bury in a game watched by 3,605 . A friendly in 2009 saw Maine Road win 2 -- 1 . F.C. United 's games against Salford City have also been referred to as a `` mini Manchester derby '' , especially since Salford 's takeover by the Class of ' 92 . A friendly match played on 20 July 2017 in Houston , Texas marked the first Manchester derby to be contested outside the United Kingdom . The match , part of the 2017 International Champions Cup , ended with United winning 2 -- 0 in front of 67,401 spectators . A Manchester derby had been scheduled to take place in Beijing , China a year earlier as part of the 2016 International Champions Cup , but was cancelled due to extreme weather conditions . All - time results ( edit ) League ( edit ) Manchester City vs Manchester United Date Venue Score Competition Attendance 3 November 1894 Hyde Road 2 -- 5 Second Division 14,000 7 December 1895 Hyde Road 2 -- 1 Second Division 18,000 3 October 1896 Hyde Road 0 -- 0 Second Division 20,000 25 December 1897 Hyde Road 0 -- 1 Second Division 16,000 26 December 1898 Hyde Road 4 -- 0 Second Division 25,000 10 April 1903 Hyde Road 0 -- 2 Second Division 30,000 1 December 1906 Hyde Road 3 -- 0 First Division 40,000 18 April 1908 Hyde Road 0 -- 0 First Division 40,000 19 September 1908 Hyde Road 1 -- 2 First Division 40,000 21 January 1911 Hyde Road 1 -- 1 First Division 40,000 2 September 1911 Hyde Road 0 -- 0 First Division 35,000 28 December 1912 Hyde Road 0 -- 2 First Division 38,000 6 December 1913 Hyde Road 0 -- 2 First Division 40,000 2 January 1915 Hyde Road 1 -- 1 First Division 30,000 11 October 1919 Hyde Road 3 -- 3 First Division 30,000 27 November 1920 Hyde Road 3 -- 0 First Division 35,000 22 October 1921 Hyde Road 4 -- 1 First Division 24,000 12 September 1925 Maine Road 1 -- 1 First Division 62,994 12 September 1928 Maine Road 2 -- 2 First Division 61,007 8 February 1930 Maine Road 0 -- 1 First Division 64,472 4 October 1930 Maine Road 4 -- 1 First Division 41,757 9 January 1937 Maine Road 1 -- 0 First Division 64,862 20 September 1947 Maine Road 0 -- 0 First Division 71,364 11 September 1948 Maine Road 0 -- 0 First Division 64,502 31 December 1949 Maine Road 1 -- 2 First Division 63,704 15 September 1951 Maine Road 1 -- 2 First Division 52,571 30 August 1952 Maine Road 2 -- 1 First Division 56,140 5 September 1953 Maine Road 2 -- 0 First Division 53,097 25 September 1954 Maine Road 3 -- 2 First Division 54,105 3 September 1955 Maine Road 1 -- 0 First Division 59,162 2 February 1957 Maine Road 2 -- 4 First Division 63,872 28 December 1957 Maine Road 2 -- 2 First Division 70,483 27 September 1958 Maine Road 1 -- 1 First Division 62,912 19 September 1959 Maine Road 3 -- 0 First Division 58,300 4 March 1961 Maine Road 1 -- 3 First Division 50,479 10 February 1962 Maine Road 0 -- 2 First Division 49,959 15 May 1963 Maine Road 1 -- 1 First Division 52,424 21 January 1967 Maine Road 1 -- 1 First Division 62,983 30 September 1967 Maine Road 1 -- 2 First Division 62,942 17 August 1968 Maine Road 0 -- 0 First Division 63,052 15 November 1969 Maine Road 4 -- 0 First Division 63,013 5 May 1971 Maine Road 3 -- 4 First Division 43,626 6 November 1971 Maine Road 3 -- 3 First Division 63,326 18 November 1972 Maine Road 3 -- 0 First Division 52,050 13 March 1974 Maine Road 0 -- 0 First Division 51,331 27 September 1975 Maine Road 2 -- 2 First Division 50,182 25 September 1976 Maine Road 1 -- 3 First Division 48,861 10 September 1977 Maine Road 3 -- 1 First Division 50,856 10 February 1979 Maine Road 0 -- 3 First Division 46,151 10 November 1979 Maine Road 2 -- 0 First Division 50,067 21 February 1981 Maine Road 1 -- 0 First Division 50,014 10 October 1981 Maine Road 0 -- 0 First Division 52,037 5 March 1983 Maine Road 1 -- 2 First Division 45,400 14 September 1985 Maine Road 0 -- 3 First Division 48,773 26 October 1986 Maine Road 1 -- 1 First Division 32,440 23 September 1989 Maine Road 5 -- 1 First Division 43,246 27 October 1990 Maine Road 3 -- 3 First Division 36,427 16 November 1991 Maine Road 0 -- 0 First Division 38,180 20 March 1993 Maine Road 1 -- 1 Premier League 37,136 7 November 1993 Maine Road 2 -- 3 Premier League 35,155 11 February 1995 Maine Road 0 -- 3 Premier League 26,368 6 April 1996 Maine Road 2 -- 3 Premier League 29,668 18 November 2000 Maine Road 0 -- 1 Premier League 34,429 9 November 2002 Maine Road 3 -- 1 Premier League 34,649 14 March 2004 City of Manchester 4 -- 1 Premier League 47,284 13 February 2005 City of Manchester 0 -- 2 Premier League 47,111 14 January 2006 City of Manchester 3 -- 1 Premier League 47,192 5 May 2007 City of Manchester 0 -- 1 Premier League 47,244 19 August 2007 City of Manchester 1 -- 0 Premier League 44,955 30 November 2008 City of Manchester 0 -- 1 Premier League 47,320 17 April 2010 City of Manchester 0 -- 1 Premier League 47,019 10 November 2010 City of Manchester 0 -- 0 Premier League 47,679 30 April 2012 City of Manchester 1 -- 0 Premier League 47,253 9 December 2012 City of Manchester 2 -- 3 Premier League 47,166 22 September 2013 City of Manchester 4 -- 1 Premier League 47,156 2 November 2014 City of Manchester 1 -- 0 Premier League 45,358 20 March 2016 City of Manchester 0 -- 1 Premier League 54,557 27 April 2017 City of Manchester 0 -- 0 Premier League 54,176 7 April 2018 City of Manchester 2 -- 3 Premier League 54,259 City wins Draws United wins 25 25 29 Manchester United vs Manchester City Date Venue Score Competition Attendance 1 January 1895 Bank Street 4 -- 1 Second Division 12,000 5 October 1895 Bank Street 1 -- 1 Second Division 18,000 25 December 1896 Bank Street 2 -- 1 Second Division 20,000 16 October 1897 Bank Street 1 -- 1 Second Division 40,000 10 September 1898 Bank Street 3 -- 0 Second Division 40,000 25 December 1902 Bank Street 1 -- 1 Second Division 35,000 6 April 1907 Bank Street 1 -- 1 First Division 40,000 21 December 1907 Bank Street 3 -- 1 First Division 35,000 23 January 1909 Bank Street 3 -- 1 First Division 40,000 17 September 1910 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 First Division 60,000 30 December 1911 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 50,000 7 September 1912 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 First Division 40,000 11 April 1914 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 First Division 36,000 5 September 1914 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 20,000 18 October 1919 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 40,000 20 November 1920 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 63,000 29 October 1921 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 First Division 56,000 23 January 1926 Old Trafford 1 -- 6 First Division 48,657 23 January 1929 Old Trafford 1 -- 2 First Division 42,255 5 October 1929 Old Trafford 1 -- 3 First Division 57,201 7 February 1931 Old Trafford 1 -- 3 First Division 39,876 12 September 1936 Old Trafford 3 -- 2 First Division 68,796 7 April 1948 Maine Road 1 -- 1 First Division 71,690 22 January 1949 Maine Road 0 -- 0 First Division 66,485 3 September 1949 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 First Division 47,760 19 January 1952 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 54,245 3 January 1953 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 47,883 16 January 1954 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 46,379 12 February 1955 Old Trafford 0 -- 5 First Division 47,914 31 December 1955 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 First Division 60,956 22 September 1956 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 53,525 31 August 1957 Old Trafford 4 -- 1 First Division 63,347 14 February 1959 Old Trafford 4 -- 1 First Division 59,846 6 February 1960 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 59,450 31 December 1960 Old Trafford 5 -- 1 First Division 61,213 23 September 1961 Old Trafford 3 -- 2 First Division 56,345 15 September 1962 Old Trafford 2 -- 3 First Division 49,193 17 September 1966 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 62,085 27 March 1968 Old Trafford 1 -- 3 First Division 63,004 8 March 1969 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 First Division 63,264 28 March 1970 Old Trafford 1 -- 2 First Division 59,777 12 December 1970 Old Trafford 1 -- 4 First Division 52,636 12 April 1972 Old Trafford 1 -- 3 First Division 56,362 21 April 1973 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 61,676 27 April 1974 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 First Division 56,996 4 May 1976 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 59,517 5 March 1977 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 First Division 58,595 15 March 1978 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 First Division 58,398 30 September 1978 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 55,301 22 March 1980 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 56,387 27 September 1980 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 First Division 55,918 27 February 1982 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 57,830 23 October 1982 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 First Division 57,334 22 March 1986 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 First Division 51,274 7 March 1987 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 48,619 3 February 1990 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 40,274 4 May 1991 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 45,286 7 April 1992 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 46,781 6 December 1992 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 35,408 23 April 1994 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 Premier League 44,333 10 November 1994 Old Trafford 5 -- 0 Premier League 43,738 14 October 1995 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 Premier League 35,707 21 April 2001 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 Premier League 67,535 9 February 2003 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 Premier League 67,646 13 December 2003 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 Premier League 67,643 7 November 2004 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 Premier League 67,863 10 September 2005 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 Premier League 67,839 9 December 2006 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 Premier League 75,858 10 February 2008 Old Trafford 1 -- 2 Premier League 75,970 10 May 2009 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 Premier League 75,464 20 September 2009 Old Trafford 4 -- 3 Premier League 75,066 12 February 2011 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 75,322 23 October 2011 Old Trafford 1 -- 6 Premier League 75,487 8 April 2013 Old Trafford 1 -- 2 Premier League 75,498 25 March 2014 Old Trafford 0 -- 3 Premier League 75,203 12 April 2015 Old Trafford 4 -- 2 Premier League 75,313 25 October 2015 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 Premier League 75,329 10 September 2016 Old Trafford 1 -- 2 Premier League 75,272 10 December 2017 Old Trafford 1 -- 2 Premier League 74,487 United wins Draws City wins 33 26 20 Cup ( edit ) Date Venue Score Competition Attendance 3 October 1891 North Road 5 -- 1 FA Cup First Round Qualifying 11,000 27 March 1926 Bramall Lane 0 -- 3 FA Cup Semi-final 46,450 24 February 1955 Maine Road 2 -- 0 FA Cup 4th Round 75,000 24 October 1956 Maine Road 0 -- 1 FA Charity Shield 30,495 3 December 1969 Maine Road 2 -- 1 League Cup Semi-final 1st Leg 55,799 17 December 1969 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 League Cup Semi-final 2nd Leg 63,418 24 January 1970 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 FA Cup 4th Round 63,417 9 October 1974 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 League Cup 3rd Round 55,169 12 November 1975 Maine Road 4 -- 0 League Cup 4th Round 50,182 10 January 1987 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 FA Cup 3rd Round 54,294 18 February 1996 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 FA Cup 5th Round 42,692 14 February 2004 Old Trafford 4 -- 2 FA Cup 5th Round 67,228 19 January 2010 City of Manchester 2 -- 1 League Cup Semi-final 1st Leg 46,067 27 January 2010 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 League Cup Semi-final 2nd Leg 74,576 16 April 2011 Wembley Stadium 1 -- 0 FA Cup Semi-final 86,549 7 August 2011 Wembley Stadium 2 -- 3 FA Community Shield 77,169 8 January 2012 City of Manchester 2 -- 3 FA Cup 3rd Round 46,808 26 October 2016 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 EFL Cup 4th Round 75,196 United wins Draws City wins 11 6 The first meeting between the sides in a national competition occurred in the first qualifying round of the 1891 -- 92 FA Cup . In their early years the Manchester clubs sometimes regarded the FA Cup as a low priority . In the previous season Newton Heath named a reserve team for their tie against Bootle , and Ardwick withdrew from their second round tie at Haliwell , opting to play a friendly against Higher Walton instead . This time both clubs treated the match as a senior fixture . Newton Heath won 5 -- 1 at North Road . The second FA cup derby was a far more prestigious occasion -- a semi-final at Sheffield United 's Bramall Lane in 1926 . City won 3 -- 0 , but were beaten in the final by Bolton Wanderers. 29 years later City overcame United 2 -- 0 in the Fourth Round , and again reached the final only to be runners - up . The first League Cup derby was in the 1969 -- 70 season . City won a two - legged semi-final 4 -- 3 on aggregate , and this win went on to win the competition . One month later the teams met once more , in the FA Cup Fourth Round . United avenged their earlier defeat with a 3 -- 0 win . The clubs met in the League Cup twice more in the 1970s , both in the fourth round . In 1974 -- 75 United won 1 -- 0 at Old Trafford . This match is the only competitive derby to have occurred while the clubs were in different divisions . Manchester United were in the Second Division , having been relegated the previous season . The following season the teams met in the competition again , with United a First Division team once more . City won 4 -- 0 at Maine Road , and went on to win the competition . However , the match also saw Colin Bell suffer a knee injury that eventually led to his retirement . In the 34 years following City 's triumph in 1975 , only three cup fixtures occurred perhaps symbolising City 's worst decline of their 130 - year history . All three cup fixtures were in the FA Cup , all at Old Trafford and all won by United . The only cup derby of the 1980s was a 1 -- 0 United win in the 1987 FA Cup Third Round . The next cup meeting was at Old Trafford in 1996 , was decided by a hotly disputed penalty for United , described by The Independent as `` like prosecuting someone for littering during a riot '' . Eight years later the next cup meeting was at Old Trafford in the FA Cup with United emerging victorious in an eventful 4 -- 2 victory which saw Gary Neville sent - off for head - butting Steve McManaman . Shared player History ( edit ) Players who have played for both clubs ( edit ) The first transfers of note between the clubs occurred in 1906 . During the 1905 -- 06 season City became embroiled in a financial scandal , which resulted in the suspension of seventeen players , including most of the team that had won the 1904 FA Cup Final . United signed four of these players : Billy Meredith , Sandy Turnbull , Herbert Burgess and Jimmy Bannister . All four were subsequently part of the team which won United 's first major trophy , the 1908 league championship . In recent years , direct transfers between the clubs have been rare . Carlos Tevez joined City in 2009 having spent the previous two seasons at United . City then produced billboard posters featuring Tevez and the slogan `` Welcome to Manchester '' . Player Manchester City career Manchester United career Span League apps League goals Span League apps League goals William Douglas 1890 -- 1894 36 0 1894 -- 1896 56 0 Bob Milarvie 1891 -- 1896 69 12 1890 -- 1891 22 Adam Carson 1893 -- 1894 7 1892 -- 1893 13 Alf Edge 1894 0 1891 -- 1892 19 7 Billy Meredith 1894 -- 1906 1921 -- 1924 339 28 129 0 1906 -- 1921 303 35 Bert Read 1895 -- 1902 115 1902 -- 1908 35 0 Fred Williams 1896 -- 1902 124 38 1902 -- 1903 8 0 Stockport Smith 1897 -- 1900 54 22 1901 -- 1902 16 0 Joe Cassidy 1900 -- 1901 32 14 1893 1895 -- 1900 174 100 Frank Barrett 1901 -- 1902 5 0 1896 -- 1900 118 0 Hugh Morgan 1901 -- 1902 12 1900 -- 1901 20 Daniel Hurst 1901 -- 1902 15 0 1902 -- 1903 16 John Christie 1904 -- 1907 10 0 1902 -- 1904 0 Jimmy Bannister 1902 -- 1906 45 21 1906 -- 1909 57 7 Sandy Turnbull 1902 -- 1906 110 53 1906 -- 1915 220 90 Herbert Burgess 1903 -- 1906 85 1906 -- 1910 49 0 George Livingstone 1903 -- 1906 81 19 1909 -- 1915 43 Horace Blew 1906 0 1906 0 Herbert Broomfield 1908 -- 1910 0 1907 -- 1908 9 0 Mickey Hamill 1920 -- 1924 118 1911 -- 1914 57 Wilf Woodcock 1920 -- 1922 15 1912 -- 1920 58 20 Len Langford 1930 -- 1934 112 0 1934 -- 1937 15 0 Bill Ridding 1930 -- 1931 9 1931 -- 1934 42 14 Bill Dale 1931 -- 1938 237 0 1925 -- 1931 64 0 Harry Rowley 1932 -- 1933 18 1928 -- 1932 1934 -- 1937 95 78 24 27 Denis Law 1960 -- 1961 1973 -- 1974 44 24 21 9 1962 -- 1973 309 171 Brian Kidd 1976 -- 1979 98 44 1963 -- 1974 203 52 Wyn Davies 1971 -- 1972 45 8 1972 -- 1973 16 Sammy McIlroy 1985 -- 1986 13 1971 -- 1982 342 57 Peter Barnes 1974 -- 1979 1987 -- 1988 115 8 15 0 1985 -- 1987 20 John Gidman 1986 -- 1988 53 1981 -- 1986 95 Peter Beardsley 1998 6 0 1982 -- 1983 0 0 Mark Robins 1999 0 1986 -- 1992 48 11 Andrei Kanchelskis 10 0 1991 -- 1995 123 28 Peter Schmeichel 2002 -- 2003 29 0 1991 -- 1999 292 0 Terry Cooke 1999 -- 2002 20 1994 -- 1999 0 Andy Cole 2005 -- 2006 22 9 1995 -- 2001 195 93 Carlos Tevez 2009 -- 2013 105 57 2007 -- 2009 63 19 Owen Hargreaves 2011 -- 2012 0 2007 -- 2011 27 Played for one , managed the other ( edit ) Matt Busby played for Manchester City and managed Manchester United Matt Busby made more than 200 appearances for Manchester City in the 1920s and 1930s , winning an FA Cup medal in 1934 . Immediately after the Second World War , Busby became Manchester United manager , completely transforming the club in a 24 - year tenure . With United he won a European Cup , five league titles and two FA Cups , and rebuilt the team after eight players were killed in the Munich air disaster in 1958 . Steve Coppell played over 300 games as a right winger for United , winning the FA Cup in 1977 . He became City manager in 1996 , but resigned after only 32 days , becoming the shortest serving manager in the club 's history . Manager Played for Managed Team Span League apps League goals Team Span Win % Matt Busby Manchester City 1928 -- 1936 226 14 Manchester United 1945 -- 1969 1970 -- 1971 1120 21 565 11 263 292 7 50.45 52.38 Steve Coppell Manchester United 1975 -- 1983 322 53 Manchester City 6 33.33 Mark Hughes Manchester United 1980 -- 1986 1988 -- 1995 89 256 37 82 Manchester City 2008 -- 2009 77 36 15 26 46.75 Managed both clubs ( edit ) Ernest Mangnall is the only man to have managed both clubs . He oversaw United 's first national trophy wins , gaining two league titles and one FA Cup . In September 1912 , Mangnall agreed to join City , but remained in charge of United for two more games . His final match in charge of United was a derby , which his new employers City won 1 -- 0 . He signed Billy Meredith for United from City in 1906 , and did the same again in 1921 , but in the opposite direction . Off the field , he played an important role in both United 's move to Old Trafford in 1910 and City 's move to Maine Road in 1923 . Manager Manchester City career Manchester United career Span Win % Span Win % Ernest Mangnall 1912 -- 1924 350 151 117 82 43.14 1903 -- 1912 471 242 139 90 51.38 References ( edit ) Bibliography Buckley , Andy ; Burgess , Richard ( 2000 ) . Blue Moon Rising : The Fall and Rise of Manchester City . Bury : Milo . ISBN 0 - 9530847 - 4 - 4 . Cawley , Steve ; James , Gary ( 1991 ) . The Pride of Manchester -- A history of the Manchester derby matches . Leicester : ACL Polar . ISBN 0 - 9514862 - 1 - 7 . Heatley , Michael ; Welch , Ian ( 1996 ) . The Great Derby Matches -- Manchester United v Manchester City . Shepperton : Dial House . ISBN 0 - 7110 - 2390 - 5 . James , Gary ; Mellor , Keith ( 1989 ) . From Maine Men To Banana Citizens . Temple Press . James , Gary ( 2006 ) . Manchester City -- The Complete Record . Derby : Breedon . ISBN 1 - 85983 - 512 - 0 . James , Gary ( 2008 ) . Manchester -- A Football History . Halifax : James Ward . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9558127 - 0 - 5 . Penney , Ian ( 1995 ) . The Maine Road Encyclopedia . Edinburgh : Mainstream . ISBN 1 - 85158 - 710 - 1 . Whittell , Ian ( 1994 ) . Manchester City Greats . Edinburgh : John Donald . ISBN 0 - 85976 - 352 - 8 . Notes Jump up ^ Gary James , Manchester : The Greatest City ( Polar Publishing , 2002 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Toovey , Paul ( 2009 ) . Manchester City -- The Birth of the Blues 1880 -- 1894 . Stockport : Paul Toovey . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9561910 - 0 - 7 . Jump up ^ James , Gary ( 2008 ) . Manchester -- A Football History . Halifax : James Ward . pp. 71 -- 72 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9558127 - 0 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` '' A quick look back `` '' . Manchester City v Manchester United match programme. 30 September 1967 . p. 17 . Jump up ^ Ward , The Manchester City Story , p. 14 . Jump up ^ James , Manchester -- A Football History , pp. 117 -- 9 Jump up ^ Cawley & James , The Pride of Manchester , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Gary James & Keith Mellor , From Maine Men To Banana Citizens ( Temple Press , 1989 ) , p8 . Jump up ^ Steve Cawley & Gary James , The Pride of Manchester -- A History of the Manchester Derby ( ACL & Polar Publishing , 1991 ) , p320 . Jump up ^ Gary James , Manchester : The Greatest City ( Polar Publishing , 2002 ) , 283 . Jump up ^ `` Derby day memories : Lou Macari '' . Manchester Evening News . MEN Media . 8 February 2005 . Retrieved 17 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 5 November 2012 . Retrieved 6 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 November 2012 . Retrieved 6 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 5 September 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 29 August 2012 . Retrieved 6 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` From the Vault : Manchester City beat United 5 -- 1 '' . The Guardian . London . 23 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Man City a small club -- Ferguson '' . bbc.co.uk. 26 July 2009 . Retrieved 17 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Ducker , James ( 21 September 2009 ) . `` Sir Alex Ferguson stokes up hostilities with Manchester City after derby victory '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ `` Boss Ferguson hails ' best derby ' '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 20 September 2009 . Retrieved 15 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ferguson hails ' best ever derby ' '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 20 September 2009 . Retrieved 20 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester derby wins 20 Seasons Best Match '' . Premier League . 12 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2012 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 30 April 2012 ) . `` Manchester City 1 -- 0 Manchester United '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Man City boss Roberto Mancini reacts to Sir Alex Ferguson jibe '' . BBC Sport. 1 May 2012 . Retrieved 1 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Slater , Matt ( 17 March 2011 ) . `` Sir Alex Ferguson handed five - match ban for outburst '' . BBC News . Retrieved 23 August 2012 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil . `` Manchester City 1 -- 0 Manchester United '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man City 2 Man Utd 3 : RVP ends City 's unbeaten home run '' . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/matchday/matches/2014-2015/epl.html/man-city-vs-man-utd Jump up ^ `` Hart labels derby defeat as ' one of the worst days in a City shirt ' '' . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester City 0 - 1 Manchester United Match report - 20 / 03 / 2016 Premier League - Goal.com '' . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 10 September 2016 ) . `` Manchester United 1 - 2 Manchester City '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 27 April 2017 ) . `` Manchester City 0 - 0 Manchester United '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 10 December 2017 ) . `` Manchester United 1 - 2 Manchester City '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 7 April 2018 ) . `` Manchester City 2 - 3 Manchester United '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Man City win Premier League as Man Utd lose to West Brom '' . BBC Sport. 15 April 2018 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Opponents : Manchester United '' . Mcfcstats.com derby statistics . Retrieved 23 December 2005 . Jump up ^ Julian Baskcomb & Julia Byrne ( eds . ) Manchester City Official Handbook 1997 -- 98 ( Polar , 1997 ) , pp. 99 -- 101 Jump up ^ `` Club History -- Manchester City FC '' . Manchester City . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trophy Room '' . Manchester United . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Shield -- A brief history '' . Jump up ^ `` Reds mini derby revenge mission '' . Manchester Evening News . MEN Media . 11 May 2004 . Retrieved 17 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report1 '' . fc-utd.co.uk . Retrieved 27 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report2 '' . fc-utd.co.uk . Retrieved 27 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Club owned by United fans take on Class of 92 's side in ' mini Manchester derby ' '' . Manchester Evening News . 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Man United vs. Man City Preview : Houston Hosts First Overseas Manchester Derby '' . Sports Illustrated . 19 July 2017 . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 21 July 2017 ) . `` Ederson makes inglorious start as Manchester United account for City '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Statement : 25 July '' . Manchester City Football Club . 25 July 2016 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Cowley & James , The Pride of Manchester , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Toovey , Manchester City -- The Birth of the Blues 1880 -- 1894 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Heatley & Welch , The Great Derby Matches -- Manchester United v Manchester City , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Cowley & James , The Pride of Manchester , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Cowley & James , The Pride of Manchester , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Heatley & Welch , The Great Derby Matches -- Manchester United v Manchester City , p. 59 . Jump up ^ whitell , Manchester City Greats , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Cowley & James , The Pride of Manchester , p. 298 . Jump up ^ Moore , Glenn ( 15 February 1996 ) . `` Sharpe rounds off United 's lucky day '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 4 -- 2 Man City '' . BBC Sport. 14 February 2004 . Retrieved 29 April 2011 . Jump up ^ James , Manchester -- A Football History , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Steve ( 18 July 2009 ) . `` Manchester City taunt Manchester United with Carlos Tevez ' welcome ' poster '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 3 November 2010 . Jump up ^ James , Manchester City -- The Complete Record , pp. 202 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Buckley and Burgess , Blue Moon Rising , p. 132 . Jump up ^ `` Roller - coaster years '' . BBC Sport. 7 May 2001 . Retrieved 14 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Penney , The Maine Road Encyclopedia , p. 129 . Jump up ^ James , Manchester City -- The Complete Record , p. 238 . Jump up ^ James , Manchester -- A Football History , p. 384 . 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About Wikipedia	who won the match between manchester united and manchester city	[ "City won their first honour in 1904 with victory in the FA Cup and United in 1908 with the Football League First Division title. There have been four occasions where City and United, finished champions and runners-up in the league, the 1967–68, 2011–12, 2012–13, and 2017–18 seasons. On the first two occasions City pipped United to the title in the last game of the season, with both teams going into their final games level on points. In 2013 United finished 11 points clear to clinch their 20th title. City finished 19 points clear in 2018, breaking a record set by United in 1999–2000 season. Three semi-finals (two in the FA Cup and one in the League Cup) have been played between both clubs, but they have never met in the final of any senior competition.\n" ]	[ "City" ]
1369205952277674092	Pyramus and Thisbe	Pyramus and Thisbe - wikipedia Pyramus and Thisbe Jump to : navigation , search For other uses of both `` Pyramus '' and `` Thisbe '' , see Pyramus ( disambiguation ) and Thisbe ( disambiguation ) . Thisbe , by John William Waterhouse , 1909 . Pyramus and Thisbē are a pair of ill - fated lovers whose story forms part of Ovid 's Metamorphoses . The story has since been retold by many authors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Origins 3 Adaptations 3.1 Allusions 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 6.1 Primary sources 6.2 Secondary sources 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In Ovid 's Metamorphoses , Pyramus and Thisbe are two lovers in the city of Babylon who occupy connected houses / walls , forbidden by their parents to be wed , because of their parents ' rivalry . Through a crack in one of the walls , they whisper their love for each other . They arrange to meet near Ninus ' tomb under a mulberry tree and state their feelings for each other . Thisbe arrives first , but upon seeing a lioness with a mouth bloody from a recent kill , she flees , leaving behind her veil . When Pyramus arrives he is horrified at the sight of Thisbe 's veil , assuming that a wild beast has killed her . Pyramus kills himself , falling on his sword in proper Babylonian fashion , and in turn splashing blood on the white mulberry leaves . Pyramus ' blood stains the white mulberry fruits , turning them dark . Thisbe returns , eager to tell Pyramus what had happened to her , but she finds Pyramus ' dead body under the shade of the mulberry tree . Thisbe , after a brief period of mourning , stabs herself with the same sword . In the end , the gods listen to Thisbe 's lament , and forever change the colour of the mulberry fruits into the stained colour to honour the forbidden love . Origins ( edit ) Ovid 's is the oldest surviving version of the story , published in 8 AD , but he adapted an existing etiological myth . While in Ovid 's telling Pyramus and Thisbe lived in Babylon and Ctesias had placed the tomb of his imagined king Ninus near that city , the myth probably originated in Cilicia ( part of Ninus ' Babylonian empire ) as Pyramos is the historical Greek name of the local Ceyhan River . The metamorphosis in the primary story involves Pyramus changing into this river and Thisbe into a nearby spring . A 2nd - century mosaic unearthed near Nea Paphos on Cyprus depicts this older version of the myth . Adaptations ( edit ) Pyramus and Thisbe by Gregorio Pagani . Uffizi Gallery . The story of Pyramus and Thisbe appears in Giovanni Boccaccio 's On Famous Women as biography number twelve ( sometimes thirteen ) and in his Decameron , in the fifth story on the seventh day , where a desperate housewife falls in love with her neighbor , and communicates with him through a crack in the wall , attracting his attention by dropping pieces of stone and straw through the crack . In the 1380s , Geoffrey Chaucer , in his The Legend of Good Women , and John Gower , in his Confessio Amantis , were the first to tell the story in English . Gower altered the story somewhat into a cautionary tale . John Metham 's Amoryus and Cleopes ( 1449 ) is another early English adaptation . The tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ultimately sprang from Ovid 's story . Here the star - crossed lovers can not be together because Juliet has been engaged by her parents to another man and the two families hold an ancient grudge . As in Pyramus and Thisbe , the mistaken belief in one lover 's death leads to consecutive suicides . The earliest version of Romeo and Juliet was published in 1476 by Masuccio Salernitano , while it mostly obtained its present form when written down in 1524 by Luigi da Porto . Salernitano and Da Porto both are thought to have been inspired by Ovid and Boccaccio 's writing . Shakespeare 's most famous 1590s adaptation is a dramatization of Arthur Brooke 's 1562 poem The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet , itself a translation of a French translation of Da Porto 's novella . In Shakespeare 's A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( Act V , sc 1 ) , written in the 1590s , a group of `` mechanicals '' enact the story of `` Pyramus and Thisbe '' . Their production is crude and , for the most part , badly done until the final monologues of Nick Bottom , as Pyramus and Francis Flute , as Thisbe . The theme of forbidden love is also present in A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( albeit a less tragic and dark representation ) in that a girl , Hermia , is not able to marry the man she loves , Lysander , because her father Egeus despises him and wishes for her to marry Demetrius , and meanwhile Hermia and Lysander are confident that Helena is in love with Demetrius . Spanish poet Luis de Góngora wrote a Fábula de Píramo y Tisbe in 1618 , while French poet Théophile de Viau wrote Les amours tragiques de Pyrame et Thisbée , a tragedy in five acts , in 1621 . In 1718 Giuseppe Antonio Brescianello wrote his only opera `` La Tisbe '' for Württemberg court . François Francoeur and François Rebel composed Pirame et Thisbée , a lyric tragedy in 5 acts and a prologue , with libretto by Jean - Louis - Ignace de La Serre ; it was played at the Académie royale de musique , on October 17 , 1726 . The story was adapted by John Frederick Lampe as a `` Mock Opera '' in 1745 , containing a singing `` Wall '' which was described as `` the most musical partition that was ever heard . '' In 1768 in Vienna , Johann Adolph Hasse composed a serious opera on the tale , titled Piramo e Tisbe . Edmond Rostand adapted the tale from Romeo and Juliet , making the fathers of the lovers conspire to bring their children together by pretending to forbid their love , in Les Romanesques , whose musical adaptation , Fantasticks , became the world 's longest - running musical . Allusions ( edit ) In Geoffrey Chaucer 's ' The Merchant 's Tale ' from The Canterbury Tales ( 1389 - 1400 ) , the two illicit lovers Damian and May are likened to Pyramus and Thisbe for their forbidden love . In Fernando de Rojas ' book La Celestina or Tragicomedy of Calisto and Melibea ( 1499 ) , Calisto talks briefly about the unfortunate Pyramus and Thisbe . In part I of Miguel de Cervantes ' novel Don Quixote ( 1605 ) , when Cardenio relates the story of Luscinda and himself , he refers to `` that famous Thisbe '' . In part II of Miguel de Cervantes ' novel Don Quixote ( 1615 ) , the poet Don Lorenzo recites a sonnet he has written on the story of Pyramus and Thisbe . There is a chapter entitled `` Pyramus and Thisbe '' in Alexandre Dumas ' The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1844 - 45 ) , alluding to the secret romance between Maximillian Morrel and Valentine de Villefort . In Edmond Rostand 's play Cyrano de Bergerac ( 1897 ) , Cyrano mocks his `` traitorous nose '' in `` parody of weeping Pyramus '' during his `` nose monologue '' . In Louisa May Alcott 's short story `` A Hole in the Wall '' a tale of two children in Victorian Boston . Part I of the story includes this last paragraph : `` Thus ended the first interview of little Pyramus and Thisbe through the hole in the wall , while Puss sat up above and played moonshine with her yellow eyes . '' A Round Dozen ( 1963 ) page 27 . In Edith Wharton 's short story `` The House of the Dead Hand '' , published in the Atlantic Monthly in 1904 , the romance between Sybilla and Count Ottoviano is seen as `` a new Pyramus and Thisbe '' . In Willa Cather 's novel O Pioneers ! ( 1913 ) , two of the story 's lovers are killed under a Mulberry Tree . In Luis Rafael Sánchez 's play `` Sol 13 Interior '' ( 1961 ) , the elderly married couple is called Piramo and Tisbe , in obvious reference to the doomed couple . In this play , in the part called `` La Hiel Nuestra de Cada Día '' ( Our Daily Gall ) the couple is aging and poor when they are separated by death caused from a life of hard knocks . The Beatles made a parody of A Midsummer Night 's Dream 's version of Pyramus and Thisbe for the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare 's birth . It was transmitted on the one - hour TV special `` Around The Beatles '' on May 6 , 1964 . In Roy Jenkins 's 2001 biography of Winston Churchill , Jenkins referred to `` a Pyramus and Thisbe - like conversation '' that Churchill had with a fellow British prisoner of war through the fence of a South African prison camp during the Boer War . In Gail Carriger 's novel Changeless ( 2010 ) , Ivy Hisselpenny says that she loves Mr. Tunstell `` as Pyramid did Thirsty '' , a comically inaccurate reference . In Ernest Saves Christmas , Santa Claus 's helper elves are named Pyramid and Thisbe . In The Simpsons ( 23X13 / 2012 ) episode `` The Daughter Also Rises '' , Grandpa Simpson talks to Lisa about Pyramus & Thisbe . See also ( edit ) Star - crossed Pyramus and Thisbe Club , a UK organisation concerned with party wall legislation Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Miller , John F. ; Newlands , Carole E. ( 2014 ) . A Handbook to the Reception of Ovid . John Wiley & Sons . p. 38 - 39 . ISBN 1118876121 . Jump up ^ Virginia Brown 's translation of Giovanni Boccaccio 's Famous Women , pp. 27 - 30 ; Harvard University Press 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 674 - 01130 - 9 Jump up ^ Prunster , Nicole ( 2000 ) . Romeo and Juliet Before Shakespeare : Four Early Stories of Star - crossed Love . Toronto : Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies . ISBN 0772720150 . Jump up ^ Recorded on Hyperion Records , CDA66759 References ( edit ) Primary sources ( edit ) Ovid , Metamorphoses iv. 55 - 166 Secondary sources ( edit ) Bulfinch , Thomas , The Age of Fable ; Or , Stories of Gods and Heroes ( 2nd ed . ) , Sanborn , Carter , and Bazin , 1856 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pyramus and Thisbe . Pyramus and Thisbe performed by The Beatles Carlos Parada , Greek Mythology link : Pyramus and Thisbe pXt A visual novel adaptation of the story from A Midsummer Night 's Dream William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) The Secret Sex Lives of Romeo and Juliet ( 1969 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Gnomeo & Juliet : Sherlock Gnomes ( 2018 ) Foreign Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Romeo and Juliet ( Spanish 1940 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) Los Tarantos ( Spanish 1963 ) Fury of Johnny Kid ( Italian 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( Italian 1971 ) Maro Charitra ( Telugu 1978 ) Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( Portuguese 1979 ) Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( Hindi 1981 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( Hindi 1988 ) Saudagar ( Hindi 1991 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( Telugu 1996 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Kalisundam Raa ( Telugu 2000 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( Hindi 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( English / Hindi 2002 ) Amar te duele ( Spanish 2002 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( Portuguese 2005 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Maro Charitra ( Telugu 2010 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( Hindi 2013 ) Issaq ( Hindi 2013 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Book : Romeo and Juliet William Shakespeare 's A Midsummer Night 's Dream Characters Lovers Theseus and Hippolyta Oberon and Titania Hermia and Lysander Helena and Demetrius Mechanicals Nick Bottom Peter Quince Francis Flute Robin Starveling Tom Snout Snug Other characters Puck Egeus Philostrate Film 1909 1935 1959 1968 1969 1999 Television 1980 1992 2016 Stage A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1970 , play ) The Park ( 1983 , play ) The Donkey Show ( 1999 , musical ) The Dreaming ( 2001 , musical ) Ballet A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1962 ) The Dream ( 1964 ) Opera The Fairy - Queen ( 1692 ) Pyramus and Thisbe ( 1745 ) Puck ( 1949 ) A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1960 , opera ) The Enchanted Island ( 2011 ) Film adaptations Wood Love ( 1925 ) Dream of a Summer Night ( 1983 ) Get Over It ( 2001 ) A Midsummer Night 's Rave ( 2002 ) Midsummer Dream ( 2005 ) Were the World Mine ( 2008 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Other adaptations The Triumph of Beauty ( 1646 ) St. John 's Eve ( 1852 ) `` Fascination '' ( 1994 ) Literature A Midsummer Tempest ( 1974 ) A Midsummer Night 's Gene ( 1997 ) A Midsummer 's Nightmare ( 1997 ) Lords and Ladies ( 1992 ) The Great Night ( 2011 ) Comics Auberon Faerie Titania Music A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1842 , Mendelssohn ) Wedding March ( 1842 , Mendelssohn ) Three Shakespeare Songs ( 1951 ) Symphony No. 8 ( 1992 , Henze ) Il Sogno ( 2004 ) Art Hermia and Lysander The Quarrel of Oberon and Titania Scene from A Midsummer Night 's Dream Related The Sandman : Dream Country ( 1991 ) Pyramus and Thisbe Mechanical Love - in - idleness The Apartment ( 1996 ) Wicker Park ( 2004 ) `` Pyramus and Thisbe '' from Ovid 's Metamorphoses Operas Pirame et Thisbé ( 1726 Francoeur and Rebel ) Pyramus and Thisbe ( 1745 Lampe ) Piramo e Tisbe ( 1768 Hasse ) Other `` Amoryus and Cleopes '' ( poem ) Related A Midsummer Night 's Dream Romeo and Juliet GND : 121796779 BNF : cb150990257 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramus_and_Thisbe&oldid=798240120 '' Categories : Ancient Cilicia Greek mythology Roman mythology Romeo and Juliet A Midsummer Night 's Dream Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Galego Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Русский Slovenščina Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 19 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote pyramus and thisbe in midsummer night dream	[ "In Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream (Act V, sc 1), written in the 1590s, a group of \"mechanicals\" enact the story of \"Pyramus and Thisbe\". Their production is crude and, for the most part, badly done until the final monologues of Nick Bottom, as Pyramus and Francis Flute, as Thisbe. The theme of forbidden love is also present in A Midsummer Night's Dream (albeit a less tragic and dark representation) in that a girl, Hermia, is not able to marry the man she loves, Lysander, because her father Egeus despises him and wishes for her to marry Demetrius, and meanwhile Hermia and Lysander are confident that Helena is in love with Demetrius." ]	[ "Shakespeare" ]
-6823937325153884814	Fundamental rights in India	Fundamental rights in India - Wikipedia Fundamental rights in India Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics ( show ) Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the common people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoy it under the charter of rights contained in Part III ( Article 12 to 35 ) of Constitution of India . It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India . These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies , such as equality before law freedom of speech and expression , religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly , freedom to practice religion , and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus , Mandamus , Prohibition , Certiorari and Quo Warranto . Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws , subject to discretion of the judiciary . The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality . These rights universally apply to all citizens , irrespective of race , place of birth , religion , caste or gender . Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process . However , in case of fundamental rights violation , the Supreme Court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32 . The Rights have their origins in many sources , including England 's Bill of Rights , the United States Bill of Rights and France 's Declaration of the Rights of Man . The six fundamental rights recognised by the Indian constitution are the right to equality , right to freedom , right against exploitation , right to freedom of religion , cultural and educational rights , right to constitutional remedies . The right to equality includes equality before law , prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion , race , caste , gender or place of birth , and equality of opportunity in matters of employment , abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles . The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression , assembly , association or union or cooperatives , movement , residence , and right to practice any profession or occupation , right to life and liberty , protection in respect to conviction in offences and protection against arrest and detention in certain cases . The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour , child labour and trafficking of human beings . The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession , practice , and propagation of religion , freedom to manage religious affairs , freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes . Cultural and educational rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture , language or script , and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice . The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of Fundamental Rights . The right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 ( Right to Freedom ) that protects life and liberty of the citizens . Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices . Specifically , they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion , race , caste , sex , or place of birth . They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour ( a crime ) . They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions . They are covered in Part III ( Articles 12 to 35 ) of Indian constitution . Contents ( hide ) 1 Genesis 2 Significance and characteristics 3 Right to equality 4 Right to freedom 5 Right against exploitation 6 Right to freedom of religion 7 Right to life 8 Cultural and Educational rights 9 Right to constitutional remedies 10 Right to Privacy ( Not an independent Right ) 11 Critical analysis 12 Amendments 13 Fundamental rights not sacrosanct 13.1 Validity of Article 31B 13.2 Amendment to Article 31C 13.3 Right to property 13.4 Right to education 14 See also 15 References 16 Footnotes 17 External links Genesis ( edit ) The development of such constitutionally guaranteed fundamental human rights in India was inspired by historical examples such as England 's Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) , the United States Bill of Rights ( approved on 17 September 1787 , final ratification on 15 December 1791 ) and France 's Declaration of the Rights of Man ( created during the revolution of 1789 , and ratified on 26 August 1789 ) . In 1919 , the Rowlatt Act gave extensive powers to the British government and police , and allowed indefinite arrest and detention of individuals , warrant-less searches and seizures , restrictions on public gatherings , and intensive censorship of media and publications . The public opposition to this act eventually led to mass campaigns of non-violent civil disobedience throughout the country demanding guaranteed civil freedoms , and limitations on government power . Indians , who were seeking independence and their own government , were particularly influenced by the independence of Ireland and the development of the Irish constitution . Also , the directive principles of state policy in Irish constitution were looked upon by the people of India as an inspiration for the independent India 's government to comprehensively tackle complex social and economic challenges across a vast , diverse nation and population . In 1928 , the Nehru Commission composing of representatives of Indian political parties proposed constitutional reforms for India that apart from calling for dominion status for India and elections under universal suffrage , would guarantee rights deemed fundamental , representation for religious and ethnic minorities , and limit the powers of the government . In 1931 , the Indian National Congress ( the largest Indian political party of the time ) adopted resolutions committing itself to the defence of fundamental civil rights , as well as socio - economic rights such as the minimum wage and the abolition of untouchability and serfdom . Committing themselves to socialism in 1936 , the Congress leaders took examples from the Constitution of the Soviet Union , which inspired the fundamental duties of citizens as a means of collective patriotic responsibility for national interests and challenges . Task of developing a constitution for the nation was undertaken by the Constituent Assembly of India , composing of elected representatives . The Constituent Assembly first met on 9 December 1946 under the presidency of Dr. Sachidanand later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was made its president . While members of Congress composed of a large majority , Congress leaders appointed persons from diverse political backgrounds to responsibilities of developing the constitution and national laws . Notably , Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar became the chairperson of the drafting committee , while Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel became chairpersons of committees and sub-committees responsible for different subjects . A notable development during that period having significant effect on the Indian constitution took place on 10 December 1948 when the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and called upon all member states to adopt these rights in their respective constitutions . The fundamental rights were included in the First Draft Constitution ( February 1948 ) , the Second Draft Constitution ( 17 October 1948 ) and final Third Draft Constitution ( 26 November 1949 ) , prepared by the Drafting Committee . Significance and characteristics ( edit ) The fundamental rights were included in the constitution because they were considered essential for the development of the personality of every individual and to preserve human dignity . The writers of the constitution regarded democracy of no avail if civil liberties , like freedom of speech and religion were not recognised and protected by the State . According to them , `` democracy '' is , in essence , a government by opinion and therefore , the means of formulating public opinion should be secured to the people of a democratic nation . For this purpose , the constitution guaranteed to all the citizens of India the freedom of speech and expression and various other freedoms in the form of the fundamental rights . Rights Theoretical distinctions Claim rights and liberty rights Individual and group rights Natural and legal rights Negative and positive rights Human rights Civil and political Economic , social and cultural Three generations Rights by beneficiary Animals Authors Children Consumers Creditors Elders Fathers Fetuses Gun owners Humans Natives Intersex Kings LGBT Men Minorities Mothers Patients Plants Prisoners Students Victims Women Workers Youth Disabled persons Other groups of rights Civil liberties Digital Linguistic Property Reproductive Self - determination of people Water and sanitation All people , irrespective of race , religion , caste or sex , have been given the right to petition directly the Supreme Court or the High Courts for the enforcement of their fundamental rights . It is not necessary that the aggrieved party has to be the one to do so . Poverty stricken people may not have the means to do so and therefore , in the public interest , anyone can commence litigation in the court on their behalf . This is known as `` Public interest litigation '' . In some cases , High Court judges have acted suo moto on their own on the basis of newspaper reports . These fundamental rights help not only in protection but also the prevention of gross violations of human rights . They emphasise on the fundamental unity of India by guaranteeing to all citizens the access and use of the same facilities , irrespective of background . Some fundamental rights apply for persons of any nationality whereas others are available only to the citizens of India . The right to life and personal liberty is available to all people and so is the right to freedom of religion . On the other hand , freedoms of speech and expression and freedom to reside and settle in any part of the country are reserved to citizens alone , including non-resident Indian citizens . The right to equality in matters of public employment can not be conferred to overseas citizens of India . Fundamental rights primarily protect individuals from any arbitrary state actions , but some rights are enforceable against individuals . For instance , the Constitution abolishes untouchability and also prohibits begar . These provisions act as a check both on state action as well as the action of private individuals . However , these rights are not absolute or uncontrolled and are subject to reasonable restrictions as necessary for the protection of general welfare . They can also be selectively curtailed . The Supreme Court has ruled that all provisions of the Constitution , including fundamental rights can be amended . However , the Parliament can not alter the basic structure of the constitution . Since the fundamental rights can be altered only by a constitutional amendment , their inclusion is a check not only on the executive branch but also on the Parliament and state legislatures . A state of national emergency has an adverse effect on these rights . Under such a state , the rights conferred by Article 19 ( freedoms of speech , assembly and movement , etc . ) remain suspended . Hence , in such a situation , the legislature may make laws that go against the rights given in Article 19 . Also , the President may by order suspend the right to move court for the enforcement of other rights as well . Right to equality ( edit ) Right to equality is an important and meaningful right provided in Articles 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 and 18 of the constitution . It is the principal foundation of all other rights and liberties , and guarantees the following : Equality before law : Article 14 of the constitution guarantees that all people shall be equally protected by the laws of the country . It means that the State will treat people in the same circumstances alike . This article also means that individuals , whether citizens of India or otherwise shall be treated differently if the circumstances are different . Social equality and equal access to public areas : Article 15 of the constitution states that no person shall be discriminated on the basis of religion , race , caste , sex or place of birth . Every person shall have equal access to public places like public parks , museums , wells , bathing ghats and temples etc . However , the State may make any special provision for women and children . Special provisions may be made for the advancements of any socially or educationally backward class or scheduled castes or scheduled tribes . Equality in matters of public employment : Article 16 of the constitution lays down that the State can not discriminate against anyone in the matters of employment . All citizens can apply for government jobs . There are some exceptions . The Parliament may enact a law stating that certain jobs can be filled only by applicants who are domiciled in the area . This may be meant for posts that require knowledge of the locality and language of the area . The State may also reserve posts for members of backward classes , scheduled castes or scheduled tribes which are not adequately represented in the services under the State to bring up the weaker sections of the society . Also , there a law may be passed that requires that the holder of an office of any religious institution shall also be a person professing that particular religion . According to the Citizenship ( Amendment ) Bill , 2003 , this right shall not be conferred to Overseas citizens of India . Abolition of untouchability : Article 17 of the constitution abolishes the practice of untouchability . Practice of untouchability is an offence and anyone doing so is punishable by law . The Untouchability Offences Act of 1955 ( renamed to Protection of Civil Rights Act in 1976 ) provided penalties for preventing a person from entering a place of worship or from taking water from a tank or well . Abolition of Titles : Article 18 of the constitution prohibits the State from conferring any titles . `` Citizens of India can not accept titles from a foreign State . The British government had created an aristocratic class known as Rai Bahadurs and Khan Bahadurs in India -- these titles were also abolished . However , Military and academic distinctions can be conferred on the citizens of India . The awards of Bharat Ratna and Padma Vibhushan can not be used by the recipient as a title and do not , accordingly , come within the constitutional prohibition '' . The Supreme Court , on 15 December 1995 , upheld the validity of such awards . Right to freedom ( edit ) The Constitution of India contains the right to freedom , given in articles 19 , 20 , 21A , and 22 , and with the view of guaranteeing individual rights that were considered vital by the framers of the constitution . It is a cluster of four main laws . The right to freedom in Article 19 guarantees the following six freedoms : Freedom of speech and expression , on which the State can impose reasonable restrictions in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India , the security of the State , friendly relations with foreign States , public order , decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court , defamation or incitement to an offence . Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms on which the State can impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of public order and the sovereignty and integrity of India . The Freedom to form associations or unions or co-operative societies on which the State can impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of public order , morality and the sovereignty and integrity of India . Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India though reasonable restrictions can be imposed on this right in the interest of the general public . for example , restrictions may be imposed on movement and travelling , so as to control epidemics . Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India , subject to reasonable restrictions by the State in the interest of the general public or for the protection of the scheduled tribes because certain safeguards as are envisaged here seem to be justified to protect indigenous and tribal peoples from exploitation and coercion . Article 370 restricts citizens from other Indian states and Kashmiri women who marry men from other states from purchasing land or property in Jammu & Kashmir . Freedom to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation , trade or business on which the State may impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of the general public . Thus , there is no right to carry on a business which is dangerous or immoral . Also , professional or technical qualifications may be prescribed for practising any profession or carrying on any trade . Article 21A gives education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may , by law , determine . The constitution also imposes restrictions on these rights . The government restricts these freedoms in the interest of the independence , sovereignty and integrity of India . In the interest of morality and public order , the government can also impose restrictions . However , the right to life and personal liberty can not be suspended . The six freedoms are also automatically suspended or have restrictions imposed on them during a state of emergency . Right to Information ( RTI ) Right to Information has been given the status of a fundamental right under Article 19 ( 1 ) of the Constitution in 2005 . Article 19 ( 1 ) under which every citizen has freedom of speech and expression and have the right to know how the government works , what role does it play , what are its functions and so on . Right against exploitation ( edit ) Child labour and Begar ( unfree labour ) is prohibited under Right against exploitation . The right against exploitation , given in Articles 23 and 24 , provides for two provisions , namely the abolition of trafficking in human beings and Begar ( forced labour ) , and abolition of employment of children below the age of 14 years in dangerous jobs like factories , mines , etc . Child labour is considered a gross violation of the spirit and provisions of the constitution . Begar , practised in the past by landlords , has been declared a crime and is punishable by law . Trafficking in humans for the purpose of slave trade or prostitution is also prohibited by law . An exception is made in employment without payment for compulsory services for public purposes . Compulsory military conscription is covered by this provision . Right to freedom of religion ( edit ) Right to freedom of religion , covered in Articles 25 , 26 , 27 and 28 , provides religious freedom to all citizens of India . The objective of this right is to sustain the principle of secularism in India . According to the Constitution , all religions are equal before the State and no religion shall be given preference over the other . Citizens are free to preach , practice and propagate any religion of their choice . Religious communities can set up charitable institutions of their own . However , activities in such institutions that are not religious are performed according to the laws laid down by the government . Establishing a charitable institution can also be restricted in the interest of public order , morality and health . No person shall be compelled to pay taxes for the promotion of a particular religion . A State run institution can not be impart education that is pro-religion . Also , nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the State from making any further law regulating or restricting any economic , financial , political or other secular activity that may be associated with religious practice , or providing for social welfare and reform . Right to life ( edit ) The constitution guarantees the right to life and personal liberty , which in turn cites specific provisions in which these rights are applied and enforced : Protection with respect to conviction for offences is guaranteed in the right to life and personal liberty . According to Article 20 , no one can be awarded punishment which is more than what the law of the land prescribes at that time . This legal axiom is based on the principle that no criminal law can be made retrospective , that is , for an act to become an offence , the essential condition is that it should have been an offence legally at the time of committing it . Moreover , no person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself . `` Compulsion '' in this article refers to what in law is called `` Duress '' ( injury , beating or unlawful imprisonment to make a person do something that he does not want to do ) . This article is known as a safeguard against self incrimination . The other principle enshrined in this article is known as the principle of double jeopardy , that is , no person can be convicted twice for the same offence , which has been derived from Anglo Saxon law . This principle was first established in the Magna Carta . Protection of life and personal liberty is also stated under right to life and personal liberty . Article 21 declares that no citizen can be denied his life and liberty except by law . This means that a person 's life and personal liberty can be disputed only if that person has committed a crime . However , the right to life does not include the right to die and hence , suicide or an attempt thereof , was an offence . ( Attempted suicide being interpreted as a crime has seen many debates . The Supreme Court of India gave a landmark ruling in 1994 . The court repealed section 309 of the Indian penal code , under which people attempting suicide could face prosecution and prison terms of up to one year . In 1996 however another Supreme Court ruling nullified the earlier one . But with the passage of the Mental Healthcare Bill 2017 , attempt to suicide has been decriminalized . `` Personal liberty '' includes all the freedoms which are not included in Article 19 ( that is , the six freedoms ) . The right to travel abroad is also covered under `` personal liberty '' in Article 21 . In 2002 , through the 86th Amendment Act , Article 21 ( A ) was incorporated . It made the right to primary education part of the right to freedom , stating that the State would provide free and compulsory education to children from six to fourteen years of age . Six years after an amendment was made in the Indian Constitution , the union cabinet cleared the Right to Education Bill in 2008 . Rights of a person arrested under ordinary circumstances is laid down in the right to life and personal liberty . No one can be arrested without being told the grounds for his arrest . If arrested , the person has the right to defend himself by a lawyer of his choice . Also an arrested citizen has to be brought before the nearest magistrate within 24 hours . The rights of a person arrested under ordinary circumstances are not available to an enemy alien . They are also not available to persons detained under the Preventive Detention Act . Under preventive detention , the government can imprison a person for a maximum of three months . It means that if the government feels that a person being at liberty can be a threat to the law and order or to the unity and integrity of the nation , it can detain or arrest that person to prevent him from doing this possible harm . After three months such a case is brought before an advisory board for review . Cultural and educational rights ( edit ) The Flag of India As India is a country of many languages , religions , and cultures , the Constitution provides special measures , in Articles 29 and 30 , to protect the rights of the minorities . Any community that has a language and a script of its own has the right to conserve and develop it . No citizen can be discriminated against for admission in State or State aided institutions . All minorities , religious or linguistic , can set up their own educational institutions to preserve and develop their own culture . In granting aid to institutions , the State can not discriminate against any institution on the basis of the fact that it is administered by a minority institution . But the right to administer does not mean that the State can not interfere in case of maladministration . In a precedent - setting judgement in 1980 , the Supreme Court held that the State can certainly take regulatory measures to promote the efficiency and excellence of educational standards . It can also issue guidelines for ensuring the security of the services of the teachers or other employees of the institution . In another landmark judgement delivered on 31 October 2002 , the Supreme Court ruled that in case of aided minority institutions offering professional courses , admission could be only through a common entrance test conducted by State or a university . Even an unaided minority institution ought not to ignore the merit of the students for admission . Right to constitutional remedies ( edit ) Right to constitutional remedies ( Article 32 to 35 ) empowers the citizens to move to a court of law in case of any denial of the fundamental rights . For instance , in case of imprisonment , any citizen can ask the court to see if it is according to the provisions of the law of the country by lodging a PIL . If the court finds that it is not , the person will have to be freed . This procedure of asking the courts to preserve or safeguard the citizens ' fundamental rights can be done in various ways . The courts can issue various kinds of writs protecting rights of the citizens . These writs are : habeas corpus mandamus Prohibition quo warranto certiorari This allows citizen to move to court if they believe that any of their Fundamental Rights have been violated by state. Article 32 is also called citizens right to protect and defend the constitution as it can be used by the citizens to enforce the constitution through the judiciary . Dr. B.R. Ambedkar rightly declared Right to constitutional remedies as `` the heart and soul '' of Indian constitution . When a national or state emergency is declared , this right is suspended by the central government . Right to Privacy ( Not an independent Right ) ( edit ) The right to privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 and as a part of the freedoms guaranteed by Part III of the Constitution . It protects the inner sphere of the individual from interference from both State , and non-State actors and allows the individuals to make autonomous life choices . On 24 August 2017 the Supreme Court ruled that : `` Right to Privacy is an integral part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty guaranteed in Article 21 of the Constitution , '' -- Supreme Court Critical analysis ( edit ) The fundamental rights have been revised for many reasons . Political groups have demanded that the right to work , the right to economic assistance in case of unemployment , old age , and similar rights be enshrined as constitutional guarantees to address issues of poverty and economic insecurity , though these provisions have been enshrined in the Directive Principles of state policy . The right to freedom and personal liberty has a number of limiting clauses , and thus have been criticised for failing to check the sanctioning of powers often deemed `` excessive '' . There is also the provision of preventive detention and suspension of fundamental rights in times of Emergency . The provisions of acts like the Maintenance of Internal Security Act ( MISA ) , Armed Forces ( Special Powers ) Act and the National Security Act ( NSA ) are a means of countering the fundamental rights , because they sanction excessive powers with the aim of fighting internal and cross-border terrorism and political violence , without safeguards for civil rights . The phrases `` security of State '' , `` public order '' and `` morality '' are of wide implication . People of alternate sexuality are criminalised in India with prison term up to 10 years . The meaning of phrases like `` reasonable restrictions '' and `` the interest of public order '' have not been explicitly stated in the constitution , and this ambiguity leads to unnecessary litigation . The freedom to assemble peaceably and without arms is exercised , but in some cases , these meetings are broken up by the police through the use of non-fatal methods . `` Freedom of press '' has not been included in the right to freedom , which is necessary for formulating public opinion and to make freedom of expression more legitimate . Employment of child labour in hazardous job environments has been reduced , but their employment even in non-hazardous jobs , including their prevalent employment as domestic help violates the spirit and ideals of the constitution . More than 16.5 million children are employed and working in India . India was ranked 88 out of 159 in 2005 , according to the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians worldwide . But in 2014 , India has improved marginally to a rank of 85 . The right to equality in matters regarding public employment shall not be conferred to overseas citizens of India , according to the Citizenship ( Amendment ) Bill , 2003 . As per Article 19 of Part III of the Indian constitution , the fundamental rights of people such as freedom of speech and expression , gathering peaceably without arms and forming associations or unions shall not effect the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India but not unity of India . The words sovereignty and integrity are the qualities to be cultivated / emulated by Indian people as urged by the Indian constitution but not used related to territory of India . Article 1 of Part 1 of the Indian constitution , defines India ( Bharat ) as union of states . In nutshell , India is its people not its land as enshrined in its constitution . Since speedy trial is not the constitutional right of the citizens , the cases involving violations of fundamental rights take inordinate time for resolution by the Supreme Court which is against the legal maxim ' justice delayed is justice denied ' . Amendments ( edit ) Changes to the fundamental rights require a constitutional amendment , which has to be passed by a special majority of both houses of Parliament . This means that an amendment requires the approval of two - thirds of the members present and voting . However , the number of members voting in support of the amendment shall not be less than the absolute majority of the total members of a house -- whether the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha . Fundamental rights not sacrosanct ( edit ) While deciding the Golaknath case in February 1967 , Supreme Court ruled that the Parliament has no power to curtail the fundamental rights . They were made permanent and sacrosanct reversing the Supreme Court 's earlier decision which had upheld Parliament 's power to amend all parts of the Constitution , including Part III related to Fundamental Rights . Up till the 24th constitutional amendment in 1971 , the fundamental rights given to the people were permanent and can not be repealed or diluted by the Parliament . 24th constitutional amendment introduced a new Article 13 ( 4 ) enabling Parliament to legislate on the subjects of Part III of the constitution using its constituent powers per Article 368 ( 1 ) . In the year 1973 , the 13 member constitutional bench of supreme court also upheld with majority the validity of 24th constitutional amendment . However it ruled that Basic structure of the constitution which is built on the basic foundation representing the dignity and freedom of the individual , can not be altered . This is of supreme importance and can not be destroyed by any form of amendment to the constitution . Many constitutional amendments to Part III of the constitution were made deleting or adding or diluting the fundamental rights before the judgement of Golaknath case ( Constitutional amendments 1 , 4 , 7 and 16 ) and after the validity of 24th constitutional amendment is upheld by the Supreme Court ( Constitutional amendments 25 , 42 , 44 , 50 , 77 , 81 , 85 , 86 , 93 and 97 ) . Validity of Article 31B ( edit ) Articles 31A and Article 31B are added by First constitutional amendment in 1951 . Article 31B says that any acts and regulations included in the Ninth Schedule of the constitution by the Parliament can override the fundamental rights and such laws can not be repealed or made void by the judiciary on the grounds of violating fundamental rights . Thus fundamental rights given in Part III are not equally applicable in each state / region and can be made different by making additions / deletions to Ninth Schedule by constitutional amendments . In 2007 , Supreme Court ruled that there could not be any blanket immunity from judicial review for the laws inserted in the Ninth Schedule . Apex court also stated it shall examine laws included in the Ninth Schedule after 1973 for any incompatibility with the basic structure doctrine . Amendment to Article 31C ( edit ) Section 4 of the 42nd Amendment , had changed Article 31C of the constitution to accord precedence to the Directive Principles ( earlier applicable only to clauses b & c of Article 39 ) over the fundamental rights of individuals . In Minerva Mills v. Union of India case , supreme court ruled that the amendment to the Article 31C is not valid and ultra vires . Right to property ( edit ) The Constitution originally provided for the right to property under Articles 19 and 31 . Article 19 guaranteed to all citizens the right to acquire , hold and dispose of property . Article 31 provided that `` no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law . '' It also provided that compensation would be paid to a person whose property has been taken for public purposes . The provisions relating to the right to property were changed a number of times . The Forty - Fourth Amendment of 1978 deleted the right to property from the list of fundamental rights A new provision , Article 300 - A , was added to the constitution , which provided that `` no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law '' . Thus if a legislature makes a law depriving a person of his property , there would be no obligation on the part of the State to pay anything as compensation . The aggrieved person shall have no right to move the court under Article 32 . Thus , the right to property is no longer a fundamental right , though it is still a constitutional right . If the government appears to have acted unfairly , the action can be challenged in a court of law by aggrieved citizens . The liberalisation of the economy and the government 's initiative to set up special economic zones has led to many protests by farmers and have led to calls for the reinstatement of the fundamental right to private property . The Supreme Court has sent a notice to the government questioning why the right should not be brought back but in 2010 the court rejected the PIL Right to education ( edit ) The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the fundamental rights in 2002 under the Eighty - Sixth Amendment of 2002 . However this right was brought in to implementation after eight years in 2010 . Article 21A -- On 2 April 2010 , India joined a group of few countries in the world , with a historic law making education a fundamental right of every child coming into force . Making elementary education an entitlement for children in the 6 -- 14 age group , the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act will directly benefit children who do not go to school at present . This act provides for appointment of teachers with the requisite entry and academic qualifications . The former Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh announced the operationalisation of the Act . Children , who had either dropped out of schools or never been to any educational institution , will get elementary education as it will be binding on the part of the local and State governments to ensure that all children in the 6 -- 14 age group get schooling . As per the Act , private educational institutions should reserve 25 per cent seats for children from the weaker sections of society . The Centre and the States have agreed to share the financial burden in the ratio of 55 : 45 , while the Finance Commission has given Rs. 250 billion to the States for implementing the Act . The Centre has approved an outlay of Rs. 150 billion for 2010 -- 2011 . The school management committee or the local authority will identify the drop - outs or out - of - school children aged above six and admit them in classes appropriate to their age after giving special training . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Constitution of India / Part III See also ( edit ) Lawmaking procedure in India President 's rule President of India Federalism in India Part I of the Constitution of India List of amendments of the Constitution of India List of Acts of the Parliament of India Secularism The Constitution of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41033954 Jump up ^ Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , pg . A-23 Jump up ^ Gandhi , Rajmohan. Patel : A Life . p. 206 . Jump up ^ UNI . `` Sardar Patel was the real architect of the Constitution '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : The term `` State '' includes all authorities within the territory of India . It includes the Government of India , the Parliament of India , the Government and legislature of the states of India . It also includes all local or other authorities such as Municipal Corporations , Municipal Boards , District Boards , Panchayats etc . To avoid confusion with the term states and territories of India , State ( encompassing all the authorities in India ) has been capitalised and the term state ( referring to the state governments ) is in lowercase . Jump up ^ Laski , Harold Joseph ( 1930 ) . Liberty in the Modern State . New York and London : Harpers and Brothers . Jump up ^ `` Bodhisattwa Gautam vs. Subhra Chakraborty ; 1995 ICHRL 69 '' . www.worldlii.org , World Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 25 . This was the case where Public interest litigation was introduced ( date of ruling 15 December 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , pg . A-25 ^ Jump up to : `` Citizenship ( Amendment ) Bill , 2003 '' ( PDF ) . rajyasabha.nic.in/ , Rajya Sabha . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 April 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Bodhisattwa Gautam vs. Subhra Chakraborty ; 1995 ICHRL 69 '' . www.worldlii.org , World Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 25 . This was the case where fundamental rights were enforced against private individuals ( date of ruling 15 December 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Kesavananda Bharati vs. The State of Kerala ; AIR 1973 S.C. 1461 , ( 1973 ) 4 SCC 225 -- In what became famously known as the `` Fundamental Rights case '' , the Supreme Court decided that the basic structure of the Constitution of India was unamendable Jump up ^ Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , pg . A-24 Jump up ^ Basu , Durga Das ( 1988 ) . Shorter Constitution of India . New Delhi : Prentice Hall of India . Basu , Durga Das ( 1993 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India . New Delhi : Prentice Hall of India . Jump up ^ Democratic Politics Class 9 . NCERT . Jump up ^ `` Article 19 in The Constitution Of India 1949 '' . Indiankanoon.org . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Pylee , M.V. ( 1999 ) . India 's Constitution . New Delhi : S. Chand and Company . ISBN 81 - 219 - 1907 - X . Jump up ^ Vasudha Dhagamwar ( 4 May 2004 ) . `` The price of a Bill '' . Retrieved 24 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Home : Central Information Commission ( CIC ) Online '' . rti.india.gov.in . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Nandan G ( May 1994 ) . `` Indian grants right to suicide '' . BMJ. 308 ( 6941 ) : 1392 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 308.6941. 1392 . Jump up ^ Paper 3 : Abolition and Restoration of Section 309 IPC -- an overview by BR Sharma , A Sharma , D Harish : Anil Aggrawal 's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine : Vol. 7 , No. 1 ( January -- June 2006 ) Archived 25 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Mental health bill decriminalising suicide passed by Parliament '' . The Indian Express . 2017 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India ; AIR 1978 S.C. 597 , ( 1978 ) . ^ Jump up to : 86th Amendment Act , 2002 . Jump up ^ right to education bill Archived 26 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Justice KS Puttaswamy v. Union of India '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , pg . A-33 Jump up ^ Constitution of India - Part IV Article 41 Directive Principles of State Policy . Jump up ^ Senior Inspector justifies lathi - charge during the 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests Jump up ^ Lathi Charge in Mumbai during the 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests Jump up ^ `` Child labour in India '' . Archived from the original on 12 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 June 2006 . Jump up ^ https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results Jump up ^ Index of perception of corruption , published by Transparency International . Jump up ^ Sovereign means possessing supreme or ultimate power . `` in modern democracies the people 's will is in theory sovereign '' synonyms : supreme , absolute , unlimited , unrestricted , unrestrained , unbounded , boundless , infinite , ultimate , total , unconditional , full , utter , paramount ; principal , chief , dominant , predominant Jump up ^ `` What causes judicial delay ? Judgements diluting time frames in Code of Civil Procedure worsen the problem of adjournments '' . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paras 316 and 317 of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala , ( AIR 1973 SC 1461 ) '' . 1973 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IX Schedule laws open to review '' . 2007 . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ 44th Amendment Act , 1978 . Jump up ^ Mahapatra , Dhananjay ( 28 February 2009 ) . `` Should right to property return ? '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Court rejects plea to make property a fundamental right '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Education is now a fundamental right of every child '' . Hindustan Times . 1 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 July 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Footnotes ( edit ) Links to related articles hide Government of India Constitution Constitution Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties Federalism ( Union List State List Concurrent List ) Executive Union Government Prime Minister ( list ) Cabinet Ministers President ( list ) Vice President ( list ) Civil Services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) Cabinet Secretary Secretaries ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) State governments Chief Minister ( list ) Chief Secretary Governors ( list ) Legislative Parliament Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Leader of the Opposition Judiciary Supreme Court ( Chief Justice ) High Courts District Courts External links ( edit ) Article in Indian Costitution In Hindi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&oldid=850352264 '' Categories : Constitution of India National human rights instruments Human rights in India Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from March 2013 Use Indian English from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা भोजपुरी हिन्दी मराठी नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 10 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	fundamental rights are relating to which para of constitution	[ "Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the common people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoy it under the charter of rights contained in Part III(Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law\nfreedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, the Supreme Court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man.\n" ]	[ "Part III(Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India" ]
8886803619777293151	Texas Rangers (baseball)	Texas Rangers ( Baseball ) - Wikipedia Texas Rangers ( Baseball ) This article is about the sports team . For the law enforcement agency , see Texas Ranger Division . For other uses , see Texas Rangers ( disambiguation ) . Texas Rangers 2018 Texas Rangers season Established in 1961 Based in Arlington since 1972 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations American League ( 1961 -- present ) West Division ( 1972 -- present ) East Division ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Current uniform Retired numbers 7 26 34 42 Colors Royal blue , red , white Name Texas Rangers ( 1972 -- present ) Washington Senators ( 1961 -- 1971 ) Ballpark Globe Life Park in Arlington ( 1994 -- present ) a.k.a. Rangers Ballpark in Arlington ( 2007 -- 2013 ) a.k.a. Ameriquest Field in Arlington ( 2004 -- 2006 ) a.k.a. The Ballpark in Arlington ( 1994 -- 2004 ) Arlington Stadium ( 1972 -- 1993 ) RFK Stadium ( 1962 -- 1971 ) a.k.a. District of Columbia Stadium ( 1962 -- 1968 ) Griffith Stadium ( 1961 ) Major league titles AL Pennants ( 2 ) 2011 West Division titles ( 7 ) 1998 1999 2011 2015 2016 Wild card berths ( 1 ) 2012 Front office Owner ( s ) Rangers Baseball Express , LLC ( Ray Davis and Bob Simpson , co-chairmen ) Manager Jeff Banister General Manager Jon Daniels President of Baseball Operations Jon Daniels The Texas Rangers are an American professional baseball team based in Arlington , Texas , located in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex . The Rangers franchise currently competes in Major League Baseball as a member of the American League ( AL ) West division . Since 1994 , the Rangers have played in Globe Life Park in Arlington in Arlington , Texas . The team 's name is borrowed from the famous law enforcement agency of the same name . The franchise was established in 1961 as the Washington Senators , an expansion team awarded to Washington , D.C. , after the city 's first AL ballclub , the second Washington Senators , moved to Minnesota and became the Twins ( the original Washington Senators played primarily in the National League during the 1890s ) . After the 1971 season , the new Senators moved to Arlington , Texas , and debuted as the Rangers the following spring . The Texas Rangers Baseball Club has made eight appearances in the MLB postseason , seven following division championships in 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2010 , 2011 , 2015 , and 2016 and as a wild card team in 2012 . In 2010 , the Rangers advanced past the Division Series for the first time , defeating the Tampa Bay Rays . Texas then brought home their first American League pennant after beating the New York Yankees in six games . In the 2010 World Series , the franchise 's first , the Rangers fell to the San Francisco Giants in five games . They repeated as American League champions the following year , then lost the 2011 World Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games . Contents 1 Franchise history 1.1 Washington Senators ( 1961 -- 1971 ) 1.2 First years in Texas ( 1972 -- 1984 ) 1.3 The Valentine , Ryan , and Bush years ( 1985 -- 1994 ) 1.4 First success ( 1995 -- 2000 ) 1.5 The lean years ( 2001 -- 2004 ) 1.5. 1 2001 -- 2003 1.5. 2 2004 1.6 2005 - 2006 1.6. 1 Building the brand 1.6. 2 2007 -- 2009 1.6. 3 Financial troubles and new ownership 1.7 2010 -- present : Rise to contention 1.7. 1 2010 and 2011 : AL Champions 1.7. 1.1 2010 1.7. 1.2 2011 1.7. 2 2012 : Final week collapse 1.7. 3 2013 : Missed playoffs 1.7. 4 2014 : Injury plagued 1.7. 5 2015 : Mid-season revitalization 2 Season - by - season records 3 Baseball Hall of Famers 3.1 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 3.2 Texas Sports Hall of Fame 4 Mascot 5 Team captains 6 Retired numbers 7 Texas Rangers Hall of Fame 8 Current roster 9 Minor league affiliations 10 Franchise records and award winners 10.1 Season records 11 Radio and television 11.1 Radio 11.2 Television 12 Texas Rangers Six Shooters 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Franchise history Main article : History of the Texas Rangers ( baseball ) This article or section may need to be cleaned up or summarized because it has been split from / to History of the Texas Rangers ( baseball ) . Washington Senators ( 1961 -- 1971 ) When the second Washington Senators moved to Minnesota in 1960 as the Twins , Major League Baseball decided to expand a year earlier than planned to stave off the twin threats of competition from the proposed Continental League and loss of its exemption from the Sherman Antitrust Act . This new team adopted the old Senators name , but was ( and still is ) considered an expansion team since the Twins retained the old Senators ' records and history . The Senators and their expansion cousins , the Los Angeles Angels began to fill their rosters with American League players in an expansion draft . The team played the 1961 season at old Griffith Stadium before moving to the new District of Columbia Stadium ( now the Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium ) . For most of their existence , the new Senators were the definition of futility , losing an average of 90 games a season . The team 's struggles led to a twist on a joke about the old Senators -- `` Washington : first in war , first in peace and still last in the American League . '' Frank Howard , known for his towering home runs , was the team 's most accomplished player , winning two home run titles . Ownership changed hands several times during the franchise 's stay in Washington and was often plagued by poor decision - making and planning . Owner Elwood Richard Quesada once wondered why he should have to pay his players because he believed they did n't belong in the majors . He later agreed to a 10 - year lease at D.C. Stadium -- a move that would come back to haunt the Senators . In 1963 , Quesada sold his stake in the club and resigned . Washington stockbrokers James Johnston and James Lemon owned the team briefly , suffering massive financial losses . Johnston died in 1967 and Lemon sold the team a year later to hotel and trucking executive Bob Short , who outbid a group headed by Bob Hope . Short named himself general manager and hired Hall of Famer Ted Williams as manager . Although Williams had never coached or managed at any level of baseball , he seemed to light a spark under the once - moribund Senators . Williams kept them in contention for most of the season ; their 86 -- 76 record in 1969 would be their only winning season in Washington . U.S. President Richard Nixon throwing Opening Day ceremonial first pitch at RFK Stadium on April 7 , 1969 with Ted Williams ( left ) and Bob Short ( right , partially obscured by Ralph Houk ) . The success though was brief , as Short borrowed most of the $9.4 million he had used to pay for the team . As the Senators general manager , Short was forced to make many questionable trades to lower the debt and acquire amounts of the much - needed revenue . As a result , the team rapidly fell back into the American League 's cellar position . Fans kept their distance from the Senators while the Baltimore Orioles , 45 miles ( 72 km ) to the northeast , won four American League pennants and two World Series from the 1966 season through the 1971 season . By the end of the 1970 season , Short had issued an ultimatum : unless someone was willing to buy the Senators for $12 million ( in comparison , the New York Yankees were sold in 1973 for $8.8 million ) , he would not proceed to renew the stadium lease and would move the team elsewhere . When that season ended , Short dealt his best starting pitcher and the left side of his infield to the Detroit Tigers for erstwhile 30 - game - winner Denny McLain , who had spent most of the 1970 campaign suspended because of gambling allegations . The deal -- alleged by onetime Senators broadcaster Shelby Whitfield to have been made in order to secure the Tigers ' vote in favor of the Senators ' eventual move to Texas -- turned Detroit back into contenders , while McLain was a monumental bust , losing an embarrassing league - worst of 22 games . Short was especially receptive to an offer brought up by Arlington , Texas mayor Tom Vandergriff , who had been trying to obtain a Major League sports team to play in the Metroplex for over a decade . Years earlier , Charles O. Finley , the owner of the Kansas City Athletics , sought to relocate his baseball team to Dallas , Texas , but the idea was rebuffed and ultimately declined by the other A.L. team owners . Arlington 's hole card was Turnpike Stadium , a 10,000 - seat park which had been built in 1965 to house the AA Dallas - Fort Worth Spurs of the Texas League . However , it had been built to Major League specifications and also located in a natural bowl , meaning only minor excavations would be necessary to expand the park to accommodate Major League crowds . After Vandergriff offered a multimillion - dollar down payment , Short decided to make the move to Arlington . On September 21 , 1971 , by a vote of 10 to 2 ( the Orioles ' Jerold Hoffberger and John Allyn of the Chicago White Sox registered the dissenting votes ) , American League owners granted approval to move the franchise to Arlington , Texas for the 1972 season . Senators fans were livid . Enmity came to a head at the club 's last game in Washington . Thousands of fans simply walked in without paying after the security guards left early , swelling the paid attendance of 14,460 to around 25,000 , while fans unfurled a banner reading `` SHORT STINKS '' . With the Senators leading 7 -- 5 and two outs in the top of the ninth inning , several hundred youths stormed the field , raiding it for souvenirs . One man grabbed first base and ran off with it . With no security in sight and only three bases , umpire crew chief Jim Honochick forfeited the game to the New York Yankees . It would be 33 years before major league baseball returned to the nation 's capital , in the form of the National League 's Washington Nationals , which had previously been known as the Montreal Expos . First years in Texas ( 1972 -- 1984 ) During the off - season , improvements were made to Turnpike Stadium , which reopened as Arlington Stadium for the 1972 season . Meanwhile , ownership announced that the franchise would be renamed the Texas Rangers . The team played its first game on April 15 , 1972 , a 1 -- 0 loss at the hands of their 1961 expansion cousins , then known as the California Angels . The next day , the Rangers defeated the Angels 5 -- 1 for the club 's first victory . After the season Ted Williams retired as manager ; he had made no secret of his displeasure with the franchise 's new location . Whitey Herzog was named the new manager , but he was replaced before the end of the 1973 season by Billy Martin . In 1974 , the Rangers began to come into their own as a team . Under the ownership of Brad Corbett , they finished the season second in the American League West with an 84 -- 76 record , behind the eventual World Series champion Oakland Athletics . The 1974 Rangers are still the only MLB team to finish above . 500 after two consecutive 100 - loss seasons . Mike Hargrove was awarded A.L. Rookie of the Year , Billy Martin was named Manager of the Year , Jeff Burroughs won American League MVP , and Ferguson Jenkins was named the Comeback Player of the Year after winning 25 games , a club record to this day . However , after a 44 -- 51 start in 1975 , Martin was fired as the Rangers ' manager and was replaced by Frank Lucchesi . After excellent seasons between 1977 -- 79 , the Rangers came very close to clinching a playoff spot in the first half of 1981 . But when Texas lost its last game before the players ' strike began , the Oakland A 's won the A.L. West in the first half by a half - game . After 1981 , the Rangers would not post a winning record for another five seasons . During this stretch , the Rangers made one of their most unpopular trades ever , sending multi-Gold Glove catcher and fan favorite Jim Sundberg to the Milwaukee Brewers for future Brewers ' manager Ned Yost . The Rangers faced an attendance problem for a few years after moving their team to Texas , in part due to the team 's inconsistent performance and in part due to the oppressive heat and humidity that can encompass the area in the summer . Until the Florida Marlins arrived in 1993 , Arlington Stadium was often the hottest stadium in the Majors , with temperatures frequently topping around 100 ° throughout the months of summer . In part because of this , the Rangers began playing most of even their weekend games between May and September at night -- a tradition that continues to this day . They usually get a waiver from ESPN to play Sunday night games . The Valentine , Ryan , and Bush years ( 1985 -- 1994 ) Bobby Valentine became steward over an influx of splendid talent in the late 1980s and early 1990s . A winning season in 1986 was a shock to pundits and fans alike as the Rangers remained in the race for the American League pennant for the entire season . With a team consisting of many stellar young rookies such as Rubén Sierra , Pete Incaviglia , Mitch Williams , Bobby Witt , and Edwin Correa , the Rangers finished the season 2nd place with an 87 -- 75 record , just five games behind the division champion California Angels . The season marked a dramatic 25 - win improvement over the 1985 season , which resulted in yet another last - place finish in the West . The signing of 41 - year - old star pitcher Nolan Ryan prior to the 1989 season allowed Ryan to reach his 5,000 th strikeout , 300th win , and sixth and seventh no - hitters with the Rangers . Coupled with powerful batters like Juan González , Rubén Sierra , Julio Franco , and Rafael Palmeiro and a pitching staff that also included Charlie Hough , Bobby Witt , Kevin Brown , and Kenny Rogers , fans held really high expectations for the Rangers ' upcoming season . However , the team never posted a finish higher than second place and Valentine was relieved of his duties during the 1992 season . Nolan Ryan pitching to Detroit Tigers ' Travis Fryman , Arlington Stadium , August 16 , 1992 . In April 1989 , Rangers owner and oil tycoon Eddie Chiles , sold the team to an investment group headed by George W. Bush . After hearing that Chiles planned to sell the team , Bush headed a group of investors ( including Frank L. Morsani and the Mack family ) that bought the team for $89 million . While his own equity in the team was a small one ( $500,000 ) , he was named Managing General Partner of the new ownership group . He increased his investment to $600,000 the following year . During his tenure , the Rangers and the City of Arlington decided to replace the aging Arlington Stadium with a new publicly funded stadium , at a cost of $193 million , financed by Arlington residents , through a sales tax increase . Ground was broken on October 30 , 1991 on what would become The Ballpark in Arlington ( now named Globe Life Park in Arlington ) . The city , through the Arlington Sports Facilities Development Authority , also controversially authorized the seizure of 13 acres ( 53,000 m ) of land through eminent domain for the Rangers future development . Landowners filed lawsuits over the acquisition and eventually won settlements of $22.2 million which the Rangers failed to pay . Bush left his position with the Rangers when he was elected Governor of Texas in 1994 . Although Bush no longer has any ownership stake in the Rangers , he remains a fan of the team to this day and regularly attends the team 's home games . In 1993 , Kevin Kennedy took over managerial duties , presiding over the team for two seasons , keeping the 1993 Rangers in the hunt for a playoff berth into mid-September . Kennedy was let go in 1994 , although the team led the A.L. West prior to the players ' strike . On July 28 Kenny Rogers pitched the 12th perfect game in Major League history . The strike prematurely ended what could have been the Rangers ' first division championship when commissioner Bud Selig canceled the remainder of the season and the playoffs . First success ( 1995 -- 2000 ) Rangers Ballpark in Arlington opened in 1994 The year 1995 saw the beginnings of promise for the Rangers . With a brand new ballpark that hosted its first All - Star Game that year , Johnny Oates was hired as the Rangers ' manager . Rangers logo , 1994 -- 2002 Oates and company promptly helped to bring home the 1996 A.L. Western Division Championship , the first division championship in franchise history . The first playoff series , 24 years after the franchise came to Texas , saw the Rangers lose to the New York Yankees , 3 games to 1 . Oates was named A.L. Manager of the Year and Juan González was named A.L. MVP . The team featured a powerful lineup of hitters with Iván Rodríguez , Will Clark , Mark McLemore , Dean Palmer , Rusty Greer , Juan González , and Mickey Tettleton but continued to struggle with pitching -- a common stereotype of Rangers teams -- despite having Rick Helling , and Aaron Sele on their roster . Oates led the team to consecutive A.L. West championships in 1998 and 1999 . Neither of Oates ' last two playoff teams could win a single game , losing all 6 in back - to - back sweeps at the hands of the Yankees , a team that won 3 World Championships in the 1990s after defeating Rangers teams in the first round . The 1999 team would be the last playoff - bound team for over a decade , as the Rangers took a step backwards at the beginning of the new millennium . En route to a second straight last - place finish , Oates resigned his position 28 games into the 2001 season . The Rangers finished the decade going 1 -- 9 in the postseason , without a single home win . In 1998 , venture capital billionaire Tom Hicks bought the team for $250 million . Hicks also agreed to pay the $22.2 million awarded in settlements in relation to the 1991 eminent domain litigation concerning the Ballpark in Arlington . The lean years ( 2001 -- 2004 ) 2001 -- 2003 Prior to the 2001 season , star free agent shortstop Alex Rodriguez was signed by the Rangers in the most lucrative deal in baseball history : a 10 - year , $252 million contract . The move was controversial and is frequently maligned by fans and writers who thought that owner Tom Hicks was placing too much emphasis on one player instead of utilizing team resources to acquire several players , especially for a team that lacked pitching talent . Club officials maintained that Rodriguez would be the cornerstone of future postseason success . Although Rodriguez 's individual performance was outstanding , the Rangers continued to struggle and manager Jerry Narron was fired following the 2002 season , and he was replaced by seasoned manager Buck Showalter . The 2003 season signified the fourth straight last - place finish , and after a post-season fallout between Rodriguez and club management , the reigning A.L. MVP and newly appointed Rangers captain was traded to the New York Yankees for second baseman Alfonso Soriano and infielder prospect Joaquin Arias . Michael Young , Rangers v. Baltimore Orioles , Camden Yards , April 25 , 2009 . Prior to the 2004 season , little hope was held out for the Rangers to improve on their losing ways . However , the Rangers battled with the Anaheim Angels and Oakland Athletics for first place in the A.L. West for much of the season . Mark Teixeira , Alfonso Soriano , Michael Young , and Hank Blalock became some of the best - hitting infielders in the league , with Young , Blalock , and Soriano being named to the 2004 All - Star Game . Soriano was named the All - Star MVP after going 2 for 3 with a three - run home run . Late in September , the Oakland A 's visited Arlington for a 3 - game series . After taking the first two games of the series , the Rangers trailed 4 -- 2 , in the bottom of the ninth . A loss would have dropped them to four games behind the Athletics . A home run by Hank Blalock and a dramatic two - out , two - run double by David Dellucci ( known amongst fans as the `` Dellucci Double '' ) gave the Rangers a 5 -- 4 win , one of the most memorable in club history . It also allowed the Rangers to sweep the first - place Athletics and leave them just two games behind with 10 to play . Unfortunately , the Rangers ended up losing six of the final ten games and another turnaround season came up short . The club finished in third place behind the Angels and A 's , a mere 3 games out of first place . 2005 - 2006 In 2005 the Rangers again struggled to find consistency amid controversy and injuries , notwithstanding that the team swept an entire homestand for the first time in its history . Frank Francisco and Carlos Almanzar , two key members of the bullpen , were sidelined for Tommy John surgery . Kenny Rogers , the team 's ace pitcher , received a 20 - game suspension from commissioner Bud Selig for attacking a cameraman at Ameriquest Field prior to a game . Management later placed opening day starter Ryan Drese on waivers , where he was claimed by the Washington Nationals . After Drese 's release and Rogers ' suspension , the Rangers ' performance on the mound faltered , and a disastrous 1 -- 12 August road trip all but sealed the squad 's fate . On October 4 , 2005 , the Rangers announced that John Hart would step down as general manager and that Jon Daniels was being promoted from assistant general manager to replace him . Daniels , at 28 years and one month , would become the youngest general manager in Major League history . Daniels and the Rangers front office were very active in the 2005 -- 2006 offseason . Alfonso Soriano , who had often been mentioned in trade speculation , was finally dealt to the Nationals for outfielders Brad Wilkerson and Terrmel Sledge . The Rangers then began making moves to acquire pitching talent . The Rangers gained enigmatic starter Vicente Padilla from the Philadelphia Phillies in exchange for Ricardo Rodríguez and acquired San Diego Padres pitchers Adam Eaton and Akinori Otsuka in exchange for Chris Young , Adrian Gonzalez , and Sledge . Finally , they signed free agent starter Kevin Millwood to a five - year contract worth $60 million . The Rangers 2006 season ended with a disappointing 80 -- 82 record and a third - place finish in the West . Though the club showed strength in the early going , the team proved unable to keep pace with the surging Oakland Athletics in the second half and fell out of contention in September . To some extent the Rangers were the victims of bad luck , as their win - loss record was worse than their + 51 run differential for the season would normally indicate . However , the element that the club continued to lack was a solid pitching staff , whose combined ERA ranked 9th in the A.L. at the season 's end . The Rangers were represented in the 2006 All - Star game by center fielder Gary Matthews , Jr. and shortstop Michael Young , who was named the MVP for his game - winning two - run triple in the ninth inning . Significant player moves in - season included a July 28 deal acquiring outfielders Carlos Lee and Nelson Cruz from the Milwaukee Brewers in exchange for Kevin Mench , Francisco Cordero , and Laynce Nix . On October 4 after two attempts to replicate the success of the 2004 team , the Rangers dismissed Buck Showalter as manager with three years left on his contract . A month later , the team announced that Oakland Athletics third base coach Ron Washington had accepted their offer to manage the team . A change at manager would be the first of several moves to strengthen the team in yet another busy off - season . Gary Matthews , Jr. , Mark DeRosa , Carlos Lee , and Adam Eaton all signed with other clubs as free agents . Vicente Padilla accepted a three - year , $33 million offer with an option for a fourth year at $12 million . The Rangers also signed 1B / OF Frank Catalanotto to a multi-year deal . The Rangers later added reliever Éric Gagné and veteran outfielders Kenny Lofton and Sammy Sosa on short - term deals . In a sign that GM Jon Daniels was looking for results in 2007 , the Rangers ' top pitching prospect John Danks was traded to the Chicago White Sox along with reliever Nick Masset for 23 - year - old starter Brandon McCarthy . The Danks trade caused quite a stir amongst fans , many of which had followed the minor league careers of the highly touted `` DVD '' trio of pitchers that included Danks , Edinson Vólquez , and Thomas Diamond . All three pitchers would eventually reach the majors , with varying degrees of success , while McCarthy 's career became marred by injury . Building the brand Home Plate Entrance at the Rangers Ballpark in Arlington The Rangers previously negotiated a 30 - year , $75 million stadium naming rights agreement with Ameriquest Mortgage Company in 2004 , renaming the Ballpark `` Ameriquest Field '' . Under the Ameriquest moniker , the Ballpark featured a replica of the Liberty Bell in the stands above the Diamond Club ( representing Ameriquest 's logo ) that rang after home runs . In 2007 , though , the Rangers announced the termination of the agreement with Ameriquest , and changed the name to Rangers Ballpark in Arlington . Club president Jeff Cogen cited that the team was more concerned about getting their name back on the ballpark than Ameriquest 's public financial troubles . `` It 's all about the brand '' , Cogen said . The Rangers lost a reported $2.5 million per year from the lack of naming rights but regained advertising space given over to Ameriquest in the naming rights deal . Regardless of Cogen 's comments , Ameriquest dissolved within months after the naming rights were terminated , and the company ended most business operations in September 2007 . 2007 -- 2009 Wikinews has related news : MLB : Rangers score 30 runs against Orioles in first game of doubleheader The Rangers struggled offensively early in the season , despite playing in a notoriously hitter - friendly park . On June 20 , Sammy Sosa hit his 600th career home run against the Chicago Cubs at the Rangers Ballpark in Arlington . Hank Blalock , the starting 3rd baseman who had been enjoying a good season , was placed on the 60 - day disabled list on the May 19 due to thoracic outlet syndrome , and Mark Teixeira followed him onto the disabled list on June 9 ( for the first time in his career ) with a strained left quadriceps muscle . With a record of 46 -- 59 at the July 31 trade deadline , the team traded Mark Teixeira and Ron Mahay to the Atlanta Braves in a deal that would eventually bring 5 prospects to the Rangers organization , including four of Atlanta 's top prospects Jarrod Saltalamacchia , Elvis Andrus , Matt Harrison , and Neftalí Feliz . The team also traded closer Éric Gagné to the Boston Red Sox for left - hander Kason Gabbard and Minor League outfielders David Murphy and Engel Beltre . These moves were the beginnings of a rebuilding project headed by Jon Daniels with a focus on the acquisition and development of young players . In the coming years , more club resources would be dedicated to improving the quality of the farm system and scouting departments , most notably in Latin America and the Far East . The objective of Daniels ' plan was to field a legitimately competitive team by the 2010 season . The 2007 season remains notable in the minds of baseball fans for two inexplicable oddities . On August 19 at the Metrodome , the Minnesota Twins logged 19 strikeouts against the Rangers , one short of the Major League record . Three days later , the 22nd , in the first game of a doubleheader at Oriole Park at Camden Yards , the Rangers ' bats came alive with a modern record for runs by one team , defeating the Baltimore Orioles 30 -- 3 . Their 27 - run margin of victory is also a modern - day MLB record . Wes Littleton gained probably the easiest save in Major League history : entering the game in the bottom of the seventh , with his team already ahead 14 -- 3 , he pitched three innings to finish the game , and gave up just two hits and a walk . The Rangers began the 2008 season red hot , headlined by newcomer Josh Hamilton who looked to be a threat to win the Triple Crown , before fading off as the season wore on . During the All - Star festivities at Yankee Stadium , Hamilton crushed a first round home run record in the 2008 Home Run Derby with 28 . Hamilton hit another four in the second round and three during the final round , for a total of 35 home runs , but lost to the Twins ' Justin Morneau . Four Rangers played in the All Star Game : Josh Hamilton , Ian Kinsler , Milton Bradley , and Michael Young , who would repeat his 2006 All - Star Game feat by driving in the winning run via a sac fly . The Rangers would finish the season with yet another sub -. 500 record ( 79 -- 83 ) , yet ended the season second in the West , the club 's best finish since 1999 . The off - season saw perennial All - Star shortstop Michael Young ask for a trade when the team told him he would be moving to third base to make room for rookie Elvis Andrus . After speaking with club president Nolan Ryan and his agent , Young later rescinded his trade request , and agreed to move to third base . The offseason also saw the departure of mercurial outfielder / DH Milton Bradley to free agency . Scott Feldman Derek Holland is considered the best pitching prospect drafted by the Rangers since the departure of John Danks The 2009 season saw the Rangers soar into playoff contention for the first time since 2004 . Despite injuries to Josh Hamilton and Ian Kinsler , the Rangers held first place in their division for long stretches of the summer before fading after September 1 , losing the division to the Los Angeles Angels . The Rangers finished the season at 87 -- 75 , their first winning season since 2004 and good enough for second place in the A.L. West . Michael Young responded to his move to third base by posting one of his best offensive seasons ever while committing just nine errors and earning a sixth straight All - Star appearance . Josh Hamilton and Nelson Cruz were also named 2009 A.L. All - Stars . Several young stars with the club broke out including the debuts of highly rated rookies Elvis Andrus , Derek Holland , and Neftalí Feliz . Second baseman Ian Kinsler hit for the cycle in April , while having a 30 -- 30 season in home runs and stolen bases . Starting pitcher Scott Feldman posted a fantastic season as well in 2009 , finishing 3rd in the A.L in wins with 17 . Financial troubles and new ownership While the 2009 season was strong on the field , club owner Tom Hicks became the focus of several reports indicating serious financial problems with his holding group , Hicks Sports Group , which also owned the Dallas Stars , the Frisco Roughriders ( the Rangers AA - farm club ) , 1 / 2 of Liverpool F.C. ( sold in mid-October 2010 to New England Sports Ventures , owners of the Boston Red Sox ) , and the Mesquite Championship Rodeo ( later sold by HSG ) . HSG was reported to have gone into default on a $525 million loan . In April 2009 , Hicks announced he would be willing to sell a minority interest in the team . Only one month later , Hicks announced he would be willing to sell majority control of the Rangers . In July 2009 , it was reported that Hicks borrowed money from Major League Baseball to meet the team 's payroll . After the 2009 season , Hicks began scouting prospective buyers and in December entered into exclusive negotiating rights for sale of the Rangers with a consortium headed by Pittsburgh sports lawyer Chuck Greenberg and Rangers team president Nolan Ryan . On January 22 , 2010 , Hicks Sports Group officially reached a formal agreement to sell the Texas Rangers to the group headed by Greenberg and Ryan ( later called Rangers Baseball Express ) for approximately $570 million . Under the provisions of the deal , former owner Hicks stayed on as a limited minority partner , but was not allowed to retain a seat on the board of governors . Co-lead investors Dallas businessmen Ray Davis and Bob R. Simpson were named co-chairmen . Hicks also sold much of the land surrounding Rangers Ballpark to Rangers Baseball Express in a separate deal . The deal was subject to approval by the other MLB owners ( a 3 / 4 vote is required ) and completed by April 1 . However , one of HSG 's principal lenders ( Monarch Alternative Capital ) opposed the sale on grounds that the proceeds would not fully repay the defaulted HSG notes . On April 21 , Major League Baseball issued a statement declaring the Rangers ' sale to be under the control of the Commissioner to expedite the process . Because of public comments made by Hicks deemed detrimental to the process , MLB also stripped Hicks of any responsibility regarding the sale of the team . On May 13 , MLB threatened to seize control of the rest of the team 's operations if a deal was not completed by the deadline set by the Commissioner . As the stalemate between HSG and its creditors continued , on May 24 , 2010 the Texas Rangers filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy . As of that date , the Rangers and HSG had an estimated debt of $575 million . Much of the unsecured debt was owed in back salary . Officially , New York Yankees third baseman Alex Rodriguez topped the list of unsecured creditors with an estimated $24.9 million owed by the Rangers . Additionally , the Rangers also owed Baltimore Orioles pitcher Kevin Millwood $12.9 million , and then current Rangers third baseman Michael Young $3.9 million . At a press conference , the Greenberg - Ryan group proposed to buy the team for $575 million . The sale would repay all the team 's creditors , including players owed back salary . After several attempts to resolve the deal fell through , the bankruptcy court ordered a public auction to be held on August 4 . The Greenberg / Ryan bid would be the opening bid , and other offers ( subject to MLB approval ) would have to be submitted by the prior day in order to be considered . At the auction , only one other MLB - approved group submitted an offer -- Radical Baseball LLC , a group formed by Houston businessman Jim Crane ( who was previously unsuccessful in buying the Houston Astros , and ultimately bought that team in 2011 ) and Dallas Mavericks owner Mark Cuban ( who was previously unsuccessful in buying the Chicago Cubs ) . The auction lasted until the early morning of August 5 , with the winning bid submitted by Greenberg / Ryan . The bankruptcy court approved the bid later that morning and the bankruptcy case closed . The sale to the Greenberg / Ryan was approved by all 30 MLB owners at the owners meeting in Minneapolis on Thursday August 12 . `` I 'll be the managing partner and CEO . If you like what 's going on or you do n't like what 's going on , I take responsibility for that . When it comes to baseball , I 'm not going to interject my opinions . If Nolan and ( Jon Daniels ) want to discuss something with me , they can , but I have complete faith and trust in the decisions that they make . I 'll be as involved as they wish me to be , but with complete faith and confidence in them . What I 'm going to focus on , particularly since the baseball side is in great shape , is the business side . How do we connect with the community ? How do we create a higher tempo of energy in the front office ? How can we do a better job of filling the stands and make an impact on people 's lives ? If we succeed on the business side and continue on path on the baseball side and combine it with a dynamic market like this is , we can be and should be one of the powerhouse franchises in baseball . '' -- Chuck Greenberg The new ownership group , which included Chuck Greenberg and Nolan Ryan , was called Rangers Baseball Express , LLC and had Greenberg serving as managing general partner and Ryan as club president . Davis and Simpson were named co-chairmen . In March 2011 Greenberg resigned as Chief Executive and Managing General Partner and sold his interest in the Club following a `` falling out '' with his partners . Following Greenberg 's resignation , Nolan Ryan was named Chief Executive Officer in addition to his continuing role as Team President . Ryan was subsequently designated the Controlling Owner of the Club by a unanimous vote of the 30 owners of Major League Baseball on May 12 , 2011 . Co-Chairmen Simpson and Davis stated they would not be involved in day - to - day operations . 2010 -- present : rise to contention Main article : 2010 Texas Rangers season Offseason moves made by the Rangers sent Kevin Millwood to the Baltimore Orioles and acquired free agents Rich Harden , Colby Lewis , and Vladimir Guerrero . With the new influx of talent and success in 2009 , the Rangers entered the season expecting to compete for the division and achieve the front office 's goals of 2007 . During the offseason , Texas Rangers ' team President Nolan Ryan spoke about the Rangers ' chances in the upcoming season saying , `` My expectations today are that we 're going to be extremely competitive and if we do n't win our division , I 'll be disappointed . '' Ian Kinsler After stumbling out of the gates with a sub -. 500 start in April , the Rangers took the division lead with a franchise - best month of June , going 21 -- 6 . The Rangers would never relinquish first place after an 11 - game winning streak . On July 9 , the club dealt one of its top prospects , Justin Smoak , with two other minor leaguers to the Seattle Mariners for former Cy Young Award winner Cliff Lee and Mark Lowe . The Rangers also made moves to acquire veterans Bengie Molina , Jorge Cantú , Cristian Guzmán , and Jeff Francoeur . In the 2010 All - Star Game , the team was represented by Cliff Lee , Vladimir Guerrero , Ian Kinsler , Josh Hamilton , Elvis Andrus , and Neftalí Feliz . After the All - Star Game , came the debut of the claw and antler hand gestures , which gained much popularity , especially after the release of various apparel and souvenir options for the fans . Foam claws and helmets with deer antlers became quite commonplace in the ballpark as the Rangers played further into the fall . The Rangers won the A.L. West on September 25 , advancing to the postseason for the first time since 1999 . 2010 and 2011 : A.L. champions Main articles : 2010 American League Division Series , 2010 American League Championship Series , and 2010 World Series After winning the AL West with a 90 -- 72 record , the Rangers entered the playoffs for the first time since 1999 , and faced the Tampa Bay Rays for the first round , which ultimately resulted in a 3 -- 2 series victory and marked the first postseason series victory in the 50 - year history of the Rangers / Washington Senators franchise . Facing the Rangers in the American League Championship Series were the defending World Champion New York Yankees , the team the Rangers failed against three separate times in the 1990s . In the playoffs , the Rangers record against the Yankees was 1 -- 9 . In a 6 - game series , the Texas Rangers came out victorious , winning the first pennant in franchise history in front of an ecstatic home crowd . Josh Hamilton was awarded ALCS MVP after setting a series record for intentional walks . The Texas Rangers faced the San Francisco Giants in the 2010 World Series . The Rangers offense struggled against the Giants ' young pitching and eventually lost the Series 4 -- 1 , the lone win coming in Arlington on October 30 . For the first time , the Rangers ended their season in the month of November . 2011 Main articles : 2011 Texas Rangers season , 2011 American League Division Series , 2011 American League Championship Series , and 2011 World Series The Rangers successfully defended their AL West Division title in 2011 , making the club 's second straight division title and postseason appearance and fifth division title and postseason appearance overall . The Rangers set records for best record ( 96 -- 66 with a . 592 winning percentage ) and home attendance ( 2,946,949 ) . On October 15 , they went back to the World Series after beating the Detroit Tigers 15 -- 5 in Game 6 of the ALCS . The series featured Nelson Cruz hitting 6 home runs , the most home runs by one player in a playoff series in MLB history . In game 2 Cruz also became the first player in postseason history to win a game with a walk - off grand slam as the Rangers defeated the Tigers 7 -- 3 in 11 innings . However , they would proceed to lose the World Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games , after twice being one strike away from the championship in game 6 . Game 7 is notable for the controversy surrounding the manager Ron Washington 's pre-game clubhouse speech . 2012 : final week collapse Main articles : 2012 Texas Rangers season and 2012 American League Wild Card Game The Rangers lost C.J. Wilson to the rival Angels in the offseason , but managed to gain the services of Japanese pitcher Yu Darvish . They also added Joe Nathan to fill the closer role vacated by Neftalí Feliz , who was shifted to full - time starter . The Rangers dominated the American League standings for much of the season , despite losing Feliz and Colby Lewis to the 60 - day DL . Darvish quickly flourished in the starting rotation , finishing with a 16 -- 9 record and a 3.90 ERA . Josh Hamilton also had a spectacular season , finishing with 43 home runs , four of which came in a single game against the Baltimore Orioles on May 8 . However the Rangers floundered in September , culminating in a sweep by the Oakland Athletics in the final series . Before the last series of the regular season , the Rangers faced the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim on September 29 , 2012 . The game was postponed due to a rain delay and the game was held off until the next day . The Texas Rangers then lost to the Angels 5 -- 4 for the first game and won 8 -- 7 in the second game later that night , which guaranteed them a spot in the first ever American League wild - card playoff game . As a result of their 93 -- 69 record , finishing second in the AL West behind the Oakland A 's , the Texas Rangers settled for the Wild Card playoff slot . In the new Wild Card Game , the Rangers ' woes continued , as they lost 5 -- 1 to the Orioles . 2013 : missed playoffs Main article : 2013 Texas Rangers season The Rangers finished the season in second place in the American League West with a 91 - 72 record , 5 1 / 2 games behind the Oakland Athletics . On September 30 , 2013 , the Rangers faced the Tampa Bay Rays in a 163rd play - in 2013 American League Wild Card tie - breaker game , to determine the second participant in the 2013 American League Wild Card Game against the Cleveland Indians . The 163rd game was determined to be an extension of the regular season and not considered to be part of the 2013 Major League Baseball Postseason . The Rangers lost to the Rays 5 - 2 in the tie - breaker and were eliminated from playoff contention for the first time since 2009 . On October 17 , 2013 , Nolan Ryan announced that he was stepping down as Rangers CEO effective October 31 , 2013 . 2014 : injury plagued Main article : 2014 Texas Rangers season Injuries took a major toll on the Rangers in 2014 . The lone bright spot was Adrián Beltré , who despite spending some time injured , was the most consistent offensive player on the team . On September 4 , 2014 , the Rangers became the first MLB team officially eliminated from 2014 postseason contention when a 10 -- 2 loss at home to the Seattle Mariners dropped their record to 53 -- 87 . The following day , manager Ron Washington resigned , citing personal issues . 2015 : mid-season revitalization Main article : 2015 Texas Rangers season The 2015 season started off on a bad note with the Ranger 's Ace pitcher Yu Darvish having to undergo Tommy John surgery due to a torn UCL before the season began . According to most experts , the Rangers were not expected to place any better than fourth or fifth in the American League West . However , even though the Rangers started the season with an 8 - 16 record , they were able to surpass the . 500 mark on a few different occasions throughout the year . Surprisingly , in 2015 the Rangers were one of the best road teams in all of baseball with a road record of 45 - 36 . Only the Chicago Cubs had a better road record with 48 - 33 . With the acquisition of Cole Hamels , the Rangers would retain a winning record after August 3 . The Rangers would overtake the Houston Astros and clinch the American League West title on the final day of the season with a record of 88 - 74 . It was the Rangers ' 6th division title and 7th postseason appearance in franchise history . Hamels ' positive effect on the Rangers was compared to that of the Toronto Blue Jays ' David Price , another ace starting pitcher who helped spearhead a run to the postseason after blending in seamlessly with a struggling team who acquired him at the trade deadline. ( 1 ) The Rangers lost to the Toronto Blue Jays in five games in the Division Series after squandering a 2 - 0 series lead . Season - by - season records Main article : List of Texas Rangers seasons Through the 2016 season , the Rangers have won 4,277 games and lost 4,649 over their history , equating to a . 479 lifetime winning percentage . After the 2011 World Series and the 2012 season , the team is 19 -- 25 in individual playoff games , and 4 -- 6 overall for postseason series . Baseball Hall of famers Main article : National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Texas Rangers Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Washington Senators , Texas Rangers Nellie Fox Ted Williams Texas Rangers Bert Blyleven Goose Gossage Vladimir Guerrero Whitey Herzog Ferguson Jenkins Gaylord Perry Iván Rodríguez Nolan Ryan Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Rangers or Senators cap insignia . * Has no insignia on his cap due to playing at a time when caps bore no insignia . Chuck Hinton and Frank Howard , who played for the franchise in Washington ( although Howard played for the Rangers in 1972 ) , are listed on the Washington Hall of Stars display at Nationals Park in Washington . So are Gil Hodges and Mickey Vernon , who managed the `` New Senators '' . Vernon also played for the `` Old Senators '' , who became the Minnesota Twins . Ford C. Frick Award recipients Texas Rangers Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Jon Miller Eric Nadel Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Rangers or Senators . Texas Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Texas Sports Hall of Fame Rangers in the Texas Sports Hall of Fame No . Name Position Tenure Notes -- Lee Ballanfant Scout 1972 -- 1981 Born in Waco 2 , 10 Michael Young IF 2000 -- 2012 7 Iván Rodríguez 1991 -- 2002 , 2009 10 Jim Sundberg 1974 -- 1983 1988 -- 1989 27 Lance Berkman 1B 2013 Elected mainly on his performance with Houston Astros , born and raised in Waco , attended Rice University 34 Nolan Ryan 1989 -- 1993 Born in Refugio , grew up in Alvin 46 Burt Hooton 1985 Elected mainly on his performances with Chicago Cubs and Los Angeles Dodgers , born in Greenville , attended University of Texas - Austin Mascot Rangers Captain , pictured in May 2016 Rangers Captain is the mascot for the Texas Rangers . Introduced in 2002 , he is a palomino - style horse , dressed in the team 's uniform . He wears the uniform number `` 72 '' in honor of 1972 , the year the Rangers relocated to Arlington . The mascot also has multiple uniforms to match each of the variants the team has . Rangers Captain 's chosen uniform for the game matches the uniform choice made by the team for that particular game . Captain 's outfits sometimes match a theme the team is promoting ; on Apr 24 , 2010 , he was dressed up like Elvis as part of an Elvis Presley themed night . Team captains Buddy Bell 1985 Alex Rodriguez 2004 ( offseason only ) Michael Young 2005 -- 2012 Adrián Beltré 2013 -- present Retired numbers See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers Iván Rodríguez Retired August 12 , 2017 Johnny Oates Mgr Retired August 6 , 2005 Nolan Ryan Retired September 15 , 1996 Jackie Robinson All MLB Honored April 15 , 1997 Texas Rangers Hall of Fame `` Texas Rangers Hall of Fame '' redirects here . For the law enforcement agency , see Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum . The Texas Rangers Hall of Fame was created in 2003 to honor the careers of former Texas Rangers players , managers , executives and broadcasters . There are currently 20 members . The Hall is located in Globe Life Park in Arlington , behind right field . The Hall 's two levels contain 13,000 square feet , a 235 - seat theater , and various plaques , photos , and memorabilia . It can accommodate up to 600 people . Key Year Year inducted Bold Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame as a Ranger Bold Recipient of the Hall of Fame 's Ford C. Frick Award Texas Rangers Hall of Fame Year No . Name Position ( s ) Tenure 2003 49 Charlie Hough 1980 -- 1990 26 Johnny Oates Manager 1995 -- 2001 34 Nolan Ryan 1989 -- 1993 10 Jim Sundberg 1974 -- 1983 1988 -- 1989 25 Buddy Bell 3B 1979 -- 1985 , 1989 31 Fergie Jenkins 1974 -- 1975 1978 -- 1981 -- Tom Vandergriff Broadcaster 1975 -- 1977 2005 -- Mark Holtz Broadcaster 1981 -- 1997 35 John Wetteland 1997 -- 2000 2007 29 Rusty Greer LF 1994 -- 2002 2009 11 , 17 Toby Harrah 3B / SS Manager 1969 -- 1978 1985 -- 1986 1992 3 , 21 , 24 , 28 , 38 Rubén Sierra RF / DH 1986 -- 1992 2000 -- 2001 2003 4 , 6 Tom Grieve OF 1970 , 1972 -- 1977 2011 37 Kenny Rogers 1989 -- 1995 2000 -- 2002 2004 -- 2005 2012 -- Eric Nadel Broadcaster 1979 -- present 2013 7 Iván Rodríguez 1991 -- 2002 , 2009 2014 -- Tom Schieffer Team President 1991 -- 1999 2015 13 , 19 Juan González OF 1989 -- 1999 2002 -- 2003 40 Jeff Russell 1985 -- 1992 1995 -- 1996 2016 2 , 10 Michael Young IF 2000 -- 2012 Current roster Texas Rangers roster Active roster Inactive roster Coaches / Other Pitchers Starting rotation 40 Bartolo Colón 49 Yovani Gallardo 48 Drew Hutchison 57 Ariel Jurado 36 Mike Minor 33 Martín Pérez Bullpen 32 Eddie Butler 58 Alex Claudio 44 Cory Gearrin 31 Chris Martin 55 Matt Moore 54 Jeffrey Springs Closer 62 José Leclerc Catchers 61 Robinson Chirinos Infielders 1 Elvis Andrus 29 Adrián Beltré 67 Ronald Guzmán 9 Isiah Kiner - Falefa 12 Rougned Odor 19 Jurickson Profar Outfielders 5 Willie Calhoun 17 Shin - Soo Choo 3 Delino DeShields Jr . 13 Joey Gallo 15 Carlos Tocci Pitchers 56 Austin Bibens - Dirkx -- Zac Curtis 45 Nick Gardewine 72 Jonathan Hernández 74 Brett Martin 65 Yohander Méndez 75 Joe Palumbo 68 Ricardo Rodríguez -- Chris Rowley 59 Connor Sadzeck Catchers 71 Jose Trevino Infielders 2 Hanser Alberto Outfielders 30 Nomar Mazara 18 Drew Robinson 16 Ryan Rua Manager 28 Jeff Banister Coaches 27 Tony Beasley ( third base ) 46 Doug Brocail ( pitching ) 22 Steve Buechele ( first base ) 66 Josh Frasier ( bullpen catcher ) 24 Anthony Iapoce ( hitting ) 0 Justin Mashore ( assistant hitting ) 4 Héctor Ortiz ( bullpen ) 23 Don Wakamatsu ( bench ) 39 Dan Warthen ( assistant pitching ) 60 - day disabled list 43 Tony Barnette 47 Clayton Blackburn 51 Matt Bush 38 Doug Fister 63 Ronald Herrera 25 active , 15 inactive 7 - or 10 - day disabled list Suspended list Personal leave Roster and coaches updated August 12 , 2018 Transactions Depth chart → All MLB rosters Minor league affiliations Main article : List of Texas Rangers minor league affiliates Level Team League Location AAA Round Rock Express Pacific Coast League Round Rock , Texas AA Frisco RoughRiders Texas League Frisco , Texas Advanced A Down East Wood Ducks Carolina League Kinston , North Carolina Hickory Crawdads South Atlantic League Hickory , North Carolina Short Season A Spokane Indians Northwest League Spokane , Washington Rookie AZL Rangers Arizona League Surprise , Arizona DSL Rangers 1 & 2 Dominican Summer League Dominican Republic Franchise records and award winners Main articles : Texas Rangers team records and Texas Rangers award winners and league leaders Season records Highest batting average : . 359 , Josh Hamilton ( 2010 ) Most games : 163 , Al Oliver ( 1980 ) Most hits : 221 , Michael Young ( 2005 ) Highest slugging % : . 643 , Juan González ( 1996 ) Most doubles : 52 , Michael Young ( 2006 ) Most triples : 14 , Rubén Sierra ( 1989 ) Most home runs : 57 , Alex Rodriguez ( 2002 ) Most RBIs : 157 , Juan González ( 1998 ) Most stolen bases : 52 , Bump Wills ( 1978 ) Most wins : 25 , Ferguson Jenkins ( 1974 ) Strikeouts : 301 , Nolan Ryan ( 1989 ) Complete games : 29 , Ferguson Jenkins ( 1974 ) Saves : 49 , Francisco Cordero ( 2004 ) Radio and television See also : List of Texas Rangers broadcasters Radio KRLD - FM 105.3 FM KRLD ( AM ) NewsRadio 1080 will carry any games that conflict with previously scheduled programming on 105.3 The FAN . KFLC 1270 AM ( Spanish ) In addition to the flagship stations listed above , Rangers games can be heard on affiliates throughout much of Texas , and also in parts of Oklahoma , Arkansas , Louisiana , and New Mexico . Eric Nadel is the primary play - by - play announcer . He has called games for the club since 1979 beginning on television broadcasts , then moving exclusively to radio beginning in 1985 . He became the primary announcer after the late Mark Holtz moved to television . Currently , Nadel provides play - by - play in the 1st , 2nd , 5th , 6th , 8th , and 9th innings , and color commentary for the other innings . On December 11 , 2013 , he was awarded the 2014 Ford C. Frick Award by the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum for excellence in broadcasting . Matt Hicks now shares the broadcast booth with Nadel . He joined the broadcast in 2012 after Steve Busby moved from radio to television to replace Dave Barnett . Hicks provides play - by - play in the 3rd , 4th , and 7th innings , and color commentary for the other innings . Jared Sandler hosts the pre-game and post-game shows , and also fills in whenever Nadel or Hicks have a day off . For the Spanish radio affiliates , Eleno Ornelas is the play - by - play announcer , and former Rangers pitcher José Guzmán is the color analyst . Television Texas Rangers games currently air on regional television network Fox Sports Southwest . During the 2016 season , they had an average 3.96 rating and 105,000 viewers on primetime broadcasts . Due to the Rangers having to play many of their Sunday home games at night , the team has been featured frequently on ESPN 's Sunday Night Baseball during the summer months . Rangers games can also be seen on MLB on Fox and TBS . Since 2017 , Dave Raymond is the primary television play - by - play announcer and former MLB pitcher C.J. Nitkowski is the primary color commentator . Nitkowski also fills in for Raymond on play - by - play for select games . Raymond replaced Steve Busby , who since 1982 on both TV and radio has had various stints in various positions on Rangers broadcasts from play - by - play to color commentary to pre-game and post-game analysis . In June 2012 , Busby moved back to television play - by - play after Dave Barnett left his position as game announcer following an episode in which he experienced speech difficulties . Beginning in 2016 , Raymond substituted for Busby on select games . Previously the primary color commentator , Tom Grieve still broadcasts many games . A former Rangers player and general manager , Grieve has been in the TV booth since 1995 , following the end of his tenure as GM . Another former Ranger , Mark McLemore , has substituted for Grieve in the past and often joins the booth for an inning during home games . He and former Ranger Iván Rodríguez are among the pre-game and post-game analysts used on Fox Sports Southwest . FSSW pre-game and post-game shows are hosted by a rotation among Dana Larson , John Rhadigan , Ric Renner , and Erin Hartigan . In - game reporters include Rhadigan , Hartigan , Lesley McCaslin , and Rangers employee Emily Jones ( formerly of FSSW ) . Texas Rangers six Shooters The Texas Rangers Six Shooters is an interactive dance squad for the Texas Rangers that perform various duties at Rangers home games . The women dance , tumble , and interact with fans . See also All - Time roster Lone Star Series -- rivalry with the Houston Astros Managers and ownership of the Texas Rangers References Jump up ^ Sullivan , T.R. ( January 23 , 2009 ) . `` Rangers unveil 2009 uniforms '' . MLB Advanced Media . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uniforms and Logos '' . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wills , Todd ( March 11 , 2011 ) . `` Davis , Simpson to continue as low - key counsel '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Davis approved as Rangers ' control person '' ( Press release ) . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Minot , Jr. , George ( September 22 , 1971 ) . `` Short Takes Senators to Texas '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ McPherson , Myra ; Huth , Tom ( October 1 , 1971 ) . `` Rowdy Fans Hand Senators Final Loss '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Kalinsky , George ; Shannon , Bill ( 1975 ) . The Ballparks . New York : Hawthorn Books , Inc . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times : `` Chiles Reaches Agreement on Sale of Rangers '' August 27 , 1988 Jump up ^ ESPN : `` A series of beneficial moves '' By Tom Farrey November 1 , 1999 Jump up ^ `` President George W. Bush Baseball Game Attendance Log '' . Jump up ^ George W. Bush and the Texas Rangers , Espn.com . Retrieved on 2009 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , T.R. ( 2006 - 11 - 06 ) . `` Rangers select Washington to manage '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , T.R. ( 2006 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Rangers come to terms with Padilla '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , T.R. ( 2006 - 12 - 23 ) . `` Rangers acquire McCarthy from Sox '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , T.R. ( 2007 - 03 - 19 ) . `` It 's now Rangers Ballpark in Arlington '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers exploring SS Michael Young 's trade demand -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2009 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Young will shift to third base texasrangers.com : News '' . Mlb.mlb.com. 2013 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Young Stats -- Texas Rangers -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 1976 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Hicks ' Sports Group Defaults On $525 Million In Loans '' . FINalternatives. 2009 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Hicks might sell MLB 's Texas Rangers , not NHL 's Dallas Stars -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2009 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Edes , Gordon ( 2009 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Rangers borrow money from MLB -- MLB -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Hicks ' sale of Rangers finalized MLB.com Jump up ^ `` Brown : Time for MLB to Play Hardball on the Texas Rangers Sale '' . Bizofbaseball.com. 2010 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` MLB statement on Rangers sale : Texas Rangers Blog `` . The Dallas Morning News . Rangersblog.dallasnews.com. 2010 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Fort Worth Star - Telegram ( 2010 - 04 - 21 ) . `` Foul Territory : MLB says it 's in control of sale '' . Startelegramsports.typepad.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers owner Tom Hicks : I 'm concerned about the sale '' . The Dallas Morning News . 2010 - 04 - 21 . Texas Rangers Blog . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Selig Sets Deadline on Stalled Texas Rangers Sale '' . Bizofbaseball.com. 2010 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Madden , Bill ; Siemaszko , Corky ( May 24 , 2010 ) . `` A-Rod takes a hit : Texas Rangers file for bankruptcy , could cost Yankees ' Alex Rodriguez $25 million '' . Daily News . New York . ^ Jump up to : Morath , Eric ( May 24 , 2010 ) . `` Texas Rangers Owe Alex Rodriguez $24.9 Million '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Q - and - A with new Texas Rangers owner Chuck Greenberg -- ESPN Dallas '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2010 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers go to Greenberg - Ryan in auction texasrangers.com : News '' . Texas.rangers.mlb.com. 2013 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Durrett , Richard . `` Club release on Chuck Greenberg 's exit -- Dallas Texas Rangers Blog -- ESPN Dallas '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nolan Ryan approved by MLB as controlling owner of Texas Rangers texasrangers.com : News '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Davis , Simpson to continue as low - key counsel -- Board co-chairmen's roles will remain behind the scenes '' . Texas Rangers . MLB . March 11 , 2011 . Retrieved Oct 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard Durrett ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` Ryan expects restrictions to be lifted '' . ESPNDallas.com . sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` With Cantu 's help , Rangers clinch AL West '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Pennant vanquishes Rangers ' ghosts '' . ESPN . 2010 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MLB.com Gameday texasrangers.com : Gameday '' . Mlb.mlb.com. 2011 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ RoseCrans , Trent . `` Ron Washington 's Game 7 pregame speech. leaked '' . CBS . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fraley , Gerry ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Nolan Ryan to retire as Texas Rangers CEO on Halloween '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keri , Johnah . `` The Texas Rangers ' Lost Season '' . Grantland . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Land , Brandon . `` Rangers chasing dubious record '' . ESPN . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Andracki , Tony ; Stankevitz , JJ . `` MLB Power Rankings : Running down each team 's MVP '' . CSN Chicago . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Mailhot , Jake . `` Series Preview : Mariners ( 71 - 58 ) vs Rangers ( 50 - 79 ) '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mariners 10 , Rangers 2 : Recap '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Standings -- Sep 4 , 2014 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Steven . `` Ron Washington , good man / bad manager , resigns '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . Jump up ^ The word `` Baseball '' is often inserted after `` Rangers '' , to distinguish the Hall from the law - enforcement Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum . Texas Rangers Baseball Hall of Fame . TexasRangers.com MLB Adbanced Media , L.P. Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Texas Rangers Baseball Hall of Fame . TexasRangers.com MLB Adbanced Media , L.P. Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers Radio Affiliates '' . Texas Rangers . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Ford C. Frick Award Winner Eric Nadel '' . Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Here Are The 2016 MLB Prime Time Television Ratings For Each Team - Maury Brown , Forbes SportsMoney , 28 September 2016 Jump up ^ `` Rangers Announce Broadcast Teams For 2017 Season '' . 2017 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcaster Dave Barnett wishes things ended differently with Rangers '' . SportsDay. 2012 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` New voice joins Texas Rangers spring telecasts '' . SportsDay. 2015 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Six Shooters squad keeps Rangers fans entertained at ballpark '' . star - telegram . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Texas Rangers ( baseball ) . Texas Rangers official website Lone Star Ball The Newberg Report Sports E-Cyclopedia Texas Rangers Hall of Famers Texas Rangers Established in 1961 Formerly the Washington Senators Based in Arlington , Texas ( Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex ) Franchise Expansion draft History ( as Washington Senators ) Seasons Team records No - hitters Awards winners and league leaders Broadcasters Owners and executives Managers Players First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Griffith Stadium RFK Stadium Arlington Stadium Globe Life Park in Arlington Globe Life Field Spring training Pompano Beach Municipal Stadium Ranger Stadium Surprise Stadium Culture and lore Continental League Captain ( mascot ) Ten Cent Beer Night Kenny Rogers ' perfect game 2012 AL Wild Card Game 2013 AL Wild Card tie - breaker 2015 ALDS Game 5 Rivalries Houston Astros Key personnel Owners : Ray Davis & Bob R. Simpson General Manager : Jon Daniels Manager : Jeff Banister Team Captain : Adrián Beltré Texas Rangers Hall of Fame Buddy Bell Juan González Rusty Greer Tom Grieve Toby Harrah Mark Holtz Charlie Hough Ferguson Jenkins Eric Nadel Johnny Oates Iván Rodríguez Kenny Rogers Jeff Russell Nolan Ryan Tom Schieffer Rubén Sierra Jim Sundberg Tom Vandergriff John Wetteland Michael Young Wild card berths ( 1 ) 2012 American League West Division titles ( 7 ) 1998 1999 2011 2015 2016 American League championships ( 2 ) 2011 Minor league affiliates AAA : Round Rock Express AA : Frisco RoughRiders A Adv. : Down East Wood Ducks A : Hickory Crawdads Short A : Spokane Indians Rookie : AZL Rangers DSL Rangers 1 DSL Rangers 2 Seasons ( 58 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 1999 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles Texas Rangers managers Mickey Vernon ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Eddie Yost ( 1963 ) Gil Hodges ( 1963 -- 1967 ) Jim Lemon ( 1968 ) Ted Williams ( 1969 -- 1972 ) Whitey Herzog ( 1973 ) Del Wilber ( 1973 ) Billy Martin ( 1973 -- 1975 ) Frank Lucchesi ( 1975 -- 1977 ) Eddie Stanky ( 1977 ) Connie Ryan ( 1977 ) Billy Hunter ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Pat Corrales ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Don Zimmer ( 1981 -- 1982 ) Darrell Johnson ( 1982 ) Doug Rader ( 1983 -- 1985 ) Bobby Valentine ( 1985 -- 1992 ) Toby Harrah ( 1992 ) Kevin Kennedy ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Johnny Oates ( 1995 -- 2001 ) Jerry Narron ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Buck Showalter ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Ron Washington ( 2007 -- 2014 ) Tim Bogar ( 2014 ) Jeff Banister ( 2015 -- ) Texas Rangers retired numbers 7 Iván Rodríguez 26 Johnny Oates 34 Nolan Ryan Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Schedule Spring training Opening Day Jackie Robinson Day Civil Rights Game All - 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2605347987558683168	Transverse tarsal joint	Transverse tarsal joint - Wikipedia Transverse tarsal joint Jump to : navigation , search Transverse tarsal joint Line through transverse tarsal joint Details Identifiers Latin articulatio tarsi transversa Dorlands / Elsevier 12161619 TA A03. 6.10. 201 FMA 35201 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The transverse tarsal joint or midtarsal joint or Chopart 's joint is formed by the articulation of the calcaneus with the cuboid ( the calcaneocuboid joint ) , and the articulation of the talus with the navicular ( the talocalcaneonavicular joint ) . The movement which takes place in this joint is more extensive than that in the other tarsal joints , and consists of a sort of rotation by means of which the foot may be slightly flexed or extended , the sole being at the same time carried medially ( inverted ) or laterally ( everted ) . The term Chopart 's joint is named after the French surgeon François Chopart . References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) External links ( edit ) Diagram at ouhsc.edu Joints and ligaments of the human leg Hip femoral ( iliofemoral pubofemoral ischiofemoral ) head of femur transverse acetabular acetabular labrum capsule zona orbicularis Knee Tibiofemoral Capsule Anterior meniscofemoral ligament Posterior meniscofemoral ligament extracapsular : popliteal oblique arcuate collateral medial / tibial fibular / lateral intracapsular : cruciate anterior posterior menisci medial lateral transverse anterolateral Patellofemoral Patellar ligament Infrapatellar fat pad Tibiofibular Superior tibiofibular anterior of the head of the fibula posterior of the head of the fibula Inferior tibiofibular Anterior tibiofibular Posterior tibiofibular Interosseous membrane of leg Foot Talocrural and ankle medial : medial of talocrural joint / deltoid anterior tibiotalar posterior tibiotalar tibiocalcaneal tibionavicular lateral : lateral collateral of ankle joint anterior talofibular posterior talofibular calcaneofibular Subtalar / talocalcaneal anterior / posterior lateral / medial interosseous Transverse tarsal Talocalcaneonavicular dorsal talonavicular plantar calcaneonavicular / spring bifurcated ( calcaneonavicular ) Calcaneocuboid dorsal calcaneocuboid long plantar plantar calcaneocuboid bifurcated ( calcaneocuboid ) Distal intertarsal Cuneonavicular plantar dorsal Cuboideonavicular plantar dorsal Intercuneiform plantar dorsal interosseous Other Tarsometatarsal / Lisfranc plantar dorsal Intermetatarsal / metatarsal plantar dorsal interosseous superficial transverse deep transverse Metatarsophalangeal plantar collateral Interphalangeal plantar collateral Arches Longitudinal Transverse This human musculoskeletal system article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transverse_tarsal_joint&oldid=710777178 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Musculoskeletal system stubs Joints Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2016 , at 00 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which bones make up the midtarsal joint in the foot	[ "The transverse tarsal joint or midtarsal joint or Chopart's joint is formed by the articulation of the calcaneus with the cuboid (the calcaneocuboid joint), and the articulation of the talus with the navicular (the talocalcaneonavicular joint).", "The transverse tarsal joint or midtarsal joint or Chopart's joint is formed by the articulation of the calcaneus with the cuboid (the calcaneocuboid joint), and the articulation of the talus with the navicular (the talocalcaneonavicular joint).", "The transverse tarsal joint or midtarsal joint or Chopart's joint is formed by the articulation of the calcaneus with the cuboid (the calcaneocuboid joint), and the articulation of the talus with the navicular (the talocalcaneonavicular joint).", "The transverse tarsal joint or midtarsal joint or Chopart's joint is formed by the articulation of the calcaneus with the cuboid (the calcaneocuboid joint), and the articulation of the talus with the navicular (the talocalcaneonavicular joint)." ]	[ "the calcaneus", "the cuboid", "the talus", "the navicular" ]
-7565608061226036999	Avengers: Age of Ultron	Avengers : Age of Ultron - wikipedia Avengers : Age of Ultron Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Age of Ultron . 2015 superhero film produced by Marvel Studios Avengers : Age of Ultron Theatrical release poster Directed by Joss Whedon Produced by Kevin Feige Written by Joss Whedon Based on The Avengers by Stan Lee Jack Kirby Starring Robert Downey Jr . Chris Hemsworth Mark Ruffalo Chris Evans Scarlett Johansson Jeremy Renner Don Cheadle Aaron Taylor - Johnson Elizabeth Olsen Paul Bettany Cobie Smulders Anthony Mackie Hayley Atwell Idris Elba Stellan Skarsgård James Spader Samuel L. Jackson Music by Brian Tyler Danny Elfman Cinematography Ben Davis Edited by Jeffrey Ford Lisa Lassek Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) ( Dolby Theatre ) May 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 01 ) ( United States ) Running time 141 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $444 million ( gross ) $365.5 million ( net ) Box office $1.405 billion Avengers : Age of Ultron is a 2015 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sequel to 2012 's The Avengers and the eleventh film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film was written and directed by Joss Whedon and features an ensemble cast that includes Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Hemsworth , Mark Ruffalo , Chris Evans , Scarlett Johansson , Jeremy Renner , Don Cheadle , Aaron Taylor - Johnson , Elizabeth Olsen , Paul Bettany , Cobie Smulders , Anthony Mackie , Hayley Atwell , Idris Elba , Stellan Skarsgård , James Spader , and Samuel L. Jackson . In Avengers : Age of Ultron , the Avengers fight Ultron , an artificial intelligence obsessed with causing human extinction . The sequel was announced in May 2012 , after the successful release of The Avengers . Whedon , the director of the first film , was brought back on board in August and a release date was set . By April 2013 , Whedon had completed a draft of the script , and casting began in June with the re-signing of Downey . Second unit filming began in February 2014 in South Africa with principal photography taking place between March and August 2014 . The film was primarily shot at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , with additional footage filmed in Italy , South Korea , Bangladesh , New York City , and various locations around England . While in post-production , the film was converted to 3D and over 3,000 visual effects shots were added . With an estimated net production budget of $365 million , it is the second most expensive film ever made . Avengers : Age of Ultron premiered in Los Angeles on April 13 , 2015 , and was released on May 1 , 2015 , in the United States , in 3D and IMAX 3D . The film received generally positive reviews from critics and grossed over $1.4 billion worldwide , becoming the fourth - highest - grossing film of 2015 as well as the fifth - highest - grossing film of all time . A sequel , Avengers : Infinity War , was released on April 27 , 2018 , and another untitled sequel is scheduled for release on May 3 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.1. 1 Merchandise 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 United States and Canada 6.1. 2 Outside territories 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequels 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In the Eastern European country of Sokovia , the Avengers -- Tony Stark , Steve Rogers , Thor , Bruce Banner , Natasha Romanoff , and Clint Barton -- raid a Hydra facility commanded by Baron Wolfgang von Strucker , who has been experimenting on humans using the scepter previously wielded by Loki . They encounter two of Strucker 's test subjects -- twins Pietro Maximoff , who has superhuman speed , and Wanda Maximoff , who has telepathic and telekinetic abilities -- and apprehend Strucker , while Stark retrieves Loki 's scepter . Stark and Banner discover an artificial intelligence within the scepter 's gem , and secretly decide to use it to complete Stark 's `` Ultron '' global defense program . The unexpectedly sentient Ultron , believing he must eradicate humanity to save Earth , eliminates Stark 's A.I. J.A.R.V.I.S. and attacks the Avengers at their headquarters . Escaping with the scepter , Ultron uses the resources in Strucker 's Sokovia base to upgrade his rudimentary body and build an army of robot drones . Having killed Strucker , he recruits the Maximoffs , who hold Stark responsible for their parents ' deaths by his company 's weapons , and goes to the base of arms dealer Ulysses Klaue to obtain Wakandan vibranium . The Avengers attack Ultron and the Maximoffs , but Wanda subdues them with haunting visions , causing the Hulk ( Banner ) to rampage until Stark stops him with his anti-Hulk armor . A worldwide backlash over the resulting destruction , and the fears Wanda 's hallucinations incited , send the team into hiding at a safe house . Thor departs to consult with Dr. Erik Selvig on the apocalyptic future he saw in his hallucination , while Nick Fury arrives and encourages the team to form a plan to stop Ultron . In Seoul , Ultron forces the team 's friend Dr. Helen Cho , who is enslaved by Loki 's scepter , to use her synthetic - tissue technology , together with vibranium and the scepter 's gem , to perfect a new body for him . As Ultron uploads himself into the body , Wanda is able to read his mind ; discovering his plan for human extinction , the Maximoffs turn against Ultron. Rogers , Romanoff , and Barton find Ultron and retrieve the synthetic body , but Ultron captures Romanoff . The Avengers fight amongst themselves when Stark secretly uploads J.A.R.V.I.S. -- who is still operational after hiding from Ultron inside the Internet -- into the synthetic body . Thor returns to help activate the body , explaining that the gem on its brow -- one of the six Infinity Stones , the most powerful objects in existence -- was part of his vision . This `` Vision '' and the Maximoffs accompany the Avengers to Sokovia , where Ultron has used the remaining vibranium to build a machine to lift a large part of the capital city skyward , intending to crash it into the ground to cause global extinction . Banner rescues Romanoff , who awakens the Hulk for the battle . The Avengers fight Ultron 's army while Fury arrives in a Helicarrier with Maria Hill , James Rhodes and S.H.I.E.L.D. agents to evacuate civilians . Pietro dies when he shields Barton from gunfire , and a vengeful Wanda abandons her post to destroy Ultron 's primary body , which allows one of his drones to activate the machine . The city plummets , but Stark and Thor overload the machine and shatter the landmass . In the aftermath , the Hulk , unwilling to endanger Romanoff by being with her , departs in a Quinjet , while the Vision confronts and seemingly destroys Ultron 's last remaining body . Later , with the Avengers having established a new base run by Fury , Hill , Cho , and Selvig , Thor returns to Asgard to learn more about the forces he suspects have manipulated recent events . As Stark leaves and Barton retires , Rogers and Romanoff prepare to train new Avengers : Rhodes , the Vision , Sam Wilson , and Wanda . In a mid-credits scene , Thanos , dissatisfied by the failures of his pawns , dons a gauntlet and vows to retrieve the Infinity Stones himself . Cast ( edit ) Cast of Avengers : Age of Ultron at the 2014 San Diego Comic - Con International Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man : The benefactor of the Avengers , who is a self - described genius , billionaire , playboy , and philanthropist with electromechanical suits of armor of his own invention . On how his character evolves after the events of Iron Man 3 , Downey said , `` I think he realizes that tweaking and making all the suits in the world -- which is what he has been doing -- still did n't work for that thing of his tour of duty that left him a little PTSD . So his focus is more on how can we make it so that there 's no problem to begin with . That , you know , there 's a bouncer at our planet 's rope . That 's the big idea . '' Chris Hemsworth as Thor : An Avenger and the crown prince of Asgard , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name . Regarding Thor 's place in the film , Hemsworth stated that as Thor has remained on Earth since Thor : The Dark World , and has begun to feel at home here , he considers Ultron 's threat a personal attack . Hemsworth stated that he had to work harder to bring new elements to the character to avoid repeating himself saying , `` It gave us room to kind of make him a little more grounded and human and have him in some civilian clothes and mixing it up at a party . '' Hemsworth noted that Thor 's motivations in this film were completely different , as it was the first MCU film where he did not play against Tom Hiddleston 's character of Loki . Mark Ruffalo as Bruce Banner / Hulk : An Avenger and a genius scientist who , because of exposure to gamma radiation , transforms into a monster when enraged or agitated . To prepare for the role , Ruffalo worked with motion capture performer Andy Serkis ' The Imaginarium . He stated that his character had grown since the previous film and was `` a bit more complex '' . Ruffalo explained that a confrontation is brewing between Banner and the Hulk saying , `` There 's a very cool thing happening : Hulk is as afraid of Banner as Banner is afraid of Hulk ... and they have got to come to peace somehow with each other . '' While filming in London , Ruffalo said that Whedon still had not given him any of the Hulk 's lines . Whedon later explained that he writes the Hulk 's dialogue spontaneously , saying , `` What makes the Hulk so hard to write is that you 're pretending he 's a werewolf when he 's a superhero . You want it vice versa ... So the question is , how has he progressed ? How can we bring changes on what the Hulk does ? And that 's not just in the screenplay , that 's moment to moment . '' Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America : The leader of the Avengers and a World War II veteran , who was enhanced to the peak of human physicality by an experimental serum and frozen in suspended animation before waking up in the modern world . Evans stated that since the fall of S.H.I.E.L.D. in Captain America : The Winter Soldier , Rogers has been left to depend on his Avenger teammates without the structure of military life and is now `` looking to understand where he belongs , not just as a soldier , as Captain America , but as Steve Rogers , as a person . '' Evans said that he was able to maintain the strength he built up for Captain America : The Winter Soldier by working out up to an hour a day . Regarding Captain America 's fighting style , Evans felt he did not want to take a step back from the skills shown in The Winter Soldier , making sure Rogers ' fight style advanced , showing `` a consistent display of strength '' and having Rogers utilizing his environment . Scarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow : An Avenger who formerly worked for S.H.I.E.L.D. as a highly trained spy . Producer Kevin Feige stated that more of the character 's backstory is explored in the film . Johansson elaborated , `` In Avengers 2 we go back ... we definitely learn more about Widow 's backstory , and we get to find out how she became the person you see . All of these characters have deep , dark pasts , and I think that the past catches up to some of us a little bit . '' Regarding where the film picks up Widow 's story , Johansson felt it was a continuation of what was seen for her character in The Winter Soldier , with the fact that `` ' ( Widow ) never made an active choice . ( She 's ) a product of other people 's imposition . ' That 's going to catch up with her . That 's bound to have a huge effect . There 's got to be a result of that realization ... You 'll see her actively making some choices in her life , for better or worse . '' A mixture of close - ups , concealing costumes , stunt doubles and visual effects were used to help hide Johansson 's pregnancy during filming . Jeremy Renner as Clint Barton / Hawkeye : An Avenger and master archer who previously worked as an agent for S.H.I.E.L.D. Whedon said that Hawkeye interacts more with the other characters in the film , as opposed to the first film where the character had been `` possessed pretty early by a bad guy and had to walk around all scowly . '' As the character did not appear in any other of Marvel 's Phase Two films , Whedon stated Age of Ultron sheds light on to what the character was doing since the end of The Avengers . Renner described the character as `` kind of a loner '' and `` a team player only ' cause he sort of has to be . He 's not really a company man . Captain America can be that guy . In ( Age of Ultron ) you 'll understand why ( Hawkeye ) thinks the way he thinks . '' Don Cheadle as James `` Rhodey '' Rhodes / War Machine : An officer in the U.S. Air Force and Tony Stark 's close personal friend who operates the War Machine armor . Aaron Taylor - Johnson as Pietro Maximoff / Quicksilver : The twin brother of the Scarlet Witch , who can move at superhuman speed . Taylor - Johnson felt Pietro was defined by the fact that he and his sister were abandoned by their family , and they both had to grow up `` in Eastern Europe defending and looking out for themselves and each other , '' that they both look to the other for guidance . Taylor - Johnson also said that Quicksilver was `` very overprotective '' of Scarlet Witch and has `` real anger frustration '' , which results in him being easily bored because of a short attention span . Feige stated exploring Quicksilver 's relationship with his sister and his backstory growing up in Eastern Europe would help differentiate the character from Evan Peters ' version in X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) . Taylor - Johnson stated that the running style for Quicksilver went through multiple iterations , saying , `` The running style we tested early on was just very one - dimensional and boring to look at , but if you try to do free running , like parkour , then that 's very much Captain America 's style ... You have to find your own place in the stunt world . '' Much of Taylor - Johnson 's scenes were filmed outdoors to give `` life '' to his running , as opposed to running indoors in front of a green screen . Elizabeth Olsen as Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch : The twin sister of Quicksilver , who can engage in hypnosis and telekinesis . Olsen felt Wanda was `` overly stimulated '' rather than `` mentally insane '' because `` she has such a vast amount of knowledge that she 's unable to learn how to control it . No one taught her how to control it properly ... she can connect to this world and parallel worlds at the same time , and parallel times . '' Describing her character 's mind control powers , Olsen said that the character is able to do more than manipulating someone 's mind , with Scarlet Witch able to `` feel and see what they feel and see '' by projecting visions that they have never seen . Olsen expanded saying , `` What I love about her is that , in so many superhero films , emotions are kind of negated a bit , but for her everything that someone else could feel -- like their weakest moments -- she physically goes through that same experience with them , which is pretty cool . '' Olsen drew on her relationship with her older brother and her sisters to prepare for the role , as well as looking to the comics for inspiration . Olsen revealed that Whedon was inspired by dancers as a way to visually represent how the character moves . As such , Olsen mostly trained with a dancer in lieu of traditional stunt training . Olsen is signed for this film and another . Paul Bettany as J.A.R.V.I.S. and Vision : Bettany , who voiced J.A.R.V.I.S. , Stark 's A.I. companion in previous films , was cast again as the Vision , an android created by Ultron . Bettany stated that he was surprised when Whedon asked him if he wanted to be the Vision because once an actor has been cast as a particular character in the MCU , they usually are not cast as another . On what intrigued him about the Vision , Bettany said , `` The thing that appealed to me is that this sort of nascent creature being born , being both omnipotent and totally naive , the sort of danger of that and complex nature of a thing being born that is that powerful and that created in a second and the choices he makes morally are really complex and interesting . They 've really managed to maintain all of that '' . Bettany also stated that the Vision feels paternal and protective to a number of people in the film , particularly Scarlet Witch , and has the ability to change his density . Bettany did wire work for the part . Whedon stated he wanted to include the Vision in a second Avengers film before he signed onto the first film . Bettany 's make - up , which consisted of a mix of face paint and prosthetics , took two hours to apply with make - up artists Jeremy Woodhead and Nik Williams citing the correct hue of the Vision 's skin as the hardest thing to figure out . Cobie Smulders as Maria Hill : A former high - ranking S.H.I.E.L.D. agent who now works for Stark . Describing Hill 's situation in the film , Smulders said that after The Winter Soldier , Hill does not `` really know who 's a good guy and who 's a bad guy and she 's trying to figure out that throughout this film . '' She added , `` She 's not getting any sleep . She 's doing all the work . She does n't have the kind of manpower that she had in S.H.I.E.L.D. , '' instead working for Tony Stark at the Avenger 's headquarters `` trying to keep everything running as smoothly as possible ... it 's an entirely different vibe for her . '' Anthony Mackie as Sam Wilson / Falcon : A former pararescueman trained by the military in aerial combat using a specially designed wing pack and a friend of Steve Rogers . Discussing the relationship between Wilson and Rogers , Mackie said that the two characters have a mutual `` soldier respect '' , which is explored in the film and in Captain America : Civil War . Feige said that it was decided to reshoot the final scene of the film to incorporate the new Falcon suit designed for Ant - Man , which was released after Age of Ultron , as Falcon was originally shot in his original suit from The Winter Soldier . Mackie stated he did not realize Wilson had become an Avenger until he watched the film at the premiere , as he was only given the script for the scenes he worked on . Hayley Atwell as Peggy Carter : A retired officer with the Strategic Scientific Reserve and a co-founder of S.H.I.E.L.D. , who is a former love interest of Steve Rogers . Idris Elba as Heimdall : The all - seeing , all - hearing Asgardian sentry of the Bifröst Bridge , based on the mythological deity of the same name . Stellan Skarsgård as Erik Selvig : An astrophysicist and a friend of Thor . Skarsgård said he was originally not supposed to appear in the film , but received a call because `` they 'd written a couple of scenes , and I went and did them , '' not knowing if the scenes would appear in the final cut of the film . James Spader as Ultron : An artificial intelligence repurposed by Tony Stark and Bruce Banner for a pilot peace program that is overwhelmed with a god complex , and now desires to pacify the Earth by eradicating humanity . Director Joss Whedon stated that Spader was his `` first and only choice '' for the role , because of his `` hypnotic voice that can be eerily calm and compelling '' while also being very human and humorous . Feige clarified that Spader 's face and body were motion captured `` to create a whole performance ... We did not hire James Spader to do a robot voice . '' Extensive scans were taken of Spader 's head and body in preparation for the role . About the character Whedon said , `` He 's always trying to destroy the Avengers , goddamn it , he 's got a bee in his bonnet . He 's not a happy guy , which means he 's an interesting guy . He 's got pain . And the way that manifests is not going to be standard robot stuff . '' Whedon added that Ultron is `` not a creature of logic -- he 's a robot who 's genuinely disturbed . We 're finding out what makes him menacing and at the same time endearing and funny and strange and unexpected , and everything a robot never is . '' Whedon compared Ultron to Frankenstein 's monster , saying , `` It 's our new Frankenstein myth ( ... ) We create something in our own image and the thing turns on us . It has that pain of ' Well , why was I made ? I want to kill Daddy . ' '' Spader called the character `` self - absorbed '' and added , `` I think he sees the Avengers as being part of a problem , a more comprehensive problem in the world . He sees the world from a very strange , ( biblical ) point of view because he 's brand new , he 's very young ... He 's immature , and yet has knowledge of comprehensive , broad history and precedent , and he has created in a very short period of time a rather skewed worldview . '' Spader elaborates , `` He truly is an artificial intelligence with absolutely no censorship at all , no parameters really ... he 's got too much power , too much strength and speed and size , so he 's a very dangerous child . '' Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury : The former director of S.H.I.E.L.D. who originally recruited the Avengers and continues to be a mentor and leader for the team . Jackson described the role as a cameo , saying , `` I 'm just kind of passing by there ... Because , it 's another one of those ' people who have powers fighting people who have powers ' . That 's why I did n't get to New York in The Avengers . There 's not a lot I could do except shoot a gun . '' Thomas Kretschmann and Henry Goodman reprise their roles as Baron Wolfgang von Strucker and Dr. List , Hydra leaders who specialize in human experimentation , advanced robotics , and artificial intelligence from Captain America : The Winter Soldier . Linda Cardellini portrays Laura Barton , Hawkeye 's wife . Claudia Kim portrays Helen Cho , a world - renowned geneticist who helps the Avengers from her office in Seoul , and Andy Serkis portrays Ulysses Klaue , a black - market arms dealer , smuggler and gangster who is a former acquaintance from Stark 's weapons - dealing days . Julie Delpy appears as Madame B. , who mentored Black Widow into becoming an assassin . Kerry Condon voices the artificial intelligence F.R.I.D.A.Y. , a replacement for J.A.R.V.I.S. , while Spader also voices Stark 's Iron Legion droids . Josh Brolin makes an uncredited appearance during the mid-credits scene as Thanos , reprising his role from Guardians of the Galaxy . Avengers co-creator Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance in the film as a military veteran who attends the Avengers ' victory party . Tom Hiddleston was to reprise his role of Loki , but his scenes did not make the theatrical cut of the film . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` I have to make my movie assuming that people will only have seen the first one , or possibly not even seen the first one . I ca n't assume that everybody went to see Thor ( The Dark World ) , Captain America ( The Winter Soldier ) , and Iron Man ( 3 ) in - between . I have to go from one movie to the next and be true to what 's happened , but not be slavish to it ... The model I 'm always trying to build from , my guiding star , is The Godfather Part II where a ton has happened in - between and it 's a very different movie ( from The Godfather ) , but you do n't need any information : it 's there in the film . '' -- Joss Whedon , director of Avengers : Age of Ultron , on balancing the film 's accessibility and continuity . In October 2011 , Kevin Feige , president of Marvel Studios said the studio was beginning to look at their Phase Two films , which would start with Iron Man 3 and would culminate in a second Avengers film . In March 2012 , Joss Whedon , director of the first film , stated that he would want a sequel to be `` smaller . More personal . More painful . By being the next thing that should happen to these characters , and not just a rehash of what seemed to work the first time . By having a theme that is completely fresh and organic to itself . '' Despite the production of the film becoming increasingly wider in scope , Feige maintained that this was not their intention , always looking to see where the team wanted to take the characters , over how to make it bigger than The Avengers . At the premiere of The Avengers , Feige said the studio had an option for Whedon to return as director . In May 2012 , after the successful release of the first film , Disney CEO Bob Iger announced a sequel was in development . Most of the film 's cast members were under contract to potentially appear in the sequel ; however , Robert Downey Jr. was not , as his four - picture deal with Marvel expired after Iron Man 3 . At the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International , Whedon said he was undecided about directing . However , in August 2012 , Iger announced that Whedon would return to write and direct the sequel and develop the Marvel television series , Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , for ABC . Later in the month , Disney set a May 1 , 2015 release date . When asked about his decision to return , Whedon said , `` Avengers 2 , it was n't a tough decision . For a long time I thought , ' Well , it 's just not going to happen . ' Then when I actually started to consider it , it became so clear that I desperately wanted to say more about these characters , it would 've been an easy no and it was a spectacularly easy yes . There was no wrestling . '' Whedon said that they intended for the film 's production to not be as rushed as the first one . In December 2012 , Whedon stated that he had completed an outline for the film . In February , at the 2013 Jameson Dublin International Film Festival , Whedon said that death would play a theme in the sequel , and in March , he said that he looked to The Empire Strikes Back and The Godfather Part II as inspirations . Feige revealed that Captain Marvel , who is scheduled to appear in her own MCU film in 2019 , appeared in an early draft of the screenplay , but was removed since the character had not yet been cast , saying , `` It did n't feel like the time . We did n't want to introduce her fully formed flying in a costume before you knew who she was or how she came to be . '' Whedon went so far as to shoot visual effects plates for Captain Marvel to fly into Avengers Headquarters at the end of the film ; those shots were reused , however , for Scarlet Witch instead . Feige also revealed that an early draft of the script had Hulk 's Quinjet detected near Saturn at the end of the film , but it was finally decided to keep it Earth - based and leave his fate ambiguous in order to dispel rumors that a film based on the `` Planet Hulk '' comic storyline was in development , which Marvel Studios had no plans to adapt at the time . Marvel would later decide to adapt `` Planet Hulk '' for the film Thor : Ragnarok , in which the Hulk does end up leaving Earth . Pre-production ( edit ) By April 2013 , filming was scheduled to begin in early 2014 at Shepperton Studios in England . At the Hollywood premiere of Iron Man 3 , Whedon said that he had completed a draft of the script , started the storyboard process , and met with actors . Whedon also mentioned that he wrote with Downey in mind and included a `` brother / sister act '' from the comic books , later confirming that he was referring to Quicksilver and Scarlet Witch . Whedon explained his rationale for including the characters in the film saying , `` their powers are very visually interesting . One of the problems I had on the first one was everybody basically had punchy powers ... ( Quicksilver ) 's got super speed . ( Scarlet Witch ) can weave spells and a little telekinesis , get inside your head . There 's good stuff that they can do that will help sort of keep it fresh , '' though cautioned he was not throwing in more characters for the sake of doing that . Whedon stated that the twins allowed him to add more conflict : `` They do n't like America , and they do n't like the Avengers ... The Avengers are like a world power , and not everybody 's on board with the Avengers coming in and starting fights , even in the name of justice . So you need that dissenting voice , and you need to understand it and sympathize with it . '' Because Marvel Studios shares the film rights to Quicksilver and Scarlet Witch with 20th Century Fox and had to avoid conflict with Fox 's X-Men films , Whedon introduced two important characters into the Marvel Cinematic Universe completely on his terms for the first time , which allowed him to connect their origin stories to the universe that they created and avoid the concept of mutants . Whedon relished at the storytelling opportunities by introducing a character with telepathic powers , explaining , `` it meant we could spend a little time inside the Avengers ' heads -- either their past or their impressions of what 's going on , or their fears , or all of the above . '' By May , Downey had entered negotiations to extend his contract with Marvel Studios and reprise his role as Iron Man in the film . A month later , Downey signed on to return for the then - untitled Avengers sequel , as well as a third Avengers film . Whedon promoting the film at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International At the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International , Whedon announced the film would be subtitled Age of Ultron . Despite the subtitle , the film is not based on the 2013 comic book miniseries Age of Ultron . Feige explained that they simply liked the title Age of Ultron but the plot was taken from decades of Avengers story arcs . Whedon added that Ultron 's origin would differ from his comics roots , and that Hank Pym would not be involved with Ultron 's creation . Whedon disclosed that Edgar Wright had rights to the character first through his inclusion in Ant - Man , which was already in development . He also thought that Ultron needed to be conceived through the Avengers and since they already had Tony Stark and Bruce Banner on the team , it would not make sense to bring in a third scientist . Whedon also said the film would have a darker tone due to Ultron 's involvement . The title of the film came as a surprise to many fans who were expecting Thanos , the mastermind behind the events of the first film , to be the main villain in the sequel , with Whedon saying , `` Thanos was never meant to be the next villain . He 's always been the overlord of villainy and darkness . '' Commenting on finding the right balance between technology - and fantasy - based heroes in Avengers : Age of Ultron , Feige said `` Iron Man is a very technological hero ; his movies are always technologically based . The first Thor was all about introducing Asgard and Thor in that more fantastical realm into the more reality - based MCU ... As we go into Ultron clearly he does come out of technology , but we 're using all of our tools at our disposal that we 've established so far as part of the MCU to build the storyline of Age of Ultron . '' Casting continued into August 2013 , with the announcement that James Spader would play Ultron . In November , Marvel confirmed that Elizabeth Olsen and Aaron Taylor - Johnson would play the Scarlet Witch and Quicksilver , respectively . Taylor - Johnson had been in negotiations since as early as June , while Olsen 's potential involvement was first reported in August . By the end of the year , Mark Ruffalo , Chris Evans , Samuel L. Jackson , Chris Hemsworth , Scarlett Johansson , Jeremy Renner and Cobie Smulders were confirmed to be returning to their roles from the first film , and Don Cheadle , who portrayed James Rhodes in the Iron Man films , had committed to a part in the film . In the early months of 2014 , Thomas Kretschmann was cast as Baron Wolfgang von Strucker , Claudia Kim was cast in an unspecified role , and Paul Bettany , who voiced J.A.R.V.I.S. in previous MCU films , was cast as the Vision . Whedon said `` juggling '' all the characters in the film was `` a nightmare '' explaining , `` They 're very disparate characters . The joy of the Avengers is they really do n't belong in the same room . It 's not like the X-Men , who are all tortured by the same thing and have similar costumes . These guys are just all over the place . And so it 's tough . Honestly , this is as tough as anything I 've ever done . '' On January 24 , 2014 , the Forte di Bard Association announced that filming would take place at Fort Bard in the Aosta Valley region of Italy in March 2014 , as well as other locations in Aosta Valley including Aosta , Bard , Donnas , Pont - Saint - Martin , and Verrès . The next month , the Gauteng Film Commission announced that action sequences would be filmed in Johannesburg , South Africa and other locations in Gauteng , beginning in mid-February . A few weeks later Marvel announced that portions of the film would be shot in South Korea . Feige cited the nation 's `` cutting - edge technology , beautiful landscapes and spectacular architecture '' as ideal for the film . The nation 's capital , Seoul , and Seoul 's surrounding province , Gyeonggi , were selected as filming locations , with South Korea 's Ministry of Culture , Sports and Tourism reimbursing up to 30 % of the studio 's expenditures , as part of a state - funded incentive program . Filming ( edit ) Members of the Korea Film Commission and executives from Marvel Studios signing a memorandum of understanding in Seoul in March 2014 with actress Claudia Kim ( center ) in attendance Filming began on Tuesday , February 11 , 2014 in Johannesburg , South Africa , having been postponed that Monday . Second unit crews shot action sequences without the main cast , to be used as background plates for scenes featuring the Hulk , in the Central Business District of Johannesburg for a period of two weeks . By mid-March , principal photography had begun at Shepperton Studios near London and was scheduled to film there for at least four months , under the working title After Party . Filming at Shepperton as well as other locations in England allowed Whedon to get a `` number of different looks and textures and moods '' to give the film a different palette and fresh aesthetic from its predecessor . Production designer Charles Wood built an enormous , new Avengers Tower set , one of the largest sets ever built for a Marvel film . The set featured multiple connected environments and levels . On March 22 , production moved to Fort Bard , Italy and continued in the Aosta Valley region through March 28 . The region doubled as the fictional Eastern European nation of Sokovia , with crews replacing local storefronts with Cyrillic script . Filming in South Korea began on March 30 on the Mapo Bridge , and continued through April 14 at various locations in Seoul . While in Seoul , the production was able to attach cameras to drones and race cars to get unique camera angles and footage . An artificial island on the Han River known as the Saebit Dungdungseom served as the headquarters of an IT institute featured in the film . Scenes involving Ultron 's attack on parts of the city were shot in the Gangnam District . In April , shooting began in Hawley Woods in Hampshire , England , and Hayley Atwell , who played Peggy Carter in previous MCU films , filmed scenes inside the Rivoli Ballroom in London while extras performed the Lindy Hop . That June , scenes were shot at the University of East Anglia in Norwich and at Dover Castle in Kent , with Dover Castle used for interior shots of Strucker 's Hydra base in Sokovia . The next month , filming took place at a training facility for London 's Metropolitan Police Service , which doubled as a city in Sokovia . Additional filming took place in Chittagong , Bangladesh , including the Chittagong Ship Breaking Yard , and in New York City . On August 6 , Whedon announced on social media that he had completed principal photography on Avengers : Age of Ultron . Disney spent $330.6 million on Avengers : Age of Ultron from February 2013 to November 2014 , but $50.7 million of this was offset by payments from the UK tax authority . A report on actual production costs for films from FilmL. A. Inc. , indicated a gross budget of $444 million , with a net of $365 million for Avengers : Age of Ultron . This makes the film the second most expensive film ever made . Cinematographer Ben Davis , who also worked with Marvel on Guardians of the Galaxy , shot the film with a main unit of three Arri Alexa cameras . Davis said , `` Although the Alexa was Marvel 's preferred camera , we were n't locked into that choice from the start . What was n't negotiable was the fact that we were shooting digital : that 's how Marvel shoots all of its films . '' Davis also used Blackmagic Design 's Pocket Cinema Cameras to meet the needs of the second unit kit explaining , `` The second unit typically needs a fleet of smaller cameras that are less expensive and are rugged enough to handle the various trials by fire , as it were , that we throw at them . '' About the camera system , Whedon stated that this film was shot very differently from the first one ; using lots of long lenses , and that he aimed to shoot the film almost like a documentary . To create the scenes depicting how Quicksilver views the world , scenes were shot with an ultra-high - speed camera and later combined with shots of Taylor - Johnson moving through the same scene at normal speed . Post-production ( edit ) The original shot ( top ) of the new Avengers training facility and the completed shot ( bottom ) with CG interiors added by Method Studios In June 2014 , the IMAX Corporation announced that the IMAX release of the film would be converted to IMAX 3D . Following the completion of principal photography several more cast members were revealed including Stellan Skarsgård , Anthony Mackie , Idris Elba , and Tom Hiddleston , reprising their roles from previous MCU films . However , Hiddleston 's scenes did not make the theatrical cut of the film , with Whedon saying what was shot `` did n't play '' and he did not want the film to feel `` overstuffed '' . According to Hiddleston , `` In test screenings , audiences had overemphasized Loki 's role , so they thought that because I was in it , I was controlling Ultron , and it was actually imbalancing people 's expectations . '' Whedon later explained that Elba and Atwell appear in the film because of exploring the psyches of the Avengers from Scarlet Witch 's power . In December 2014 , Kim 's role was revealed as Dr. Helen Cho . Additional scenes were scheduled to be filmed in January 2015 at Pinewood Studios . In February 2015 , Marvel confirmed through promotional material that Serkis portrays Ulysses Klaue in the film . In early April 2015 , Linda Cardellini and Julie Delpy were confirmed to be part of the film 's cast . At the same time , Whedon stated that the film would not contain a post-credits scene , which had become customary for MCU films . Whedon tried to come up with a post-credit scene but felt that he could not top the `` Shawarma scene '' in The Avengers , explaining , `` It did n't seem to lend itself in the same way , and we wanted to be true to what felt right . The first rule of making a sequel is take the best moments and do something else . Do n't do the Indiana Jones gun trick again differently . Just go somewhere else . Do n't try to hit the same highs , because people will sense it . '' However , Feige clarified , `` There will be a tag ( shortly after the credits start ) . But there 's not a post -- post -- credit scene . '' In May 2015 , Whedon revealed he was in conflict with Marvel executives and the film 's editors about certain scenes in the film . The executives were not `` thrilled '' with the scenes at Hawkeye 's farm or the dream sequences the Avengers experience because of Scarlet Witch . Also , Whedon had originally shot a much longer scene with Thor and Selvig in the cave but the final version is shorter as test audiences did not respond well to the original cut . In the scene , Thor would be possessed by a Norn , a goddess of destiny , while Selvig would quiz her about Thor 's hallucination . Additionally , Whedon reiterated he had wanted to include Captain Marvel and Spider - Man at the end , but deals for each character ( signing of an actress and a deal with Sony Pictures Entertainment , respectively ) were not completed in time for their inclusion . The film contains 3,000 visual effects shots , completed by ten different visual effects studios , including Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) , Trixter , Double Negative , Animal Logic , Framestore , Lola VFX , Territory , Perception , Method Studios , Luma Pictures and The Third Floor . ILM opened a facility in London , citing Avengers : Age of Ultron as a catalyst for the expansion , and developed a new motion capture system for the film called Muse , which can better capture an actor 's performance and combine different takes . About the motion capture process , Ruffalo called it `` more of a collaboration '' since the technology is advancing , with `` the face capture and the motion capture can now ( being ) put together , ( allowing ) you ( to ) get a lot more latitude as a performer ... you 're no longer constricted by the attributes that you have as a person : your age , or weight , or size . None of that matters anymore . And so there 's this whole exciting place to go that is kind of unknown . '' Visual effects supervisor Christopher Townsend said that the visual effects team considered depicting the Hulk when manipulated by Wanda Maximoff as being grey skinned with red eyes , but eventually decided against it , as they did not want to confuse audiences who might associate it with `` Joe Fixit '' , the grey Hulk from the comics . Method Studios created the interior of the new Avengers training facility by digitally designing the training facility , extracting the characters from the original set and placing them into the new CG environment . Method also contributed to Iron Man 's new Mark 45 suit and played a key role in creating Scarlet Witch 's CG mind control effect . Following the trend in recent years , most of the computer screens in Stark 's lab , Dr Cho 's laboratory , the Quinjet and other locations in the film were not added in post-production but were actually working screens on set , adding to the realism of the film and saving some on the post-production budget . London - based Territory Studio delivered the screen visuals filled with unique imagery and animations that matched the character using them . Perception worked on the main - on - end and main titles for the film . Before settling on the marble monument depiction for the main - on - end titles , Perception created three other versions , which were based on Ultron 's hive mind ability from the film , `` renderings of power and pure energy '' inspired by classic comic panels , and classic moments for each character . The final design was inspired by war monuments such as the Iwo Jima memorial . For the main titles , Marvel wanted the typeface to be a direct continuation of the first film . Perception made the typeface a marble texture to mimic the main - on - end titles and changed the title 's rotation ( away from the camera instead of towards the camera in The Avengers ) , before `` Age of Ultron '' overtakes `` Avengers '' in a vibranium texture . Music ( edit ) Main article : Avengers : Age of Ultron ( soundtrack ) In March 2014 , Brian Tyler signed on to compose the film 's score , replacing the composer for the first film , Alan Silvestri , while also marking his third film collaboration with Marvel following Iron Man 3 and Thor : The Dark World in 2013 . Tyler stated that the score pays homage to John Williams ' scores for Star Wars , Superman , and Raiders of the Lost Ark and references the scores for the Iron Man , Thor , and Captain America films in order to create a similar musical universe , saying , `` That 's the goal for sure . You have to build in nostalgia and do it upfront so you can relate to it . '' Danny Elfman also contributed music to the score , using Silvestri 's theme from the first film to create a new hybrid theme . Hollywood Records released the album digitally on April 28 , 2015 , and in physical formats on May 19 . Release ( edit ) Renner arriving at the world premiere of Avengers : Age of Ultron Avengers : Age of Ultron made its world premiere at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood on April 13 , 2015 , and held its European premiere on April 21 at the Vue West End in London . The film was released in 11 territories on April 22 , with its release jumping to 55 % of its international market ( 44 countries ) by the end of its first weekend , before releasing on May 1 in the United States , in 3D and IMAX 3D . In the United States , the film opened in 4,276 theaters , including 2,761 3D theaters , 364 IMAX , 400 premium large format , and 143 D - Box theaters . Many independent theater owners in Germany ( approximately 700 screens ) boycotted the film in response to Disney raising its rental fee from 47.7 % to 53 % of ticket sales . The owners felt that the `` increased fees , coupled with the cost of digitization , and rising staff and marketing costs may force some of them out of business . '' In September 2014 , TNT acquired the US cable broadcast rights , for broadcast two years after its theatrical release . On March 4 , 2015 , ticket pre-sales for the film began . Variety noted , `` The two - month gap between advance sales and the release is much wider than normal and reflects the heavy fan anticipation for '' the film . Marketing ( edit ) At the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International , Whedon introduced a teaser trailer for the film , which included a look at an Ultron helmet and a title treatment . Footage of the teaser , as well as a brief interview with Whedon , was made available as part of Iron Man 3 's second screen companion app for its Blu - ray release on September 24 , 2013 . On March 18 , 2014 , ABC aired a one - hour television special titled , Marvel Studios : Assembling a Universe , which included a sneak peek of Avengers : Age of Ultron . The special debuted concept art for Quicksilver and Scarlet Witch , as well as art of the Hulk fighting the `` Hulkbuster '' Iron Man suit . Harley - Davidson partnered with Marvel to provide their first electric motorcycle , Project LiveWire , for use by Black Widow in the film . At the 2014 San Diego Comic - Con , the cast was introduced to promote the film , along with screening footage from the film . Avengers : Age of Ultron received the second most amount of social media mentions at the convention , following Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , but had a higher intend - to - see response . External video Marvel 's `` Avengers : Age of Ultron '' -- Teaser Trailer ( OFFICIAL ) The use of the song `` I 've Got No Strings '' from Pinocchio ( 1940 ) was lauded by critics . The first trailer was scheduled to premiere during the airing of an episode of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on October 28 , 2014 . However , on October 22 , the trailer leaked online , and within a few hours Marvel officially released the trailer on YouTube . Entertainment Weekly and The Hollywood Reporter noted the effective use of the song `` I 've Got No Strings '' from Pinocchio ( 1940 ) in the trailer . Scott Mendelson of Forbes felt the trailer was `` such a textbook ' dark sequel ' trailer that it borders on parody '' but said , `` it 's a pretty spectacular piece of marketing , one that elevates itself both by the music choices and by James Spader 's vocals as the title villain '' . The trailer received 34.3 million global views in 24 hours , 26.2 million from Marvel 's YouTube channel , which broke the previous record held by Iron Man 3 with 23.14 million views . In comparison , the original Avengers teaser received 20.4 million views in 24 hours after its debut . In response , Marvel agreed to air footage from Age of Ultron during the episode of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. that was originally scheduled to premiere the trailer . At the end of October , Marvel Comic 's Editor - in - Chief Axel Alonso stated there were comic tie - in plans for the film . In November 2014 , ABC aired another one - hour television special titled Marvel 75 Years : From Pulp to Pop ! , which featured behind the scenes footage of Age of Ultron . Also in November , an extended trailer debuted on Samsung Mobile 's YouTube channel , featuring product placement for various Samsung devices . In December 2014 , additional behind the scenes footage was released as a special feature on the Guardians of the Galaxy Blu - ray , highlighting the various filming locations for the film . Also in the month , ABC announced that an episode of Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. would tie - in to the events of the film . The episodes `` The Frenemy of My Enemy '' and `` The Dirty Half Dozen '' feature `` Easter eggs , plot threads and other connective tissue leading into the opening scene of Avengers : Age of Ultron '' while `` Scars '' explores the aftermath of the film . In January 2015 , a featurette focusing on Ultron was shown at Samsung 's `` Night With Marvel '' event at the 2015 Consumer Electronics Show ( CES ) . Also at CES , Samsung revealed a selection of hardware inspired by the Avengers films , as well as a simulation of Avengers Tower via its Gear VR virtual reality device . A second trailer premiered on ESPN on January 12 , 2015 during the broadcast of the 2015 College Football Playoff National Championship . Mendelson enjoyed the trailer , but wished it did not reveal as many story elements as it did . However , he added , `` the marketing thus far ( for the film ) has been far superior to much of what sold The Avengers three years ago , both in terms of the specific footage and the artistic choices being made ... I 'm sold , and I imagine most of the general moviegoers are already onboard too . '' On February 3 , 2014 , Marvel `` stealth released '' a one - shot digital - only tie - in comic , Avengers : Age of Ultron Prelude -- This Scepter 'd Isle . Written by Will Corona Pilgrim and illustrated by Wellinton Alves , it reveals how Strucker came into possession of Loki 's scepter and the origin of the Maximoff twins ' abilities . At the end of the month , the film 's official poster was revealed . Graeme McMillian of The Hollywood Reporter criticized it for its lack of originality , calling it `` pretty much the poster for the first Avengers movie , except with added flying robots in the background '' and the fact that it incorporated many of the same tropes the other MCU Phase Two film posters did . These included : the hero ( es ) staring off camera ; destruction in the background as well as something occurring in the sky ; and poor Photoshop on the poster , highlighting the fact that each of the actors were obviously photographed separately and were later composited together into the poster . Mendelson agreed with many of McMillian 's observations , and called the poster `` hilariously photoshopped '' . The final trailer was `` unlocked '' by fans on March 4 , 2015 , via the use of hashtags on Twitter , ahead of its broadcast debut during the series premiere of American Crime on March 5 . Mendelson felt `` this ( was ) a fine final trailer , teasing what we already know , hinting at the scale and a few new action beats without telling us much we do n't already know '' adding , `` Here we have the fourth and final Avengers : Age of Ultron trailer and we do n't know all that much about what transpires in a moment - to - moment sense in the finished 150 - minute feature . I have expressed my concern dating back to October that Marvel and Disney would release too many trailers and would by default give away too much plot and character information between October and May . But if this really is the final Avengers 2 trailer , then at least on the trailer front they have kept the film relatively unspoiled . '' A week after the final trailer debuted , Marvel revealed that the trailer had `` smashed records '' with over 35 million views . In April 2015 , members of the cast presented Downey with the MTV Generation Award at the 2015 MTV Movie Awards , along with debuting an exclusive clip from the film . On April 27 , Downey and Renner along with executives from Marvel Entertainment rang the opening bell of the New York Stock Exchange in celebration of the film 's theatrical release . Disney spent a total of $26.9 million on television advertisements for the film , from an estimated total marketing budget of $180 million . Merchandise ( edit ) In January 2015 , Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment and Traveller 's Tales announced a Lego video game adaptation of the first film and Age of Ultron for release in late 2015 on a variety of video game consoles . In March 2015 , Disney said it planned to broaden its merchandising strategy with Avengers : Age of Ultron by expanding the target demographics to women and to fans of the individual superheroes that make up the Avengers . Paul Gitter , senior vice president of Marvel licensing for Disney Consumer Products , said , `` For the first film , we primarily focused on the Avengers property and the group shots ... Now we 're broadening the line and scope to create skews that focus on the team and the individuals characters , as well . '' Disney Consumer Products partnered with Hasbro , Lego , Hot Wheels and Funko for action figures , playsets and other toys , and with Under Armour for apparel . Disney established new partnerships in the food and packaged - goods categories , including with Sage Fruit , ConAgra , Crunchpak and Chobani . Walt Disney India 's consumer products partnered with 50 brands to promote the film in India , considered the highest ever for any film -- Hollywood or Bollywood -- released in India ( the previous record held by Ra. One had 25 partners ) . Some of the brands include Amazon India , toy retailer Hamleys India , online fashion store Myntra , Hero Cycles , Mountain Dew , Liberty Shoes , Tupperware , and Subway restaurants among others . Home media ( edit ) Avengers : Age of Ultron was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on digital download on September 8 , 2015 and on Blu - ray and DVD on October 2 , 2015 . The digital and Blu - ray releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes , audio commentary , deleted scenes and a blooper reel . The film was also collected in a 13 - disc box set , titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection '' , which includes all of the Phase Two films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . It was released on December 8 , 2015 . In July 2015 , Whedon stated that he did not intend on releasing a director 's cut of Avengers : Age of Ultron because despite the film 's complexity , he was satisfied with the theatrical version and did not think it needed to be tweaked . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Avengers : Age of Ultron grossed $459 million in the United States and Canada and $946.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $1.405 billion . It is the eighth - highest - grossing film worldwide and the fourth - highest - grossing 2015 film . Avengers : Age of Ultron 's worldwide opening of $392.5 million was the seventh - largest ever . The film set a worldwide IMAX opening - weekend record with $25.2 million ( previously held by The Dark Knight Rises ) and also broke the record for the fastest movie to make over $40 million in IMAX theaters , doing so in 12 days . According to some analysts , the opening weekend box office gross was lower than expected because of the weekend 's featured boxing match between Floyd Mayweather and Manny Pacquiao . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $382.32 million , when factoring together `` production budgets , P&A , talent participations and other costs , with box office grosses , and ancillary revenues from VOD to DVD and TV , '' placing it fourth on their list of 2015 's `` Most Valuable Blockbusters '' . On May 15 , 2015 , Avengers : Age of Ultron became the twenty - first film in cinematic history , the third Marvel Studios film and the eighth film distributed by Disney to cross the $1 billion threshold at the box office . United States and Canada ( edit ) Avengers : Age of Ultron earned $84.46 million on its opening day , marking the biggest opening day for a superhero film and the second - biggest opening and second - biggest single - day gross , behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( $91.7 million ) . The film 's Friday gross included $27.6 million from Thursday night , which began at 7 p.m. , and was the sixth - highest ever for Thursday preview earnings and the highest among Marvel films . The film totaled $191.3 million in its opening weekend , the third - highest gross behind Jurassic World ( $208.8 million ) and The Avengers ( $207.4 million ) . It also saw the second - highest IMAX opening weekend total with $18 million ( behind The Dark Knight Rises ) , a record $13.5 million from premium large format theaters and the highest share for the first weekend in May , accounting for 85 % of the top twelve box office total earnings ( previously held by Spider - Man 3 ) . Of those in attendance the first weekend , 59 % were male , 41 % were female and 59 % were over the age of 25 . In its second weekend , the film fell 59 % , earning $77.7 million , which was the second - biggest second weekend gross behind The Avengers ' $103 million ( both were surpassed a month later by Jurassic World 's $106.6 million ) . It holds the record for the second - biggest loss between first and second weekends with $113.6 million , only behind Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 's $121 million loss between its first and second weekends in 2011 . It became the third - highest - grossing film of 2015 . Outside territories ( edit ) Avengers : Age of Ultron earned $200.2 million in its first weekend from 44 countries , opening in first in all , which was 44 % above its predecessor 's opening . Additionally , the film saw the largest non-China international IMAX opening with $10.4 million . The top earning countries were South Korea ( $28.2 million ) , the UK ( $27.3 million ) and Russia ( $16.2 million ) . The film broke records in many countries , including : opening - day records in Mexico ( $6.8 million ) , the Philippines ( $1.6 million ) , and Indonesia ( $900,000 ) ; opening - weekend records in Mexico ( $25.5 million ) , Russia and the CIS ( $16.2 million ) , Hong Kong ( $6.4 million ) , and the Philippines ( $7.7 million ) ; and highest opening weekend for a superhero film in the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $27.3 million ) , Germany ( $9.3 million ) , Sweden , Norway , and the Netherlands . In the UK , where Age of Ultron was filmed , it earned $5.4 million on its opening day and $27.3 million during the weekend , setting an opening - weekend record for a superhero film , Marvel 's biggest opening in Britain , the biggest April opening , the eighth - biggest debut . It also set the best single - day earning for a Disney and superhero film with its $9.4 million haul on Saturday . In South Korea , also where part of the film was shot , the film earned $4.9 million on its opening day and $28.2 through the weekend . It held the record for advance - ticket sales rate , accounting for 96 % of tickets reserved , breaking Transformers : Dark of the Moon 's record of 94.6 % in 2011 , the widest release ever , across 1,826 screens , also breaking Dark of the Moon 's 1,420 screens , and the fastest imported film to surpass one million admissions , doing so in two days ; it topped the box office for three consecutive weekends , and became the biggest Disney / Marvel release as well as the second - biggest Western film in the country . The Chinese opening scored the biggest weekday opening day , as well as the biggest Disney / Marvel opening , with $33.9 million , and the second - biggest six - day start with $156.3 million ( behind Furious 7 ) of which $17.5 million came from IMAX theaters -- the biggest ever . Age of Ultron also opened at number one in Japan in early July 2015 with $6.5 million , the highest opening weekend for an MCU release . As of January 3 , 2016 , it is the seventh - highest - grossing film , and the fourth - highest - grossing 2015 film . Its largest markets were China ( $240.1 million ) , South Korea ( $78 million ) , and the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $76.6 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 75 % approval rating based on 327 reviews , with an average rating of 6.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Exuberant and eye - popping , Avengers : Age of Ultron serves as an overstuffed but mostly satisfying sequel , reuniting its predecessor 's unwieldy cast with a few new additions and a worthy foe . '' On Metacritic , the film achieved an average score of 66 out of 100 , based on 49 critics , signifying `` generally favorable reviews '' . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film an `` A '' grade on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an overall positive score of 90 % and a 79 % recommend . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter said , `` Avengers : Age of Ultron succeeds in the top priority of creating a worthy opponent for its superheroes and giving the latter a few new things to do , but this time the action scenes do n't always measure up . '' Scott Foundas of Variety wrote , `` If this is what the apotheosis of branded , big - studio entertainment has come to look like in 2015 , we could be doing much worse . Unlike its title character , Age of Ultron most definitely has soul . '' Writing for the Chicago Sun - Times and giving the film three - and - a-half out of four stars , Richard Roeper said , `` Some day , an Avengers film might collapse under the weight of its own awesomeness . I mean , how many times can they save the world ? But this is not that day . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote , `` Age of Ultron is a whole summer of fireworks packed into one movie . It does n't just go to 11 , it starts there . ( Joss Whedon ) takes a few wrong turns , creating a jumble when the action gets too thick . But he recovers like a pro , devising a spectacle that 's epic in every sense of the word . '' Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film three out of four stars , stating that despite being `` bigger , louder and more disjointed '' than its predecessor , `` it 's also got more personality -- specifically Whedon 's -- than any other film in the now seven - year - old franchise . '' Helen O'Hara of Empire praised the interactions between the characters , the action set - pieces and Whedon 's ability as a director in her review , stating that the film `` redefines the scale we can expect from our superheroes . '' Conversely , Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said , `` Although this movie is effective moment to moment , very little of it lingers in the mind afterward . The ideal vehicle for our age of immediate sensation and instant gratification , it disappears without a trace almost as soon as it 's consumed . '' Scott Mendelson of Forbes said , `` Avengers : Age of Ultron plays like an obligation , a box to be checked off on a list before all parties move onto the things they really want to do . '' Manohla Dargis of The New York Times wrote , `` This Avengers does n't always pop the way that the first one sometimes did , partly because its villain is n't as memorable , despite Mr. Spader 's silky threat . '' Camilla Long of The Sunday Times remarked , `` Two hours of boredom and boobs add up to a sorry basis for the new Avengers . '' Much like the release of Guardians of the Galaxy , the film received mixed reviews upon release in China , due to poor translations . The translations , which were said to be too literal , were thought `` to have been done by Google Translate . '' Accolades ( edit ) In December 2015 , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences placed Avengers : Age of Ultron on their shortlist of potential nominees for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 88th Academy Awards , but ultimately did not nominate it for the award . Year Award / Film Festival Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Avengers : Age of Ultron Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Chris Hemsworth Nominated Robert Downey Jr . Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Scarlett Johansson Nominated Choice Movie : Scene Stealer Chris Evans Won Choice Movie : Breakout Star Elizabeth Olsen Nominated Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards Best Visual Effects or Animation Christopher Townsend , Ryan Stafford , Paul Butterworth and Matt Estela Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Avengers : Age of Ultron Nominated Favorite Action Movie Nominated Favorite Movie Actor Robert Downey Jr . Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Scarlett Johansson Nominated Favorite Action Movie Actor Robert Downey , Jr . Nominated Chris Hemsworth Won Favorite Action Movie Actress Scarlett Johansson Nominated Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Animated Effects in a Live Action Production Michael Balog , Jim Van Allen , Florent Andorra , George Kaltenbrunner , for Sokovia 's destruction Won Outstanding Achievement , Character Animation in a Live Action Production Jakub Pistecky , Gang Trinh , Craig Penn , Mickael Coedel , Yair Gutierrez , for the Hulk Nominated Peter Tan , Boonyiki Lim , Sachio Nishiyama , Byounghee Cho , Roy Tan , for Ultron Nominated Visual Effects Society Outstanding Animated Performance in a Photoreal Feature Jakub Pistecky , Lana Lan , John Walker , Sean Comer Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in a Photoreal Feature Michael Balog , Jim Van Allen , Florent Andorra , Georg Kaltenbrunner Nominated Outstanding Models in a Photoreal or Animated Project Howie Weed , Robert Marinic , Daniel Gonzalez , Myriam Catrin , for Hulkbuster Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Avengers : Age of Ultron Nominated Favorite Movie Actor Chris Evans Nominated Chris Hemsworth Nominated Robert Downey Jr . Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Scarlett Johansson Nominated Saturn Awards Best Comic - to - Film Motion Picture Avengers : Age of Ultron Nominated Best Supporting Actor Paul Bettany Nominated Best Film Costume Design Alexandra Byrne Won Best Film Special / Visual Effects Paul Corbould , Chris Townsend , Ben Snow , Paul Butterworth Nominated MTV Movie Awards Movie of the Year Avengers : Age of Ultron Nominated Best Hero Chris Evans Nominated Best Villain James Spader Nominated Best Virtual Performance James Spader Nominated Ensemble Cast Avengers : Age of Ultron Nominated Best Fight Robert Downey Jr. vs. Mark Ruffalo Nominated Hugo Award Best Dramatic Presentation - Long Form Avengers : Age of Ultron Nominated Sequels ( edit ) Main articles : Avengers : Infinity War and Untitled Avengers film Avengers : Infinity War and an untitled sequel were directed by Anthony and Joe Russo , from a script by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely . Infinity War was released on April 27 , 2018 , with the sequel scheduled for May 3 , 2019 . Much of the cast returns for Infinity War with additional cast and characters joining from other MCU films . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ While the name of the anti-Hulk armor , usually referred to as the `` Hulkbuster '' in comic books , is not spoken in the film , its deployment system and containment cell are code - named `` Veronica '' . Director Joss Whedon said the name alludes to the character Veronica Lodge from Archie Comics : `` I just decided to call it Veronica because ( Bruce Banner ) used to be in love with a girl named Betty and Veronica is the opposite of that , '' making the connection to Archie 's love interest , Betty Cooper . Jump up ^ According to Kevin Feige , the Infinity Gauntlet seen at the end of the film is not the same as the one seen in Odin 's vault in Asgard in Thor , revealing that two Gauntlets exist in the MCU . 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Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Keyes , Rob ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Avengers 2 ′ Facts & Videos : Details on New Characters , Costumes , Tech & Weapons '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( July 14 , 2014 ) . `` Motion Capture Maestro Andy Serkis on ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' and Revolutionizing Cinema '' . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Outlaw , Kofi ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Avengers 2 ′ Premiere Sheet Reveals Additional Cast Member ( Updated ) '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` That Irish accent in Avengers Age of Ultron is actress Kerry Condon ! '' . Irish Examiner. April 23 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cox , Danny ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' -- 14 of the Actual Easter Eggs in Marvel 's Latest Film '' . Inquisitr . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Owen , Luke ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Spoilers : And the post-credits scene from Avengers : Age of Ultron is ... '' Flickering Myth . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leston , Ryan ( July 13 , 2014 ) . `` Stan Lee Confirms Avengers : Age Of Ultron Cameo '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ; Horowitz , Josh ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Joss Whedon Explains Why There 's No Loki In ' Avengers : Age Of Ultron ' '' . MTV . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Raux - Moreau , Raphaëlle ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Joss Whedon nous parle d ' '' Avengers 2 `` ! '' . AlloCiné . 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Archived from the original on June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wickman , Kase ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` Here 's Why You Wo n't See Captain Marvel In ' Avengers : Age Of Ultron ' '' . MTV . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Joss Whedon Shot FX Plates For Captain Marvel In AGE OF ULTRON '' . Badass Digest . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Umberto ( October 14 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige : Hulk Almost Was n't in ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wiseman , Andreas ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Avengers 2 to assemble in UK '' . Screen Daily . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Deming , Mark ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Joss Whedon Reveals Status of ' Avengers 2 ' ... and Resurrection of Agent Coulson '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` This Week 's Cover : ' Iron Man 3 ' plays rough with Marvel 's top hero '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Joss Whedon Talks Quicksilver , the Scarlet Witch and Iron Man 's Roles in Avengers 2 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode of May 25 , 2015 '' . Late Night with Jimmy Fallon . May 2015 . NBC . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Cliffhanger : Robert Downey Jr. 's $50 Million Sequel Showdown '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SDCC 2013 : Joss Whedon Reveals Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . Marvel.com . July 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Marvel Chief Kevin Feige Talks Avengers : Age Of Ultron '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , Chris ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Joss Whedon Talks Avengers : Age Of Ultron '' . Empire . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` Joss Whedon Spills First ' Avengers : Age Of Ultron ' Details '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2013 . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( July 21 , 2013 ) . Joss Whedon on Marvel LIVE ! at San Diego Comic - Con -- Exclusive . YouTube . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Matt ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` Joss Whedon on Thanos in Avengers 2 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige Talks ' Avengers 2 & 3 ' , Thor 3 , ' Guardians ' & More ( Video ) '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Avengers 2 ' : ' Kick - Ass ' Star Aaron Taylor - Johnson in Early Talks to Play Quicksilver '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` Aaron Taylor - Johnson Talks The Avengers 2 and Godzilla ; Says He 's Met with Joss Whedon and Marvel for Avengers Role '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . 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Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ritman , Alex ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Joss Whedon : ' Avengers ' Sequel Was a `` Nightmare '' Due to Expanded Superhero Cast `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Joss Whedon Likens Avengers 2 to The Godfather Part II '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Whedon 's Avengers heading to Joburg '' . Channel 24 . February 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Studios Announces Filming of Marvel 's Avengers : Age of Ultron in South Korea '' . Marvel.com . February 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sapa ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Avengers ' filming postponed , roads not closed '' . The Sunday Times . 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Jump up ^ Bord , Christine ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Updates : Working title confirmed , Filming underway in South Africa , & the first Italian Casting Call is revealed '' . On Location Vacations . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 -- via Forte di Bard ( in Italian ) . ^ Jump up to : White , Brett ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` '' Avengers '' Fun Facts Reveal New Scarlet Witch , Hulkbuster Details `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Riccio , Massimiliano ( March 22 , 2014 ) . `` The Avengers 2 , primi ciak a Bard . In Valle ci sono già Occhio di Falco , Scarlet Witch e Quicksilver '' ( The Avengers 2 , the first shots in Bard . In the Valley there are already Hawkeye , Scarlet Witch and Quicksilver ) ( in Italian ) . aostasera.it . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2014 . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kim , Da - ye ( March 30 , 2014 ) . `` Filming draws pros , cons ; no traffic jam '' . The Korea Times . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2014 . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seoul Braces for Disruptions for Filming of ' Avengers ' Sequel '' . Chosun Ilbo . March 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2014 . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Sun - young ( March 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' Avengers ' begins shooting in Seoul '' . The Korea Herald . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Garland , Natalie ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` Avengers stars battle it out in Hawley Woods '' . Get Hampshire . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2014 . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reyes , Mike ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Watch Thor Call Down Lightning In Avengers 2 Set Video '' . CinemaBlend.com . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2014 . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Phil ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Scarlett Johansson , Robert Downey Jnr , Samuel L Jackson and Chris Hemsworth filming New Avengers movie ' at Dover Castle ' '' . Dover Express . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2014 . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) '' . Kent Film Office . April 20 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Director Joss Whedon Talks Avengers : Age of Ultron , Possibly Teases Civil War '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Conaway , Cameron ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` WATCH : The State of Our World in a 1 - Second Clip '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Rob ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' Ant - Man ' Not Shooting in Edgar Wright 's Homeland But Will Embrace His Style '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon , Kevin Feige , Jeremy Latcham ( 2014 ) . Exclusive look at Marvel 's Avengers : Age of Ultron . Guardians of the Galaxy Blu - ray : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Whedon , Joss ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Avengers 2 Wrapped What the hell do I do now ? '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sylt , Christian ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Spends Record $580 Million Making Movies In Britain '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bonomolo , Cameron ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Mulan ' Budget Makes It One of the Most Expensive Movies Ever Made '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marchant , Beth ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` DP Ben Davis on Camera Choices for Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . Studio Daily . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . Method Studios . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avengers : Age of Ultron An IMAX 3D Experience '' . IMAX . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Loki controlling Ultron ? Tom Hiddleston finally explains why he was cut from Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2015 . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` The Gang 's All Here in New ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Image '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz ( November 27 , 2014 ) . `` The return of the star Avengers -- to Blighty '' . Daily Mail . UK . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2014 . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gajewski , Ryan ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Joss Whedon on Fighting With Marvel Over ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' : `` It Got Really , Really Unpleasant '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Empire ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Avengers : Age of Ultron Spoiler Podcast -- Joss Whedon and Paul Bettany '' ( Podcast ) . Soundcloud . Event occurs at ? ? ? . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Joss Whedon Reveals Thor 's Cut Subplot from ' Avengers Age of Ultron ' '' . Collider . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ `` Danny Elfman to Compose Additional Music for ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' '' . Film Music Reporter . February 24 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2015 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 891 ABC Adelaide ( March 12 , 2015 ) . 891 ABC Adelaide Danny Elfman . SoundCloud . Event occurs at 0 : 09 : 13 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Original Soundtrack Available Digitally April 28 '' . Marvel. April 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' : Secret roles for Julie Delpy and Linda Cardellini '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Watch the red carpet of Marvel 's `` Avengers : Age of Ultron '' on April 13 ! . YouTube . April 10 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2015 . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Watch live : Avengers Age of Ultron premiere '' . The Daily Telegraph . April 21 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kozlov , Vladimir ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Moves Up ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Russia Release '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Natalie ( April 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Avengers : Age Of Ultron ' Hammers Out $200.2 M Overseas -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Amos , Jim ( September 28 , 2014 ) . `` Need An Extra Dimension ? ? ? Here 's An Updated Imax , 3D and 4D Release Schedule ... '' Indiewire . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney to Release Avengers : Age of Ultron , Star Wars : Episode VII in IMAX '' . ComingSoon.net . March 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' Avengers : Age Of Ultron ' Is Set To Tear Up U.S. Box Office Records With $210 M - $230 M Bow '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barraclough , Leo ( April 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Boycott in Germany : ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' May Be Hit '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` TNT Locks Down Next Five Marvel Movies Starting With ' The Avengers : Age of Ultron ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Fandango Launching ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Pre-Sales '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Ultron ' Teaser And More : A Deep Dive Into Comic - Con Footage '' . MTV . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Avengers : Age of Ultron Announcement Trailer Now Available in HD '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sampson , Mike ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' Avengers 2 ' Teaser Trailer : Let the Age of Ultron Begin ! '' . ScreenCrush . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` ABC to air Marvel special with ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' sneak peek -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . 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Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( July 27 , 2014 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Batman v. Superman ' Beats ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' with Online Chatter '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rivera , Joshua ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' trailer is here : What we learned '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McMillian , Graeme ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` What 's Revealed in the First ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Trailer ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mendelson , Scott ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Avengers : Age Of Ultron ' Gets ' Dark Sequel ' Teaser Trailer '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' on Blu - Ray 12 / 9 with Deleted Scenes , Audio Commentary and More ; Digital HD in November '' . Stitch Kingdom . October 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' to feature a tie - in to ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' leads into ' Avengers ' sequel '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carle , Chris ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` We Saw New Avengers : Age of Ultron Footage At CES '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Lucy ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` CES 2015 : Samsung Reveals Incredible Avengers Tech '' . 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Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Looking At 5th Best All - Time Opening With $176.4 M - $182 M , Unseating ' Iron Man 3 ' -- Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Futter , Mike ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Lego Marvel Avengers And Lego Jurassic World Coming In 2015 '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Merchandise Plan for ' Avengers : Age of Ultron : ' ' Make the Big Bigger ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bhushan , Nyay ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Disney India Signs Up Record Number of Brand Partners for ' Avengers ' Release '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jay , Jayson ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Avengers : Age Of Ultron Blu - Ray Trailer & Special Features '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Blu - ray Bonus Features Detailed Including Extended Scene with Bruce and Natasha '' . Stitch Kingdom . September 2 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2015 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection ' Unveiled ; Contains First Look at Phase 3 '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Joss Whedon on ' Age of Ultron ' Director 's Cut , More ' Dr. Horrible ' , and ' Toy Story ' '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Openings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ; Busch , Anita ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ultron ' Outpacing ' Avengers ' & ' IM3 ′ With $439 M ; ' F7 ′ Fuels Up -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 3 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Nabs $191.3 M In Domestic Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` No. 4 ' Avengers : Age Of Ultron ' -- 2015 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office Milestone : ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Joins the Billion - Dollar Club '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Avengers : Age Of Ultron ' Flies To 2nd Highest Bow Of All - Time With $191.3 M - Final Monday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Avengers : Age Of Ultron ' Nabs Massive $27.6 M Thursday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simanton , Keith ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Indomitable , Rex Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Suber , Ray ( May 3 , 2015 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Ultron 's Massive $188 M Debut Falls Short of ' Avengers ' Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ultron ' Has Super Second Weekend At $77.7 M ; ' Hot Pursuit ' Opens To $13.9 M -- Final Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Avengers : Age Of Ultron ' Joins $100 Million Losers Club '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Set for Massive $85 M - Plus Friday , Eyes Record U.S. Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Taglione , Natalie ; Busch , Anita ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ultron ' Outpacing ' Avengers ' & ' IM3 ′ With A Final $439.8 M ; ' F7 ′ Fuels Up -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Papish , Jonathan ( April 26 , 2015 ) . `` Global Report : ' Avengers : Age Of Ultron ' Off To Hot Start , ' Furious 7 ' Crosses $1 Billion Overseas ; Becomes # 1 Movie Of All - Time In China '' . Boxoffice . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Avengers ' Sequel Earns $44.8 Million In First Two Days Overseas '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( April 27 , 2015 ) . `` U.K. Box Office : ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Scores Biggest Superhero Movie Opening '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hyo - won , Lee ( April 26 , 2015 ) . `` South Korea Box Office : ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Monopolizes Cinemas '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hyo - won , Lee ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` South Korean Box Office : ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Tops for Third Straight Week '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Mad Max ' Rides To $64 M ; ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ Chimes In At $27.1 M -- Intl Box Office Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Opens to Record $33.9 M in China Tuesday '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Longeretta , Emily ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards Pit One Direction Against Zayn Malik '' . Hollywood Life . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2015 Nominees : Wave 2 Revealed ! '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2015 . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maddox , Gary ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` 5th AACTA Awards : the full list of nominees '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Nominees & Winners '' . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Awards Nominees '' . Annie Awards . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Margaret ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Game of Thrones , ' ' The Peanuts Movie ' Lead Visual Effects Society Nominations '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Grant , Stacey ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Here Are The Nominees For The 2016 Kids ' Choice Awards '' . MTV . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Matthew ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Saturn Awards 2016 Nominees Announced '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` MTV Movie Awards 2016 : Complete List of Nominees '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kellogg , Carolyn ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Finalists for 2016 Hugo Awards are named '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Joe & Anthony Russo to Direct 2 - Part Marvel 's ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Event '' . Marvel . 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Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Everything We Learned About the Avengers ' Fight Against Thanos in the Latest Infinity War Trailer '' . io9 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Avengers : Age of Ultron Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Avengers : Age of Ultron . Official website Avengers : Age of Ultron on IMDb Avengers : Age of Ultron at Rotten Tomatoes Avengers Creators : Stan Lee Jack Kirby Initial members Ant - Man Captain America Hulk Iron Man Thor Wasp Antagonists Group enemies A.I.M. Black Order Chitauri Circus of Crime Enclave H.A.M.M.E.R. 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About Wikipedia	who did josh brolin play in avengers age of ultron	[ "Thomas Kretschmann and Henry Goodman reprise their roles as Baron Wolfgang von Strucker and Dr. List,[75][76] Hydra leaders who specialize in human experimentation, advanced robotics, and artificial intelligence from Captain America: The Winter Soldier.[63] Linda Cardellini portrays Laura Barton, Hawkeye's wife.[77][78] Claudia Kim portrays Helen Cho, a world-renowned geneticist who helps the Avengers from her office in Seoul,[63][79] and Andy Serkis portrays Ulysses Klaue, a black-market arms dealer, smuggler and gangster who is a former acquaintance from Stark's weapons-dealing days.[34][63][80] Julie Delpy appears as Madame B., who mentored Black Widow into becoming an assassin.[81] Kerry Condon voices the artificial intelligence F.R.I.D.A.Y., a replacement for J.A.R.V.I.S.,[82] while Spader also voices Stark's Iron Legion droids.[83] Josh Brolin makes an uncredited appearance during the mid-credits scene as Thanos, reprising his role from Guardians of the Galaxy.[84] Avengers co-creator Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance in the film as a military veteran who attends the Avengers' victory party.[85] Tom Hiddleston was to reprise his role of Loki, but his scenes did not make the theatrical cut of the film.[86]" ]	[ "Thanos" ]
1536141836007245729	Strip steak	Strip steak - Wikipedia Strip steak Jump to : navigation , search The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Strip steak Beef Cuts Type Short loin cut of beef Grilled Kansas City strip steak topped with onions and mushrooms The strip steak is a cut of beef steaks from the short loin from a cow . It consists of a muscle that does little work , the longissimus , making the meat particularly tender ; although not as tender as the nearby psoas major or tenderloin . Fat content of the strip is somewhere between the two cuts . Unlike the tenderloin , the longissimus is a sizable muscle , allowing it to be cut into larger portions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Other names 2 Related cuts 3 See also 4 References Other names ( edit ) A U.S. Prime raw strip steak with a high marbling content Raw strip steak According to the National Cattlemen 's Beef Association , the steak is marketed in the United States under various names , including Ambassador Steak , Boneless Club Steak , Hotel - Style Steak , Kansas City Steak , New York Steak , Top Loin , and Veiny Steak . In New Zealand and Australia , it is known as Porterhouse and Sirloin ( striploin steak ) and can be found in the Handbook of Australian Meat under codes 2140 to 2143 . In the UK and Ireland it is called sirloin . In Canada , most meat purveyors refer to this cut as a strip loin ; in French it is known as contre - filet . Delmonico 's Restaurant , an operation opened in New York City in 1827 , offered as one of its signature dishes a cut from the short loin called a Delmonico steak . Due to its association with the city , it is often referred to as a New York strip steak . Related Cuts ( edit ) When still attached to the bone , and with a piece of the tenderloin also included , the strip steak becomes a T - bone steak or a porterhouse steak , the difference being that the porterhouse has a larger portion of tenderloin included . The strip steak may be sold with or without the bone . Strip steaks may be substituted for most recipes calling for T - bone and porterhouse steaks , and sometimes for fillet and rib eye steaks . A bone - in strip steak with no tenderloin attached is sometimes referred to as a shell steak . See also ( edit ) Food portal British and American cuts of beef Entrecôte References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Herbst , Sharon . `` Kansas City Strip Steak '' . Epicurious . Barron 's Educational Services . Retrieved 28 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding the Cuts '' . farmfreshbeef.org . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Beef Cuts Chart '' ( PDF ) . australian-beef.com . Meat & Livestock Australia , Ltd . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Australian RFP Cut Code Reference 2016 Edition '' ( PDF ) . ausmeat.com.au . Aus - Meat , Ltd . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Beef - Meat Cuts Manual '' . inspection.gc.ca . Canadian Food Inspection Agency . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ goodtastebook.com Jump up ^ http://www.seriouseats.com/2011/03/the-four-high-end-steaks-you-should-know-ribeye-strip-tenderloin-t-bone.html Cuts of beef Upper Chuck Rib Short loin Sirloin Tenderloin Top sirloin Bottom sirloin Round Lower Brisket Plate Flank Shank Beef and veal Production Argentine beef Beef cattle Cow - calf operation Feeder cattle Kobe beef Organic beef Products Cuts Blade steak Brisket Chateaubriand steak Chuck steak Fajita Filet mignon Flank steak Flap steak Hanger steak Plate Ranch steak Restructured steak Rib eye Rib steak Round Rump Short loin Short ribs Shoulder tender Sirloin Top sirloin Skirt steak Spare ribs Standing rib roast Strip Shank T - bone Tenderloin Tri-tip Trotters Tail Processed Jerky Aged Bresaola Cabeza Corned beef Frankfurter Rindswurst Ground Montreal smoked Pastrami Meat extract Offal Brain Heart Tongue Tendon Tripas Tripe Testicles Dishes Steak / Beefsteak List of steak dishes Blanquette de veau Beef Wellington Beef bourguignon Beef bun Beef Manhattan Beef noodle soup Beef on weck Beef Stroganoff Boiled beef Bulgogi Calf 's liver and bacon Cheesesteak Chicken fried steak Cordon bleu Dendeng Feu French dip Ginger beef Galbi Gored gored Gyūdon Hamburg steak Hortobágyi palacsinta Iga penyet Italian beef Jellied veal Karađorđeva šnicla Kitfo Lanzhou beef lamian London broil Mongolian beef Neobiani Ossobuco Pot roast Pozharsky cutlet P'tcha Ragout fin Rawon Rendang Roast beef Roast beef sandwich Salisbury steak Saltimbocca Sha cha beef Shooter 's sandwich Steak and kidney pudding Steak Diane Steak and oyster pie Steak au poivre Tartare Tafelspitz Tongseng Veal Milanese Veal Orloff Veal Oscar Vitello tonnato Wallenbergare Related meats American bison Beefalo Water buffalo Żubroń Other Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Beef hormone controversy Beef ring Carcass grade Darkcutter Meat on the bone Ractopamine - Beef USA beef imports Japan Taiwan South Korea ( 2008 US beef protest in South Korea ) This meat - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strip_steak&oldid=814921847 '' Categories : Cuts of beef Steak Meat stubs Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from May 2016 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 18 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the new york strip steak come from	[ "The strip steak is a cut of beef steaks from the short loin from a cow. It consists of a muscle that does little work, the longissimus, making the meat particularly tender;[1] although not as tender as the nearby psoas major or tenderloin. Fat content of the strip is somewhere between the two cuts. Unlike the tenderloin, the longissimus is a sizable muscle, allowing it to be cut into larger portions." ]	[ "the short loin from a cow" ]
-6943822008266728864	The X-Files	The X-Files - wikipedia The X-Files This article is about the television series . For the franchise , see The X-Files ( franchise ) . For other uses , see The X-Files ( disambiguation ) . The X-Files Genre Science fiction Horror Drama Mystery Thriller Supernatural fiction Created by Chris Carter Starring David Duchovny Gillian Anderson Robert Patrick Annabeth Gish Mitch Pileggi Music by Mark Snow Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 11 No. of episodes 218 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Chris Carter R.W. Goodwin Howard Gordon Frank Spotnitz Vince Gilligan John Shiban Kim Manners Glen Morgan James Wong Michelle MacLaren Michael W. Watkins David Greenwalt Production location ( s ) Vancouver ( seasons 1 -- 5 , 10 -- 11 ) Los Angeles ( seasons 6 -- 9 ) Running time 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Ten Thirteen Productions 20th Television ( 1993 -- 1995 ) 20th Century Fox Television ( 1995 -- 2002 , 2016 -- 2018 ) Distributor 20th Television Release Original network Fox Picture format 480i ( 4 : 3 SDTV ) ( original broadcast ) 480i 16 : 9 ( DVD seasons 5 -- 9 ) 1080p ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) ( 2014 remaster , season 10 -- 11 ) Audio format Dolby Surround 2.0 ( original broadcast ) Dolby Digital 5.1 ( 2014 remaster ; Descriptive Video Service over SAP season 10 -- 11 ) Original release September 10 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 10 ) -- May 19 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 19 ) ( original series ) January 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) -- March 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 21 ) ( revival ) Chronology Related shows Millennium ( 1996 -- 1999 ) The Lone Gunmen ( 2001 ) External links Website The X-Files is an American science fiction drama television series created by Chris Carter . The original television series aired from September 10 , 1993 , to May 19 , 2002 , on Fox . The program spanned nine seasons , with 202 episodes . A short tenth season consisting of six episodes premiered on January 24 , 2016 . Following the ratings success of this revival , Fox announced in April 2017 that The X-Files would be returning for an eleventh season of ten episodes . The season premiered on January 3 , 2018 . In addition to the television series , two feature films have been released : The 1998 film The X-Files , which took place as part of the TV series continuity , and the stand - alone film The X-Files : I Want to Believe , released in 2008 , six years after the original television run had ended . The series revolves around Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) , and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who investigate X-Files : marginalized , unsolved cases involving paranormal phenomena . Mulder believes in the existence of aliens and the paranormal while Scully , a medical doctor and a skeptic , is assigned to make scientific analyses of Mulder 's discoveries to debunk his work and thus return him to mainstream cases . Early in the series , both agents become pawns in a larger conflict and come to trust only each other and a few select people . The agents also discover an agenda of the government to keep the existence of extraterrestrial life a secret . They develop a close relationship which begins as a platonic friendship , but becomes a romance by the end of the series . In addition to the series - spanning story arc , `` monster of the week '' episodes form roughly two - thirds of all episodes . The X-Files was inspired by earlier television series which featured elements of suspense and speculative fiction , including The Twilight Zone , Night Gallery , Tales from the Darkside , Twin Peaks , and especially Kolchak : The Night Stalker . When creating the main characters , Carter sought to reverse gender stereotypes by making Mulder a believer and Scully a skeptic . The first seven seasons featured Duchovny and Anderson equally . In the last two seasons , Anderson took precedence while Duchovny appeared intermittently . New main characters were introduced : FBI agents John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) and Monica Reyes ( Annabeth Gish ) . Mulder and Scully 's boss , Assistant Director Walter Skinner ( Mitch Pileggi ) , also became a main character . The first five seasons of The X-Files were filmed and produced in Vancouver , British Columbia , before eventually moving to Los Angeles to accommodate Duchovny . The series later returned to Vancouver to film The X-Files : I Want to Believe as well as the tenth and eleventh seasons of the series . The X-Files was a hit for the Fox network and received largely positive reviews , although its long - term story arc was criticized near the conclusion . Initially considered a cult series , it turned into a pop culture touchstone that tapped into public mistrust of governments and large institutions and embraced conspiracy theories and spirituality . Both the series itself and lead actors Duchovny and Anderson received multiple awards and nominations , and by its conclusion the show was the longest - running science fiction series in U.S. television history . The series also spawned a franchise which includes The Lone Gunmen spin - off , two theatrical films and accompanying merchandise . Contents 1 Premise 1.1 General 1.2 Mythology 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main characters 2.2 Recurring characters 3 Production 3.1 Conception 3.2 Casting 3.2. 1 Minor recurring characters 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 3.5 Opening sequence 4 Broadcast and release 4.1 Episodes 4.2 Nielsen ratings 4.3 Films 4.4 Revival 4.5 Home video release 5 Spin - offs 5.1 The Lone Gunmen 5.2 Comic books 6 Influence 6.1 Critical reception 6.1. 1 Overall 6.1. 2 First seven seasons 6.1. 3 Eighth and ninth seasons 6.1. 4 Tenth season 6.2 Accolades 6.3 Fandom 6.4 Merchandise 6.5 Legacy 7 Notes 8 References 8.1 Bibliography 9 External links Premise ( edit ) General ( edit ) The X-Files follows the careers and personal lives of FBI Special Agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) . Mulder is a talented profiler and strong believer in the supernatural . He is also adamant about the existence of intelligent extraterrestrial life and its presence on Earth . This set of beliefs earns him the nickname `` Spooky Mulder '' and an assignment to a little - known department that deals with unsolved cases , known as the X-Files . His belief in the paranormal springs from the claimed abduction of his sister Samantha Mulder by extraterrestrials when Mulder was 12 . Her abduction drives Mulder throughout most of the series . Because of this , as well as more nebulous desires for vindication and the revelation of truths kept hidden by human authorities , Mulder struggles to maintain objectivity in his investigations . Agent Scully is a foil for Mulder in this regard . As a medical doctor and natural skeptic , Scully approaches cases with complete detachment even when Mulder , despite his considerable training , loses his objectivity . She is partnered with Mulder initially so that she can debunk Mulder 's nonconforming theories , often supplying logical , scientific explanations for the cases ' apparently unexplainable phenomena . Although she is frequently able to offer scientific alternatives to Mulder 's deductions , she is rarely able to refute them completely . Over the course of the series , she becomes increasingly dissatisfied with her own ability to approach the cases scientifically . After Mulder 's abduction at the hands of aliens in the seventh season finale `` Requiem '' , Scully becomes a `` reluctant believer '' who manages to explain the paranormal with science . Various episodes also deal with the relationship between Mulder and Scully , originally platonic , but that later develops romantically . Mulder and Scully are joined by John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) and Monica Reyes ( Annabeth Gish ) late in the series , after Mulder is abducted . Doggett replaces him as Scully 's partner and helps her search for him , later involving Reyes , of whom Doggett had professional knowledge . The initial run of The X-Files ends when Mulder is secretly subjected to a military tribunal for breaking into a Top Secret military facility and viewing plans for alien invasion and colonization of Earth . He is found guilty , but he escapes punishment with the help of the other agents and he and Scully become fugitives . Mythology ( edit ) Main articles : Mythology of The X-Files , X-files unit , Syndicate ( The X-Files ) , and Colonist ( The X-Files ) As the show progressed , key episodes , called parts of the `` Mytharc '' , were recognized as the `` mythology '' of the series canon ; these episodes carried the extraterrestrial / conspiracy storyline that evolved throughout the series . `` monster of the week '' -- often abbreviated as `` MOTW '' or `` MoW '' -- came to denote the remainder of The X-Files episodes . These episodes , comprising the majority of the series , dealt with paranormal phenomena , including : cryptids , mutants , science fiction technology , horror monsters , and religious phenomena . Some of the Monster - of - the - Week episodes even featured satiric elements and comedic story lines . The main story arc involves the agents ' efforts to uncover a government conspiracy that covers up the existence of extraterrestrials and their sinister collaboration with said government . Mysterious men comprising a shadow element within the U.S. government , known as `` The Syndicate '' , are the major villains in the series ; late in the series it is revealed that The Syndicate acts as the only liaison between mankind and a group of extraterrestrials that intends to destroy the human species . They are usually represented by Cigarette Smoking Man ( William B. Davis ) , a ruthless killer , masterful politician , negotiator , failed novelist , and the series ' principal antagonist . As the series goes along , Mulder and Scully learn about evidence of the alien invasion piece by piece . It is revealed that the extraterrestrials plan on using a sentient virus , known as the black oil ( also known as `` Purity '' ) , to infect mankind and turn the population of the world into a slave race . The Syndicate -- having made a deal to be spared by the aliens -- have been working to develop an alien - human hybrid that will be able to withstand the effects of the black oil . The group has also been secretly working on a vaccine to overcome the black oil ; this vaccine is revealed in the latter parts of season five , as well as the 1998 film . Counter to the alien colonization effort , another faction of aliens , the faceless rebels , are working to stop alien colonization . Eventually , in the season six episodes `` Two Fathers '' / `` One Son '' , the rebels manage to destroy the Syndicate . The colonists , now without human liaisons , dispatch the `` Super Soldiers '' : beings that resemble humans , but are biologically alien . In the latter parts of season eight , and the whole of season nine , the Super Soldiers manage to replace key individuals in the government , forcing Mulder and Scully to go into hiding . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main articles : List of The X-Files characters and List of minor The X-Files characters Main characters ( edit ) Fox Mulder ( seasons 1 -- 7 , 10 -- present , main ; season 8 -- 9 , intermittent lead ) is portrayed by David Duchovny . Mulder is an Oxford - educated FBI special agent who believes in the existence of extraterrestrials and a government conspiracy to hide the truth regarding them . He works in the X-Files office , which is concerned with cases marked as unsolvable ; most involve supernatural / mysterious circumstances . Mulder considers the X-Files so important that he has made their study his life 's main purpose . After his abduction by aliens at the end of season seven , his role in the show diminished and much of his work is taken on by Agent John Doggett . He appeared in an episode of The Lone Gunmen and in both the 1998 film The X-Files and the 2008 film The X-Files : I Want to Believe . Dana Scully ( seasons 1 -- 11 , main ) is portrayed by Gillian Anderson . Scully is an FBI special agent , a medical doctor , and scientist who is Mulder 's partner . In contrast to his credulity , Scully is a skeptic , basing her beliefs on scientific explanations . However , despite her otherwise rigid skepticism , she is a Catholic , and her faith plays an important role in several episodes . As the series progresses , she becomes more open to the possibility of paranormal happenings . In the latter part of the eighth season , her position in the X-Files office is taken by Agent Monica Reyes , and Scully moves to Quantico to teach new FBI agents . She appeared in both The X-Files feature films . Walter Skinner ( seasons 1 -- 8 , recurring ; season 9 -- 11 , intermittent lead ) is portrayed by Mitch Pileggi . Skinner is an FBI assistant director who served in the United States Marine Corps in the Vietnam War . During this time he shot and killed a young boy carrying explosives , an incident which scarred him for life . Skinner is originally Mulder and Scully 's direct supervisor . He later serves the same position for Doggett and Reyes . Although he is originally portrayed as somewhat antagonistic , he eventually becomes a close friend of Mulder and Scully . He appeared in an episode of The Lone Gunmen and in both The X-Files feature films . John Doggett ( seasons 8 -- 9 , main ) is portrayed by Robert Patrick . Doggett is an FBI special agent who makes his first appearance in the season eight episode `` Within '' . Doggett served in the United States Marine Corps from the 1970s to the 1980s . Later , he started to work with the New York City Police Department , reaching the rank of detective . After his son 's death , he joined the FBI 's Criminal Investigations Division . In 2000 , Alvin Kersh assigned him to the X-files unit as Scully 's partner after an unsuccessful task force attempt to find Mulder . He did not appear in The X-Files feature films . Monica Reyes ( season 8 , 10 -- 11 , recurring ; season 9 , main ) is portrayed by Annabeth Gish . Reyes is an FBI special agent who was born and raised in Mexico City . She majored in folklore and mythology at Brown University and earned a master 's degree in religious studies . Her first FBI assignment was serving on a special task force investigating satanic rituals . She is a longtime friend of Doggett 's and becomes his partner after Scully 's departure . She did not appear in The X-Files feature films . Recurring characters ( edit ) Cigarette Smoking Man ( seasons 1 -- 7 , 9 -- 11 ) is portrayed by William B. Davis . The Cigarette Smoking Man is the series ' primary villain . In the ninth - season episodes `` William '' and `` The Truth '' , it is suggested that he is Mulder 's biological father . In the seventh - season episode `` Requiem '' , he is believed to be killed after being pushed down a flight of stairs by Alex Krycek until the ninth - season finale `` The Truth '' , where Mulder and Scully travel through remote New Mexico and reach a pueblo where a `` wise man '' reputedly lives and is revealed to be Cigarette Smoking Man . He also appears in the 1998 feature film . Alex Krycek ( seasons 2 -- 9 ) is portrayed by Nicholas Lea . Krycek is a Russian - American , the son of Cold War immigrants , and first introduced as an FBI Special Agent assigned as a temporary investigation partner to Fox Mulder . Krycek proceeds to work with Mulder and attempts to gain his trust . However , it later becomes evident that Krycek is actually an undercover agent working for Cigarette Smoking Man . Krycek plays an important part in several events that are harmful to Mulder and Scully . Jeffrey Spender ( seasons 5 -- 6 , 9 , 11 ) is portrayed by Chris Owens . Spender was a skeptic who was assigned to The X-Files after Fox Mulder 's forced leave . Spender is the son of Cigarette Smoking Man and his ex-wife , multiple abductee Cassandra Spender , as well as possibly being the half - brother of Mulder . Initially thought to have been murdered by Cigarette Smoking Man , Spender returned , horribly disfigured , in the ninth season and helped Scully 's son William . Alvin Kersh ( seasons 6 , 8 -- 9 , 11 ) is portrayed by James Pickens Jr ... As an assistant director ( and later deputy director ) , he temporarily became supervisor to Agents Fox Mulder and Dana Scully when they were assigned away from the X-Files division . During this time , Cigarette Smoking Man would often visit him in his office . Kersh assigned Mulder and Scully mostly to menial tasks , such as terrorist details and Federal background checks . Kersh was largely antagonistic to Mulder and Scully , but in `` The Truth '' somewhat redeemed himself by helping Mulder escape capital punishment . Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) See also : The X-Files ( season 1 ) and Pilot ( The X-Files ) `` Mulder and Scully came right out of my head . A dichotomy . They are the equal parts of my desire to believe in something and my inability to believe in something . My skepticism and my faith . And the writing of the characters came very easily to me . I want , like a lot of people do , to have the experience of witnessing a paranormal phenomenon . At the same time I want not to accept it , but to question it . I think those characters and those voices came out of that duality . '' -- Chris Carter on creating the characters of Mulder and Scully . Chris Carter created The X-Files and wrote the series pilot , along with several other episodes . California native Chris Carter was given the opportunity to produce new shows for the Fox network in the early 1990s . Tired of the comedies he had been working on for Walt Disney Pictures , a report that 3.7 million Americans may have been abducted by aliens , the Watergate scandal and the 1970s horror series Kolchak : The Night Stalker , triggered the idea for The X-Files . He wrote the pilot episode in 1992 . Carter 's initial pitch for The X-Files was rejected by Fox executives . He fleshed out the concept and returned a few weeks later , when they commissioned the pilot . Carter worked with NYPD Blue producer Daniel Sackheim to further develop the pilot , drawing stylistic inspiration from the 1988 documentary The Thin Blue Line and the British television series Prime Suspect . Inspiration also came from Carter 's memories of The Twilight Zone as well as from The Silence of the Lambs , which provided the impetus for framing the series around agents from the FBI , in order to provide the characters with a more plausible reason for being involved in each case than Carter believed was present in Kolchak . Carter was determined to keep the relationship between the two leads strictly platonic , basing their interactions on the characters of Emma Peel and John Steed in The Avengers series . The early 1990s series Twin Peaks was a major influence on the show 's dark atmosphere and its often surreal blend of drama and irony . Duchovny had appeared as a cross-dressing DEA agent in Twin Peaks and the Mulder character was seen as a parallel to that show 's FBI Agent Dale Cooper . The producers and writers cited All the President 's Men , Three Days of the Condor , Close Encounters of the Third Kind , Raiders of the Lost Ark , Rashomon , The Thing , The Boys from Brazil , The Silence of the Lambs and JFK as other influences . Carter 's use of continuous takes in `` Triangle '' was modeled on Hitchcock 's Rope . In addition , episodes written by Darin Morgan often referred to or referenced other films . Casting ( edit ) Duchovny portrays Fox Mulder as a main character for season 1 - 7 , 10 and 11 of the series , as well an intermittent lead in the eighth and ninth . Anderson portrays Dana Scully for the entire eleven seasons of the series ; she also made The X-Files history in 2000 by becoming the first female writer and director of an episode . Duchovny had worked in Los Angeles for three years prior to The X-Files ; at first he wanted to focus on feature films . In 1993 , his manager , Melanie Green , gave him the script for the pilot episode of The X-Files . Green and Duchovny were both convinced it was a good script , so he auditioned for the lead . Duchovny 's audition was `` terrific '' , though he talked rather slowly . While the casting director of the show was very positive toward him , Carter thought that he was not particularly intelligent . He asked Duchovny if he could `` please '' imagine himself as an FBI agent in `` future '' episodes . Duchovny , however , turned out to be one of the best - read people that Carter knew . Anderson auditioned for the role of Scully in 1993 . `` I could n't put the script down '' , she recalled . The network wanted either a more established or a `` taller , leggier , blonder and breastier '' actress for Scully than the 24 - year - old Anderson , a theater veteran with minor film experience . After auditions , Carter felt she was the only choice . Carter insisted that Anderson had the kind of `` no - nonsense integrity that the role required . '' For portraying Scully , Anderson won numerous major awards : the Screen Actors Guild Award in 1996 and 1997 , an Emmy Award in 1997 , and a Golden Globe Award 1997 . The character Walter Skinner was played by actor Mitch Pileggi , who had unsuccessfully auditioned for the roles of two or three other characters on The X-Files before getting the part . At first , the fact that he was asked back to audition for the recurring role slightly puzzled him , until he discovered the reason he had not previously been cast in those roles -- Carter had been unable to envision Pileggi as any of those characters , because the actor had been shaving his head . When Pileggi auditioned for Walter Skinner , he had been in a grumpy mood and had allowed his small amount of hair to grow . His attitude fit well with Skinner 's character , causing Carter to assume that the actor was only pretending to be grumpy . Pileggi later realized he had been lucky that he had not been cast in one of the earlier roles , as he believed he would have appeared in only a single episode and would have missed the opportunity to play the recurring role . Before the seventh season aired , Duchovny filed a lawsuit against 20th Century Fox . He was upset because , he claimed , Fox had undersold the rights to its own affiliates , thereby costing him huge sums of money . Eventually , the lawsuit was settled , and Duchovny was awarded a settlement of about $20 million . The lawsuit put strain on Duchovny 's professional relationships . Neither Carter nor Duchovny was contracted to work on the series beyond the seventh season ; however , Fox entered into negotiations near the end of that season in order to bring the two on board for an eighth season . After settling his contract dispute , Duchovny quit full - time participation in the show after the seventh season . This contributed to uncertainties over the likelihood of an eighth season . Carter and most fans felt the show was at its natural endpoint with Duchovny 's departure , but it was decided that Mulder would be abducted at the end of the seventh seasons and would return in 12 episodes the following year . The producers then announced that a new character , John Doggett , would fill Mulder 's role . More than 100 actors auditioned for the role of Doggett , but only about ten were seriously considered . Lou Diamond Phillips , Hart Bochner , and Bruce Campbell were among the ten . The producers chose Robert Patrick . Carter believed that the series could continue for another ten years with new leads , and the opening credits were accordingly redesigned in both seasons eight and nine to emphasize the new actors ( along with Pileggi , who was finally listed as a main character ) . Doggett 's presence did not give the series the ratings boost the network executives were hoping for . The eighth - season episode `` This is Not Happening '' marked the first appearance of Monica Reyes , played by Gish , who became a main character in season nine . Her character was developed and introduced due to Anderson 's possible departure at the end of the eighth season . Although Anderson stayed until the end , Gish became a series regular . Minor recurring characters ( edit ) Glen Morgan and James Wong 's early influence on The X-Files mythology led to their introduction of popular secondary characters who continued for years in episodes written by others : Scully 's father , William ( Don S. Davis ) ; her mother , Margaret ( Sheila Larken ) ; and her sister , Melissa ( Melinda McGraw ) . The conspiracy - inspired trio The Lone Gunmen were also secondary characters . The trio was introduced in the first - season episode `` E.B.E. '' as a way to make Mulder appear more credible . They were originally meant to appear in only that episode , but due to their popularity , they returned in the second - season episode `` Blood '' and became recurring characters . Cigarette Smoking Man portrayed by William B. Davis , was initially cast as an extra in the pilot episode . His character , however , grew into the main antagonist . Filming ( edit ) `` The End '' , the season five finale ( 1998 ) , was the last episode to be filmed in Vancouver until the revival in 2016 . During the early stages of production , Carter founded Ten Thirteen Productions and began to plan for filming the pilot in Los Angeles . However , unable to find suitable locations for many scenes , he decided to `` go where the good forests are '' and moved production to Vancouver . It was soon realized by the production crew that since so much of the first season would require filming on location , rather than on sound stages , a second location manager would be needed . The show remained in Vancouver for the first five seasons ; production then shifted to Los Angeles beginning with the sixth season . Duchovny was unhappy over his geographical separation from his wife Téa Leoni , although his discontent was popularly attributed to frustration with Vancouver 's persistent rain . Anderson also wanted to return to the United States and Carter relented following the fifth season . The season ended in May 1998 with `` The End '' , the final episode shot in Vancouver and the final episode with the involvement of many of the original crew members , including director and producer R.W. Goodwin and his wife Sheila Larken , who played Margaret Scully and would later return briefly . With the move to Los Angeles , many changes behind the scenes occurred , as much of the original The X-Files crew was gone . New production designer Corey Kaplan , editor Lynne Willingham , writer David Amann and director and producer Michael Watkins joined and stayed for several years . Bill Roe became the show 's new director of photography and episodes generally had a drier , brighter look due to California 's sunshine and climate , as compared with Vancouver 's rain , fog and temperate forests . Early in the sixth season , the producers took advantage of the new location , setting the show in new parts of the country . For example , Vince Gilligan 's `` Drive '' , about a man subject to an unexplained illness , was a frenetic action episode , unusual for The X-Files largely because it was set in Nevada 's stark desert roads . The `` Dreamland '' two - part episode was also set in Nevada , this time in Area 51 . The episode was largely filmed at `` Club Ed '' , a movie ranch located on the outskirts of Lancaster , California . Although the sixth through ninth seasons were filmed in Los Angeles , the series ' second movie , The X-Files : I Want to Believe ( 2008 ) , was filmed in Vancouver , According to Spotnitz , the film script was written for the city and surrounding areas . The 2016 revival was also shot there . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of The X-Files The music was composed by Mark Snow , who got involved with The X-Files through his friendship with executive producer Goodwin . Initially Carter had no candidates . A little over a dozen people were considered , but Goodwin continued to press for Snow , who auditioned around three times with no sign from the production staff as to whether they wanted him . One day , however , Snow 's agent called him , talking about the `` pilot episode '' and hinting that he had got the job . `` The X-Files '' ( sample ) `` The X-Files '' , the theme from the television series , as performed by Mark Snow . The sample illustrates the noted whistle and echo effects . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The theme , `` The X-Files '' , used more instrumental sections than most dramas . The theme song 's famous whistle effect was inspired by the track `` How Soon Is Now ? '' from The Smiths ' 1985 album Meat Is Murder . After attempting to craft the theme with different sound effects , Snow used a Proteus 2 rack - mount synth with an effect called `` Whistling Joe '' . After hearing this effect , Carter was `` taken aback '' and noted it was `` going to be good '' . According to the `` Behind the Truth '' segment on the first season DVD , Snow created the echo effect on the track by accident . He felt that after several revisions , something still was not right . Carter walked out of the room and Snow put his hand and forearm on his keyboard in frustration . By doing so , he accidentally activated an echo effect setting . The resulting riff pleased Carter ; Snow said , `` this sound was in the keyboard . And that was it . '' The second episode , `` Deep Throat '' , marked Snow 's debut as solo composer for an entire episode . The production crew was determined to limit the music in the early episodes . Likewise , the theme song itself first appeared in `` Deep Throat '' . Snow was tasked with composing the score for both The X-Files films . The films marked the first appearance of real orchestral instruments ; previous music had been crafted by Snow using digitally sampled instrument sounds . Snow 's soundtrack for the first film , The X-Files : Original Motion Picture Score , was released in 1998 . For the second film , Snow recorded with the Hollywood Studio Symphony in May 2008 at the Newman Scoring Stage at 20th Century Fox in Century City . UNKLE recorded a new version of the theme music for the end credits . Some of the unusual sounds were created by a variation of silly putty and dimes tucked into piano strings . Snow commented that the fast percussion featured in some tracks was inspired by the track `` Prospectors Quartet '' from the There Will Be Blood soundtrack . The soundtrack score , The X-Files : I Want to Believe : Original Motion Picture Score , was released in 2008 . Opening sequence ( edit ) Shots from the show 's original and current opening credit sequence The opening sequence was made in 1993 for the first season and remained unchanged until Duchovny left the show . Carter sought to make the title an `` impactful opening '' with `` supernatural images '' . These scenes notably include a split - screen image of a seed germinating as well as a `` terror - filled , warped face '' . The latter was created when Carter found a video operator who was able to create the effect . The sequence was extremely popular and won the show its first Emmy Award , which was for Outstanding Graphic Design and Title Sequences . Rabwin was particularly pleased with the sequence and felt that it was something that had `` never ( been ) seen on television before '' . In 2017 , James Charisma of Paste ( magazine ) ranked the show 's opening sequence # 8 on a list of The 75 Best TV Title Sequences of All Time . The premiere episode of season eight , `` Within '' , revealed the first major change to the opening credits . Along with Patrick , the sequence used new images and updated photos for Duchovny and Anderson , although Duchovny only appears in the opening credits when he appears in an episode . Carter and the production staff saw Duchovny 's departure as a chance to change things . The replacement shows various pictures of Scully 's pregnancy . According to executive producer Frank Spotnitz , the sequence also features an `` abstract '' way of showing Mulder 's absence in the eighth season : he falls into an eye . Season nine featured an entirely new sequence . Since Anderson wanted to move on , the sequence featured Reyes and Skinner . Duchovny 's return to the show for the ninth - season finale , `` The Truth '' marked the largest number of cast members to be featured in the opening credits , with five . The revival seasons use the series ' original opening credits sequence . The sequence ends with the tagline `` The Truth Is Out There '' , which is used for the majority of the episodes . The tagline changes in specific episodes to slogans that are relevant to that episode . show Alternate taglines The following episodes received alternate taglines : `` Trust No One '' -- `` The Erlenmeyer Flask '' `` Deny Everything '' -- `` Ascension '' `` ' éí ' aaníígÓÓ ' áhoot'é ' '' ( `` The truth is far from here '' in Navajo ) -- `` Anasazi '' `` Apology is Policy '' -- `` 731 '' `` Everything Dies '' -- `` Herrenvolk '' `` Deceive Inveigle Obfuscate '' -- `` Teliko '' `` E pur si muove '' ( `` And still it moves '' in Italian , a quote attributed to Galileo ) -- `` Terma '' `` Believe the Lie '' -- `` Gethsemane '' `` All Lies Lead to the Truth '' -- `` Redux '' `` Resist or Serve '' -- `` The Red and the Black '' `` The End '' -- `` The End '' `` Die Wahrheit ist irgendwo da draußen '' ( `` The truth is out there somewhere '' in German ) -- `` Triangle '' `` In the Big Inning '' -- `` The Unnatural '' `` Amor Fati '' ( `` Love of fate '' in Latin ) -- `` The Sixth Extinction II : Amor Fati '' `` Believe to Understand '' -- `` Closure '' `` Nothing Important Happened Today '' -- `` Nothing Important Happened Today II '' `` erehT tuO si hturT ehT '' ( `` The Truth is Out There '' , backwards ) -- `` 4 - D '' `` They 're Watching '' -- `` Trust No 1 '' `` Dio ti ama '' ( `` God loves you '' in Italian ) -- `` Improbable '' `` This Is the End '' -- `` My Struggle II '' `` I Want to Believe / I Want to Lie '' -- `` My Struggle III '' `` Accuse Your Enemies of That Which You are Guilty '' -- `` This '' `` You See What I Want You to See '' -- `` Ghouli '' `` A War is Never Over '' -- `` Kitten '' `` VGhlIFRydXRoIGlzIE91dCBUaGVyZQ = '' ( `` The Truth is Out There '' in base64 ) -- `` Rm9sbG93ZXJz '' ( `` Followers '' in base64 ) `` I Want to be Beautiful '' -- `` Nothing Lasts Forever '' `` Salvator Mundi '' ( `` Savior of the World '' in Latin ) -- `` My Struggle IV '' Broadcast and release ( edit ) Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The X-Files episodes Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Friday 9 : 00 p.m. 24 September 10 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 10 ) 12.00 May 13 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 13 ) 14.00 1993 -- 94 105 11.21 25 September 16 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 16 ) 16.10 May 19 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 19 ) 16.60 1994 -- 95 63 14.50 24 September 22 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 22 ) 19.94 May 17 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 17 ) 17.86 1995 -- 96 55 15.40 Friday 9 : 00 p.m. ( 1 -- 3 ) Sunday 9 : 00 p.m. ( 4 -- 24 ) 24 October 4 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 04 ) 21.11 May 18 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 18 ) 19.85 1996 -- 97 12 19.20 5 Sunday 9 : 00 p.m. 20 November 2 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 02 ) 27.34 May 17 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 17 ) 18.76 1997 -- 98 11 19.80 6 22 November 8 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 08 ) 20.24 May 16 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 16 ) 15.86 1998 -- 99 12 17.20 7 22 November 7 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 07 ) 17.82 May 21 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 21 ) 15.26 1999 -- 2000 29 14.20 8 21 November 5 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 05 ) 15.87 May 20 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 20 ) 14.00 2000 -- 01 31 13.93 9 20 November 11 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 11 ) 10.60 May 19 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 19 ) 13.25 2001 -- 02 63 9.10 10 Sunday 10 : 30 p.m. ( Premiere ) Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 6 January 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) 16.19 February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) 7.60 2015 -- 16 7 13.60 11 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10 January 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) 5.15 March 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 21 ) 3.43 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD The pilot premiered on September 10 , 1993 , and reached 12 million viewers . As the season progressed , ratings began to increase and the season finale garnered 14 million viewers . The first season ranked 105th out of 128 shows during the 1993 -- 94 television season . The series ' second season increased in ratings -- a trend that would continue for the next three seasons -- and finished 63rd out of 141 shows . These ratings were not spectacular , but the series had attracted enough fans to receive the label `` cult hit '' , particularly by Fox standards . Most importantly it made great gains among the 18 - to - 49 age demographic sought by advertisers . During its third year , the series ranked 55th and was viewed by an average of 15.40 million viewers , an increase of almost seven percent over the second season , making it Fox 's top - rated program in the 18 -- 49 - year - old demographic . Although the first three episodes of the fourth season aired on Friday night , the fourth episode `` Unruhe '' aired on Sunday night . The show remained on Sunday until its end . The season hit a high with its twelfth episode , `` Leonard Betts '' , which was chosen as the lead - out program following Super Bowl XXXI . The episode was viewed by 29.1 million viewers , the series ' highest - rated episode . The fifth season debuted with `` Redux I '' on November 2 , 1997 and was viewed by 27.34 million people , making it the highest - rated non-special broadcast episode of the series . The season ranked as the eleventh-most watched series during the 1997 -- 98 year , with an average of 19.8 million viewers . It was the series ' highest - rated season as well as Fox ' highest - rated program during the 1997 -- 98 season . The sixth season premiered with `` The Beginning '' , watched by 20.24 million viewers . The show ended season six with lower numbers than the previous season , beginning a decline that would continue for the show 's final three years . The X-Files was nevertheless Fox 's highest - rated show that year . The seventh season , originally intended as the show 's last , ranked as the 29th most - watched show for the 1999 -- 2000 year , with 14.20 million viewers . This made it , at the time , the lowest - rated year of the show since the third season . The first episode of season eight , `` Within '' , was viewed by 15.87 million viewers . The episode marked an 11 % decrease from the seventh season opener , `` The Sixth Extinction '' . The first part of the ninth season opener , `` Nothing Important Happened Today '' , only attracted 10.6 million viewers , the series ' lowest - rated season premiere . The original series finale , `` The Truth '' , attracted 13.25 million viewers , the series ' lowest rated season finale . The ninth season was the 63rd most - watched show for the 2001 -- 02 season , tying its season two rank . On May 19 , 2002 , the finale aired and the Fox network confirmed that The X-Files was over . When talking about the beginning of the ninth season , Carter said `` We lost our audience on the first episode . It 's like the audience had gone away and I did n't know how to find them . I did n't want to work to get them back because I believed what we are doing deserved to have them back . '' While news outlets cited declining ratings because of lackluster stories and poor writing , The X-Files production crew blamed September 11 terrorist attacks as the main factor . At the end of 2002 , The X-Files had become the longest - running consecutive science fiction series ever on U.S. broadcast television . This record was later surpassed by Stargate SG - 1 in 2007 and Smallville in 2011 . The debut episode of the 2016 revival , `` My Struggle '' , first aired on January 24 , 2016 and was watched by 16.19 million viewers . In terms of viewers , this made it the highest - rated episode of The X-Files to air since the eighth - season episode `` This Is Not Happening '' in 2001 , which was watched by 16.9 million viewers . When DVR and streaming are taken into account , `` My Struggle '' was seen by 21.4 million viewers , scoring a 7.1 Nielsen rating . The season ended with `` My Struggle II '' , which was viewed by 7.60 million viewers . In total , the season was viewed by an average of 13.6 million viewers ; it ranked as the seventh most - watched television series of the 2015 -- 16 year , making it the highest - ranked season of The X-Files to ever air . Films ( edit ) Main articles : The X-Files ( film ) and The X-Files : I Want to Believe After several successful seasons , Carter wanted to tell the story of the series on a wider scale , which ultimately turned into a feature film . He later explained that the main problem was to create a story that would not require the viewer to be familiar with the broadcast series . The movie was filmed in the hiatus between the show 's fourth and fifth seasons and re-shoots were conducted during the filming of the show 's fifth season . Due to the demands on the actors ' schedules , some episodes of the fifth season focused on just one of the two leads . On June 19 , 1998 , the eponymous The X-Files , also known as The X-Files : Fight the Future was released . The crew intended the movie to be a continuation of the season five finale `` The End '' , but was also meant to stand on its own . The season six premiere , `` The Beginning '' , began where the film ended . The film was written by Carter and Spotnitz and directed by series regular Rob Bowman . In addition to Mulder , Scully , Skinner and Cigarette Smoking Man , it featured guest appearances by Martin Landau , Armin Mueller - Stahl and Blythe Danner , who appeared only in the film . It also featured the last appearance of John Neville as the Well - Manicured Man . Jeffrey Spender , Diana Fowley , Alex Krycek and Gibson Praise -- characters who had been introduced in the fifth - season finale and / or were integral to the television series -- do not appear in the film . Although the film had a strong domestic opening and received mostly positive reviews from critics , attendance dropped sharply after the first weekend . Although it failed to make a profit during its theatrical release -- due in part to its large promotional budget -- The X-Files film was more successful internationally . Eventually , the worldwide theatrical box office total reached $189 million . The film 's production cost and ad budgets were each close to $66 million . Unlike the series , Anderson and Duchovny received equal pay for the film . In November 2001 , Carter decided to pursue a second film adaptation . Production was slated to begin after the ninth season , with a projected release in December 2003 . In April 2002 , Carter reiterated his desire and the studio 's desire to do a sequel film . He planned to write the script over the summer and begin production in spring or summer 2003 for a 2004 release . Carter described the film as independent of the series , saying `` We 're looking at the movies as stand - alones . They 're not necessarily going to have to deal with the mythology . '' Bowman , who had directed various episodes of The X-Files in the past as well as the 1998 film , expressed an interest in the sequel , but Carter took the job . Spotnitz co-authored the script with Carter . The X-Files : I Want to Believe became the second film based on the series , after 1998 's The X-Files : Fight the Future . Filming began in December 2007 in Vancouver and finished on March 11 , 2008 . The film was released in the United States on July 25 , 2008 . In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , Carter said that if I Want to Believe proved successful , he would propose a third movie that would return to the television series ' mythology and focus on the alien invasion foretold within the series , due to occur in December 2012 . The film grossed $4 million on its opening day in the United States . It opened fourth on the U.S. weekend box office chart , with a gross of $10.2 million . By the end of its theatrical run , it had grossed $20,982,478 domestically and an additional $47,373,805 internationally , for a total worldwide gross of $68,369,434 . Among 2008 domestic releases , it finished in 114th place . The film 's stars both claimed that the timing of the movie 's release , a week after the highly popular Batman film The Dark Knight , negatively affected its success . The film received mixed to negative reviews . Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 reviews from mainstream film critics , reported `` mixed or average '' reviews , with an average score of 47 based on 33 reviews . Rotten Tomatoes reported that 32 % of 160 listed film critics gave the film a positive review , with an average rating of 4.9 out of 10 . The website wrote of the critics ' consensus stating ; `` The chemistry between leads David Duchovny and Gillian Anderson do live up to The X-Files ' televised legacy , but the roving plot and droning routines make it hard to identify just what we 're meant to believe in . '' Revival ( edit ) Main articles : The X-Files ( season 10 ) and The X-Files ( season 11 ) In several interviews around the release , Carter said that if the X-Files : I Want to Believe film proved successful at the box office , a third installment would be made going back to the TV series ' mythology , focusing specifically on the alien invasion and colonization of Earth foretold in the ninth - season finale , due to occur on December 22 , 2012 . In an October 2009 interview , David Duchovny likewise said he wanted to do a 2012 X-Files movie , but did not know if he would get the chance . Anderson stated in August 2012 that a third X-Files film is `` looking pretty good '' . As of July 2013 , Fox had not approved the movie , although Carter , Spotnitz , Duchovny and Anderson expressed interest . At the New York Comic Con held October 10 -- 13 , 2013 , Duchovny and Anderson reaffirmed that they and Carter are interested in making a third film , with Anderson saying `` If it takes fan encouragement to get Fox interested in that , then I guess that 's what it would be . '' On January 17 , 2015 , Fox confirmed that they were looking at the possibility of bringing The X-Files back , not as a movie , but as a limited run television season . Fox chairman Dana Walden told reporters that `` conversations so far have only been logistical and are in very early stages '' and that the series would only go forward if Carter , Anderson , and Duchovny were all on board , and that it was a matter of ensuring all of their timetables are open . On March 24 , 2015 , it was confirmed the series would return with series creator Chris Carter and lead actors David Duchovny and Gillian Anderson . It premiered on January 24 , 2016 . On April 20 , 2017 , Fox officially announced that The X-Files would be returning for an eleventh season of ten episodes , which premiered on January 3 , 2018 . In January 2018 , Gillian Anderson confirmed that season 11 would be her final season of The X-Files . The following month , Carter stated in an interview that he could see the show continuing without Anderson . In May 2018 , Fox 's co-CEO Gary Newman commented that `` there are no plans to do another season at the moment . '' Home video release ( edit ) Further information : The X-Files merchandise On September 24 , 1996 , the first `` wave '' set of The X-Files VHS tapes were released . Wave sets were released covering the first through fourth seasons . Each `` wave '' was three VHS tapes , each containing two episodes , for a total of six episodes per wave and two waves per season . For example , the home video release of wave one drew from the first half of the first season : `` Pilot '' / `` Deep Throat '' , `` Conduit '' / `` Ice '' and `` Fallen Angel '' / `` Eve '' . Each wave was also available in a boxed set . Unlike later DVD season releases , the tapes did not include every episode from the seasons . Ultimately twelve episodes -- approximately half the total number aired -- were selected by Carter to represent each season , including nearly all `` mythology arc '' episodes and selected standalone episodes . Carter briefly introduced each episode with an explanation of why the episode was chosen and anecdotes from the set . These clips were later included on the full season DVDs . Wave eight , covering the last part of the fourth season , was the last to be released . No Carter interviews appeared on DVDs for later seasons . Many of the waves had collectible cards for each episode . All nine seasons were released on DVD along with the two films . The entire series was re-released on DVD in early 2006 , in a `` slimmer '' package . The first five slim case versions did not come with some bonus materials that were featured in the original fold - out versions . However , seasons six , seven , eight and nine all contained the bonus materials found in the original versions . Episodic DVDs have also been released in Region 2 , such as `` Deadalive '' , `` Existence '' , `` Nothing Important Happened Today '' , `` Providence '' and `` The Truth '' . Various other episodes were released on DVD and VHS . In 2005 , four DVD sets were released containing the main story arc episodes of The X-Files . The four being Volume 1 -- Abduction , Volume 2 -- Black Oil , Volume 3 -- Colonization and Volume 4 -- Super Soldiers . A boxed set containing all nine seasons and the first film was made available in 2007 , which contains all of the special features from the initial releases . The set also includes an additional disc of new bonus features and various collectibles , including a poster for the first film , a comic book , a set of collector cards and a guide to all 202 episodes across all nine seasons and the first film . Due to the fact that the set was released in 2007 , the second film , which was released in 2008 , is not included . Release of The X-Files ' seasons on Blu - ray , restored in high - definition , was rumored to begin in late 2013 . The German TV channel ProSieben Maxx began airing first - season episodes reformatted in widescreen and in high - definition on January 20 , 2014 . On April 23 , 2015 , Netflix began streaming episodes of The X-Files in high definition , marking the first time that the series has been made available in the high resolution format in North America . In October 2015 , it was confirmed that the complete series would be reissued on Blu - ray , and the full set was released on December 8 , 2015 . The set was criticized for using the wrong fonts for the title sequence and season 8 was affected by color balance issues making the picture appear darker in most episodes . These issues led to Fox offering corrected discs and eventually issuing new sets with the correct color balance . Spin - offs ( edit ) The Lone Gunmen ( edit ) The Lone Gunmen is an American science fiction television series created by Carter and broadcast on Fox , and was crafted as a more humorous spin - off of The X-Files . The series starred the eponymous Lone Gunmen , and was first broadcast in March 2001 , during The X-Files's month - long hiatus . Although the debut episode garnered 13.23 million viewers , its ratings began to steadily drop . The program was cancelled after thirteen episodes . The last episode was broadcast in June 2001 and ended on a cliffhanger which was partially resolved in a ninth - season episode of The X-Files titled `` Jump the Shark '' . Comic books ( edit ) Main articles : The X-Files ( comics ) , The X-Files Season 10 ( comics ) , and The X-Files Season 11 ( comics ) The X-Files was converted into a comic book series published by Topps Comics during the show 's third and fourth seasons . The initial comic books were written solely by Stefan Petrucha . According to Petrucha , there were three types of stories : `` those that dealt with the characters , those that dealt with the conspiracy , and the monster - of - the - week sort of stuff '' . Petrucha cited the latter as the easiest to write . Petrucha saw Scully as a `` scientist ( ... ) with real world faith '' , and that the difference between ( Mulder and Scully ) is not that Mulder believes and Scully does n't ; it 's more a difference in procedure . '' In this manner , Mulder 's viewpoint was often written to be just as valid as Scully 's , and Scully 's science was often portrayed to be just as convincing as Mulder 's more outlandish ideas . Petrucha was eventually fired and various other authors took up the job . Topps published 41 regular issues of The X-Files from 1995 -- 98 . A 30 Days of Night / The X-Files cross-over graphic novel was published by WildStorm in 2010 . It follows Mulder and Scully to Alaska as they investigate a series of murders that may be linked to vampires . In 2013 , it was announced that The X-Files would return to comic book form with `` Season 10 '' , now published by IDW . The series , which follows Mulder and Scully after the events of The X-Files : I Want to Believe , was released in June 2013 . Joe Harris wrote the series , and Michael Walsh and Jordie Bellaire provided the artwork . It was later announced that Carter himself would be the executive producer for the series and would be `` providing feedback to the creative team regarding scripts and outlines to keep the new stories in line with existing and on - going canon . '' The series restarted the series ' mythology , and the first arc of the story focused on `` seek ( ing ) to bring the mythology of the Alien Conspiracy back up to date in a more paranoid , post-terror , post-WikiLeaks society . '' In addition , sequels to popular Monster - of - the - Week episodes were made . The X-Files Season 10 concluded on July 1 , 2015 after 25 issues . In August 2015 , The X-Files Season 11 comic book began , also published by IDW . The 8 - issue series served as a continuation of the TV show . Chris Carter was the Executive Producer of the comic book series , while the issues were written by Joe Harris and illustrated by Matthew Dow Smith and Jordie Bellaire . Influence ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) The X-Files received positive reviews from television critics , with many calling it one of the best series that aired on American television in the 1990s . Ian Burrell from the British newspaper The Independent called the show `` one of the greatest cult shows in modern television '' . Richard Corliss from Time magazine called the show the `` cultural touchstone of '' the 1990s . Hal Boedeker from the Orlando Sentinel said in 1996 that the series had grown from a cult favorite to a television `` classic '' . The Evening Herald said the show had `` overwhelming influence '' on television , in front of such shows as The Simpsons . In 2012 , Entertainment Weekly listed the show at # 4 in the `` 25 Best Cult TV Shows from the Past 25 Years '' , describing it as `` a paean to oddballs , sci - fi fans , conspiracy theorists and Area 51 pilgrims everywhere . Ratings improved every year for the first five seasons , while Mulder and Scully 's believer - versus - skeptic dynamic created a TV template that 's still in heavy use today . '' In 2004 and 2007 , The X-Files ranked # 2 on TV Guide 's `` Top Cult Shows Ever '' . In 2002 , the show ranked as the 37th best television show of all time . In 1997 , the episodes `` Clyde Bruckman 's Final Repose '' and `` Small Potatoes '' respectively ranked # 10 and # 72 on `` TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . In 2013 , TV Guide included it in its list of the `` 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time '' and ranked it at # 25 on their list of the `` 60 Best Series of All Time '' . In 2007 , Time included it on a list of the `` 100 Best TV Shows of All Time '' . In 2008 , Entertainment Weekly named it the fourth - best piece of science fiction media , the fourth best TV show in the last 25 years and in 2009 , named it the fourth - best piece of science fiction , in their list of the `` 20 Greatest Sci - fi TV Shows '' in history . Empire magazine ranked The X-Files ninth best TV show in history , further claiming that the best episode was the third season entry `` Jose Chung 's From Outer Space '' . According to The Guardian , MediaDNA research discovered that The X-Files was on top of the list of the most innovative TV brands . In 2009 , it was announced that the show 's catchphrase `` The Truth Is Out There '' was among Britain 's top 60 best - known slogans and quotes . The X-Files has been criticized for being unscientific and privileging paranormal and supernatural ideas ( e.g. the hypotheses made by Mulder ) . For instance , in 1998 , Richard Dawkins wrote that `` The X-Files systematically purveys an anti-rational view of the world which , by virtue of its recurrent persistence , is insidious . '' First seven seasons ( edit ) The pilot episode was generally well received by fans and critics . Variety criticized the episode for `` using reworked concepts '' , but praised the production and noted its potential . Of the acting , Variety said `` Duchovny 's delineation of a serious scientist with a sense of humor should win him partisans and Anderson 's wavering doubter connects well . They 're a solid team ... ' '' Variety praised the writing and direction : `` Mandel 's cool direction of Carter 's ingenious script and the artful presentation itself give TV sci - fi a boost . '' The magazine concluded , `` Carter 's dialogue is fresh without being self - conscious and the characters are involving . Series kicks off with drive and imagination , both innovative in recent TV . '' Entertainment Weekly said that Scully `` was set up as a scoffing skeptic '' in the pilot but progressed toward belief throughout the season . After the airing of four episodes , the magazine called The X-Files `` the most paranoid , subversive show on TV '' , noting the `` marvelous tension between Anderson -- who is dubious about these events -- and Duchovny , who has the haunted , imploring look of a true believer '' . Virgin Media said the most memorable `` Monster - of - the - Week '' was Eugene Tooms from `` Squeeze '' and `` Tooms '' . The following four seasons received similar praise . During the show 's second season , Entertainment Weekly named The X-Files the `` Program of the Year '' for 1994 , stating `` no other show on television gives off the vibe that The X-Files does '' . The DVD Journal gave the second season four out of four stars , calling it a `` memorable season '' . The review highlighted `` The Host '' , `` Duane Barry '' and `` Ascension '' , the cliffhanger finale `` Anasazi '' , the `` unforgettable '' `` Humbug '' and meeting Mulder and Scully 's families in `` Colony '' and `` One Breath '' . IGN gave the season a rating of 9 out of 10 , with the reviewer noting it was an improvement upon the first as it had `` started to explore a little '' and the `` evolution of the characters makes the product shine even though the plotlines have begun to seem familiar '' . Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club argued that the third season of The X-Files was the show 's `` best season and maybe one of the greatest TV seasons of all time '' , noting it was consistent and `` ( swung ) from strength to strength '' between mythology and stand - alone episodes . Michael Sauter of Entertainment Weekly gave the fifth season an `` A -- '' , writing that it `` proves the show was -- even then -- still at its creative peak ( if only for another year or so ) and full of surprises '' . He praised the new additions to the series ' mythology and concluded that `` many stand - alone episodes now look like classics '' . Francis Dass , writing for the New Straits Times , noted that the season was `` very interesting '' and possessed `` some ( ... ) truly inspiring and hilarious '' episodes . After the 1998 film , the show began to receive increasingly critical reviews . Some longtime fans became alienated during the show 's sixth season , due to the different tone taken by most stand - alone episodes after the move to Los Angeles . Rather than adhering to the `` Monsters - of - the - Week '' style , they were often romantic or humorous or both , such as `` Arcadia '' or `` Terms of Endearment '' . Some fans felt there was no coherent plan to the main storyline and that Carter was `` making it all up as he goes along '' . As for the seventh season , The A.V. Club noted that while most of the first eight seasons of The X-Files was `` good - to - great '' , the seventh season of the show was `` flagging '' and possessed `` significant problems '' . Despite this , seasons six and seven included several episodes that were lauded by critics , including the sixth season entries `` Triangle '' and `` The Unnatural '' , as well as the seventh season installment `` X-Cops '' . Eighth and ninth seasons ( edit ) The show 's eighth season received mixed to positive reviews from critics . The A.V. Club noted that the eighth season was `` revitalized by the new ' search for Mulder ' story - arc '' . Amy H. Sturgis commended the eighth season , praising Anderson 's performance as Scully as `` excellence '' and positively wrote that Doggett was `` non-Mulderish '' . Collin Polonowonski from DVD Times said that the season included `` more hits than misses overall '' but offered a negative word about the mythology episodes , claiming that they were the `` weakest '' episodes in the season . Jesse Hassenger from PopMatters , however , criticized the new season , claiming that Patrick was miscast and calling Duchovny 's appearances as Mulder shallow . The ninth season received mixed to negative reviews by critics and garnered negative reaction from many long - time fans and viewers . Sabadino Parker from PopMatters , called the show `` a pale reflection of the show it once was '' . Elizabeth Weinbloom from The New York Times concluded , `` shoddy writing notwithstanding , it was this halfhearted culmination of what was once a beautifully complicated friendship '' , between Mulder and Scully that ended remaining interest in what was a `` waning phenomenon '' . Another The New York Times review stated , `` The most imaginative show on television has finally reached the limits of its imagination . '' The A.V. Club listed the ninth season and the 2008 film The X-Files : I Want to Believe as the `` bad apple '' of The X-Files franchise , describing the ninth season as `` clumsy mish - mash of stuff that had once worked and new serialized storylines about so - called ' super soldiers ' '' . Brian Linder from IGN , on the other hand , was more positive to the ninth season , saying that the series could still have aired if the writers created a new storyline for Patrick and Gish 's characters . Tenth season ( edit ) The 2016 revival of the show was met with mixed reviews ; the first and last episodes were met with lukewarm to negative reviews from critics , whereas episodes two through five were generally well received . The third episode in particular , named `` Mulder and Scully Meet the Were - Monster '' , was praised by critics , with Alex McCown of The A.V. Club calling it an `` instant classic '' . Overall , the review aggregator Metacritic gave the season a score of 60 out of 100 based on 35 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Likewise , Rotten Tomatoes gave the revival a 64 % approval rating with an average score of 6.6 out of 10 based on 48 reviews . The site 's consensus reads , `` Gillian Anderson and David Duchovny 's chemistry remains intact , but overall , The X-Files revival lacks the creative spark necessary to sustain the initial rush of nostalgia . '' Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by The X-Files The X-Files received prestigious awards over its nine - year run , totaling 62 Emmy nominations and 16 awards . Capping its successful first season , The X-Files crew members James Castle , Bruce Bryant and Carol Johnsen won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Graphic Design and Title Sequences in 1994 . In 1995 , the show was nominated for seven Emmy Awards with one win . The following year , the show won five Emmys out of eight nominations , including Darin Morgan for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series . In 1997 , The X-Files won three awards out of twelve , including Gillian Anderson for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series . In 1998 , the show won one of fifteen . In 1999 , it won one out of eight , in the category for Outstanding Makeup for a Series . Season seven won three Emmys from six nominations . The following season would not be as successful , catching only two nominations and winning again in the Makeup category for `` Deadalive '' . The ninth season received one nomination in Outstanding Music Composition for a Series ( Dramatic Underscore ) . The show was nominated for 12 Golden Globe Awards overall , winning five . The first nomination came in 1994 , when the show won Best Series -- Drama . The following year , Anderson and Duchovny were nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role and Best Actress in a Leading Role , respectively . In 1996 , the series won three awards ; Anderson and Duchovny for Best Actress and Actor and for Best Series -- Drama . In 1997 and 1998 , the show received the same three nominations . In 1997 , however , the series won Best Series -- Drama `` . In 1998 the series won no award and received no nominations thereafter . The show was nominated for 14 SAG Awards overall , winning twice . In 1996 and 1997 , Anderson won for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series . In 1996 , the show won a Peabody Award for being able `` to convey ideas that are both entertaining and thought - provoking '' . The show has also been nominated for : two American Cinema Editors awards , three Directors Guild of America Awards , nine Television Critics Association Awards and two Writers Guild of American Awards . The X-Files was also nominated for nine Satellite Awards , managing to win two of them ; and two Young Artist Awards , winning one . Fandom ( edit ) A fan cosplaying as Agent Scully . As The X-Files saw its viewership expand from a `` small , but devoted '' group of fans to a worldwide mass cult audience , digital telecommunications were becoming mainstream . According to The New York Times , `` this may have been the first show to find its audience growth tied to the growth of the Internet '' . The X-Files incorporated new technologies into storylines beginning in the early seasons : Mulder and Scully communicated on cellular phones , e-mail contact with secret informants provided plot points in episodes such as `` Colony '' and `` Anasazi '' , while The Lone Gunmen were portrayed as Internet aficionados as early as 1994 . Many X-Files fans also had online access . Fans of the show became commonly known as `` X-Philes '' , a term coined from the Greek root `` - phil - '' meaning love or obsession . In addition to watching the show , X-Philes reviewed episodes themselves on unofficial websites , formed communities with other fans through Usenet newsgroups and listservs , and wrote their own fan fiction . The X-Files also `` caught on with viewers who would n't ordinarily consider themselves sci - fi fans '' . While Carter argued that the show was plot - driven , many fans saw it as character - driven . Duchovny and Anderson were characterized as `` Internet sex symbols '' . As the show grew in popularity , subgroups of fans developed , such as `` shippers '' hoping for a romantic or sexual partnership between Mulder and Scully , or those who already perceived one between the lines . Other groups arose to pay tribute to the stars or their characters , while others joined the subculture of `` slash '' fiction . In the summer of 1996 , a journalist wrote , `` there are entire forums online devoted to the ' M / S ' ( Mulder and Scully ) relationship '' . In addition to `` MOTW '' , Internet fans invented acronyms such as `` UST '' meaning `` unresolved sexual tension '' and `` COTR '' standing for `` conversation on the rock '' -- referencing a popular scene in the third - season episode `` Quagmire '' -- to aid in their discussions of the agents ' relationship , which was itself identified as the `` MSR '' . The producers did not endorse some fans ' readings , according to a study on the subject : `` Not content to allow Shippers to perceive what they wish , Carter has consistently reassured NoRomos ( those against the idea of a Mulder / Scully romance ) that theirs is the preferred reading . This allows him the plausible deniability to credit the show 's success to his original plan even though many watched in anticipation of a romance , thanks , in part , to his strategic polysemy . He can deny that these fans had reason to do so , however , since he has repeatedly stated that a romance was not and would never be . '' The Scully - obsessed writer in Carter 's 1999 episode `` Milagro '' was read by some as his alter ego , realizing that by this point `` she has fallen for Mulder despite his authorial intent '' . The writers sometimes paid tribute to the more visible fans by naming minor characters after them . The best example is Leyla Harrison . Played by Jolie Jenkins and introduced in the eighth - season episode `` Alone '' , Harrison , was created and named in memory of an Internet fan and prolific writer of fan fiction of the same name , who died of cancer on February 10 , 2001 . Merchandise ( edit ) Main articles : The X-Files merchandise and The X-Files literature The X-Files spawned an industry of spin - off products . In 2004 , U.S. - based Topps Comics and most recently , DC Comics imprint Wildstorm launched a new series of licensed tie - in comics . During the series ' run , the Fox Broadcasting Company published the official The X-Files Magazine . The X-Files Collectible Card Game was released in 1996 and an expansion set was released in 1997 . The X-Files has inspired four video games . In 1998 , The X-Files Game was released for the PC and Macintosh and a year later for the PlayStation . This game is set within the timeline of the second or third season and follows an Agent Craig Willmore in his search for the missing Mulder and Scully . In 2000 , Fox Interactive released The X-Files : Unrestricted Access , a game - style database for Windows and Mac , which allowed users access to every case file . Then , in 2004 , The X-Files : Resist or Serve was released . The game is a survival - horror game released for the PlayStation 2 and is an original story set in the seventh season . It allows the player control of both Mulder and Scully . Both games feature acting and voice work from members of the series ' cast . In February 2018 , a mobile mystery investigation game The X-Files : Deep State was released on iOS , Android and Facebook . The story of the game takes place between seasons 9 and 10 of the show , and follows two FBI agents , Casey Winter and Garret Dale , as they investigate a sinister conspiracy . A 6 - player pinball game , called The X-Files , was produced by Sega in 1997 . Legacy ( edit ) See also : The X-Files ( franchise ) The set for Mulder 's office . The X-Files directly inspired other TV series , including Strange World , The Burning Zone , Special Unit 2 , Mysterious Ways , Lost , Dark Skies , The Visitor , Fringe , Warehouse 13 , Supernatural , and Gravity Falls , with key aspects carried over to more standard crime dramas , such as Eleventh Hour and Bones . The influence can be seen on other levels : television series such as Lost developed their own complex mythologies . In terms of characterization , the role of Dana Scully was seen as innovative , changing `` how women ( on television ) were not just perceived but behaved '' and perhaps influencing the portrayal of other `` strong women '' investigators . Russell T Davies said The X-Files had been an inspiration on his series Torchwood , describing it as `` dark , wild and sexy ... The X-Files meets This Life '' . Other shows have been influenced by the tone and mood of The X-Files . For example , Buffy the Vampire Slayer drew from the mood and coloring of The X-Files , as well as from its occasional blend of horror and humor ; creator Joss Whedon described his show as `` a cross between The X-Files and My So - Called Life '' . It also inspired themes in video games Deus Ex and Perfect Dark . The show 's popularity led it to become a major aspect of popular culture . The show is parodied in The Simpsons season eight episode `` The Springfield Files '' , which aired on January 12 , 1997 . In it , Mulder and Scully -- voiced by Duchovny and Anderson -- are sent to Springfield to investigate an alien sighting by Homer Simpson , but end up finding no evidence other than Homer 's word and depart . Cigarette Smoking Man appears in the background when Homer is interviewed and the show 's theme plays during one particular scene . Nathan Ditum from Total Film ranked Duchovny and Anderson 's performances as the fourth - best guest appearances in The Simpsons history . In the Star Trek : Deep Space Nine episode `` Trials and Tribble - ations '' , Benjamin Sisko is interviewed by Federation Department of Temporal Investigations agents Dulmer and Lucsly , anagrams of Mulder and Scully , respectively . The pair were later expanded upon in Christopher L. Bennett 's book Watching the Clock . The X-Files has also been parodied or referenced in countless other shows , like : 3rd Rock from the Sun , Archer , NewsRadio , American Horror Story , The Big Bang Theory , Bones , Breaking Bad , Californication , Castle , Family Guy , Hey Arnold ! , King of the Hill , South Park , and Two and a Half Men . Welsh music act Catatonia released the 1998 single `` Mulder and Scully '' , which became a hit in the United Kingdom . American singer and songwriter Bree Sharp wrote a song called `` David Duchovny '' about the actor in 1999 that heavily references the show and its characters . Although never a mainstream hit , the song became popular underground and gained a cult following . The series has also been referenced in : `` The Bad Touch '' by the Bloodhound Gang , `` A Change '' by Sheryl Crow , `` Year 2000 '' by Xzibit , and `` One Week '' by Barenaked Ladies . Carter , Duchovny and Anderson celebrated the 20th anniversary of the series at a July 18 , 2013 panel at the San Diego Comic - Con hosted by TV Guide . During the discussion , Anderson discussed Scully 's influence on female fans , relating that a number of women have informed her that they entered into careers in physics because of the character . Anderson also indicated that she was not in favor of an X-Files miniseries , and Duchovny ruled out working with her on an unrelated project , but both expressed willingness to do a third feature film . Carter was more reserved at the idea , stating , `` You need a reason to get excited about going on and doing it again . '' The series attained a degree of historical importance , as well . On July 16 , 2008 , Carter and Spotnitz donated several props from the series and new film to the Smithsonian 's National Museum of American History . Some of the items included the original pilot script and the `` I Want to Believe '' poster from Mulder 's office . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Duchovny appeared in only half of season eight 's episodes and only two episodes in season nine . Despite this , his face is featured in the opening credits for those episodes in which he appears and he also receives star billing in the aforementioned episodes . Jump up ^ Pileggi is only credited for the episodes in which he appears during the ninth , tenth , and eleventh seasons . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Delsara 2000 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Tracie . `` The Files : Seasons 01 '' . Allmovie . Rovi . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Delsara 2000 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Delsara 2000 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Baugh , Mazza , & Srampickal 2006 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Lowry 1995 , pp. 99 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Lowry 1995 , pp. 99 -- 156 . ^ Jump up to : Hurwitz & Knowles 2008 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Gross , Terry ( March 1 , 2001 ) . `` Interview with Chris Carter '' . Fresh Air from WHYY . National Public Radio . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Weinbloom , Elizabeth ( June 2 , 2002 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' ; A Botched Romance '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Michael ( July 20 , 2000 ) . `` Patrick Marks ' X-Files ' Spot '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Chris et al. ( 2002 ) . The Truth Behind Season 8 ( DVD ) . The X-Files : The Complete Eighth Season : Fox Home Entertainment . ^ Jump up to : `` The Truth , Part Two '' . BBC Cult . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lavery 1995 , p. 339 -- 40 . ^ Jump up to : Kowalski 2007 , pp. 243 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Hurwitz & Knowles 2008 , p. 71 . ^ Jump up to : Gates , Anita ( February 18 , 2001 ) . `` Television / Radio ; Without Mulder ( Most of the Time ) , ' The X-Files ' Thrives '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Richmond , Alex . `` All About Yves '' . Television Without Pity . NBCUniversal . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Duncan 1998 , passim . ^ Jump up to : Hurwitz & Knowles 2008 , pp. 221 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Kowalski 2007 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Gross , Terry ( March 2001 ) . `` Interview with Chris Carter '' . National Public Radio . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alone '' . BBC Cult . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ R.W. Goodwin ( director ) ; Glen Morgan & James Wong ( writers ) . `` One Breath '' . The X-Files . Season 2 . Episode 8 . Fox . Jump up ^ David Nutter ( director ) ; Glen Morgan & James Wong ( writers ) . `` Tooms '' . The X-Files . Season 1 . Episode 21 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : Kim Manners ( director ) ; Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` Within '' . The X-Files . Season 8 . Episode 1 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : Kim Manners ( director ) ; Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` Requiem '' . The X-Files . Season 7 . Episode 22 . Fox . Jump up ^ Richmond , Alex . `` The Lying Game '' . Television Without Pity . NBCUniversal . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barry K. Thomas ( director ) ; Greg Walker ( writer ) . `` Empedocles '' . The X-Files . Season 8 . Episode 17 . Fox . Jump up ^ Michelle Maxwell MacLaren ( director ) ; Vince Gilligan ( writer ) ( January 13 , 2002 ) . `` John Doe '' . The X-Files . Season 9 . Episode 7 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : Kim Manners ( director ) ; Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz ( writers ) ( February 25 , 2001 ) . `` This Is Not Happening '' . The X-Files . Season 8 . Episode 14 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : Director : David Duchovny Writer ( s ) : David Duchovny , Frank Spotnitz & Chris Carter . `` William '' . The X-Files . Season 9 . Episode 16 . Fox Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Kim Manners ( director ) ; Chris Carter ( writer ) ( May 12 , 2002 ) . `` The Truth '' . The X-Files . Season 9 . Episode 19 & 20 . Fox . Jump up ^ Duncan 1998 , passism . Jump up ^ Kim Manners ( director ) , Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz ( writers ) . `` Tunguska '' . The X-Files . Season 4 . Episode 8 . FOX . ^ Jump up to : Rob Bowman ( director ) , Howard Gordon ( writer ) . `` Sleepless '' . The X-Files . Season 2 . Episode 4 . FOX . Jump up ^ R.W. Goodwin ( director ) , Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` Anasazi '' . The X-Files . Season 2 . Episode 25 . FOX . Jump up ^ Daniel Sackheim ( director ) , John Shiban ( writer ) . `` S.R. 819 '' . The X-Files . Season 6 . Episode 9 . FOX . Jump up ^ Tony Wharmby ( director ) , Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz ( writers ) . `` Deadalive '' . The X-Files . Season 8 . Episode 15 . FOX . Jump up ^ Kim Manners ( director ) , Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` Existence '' . The X-Files . Season 8 . Episode 21 . FOX . ^ Jump up to : Kim Manners ( director ) ; Chris Carter ( writer ) ( November 8 , 1998 ) . `` The Beginning '' . The X-Files . Season 6 . Episode 1 . Fox Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Director : Rob Bowman Writer ( s ) : Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz . `` One Son '' . The X-Files . Season 6 . Episode 12 . Fox Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Chris Carter ( writer & director ) ( November 22 , 1998 ) . `` Triangle '' . The X-Files . Season 6 . Episode 3 . Fox Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Rob Bowman ( director ) ; Vince Gilligan ( writer ) ( November 15 , 1998 ) . `` Drive '' . The X-Files . Season 6 . Episode 2 . Fox Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Bischoff , David ( December 1994 ) . `` Opening the X-Files : Behind the Scenes of TV 's Hottest Show '' . Omni . General Media , Inc. 17 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Edwards 1996 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Apello , Tim ( March 18 , 1994 ) . `` X Appeal : ' The X-Files ' Builds a Cult Following by Following the Occult '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Lowry 1995 , pp. 10 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Lovece 1996 , pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1996 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Millman , Joyce ( May 19 , 2002 ) . `` Television / Radio ; ' The X-Files ' Finds the Truth : Its Time Is Past '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Aspan , Maria ( January 23 , 2006 ) . `` ' X-Files ' Are Closed ; a Lawsuit Opens '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 31 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Chris et al. ( 2000 ) . The Truth About Season Six ( DVD ) . The X-Files : The Complete Sixth Season : 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Kirby , Jonathan ( October 29 , 2007 ) . `` Not Just a Fluke : How Darin Morgan Saved The X-Files '' . PopMatters . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Gillian . `` Biography '' . Official Gillian Anderson Website . Retrieved April 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Lipton ( interviewer ) ; David Duchovny ( interviewee ) ( April 10 , 2005 ) . `` David Duchovny '' . Inside the Actors Studio . Season 11 . Episode 17 . Bravo . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris . `` Casting Mulder '' . BBC News . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Maher , Kevin ( March 29 , 2007 ) . `` Interview with Anderson '' . The Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lowry 1995 , pp. 15 -- 16 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( January 19 , 2006 ) . `` Interview with Gillian Anderson '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mayhall , Robin M. ( June 1995 ) . `` Mitch Pileggi interview '' . The X-Tapes . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kessenich 2002 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ `` Duchovny Quits X-Files '' . BBC News . May 18 , 2001 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Russ ( April 28 , 2000 ) . `` A close encounter with Chris Carter '' . Salon . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Elber , Lynn ( May 18 , 2000 ) . `` Fox Mulder ' Ready to Get Back to Work ' '' . Associated Press / Space . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2004 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shapiro 2001 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Hurwitz & Knowles 2008 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Stark , Jeff ( April 13 , 2001 ) . `` Interview with Chris Carter '' . Salon . Salon Media Group . Retrieved June 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hurwitz & Knowles 2008 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Spotnitz , Frank , Carter , Chris , Shiban , John , Manners , Kim and Gordon , Howard among others ( 2004 ) . Threads of Mythology ( DVD ) . The X-Files Mythology , Volume 1 -- Abduction : Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Lowry 1995 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Gradnitzer & Pittson 1999 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Meisler 2000 , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Strachan , Alex ( February 17 , 1998 ) . `` The Alienation of David Duchovny '' . Vancouver Sun . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Strachan , Alex ( March 30 , 1998 ) . `` X-Files Creator Bids B.C. Sad Adieu '' . The Vancouver Sun . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hurwitz , Matt ( March 2002 ) . `` Directing The X-Files '' . DGA Monthly . Directors Guild of America . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris et al. ( 2000 ) . The Truth Behind Season 7 ( DVD ) . The X-Files : The Complete Seventh Season : 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Meisler 2000 , p. 65 . ^ Jump up to : Schaefer , Glen ( March 12 , 2008 ) . `` Filming of the X-Files Sequel Wraps '' . Vancouver Province . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2012 . Retrieved September 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Grainger , Peter ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` New ' X-Files ' Episodes to Shoot in Vancouver , Smoking Man Confirms '' . CTV Vancouver . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Quijada , Avi ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` XFN Exclusive : Chris Carter on # XFilesRevival '' . XFilesNews . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The S Files '' . Soundtrack.net . May 27 , 1998 . Retrieved June 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Carter et al. ( 2000 ) . The Truth Behind Season 1 ( DVD ) . The X-Files : The Complete First Season : 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . ^ Jump up to : Hurwitz & Knowles 2008 , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris ( 2005 ) . Audio Commentary for `` Deep Throat '' ( DVD ) . The X-Files : The Complete First Season : 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Larson , Randall ( October 1998 ) . `` Dark Music -- From Ambient Sound Design to Mahleresque Melody '' . Cinefantastique. 30 ( 7 / 8 ) : 47 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Love , Bret . `` X-Files ( Score ) -- Mark Snow '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dan Goldwasser ( May 30 , 2008 ) . `` Mark Snow Scores The X-Files : I Want to Believe '' . ScoringSessions.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` X-Files Theme Gets a Fresh Spin for Summer Film '' . Reuters . June 27 , 2008 . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris and Snow , Mark ( 2005 ) . ' Trust No One ' Documentary ( DVD ) . The X-Files : I Want to Believe : 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : I Want to Believe -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hurwitz & Knowles 2008 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Charisma , James ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` The 75 Best TV Title Sequences of All Time '' . Paste ( magazine ) . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Chris et al. ( 2002 ) . The Truth Behind Season 9 ( DVD ) . The X-Files : The Complete Ninth Season : Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Roxborough , Scott ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` MIPCOM : New ' X-Files ' Wows at World Premiere '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowry 1995 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Lovece 1996 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Lovece 1996 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ `` 731 '' . The X-Files . December 1 , 1995 . Fox . Jump up ^ Meisler 1998 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Teliko '' . The X-Files . October 18 , 1996 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Terma '' . The X-Files . December 1 , 1996 . Fox . Jump up ^ Meisler 1998 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ `` Gethsemane '' . The X-Files . May 18 , 1997 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Redux '' . The X-Files . November 2 , 1997 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Red and the Black '' . The X-Files . March 8 , 1998 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The End '' . The X-Files . May 17 , 1998 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Triangle '' . The X-Files . November 22 , 1998 . Fox . Jump up ^ Meisler 2000 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ `` The Unnatural '' . The X-Files. April 25 , 1999 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Sixth Extinction II : Amor Fati '' . The X-Files . November 14 , 1999 . Fox . Jump up ^ Donaldson 2007 , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Shapiro 2001 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ `` Nothing Important Happened Today II '' . The X-Files . November 18 , 2001 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` 4 - D '' . The X-Files . December 9 , 2001 . Fox . Jump up ^ Chris Carter and Frank Spotnitz ( writers ) ; Tony Wharmby ( director ) ( January 6 , 2002 ) . `` Trust No 1 '' . The X-Files . Season 9 . Episode 6 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Improbable '' . The X-Files. April 7 , 2002 . Fox . Jump up ^ Miller , Liz Shannon ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' The X-Files ' Season 10 Episode 6 , ' My Struggle II ' Brings Us a Bitter End '' . Indiewire . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` My Struggle III '' . The X-Files . January 3 , 2018 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` This '' . The X-Files . January 10 , 2018 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Ghouli '' . The X-Files . January 31 , 2018 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Kitten '' . The X-Files . February 7 , 2018 . Fox . Jump up ^ Miller , Liz Shannon ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' Review : ' Rm9sbG93ZXJz ' Keeps It Simple and Silent for a Creatively Daring Episode '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kitten '' . The X-Files . March 14 , 2018 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` My Struggle IV '' . The X-Files . March 21 , 2018 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : `` Smooth Start for ' seaQuest DSV ' -- Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . September 15 , 1993 . p. 03D . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . May 18 , 1994 . p . D3 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Hits a ' Home ' Run '' . Entertainment Weekly . April 28 , 1995 . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Girl ' Helps ABC Start Fall Season on Top -- Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . September 21 , 1994 . p. 03D . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . May 24 , 1995 . p. 03. D. Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lowry 1996 , p. 249 . ^ Jump up to : Lowry 1996 , p. 251 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Winner NBC Coasts , While CBS Outrates ABC '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . May 30 , 1996 . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Meisler 1998 , p. 298 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Final Countdown '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 434 ) . May 29 , 1998 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kessenich 2002 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Meisler 1999 , p. 284 . ^ Jump up to : Meisler 2000 , p. 294 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Winners & Losers : Numbers Racket -- A Final Tally Of The Season 's Shows '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 4 , 1999 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Shapiro 2001 , p. 281 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top TV Shows For 1999 -- 2000 Season '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kessenich 2002 , p. 146 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( November 8 , 2000 ) . `` Campaign Ad Sales Outstrip Last Election 's -- Election 2000 : Media '' . The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution . p . E20 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( May 2001 ) . `` Season Finales Lift NBC to No. 1 '' . The Cincinnati Post . p. 3C . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bitter End '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 1 , 2001 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kessenich 2002 , p. 193 . ^ Jump up to : Kissell , Rick ( May 21 , 2002 ) . `` Peacock struts its stuff '' . Variety . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Did Your Favorite Show Rate ? '' . USA Today . May 28 , 2002 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Fox Fall Schedule : Scream Queens Takes Tuesday Crown , Sleepy Rises on Thursday , X-Files Held ' Til January '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' X-Files ' Adjusts Up by a Full Point '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Bachelor ' Adjusts Up , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' Adjusts Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' adjusts up , ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Speechless ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powers , William ( September 17 , 1995 ) . `` ' X-Files ' : Signs of Intelligent Life ; Cult Favorite Gains a Following Among the Masses '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Lowry 1996 , p. 249 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Brownfield , Paul ( August 28 , 1999 ) . `` Exploring the Unknown : ' X-Files ' Future '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bauder , David ( November 7 , 2000 ) . `` NBC Out to Early Lead in Sweeps Competition '' . Associated Press Archive . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( January 18 , 2002 ) . `` ' X-Files ' Creator Ends Fox Series '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Newitz , Annalee ( February 23 , 2008 ) . `` Chris Carter Says 9 / 11 Killed X-Files '' . i09 . Gawker Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr Who ' Longest - Running Sci - fi ' '' . BBC News . September 28 , 2006 . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville will break Stargate SG - 1 's world record '' . GateWorld . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ; Seitz , Matt Zoller ( March 1 , 2001 ) . `` Blame it on Cable '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` X-Files Return Ratings Grow to Top its own Series Finale '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris et al. ( 1998 ) . The Making of The X-Files Movie ( DVD ) . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris , Gilligan , Vince , Shiban , John , Haglund , Dean , Manners , Kim , Bowman , Rob , Spotnitz , Frank , Cartwright , Veronica , Rabwin , Paul , Rogers , Mimi and Goodwin , R.W. `` Bob '' ( 1998 ) . The Truth Behind Season 5 ( DVD ) . The X-Files : The Complete Fifth Season : Fox Home Entertainment . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Chris and Bowman , Rob ( 2005 ) . Audio Commentary for The X-Files : Fight the Future ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files ( 1998 ) -- Weekend Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo , Amazon . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files '' . Box Office Mojo , Amazon . Retrieved July 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` X-Files Cast and Crew Talk New Movie & New Season '' . IGN . September 10 , 2001 . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Christopher ( April 11 , 2002 ) . `` Carter Sheds Light on X-Files 2 '' . Cinescape . Kuwait National Cinema Company . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( May 9 , 2002 ) . `` Carter Talks X-Files Sequel '' . IGN . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bowman Spills It On Reign of Fire , X-Files 2 Hopes '' . Mania.com . June 18 , 2002 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2014 . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ; Siegel , Tatiana ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` Fox sets date for ' X-Files ' sequel '' . Variety . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Duchovny and Two Co-Writers Announce New X-Files Feature film '' . Canadian Press . March 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2008 . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Clark Collis ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` ' X-Files ' Creator Chris Carter Wants to Believe in a Third Movie Featuring Mulder and Scully '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( July 25 , 2008 ) . `` ' Dark Knight $314.2 M In 10 Days : Keeps Smashing Record After Record ; ' Step Brothers ' Big ; ' X-Files 2 ' Bombs '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for July 25 -- 27 , 2008 '' . Box Office Mojo , Amazon . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : I Want to Believe '' . The Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Domestic Gross '' . Box Office Mojo , Amazon . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Liam ( August 1 , 2008 ) . `` David Duchovny Blames Disappointing X-Files Box Office on The Dark Knight '' . Filmonic.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( August 4 , 2008 ) . `` ' X-Files ' Star Reflects On Film 's Performance '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The X Files : I Want to Believe '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : I Want to Believe ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Parfitt , Orlando ( July 31 , 2008 ) . `` Carter Already Planning X-Files 3 '' . IGN . Retrieved October 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` Duchovny on X-Files 3 '' . IGN . Retrieved October 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Duchovny Talks Gay Crushes and a Possible X-Files Sequel '' . The Daily Telegraph . January 11 , 2011 . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Stephanie ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` Gillian Anderson : ' X-Files 3 ' Movie Is ' Looking Pretty Good ' '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christian ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` Writer / Producer Frank Spotnitz Talks His Desire to Make a Third X-Files Movie and the Possibility of a Millennium Movie '' . Collider . Toplingo . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' X-Files ' Movie : David Duchovny Is In '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . August 12 , 2012 . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David Duchovny , Gillian Anderson Want to Reunite for Third ' X-Files ' Movie '' . New York Daily News . Associated Press . October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 17 , 2015 ) . `` Fox Confirms ' X-Files ' Reboot Talks , David Duchovny & Gillian Anderson To Return : Update '' . Deadline Hollywood.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' Returns As Fox Event Series With Creator Chris Carter And Stars David Duchovny & Gillian Anderson '' . Deadline Hollywood.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Next Mind - Bending Chapter Is Coming ! : ' The X-Files ' returns to FOX '' . Fox Broadcasting Company . March 24 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2015 . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' Coming Back Again For New Event Series Next Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` The X-Files Season 11 Gets January Premiere Date -- See First Poster '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Lindsay ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Gillian Anderson Confirms She 's Leaving The X-Files '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nissim , Mayer ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` X-Files ' Chris Carter interview : ' The X-Files has more life in it -- with or without Gillian Anderson ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` X-Files : Fox Has ' No Plans ' for a Season 12 Following Gillian Anderson Exit '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Video & DVDs -- 1 '' . X-Files Merchandise . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files -- Wave 8 Triple Pack ( 1993 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The X-Files -- Wave 1 , Triple Pack ( 1993 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The X-Files -- Wave 2 Triple Pack ( 1993 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` VHS Wave Art '' . Eatthecorn.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The X-Files : The Complete Collector 's Edition ( 1998 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files Movie 2 - Pack ( Fight the Future / I Want to Believe ) ( 2010 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ For the various seasons and their special features , see : Robert Mandel et al. ( 2006 ) . The X-Files : The Complete First Season ( Slim case ) ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . David Nutter et al. ( 2006 ) . The X-Files : The Complete Second Season ( Slim case ) ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . R.W. Goodwin et al. ( 2006 ) . The X-Files : The Complete Third Season ( Slim case ) ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . R.W. Goodwin et al. ( 2006 ) . The X-Files : The Complete Fourth Season ( Slim case ) ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . R.W. Goodwin et al. ( 2006 ) . The X-Files : The Complete Fifth Season ( Slim case ) ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Kim Manners et al. ( 2006 ) . The X-Files : The Complete Sixth Season ( Slim case ) ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Kim Manners et al. ( 2006 ) . The X-Files : The Complete Seventh Season ( Slim case ) ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Kim Manners et al. ( 2006 ) . The X-Files : The Complete Eighth Season ( Slim case ) ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Kim Manners et al. ( 2006 ) . The X-Files : The Complete Ninth Season ( Slim case ) ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ For the episode DVDs , see : Tony Wharmby ( 2001 ) . The X Files : Deadalive ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Kim Manners ( 2001 ) . The X Files : Existence ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Kim Manners ( 2001 ) . The X Files : Nothing Important Happened Today ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Chris Carter ( 2002 ) . The X Files : Providence ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Kim Manners ( 2002 ) . The X Files : The Truth ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Lacey , Gord ( June 7 , 2005 ) . `` The X-Files -- More Mythology sets coming soon '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2012 . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Bill ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` Is Fox Bringing The X-Files to BD in 2013 as Well ? '' . The Digital Bits . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zarges , Torsten ( October 12 , 2013 ) . `` Neue US - Ware : So Sill ProSieben Maxx 2014 Wachsen '' . DWDL.de . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lopatto , Elizabeth ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Begins Streaming The X-Files in HD '' . The Verge . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` The X-Files -- Fox Confirms ' Complete ' Blu - ray Release ; Provides Package Art '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seibold , Witney ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Review : The X-Files : The Collector 's Set '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` The X-Files -- Exchange Program for Issue with ' Season 8 ' Blu - ray Discs * * UPDATED * * '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( March 19 , 2001 ) . `` Eye Hoops March On '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` TV Sound Off '' . Corpus Christi Caller - Times . The E.W. Scripps Company . March 18 , 2001 . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Hurwitz & Knowles 2008 , p. 206 . ^ Jump up to : Vitaris , Paula ( October 1997 ) . `` The X-Files : Stefan Petrucha on His Struggle to Create a Comic Book Worthy of the Show '' . Cinefantastique. 29 ( 4 / 5 ) . Jump up ^ Niles & Jones 2010 , pp. 1 -- 144 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Sophie ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` The X-Files Season 10 : What You Need To Know '' . Wired , Condé Nast . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TFAW.com : Home > Series > X Files '' . tfaw.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dietsch , TJ ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Joe Harris Takes Mulder on the Run in IDW 's `` X-Files : Season 11 '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burrell , Ian ( July 17 , 2007 ) . `` Ex-Files No Longer : Partners Once More '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2009 . Retrieved August 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( April 7 , 1997 ) . `` A Star Trek into the X-Files '' . Time . Retrieved August 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal ( May 17 , 1996 ) . `` Having Grown From a Cult Favorite to a Classic , ' The X-Files ' Wraps Up Its 3rd Season '' . Orlando Sentinel ( Tribune Company ) . Retrieved August 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McManus , Darragh ( July 26 , 2008 ) . `` X Hits the Spot '' . Evening Herald . Independent News & Media . Retrieved August 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 25 Best Cult TV Shows from the Past 25 Years '' . Entertainment Weekly . August 3 , 2012 . pp. 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names the Top Cult Shows Ever '' . TV Guide . July 27 , 1998 . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names Top 50 Shows '' . CBS News . CBS Corporation . April 26 , 2002 . Retrieved July 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Special Collector 's Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 -- July 4 ) . 1997 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` Showstoppers : The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time '' . TV Guide . pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ; Roush , Matt ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` TV Guide Magazine 's 60 Best Series of All Time '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best TV Shows of All - TIME '' . Time . September 6 , 2007 . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pastorek , Whitney ( 2003 ) . `` The Sci - Fi 25 : The Genre 's Best Since 1982 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The New Classics : TV '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2008 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2012 . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 20 Greatest Sci - fi TV Shows '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 30 , 2009 . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : 1993 -- 2002 '' . Empire . Bauer Consumer Media . Retrieved August 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` What the MediaDNA Research Found '' . The Guardian . London . March 13 , 2003 . Retrieved July 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Forsyth 's Winning Words '' . BBC . October 30 , 1998 . Retrieved August 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dawkins 1998 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Scott , Tony ( September 9 , 1993 ) . `` The X-Files Fri '' . Variety . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' X ' Marks What 's Hot : With a Quirky Sense of Humor and a Generous Helping of the Paranormal , Fox 's ' X-Files ' Slyly Alters the Time - Tested Recipe for Mystery - Solving '' . Entertainment Weekly . January 21 , 1994 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( October 8 , 1993 ) . `` Alien Nation : FBI Agents battle unearthly Boogeymen in ' The X-Files ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lifting the lid on the X-Files '' . Virgin Media . January 30 , 2007 . Retrieved August 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( December 30 , 1994 ) . `` The Best and Worst 1994 / Television '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ JJB . `` The X-Files : The Complete Second Season '' . The DVD Journal . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ IGN Staff ( December 7 , 2000 ) . `` X-Files Season Two Gift Pack '' . IGN . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( July 4 , 2010 ) . `` The Blessing Way / Paper Clip / DPO '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sauter , Michael ( May 14 , 2002 ) . `` The X-Files : The Complete Fifth Season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dass , Francis ( April 20 , 2000 ) . `` A Late ' X-Files ' Collection '' . New Straits Times . New Straits Times Press . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Parks , Jo - Ann ( January 2000 ) . `` What 's Ailing The X-Files '' . Space.com . TechMediaNetwork . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2005 . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Sam ; et al. ( May 7 , 2012 ) . `` One Bad Apple ... We Can Live With That : 31 Rotten Parts of Otherwise Fantastic Wholes '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cressey , Earl ( November 5 , 2002 ) . `` X-Files : Season Six '' . Internet Brands . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back on Some of the Best Stand - Alone Episodes From the X-Files Series '' . Vancouver Sun . July 25 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mink , Eric ( February 12 , 2000 ) . `` ' X Files ' Boldy Goes Thru 7th Season '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ H. Sturgis , Amy . `` The X-Files -- Season 8 '' . Revolution Science Fiction . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Polonowonski , Collin ( March 25 , 2004 ) . `` The X-Files : Season 8 '' . DVD Times . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hassenger , Jesse ( November 4 , 2003 ) . `` The X-Files : The Complete Eight Season '' . PopMatters . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Parker , Sabadino ( May 15 , 2002 ) . `` I Do n't Believe It '' . PopMatters . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Nearly Ex Files '' . The New York Times . October 10 , 2002 . Retrieved August 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( January 18 , 2001 ) . `` X-Files Exits After 9 Seasons '' . IGN . Retrieved August 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The X-Files : Season 10 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCown , Alex ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Meet the New X-Files , Same as the Old X-Files '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : Season 10 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The X-Files '' . Emmys.com . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hurwitz & Knowles 2008 , p. 241 . ^ Jump up to : `` X-Files , The '' . GoldenGlobes.com . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files '' . Peabody Awards . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ For information regarding show award nominations and wins , see : Lowry 1995 , p. 257 Lowry 1996 , pp. 253 -- 57 Meisler 1998 , p. 296 Meisler 1999 , p. 282 Meisler 2000 , p. 292 Shapiro 2001 , p. 280 ^ Jump up to : Millman , Joyce ( March 8 , 1999 ) . `` The X E R O X Files '' . Salon . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2009 . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gumbel andrew ( March 28 , 2008 ) . `` Mystery Over Big - Screen Return of ' The X-Files ' '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved August 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Millman , Joyce ( May 19 , 2005 ) . `` The Nearly Ex Files '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Whitehead , Jayson ( May 6 , 2002 ) . `` Anybody Can Rule '' . Gadfly Online . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Rachel Leibrock ( July 25 -- 31 , 1996 ) . `` The X-Phile Facts '' . Metroactive . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Scodari , Christine ; Felder , Jenna L. ( 2000 ) . `` Creating a Pocket Universe : ' Shippers ' , Fan Fiction and The X-Files Online '' . Communication Studies . Jump up ^ Sarah R. Wakefield . `` ' Your Sister in St. Scully ' : An Electronic Community of Female Fans of The X-Files -- Critical Essay '' . Journal of Popular Film and Television , Fall 2001 . Jump up ^ Lavery 1995 , pp. 36 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Bianculli , David ( March 6 , 1995 ) . `` X Hits Spot in Comics , Too '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Renaud , Jeffrey ( June 12 , 2008 ) . `` Spotnitz Wants to Believe in Wildstorm 's `` The X-Files Special '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ O'Donnel , Maureen ( June 25 , 1997 ) `` UFO Lore Alive in Chicago Area '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` X-Files CCG '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Steve ( June 19 , 1998 ) . `` Computer X-Files : The Game is Out There '' . CNN . Turner Broadcasting System . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Flaherty , Mike ( April 10 , 1998 ) . `` The X-Files : Unrestricted Access '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McNamara , John ( June 26 , 2004 ) . `` X-Files : Resist or Serve '' . Time . London . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' X-Files : Deep State ' Alien - Invasion Mystery Game on Tap for February 2018 Release '' . Variety . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The X Files '' . The Internet Pinball Database . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wertheimer , Ron ( March 8 , 1999 ) . `` Television Review : Caught in the Trap Of Science Run Amok '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Caryn , James ( September 3 , 1996 ) . `` A Virus That Speaks Of a Deadly World Plot '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Trent ( February 21 , 2012 ) . `` 13 Supernatural TV Series That ( Lovingly ) Ripped Off the X-Files '' . Blastr . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bonin , Liane ( August 14 , 2000 ) . `` NBC 's Only New Hit May Go to Another Network '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Throwdown ! 22 Pop - Culture Fights '' . Entertainment Weekly . August 9 , 2008 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` It 's Time To Bring Back Dark Skies , The X-Files Meets Mad Men Show '' . Badass Digest . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( May 12 , 2009 ) . `` ' Fringe vs. The X-Files vs. Reality ' '' . TV.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina Adly ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` ' Supernatural 's Very ' X-Files ' Moment : The Truth is in There '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2012 . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zalben , Alex ( June 15 , 2012 ) . `` Interview : Alex Hirsch Returns To His Weird , Monster - Filled Childhood In Disney 's ' Gravity Falls ' '' . MTV.com . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Harold ( September 19 , 2007 ) . `` Is Eleventh Hour The New X-Files ? '' . AMC TV . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Steven ( September 13 , 2005 ) . `` ' Bones , ' From the Heap of Tired Ideas '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burrell , Ian ( October 17 , 2005 ) . `` BBC to Screen ' Dr Who For Adults ' as New Spin - Off Show '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Jack to Get His Own Series in New Russell T Davies Drama for BBC Three '' . BBC . November 17 , 2005 . Retrieved August 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Rick ( January 18 , 2015 ) . `` 7 Things We Should Thank The X-Files For '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spector , Warren ( November 2000 ) . `` Postmortem : Ion Storm 's Deus Ex '' ( PDF ) . Game Developer . UBM TechWeb : 50 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 4 , 2014 . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rare Revealed : The Making of Perfect Dark '' . Rare . December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steven Dean Moore ( director ) ; Reid Harrison ( writer ) . `` The Springfield Files '' . The Simpsons . Season 8 . Episode 10 . Fox . Jump up ^ Ditum , Nathan ( March 29 , 2009 ) . `` The 20 Best Simpsons Movie - Star Guest Spots '' . Total Film . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Meehan 2005 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Robert ( June 24 , 2011 ) . `` Book Review : Star Trek : Department of Temporal Investigations : Watching the Clock '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gorenstein , Colin ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` The `` X-Files '' Echo Effect : Here 's Proof That the Legendary Series Never Actually Left Us `` . Salon.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rawson - Jones , Ben ( October 30 , 2006 ) . `` Cult Nostalgia : ' The X-Files ' ( 1993 -- 2002 ) '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved August 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Freydkin , Donna ( July 27 , 1999 ) . `` Sharp Owes Her Fame to a Secret Agent Man '' . CNN Entertainment . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bree Sharp Taking ' David Duchovny ' To Lilith Fair '' . MTV . August 6 , 1999 . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( August 16 , 1999 ) . `` This Musical Confection Holds Your Attention '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` A Very Special X-Files Reunion '' . TV Guide . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Smithsonian Wants to Believe ! National Museum of American History Acquires X-Files Collection '' . National Museum of American History . July 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Bibliography ( edit ) Baugh , Lloyd ; Mazza , Giuseppe ; Srampickal , Jacob , eds. ( 2006 ) . Cross Connections . Pontifical Gregorian University . ISBN 9788878390614 . Dawkins , Richard ( 1998 ) . Unweaving the Rainbow . ISBN 9780618056736 . Delsara , Jan ( 2000 ) . PopLit , PopCult and The X-Files : A Critical Exploration . McFarland . ISBN 9780786407897 . Donaldson , Amy ( 2007 ) . `` The Last Temptation of Mulder '' . In Yang , Sharon . The X-Files and Literature : Unweaving the Story , Unraveling the Lie to Find the Truth . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . ISBN 9781847182395 . Duncan , Jody ( 1998 ) . The Making of The X-Files Movie . HarperPrism . ISBN 9780061073168 . Edwards , Ted ( 1996 ) . X-Files Confidential . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 9780316218085 . Gradnitzer , Louisa ; Pittson , Todd ( 1999 ) . X Marks the Spot : On Location with The X-Files . Arsenal Pulp Press . ISBN 9781551520667 . Hurwitz , Matt ; Knowles , Chris ( 2008 ) . The Complete X-Files . Insight Editions . ISBN 9781933784724 . Kessenich , Tom ( 2002 ) . Examinations : An Unauthorized Look at Seasons 6 -- 9 of `` The X-Files '' . New York , US : Trafford Publishing . ISBN 9781553698128 . Kowalski , Dean A. ( 2007 ) . `` Freedom and Worldviews in The X-Files '' . The Philosophy of The X-files . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 9780813124544 . Lavery , David ( 1995 ) . Deny All Knowledge : Reading the X-Files . Syracuse University Press . ISBN 9780815604075 . Lovece , Frank ( 1996 ) . The X-Files Declassified . Citadel Press . ISBN 9780806517452 . Lowry , Brian ( 1995 ) . The Truth is Out There : The Official Guide to the X-Files. Harper Prism . ISBN 9780061053306 . Lowry , Brian ( 1996 ) . Trust No One : The Official Guide to the X-Files. Harper Prism . ISBN 9780061053535 . Meehan , Eileen R. ( November 3 , 2005 ) . Why TV Is Not Our Fault : Television Programming , Viewers and Who 's Really in Control . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9780742524866 . Meisler , Andy ( 2000 ) . The End and the Beginning : The Official Guide to the X-Files Volume 5 . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780061075957 . Meisler , Andy ( 1999 ) . Resist or Serve : The Official Guide to The X-Files , Vol. 4 . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780061073090 . Meisler , Andy ( 1998 ) . I Want to Believe : The Official Guide to the X-Files , Vol. 3 . Perennial Currents . ISBN 9780061053863 . Niles , Steve ; Jones , Adam ( 2010 ) . The X-Files / 30 Days of Night . IDW Publishing . ISBN 9781401231781 . Shapiro , Marc ( 2001 ) . All Things : The Official Guide to the X-Files Volume 6 . Harper Prism . ISBN 9780061076114 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The X-Files . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for X-Files tourism . Official website The X-Files official site ( Syfy ) . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2003 . The X-Files on IMDb The X-Files at TV.com `` The X-Files '' . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2001 . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . YouTube channel Awards and achievements Preceded by Friends Super Bowl lead - out program Succeeded by 3rd Rock from the Sun The X-Files The X-Files Awards Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Unmade The X-Files ( film ) The X-Files : I Want to Believe Mythology Religion in The X-Files Sources and analogues Characters Colonists Minor Samantha Mulder X-files unit Fox Mulder Dana Scully Walter Skinner John Doggett Monica Reyes Brad Follmer Jeffrey Spender Alvin Kersh Lone Gunmen Jimmy Bond Syndicate Cigarette Smoking Man Well - Manicured Man Deep Throat X Marita Covarrubias Alex Krycek Men in Black Merchandise Games Collectible Card Game The X-Files Game Unrestricted Access Resist or Serve Deep State DVD releases Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Revelations Music Theme Songs in the Key of X The Truth and the Light The X-Files : Original Motion Picture Score The X-Files : The Album I Want to Believe : Original Motion Picture Score Literature The X-Files ( comics ) The X-Files Season 10 The X-Files Season 11 Related shows Millennium The Lone Gunmen `` The Springfield Files '' Book Category Portal The X-Files episodes Seasons 5 The X-Files 6 7 8 9 I Want to Believe 10 11 Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Deep Throat '' `` Squeeze '' `` Conduit '' `` The Jersey Devil '' `` Shadows '' `` Ghost in the Machine '' `` Ice '' `` Space '' `` Fallen Angel '' `` Eve '' `` Fire '' `` Beyond the Sea '' `` Gender Bender '' `` Lazarus '' `` Young at Heart '' `` E.B.E. '' `` Miracle Man '' `` Shapes '' `` Darkness Falls '' `` Tooms '' `` Born Again '' `` Roland '' `` The Erlenmeyer Flask '' Season 2 `` Little Green Men '' `` The Host '' `` Blood '' `` Sleepless '' `` Duane Barry '' `` Ascension '' `` 3 '' `` One Breath '' `` Firewalker '' `` Red Museum '' `` Excelsis Dei '' `` Aubrey '' `` Irresistible '' `` Die Hand Die Verletzt '' `` Fresh Bones '' `` Colony '' `` End Game '' `` Fearful Symmetry '' `` Død Kalm '' `` Humbug '' `` The Calusari '' `` F. Emasculata '' `` Soft Light '' `` Our Town '' `` Anasazi '' Season 3 `` The Blessing Way '' `` Paper Clip '' `` D.P.O. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the names of the x files movies	[ "The X-Files is an American science fiction drama television series created by Chris Carter. The original television series aired from September 10, 1993, to May 19, 2002, on Fox. The program spanned nine seasons, with 202 episodes. A short tenth season consisting of six episodes premiered on January 24, 2016. Following the ratings success of this revival, Fox announced in April 2017 that The X-Files would be returning for an eleventh season of ten episodes. The season premiered on January 3, 2018. In addition to the television series, two feature films have been released: The 1998 film The X-Files, which took place as part of the TV series continuity, and the stand-alone film The X-Files: I Want to Believe, released in 2008, six years after the original television run had ended.\n", "The X-Files is an American science fiction drama television series created by Chris Carter. The original television series aired from September 10, 1993, to May 19, 2002, on Fox. The program spanned nine seasons, with 202 episodes. A short tenth season consisting of six episodes premiered on January 24, 2016. Following the ratings success of this revival, Fox announced in April 2017 that The X-Files would be returning for an eleventh season of ten episodes. The season premiered on January 3, 2018. In addition to the television series, two feature films have been released: The 1998 film The X-Files, which took place as part of the TV series continuity, and the stand-alone film The X-Files: I Want to Believe, released in 2008, six years after the original television run had ended.\n" ]	[ "The X-Files", "The X-Files: I Want to Believe" ]
-724355618987067393	She's All That	She 's All that - wikipedia She 's All that Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( September 2017 ) She 's All That Theatrical release poster Directed by Robert Iscove Produced by Peter Abrams Richard N. Gladstein Robert L. Levy Written by R. Lee Fleming , Jr . M. Night Shyamalan ( uncredited ) Starring Freddie Prinze Jr . Rachael Leigh Cook Matthew Lillard Paul Walker Jodi Lyn O'Keefe Kevin Pollak Kieran Culkin Elden Henson Usher Raymond Kimberly `` Lil ' Kim '' Jones Anna Paquin Music by Stewart Copeland Cinematography Francis Kenny Edited by Casey O. Rohrs Production company FilmColony Distributed by Miramax Films Release date January 29 , 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 29 ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $10 million Box office $103,166,989 She 's All That is a 1999 American teen romantic comedy film directed by Robert Iscove and starring Freddie Prinze Jr. , Rachael Leigh Cook , Paul Walker and Matthew Lillard . It is a modern adaptation of George Bernard Shaw 's play Pygmalion and George Cukor 's 1964 film My Fair Lady . It was one of the most popular teen films of the 1990s and reached No. 1 at the box office in its first week of release . In April 2015 , it was announced that the film will be remade by The Weinstein Company . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Production 4.1 Writing 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Zack Siler ( Freddie Prinze Jr . ) is the big man on campus at his Southern California high school . His popular and narcissistic girlfriend , Taylor Vaughan ( Jodi Lyn O'Keefe ) , ditches him for a faded reality TV star from The Real World , Brock Hudson ( Matthew Lillard ) , whom she met on Spring Break in Florida . Although bitter over the break - up , Zack consoles himself by claiming that Taylor is replaceable by any girl in the school . Zack 's friend , Dean Sampson , Jr . ( Paul Walker ) , disagrees and challenges him to a bet on whether Zack can turn any random girl into the Prom Queen within six weeks , a coveted position held by the most popular girl in school . Dean picks out Laney Boggs ( Rachael Leigh Cook ) , a dorky , solitary , unpopular art student , as his choice for Zack . Zack approaches and attempts to befriend Laney in the hope of subsequently transforming her into prom queen material . His first encounter with her is a complete failure , when she pointedly ignores his advance and walks away from him . With help from Laney 's friend , Jesse Jackson ( Elden Henson ) , Zack eventually is successful in getting Laney to take him to a theater lounge frequented by artists and performers . Intending to deter him , Laney arranges for Zack to be called onto the stage and perform to his surprise . Zack manages to improvise a show with the Hacky Sack he happens to carry in his pocket . Laney is impressed by the performance , but rejects him again after he attempts to charm her . Zack befriends her brother , Simon ( Kieran Culkin ) , and in an attempt to stop this , Laney agrees to go to the beach with him once . She starts to make friends in the popular crowd as they get a chance to know her . Zack then successfully persuades her to attend a party at Preston 's ( Dulé Hill ) house the same night , and he employs his sister Mac ( Anna Paquin ) to give her a makeover , transforming her into a stunning beauty . Laney 's attendance at Preston 's party sparks jealousy in Taylor , who then humiliates Laney , but Laney is consoled by Zack , who has by now developed a true affection for her . As a result of her new appearance and Zack 's interest , Laney is nominated for Prom Queen and begins an uneasy battle with Taylor for the crown . Taylor faces humiliation of her own when Brock informs her their relationship is over , and that he only used her to increase his own popularity ( which proves successful with the producers of MTV offering him his own show ) . In the meantime , Dean begins to show an interest in Laney as her popularity begins to soar and Zack 's victory becomes more imminent . Dean tries to invite Laney as his prom partner in an attempt to ruin Zack 's attempt to boost Laney 's winning chance with his own popularity , but Laney refuses . After falling out with Zack , Dean deliberately tells Laney about the bet and she forces a confession from Zack in public . Feeling objectified and betrayed , Laney refuses to see Zack again . Unable to reconcile with Laney , Zack ends up attending the prom with his sister , while Taylor arrives alone , thinking that Zack is still interested in her despite his refusal of her advances . A disheartened Laney reluctantly dresses up after some persuasion from her father Wayne ( Kevin Pollak ) and goes to the dance with Dean when he shows up at her house in a tuxedo to invite her again to be his prom date . At the prom , after a dance scene presided over by the school 's resident DJ ( Usher Raymond ) , Mac meets Jesse and they become friends . Dean boasts to Preston and others in the bathroom that he is succeeding in seducing Laney and has rented a hotel room with intention of having sex with her . Jesse overhears this , in a stall , and warns Mac and Zack . Taylor is then crowned Prom Queen with just over half the votes ; she begins a long berating speech which is interrupted by the microphone being turned off by a teacher . By now , the students have seen Taylor for who she is , thanks to Mac revealing her actions against Laney and her involvement with Dean to sabotage Zack . As a result , Taylor is further humiliated when she loses her popularity and her friends . Laney leaves the prom with Dean , while Zack attempts to intervene but loses track of them . When Laney returns to her home , Zack is there waiting for her , along with her father and Simon who are waiting up for her . Laney explains how she fought off Dean 's advances by deafening him with an air horn . Zack confesses his true feelings to Laney , and asks for forgiveness as well as the chance to further their relationship , which she grants . Laney tells Zack that she is considering art school after graduation , and Zack jokingly tells her that she has inspired him to pursue a career in performance art . After their first dance and kiss , Laney asks Zack about his bet with Dean ( which is now lost ) , and Zack responds that he will gracefully honor the terms . At the graduation ceremony , the terms of the bet are revealed , Zack must appear nude on stage because he lost . After his name is called , Zack heads to the stage wearing only a graduation cap and strategically carrying a soccer ball . In the final shot he is not visible , but we see Laney with the soccer ball being thrown to her and the rest of the students reacting to Zack no longer having it for cover . Cast ( edit ) Freddie Prinze , Jr. as Zachary `` Zack '' Siler Rachael Leigh Cook as Laney Boggs Paul Walker as Dean Sampson , Jr . Matthew Lillard as Brock Hudson Jodi Lyn O'Keefe as Taylor Vaughan Kevin Pollak as Wayne Boggs Usher Raymond as Campus DJ Kimberly `` Lil ' Kim '' Jones as Alex Chason Sawyer Anna Paquin as Mackenzie `` Mac '' Siler Kieran Culkin as Simon Boggs Elden Henson as Jesse Jackson Sarah Michelle Gellar as Girl in Cafeteria ( uncredited ) Gabrielle Union as Katarina `` Katie '' Darlingson Dulé Hill as Preston Tamara Mello as Chandler Clea DuVall as Misty Tim Matheson as Harlan Siler Alexis Arquette as Mitch Chris Owen as Derek Funkhouser Rutley Vanessa Lee Chester as Melissa 's Friend Milo Ventimiglia as Soccer Player Takbir Bashir as Rapper Brandon Mychal Smith as JV Cleaning Boy Flex Alexander as Kadeem Debbi Morgan as Laney 's Art Teacher Carlos Jacott as Prom Photographer Michael Milhoan as Principal Stickley Patricia Charbonneau as Lois Siler Katharine Towne as Savannah Soundtrack ( edit ) Track no . Title Writer and music composer Performed by Published by Publishing by Courtesy ( TM / C ) 01 . Prophecy Cinjun Tate ( as August Cinjun Tate ) , Shelby Tate , Cedric Lemoyne , Jeffrey Cain Thompson , Gregory Slay Remy Zero Warner - Tamerlane Publishing Corp . ( BMI ) Chloroform Music Geffen Records , Inc. , License from Universal Music Special Markets 02 . Baby Got Going Liz Phair & Scott Litt Liz Phair Sony / ATV Tunes LLC and Civil War Days Music / Resonant Frequency Music ( ASCAP ) Matador / Capitol Records 03 . Be Free Apl. de. Ap ( as Pineda ) , Will.i.am ( as Adams ) , Stahl , Goldberg The Black Eyed Peas ( as Black Eyed Peas ) Jeepney Music Publishing ( BMI ) , will. i. am. music ( BMI ) , PolyGram International Publishing , Inc . ( ASCAP ) Interscope Records , License from Universal Music Special Markets 04 . Blacktop Beat Lucas MacFadden ( as Lucas Macfadden ) Jurassic 5 Upper Cut Music ( ASCAP ) RBI Records 05 . Up To Us Allrighse Allrighse Allrighse Music , I Like ' Em Thicke Music ( ASCAP ) RBI Records 06 . Wanderer J. Ralph ( as Joshua `` Spy '' Ralph ) Spy EMI April Music Inc. , Sugar Bear Deluxe Music ( ASCAP ) Warner Special Products Lava / Atlantic Recordings Corp . 07 . Sugar Jo Lloyd ( as Lloyd ) , James Wright ( as Wright ) , David Magee ( as Magee ) Stretch Princess Renfield Music ( ASCAP ) Wind - up Records 08 . Kiss Me Matt Slocum Sixpence None The Richer My So - Called Music / Squint Songs ( ASCAP ) Squint Entertainment / Columbia Records 09 . Test The Theory Robin File , Sean McCann , Martin Merchant & Robert Maxfield Audioweb Chrysalis Music ( ASCAP ) Universal Film & TV Music Mother Records 10 . Gorgeous Kat Green Girl Next Door Ripley 's Monster , Hambone Suitcase ( BMI ) Ripley Recordings 11 . Ooh La La Theo Keating The Wiseguys PRS PRS Wall Of Sound 12 . Give It To Me Baby Rick James Rick James Jobete Music Co. , Inc . EMI April Music Inc . ( ASCAP ) & Universal Film & TV Music Motown Record Company L.P. 13 . Shuck & Jive John Davis Superdrag Warner - Tamerlane Publishing Corp . & Flame On Music ( BMI ) Warner Special Products Elektra Entertainment Group 14 . Hanging On Emily Gerber and Carlos Calvo Emily & Carlos Time Jump Music ( ASCAP ) OK Management Company 15 . 66 Greg Dulli The Afghan Whigs Warner - Tamerlane Publishing Corp . & Kali Nichta Music ( BMI ) Sony Music Licensing Columbia Records 16 . Nonstop Operation MC Tunes ( as N. Lockett ) , S. Hickling , S. Jones , M. Lawrence , G. Gasper , P. Billington The Dust Junkys ( as Dust Junkys ) PolyGram International Publishing , Inc . ( ASCAP ) Universal Film & TV Music Polydor Limited 17 . Believe Goldie Goldie Warner , Chappell Music LTD . ( PRS ) WB Music Corp . ( ASCAP ) & Universal Film & TV Music London Records 90 Limited 18 . The Rockafeller Skank Fatboy Slim ( as Norman Cook ) , Terry Winford , John Barry Fatboy Slim PolyGram Music Publishing , Ltd. , MCA , Glenwood Music Corp . & EMI Robbins ( ASCAP ) Astralwerks Production ( edit ) Writing ( edit ) R. Lee Fleming , Jr. is officially credited as the sole screenwriter for the film , and in a 2002 interview , M. Night Shyamalan confirmed that he polished the screenplay while adapting Stuart Little and writing a spec script for The Sixth Sense . This was also confirmed in the film 's audio commentary by director Robert Iscove . In 2013 , Shyamalan claimed that instead of polishing Fleming , Jr. 's original script , he actually ghost - wrote the film . This was disputed by someone who claimed to be Fleming , Jr. in a message on Twitter that has since been deleted . On June 17 , 2013 , Jack Lechner ( who served as Miramax 's head of development in the late 1990s ) confirmed that technically both Shyamalan and Fleming , Jr. contributed to the script : Fleming , Jr. wrote the initial script that Miramax bought while Shyamalan did an uncredited rewrite ( doing more than `` a polish '' ) that got the film green - lit . Lechner reiterated that content from both writers was included in the final cut of the film . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) She 's All That received mixed to negative reviews from film critics . The review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 39 % and an average rating of 4.9 / 10 based on reviews from 59 critics , with the consensus : `` Despite its charming young leads , She 's All That ca n't overcome its predictable , inconsistently funny script . '' The film won eight awards , and was nominated for five others . The individual critics were also mixed . The film was the last to be reviewed by Gene Siskel before his death in 1999 , who gave a favorable review and wrote that `` Rachael Leigh Cook , as Laney , the plain Jane object of the makeover , is forced to demonstrate the biggest emotional range as a character , and she is equal to the assignment . '' Box office ( edit ) Generally regarded as a `` feel - good movie '' , the film was a sleeper hit and reached No. 1 at the box office in the first week of its release in theaters , grossing $16,065,430 over the Super Bowl opening weekend . It earned $63,366,989 in the United States and $39,800,000 at international box offices , totaling $103,166,989 worldwide against a production budget of $10,000,000 . Accolades ( edit ) The film won and was nominated for several awards . Year Ceremony Nominee Result 1999 YoungStar Awards Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Comedy Film Rachael Leigh Cook Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actor Freddie Prinze , Jr . Won Choice Movie : Love Scene Freddie Prinze , Jr . & Rachael Leigh Cook Won Choice Movie : Comedy Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Breakthrough Female Performance Rachael Leigh Cook Nominated Best On - Screen Duo Freddie Prinze , Jr . & Rachael Leigh Cook Nominated 2000 Young Hollywood Awards Best Bad Girl Jodi Lyn O'Keefe Won Best Song Sixpence None the Richer ( `` Kiss Me '' ) Won Kids ' Choice Awards , USA Favorite Movie Couple Freddie Prinze , Jr . & Rachael Leigh Cook Won Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Favorite Actress -- Newcomer ( Internet Only ) Rachael Leigh Cook Won Favorite Actor -- Comedy / Romance Freddie Prinze , Jr . Nominated ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Most Performed Songs from Motion Pictures Matt Slocum ( `` Kiss Me '' ) Won ALMA Awards Outstanding Actor in a Feature Film Freddie Prinze , Jr . Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` She 's All That ( 1999 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDB . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` She 's All That Remake In The Works '' . Jump up ^ Mike Russell ( August 2002 ) . `` Night 's Skies In Focus , Volume II , Number 8 '' . National Association of Theatre Owners . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` M. Night Shyamalan on How People See His Movies , Plus : What ' 90s Rom - Com Did He Secretly Write ? '' . `` Movies.com '' . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Daniel Kibblesmith ( 2013 - 06 - 13 ) . `` M. Night Shyamalan is a liar , says `` She 's All That '' screenwriter `` . The Daily Dot . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/QualityShorts/status/344558387813556224 Archived July 29 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hillary Busis ( 2013 - 06 - 17 ) . `` M. Night Shyamalan and ' She 's All That ' : Did he really write it ? PopWatch EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Jack Lechner ( 2013 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Comment # 933013221 on M. Night Shyamalan Probably Did Not Write She 's All That '' . The Mary Sue . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` She 's All That '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Official website She 's All That on IMDb She 's All That at Rotten Tomatoes She 's All That at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Robert Iscove Without Consent ( 1994 ) Without Warning ( 1994 ) Murder in My Mind ( 1997 ) Cinderella ( 1997 ) She 's All That ( 1999 ) Boys and Girls ( 2000 ) Firestarter : Rekindled ( 2002 ) From Justin to Kelly ( 2003 ) Three Wise Guys ( 2005 ) Love N ' Dancing ( 2009 ) Spectacular ! ( 2009 ) Whiskey Business ( 2012 ) Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw Characters Eliza Doolittle Films Everybody 's Woman ( 1924 ) Pygmalion ( 1935 ) Hoi Polloi ( 1935 ) Pygmalion ( 1937 ) Pygmalion ( 1938 ) Half - Wits Holiday ( 1947 ) Pies and Guys ( 1958 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Opening of Misty Beethoven ( 1976 ) Man Pasand ( 1980 ) Musical My Fair Lady ( 1956 ) Television Pygmalion ( 1948 ) Galatea ( 1977 ) Pygmalion ( 1983 ) Totalmente Demais ( 2015 ) See also Pygmalion ( mythology ) Amarilly of Clothes - Line Alley American Princess Ask Any Girl The First Night of Pygmalion Educating Rita Fine Manners Kitty Mighty Aphrodite Never on Sunday Ogo Bodhu Shundori Selfie She 's All That `` Someone to Watch Over Me '' Vapor Pygmalion effect ELIZA Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=She%27s_All_That&oldid=821676159 '' Categories : 1999 films English - language films 1990s coming - of - age films 1990s high school films 1990s romantic comedy films 1990s teen comedy films 1990s teen romance films American coming - of - age films American films American high school films American romantic comedy films American teen comedy films American teen romance films Coming - of - age comedy films Coming - of - age romance films Films scored by Stewart Copeland Films set in California Films shot in Los Angeles Proms in films Screenplays by M. Night Shyamalan Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia introduction cleanup from September 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from September 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 23 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played brock in she's all that	[ "Zack Siler (Freddie Prinze Jr.) is the big man on campus at his Southern California high school. His popular and narcissistic girlfriend, Taylor Vaughan (Jodi Lyn O'Keefe), ditches him for a faded reality TV star from The Real World, Brock Hudson (Matthew Lillard), whom she met on Spring Break in Florida. Although bitter over the break-up, Zack consoles himself by claiming that Taylor is replaceable by any girl in the school. Zack's friend, Dean Sampson, Jr. (Paul Walker), disagrees and challenges him to a bet on whether Zack can turn any random girl into the Prom Queen within six weeks, a coveted position held by the most popular girl in school. Dean picks out Laney Boggs (Rachael Leigh Cook), a dorky, solitary, unpopular art student, as his choice for Zack." ]	[ "Matthew Lillard" ]
-6383799612726837655	Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway	Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway - wikipedia Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway Jump to : navigation , search Ant and Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway Genre Entertainment Created by Ant & Dec Directed by Carol Preston Chris Power Presented by Anthony McPartlin Declan Donnelly Starring Kirsty Gallacher Ashley Roberts Stephen Mulhern Scarlett Moffatt Voices of Mitch Johnson Marc Silk Lorraine Ashdown Noddy Holder Murray Walker John Helm Clive Tyldesley Opening theme Ant and Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway by Will Slater Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 15 No. of episodes 104 ( + 1 Christmas special ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Richard Cowles Siobhan Greene Becca Walker Pete Ogden Anthony McPartlin Declan Donnelly Producer ( s ) Richard Berkshire Laura Gallen Iona McKenzie Ruth Breading Lily Evans Ben Aston Mike Spencer Sarah Webber Patrick Carr Saul Fearnley Tom Locking Location ( s ) The London Studios ( 2002 − 2018 ) MV Britannia ( 2016 ) Walt Disney World ( 2017 ) Universal Orlando ( 2018 ) Running time 60 -- 90 minutes ( inc . adverts ) Production company ( s ) LWT ( 2002 ) Granada Productions ( 2003 − 2005 ) ITV Productions ( 2006 ) ITV Studios & Gallowgate ( 2007 − 2009 ) ITV Studios & Mitre Television ( 2013 − ) Release Original network ITV Picture format 16 : 9 ( HDTV ) Original release 8 April 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 08 ) -- 21 April 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 21 ) ( Series 1 − 9 ) 23 February 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 23 ) -- present ( present ) ( Series 10 -- ) Chronology Related shows Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris External links Website Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway ( referred to simply as Saturday Night Takeaway or SNT ) is a British television variety show , presented by Ant & Dec , both of whom also act as the show 's executive producers , and broadcast on ITV since its premiere on 8 June 2002 . Its format is heavily influenced by previous Saturday night light entertainment shows , most notably Noel 's House Party and Do n't Forget Your Toothbrush , while individual items often pay homage to Saturday night TV of the past , such as Opportunity Knocks . The show is notable for a quiz show in which a random member of the studio audience can win prizes based on television adverts , and for a competition in each series between the two presenters . An official Saturday Night Takeaway iOS app for iPod , iPhone and iPad was released on 15 February 2013 . In the 2017 season , after Anthony McPartlin was arrested for drink driving , the show was presented by Declan Donnelly , Stephen Mulhern and Scarlett Moffatt . Despite the programme enduring a three - year hiatus between 2010 -- 2012 , while its presenters worked on other projects , it was an immense success for the broadcaster since its launch . Over the course of its history , it earned notable awards , including Best Presenters at the 18th National Television Awards on 23 January 2013 , and the BAFTA for Entertainment Programme , alongside the presenters winning the award for Entertainment Performance in 2014 and 2015 respectively . Since its thirteenth series in 2016 , the show has aired its series finale outside of the UK - in 2017 , Saturday Night Takeaway became the first UK show to be aired live from Walt Disney World , which it repeated again in 2018 for its series finale being aired live from Universal Orlando . On 3 March 2018 , the show celebrated its 100th episode , while the penultimate episode of the fifteenth series on 31 March was the final one to be aired from The London Studios , before the studio 's closure for redevelopment as had been announced in February 2017 . Starting from the sixteenth series , the programme will be aired from the newly redeveloped Television Centre . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Segments 1.2 Discontinued segments 2 Transmissions 3 Ant and Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway Presents ... 4 Ant & Dec Takeaway on Tour 5 Marketing 6 International versions 7 References 8 External links Format ( edit ) Initial Saturday Night Takeaway logo , used from 8 June 2002 until 21 March 2009 and for the 100th episode on 3 March 2018 . The general set up for each episode is a selection of segments consisting of specially crafted games , comedy / entertainment films , participation by either a studio audience member , or unsuspecting viewer / public member , and a show finale consisting of a performance by a musician , dance group , singer , or group performers . Episodes of Saturday Night Takeaway are broadcast live during the weekend , during a prime time slot on Saturday evenings for the entire run of a series . Each episode is introduced with a line - up of what segments will be featured during its broadcast , along with an introduction of the hosts themselves - from the seventh series onwards , this responsibility was given to a special celebrity announcer , who would not only give an introduction of themselves and the hosts , but would also state what viewers would expect in the show for that episode , along with an update on what was still to come before each commercial break in the programme . In the majority of episodes , the opening titles are preceded by a cold open scene involving the hosts performing a comedy sketch , similar to the cold openings of US light entertainment programme Saturday Night Live and usually with celebrity guests for the episode , which ended with them or the celebrities saying - `` Roll the titles ! '' Segments ( edit ) Throughout the show 's history , the programme has featured a variety of different segments , some based on notable elements in Saturday night TV . However , Saturday Night Takeaway features a regular selection of segments that it uses frequently in the majority of its episodes . These segments include : An Audience Member 's Game - Played at the beginning of an episode , the segment focuses on the presenters initially picking on certain audience members over something embarrassing about them . However , the last person picked takes part in a specially themed game just for them , in which they receive a prize regardless of the outcome . Research for the game usually is done by the production team , via input from relations and close friends who nominated the participant for this . Ant vs. Dec - Played throughout a series , the presenters compete against each other in a number of themed challenges , in which neither presenter knows what each challenge is about . The winner of the game earns a point , and at the end of the series , the winner is the one to have the highest score ; the loser is forced to undertake a forfeit during the series finale . The segment originally was designed as a surprise challenge for the two presenters , entitled `` What 's Next '' , in which neither pair knew what the challenge was , but had to work together to complete it . Between the eighth and ninth series , the presenters were joined by a team of celebrities who partook in the games . The segment is joined by a co-presenter , who gives out the rules and relay the results of the challenge , and is sometimes joined by a commentator during the challenge . Ant & Dec Undercover - The presenters pull a prank on a selected celebrity , involving scripted scenes , such as a situation going wrong for their target . The prank would sometimes include the pair being on scene with their target , but in specially made disguises . The footage is shown with the celebrity in question present in the studio to watch it and to display their reactions towards what occurred when it was filmed . The segment was introduced in the second series , dropped after the fifth series , and then revived for the tenth series onwards . I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Out of Me Ear ! - Similar to `` Undercover '' and introduced in the tenth series , the presenters give a celebrity a concealed ear piece , and task them with doing whatever the pair instruct them to do before unsuspecting public members . Such instructions often involving doing or saying anything bizarre , weird , or downright silly . Singalong Live - The presenters surprise three unsuspecting viewers , who become contestants in a karoake - style quiz . Each is tasked with singing a segment of a song that is being sung by its artist , whereupon they must correctly identify a word that is missing from it . If they correctly identify the missing word , the viewer wins £ 500 . The segment was first introduced in the eleventh series . Read My Lips - This segment , introduced in the fourteenth series , focuses on a contestant giving answers to questions to the guest announcer , via Skype . However , the announcer wears noise - cancelling headphones , meaning that they have to read the contestant 's lips to get the answer . If the contestant manage to get the announcer to give out three correct answers , they win a place on the series finale taking place outside of the UK . Win the Ads - Often the penultimate segment , a member of the audience is randomly selected to take part in a quiz to win a series of prizes . Prior to the show 's broadcast , an ITV programme that had been broadcast during the week is randomly selected , whereupon the adverts broadcast during its commercial break ( s ) are used to create the prizes . Before the quiz begins , the prizes are placed onto a grid , concealed and randomly rearranged , before being given a number . The contestant is then given a set amount of time to answer as many questions correctly as possible , with each correct answer allowing the contestant to pick a number as their prize at the end . After time is up , the contestant is given the option to take their prizes , or gamble for the chance of winning all the prizes if they answer correctly one final question . The segment was originally used during the first series , and featured three people competing for the chance to win up to twenty prizes , with a consolation prize of a toilet roll given to any contestant that gambled and lost . The segment did n't return until the tenth series , which retained most of the format , but in favour of just having one contestant . After the twelfth series , the format was amended again , reducing the number of prizes to sixteen and dropping the use of a consolation prize . `` End of the Show '' Show - The final segment of an episode , it focus on a big entertainment act to help finish off an episode 's broadcast . From the first series to the ninth , it was mostly a musical act - singer , pop group and so forth - performing their latest hit in the charts . When the show returned from its hiatus , the segment 's format was changed to become a musical number , which would be performed by the presenters alongside a special guest star ( s ) . Discontinued segments ( edit ) The following is a list of segments used on the programme in the course of its history , that have since been retired : Grab the Ads ( Series 1 -- 9 ) - Run for nine series , the segment focused on one randomly chosen viewer taking part in a prize give out . Viewers are initially asked to phone in for a place in the segment , with the chosen viewer receiving one of nine prizes on offer . Each prize was hidden behind a number - 1 to 9 - and whichever number was chosen was the prize that viewer got . In the first series , the format focused on the viewer picking a number from a grid upon being chosen , but for the majority of series , the number was generated through a game that was played by a different celebrity ; after the prize was revealed , the presenters would announce the viewer who had been chosen to receive it . It 's discontinuation came down to the production team opting to use the more commercial `` Win the Ads '' game when Saturday Night Takeaway returned for its tenth series . Banged Up with Beadle ( Series 1 ) - This segment functioned liked a spoof of a reality show , in which each week , a different member of the public was chosen to spend seven days locked up in a dungeon at Spitbank Fort in the Solent , with Jeremy Beadle . When they appeared live in the episode on Saturday , they were given a task , in which they won £ 5,000 if successful . The segment featured a spin - off ITV2 show of the same name , presented by Donna Air and Brendan Courtney , to rival that of Channel 4 's smash hit series Big Brother . Make Ant Laugh ( Series 1 ) - This segment focused on a contestant chosen by the show , attempting to impress Ant by making him laugh . If they succeeded , they won a trophy , otherwise they were gunged on the episode . The format was similar in nature to the Challenge Ant segment of SMTV Live . Jim Did n't Fix It ( Series 1 -- 3 ) - This segment functioned as a spoof version of the format for Jim 'll Fix It , in which an audience member who had written to Jimmy Savile in their youth for the means to fulfil their dreams but had never been lucky to receive it , were given the chance to realise their dreams years later . Home Run ( Series 1 -- 3 ) - This segment focused on unsuspecting members of the public being surprised by the presenters at a public location they were in , shown to viewers and the studio audience via hidden cameras set up at the location . The members selected by the show take part in a race to get back to their home immediately for a cash prize of £ 3,000 . The person ( s ) , regardless of being successful , would then be forced to read an oath in which they stated that they must never go out on Saturday nights again . The segment was briefly revived as part of the programme 's 100th episode celebrations in 2018 . Opportunity Knocks , Again ( Series 2 -- 5 ) - Based upon Opportunity Knocks , the format focused on members of the studio audience , who had previously performed on the show , to repeat their act on Saturday Night Takeaway . Saturday Cash Takeaway ( Series 3 ) - This segment focused on a member of the studio audience randomly selecting one of nine popular takeaways , each being delivered to their customers . The one chosen would then be stuffed with £ 1,000 , which the unsuspecting customer could receive , along with their food , if they answered a question correctly from their front door . Saturday Night Pub Olympics ( Series 4 ) - This segment focused the production team selecting a random pub across the country , in which a number of unsuspecting customers visiting it would be invited to take part in a series of sporting events , dubbed the `` Saturday Night Pub Olympics '' . The members taking part , are split into two teams , and face other against each other in three different events , with Dickie Davies providing commentary on proceedings . Beat the Boys ( Series 5 -- 8 ) - This segment focused on the presenters competing against a pair of celebrities in a specially themed time - trail event . Each pair would drive around a specially created course in a specific type of vehicle , and attempt to set a fast lap time . For each episode that the segment was featured in , the course included a specially designed set of obstacles that both pairs had to complete correctly ; any not completed correctly would incur a ten - second penalty to the pair 's lap time . Jiggy Bank ( Series 6 -- 7 ) - This segment focused on a studio audience member being randomly chosen to take part in a special game with a cash prize . The game focused on them riding a robotic pig , like a rodeo , and holding for as long as possible , with their time affecting the amount of money they won . A maximum of £ 5,000 was on offer , and any money not won went into a jackpot for `` Grab the Ads '' . The Mouse Trap ( Series 8 -- 9 ) - This segment focused on a viewer being randomly picked to take part in a special game . The chosen viewer is given one minute to collect as much cheese from a specially created maze as they could possibly get and escape the maze before time ran out . Each piece of cheese collected was worth £ 1,000 , with a total of five pieces to collect . If the contestant failed to get out of the maze in time , they would lose and be locked in the maze by `` Tiddles the Takeaway Cat '' . Escape from Takeaway Prison ( Series 9 ) - This segment focused on twenty celebrities being imprisoned in a fictional prison of the show , in which they competed against each other in a series of games , to win their freedom . A Ticket To Slide ( Series 12 ) - This segment focused on the presenters choosing a random member of the public to take part in a special game , in which they , along with their friends and family , had to collect keys while travelling down an inflatable slide . If enough keys were collected , the contestant would win tickets for a vacation to New York . Little Ant & Dec ( Series 1 − 14 ) - Two young `` look - alikes '' of the presenters , nicknamed `` Little Ant '' and `` Little Dec '' , meet with celebrities and ask them blunt questions regarding various subjects , which sometimes bamboozled the interviewee into giving some surprisingly straight answers . From its introduction in the second series to the end of the sixth series , the look - alikes were played by James Pallister and Dylan McKenna - Redshaw . When the segment was revived for the tenth series onwards , both Pallister and McKenna - Redshaw were too old to resume their roles , leading to them being replaced by Neil Overend and Haydn Reid . The segment was dropped after the fourteenth series , when the production team decided that both Overend and Reid were too old to continue in these roles and should be allowed to focus on their education . In for a Penny ( Series 14 - 15 ) - Hosted by Stephen Mulhern and pre-recorded before an episode , this segment focuses on members of public being approached by Mulhern and taking part in a special gameshow , so long as they can provide a penny . Each contestant takes part in five rounds - four focusing on different challenges , and the final focusing on stopping at a selected number of seconds ( i.e. stopping between 9 - 10 seconds ) - and should they complete all five , they win £ 1,000 , otherwise the game ends . At the end of Series 15 , ITV confirmed that the segment would be spun - off as its own show . Transmissions ( edit ) Main article : List of Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway episodes Series Episodes Start Date End Date Ave . viewers ( millions ) 6 8 June 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 08 ) 13 July 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 13 ) 4.76 11 11 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 11 ) 23 March 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 23 ) 7.91 6 13 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 13 ) 17 April 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 17 ) 7.86 6 2 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 02 ) 6 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 06 ) 7.97 5 10 12 February 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 12 ) 16 April 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 16 ) 7.68 Special 24 December 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 24 ) 6.22 6 6 16 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 16 ) 21 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 21 ) 7.22 7 6 8 September 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 08 ) 13 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 13 ) 6.25 8 6 16 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 16 ) 23 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 23 ) 7.27 9 6 14 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 14 ) 21 March 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 21 ) 6.63 10 7 23 February 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 23 ) 6 April 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 06 ) 7.82 11 7 22 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 22 ) 5 April 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 05 ) 7.61 12 7 21 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 21 ) 4 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 04 ) 6.91 13 7 20 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 20 ) 2 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 02 ) 7.71 14 7 25 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 25 ) 8 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 08 ) 7.94 15 6 24 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 24 ) 7 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 07 ) 8.43 Ant and Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway Presents ... ( edit ) During the thirteenth series , the show aired a mini-serial of a spoof `` whodunnit '' , comedy drama , starring Ant & Dec . Entitled `` Who Shot Simon Cowell ? '' , the serial focused on the pair becoming caught up in a mystery surrounding an incident at Cowell 's birthday party , in which Cowell is mysteriously gunned down , leading to them working together to solve who did the deed . Along with themselves , the serial also featured appearances from a variety of celebrities , many of whom either worked with / had worked with the pair and / or Cowell . The format was well liked , and led to a second mini-serial being created for the fourteenth series , entitled `` The Missing Crown Jewels '' , in which the presenters became members of a special organisation called `` Honoured '' , after receiving OBEs , whereupon their first mission is to recover the crown jewels from a mysterious villain . Both mini-serial were later condensed into a special feature - length episodes under the title of Ant and Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway Presents ... , and broadcast in late December 2017 . A third mini-serial was later created for the fifteenth series , entitled `` Saturday Knight Takeaway '' , with the plot focusing on the presenters ' tackling their second mission for the Honoured by finding out who is kidnapping its members , including the organisations ' leader . Episodes Total No . Title Original air date `` The Missing Crown Jewels '' 23 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 23 ) `` Who Shot Simon Cowell ? '' 30 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 30 ) `` Saturday Knight Takeaway '' TBA 2018 ( TBA 2018 ) Ant & Dec Takeaway on tour ( edit ) On 31 October 2013 , it was announced that a live tour of the show , under the title `` Takeaway on Tour '' , would be co-produced between Ant & Dec , James Grant Live , and ITV Studios . Presented by the show 's hosts , with Kim Gavin as the tour 's artistic director , it featured appearances by various celebrities and performers and a number of segments from the programme , including an appearance by Ashley Roberts as the host of the tour 's version of `` Ant vs. Dec '' . Demand for tickets was high , and led to extra dates and venues being added on 28 November 2013 , along with some shows having their dates rearranged . The tour ran for only one series of shows , between August - September 2014 across various cities in the United Kingdom , including London , Cardiff , Birmingham , Manchester , and Glasgow , and also in Dublin , Ireland . Marketing ( edit ) hide This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A board game of the show was released in 2016 , under licensing by Paul Lamond Games . International versions ( edit ) The success of Saturday Night Takeaway led to the creation of a number of international versions : A Finnish version of the programme , entitled Huuma ( Enchantment in English ) was aired on MTV3 . Premiering in March 2005 , it ran for four years before it was axed in 2009 . The show featured its own take on notable segments , such as `` Little Ant & Dec '' and `` Win the Ads '' , and featured various hosts presenting it . A Chinese version of the programme was launched on 11 January 2008 . Entitled Friday Night Takeaway ( 快乐 2008 in Chinese ) , it was broadcast on Hunan TV , and hosted by He Jiong and Ma Ke . Two German versions of the programme were created . The first version , made in 2005 , was cancelled after just one episode was shown on Sat. 1 . The second version was launched on 29 August 2008 , under the title Die Sonja & Dirk Show , and had better success . Created for RTL Television , it was hosted by Sonja Zietlow and Dirk Bach , both of whom were known for presenting the German version of I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! , and featured a similar format to the British original in terms of segments . The programme ran for four years before it was axed , following the death of Bach on 1 October 2012 . A Portuguese version named Sabadabadão was launched on 10 May 2014 . Broadcast on SIC , and co-produced by FremantleMedia , it was hosted by Júlia Pinheiro and João Baião , and ran for only one series of twelve episodes before it was axed . An American version of the programme was launched on 15 September 2015 . Announced the previous year on 27 October 2014 , it was entitled Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris ( referred to also as Best Time Ever ) , presented by Neil Patrick Harris , and produced by NBC as part of their Tuesday night entry for 2015 -- 16 television season . The show ran for one season , ending on 3 November 2015 , before it was announced on 15 December , later that year , that it had been cancelled . A French version of the programme was launched on 11 February 2015 . Announced the previous month , it was entitled Tout Peut Arriver ( `` Anything Could Happen '' ) , aired on M6 , and hosted by Guillaume Pley and Jerome Anthony . The show performed poorly in the ratings and was cancelled after airing three episodes , the third of which was aired on W9 . In October 2015 , Australian network Seven announced plans to create an Australian version of the British original , intended to be aired on Sundays under the title of Sunday Night Takeaway . However , no further information was given after this announcement on the show 's details , including who the hosts would be . As of the beginning of 2018 , no evidence has emerged to detail the status of the programme . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sperling , Daniel ( 9 November 2011 ) . `` Ant & Dec to bring back ' Saturday Night Takeaway ' under ITV deal '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Jump up ^ http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/saturday-night-takeaway/news/a854205/stephen-mulhern-saturday-night-takeaway-in-for-a-penny-own-series/ Jump up ^ `` Ant and Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway to air Christmas sketches '' . 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway : 2014 arena tour announced '' . Digital Spy. 2013 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ant & Dec announce extra ' Saturday Night Takeaway ' tour dates '' . Digital Spy. 2013 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris to host variety show at NBC '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris Cancelled by NBC ; No season Two '' . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ITV Studios France To Make Saturday Night Takeaway '' . ITV Studios . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 21 October 2015 ) . `` Seven Upfronts 2016 : Jessica Mauboy drama , Live streaming of all channels '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official Ant & Dec website Saturday Night Takeaway at itv.com Saturday Night Takeaway at stv.tv Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway at UKGameshows.com Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ant_%26_Dec%27s_Saturday_Night_Takeaway&oldid=843534472 '' Categories : 2000s British television series 2010s British television series 2002 British television programme debuts Ant & Dec ITV game shows Television series by ITV Studios English - language television programs London Weekend Television programmes Saturday media BAFTA winners ( television series ) Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2013 Use British English from April 2013 Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from March 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 19 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first ant and decs saturday night takeaway	[ "Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway (referred to simply as Saturday Night Takeaway or SNT) is a British television variety show, presented by Ant & Dec, both of whom also act as the show's executive producers, and broadcast on ITV since its premiere on 8 June 2002. Its format is heavily influenced by previous Saturday night light entertainment shows, most notably Noel's House Party and Don't Forget Your Toothbrush, while individual items often pay homage to Saturday night TV of the past, such as Opportunity Knocks. The show is notable for a quiz show in which a random member of the studio audience can win prizes based on television adverts, and for a competition in each series between the two presenters. An official Saturday Night Takeaway iOS app for iPod, iPhone and iPad was released on 15 February 2013. In the 2017 season, after Anthony McPartlin was arrested for drink driving, the show was presented by Declan Donnelly, Stephen Mulhern and Scarlett Moffatt." ]	[ "8 June 2002" ]
4497433826419455747	Ancient Egyptian agriculture	Ancient Egyptian agriculture - wikipedia Ancient Egyptian agriculture Jump to : navigation , search Ploughing with a yoke of horned cattle in Ancient Egypt . Painting from the burial chamber of Sennedjem , c. 1200 BC The civilization of Ancient Egypt was indebted to the Nile River and its dependable seasonal flooding . The river 's predictability and the fertile soil allowed the Egyptians to build an empire on the basis of great agricultural wealth . Egyptians are credited as being one of the first groups of people to practice agriculture on a large scale . This was possible because of the ingenuity of the Egyptians as they developed basin irrigation . Their farming practices allowed them to grow staple food crops , especially grains such as wheat and barley , and industrial crops , such as flax and papyrus . Contents ( hide ) 1 Farming systems 1.1 The Nile and field planting 1.2 Irrigation systems 1.2. 1 Basin irrigation 1.3 Horticulture 2 Crops grown 2.1 Food crops 2.2 Industrial and fiber crops 3 Religion and agriculture 3.1 Gods 4 Notes and references 5 Bibliography 6 See also Farming systems ( edit ) The Nile and field planting ( edit ) The Nile 's watershed Further information : Geography of Egypt The civilization of ancient Egypt developed in the arid climate of northern Africa . This region is distinguished by the Arabian and Libyan deserts , and the River Nile . The Nile is one of the longest rivers in the world , flowing northward from Lake Victoria and eventually emptying into the Mediterranean Sea . The Nile has two main tributaries : the Blue Nile which originates in Ethiopia , and the White Nile that flows from Rwanda . While the White Nile is considered to be longer and easier to traverse , the Blue Nile actually carries about two thirds of the water volume of the river . The names of the tributaries derive from the color of the water that they carry . The tributaries come together in Khartoum and branches again when it reaches Egypt , forming the Nile delta . The Egyptians took advantage of the natural cyclical flooding pattern of the Nile . Because this flooding happened fairly predictably , the Egyptians were able to develop their agricultural practices around it . The water levels of the river would rise in August and September , leaving the floodplain and delta submerged by 1.5 meters of water at the peak of flooding . This yearly flooding of the river is known as inundation . As the floodwaters receded in October , farmers were left with well watered and fertile soil in which to plant their crops . The soil left behind by the flooding is known as silt and was brought from Ethiopian Highlands by the Nile . Planting took place in October once the flooding was over , and crops were left to grow with minimal care until they ripened between the months of March and May . While the flooding of the Nile was much more predictable and calm than other rivers , such as the Tigris and Euphrates , it was not always perfect . High floodwaters were destructive and could destroy canals that were made for irrigation . Lack of flooding created a potentially greater issue because it left Egyptians suffering from famine . Irrigation systems ( edit ) To make best use of the waters of the Nile river , the Egyptians developed systems of irrigation . Irrigation allowed the Egyptians to use the Nile 's waters for a variety of purposes . Notably , irrigation granted them greater control over their agricultural practices . Flood waters were diverted away from certain areas , such as cities and gardens , to keep them from flooding . Irrigation was also used to provide drinking water to Egyptians . Despite the fact that irrigation was crucial to their agricultural success , there were no statewide regulations on water control . Rather , irrigation was the responsibility of local farmers . However , the earliest and most famous reference to irrigation in Egyptian archaeology has been found on the mace head of the Scorpion King , which has been roughly dated to about 3100 BC . The mace head depicts the king cutting into a ditch that is part of a grid of basin irrigation . The association of the high ranking king with irrigation highlights the importance of irrigation and agriculture to their society . Basin irrigation ( edit ) Egyptians developed and utilized a form of water management known as basin irrigation . This practice allowed them to control the rise and fall of the river to best suit their agricultural needs . A crisscross network of earthen walls was formed in a field of crops that would be flooded by the river . When the floods came , the water would be trapped in the basins formed by the walls . This grid would hold water longer than it would have naturally stayed , allowing the earth to become fully saturated for later planting . Once the soil was fully watered , the floodwater that remained in the basin would simply be drained to another basin that was in need of more water . Horticulture ( edit ) Gardens of Amun from the Temple of Karnak , painting in the tomb of Nakh , the chief gardener , early 14th century B.C. Main article : Gardens of Ancient Egypt Orchards and gardens were also developed in addition to field planting in the floodplains . This horticulture generally took place further from the floodplain of the Nile , and as a result they required much more work . The perennial irrigation required by gardens forced growers to manually carry water from either a well or the Nile to water their garden crops . Additionally , while the Nile brought silt which naturally fertilized the valley , gardens had to be fertilized by pigeon manure . These gardens and orchards were generally used to grow vegetables , vines and fruit trees . Crops grown ( edit ) Food crops ( edit ) See also : Ancient Egyptian cuisine The Egyptians grew a variety of crops for consumption , including grains , vegetables and fruits . However , their diets revolved around several staple crops , especially cereals and barley . Barley was grown with the intent of later being fermented to make beer . Other major grains grown included einkorn wheat and emmer wheat , grown to make bread . Other staples for the majority of the population included beans , lentils , and later chickpeas and fava beans . Root crops , such as onions , garlic and radishes were grown , along with salad crops , such as lettuce and parsley . Fruits were a common motif of Egyptian artwork , suggesting that their growth was also a major focus of agricultural efforts as the civilization 's agricultural technology developed . Unlike cereals and pulses , fruit required more demanding and complex agricultural techniques , including the use of irrigation systems , cloning , propagation and training . While the first fruits cultivated by the Egyptians were likely indigenous , such as the palm date and sorghum , more fruits were introduced as other cultural influences were introduced . Grapes and watermelon were found throughout predynastic Egyptian sites , as were the sycamore fig , dom palm and christ 's thorn . The carob , olive , apple and pomegranate were introduced to Egyptians during the New Kingdom . Later , during the Greco - Roman period peaches and pears were also introduced . Industrial and fiber crops ( edit ) Egyptians relied on agriculture for more than just the production of food . They were creative in their use of plants , using them for medicine , as part of their religious practices , and in the production of clothing . Herbs perhaps had the most varied purposes ; they were used in cooking , medicine , as cosmetics and in the process of embalming . Over 2000 different species of flowering or aromatic plants have been found in tombs . Papyrus was an extremely versatile crop that grew wild and was also cultivated . The roots of the plant were eaten as food , but it was primarily used as an industrial crop . The stem of the plant was used to make boats , mats and paper . Flax was another important industrial crop that had several uses . Its primary use was in the production of rope , and for linen which was the Egyptians ' principal material for making their clothing . Henna was grown for the production of dye . Religion and agriculture ( edit ) Further information : Ancient Egyptian religion During the times of ancient Egypt religion was a highly important aspect of daily life . Many of their religious observances were centered on their observations of the environment , the Nile and agriculture . They used religion as a way to explain natural phenomena , such as the cyclical flooding of the Nile and agricultural yields . Although the Nile was directly responsible for either good or bad fortune experienced by the Egyptians , they did not worship the Nile itself . Rather , they thanked specific gods for any good fortune . They did not have a name for the river and simply referred to it as `` River '' . The term `` Nile '' is not of Egyptian origin . Gods ( edit ) See also : Egyptian pantheon The Egyptians personified the inundation with the creation of the god called Hapi . Despite the fact that inundation was crucial to their survival , Hapi was not considered to be a major god . He was depicted as an overweight figure who ironically made offerings of water and other products of abundance to pharaohs . A temple was never built specifically for Hapi , but he was worshipped as inundation began by making sacrifices and the singing of hymns . The god Osiris was also closely associated with the Nile and the fertility of the land . During inundation festivals mud figures of Osiris were planted with barley . Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kees , Herman . `` Ancient Egypt : A Cultural Topography . '' Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1961 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Janick , Jules . `` Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture . '' Acta Hort. 583 : 23 - 39 . Electronic . Jump up ^ `` Mysteries of Egypt . Canadian Museum of Civilization . `` http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/egypt/egcgeo2e.shtml Jump up ^ Hoyt , Alia . `` How the Nile Works . '' http://history.howstuffworks.com/african-history/nile-river2.htm ^ Jump up to : Postel , Sandra . `` Egypt 's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation '' http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html#photo1 ^ Jump up to : Dollinger , Andre . `` An Introduction to the History and Culture of Pharaonic Egypt '' . http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/index.html . Jump up ^ `` Agriculture . '' The Oxford Encyclopedia of ancient Egypt . 2001 . Print. l Jump up ^ Janick , Jules . `` The Origins of Fruits , Fruit Growing and Fruit Breeding . '' Plant Breeding Reviews 25 . ( 2005 ) : 255 - 320 . Electronic . ^ Jump up to : Baines , John . `` The Story of the Nile . '' http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/nile_01.shtml Jump up ^ Teeter , Emily and Brewer , Douglas . `` Religion in the Lives of the Ancient Egyptians . '' The University of Chicago Library . http://fathom.lib.uchicago.edu/1/777777190168/ Bibliography ( edit ) Jared Diamond , Guns , germs and steel . A short history of everybody for the last 13,000 years , 1997 . See also ( edit ) Badari culture ( hide ) Ancient Egypt topics Outline Index Major topics Glossary of artifacts Agriculture Architecture ( Egyptian Revival architecture ) Art Astronomy Burial customs Chronology Cities ( list ) Clothing Cuisine Dynasties Geography Great Royal Wives History Language Literature Mathematics Medicine Military Music Mythology People Pharaohs ( list ) Philosophy Religion Sites Technology Trade Writing Egyptology Egyptologists Museums Book Ancient Egypt portal WikiProject Commons Ancient Egypt portal Agriculture and agronomy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture&oldid=805163599 '' Categories : Ancient Egypt History of agriculture Agriculture in Egypt Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Brezhoneg Español Français Română Русский Simple English Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 14 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	flooding of the nile was critical to egyptian agriculture because of	[ "The civilization of Ancient Egypt was indebted to the Nile River and its dependable seasonal flooding. The river’s predictability and the fertile soil allowed the Egyptians to build an empire on the basis of great agricultural wealth. Egyptians are credited as being one of the first groups of people to practice agriculture on a large scale. This was possible because of the ingenuity of the Egyptians as they developed basin irrigation.[1] Their farming practices allowed them to grow staple food crops, especially grains such as wheat and barley, and industrial crops, such as flax and papyrus.[2]" ]	[ "basin irrigation" ]
119739924791153578	The Adventures of Tom Sawyer	The Adventures of Tom Sawyer - wikipedia The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For other uses , see Tom Sawyer ( disambiguation ) . The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Front piece of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer , 1876 1st edition . Author Mark Twain Cover artist Created by Mark Twain Country United States Language English , Limited Edition ( Spanish ) Genre Bildungsroman , Picaresque Novel , Satire , Folk , Children 's Literature Publisher American Publishing Company Publication date 1876 OCLC 47052486 Dewey Decimal 813.4 LC Class PZ7. T88 Ad 2001 Followed by Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Text The Adventures of Tom Sawyer at Wikisource The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain is an 1876 novel about a young boy growing up along the Mississippi River . It is set in the 1840s in the fictional town of St. Petersburg , inspired by Hannibal , Missouri , where Twain lived as a boy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Significance 3 Inception 4 Publication 5 Critical analysis 6 Sequels and other works featuring Tom Sawyer 7 Adaptations and influences 7.1 Film and television 7.2 Theatrical 7.3 Ballet 7.4 Video Games 7.5 Internet 7.6 Song 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Tom Sawyer , US commemorative stamp of 1972 showing the white board fence . Tom Sawyer lives with his Aunt Polly and his half - brother Sid . He skips school to swim and is made to whitewash the fence the next day as punishment . He cleverly persuades his friends to trade him small treasures for the privilege of doing his work . Tom falls in love with Becky Thatcher , a new girl in town , and persuades her to get `` engaged '' by kissing him . But their romance collapses when she learns Tom has been `` engaged '' previously to Amy Lawrence . Shortly after Becky shuns him , he accompanies Huckleberry Finn to the graveyard at night , where they witness a trio of body snatchers , Dr. Robinson , Muff Potter , and Injun Joe , getting into a fight in which Robinson is murdered by Injun Joe . Joe pins the murder on Muff Potter , but the boys know he is innocent . At Potter 's trial , Tom speaks out and Joe escapes through a window before he can be apprehended . Henceforth the boys live in constant fear of Joe 's revenge on them for incriminating him . Bored by school , Tom , his best friend Joe Harper , and Huck run away to an island in the Mississippi called Jackson 's Island . While enjoying their new - found freedom , they become aware that the community is sounding the river for their bodies . Tom sneaks back home one night to observe the commotion . After a brief moment of remorse at his loved ones ' suffering , he is struck by the idea of appearing at his own funeral . The trio later carry out this scheme by making a sensational sudden appearance in the church in the middle of their joint funeral service . Back in school , Tom gets himself back in Becky 's favor after he nobly accepts the blame and punishment for a book she has ripped . Summer arrives , and Tom and Huck go hunting for buried treasure in a haunted house . After venturing upstairs they hear a noise below . Peering through holes in the floor , they see Injun Joe disguised as a deaf - mute Spaniard ; Injun Joe and his companion plan to bury some stolen treasure of their own . From their hiding spot , Tom and Huck wriggle with delight at the prospect of digging it up . By chance the villains discover an even greater gold hoard buried in the hearth and carry it all off to a better secret hiding place . The boys are determined to find where it has gone . One night Huck spots them and follows them . He overhears their plans to attack the wealthy Widow Douglas . By running to fetch help , Huck prevents the crime and becomes an anonymous hero . Tom and Becky lost in the caves . Illustration from the 1876 edition by artist True Williams . In the meantime , Tom goes on a picnic to McDougal 's Cave with Becky and their classmates . Tom and Becky get separated from the others and wander lost in the extensive cave complex for the next few days . Becky gets extremely dehydrated and starved , so Tom 's search for a way out gets even more desperate . He accidentally encounters Injun Joe in the caves one day , but he is not seen by his nemesis . Eventually , he finds a way out , and they are joyfully welcomed back by their community . As a preventive measure , Judge Thatcher , Becky 's father , has McDougal 's Cave sealed off with an iron door , but this traps Injun Joe inside . When Tom hears of the sealing several days later he directs a posse to the cave , they find Injun Joe 's corpse just inside the sealed entrance , starved to death . A week later , having deduced from Injun Joe 's presence at McDougal 's Cave that the villain must have hidden the stolen gold inside , Tom takes Huck to the cave and they find the box of gold , the proceeds of which are invested for them . The Widow Douglas adopts Huck , but he finds the restrictions of a civilized home life painful . He attempts to escape back to his vagrant life . Tom tricks him into thinking that he can later join Tom 's new scheme of starting a robber band if he returns to the widow . Reluctantly , Huck agrees and goes back to her . See also List of Tom Sawyer characters . Significance ( edit ) The novel has elements of humor , satire and social criticism ; features that later made Mark Twain one of the most important authors of American literature . Mark Twain describes some autobiographical events in the book . The novel is set around Twain 's actual boyhood home of Hannibal , near St. Louis , and many of the places in it are real and today support a tourist industry as a result . Inception ( edit ) Tom Sawyer is Twain 's first attempt to write a novel on his own . He had previously written contemporary autobiographical narratives ( The Innocents Abroad or The New Pilgrims ' Progress , Roughing It ) and two short texts called sketches which parody the youth literature of the time . These are The Story of the Good Boy and The Story of the Wicked Little Boy which are satirical texts of a few pages . In the first , a model child is never rewarded and ends up dying before he can declaim his last words which he has carefully prepared . In the second story , an evil little boy steals and lies , like Tom Sawyer , but finishes rich and successful . Tom appears as a mixture of these little boys , since he is at the same time a scamp and a boy endowed with a certain generosity . By the time he wrote Tom Sawyer , Twain was already a successful author based on the popularity of The Innocents Abroad . He owned a large house in Hartford , Connecticut but needed another success to support himself , with a wife and two daughters . He had collaborated on a novel with Charles Dudley Warner , The Gilded Age published in 1874 . He had earlier written an unpublished memoir of his own life on the Mississippi and corresponded with a boyhood friend , Will Bowen , that had evoked many memories and was used as a source of material . Twain named his fictional character after a San Francisco fireman whom he met in June 1863 . The real Tom Sawyer was a local hero , famous for rescuing 90 passengers after a shipwreck . The two remained friendly during Twain 's three - year stay in San Francisco , often drinking and gambling together . Publication ( edit ) In November 1875 Twain gave the manuscript to Elisha Bliss of the American Publishing Company , who sent it to True Williams for the illustrations . A little later , Twain had the text also quickly published at Chatto and Windus of London , in June 1876 , but without illustration . Pirate editions appeared very quickly in Canada and Germany . The American Publishing Company finally published its edition in December 1876 , which was the first illustrated edition of Tom Sawyer . These two editions differ slightly . After completing his manuscript , Twain had a copy made of it . It is this copy which was read and annotated by his friend William Dean Howells . Twain then made his own corrections based on Howells comments which he later incorporated in the original manuscript , but some corrections escaped him . The English edition was based on this corrected copy , while the illustrated American edition was based on the original manuscript . To further complicate matters , Twain was personally concerned with the revision of the proofs of the American edition , which he did not do for the English edition . The American edition is therefore considered the authoritative edition . Critical analysis ( edit ) A third person narrator describes the experiences of the boys , interspersed with occasional social commentary . In its sequel , Huckleberry Finn , Mark Twain changes to a first person narrative which takes moral conflicts more personally and thus makes greater social criticism possible . Sometimes the book is described as racist because black people are called `` niggers '' in the text . This was common practice at the time and does not necessarily indicate racism . A cleansed version , which no longer contained the word , aroused indignation among some literary critics . Sequels and other works featuring Tom Sawyer ( edit ) Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ( 1884 ) Tom Sawyer Abroad ( 1894 ) Tom Sawyer , Detective ( 1896 ) Tom Sawyer , the story 's title character , also appears in two other uncompleted sequels : Huck and Tom Among the Indians and Tom Sawyer 's Conspiracy . He is also a character in Twain 's unfinished Schoolhouse Hill . Adaptations and influences ( edit ) Film and television ( edit ) Tom Sawyer ( 1917 ) , directed by William Desmond Taylor , starring Jack Pickford as Tom Tom Sawyer ( 1930 ) , directed by John Cromwell , starring Jackie Coogan as Tom Tom Sawyer ( 1936 ) , Soviet Union version directed by Lazar Frenkel and Gleb Zatvornitsky The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( 1938 ) , Technicolor film by the Selznick Studio , starring Tommy Kelly as Tom and directed by Norman Taurog ; most notable is the cave sequence designed by William Cameron Menzies The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( 1960 ) , BBC television series in 6 episodes starring Fred Smith as Tom and Janina Faye as Becky . The series ' theme song was `` John Gilbert is the Boat '' , sung by Peggy Seeger Les aventures de Tom Sawyer ( 1968 ) , Romanian / French / German television miniseries directed by Wolfgang Liebeneiner , starring Roland Demongeot as Tom and Marc Di Napoli as Huck Aventurile lui Tom Sawyer ( 1968 ) , Romanian movie directed by Mircea Albulescu . The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ( 1968 ) , a half - hour live - action / animated series produced by Hanna - Barbera Productions Las Aventuras de Juliancito ( 1969 ) , Mexican film Tom Sawyer ( 1973 ) , musical adaptation by Robert B. Sherman and Richard M. Sherman , with Johnny Whitaker in the title role , Jeff East as Huck Finn , Jodie Foster as Becky Thatcher , and Celeste Holm as Aunt Polly . Tom Sawyer ( 1973 ) , TV movie version sponsored by Dr Pepper , starring Buddy Ebsen as Muff Potter and filmed in Upper Canada Village Páni kluci ( 1976 ) , Czech movie directed by Věra Plívová - Šimková Huckleberry Finn and His Friends ( 1979 ) , TV series The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( 1980 ) , Japanese anime television series by Nippon Animation , part of the World Masterpiece Theater , aired in the United States on HBO The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn ( Приключения Тома Сойера и Гекльберри Финна ) , 1981 Soviet Union version directed by Stanislav Govorukhin Tom Sawyer ( 1984 ) , Canadian claymation version produced by Hal Roach studios Tom and Huck ( 1995 ) , starring Jonathan Taylor Thomas as Tom and Brad Renfro as Huck Finn Tom Sawyer ( 2000 ) , animated adaptation featuring the characters as anthropomorphic animals instead of humans with an all - star voice cast , including country singers Rhett Akins , Mark Wills , Lee Ann Womack , Waylon Jennings , and Hank Williams Jr. as well as Betty White Thomas Sawyer , as a young adult , is a character in the movie League of Extraordinary Gentlemen , portrayed by Shane West . Here , Tom is a U.S. Secret Service agent who joins the team 's fight against Professor Moriarty . Tom Sawyer & Huckleberry Finn ( 2014 ) , starring Joel Courtney as Tom and Jake T. Austin as Huck . Band of Robbers , a 2015 American crime comedy film written and directed by the Nee Brothers Theatrical ( edit ) In 1956 , We 're From Missouri , a musical adaptation of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer , with book , music , and lyrics by Tom Boyd , was presented by the students at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama . In 1960 , Tom Boyd 's musical version ( re-titled Tom Sawyer ) was presented professionally at Theatre Royal Stratford East in London , England , and in 1961 toured provincial theatres in England . In 1981 , the play `` The Boys in Autumn '' was premiered in San Francisco by the American dramatist Bernhard Sabath , in which Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn meet again as old men . Despite good reviews , the play has remained largely unknown . In 2001 , the musical The Adventures of Tom Sawyer , by Ken Ludwig and Don Schlitz , debuted on Broadway . In 2015 , the Mark Twain House and Museum selected 17 - year - old Noah Altshuler ( writer of Making the Move ) , as Mark Twain Playwright in Residence , to create a modern , meta - fictional adaptation of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer for regional and commercial production . Ballet ( edit ) Tom Sawyer : A Ballet in Three Acts premiered on October 14 , 2011 , at the Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts in Kansas City , Missouri . The score was by composer Maury Yeston , with choreography by William Whitener , artistic director of the Kansas City Ballet . A review in The New York Times observed : `` It 's quite likely that this is the first all - new , entirely American three - act ballet : it is based on an American literary classic , has an original score by an American composer and was given its premiere by an American choreographer and company ... Both the score and the choreography are energetic , robust , warm , deliberately naïve ( both ornery and innocent ) , in ways right for Twain . '' Video games ( edit ) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer , an action - platformer for the Nintendo Entertainment System . It was released by SeTa in February 1989 in Japan and August that same year in the North America . Square 's Tom Sawyer , a role - playing video game produced by Square . It was released in March 1989 for Japan on the Famicom . Internet ( edit ) On November 30 , 2011 , to celebrate Twain 's 176th birthday , the Google Doodle was a scene from The Adventures of Tom Sawyer . Song ( edit ) Canadian rock band Rush published a song entitled Tom Sawyer in 1981 , which is inspired by the book . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal List of Tom Sawyer characters Mark Twain bibliography The Story of a Bad Boy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Facsimile of the original 1st edition . Jump up ^ `` American Literature : Mark Twain '' . www.americanliterature.com . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Norkunas , Martha K. ( 1993 ) . The Politics of Public Memory : Tourism , History , and Ethnicity in Monterey , California . SUNY Press . p. 60 . ISBN 0791414841 . Jump up ^ Gailey , Amanda . `` The Gilded Age : A Tale of Today '' . Encyclopedia of American Literature . Jump up ^ Graysmith , Robert ( October 2012 ) . `` The Adventures of the Real Tom Sawyer '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Twain , Mark ( 1967 ) . Hill , Hamlin Lewis , ed . Mark Twain 's Letters to his Publishers 1867 - 1894 . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . Jump up ^ Groß - Langenhoff , Barbara ( 2006 ) . Social Criticism in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn . GRIN Verlag , . ISBN 363845682X . Jump up ^ `` Opinion That 's Not Twain '' . The New York Times . 2011 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Sawyer '' . Jump up ^ `` Tom Sawyer ( 1930 ) '' . IMDB . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Sawyer ( 1936 ) '' . IMDB . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` THE ADVENTURES OF TOM SAWYER ( 1938 ) '' . tcm.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( 1960 -- ) '' . IMDB . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les aventur Sawyer ( 1968 -- ) '' . IMDB . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ( 1968 -- 1969 ) '' . IMDB . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aventuras de Juliancito ( 1969 ) '' . IMDB . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Sawyer ( 1973 ) '' . IMDB . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Sawyer ( TV 1973 ) '' . IMDB . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Huckleberry Finn and His Friends ( 1979 -- ) '' . IMDB . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn ( 1981 ) '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tom and Huck ( 1995 ) '' . IMDB . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Sawyer ( Video 2000 ) '' . IMDB . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Sawyer & Huckleberry Finn ( 2014 ) '' . IMDB . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TOM SAWYER - London production '' . www.tomboyd.net . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Frankos , Laura ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . The Broadway Musical Quiz Book . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 267 . ISBN 9781423492757 . Jump up ^ Rich , Frank ( 1986 - 05 - 01 ) . `` THEATER : ' THE BOYS IN AUTUMN ' '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Weber , Bruce ( 2001 - 04 - 27 ) . `` THEATER REVIEW ; An Older ( and Calmer ) Tom Sawyer '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Giola , Michael ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Could a 17 - Year - Old Bring Mark Twain 's `` The Adventures of Tom Sawyer '' Back to Broadway ? `` . Playbill . Jump up ^ Horsley , Paul . `` An American Ballet : KCB Presents World Premiere Of Ambitious New Piece '' , KCIndependent.com , accessed June 23 , 2012 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` Maury Yeston 's Tom Sawyer Ballet Will Get World Premiere in 2011 '' , Playbill.com , November 9 , 2012 Jump up ^ Macaulay , Alastair . `` Yes , Those Are Tom , Becky and Huck Leaping '' , NYTimes.com , October 24 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Mark Twain 's 176th Birthday '' , google.com , November 30 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Tom Sawyer by Rush Songfacts '' . www.songfacts.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Tom Sawyer at Project Gutenberg The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Audiobook on YouTube The Adventures of Tom Sawyer , 135th Anniversary Edition , University of California Press , 2010 . The Adventures of Tom Sawyer . Digitized copy of the first American edition from Internet Archive ( 1876 ) . The Adventures of Tom Sawyer public domain audiobook at LibriVox Twain , Mark , 1835 - 1910 . The Adventures of Tom Sawyer - Free eBook in HTML format at the Electronic Text Center , University of Virginia Library . First edition illustrations by True Williams Mark Twain Bibliography Novels The Gilded Age : A Tale of Today The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Prince and the Pauper Adventures of Huckleberry Finn A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court The American Claimant Tom Sawyer Abroad Pudd'nhead Wilson Tom Sawyer , Detective Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc A Double Barrelled Detective Story A Horse 's Tale The Mysterious Stranger Hellfire Hotchkiss Short stories `` The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County '' `` Cannibalism in the Cars '' `` General Washington 's Negro Body - Servant '' `` My Late Senatorial Secretaryship '' `` Some Learned Fables for Good Old Boys and Girls '' `` A Literary Nightmare '' `` A Murder , a Mystery , and a Marriage '' `` The Invalid 's Story '' `` The Great Revolution in Pitcairn '' `` 1601 '' `` The Stolen White Elephant '' `` Luck '' `` The Million Pound Bank Note '' `` Those Extraordinary Twins '' `` The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg '' `` A Dog 's Tale '' `` Extracts from Adam 's Diary '' `` The War Prayer '' `` Eve 's Diary '' `` Captain Stormfield 's Visit to Heaven '' `` My Platonic Sweetheart '' `` The Private Life of Adam and Eve '' `` Advice to Little Girls '' `` The Purloining of Prince Oleomargarine '' Short story collections Mark Twain 's ( Burlesque ) Autobiography and First Romance Sketches New and Old A True Story and the Recent Carnival of Crime Punch , Brothers , Punch ! and Other Sketches Mark Twain 's Library of Humor Merry Tales The £ 1,000,000 Bank Note and Other New Stories The $30,000 Bequest and Other Stories The Curious Republic of Gondour and Other Whimsical Sketches The Washoe Giant in San Francisco Plays Is He Dead ? Colonel Sellers Colonel Sellers as a Scientist Essays `` The Awful German Language '' `` Advice to Youth '' `` English As She Is Taught '' How to Tell a Story and Other Essays `` Concerning the Jews '' `` A Salutation Speech From the Nineteenth Century to the Twentieth '' `` To the Person Sitting in Darkness '' `` To My Missionary Critics '' `` Edmund Burke on Croker and Tammany '' `` What Is Man ? '' `` Queen Victoria 's Jubilee '' `` The United States of Lyncherdom '' `` Fenimore Cooper 's Literary Offenses '' Letters from the Earth Non-fiction Territorial Enterprise letters Letters from Hawaii The Innocents Abroad Roughing It Old Times on the Mississippi A Tramp Abroad Life on the Mississippi Following the Equator Is Shakespeare Dead ? Autobiography of Mark Twain Mark Twain 's Notebook King Leopold 's Soliloquy The Private History of a Campaign That Failed Mark Twain 's Weapons of Satire The Bible According to Mark Twain Christian Science Speeches `` Some Thoughts on the Science of Onanism '' `` Votes for Women '' Places and events Conception Birthplace Historic Site State Park Boyhood Home and Museum Mark Twain Cave Mark Twain in Nevada Territorial Enterprise Sagebrush School Mark Twain House , Hartford , Connecticut Stormfield Publisher , Ulysses S. Grant 's memoirs Twain -- Ament indemnities controversy In popular culture Mark Twain Prize for American Humor Mark Twain Tonight ! The Adventures of Mark Twain ( 1944 film ) The Adventures of Mark Twain ( 1985 film ) Mark Twain : The Musical Family Olivia Langdon Clemens ( wife ) Susy Clemens ( daughter ) Clara Clemens ( daughter ) Jean Clemens ( daughter ) John M. Clemens ( father ) Orion Clemens ( brother ) Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain Characters Huckleberry Finn Tom Sawyer Jim Books The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( 1876 ) Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ( 1884 ) Tom Sawyer Abroad ( 1894 ) Tom Sawyer , Detective ( 1896 ) Schoolhouse Hill ( 1916 ) Film Tom Sawyer ( 1907 ) Tom Sawyer ( 1917 ) Huck and Tom ( 1918 ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1920 ) Tom Sawyer ( 1930 ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1931 ) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( 1938 ) The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ( 1939 ) The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ( 1960 ) Hopelessly Lost ( 1973 ) Tom Sawyer ( 1973 ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1974 ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1975 ) The Adventures of Huck Finn ( 1993 ) Tom and Huck ( 1995 ) Tom Sawyer ( 2000 ) Tom Sawyer & Huckleberry Finn ( 2014 ) Television The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ( 1955 ) The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ( 1968 ) Huckleberry no Bōken ( 1976 ) Huckleberry Finn and His Friends ( 1979 ) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( 1980 ) Back to Hannibal : The Return of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn ( 1990 ) Video games The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( 1989 ) Square 's Tom Sawyer ( 1989 ) Stage Big River The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( musical ) Other Huckleberry Finn ( EP ) VIAF : 178211495 LCCN : n79132704 GND : 4334681 - 9 SUDOC : 050348973 BNF : cb135108047 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Adventures_of_Tom_Sawyer&oldid=825103857 '' Categories : 1876 American novels Novels by Mark Twain Adventure novels American children 's novels American novels adapted into films Novels set in the 1840s Picaresque novels American adventure novels Novels set in Missouri Southern United States in fiction Novels adapted into television programs 1870s children 's books Hidden categories : Articles that link to Wikisource Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Alemannisch Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 14 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the book the adventures of tom sawyer about	[ "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain is an 1876 novel about a young boy growing up along the Mississippi River. It is set in the 1840s in the fictional town of St. Petersburg, inspired by Hannibal, Missouri, where Twain lived as a boy.[2]" ]	[ "a young boy growing up along the Mississippi River" ]
2203477318616986054	Eiffel Tower replicas and derivatives	Eiffel Tower replicas and derivatives - wikipedia Eiffel Tower replicas and derivatives As one of the most iconic and recognisable structures in the world , the Eiffel Tower has been the inspiration for the creation of over 50 similar towers around the world . Most are not exact replicas , though there are many like it . Contents 1 Replicas of known height 2 Replicas of unknown height 2.1 Image gallery 3 References Replicas of known height ( edit ) The Eiffel Tower was an inspiration for the Blackpool Tower in Blackpool , England , which proved that a tower could be a profitable tourist attraction . The Blackpool Tower was originally the idea of the Standard Contract and Debenture Corporation , based in the Isle of Man , who proposed the erection of two towers , one in Blackpool and one in the Isle of Man and sold shares to potential investors , including many prominent Blackpool families . When the corporation got into financial difficultly John Bickerstaffe stopped the scheme from collapsing and ensured the scheme was a success . The Blackpool Tower , though one of the oldest , is not a true replica of the Eiffel Tower and differs from the Paris tower in a number of ways : it is approximately half the height of the Eiffel Tower ( 158 m compared to 324 m ) , it is not freestanding and the base contains buildings which house entertainments including the Tower Circus and Ballroom , making it in itself one of the most unique replica - like Towers in the world . It was also designed by the British architects Maxwell and Tuke who designed a number of towers including New Brighton . Other Eiffel - inspired towers are listed in the table in descending order of scale and height : Name Location Height Scale Notes Image Watkin 's Tower Wembley , Greater London , UK 358 m ( 1,175 ft ) planned height Full scale 51 ° 33 ′ 20 '' N 0 ° 16 ′ 46 '' W / 51.55556 ° N 0.27944 ° W / 51.55556 ; - 0.27944 ( Watkins Tower ( demolished ) ) Never completed : construction began in 1891 , demolished in 1907 . Long Ta Harbin , Heilongjiang Province , China 336 m ( 1,102 ft ) Full scale 45 ° 44 ′ 45.55 '' N 126 ° 40 ′ 28 '' E / 45.7459861 ° N 126.67444 ° E / 45.7459861 ; 126.67444 ( Long Ta ) Communication tower Tokyo Tower Minato Tokyo , Japan 332.5 m ( 1,091 ft ) Full scale 35 ° 39 ′ 31 '' N 139 ° 44 ′ 44 '' E / 35.65861 ° N 139.74556 ° E / 35.65861 ; 139.74556 ( Tokyo Tower ) The image shows Tokyo Tower in 2016 . Nagoya TV Tower Nagoya , Japan 180 m ( 591 ft ) 1 : 2 scale 35 ° 10 ′ 20 '' N 136 ° 54 ′ 30 '' E / 35.17222 ° N 136.90833 ° E / 35.17222 ; 136.90833 ( Nagoya TV Tower ) - New Brighton Tower New Brighton , Merseyside , UK 173 m ( 568 ft ) 1 : 2 scale 53 ° 26 ′ 12.37 '' N 3 ° 02 ′ 11.03 '' W / 53.4367694 ° N 3.0363972 ° W / 53.4367694 ; - 3.0363972 ( New Brighton Tower ) Completed by 1900 , demolished by 1921 Las Vegas Eiffel Tower Paris Las Vegas hotel / casino on the Las Vegas Strip , Nevada , USA 164.6 m ( 540 ft ) 1 : 2 scale 36 ° 6 ′ 45 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 20 '' W / 36.11250 ° N 115.17222 ° W / 36.11250 ; - 115.17222 ( Paris Las Vegas Eiffel Tower ) - Ismaning Radio Tower Ismaning , Bavaria , Germany 163 m ( 535 ft ) 1 : 2 scale 48 ° 15 ′ 1 '' N 11 ° 45 ′ 0 '' E / 48.25028 ° N 11.75000 ° E / 48.25028 ; 11.75000 ( Ismaning Radio Tower ( demolished ) ) Wooden radio tower used for medium wave broadcasting , demolished in 1983 Funkturm Berlin Berlin , Germany 150 m ( 492 ft ) 1 : 2 scale 52 ° 30 ′ 18.2 '' N 13 ° 16 ′ 41.45 '' E / 52.505056 ° N 13.2781806 ° E / 52.505056 ; 13.2781806 ( Funkturm Berlin ) - The Parisian Cotai Strip , Macau 150 m ( 492 ft ) 1 : 2 scale 22 ° 08 ′ 37 '' N 113 ° 33 ′ 46 '' E / 22.14364 ° N 113.56283 ° E / 22.14364 ; 113.56283 ( Tower at The Parisian , Cotai Strip , Macau ) Completed and opened on 13 September 2016 Eiffel Tower of Window of the World Shenzhen , China 108 m ( 354 ft ) 1 : 3 scale 22 ° 32 ′ 13.33 '' N 113 ° 58 ′ 9.51 '' E / 22.5370361 ° N 113.9693083 ° E / 22.5370361 ; 113.9693083 ( Window of the Worlds Eiffel Tower ) - Eiffel Tower of Tiandu City Community ( also called Tianducheng ) Hangzhou , China 108 m ( 354 ft ) 1 : 3 scale 30 ° 23 ′ 6.72 '' N 120 ° 14 ′ 36.60 '' E / 30.3852000 ° N 120.2435000 ° E / 30.3852000 ; 120.2435000 ( Tianducheng Eiffel Tower ) - Eiffel Tower Kings Island Amusement Park , Mason , Ohio , USA ~ 101 m ( ~ 332 ft ) 1 : 3 scale 39 ° 20 ′ 36 '' N 84 ° 16 ′ 1 '' W / 39.34333 ° N 84.26694 ° W / 39.34333 ; - 84.26694 ( Kings Island Eiffel Tower ) - Eiffel Tower Kings Dominion Amusement Park , Doswell , Virginia , USA ~ 101 m ( 332 ft 1 : 3 scale 37 ° 50 ′ 23 '' N 77 ° 26 ′ 43 '' W / 37.83972 ° N 77.44528 ° W / 37.83972 ; - 77.44528 ( Kings Dominion Eiffel Tower ) - Metallic tower of Fourvière Lyon , France 85.9 m ( 282 ft ) 1 : 4 scale 45 ° 45 ′ 49.57 '' N 4 ° 49 ′ 20.16 '' E / 45.7637694 ° N 4.8222667 ° E / 45.7637694 ; 4.8222667 ( Metallic tower of Fourvière ) Radio transmitter . Construction began in 1892 as a monument to the Church . Eiffel Tower replica in Bahria Town Lahore , Pakistan 80 m ( 262 ft ) 1 : 4 scale 31 ° 21 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 11 ′ 05 '' E / 31.355786 ° N 74.184798 ° E / 31.355786 ; 74.184798 ( Eiffel Tower replica in Bahria Town ) Constructed in 2014 . Torre del Reformador Guatemala City , Guatemala 75 m ( 246 ft ) 1 : 5 scale 14 ° 36 ′ 46.9 '' N 90 ° 31 ′ 0.49 '' W / 14.613028 ° N 90.5168028 ° W / 14.613028 ; - 90.5168028 ( Torre del Reformador ) Erected in 1935 Tsūtenkaku ( `` Tower Reaching Heaven '' ) Osaka , Japan 64 m ( 210 ft ) 1 : 6 scale 34 ° 39 ′ 08 '' N 135 ° 30 ′ 22 '' E / 34.65222 ° N 135.50611 ° E / 34.65222 ; 135.50611 ( Tsūtenkaku ) At Luna Park ; destroyed by fire 1945 , replaced with a different design Petřín Lookout Tower ( Petřínská rozhledna ) Prague , Czech Republic 63.5 m ( 208 ft ) 1 : 6 scale 50 ° 05 ′ 0.76 '' N 14 ° 23 ′ 42.18 '' E / 50.0835444 ° N 14.3950500 ° E / 50.0835444 ; 14.3950500 ( Petřínská rozhledna ) Petřínská rozhledna Eiffel tower Gomez Palacio , Durango , Mexico About 58 m ( 190 ft ) 1 : 6 scale 25 ° 32 ′ 59.50 '' N 103 ° 28 ′ 44.68 '' W / 25.5498611 ° N 103.4790778 ° W / 25.5498611 ; - 103.4790778 ( Torre Eiffel ) Torre Eiffel Eiffel Tower Slobozia , Romania 54 m ( 177 ft ) 1 : 6 scale 44 ° 33 ′ 27 '' N 27 ° 19 ′ 59 '' E / 44.55750 ° N 27.33306 ° E / 44.55750 ; 27.33306 ( Slobozia Eiffel Tower ) - Eiffel Tower Parizh , Chelyabinsk Oblast , Russia 50 m ( 164 ft ) 1 : 6 scale 53 ° 17 ′ 51.02 '' N 60 ° 5 ′ 59.46 '' E / 53.2975056 ° N 60.0998500 ° E / 53.2975056 ; 60.0998500 ( Parizh Eiffel Tower ) Built by South Ural Cell Telephone company as a cellphone tower AWA Tower Sydney , New South Wales , Australia 46 m ( 151 ft ) 1 : 6 scale 33 ° 52 ′ 1 '' S 151 ° 12 ′ 20 '' E / 33.86694 ° S 151.20556 ° E / - 33.86694 ; 151.20556 ( AWA Tower ) Communications Bordeaux Tower Fayetteville , North Carolina , USA About 45 m ( 148 ft ) 1 : 6 scale 35 ° 1 ′ 48 '' N 78 ° 55 ′ 50 '' W / 35.03000 ° N 78.93056 ° W / 35.03000 ; - 78.93056 ( Fayetville Eiffel Tower ) - Copenhagen Zoo Tower Copenhagen , Denmark 43.5 m ( 143 ft ) 1 : 6 scale 55 ° 40 ′ 19.16 '' N 12 ° 31 ′ 24.70 '' E / 55.6719889 ° N 12.5235278 ° E / 55.6719889 ; 12.5235278 ( Copenhagen Zoo Tower ) Wooden structure Tour d'Eiffel de Fes Fez , Morocco 39 m ( 128 ft ) 1 : 9 scale Built in 2012 to honor the bond between the city of Fes and Paris Eiffel tower Kharkiv , Ukraine 35 m ( 115 ft ) 1 : 9 scale ( approximately ) 49 ° 59 ′ 23.91 '' N 36 ° 17 ′ 21.91 '' E / 49.9899750 ° N 36.2894194 ° E / 49.9899750 ; 36.2894194 ( Eiffel tower ) Golden Sands Eiffel Tower Varna , Bulgaria 32.4 m ( 106 ft ) ) 1 : 10 scale ( approximately ) 43 ° 17 ′ 3.91 '' N 28 ° 2 ′ 39.08 '' E / 43.2844194 ° N 28.0441889 ° E / 43.2844194 ; 28.0441889 ( Golden Sands Eiffel Tower ) Built in the resort town as a tourist attraction Eiffel Tower Parque Europa , Torrejón de Ardoz , Madrid , Spain 30.4 m ( 100 ft ) 1 : 10 scale ( approximately ) Completed in 2010 ; part of an $18 m replica theme park . Eiffel Tower Samarkand , Uzbekistan Approximately 30 m ( 98 ft ) 1 : 10 scale 39 ° 23 ′ 37 '' N 66 ° 32 ′ 34 '' E / 39.393596 ° N 66.542739 ° E / 39.393596 ; 66.542739 ( Samarkand ) Soghdiana Park . Eiffel Tower EPCOT theme park , Lake Buena Vista , Florida , USA 23 m ( 76 ft ) 1 : 14 scale 1 : 10 ) 28 ° 22 ′ 6.86 '' N 81 ° 33 ′ 11.89 '' W / 28.3685722 ° N 81.5533028 ° W / 28.3685722 ; - 81.5533028 ( EPCOT Eiffel Tower ) - Monte Amiata Summit Cross Amiata , Italy 22 m ( 72 ft ) 42 ° 53 ′ 16.59 '' N 11 ° 37 ′ 30.08 '' E / 42.8879417 ° N 11.6250222 ° E / 42.8879417 ; 11.6250222 ( Monte Amiata Summit Cross ) Summit cross Paris , Texas Eiffel Tower Paris , Texas , USA 20 m ( 66 ft ) 1 : 16 scale 33 ° 38 ′ 23.52 '' N 95 ° 31 ′ 25.92 '' W / 33.6398667 ° N 95.5238667 ° W / 33.6398667 ; - 95.5238667 ( Paris ( Texas ) Eiffel Tower ) - Eiffel Tower ( Paris , Tennessee ) Paris , Tennessee , USA about 60 feet ( 18 m ) tall . 1 : 20 scale 36 ° 17 ′ 12.94 '' N 88 ° 18 ′ 5.41 '' W / 36.2869278 ° N 88.3015028 ° W / 36.2869278 ; - 88.3015028 ( Paris , Tennessee Eiffel Tower ) - Filiatra Eiffel Tower Filiatra , Messinia , Greece 18 m model 1 : 18 scale 37 ° 09 ′ 44 '' N 21 ° 34 ′ 59 '' E / 37.1621591 ° N 21.5829313 ° E / 37.1621591 ; 21.5829313 ( Filiatra Eiffel Tower ) at the entrance of the village Krasnoyarsk Eiffel Tower Krasnoyarsk , Russia 14.8 metres 1 : 22 scale 56 ° 02 ′ 17 '' N 92 ° 54 ′ 43 '' E / 56.038056 ° N 92.911944 ° E / 56.038056 ; 92.911944 ( Krasnoyarsk Eiffel Tower ) Europe Eiffel Tower Mini-Europe , Brussels , Belgium 12.96 m model 1 : 25 scale 50 ° 53 ′ 39.44 '' N 4 ° 20 ′ 21.16 '' E / 50.8942889 ° N 4.3392111 ° E / 50.8942889 ; 4.3392111 ( Mini Europe Eiffel Tower ) - Kabardinka Eiffel Tower Kabardinka , Russia 12 metres 1 : 25 scale 44 ° 38 ′ 59 '' N 37 ° 55 ′ 54 '' E / 44.6497327 ° N 37.9316336 ° E / 44.6497327 ; 37.9316336 ( Kabardinka Eiffel Tower ) Built in 2014 in the resort town as a tourist attraction Kota Eiffel Tower Rajasthan , India 12 metres 1 : 25 scale 25 ° 10 ′ 50 '' N 75 ° 50 ′ 47 '' E / 25.180476 ° N 75.846518 ° E / 25.180476 ; 75.846518 ( Miniature Eiffel Tower ) - Eiffel Tower Tochigi Prefecture , Japan 12 metres 1 : 25 scale - At Tobu World Square , Tochigi Prefecture Japan . The park is notable in that it also has a replica of the Tokyo Tower , see above . Brisbane Eiffel Tower Brisbane , Queensland , Australia Roughly 12 m ( 39 ft ) tall 1 : 25 scale 27 ° 28 ′ 14 '' S 153 ° 00 ′ 17 '' E / 27.470686 ° S 153.004690 ° E / - 27.470686 ; 153.004690 ( Brisbane Eiffel Tower ) Landmark among the sidewalk tables of La Dolce Vita café ( formerly Rue De Paris Café ) on Park Rd , Milton which ironically offers Italian cuisine Minimundus Klagenfurt , Austria 1 : 25 scale 46 ° 37 ′ 11 '' N 14 ° 15 ′ 52 '' E / 46.61972 ° N 14.26444 ° E / 46.61972 ; 14.26444 ( Minimundus ) Part of a miniature park Bauru Eiffel Tower Bauru , Brazil Roughly 10 m ( 33 ft ) tall 1 : 25 scale 22 ° 19 ′ 31 '' S 49 ° 05 ′ 33 '' W / 22.32515 ° S 49.0923627 ° W / - 22.32515 ; - 49.0923627 ( Bauru Eiffel Tower ) Built in 1978 to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the foundation of the Bauru School of Law at the Instituição Toledo de Ensino . Meccano model SciTrek technology museum , Atlanta , Georgia , USA 11 m ( 36 ft ) 1 : 30 scale loc No longer exists ; museum closed in 2004 . Montmartre Eiffel Tower Montmartre , Saskatchewan , Canada 8.5 metres 1 : 40 scale 50 ° 13 ′ 16 '' N 103 ° 26 ′ 55 '' W / 50.221147 ° N 103.448703 ° W / 50.221147 ; - 103.448703 ( Montmatre Eiffel Tower ) Erected in 2009 . Settled by French immigrants , the community calls itself `` Paris of the Prairies '' . Dreyfus Eiffel Tower Austin , Texas , USA 7.5 m ( 25 ft ) 1 : 45 scale 30 ° 17 ′ 02 '' N 97 ° 45 ′ 06 '' W / 30.283898 ° N 97.751773 ° W / 30.283898 ; - 97.751773 ( Dreyfus Eiffel Tower ) At the Dreyfus Antique Shop Paris , Michigan Eiffel Tower Paris , Michigan , USA approximately 7 m ( 23 ft ) 1 : 50 scale 43 ° 47 ′ 18 '' N 85 ° 30 ′ 02 '' W / 43.788287 ° N 85.500514 ° W / 43.788287 ; - 85.500514 ( Paris , Michigan Eiffel Tower ) Situated in a park Santos Dumont Eiffel Tower Replica Santos Dumont , Minas Gerais , Brazil 7 metres 1 : 50 scale - Built in 2001 to celebrate the centennial anniversary of the flight of Alberto Santos Dumont around the Eiffel Tower . Santos Dumont is now the name of his birthplace in Brazil . It was formerly known as Palmira . Uman Eiffel Tower Uman , Ukraine 3.25 metres 1 : 100 scale 48 ° 45 ′ 0 '' N 30 ° 13 ′ 10 '' E / 48.75000 ° N 30.21944 ° E / 48.75000 ; 30.21944 ( Uman Eiffel Tower ) Situated in a central park Eiffel Tower of Nikitin 's Gymnasium Voronezh , Russia 3.24 metres 1 : 100 scale 51 ° 41 ′ 28 '' N 39 ° 11 ′ 02 '' E / 51.6912261 ° N 39.1837692 ° E / 51.6912261 ; 39.1837692 ( Eiffel Tower of Nikitin 's Gymnasium ) Situated in the park of Nikitin 's Gymnasium Eiffel Tower Baku , Azerbaijan Approximately 3 m ( 10 ft ) 1 : 110 scale 40 ° 22 ′ 19 '' N 49 ° 50 ′ 40 '' E / 40.371932 ° N 49.844419 ° E / 40.371932 ; 49.844419 ( Baku , Sahil Shopping Center ) Sahil Shopping Center , at `` Parfums de France '' shop . Replicas of unknown height ( edit ) Restaurant `` Anija '' in Janjevë , Kosovo has a replica 10 times smaller than the real one on their garden . On the roof of the catering company Rungis Express in Meckenheim 50 ° 38 ′ 34.13 '' N 7 ° 01 ′ 14.02 '' E / 50.6428139 ° N 7.0205611 ° E / 50.6428139 ; 7.0205611 ( Meckenheim Eiffel Tower ) and Satteldorf 49 ° 10 ′ 56.0 '' N 10 ° 04 ′ 28.9 '' E / 49.182222 ° N 10.074694 ° E / 49.182222 ; 10.074694 ( Satteldorf Eiffel Tower ) , Germany Centerpiece of the Falconcity of Wonders -- a planned new development project in Dubai , UAE , featuring seven modern wonders of the world ( planned ) . 25 ° 5 ′ 43.8 '' N 55 ° 20 ′ 31.5 '' E / 25.095500 ° N 55.342083 ° E / 25.095500 ; 55.342083 ( Falconity of Wonders Eiffel Tower ) ( approximate coordinates ) Inwałd Miniature Park , Inwałd , Poland Model in the Grüner Ring a park in central , Hamburg , Germany Model in the First World Plaza shopping mall in Genting Highlands , Malaysia Aktau , Kazakhstan -- model at the front of the office of Oil Construction Company Satteldorf near Crailsheim , Germany . On the top of a company building 49 ° 10 ′ 55.84 '' N 10 ° 04 ′ 29.41 '' E / 49.1821778 ° N 10.0748361 ° E / 49.1821778 ; 10.0748361 ( Satteldorf Eiffel Tower ) Apach , France , on the border with Germany and near the border with Luxembourg 49 ° 27 ′ 59 '' N 06 ° 22 ′ 18 '' E / 49.46639 ° N 6.37167 ° E / 49.46639 ; 6.37167 Da Lat , Vietnam . Designed to be used as Viettel telecommunications tower 11 ° 56 ′ 14.12 '' N 108 ° 26 ′ 18.58 '' E / 11.9372556 ° N 108.4384944 ° E / 11.9372556 ; 108.4384944 ( Da Lat Eiffel Tower ) Bloemfontein , South Africa , in an industrial area next to Batho suburb . 29 ° 08 ′ 48 '' S 26 ° 13 ′ 01 '' E / 29.1467 ° S 26.2169 ° E / - 29.1467 ; 26.2169 ( Bloemfontein Eiffel Tower ) Barra World Shopping & Park , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Model around 2 metres high in Breil , Maine - et - Loire , France Bishkek , Kyrgyzstan - model about 3 metres high outside pet store Almaty , Kazakhstan - model , about 10 metres tall , outside French goods store on Furmanov Street . Stellenbosch , South Africa - model , about 9 metres tall , inside Dagbreek residence on Victoria Street . Paris , Arkansas , at a park situated near the town 's center , most likely standing at 25 feet tall , but not confirmed . Pretoria , South Africa - model , about 6 metres tall , inside Boekenhout residence . Guadalajara , Mexico - About 20 metres tall , on a church - esplanade , on peripheral - street , at the margin of Barranca de Oblatos. ( 2 ) Model next to the Napa County , California Superior Courthouse ) in Napa , California , USA , built in France . ( 3 ) Rio Claro , São Paulo , Brazil Sainshand , Mongolia . Painted pink , in the town center 44 ° 53 ′ 31.52 '' N 110 ° 8 ′ 19.05 '' E / 44.8920889 ° N 110.1386250 ° E / 44.8920889 ; 110.1386250 ( Sainshand Eiffel Tower ) . ( 4 ) Yushan , Ma'anshan , Anhui , China - in a park containing replicas of other world wonders . Hartebeespoort , South Africa - At French Toast restaurant . http://frenchtoastharties.co.za/gallery/ Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , in the Devenshire Apartment Complex , which occupies the site of the former International Village tourist attraction . 39 ° 45 ′ 48 '' N 77 ° 16 ′ 03 '' W / 39.7633038 ° N 77.2674908 ° W / 39.7633038 ; - 77.2674908 Queens , New York , on the roof of Paris Suites Hotel . Visible from adjacent Long Island Expressway 40 ° 44 ′ 18 '' N 73 ° 51 ′ 02 '' W / 40.738297 ° N 73.85049 ° W / 40.738297 ; - 73.85049 Culiacán , Sinaloa , Mexico , Paris motel , on the road from Culiacán to Guamuchil 24 ° 50 ′ 16 '' N 107 ° 26 ′ 16 '' W / 24.837769 ° N 107.437894 ° W / 24.837769 ; - 107.437894 Eiffel Tower in Beijing World Park , near 39 ° 48 ′ 34 '' N 116 ° 16 ′ 52 '' E / 39.809333 ° N 116.281 ° E / 39.809333 ; 116.281 At Centre Français de Berlin , model about 15 metres tall . 52 ° 33 ′ 30 '' N 13 ° 20 ′ 19 '' E / 52.55833 ° N 13.33861 ° E / 52.55833 ; 13.33861 Torre de la Libertad , Equatorial Guinea A model about 3 meters tall outside a crêpe restaurant in Kingston , Wasington , USA . Image gallery ( edit ) These replicas are of unknown height . See also : Media related to Replicas of the Eiffel Tower at Wikimedia Commons Replica of Eiffel Tower on factory building at Satteldorf near Crailsheim , Germany The Eiffel Tower shape telecommunications tower in Da Lat , Vietnam Replica in Bloemfontein , South Africa Wicker tower in Bussières - lès - Belmont , France 47 ° 44 ′ 45 '' N 5 ° 33 ′ 04 '' E / 47.745918 ° N 5.551164 ° E / 47.745918 ; 5.551164 Model at Centre Français de Berlin References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Badkar , Matma ( 2 August 2013 ) . `` China Tried To Build A City To Replicate Paris ... And Here 's What It Looks Like Now '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reuters.com '' . Reuters.com. 2009 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ lefigaro.fr . `` Le Figaro -- Actualité en direct et informations en continu '' . Lefigaro.fr . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` KI Mobile '' . Visitkingsisland.com . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Parque Europa Jump up ^ Lauren Frayer , `` As Europe Goes , So Go Its Fake Monuments '' , NPR , June 2 , 2012 Jump up ^ Disney 's official French Pavilion page Archived 2009 - 01 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . -- lists the Eiffel Tower as approximately 1 / 10 the height of the original . Jump up ^ `` Tower model at Filiatra '' . Users.mes.sch.gr. 2001 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Photograph of Filiatra tower Archived May 28 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kabardinka builds own Eiffel Tower ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Minimundus map , accessed on line Oct. 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.jcnet.com.br/editorias_noticias.php?codigo=188977&ano=2010 Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower '' . Dalefield.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ White , Patrick ( July 7 , 2009 ) . `` We 'll always have Paris , even in Saskatchewan '' . The Globe and Mail . The Globe and Mail Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ В Воронеже возникла своя Эйфелева башня / / Аргументы и факты Jump up ^ Restaurant `` Anija '' Jump up ^ `` : : Falconcity of Wonders ( L.L.C ) : : '' . Falconcity.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ First World Plaza Archived 2011 - 07 - 22 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved on 2008 - 09 - 13 Jump up ^ Napa Courthouse Flag Staff . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eiffel_Tower_replicas_and_derivatives&oldid=853446037 '' Categories : Eiffel Tower reproductions Lists of replicas Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Հայերեն 日本語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 21 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many eiffel towers are there in the world	[ "As one of the most iconic and recognisable structures in the world, the Eiffel Tower has been the inspiration for the creation of over 50 similar towers around the world. Most are not exact replicas, though there are many like it.\n" ]	[ "over 50" ]
-6860332045835197246	Bidet	Bidet - wikipedia Bidet hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia 's layout guidelines . Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A modern bidet of the traditional type Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Bidet '' dated 2010 - 04 - 18 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles A bidet ( US : / bɪˈdeɪ / ( listen ) or UK : / ˈbiːdeɪ / ) is a plumbing fixture or type of sink intended for washing the genitalia , perineum , inner buttocks , and anus of the human body , and is usually located next to the toilet . Lower - cost add - ons combining a toilet seat and electronic bidet are becoming increasingly popular as well . `` Bidet '' is a French loanword . Contents 1 Applications 2 Types 2.1 Bidet shower 2.2 Conventional or standalone bidet 2.3 Add - on bidets 3 Health aspects 4 Environmental aspects 5 Society and culture 5.1 Prevalence 6 Etymology 7 History 8 See also 9 References Applications ( edit ) Bidets are primarily used to wash and clean the genitalia , perineum , inner buttocks , and anus . Despite appearing similar to a toilet , a traditional bidet may be more accurately compared to a sink . There are also bidets that are attachable to ordinary toilet bowls . They have the advantage of being inexpensive and saving space . They are not meant to replace the use of toilet paper but instead to be used with soap in addition to it , after paper has been used , to achieve full cleanliness without immediately having to take a shower . Some bidets have a vertical jet intended to give easy access for washing and rinsing the perineum and anal area achieving a high level of cleanliness . Types ( edit ) Bidet shower ( edit ) Main article : Bidet shower A Finnish bidet shower . A bidet shower ( also known as `` bidet spray '' , `` bidet sprayer '' , or `` health faucet '' ) is a hand - held triggered nozzle , similar to that on a kitchen sink sprayer , that delivers a spray of water to assist in anal cleansing and cleaning the genitals after defecation and urination . In contrast to a bidet that is integrated with the toilet , a bidet shower has to be held by the hands , and cleaning does not take place automatically . Bidet showers are common in countries where water is considered essential for anal cleansing . Drawbacks include the possibility of wetting a user 's clothing if used carelessly . In addition , a user must be reasonably mobile and flexible to use a hand - held bidet shower . Conventional or standalone bidet ( edit ) A 20th century bidet ( foreground ) A bidet is a plumbing fixture that is installed as a separate unit in the bathroom besides toilet , shower and sink , which users have to straddle . Some bidets resemble a large hand basin , with taps and a stopper so they can be filled up ; other designs have a nozzle that squirts a jet of water to aid in cleansing . Add - on bidets ( edit ) Main article : Add - on bidet - Electronic bidet Add - on electronic toilet seat bidet In the past , getting a bidet meant installing a completely new plumbing unit into the bathroom . Newer bidets are often no longer standalone units : A bidet may be a movable or fixed nozzle attached to an existing toilet on back or side toilet rim , or a part of the toilet itself . In these cases , their use is restricted to cleaning the anus and genitals . Some bidets of this type produce a vertical water jet and others a more or less oblique one . Others have one nozzle on the side rim for both anal and genital areas , and other designs have two nozzles on the back rim , the shorter one , called the `` family nozzle '' , is used for washing the area around the anus , and the longer one ( `` bidet nozzle '' ) is designed for women to wash their vulvas . Such attachable bidets ( also called `` combined toilets '' , `` bidet attachments '' , or `` add - on bidets '' ) are controlled either mechanically or electronically . Mechanically controlled bidets tend to be simple mechanisms manually controlled by a valve . Electronic bidets are controlled with waterproof electrical switches rather than with a traditional manual valve . There are models that have a heating element which blows warm air to dry the user after washing , that offer heated seats , wireless remote controls , illumination through built in night lights , or built in deodorizers and activated carbon filters to remove odors . Further refinements include adjustable water pressure , temperature compensation , and directional spray control . Where bathroom appearance is of concern , under - the - seat mounting types have become more popular . An add - on bidet typically connects to the existing water supply of a toilet via the addition of a threaded tee pipe adapter , and requires no soldering or other plumbing work . Electronic add - on bidets also require a GFCI protected grounded electrical outlet . Health aspects ( edit ) Because of the large surface of the sink , disinfection of stand - alone bidets is difficult , so microbial contamination from one user to the next could take place . Bidet attachments are sometimes included on hospital toilets because of their utility in maintaining hygiene . Warm - water bidets may harbor dangerous microbes if not properly disinfected. . Environmental aspects ( edit ) From an environmental standpoint , bidets can reduce the need for toilet paper , saving households money on paper products and allowing users to reduce their carbon footprint by reducing their paper waste over time . Considering that an average person uses only 1 / 8th gallon of water for cleansing using a bidet , much less water is used compared to the amount of water required to make toilet paper . An article in Scientific American concluded that using a bidet is `` much less stressful on the environment than using paper . '' Society and culture ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Prevalence ( edit ) Bidets are becoming increasingly popular with the ageing community , or for use among people with physical disabilities . These combined units make independent toileting possible for many people , affording greater independence . These are often special units with higher toilet seats allowing easier wheelchair transfer , and with some form of electronic remote control that benefits an individual with limited mobility or requiring assistance . Bidets are common bathroom fixtures in many southern European countries , especially Italy , where they are found in 97 % of households ( the installation of a bidet in a bathroom has been mandatory since 1975 ) , Spain , and Portugal ( installation is mandatory also since 1975 ) . Additionally , they are rather widespread , although not standard , in France , and within Europe are often found in Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Germany , Hungary , Slovenia , Malta , and Greece . Outside of Europe , they are very popular in some South American countries , notably in Argentina and Uruguay . Electronic bidet - integrated toilets , along with functions like toilet seat warmers , are commonly found in Japan . In northern Europe , bidets are rare , although in Finland bidet showers are common . Bidet showers are also common in South - East Asia , South Asia and Middle East . In 1980 , the first `` paperless toilet '' was launched in Japan by manufacturer Toto , a combination of toilet and bidet which also dries the user after washing . These combination toilet - bidets ( washlet ) with seat warmers , or attachable bidets are particularly popular in Japan and South Korea , and are found in approximately 76 % of Japanese households as of 2015 . They are commonly found in hotels and even some public facilities . These bidet - toilets , along with toilet seat and bidet units ( to convert an existing toilet ) are sold in many countries , including the United States . Bidet seat conversions are much easier and lower cost to install than traditional bidets , and have disrupted the market for the older fixtures . Acceptance worldwide is facilitated by cultural preferences for washing , as well as poor quality and availability of toilet paper in many parts of the world . After a slow start in the 1990s , electronic bidets are gaining increasing popularity in the United States . In the UK , toilet - integrated bidets with drying facility are becoming more widespread for use among people with physical disabilities . Etymology ( edit ) Bidet is a French word for `` pony '' , and in Old French , bider meant `` to trot '' . This etymology comes from the notion that one `` rides '' or straddles a bidet much like a pony is ridden . The word `` bidet '' was used in 15th century France to refer to the pet ponies that French royalty kept . History ( edit ) The bidet appears to have been an invention of French furniture makers in the late 17th century , although no exact date or inventor is known . The earliest written reference to the bidet is in 1726 in Italy . Even though there are records of Maria Carolina of Austria , Queen of Naples and Sicily , requesting a bidet for her personal bathroom in the Royal Palace of Caserta in the second half of the 18th century , the bidet did not diffuse in Italy until after WWII . The bidet is possibly associated with the chamber pot and the bourdaloue , the latter being a small , hand - held chamber pot . Historical antecedents and early functions of the bidet are believed to include devices used for contraception . Bidets are considered ineffective by today 's standards of contraception , and their use for this function was quickly abandoned and forgotten with the advent of modern contraceptives such as the pill . By 1900 , due to plumbing improvements , the bidet ( and chamber pot ) moved from the bedroom to the bathroom . This was common in French palaces . In the United States in 1928 John Harvey Kellogg applied for a patent on an `` anal douche '' . In his application , he uses the term to describe a system comparable to what today might be called a bidet nozzle which can be attached to a toilet to perform anal cleansing with water . In 1965 the American Bidet Company featured an adjustable spray nozzle and warm water option seeking to make the bidet a household item . The early 1980s saw the introduction of the electronic bidet from Japan , with names such as Clean Sense , Galaxy , Infinity , Novita and non-electric chrome plated brass attachments such as Gobidet . These devices have attachments that connect to existing toilet arrangements , and can be used for bathrooms lacking the space for both a separate bidet and toilet having advantages such as instant heating warm water , night lights and a heated seat . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bidets . Look up bidet in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Toilets in Japan Toilet seat Washlet References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Manjoo , Farhad ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Electronic Bidet Toilet Seat Is the Luxury You Wo n't Want to Live Without '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ J UOEH. 2014 Jun 1 ; 36 ( 2 ) : 135 - 9 . A survey on bacterial contamination of lavage water in electric warm - water lavage toilet seats and of the gluteal cleft after lavage. Katano H1 , Yokoyama K ^ Jump up to : `` Wipe or Wash ? Do Bidets Save Forest and Water Resources ? '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 3 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Decreto ministeriale Sanità , 5 July 1975 , art . 7 . Jump up ^ Decreto - Lei n. o 650 / 75 de 18 de Novembro ( in Portuguese ) , 18 November 1975 , art . 84 Jump up ^ `` Bidets in Finland '' Jump up ^ `` In modern world , even toilets are becoming paperless '' . The Augusta Chronicle . March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Toilet Timeline '' . World Toilet Organization . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2009 . Retrieved 20 Dec 2009 . Jump up ^ Diseases of the Colon & Rectum ( Volume 49 , Number 7 ) pp. 1082 - 1083 , doi : 10.1007 / s10350 - 006 - 0553 - y Jump up ^ `` Toilet Timeline '' on the World Toilet Organization website Jump up ^ Storia del bidet , Un grande contenitore ideologico ( History of the bidet ) ( in Italian ) . Castelvecchi. 2003 . ISBN 9788882101114 . Jump up ^ Made in Naples . Come Napoli ha civilizzato l'Europa ( e come continua a farlo ) ( Made in Naples . How Naples civilised Europe ( And still does it ) ) ( in Italian ) . Addictions - Magenes Editoriale. 2013 . ISBN 8866490393 . Jump up ^ Bullough , Verne ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of Birth Control . ABC - CLIO . Jump up ^ Museum of Contraception and Abortion . `` The bidet is for vaginal rinsing '' . Jump up ^ A United States patent US1787481 A , John Harvey Kellogg , `` Anal douche '' , published Jan 6 , 1931 hide Toilets Equipment Automatic toilet paper dispenser Ballcock Bedpan Bidet Bidet shower Brush Cistern Commode Electronic bidet Flushometer Roll holder Seat Seat cover Self - cleaning toilet seat Toilet Toilet paper Trap ( U-bend ) Types Aircraft Arborloo Blair Bucket Cathole Chemical Composting Container - based Dry Dual flush Flush Freezing Head ( boat ) Hudo ( Scouting ) Incinerating Latrine Low - flush On - board Passenger train Pay Pit Pig Portable Potty Public Sanisette ( self - cleaning ) Space Squat Treebog Urine - diverting dry Vacuum Washlet ( combined toilet and bidet ) Cultural aspects Accessible Adult diaper Bathroom privileges Feminine hygiene Honeywagon ( vehicle ) Incontinence pad Islamic toilet etiquette Istinja Latrinalia Privatization of public toilets Sex segregation in public restrooms Toilet god Toilet humor Toilet paper orientation Toilet - related injuries and deaths Toilet Twinning Unisex public Vacuum truck Jobs and activities Manual scavenging Slopping out Toileting Toilet training Washroom attendant Urine - related aspects Female urination device Interactive urinal Pissoir Pollee Urination Urinal Urinal ( health care ) Urine collection device Urine diversion Feces - related aspects Anal cleansing Defecation Defecation postures Fecal sludge management Flying toilet Open defecation Scatology Places Outhouse Rest area Shit Museum Sulabh International Museum of Toilets Toilet ( room ) Toilets in Japan Historical terms Aphedron Chamber pot Close stool Garderobe Gong farmer Groom of the stool Night soil Pail closet Privy midden Reredorter See also History of water supply and sanitation Sanitation Sewage treatment World Toilet Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bidet&oldid=855381024 '' Categories : Bathroom equipment Plumbing French inventions French words and phrases Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from January 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( US English ) Articles needing additional references from June 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kaszëbsczi Lëtzebuergesch Lumbaart Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2018 , at 21 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the sink that looks like a toilet	[ "\nA bidet (US: /bɪˈdeɪ/ ( listen) or UK: /ˈbiːdeɪ/) is a plumbing fixture or type of sink intended for washing the genitalia, perineum, inner buttocks, and anus of the human body, and is usually located next to the toilet . Lower-cost add-ons combining a toilet seat and electronic bidet are becoming increasingly popular as well. \"Bidet\" is a French loanword.\n" ]	[ "bidet" ]
2770219483280265554	List of most-subscribed YouTube channels	List of Most - Subscribed YouTube Channels - wikipedia List of Most - Subscribed YouTube Channels Swedish Let 's Player and vlogger PewDiePie is the most subscribed user on YouTube , with over 65 million subscribers as of August 2018 . American singer and songwriter Katy Perry is the most subscribed female user on YouTube , with over 31 million subscribers as of August 2018 . This article lists the fifty most - subscribed channels on the video platform YouTube . The ability to subscribe to channels was introduced by October 2005 , and the website began publishing a list of its most - subscribed channels by May 2006 , at which time Smosh , with fewer than three thousand subscribers , occupied the number - one position . Since December 22 , 2013 , the most - subscribed channel has been PewDiePie , with over 65 million as of August 2018 . Contents 1 Top channels 1.1 All - time 1.2 By country and territory 2 Historical progression of most - subscribed channels 2.1 Timeline 3 Reactions 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Top Channels All - Time The following table lists the fifty most subscribed channels on YouTube , with each total rounded down to the nearest million subscribers , as well as the network and language of each channel . Channels marked as `` Auto - generated by YouTube '' ( such as Music , Gaming , Sports and Movies ) and channels whose content has been transferred ( such as JustinBieberVEVO and RihannaVEVO ) are excluded . As of August 2018 , 33 of these channels primarily produce content in English . N / A Self - owned channel ( without a network ) Rank Chg Channel name Network Primary language ( s ) Subscribers ( millions ) Content category 1 . PewDiePie N / A English 65 Comedy 2 . T - Series T - Series Hindi 59 Music 3 . Justin Bieber N / A English 40 Entertainment 4 . Canal KondZilla ONErpm Portuguese 38 Music 5 . HolaSoyGerman . HolaSoyGerman . Spanish 34 Entertainment 6 . Dude Perfect N / A English Sports 7 . Ed Sheeran 33 Music 8 . 5 - Minute Crafts Channel Frederator 32 How - to 9 . WWE WWE Sports 10 . whinderssonnunes Fullscreen Portuguese 31 Comedy 11 . Katy Perry N / A English Music 12 . Taylor Swift 30 13 . elrubiusOMG Mixicom Spanish Comedy 14 . Rihanna N / A English Entertainment 15 . SET India SET Hindi Shows 16 . EminemMusic UniversalMC English 29 Music 17 . Fernanfloo BroadbandTV Spanish Games 18 . JuegaGerman HolaSoyGerman . 28 19 . One Direction N / A English Music 20 . TheEllenShow WarnerMedia 27 Entertainment 21 . YouTube Spotlight Google News 22 . Ariana Grande ` N / A 25 Music 23 . Felipe Neto Maker Studios Portuguese 24 Entertainment 24 . VEGETTA777 Mixicom Spanish 23 Games 25 . VanossGaming N / A English 26 . Smosh Break Comedy 27 . Shakira N / A Spanish and English 22 People 28 . Badabun Spanish Entertainment 29 . Zee Music Company Zee Music Company Hindi Music 30 . Spinnin ' Records Spinnin ' Records English Entertainment 31 . Bruno Mars N / A English Music 32 . Trap Nation 33 . Yuya Spanish How - to 34 . Markiplier Maker Studios English 21 Games 35 . Luis Fonsi N / A Spanish Entertainment 36 . nigahiga English 37 . jacksepticeye Disney Digital Network 20 Games 38 . DanTDM StyleHaul 39 . Get Movies LetsonCorp Russian 19 Shows 40 . Selena Gomez N / A English Films 41 . Maroon 5 Music 42 . KSI StyleHaul Entertainment 43 . ChuChu TV Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs ChuChu TV Studios Education 44 . rezendeevil Disney Digital Network Portuguese Games 45 . JennaMarbles N / A English 18 Comedy 46 . WatchMojo.com WatchMojo Entertainment 47 . Marshmello Monstercat Media Music 48 . Ozuna Rimas Entertainment Spanish 49 . ToyPudding TV Machinima English Entertainment 50 . Logan Paul Vlogs Studio71 As of August 29 , 2018 By country and territory The following table lists the most subscribed YouTube channel in each country and territory from which at least one channel with at least five million subscribers originates , according to social media statistics compiler DBase . Country or territory Channel Subscribers ( millions ) Argentina DrossRotzank 14 Australia Wengie 12 Austria Red Bull 7 Brazil Canal KondZilla 38 Canada VanossGaming 23 Chile HolaSoyGerman . 34 Colombia toycantando 8 El Salvador Fernanfloo 29 France David Guetta 18 Germany freekickerz 6 India T - Series 59 Indonesia Ricis Official 5 Iraq الرماس ميوزك 8 Ireland jacksepticeye 20 Japan キッズライン ♡ Kids Line 6 Jordan toyorbabytv 5 Latvia TrapMusicHDTV Mexico Badabun 22 Morocco Saad Lamjarred سعد لمجرد 5 Netherlands Trap City 10 Norway Alan Walker 16 Philippines ABS - CBN Entertainment 11 Puerto Rico Ozuna 18 Russia Get Movies 19 Saudi Arabia Rotana 8 South Korea ibighit 16 Spain elrubiusOMG 30 Sweden PewDiePie 65 Thailand Workpoint Official 17 Turkey netd müzik 11 Ukraine SlivkiShow United Arab Emirates Noor Stars 8 United Kingdom Ed Sheeran 33 United States Dude Perfect 34 Uruguay dosogas 5 Venezuela LA DIVAZA 7 Vietnam FAP TV 6 As of August 26 , 2018 Historical progression of Most - Subscribed Channels The following table lists the last 16 channels to become YouTube 's most subscribed channel , from May 2006 to present . Current record Former record Channel name Network / owner Country Date achieved Days held Reference PewDiePie Felix Kjellberg SWE Dec 22 , 2013 1711 YouTube Spotlight Google USA Dec 12 , 2013 10 PewDiePie Felix Kjellberg SWE Dec 8 , 2013 YouTube Spotlight Google USA Nov 2 , 2013 36 PewDiePie Felix Kjellberg SWE Aug 15 , 2013 80 Smosh Defy Media USA Jan 12 , 2013 215 Ray William Johnson Ray Johnson Jun 28 , 2011 564 nigahiga Ryan Higa Aug 20 , 2009 677 Fяᴇᴅ Lucas Cruikshank Oct 6 , 2008 318 nigahiga Ryan Higa Sep 24 , 2008 12 Smosh Defy Media Apr 26 , 2007 517 lonelygirl15 Mesh Flinders Sep 17 , 2006 221 geriatric1927 Peter Oakley GBR Aug 17 , 2006 31 Brookers Brooke Brodack USA Jul 3 , 2006 45 Judson Laipply Judson Laipply Jun 12 , 2006 21 Smosh Defy Media May 17 , 2006 26 As of December 22 , 2013 Timeline Timeline of Most Subscribed Channels ( May 2006 -- August 2018 ) Reactions In late 2006 , when Peter Oakley , also known as Geriatric1927 , became most subscribed , a number of TV channels wanted to interview him on his rise to fame . The Daily Mail and TechBlog published an article about him and his success . In 2009 , the FRED channel was the first to have over one million subscribers . Following the third time that Smosh became most subscribed , Ray William Johnson collaborated with the duo . A flurry of top YouTubers including Ryan Higa , Shane Dawson , Felix Kjellberg , Michael Buckley , Kassem Gharaibeh , The Fine Brothers , and Johnson himself , congratulated the duo shortly after they surpassed Johnson as the most subscribed channel . See also Internet portal Lists portal List of most - viewed YouTube channels List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most - viewed Vevo videos List of most - liked YouTube videos List of most - disliked YouTube videos List of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours List of most viewed online trailers in the first 24 hours Notes Jump up ^ These are not to be mistaken for the channels Justin Bieber and Rihanna , both of which are included . Jump up ^ All entries are as of February 2017 except where noted . Jump up ^ As of May 2016 Jump up ^ As of June 2017 Jump up ^ As of July 2016 Jump up ^ As of November 2016 Jump up ^ As of May 2017 Jump up ^ Time Warner was renamed WarnerMedia in June 2017 . Jump up ^ As of December 2016 Jump up ^ As of December 2016 Jump up ^ As of January 2017 Jump up ^ As of August 2017 Jump up ^ As of August 2017 . Maker Studios was absorbed into the Disney Digital Network in May 2017 . Jump up ^ As of January 2017 Jump up ^ As of November 2015 Jump up ^ As of July 2017 . Maker Studios was absorbed into the Disney Digital Network in May 2017 . References Jump up ^ Clarke , Donald . `` The Superstar You 've Never Heard Of -- At Least , Not from Us '' . The Irish Times . Archived from the original on 20 February 2017 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Subscribed YouTube Channels ( Sorted by Subscriber Count ) '' . Social Blade . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` It 's been awhile since our last update '' . Official YouTube Blog . Blogspot . October 25 , 2005 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` YouTube - Most Subscribed Members ( This Month ) '' . 2006 - 05 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` PewDiePie '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney , Google Cut Ties with YouTube Star PewDiePie for Posting Anti-Semitic Content '' . Entrepreneur . Archived from the original on 14 February 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2018 . Jump up ^ McAlone , Nathan . `` Disney Has Dropped PewDiePie , the World 's Highest - Earning YouTube Star , Over Anti-Semitic Videos '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 14 February 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` T - Series '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` T - Series -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber '' . YouTube . Def Jam . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` kidrauhl -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 26 May 2016 . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canal KondZilla '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canal KondZilla -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HolaSoyGerman '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HolaSoyGerman . -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dude Perfect '' . YouTube . Whistle Sports . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dude Perfect -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 5 - Minute Crafts '' . YouTube . Channel Frederator Network . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 5 - Minute Crafts -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WWE '' . YouTube . WWE . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WWE -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` whinderssonnunes '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` whinderssonnunes -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry '' . YouTube . Capitol Records . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 28 June 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 July 2016 . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift '' . YouTube . Big Machine Records . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` elrubiusOMG '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` elrubiusOMG -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna '' . YouTube . Roc Nation . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 30 November 2016 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SET India '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SET India -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EminemMusic '' . YouTube . Aftermath Records . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EminemMusic -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 17 May 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fernanfloo '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fernanfloo -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JuegaGerman '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JuegaGerman -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction '' . YouTube . Columbia Records . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TheEllenShow '' . YouTube . Warner Bros. Television . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TheEllenShow -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` YouTube Spotlight '' . YouTube . Google . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Spotlight -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande ` '' . YouTube . Republic Records . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande ` -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 19 December 2016 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Felipe Neto '' . YouTube . Disney Digital Network . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Felipe Neto -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` VEGETTA777 '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VEGETTA777 -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 26 February 2017 . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` VanossGaming '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VanossGaming -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smosh '' . YouTube . Defy Media . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Smosh -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shakira '' . YouTube . Sony Music Latin . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shakira -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 28 December 2016 . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Badabun -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 26 January 2017 . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Badabun '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Zee Music Company '' . YouTube . Essel Group . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Zee Music Company -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spinnin ' Records '' . YouTube . Warner Music Group . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spinnin ' Records -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars '' . YouTube . Atlantic Records . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trap Nation -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 12 August 2017 . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yuya -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trap Nation '' . YouTube . The Nations . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yuya '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Markiplier '' . YouTube . Disney Digital Network . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Markiplier -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Fonsi Oficial '' . YouTube . Universal Music Latin . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` nigahiga -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 10 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` nigahiga '' . YouTube . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` jacksepticeye '' . YouTube . Disney Digital Network . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` jacksepticeye -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DanTDM '' . YouTube . StyleHaul . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DanTDM -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 10 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Get Movies '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get Movies -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 10 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez '' . YouTube . Interscope Records . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 19 January 2017 . Retrieved 12 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 4 November 2015 . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 '' . YouTube . Interscope Records . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` KSI '' . YouTube . StyleHaul . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KSI -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ChuChu TV Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs '' . YouTube . KidsCamp . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ChuChu TV Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` rezendeevil '' . YouTube . Disney Digital Network . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` rezendeevil -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 1 July 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JennaMarbles '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JennaMarbles -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WatchMojo.com '' . YouTube . WatchMojo . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WatchMojo.com -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marshmello '' . YouTube . Monstercat Media . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` marshmello -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ozuna '' . YouTube . Rimas Entertainment . Retrieved 26 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ozuna -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 27 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ToyPudding TV '' . YouTube . Machinima . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( 토이 푸딩 ) ToyPudding TV -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Logan Paul Vlogs '' . YouTube . Studio71 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Logan Paul Vlogs -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austria 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chile 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` El Salvador 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` India 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iraq 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Latvia 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Morocco 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Netherlands 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norway 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ukraine 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirate 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` United States 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Venezuela 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . dbase. tube . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dryden , Liam ( 16 March 2017 ) . `` A Complete Timeline Of Every `` Most Subscribed '' YouTuber In History `` . We The Unicorns . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PewDiePie - YouTube '' . 2013 - 12 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` YouTube Spotlight - YouTube '' . 2013 - 12 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ joshuajcohen ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) . `` YouTube Is Now The Most Subscribed Channel On YouTube '' . Tubefilter . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ joshuajcohen ( 2013 - 08 - 16 ) . `` It 's Official : PewDiePie Becomes # 1 Most Subscribed Channel On YouTube '' . Tubefilter . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ joshuajcohen ( 2013 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Smosh Passes Ray William Johnson as # 1 Most Subscribed YouTube Channel '' . Tubefilter . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` SMOSH Becomes The # 1 Most - Subscribed YouTube Channel - New Media Rockstars '' . 2013 - 01 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ray William Johnson '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Michael . `` Ray William Johnson : = 3 Adds Up To Most - Subscribed On YouTube '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ray William Johnson Surpasses Nigahiga To Become The Most Subscribed YouTuber Of All Time '' . socialtimes. comdeadurl = no . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Parr , Ben . `` DETHRONED : Fred No Longer # 1 on YouTube '' . Mashable . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ William Hyde ( 2009 - 08 - 21 ) , YouTube Winners & Losers ! NigaHiga and Fred , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 Jump up ^ `` FRED '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : BuckHollywood ( 2008 - 10 - 06 ) , Fred , Smosh or Nigahiga ? ! , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 Jump up ^ Heffernan , Virginia . `` A Big Deal : The Run - Off on YouTube ! ! '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` lonelygirl15 '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Stars ! : The Lonelygirl15 Story '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Jr , Tom Zeller ( 2006 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Lonelygirl15 : Prank , Art or Both '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Internet Memes of All Time12 . Lonelygirl15 '' . Complex . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` geriatric1927 '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The meteoric rise of geriatric1927 '' . 2006 - 08 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Brookers '' . YouTube . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brooke BRODACK EMC '' . www.entertainment-masterclass.tv . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube - Most Subscribed Channels '' . 2006 - 07 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Judson Laipply '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gutelle , Sam ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` The History Of YouTube 's Most - Subscribed Channels Is A Fun Nostalgia Trip '' . tubefilter . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . In the early days , anyone who made a big viral video could enter the top ten , with `` Evolution of Dance '' performer Judson Laipply even holding the top spot for a bit . Jump up ^ `` The first YouTube channel to hit one million subscribers '' . Variety . April 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ray William Johnson ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` RWJ vs SMOSH '' . YouTube . = 3 . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joshua Cohen ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` YouTubers Respond to Smosh Becoming # 1 Most - Subscribed YouTube Channel '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . YouTube History Censorship Copyright issues Social impact Founders Steve Chen Chad Hurley Jawed Karim Channels Personalities Most - subscribed channels Most - viewed channels Spotlight Original channels YouTube Premium ( List of original programs ) YouTube TV Culture and videos Play Buttons YouTube Poop YouTube Rewind Vevo Lists Most - viewed videos Most - liked videos Most - disliked videos Most - viewed Vevo videos Multi-channel networks Events Awards CNN / YouTube presidential debates Comedy Week Live Music Awards Orchestra Playlist Live VidCon Related articles API Elsagate Viacom conflict Viral video YouTube Kids YouTube Music YouTube headquarters shooting Vevo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most-subscribed_YouTube_channels&oldid=857104612 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives YouTube - related lists Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Hrvatski Svenska ไทย Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 16 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has got the most subscribers on youtube 2018	[ "This article lists the fifty most-subscribed channels on the video platform YouTube.[2] The ability to subscribe to channels was introduced by October 2005,[3] and the website began publishing a list of its most-subscribed channels by May 2006, at which time Smosh, with fewer than three thousand subscribers, occupied the number-one position.[4] Since December 22, 2013, the most-subscribed channel has been PewDiePie, with over 65 million as of August 2018.\n" ]	[ "PewDiePie" ]
-8218479656001782605	Animal Crackers in My Soup	Animal Crackers in My Soup - Wikipedia Animal Crackers in My Soup Jump to : navigation , search `` Animal Crackers in My Soup '' Song Songwriter ( s ) Irving Caesar and Ted Koehler and the music by Ray Henderson `` Animal Crackers in My Soup '' was a song introduced by Shirley Temple in the 1935 film Curly Top ( At approx. 00 : 11 : 00 - 00 : 14 : 00 . ) The lyrics were written by Irving Caesar and Ted Koehler and the music by Ray Henderson , sheet music published by Sam Fox Publishing Company . Numerous singles and albums containing the Shirley Temple version of the song exist , including at least one CD with it as title track . Temple 's version made the Hit Parade , but did not attain the popularity of her earlier hit , On the Good Ship Lollipop , which was # 2 for the year . It was recorded by Don Bestor and his orchestra ( Brunswick 7495 ) and Mae Questel , voice of Betty Boop and Olive Oyl released a recording of the song in the 1930s . In 1971 , two members of The Irish Rovers , one of which is dressed up like Shirley Temple , sing the song in one sketch as part of one of the episodes of The Irish Rovers Show . The song was performed by Elke Sommer on The Muppet Show in 1979 . It was also on the Anne Murray album There 's a Hippo in My Tub . Another cover version appears on the 2002 album , Maria Muldaur Presents - Animal Crackers In My Soup : Songs Of Shirley Temple Barbra Streisand performed the first verse of this song in her `` Color Me Barbra Medley '' for the TV special and album `` Color Me Barbra '' . The song was also covered by Joanie Bartels on her 1980 Sillytime Magic CD and was also on the video The Rainy Day Adventure . The song is performed by Sammee Lee Jones ( as a Shirley Temple look - alike ) in the 1971 movie , `` What 's the Matter with Helen ? '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Animal Crackers in My Soup '' . 24 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Koehler song list '' . 24 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Fox , 89 , Dies ; Music Publisher '' ; New York Times ; December 1 , 1971 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Music Pioneer Fox dies in S.F. '' ; Billboard ; Dec 11 , 1971 Jump up ^ Jasen , David A. ( 2012 ) . Tin Pan Alley : An Encyclopedia of the Golden Age of American Song . Routledge . p. 245 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93877 - 5 . Jump up ^ Maria Muldaur Presents - Animal Crackers In My Soup Jump up ^ Barbra Streisand Archives : Records / Color Me Barbra album . Shirley Temple Filmography Songs `` On the Good Ship Lollipop '' `` Animal Crackers in My Soup '' `` Goodnight My Love '' Related John Agar ( first husband ) Charles Alden Black ( second husband ) Lori Black ( daughter ) Shirley Temple , The Youngest , Most Sacred Monster of the Cinema in Her Time Shirley Temple 's Storybook Shirley Temple ( beverage ) Baby Burlesks This show tune - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal_Crackers_in_My_Soup&oldid=823956517 '' Categories : Show tune stubs 1935 songs Shirley Temple songs Songs from musicals Songs with music by Ray Henderson Songs with lyrics by Irving Caesar Songs with lyrics by Ted Koehler Talk About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018 , at 13 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	animal crackers in my soup shirley temple movie	[ "\"Animal Crackers in My Soup\" was a song introduced by Shirley Temple in the 1935 film Curly Top (At approx. 00:11:00-00:14:00.) The lyrics were written by Irving Caesar and Ted Koehler and the music by Ray Henderson,[1][2] sheet music published by Sam Fox Publishing Company.[3][4]" ]	[ "Curly Top" ]
4565974987535727882	List of best-selling music artists	List of best - selling Music artists - wikipedia List of best - selling Music artists Jump to : navigation , search This list includes music artists with claims of 75 million or more record sales . The artists in the following tables are listed with both their claimed sales figure along with their total of certified units and are ranked in descending order , with the artist with the highest amount of claimed sales at the top . If two or more artists have the same claimed sales , they are then ranked by certified units . The claimed sales figure and the total of certified units ( for each country ) within the provided sources include sales of albums , singles , compilation - albums , music videos as well as downloads of singles and full - length albums . Sales figures , such as those from Soundscan , which are sometimes published by Billboard magazine , have not been included in the certified units column . As of 2017 , based on both sales claims and certified units , The Beatles are considered the highest - selling band . Elvis Presley is considered the highest - selling individual artist based on sales claims and Rihanna is the highest - selling individual artist based on certified units . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 2 Artists by reputed sales 2.1 250 million or more records 2.2 200 million to 249 million records 2.3 120 million to 199 million records 2.4 100 million to 119 million records 2.5 80 million to 99 million records 2.6 75 million to 79 million records 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Definitions All artists included on this list , which have begun charting on official albums or singles charts have their available claimed figures supported by at least 20 % in certified units . That is why Cliff Richard , Diana Ross , Scorpions , Charles Aznavour , Bing Crosby , Gloria Estefan , Deep Purple , Iron Maiden , Tom Jones , The Jackson 5 , Dionne Warwick , the Spice Girls , Luciano Pavarotti , Dolly Parton , Ozzy Osbourne , Andrea Bocelli and others have not been included on this list . The more recent the artist , the higher the required percentage of certified units , so artists such as Rihanna , Taylor Swift , Flo Rida , Katy Perry , Justin Bieber , Adele , Lady Gaga , Bruno Mars and Nicki Minaj are expected to have their claimed figures supported by over 75 % in certified units . The certified units are sourced from available online databases of local music industry associations . All certified units are converted from Gold / Platinum / Diamond certification awards based on criteria provided by certifying bodies . The certified sales percentage varies according to the first year that an artist appeared in the charts . The requirements of certified sales are designed to avoid inflated sales figures , which are frequently practiced by record companies for promotional purposes . The claimed figures are referenced from online articles created by highly reliable sources . For clarity , the sources used , say the term `` records '' ( singles , albums , videos ) and not `` albums '' . However , if all available sources for an artist or band say `` albums '' , such sources are only used if the certified album units of the said artist meet the required percentage amount . This list uses claimed figures that are closest to artists ' available certified units : inflated claimed figures that meet the required certified units amount but are unrealistically high , are not used . The claimed figures are upgraded only when there is a significant progress in artists ' certified sales . In other words , the available certified sales for each artist should get relatively closer to already listed claimed figure in order for higher figures to replace the listed ones . The certified sales of the newer artists may sometimes be higher than their listed claimed figures . This is because Recording Industry Association of America and almost all other certifying bodies count streaming towards Gold and Platinum thresholds required for Digital Single Award certification . For this reason , some singles and even albums get over certified by hundreds of thousands of units . The over certified figures , however , are often in millions of units for RIAA certifications , one such example is Rihanna 's single `` We Found Love '' , which is certified at nine times Platinum by the RIAA , yet during the time of the certification , it had sold 5.4 million downloads . The certified sales for some artists / bands who have multi-disc albums can be higher than their listed claimed figures due to Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) counting each unit within set as one unit toward certification . Artists by reputed sales 250 million or more records The Beatles Elvis Presley Michael Jackson Madonna Elton John Led Zeppelin Pink Floyd To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value : each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales The Beatles United Kingdom 1960 -- 1970 1962 Rock / Pop 7002271100000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 271.1 million ( show ) US : 212.250 million JPN : 4.950 million UK : 18.045 million GER : 8 million FRA : 3.890 million CAN : 14.455 million AUS : 3.060 million ITA : 355,000 BRA : 550,000 SWE 485,000 SPA : 1.250 million SWI : 350,000 BEL : 265,000 ARG : 1.606 million DEN : 260,000 AUT : 500,000 POL : 175,000 NZ : 660,000 600 million 500 million Elvis Presley United States 1954 -- 1977 1954 Rock and roll / Pop / Country 7002212200000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 212.2 million ( show ) US : 188.650 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 12.905 million GER : 1.2 million FRA : 2.590 million CAN : 2.925 million AUS : 1.587 million ITA : 105,000 BRA : 125,000 SWE 380,000 SPA : 300,000 MEX : 105,000 SWI : 185,000 BEL : 115,000 ARG : 110,000 DEN : 120,000 AUT : 205,000 FIN : 213,945 NZ : 117,500 600 million 500 million Michael Jackson United States 1964 -- 2009 1971 Pop / Rock / Dance / Soul / R&B 7002184600000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 184.6 million ( show ) US : 104.5 million JPN : 4.650 million UK : 27.545 million GER : 11.275 million FRA : 11.375 million CAN : 4.670 million AUS : 6.670 million ITA : 1.170 million BRA : 280,000 SWE : 1.230 million SPA : 1.995 million MEX : 3.670 million SWI : 910,000 BEL : 365,000 ARG : 124,000 DEN : 1.224 million AUT : 1.197 million POL : 530,000 FIN : 384,127 NZ : 902,500 350 million 300 million Madonna United States 1979 -- present 1982 Pop / Dance / Electronica 7002170600000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 170.6 million ( show ) US : 85.675 million JPN : 6.450 million UK : 28.845 million GER : 12.4 million FRA : 12.795 million CAN : 6.030 million AUS : 4.717 million ITA : 465,000 BRA : 3.440 million SWE : 1.070 million SPA : 2.815 million MEX : 510,000 SWI : 1.080 million BEL : 690,000 ARG : 1.098 DEN : 407,000 AUT : 602,500 POL : 530,000 FIN : 652,686 NZ : 417,500 300 million 275 million Elton John United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1969 Pop / Rock 7002169000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 169 million ( show ) US : 117.850 million JPN : 1.1 million UK : 22.395 million GER : 7.9 million FRA : 4.825 million CAN : 5.975 million AUS : 2.837 million BRA : 835,000 SWE : 740,000 SPA : 1.2 million MEX : 100,000 SWI : 1.313 million BEL : 390,000 ARG : 128,000 DEN : 150,000 AUT : 765,000 POL : 150,000 FIN : 163,481 NZ : 255,000 300 million 250 million Led Zeppelin United Kingdom 1968 -- 1980 1969 Hard rock / Blues rock / Folk rock 7002139690000099999 ♠ Total available certified units : 139.7 million ( show ) US : 114.1 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 9.330 million GER : 3.775 million FRA : 2.310 million CAN : 4.710 million AUS : 2.8 million ITA : 345,000 BRA : 820,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 211,000 ARG : 360,000 POL : 120,000 300 million 200 million Pink Floyd United Kingdom 1965 -- 1996 , 2014 1967 Progressive rock / Psychedelic rock 7002118900000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 118.9 million ( show ) US : 78 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 11.320 million GER : 7.5 million FRA : 6.360 million CAN : 6.790 million AUS : 2.932 million ITA : 1.685 million BRA : 540,000 SWE : 220,000 SPA : 625,000 SWI : 390,000 BEL : 115,000 ARG : 582,000 AUT : 460,000 POL : 590,000 NZ : 787,500 250 million 200 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 200 million to 249 million records Rihanna Mariah Carey Celine Dion Queen Whitney Houston AC / DC The Rolling Stones To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Rihanna Barbados United States 2005 -- present 2005 R&B / Pop / Dance / Hip - hop 7002228900000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 228.9 million ( show ) US : 168.55 million JPN : 1.4 million UK : 30.3 million GER : 4.675 million FRA : 1.525 million CAN : 2.840 million AUS : 9.220 million ITA : 1.450 million BRA : 555,000 SWE : 2.480 million SPA : 1.450 million MEX : 410,000 SWI : 840,000 BEL : 660,000 DEN : 1.117 AUT : 135,000 POL : 500,000 IRE : 240,000 NZ : 667,500 230 million Mariah Carey United States 1988 -- present R&B / Pop / Soul / Hip - hop 7002136900000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 136.9 million ( show ) US : 92.6 million JPN : 14.5 million UK : 10.020 million GER : 3.750 million FRA : 4.690 million CAN : 4.1 million AUS : 3.515 million ITA : 200,000 BRA : 835,000 SWE : 425,000 SPA : 1 million SWI : 515,000 BEL : 150,000 DEN : 130,000 AUT : 200,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 240,000 200 million 175 million Celine Dion Canada 1981 -- present 1981 Pop 7002125000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 125 million ( show ) US : 56.550 million JPN : 7.150 million UK : 13.555 million GER : 8 million FRA : 15.685 million CAN : 12.245 million AUS : 3.302 million BRA : 505,000 SWE : 1.105 million SPA : 1 million SWI : 1.685 million BEL : 1.885 million ARG : 340,000 DEN : 370,000 AUT : 440,000 POL : 680,000 FIN : 356,183 NZ : 192,500 200 million 175 million Queen United Kingdom 1971 -- present 1973 Rock 7002120900000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 120.9 million ( show ) US : 61 million JPN : 2.850 million UK : 28.815 million GER : 11.525 million FRA : 4.495 million CAN : 1.870 million AUS : 2.167 million ITA : 505,000 BRA : 970,000 SWE : 190,000 SPA : 1.720 million SWI : 1.256 million BEL : 100,000 DEN : 160,000 ARG : 1.080 million AUT : 900,000 POL : 810,000 FIN : 366,152 NZ : 275,000 200 million 170 million Whitney Houston United States 1977 -- 2012 1984 R&B / Soul / Pop 7002113600000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 113.6 million ( show ) US : 76.275 million JPN : 4.3 million UK : 14.605 million GER : 5.6 million FRA : 2.275 million CAN : 3.430 million AUS : 1.580 million ITA : 140,000 BRA : 1.025 SWE : 1.035 million SPA : 1.260 million SWI : 845,000 BEL : 215,000 DEN : 140,000 AUT : 535,000 POL : 180,000 FIN : 247,222 200 million 170 million AC / DC Australia 1973 -- present Hard rock / Blues rock / Rock and roll 7002113500000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 113.5 million ( show ) US : 79.7 million UK : 4.4 million GER : 10.3 million FRA : 4.180 million CAN : 2.490 million AUS : 7.470 million ITA : 750,000 SWE : 350,000 SPA : 1.355 million SWI : 894,000 BEL : 100,000 ARG : 594,000 DEN : 135,000 AUT : 380,000 FIN : 321,169 NZ : 140,000 200 million 150 million The Rolling Stones United Kingdom 1962 -- present 1963 Rock / Blues rock 7001972000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 97.2 million ( show ) US : 74.750 million JPN : 950,000 UK : 8.510 million GER : 3.2 million FRA : 3.370 million AUS : 417,500 CAN : 3.025 million ITA : 180,000 BRA : 100,000 SWE : 310,000 SPA : 690,000 SWI : 238,000 BEL : 120,000 ARG : 718,000 AUT : 300,000 POL : 140,000 NZ : 190,000 200 million ABBA Sweden 1972 -- 1982 1972 Pop / Disco 7001607000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 60.7 million ( show ) US : 12.7 million JPN : 1.5 million UK : 18.970 million GER : 10.450 million FRA : 2.750 million CAN : 2.785 million AUS : 6.127 million BRA : 275,000 SWE : 800,000 SPA : 1.005 million MEX : 260,000 SWI : 600,000 BEL : 380,000 ARG : 238,000 DEN : 600,000 AUT : 175,000 POL : 150,000 FIN : 656,319 NZ : 297,500 200 million 100 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 120 million to 199 million records Taylor Swift Garth Brooks Eminem Eagles Bruno Mars U2 Kanye West To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Taylor Swift United States 2006 -- present 2006 Country / Country pop / Pop / Pop - rock 7002181600000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 181.6 million ( show ) US : 157 million JPN : 2.850 million UK : 8.9 million GER : 950,000 FRA : 250,000 CAN : 4.580 million AUS : 5.495 million ITA : 285,000 BRA : 170,000 SWE : 180,000 MEX : 450,000 DEN : 140,000 > NZ : 375,000 175 million Garth Brooks United States 1989 -- present 1989 Country 7002146000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 156 million ( show ) US : 149.4 million UK : 520,000 CAN : 5.730 million AUS : 280,000 IRE : 120,000 160 million Eminem United States 1996 -- present 1999 Hip - hop 7002132190000099999 ♠ Total available certified units : 132.2 million ( show ) US : 86.1 million JPN : 2.9 million UK : 21.425 million GER : 3.450 million FRA : 3.170 million CAN : 3.770 million AUS : 5.702 million ITA : 615,000 BRA : 200,000 SWE : 830,000 SPA : 290,000 MEX : 365,000 SWI : 805,000 BEL : 475,000 DEN : 556,000 > AUT : 325,000 POL : 250,000 FIN : 124,547 IRE : 285,000 NZ : 562,500 155 million Eagles United States 1971 -- 1980 , 1994 -- present 1972 Rock 7002129400000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 129.4 million ( show ) US : 108.9 million JPN : 600,000 UK : 7.835 million GER : 925,000 FRA : 2.040 million CAN : 4.2 million AUS : 3.395 million SWE : 140,000 SPA : 500,000 SWI : 290,000 DEN : 185,000 > FIN : 124,749 NZ : 352,500 150 million U2 Ireland 1976 -- present 1980 Rock 7002106900000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 106.9 million ( show ) US : 53.1 million JPN : 1.450 million UK : 18.620 million GER : 5.125 million FRA : 5.075 million CAN : 7.115 million AUS : 4.412 million ITA : 855,000 BRA : 2.675 million SWE : 515,000 SPA : 2.295 million MEX : 835,000 SWI : 696,000 BEL : 750,000 ARG : 806,000 DEN : 473,000 AUT : 515,000 POL : 360,000 FIN : 235,460 IRE : 316,000 NZ : 765,000 150 million Billy Joel United States 1964 -- present 1971 Pop / Rock 7002102600000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 102.6 million ( show ) US : 87.950 million JPN : 2 million UK : 5.655 million GER : 1.250 million FRA : 925,000 CAN : 3.275 million AUS : 1.267 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 162,500 150 million Phil Collins United Kingdom 1980 -- 2011 , 2015 -- present 1981 Rock / Progressive rock / Adult contemporary 7001878000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 87.8 million ( show ) US : 39.850 million JPN : 800,000 UK : 15.250 million GER : 13.8 million FRA : 6.410 million CAN : 3.375 million AUS : 1.522 BRA : 1.370 million SWE : 245,000 SPA : 2.150 million SWI : 973,000 BEL : 305,000 ARG : 1.044 million AUT : 440,000 FIN : 182,581 NZ : 122,500 150 million Aerosmith United States 1970 -- present 1973 Hard rock 7001847000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 84.7 million ( show ) US : 70.250 million JPN : 2.7 million UK : 3.230 million GER : 2 million FRA : 225,000 CAN : 3.950 million AUS : 225,000 ITA : 100,000 BRA : 600,000 SWE : 260,000 SPA : 200,000 MEX : 230,000 SWI : 145,000 ARG : 338,000 AUT : 125,000 POL : 100,000 FIN : 101,722 150 million Frank Sinatra United States 1935 -- 1995 1939 Pop / Swing 7001373009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 37.3 million ( show ) US : 28.2 million UK : 5.445 million GER : 1 million FRA : 600,000 CAN : 650,000 AUS : 245,000 BRA : 350,000 SWE : 130,000 SPA : 500,000 ARG : 188,000 150 million Barbra Streisand United States 1960 -- present 1963 Pop / Adult contemporary 7001974000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 97.4 million ( show ) US : 82.450 million UK : 5.765 million GER : 750,000 FRA : 3.150 million CAN : 2.650 million AUS : 2.047 million SWE : 120,000 SPA : 150,000 FIN : 186,501 NZ : 137,500 145 million Bruno Mars United States 2004 -- present Pop rock / R&B 7002121200000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 121.2 million ( show ) US : 86.5 million JPN : 1.2 million UK : 13.5 million GER : 3.4 million FRA : 1.850 million CAN : 5.240 million AUS : 4.970 million ITA : 710,000 SWE : 440,000 SPA : 470,000 MEX : 780,000 SWI : 405,000 BEL : 345,000 DEN : 365,000 AUT : 180,000 NZ : 532,500 PHL : 330,000 130 million Kanye West United States 1996 -- present Hip - hop / Electronic / Pop rock 7002102800000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 102.8 million ( show ) US : 87.750 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 10.680 million GER : 300,000 CAN : 1.180 million AUS : 2.135 million ITA : 145,000 SWE : 160,000 DEN : 424,000 121 million Bruce Springsteen United States 1972 -- present 1973 Rock 7002101500000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 101.5 million ( show ) US : 76.150 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 7.145 million GER : 4.325 million FRA : 1.887 million CAN : 3.2 million AUS : 3.362 million ITA : 575,000 BRA : 100,000 SWE : 810,000 SPA : 1.730 million SWI : 400,000 DEN : 155,000 AUT : 290,000 FIN : 449,800 IRE : 189,500 NZ : 375,000 120 million Bee Gees United Kingdom Australia 1963 -- 2003 2009 -- 2012 1963 Pop / Disco 7001683000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 68.3 million ( show ) US : 42.5 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 9.065 million GER : 6.675 million FRA : 3.4 million CAN : 3.215 million AUS : 1.187 million BRA : 350,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 415,000 ARG : 188,000 AUT : 125,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 380,000 120 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 100 million to 119 million records Justin Bieber Katy Perry Adele Lady Gaga Jay - Z Metallica B'z To ensure the high level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Lady Gaga United States 2005 -- present 2008 Pop / Dance / Electronic 7001992000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 99.2 million ( show ) US : 68.5 million JPN : 5.4 million UK : 10.985 million GER : 2.9 million FRA : 1.58 million CAN : 2.4 million AUS : 2.890 million ITA : 840,000 BRA : 470,000 SWE : 680,000 SPA : 410,000 MEX : 390,000 SWI : 445,000 BEL : 270,000 DEN : 340,000 AUT : 182,500 POL : 130,000 IRE : 165,000 NZ : 277,500 114 million Metallica United States 1981 -- present Heavy metal / Thrash metal 7001943000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 94.3 million ( show ) US : 73.3 million JPN : 900,000 UK : 3.335 million GER : 3.525 million FRA : 940,000 CAN : 3.805 million AUS : 2.637 million ITA : 180,000 BRA : 380,000 SWE : 675,000 SPA : 420,000 MEX : 430,000 SWI : 560,000 BEL : 335,000 DEN : 180,000 ARG : 874,000 AUT : 340,000 POL : 735,000 FIN : 530,676 NZ : 315,000 110 million Justin Bieber Canada United States 2008 -- present 2009 Pop / Teen pop , Dance pop 7002132000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 132 million ( show ) US : 87.5 million JPN : 750,000 UK : 17.085 million GER : 3.3 million FRA : 1.2 CAN : 5.620 million AUS : 4.725 million ITA : 1.795 million BRA : 810,000 SWE : 1.820 million SPA : 880,000 MEX : 2.910 million BEL : 450,000 DEN : 2.075 million POL : 370,000 AUT : 140,000 NZ : 615,000 100 million Katy Perry United States 2001 -- present 2008 Pop 7002129300000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 129.3 million ( show ) US : 97.5 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 12.550 million GER : 2.750 million FRA : 825,000 CAN : 6.160 million AUS : 5.090 million ITA : 780,000 BRA : 625,000 SWE : 520,000 SPA : 180,000 MEX : 900,000 SWI : 160,000 BEL : 135,000 DEN : 235,000 AUT : 247,500 NZ : 360,000 100 million Adele United Kingdom 2006 -- present 2008 Pop , soul 7002104700000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 104.7 million ( show ) US : 61 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 20.550 million GER : 4.7 million CAN : 6.120 million AUS : 3.955 million ITA : 1.570 million BRA : 1.310 million SWE : 240,000 SPA : 800,000 MEX : 1.490 million SWI : 510,000 BEL : 795,000 DEN : 597,500 POL : 300,000 FIN : 151,639 NZ : 577,500 100 million Jay - Z United States 1996 -- present Hip - hop 7001981000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 98.1 million ( show ) US : 82.7 million JPN : 1.050 million UK : 9.320 million GER : 1.550 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 1.6 million AUS : 1.260 ITA : 180,000 SWE : 130,000 100 million B'z Japan 1988 -- present Rock / Pop rock / Hard rock 7001857000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 85.7 million ( show ) JPN : 85.75 million 100 million Bon Jovi United States 1983 -- present Hard rock / Glam metal 7001840000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 84 million ( show ) US : 49.9 million JPN : 4.400 million UK : 9.490 million GER : 5.650 million FRA : 825,000 CAN : 4.735 million AUS : 3.030 million ITA : 110,000 BRA : 435,000 SWE : 365,000 SPA : 1.620 million MEX : 250,000 SWI : 1.275 million AUT : 725,000 BEL : 165,000 ARG : 358,000 POL : 110,000 FIN : 422,500 NZ : 210,000 100 million Linkin Park United States 1996 -- present 2000 Alternative rock / Nu metal / Rap rock 7001823000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 82.3 million ( show ) US : 61.6 million JPN : 1.550 million UK : 6.205 million GER : 5.850 million FRA : 1.025 CAN : 1.330 million AUS : 1.485 million ITA : 515,000 BRA : 595,000 SWE : 165,000 SPA : 175,000 MEX : 225,000 SWI : 425,000 BEL : 140,000 DEN : 175,000 AUT : 252,500 POL : 220,000 FIN : 120,469 NZ : 252,500 100 million Beyoncé United States 1997 -- present 2002 R&B / Pop 7001810000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 81 million ( show ) US : 56.150 million JPN : 1.7 million UK : 13.885 million GER : 1.550 million FRA : 560,000 CAN : 1.395 million AUS : 2.975 million ITA : 260,000 BRA : 390,000 SWE : 120,000 SPA : 1.030 million MEX : 110,000 SWI : 165,000 BEL : 115,000 DEN : 312,500 POL : 100,000 NZ : 210,000 100 million Lil Wayne United States 1996 -- present 1999 Hip - hop 7001799000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 79.9 million ( show ) US : 77.7 million UK : 1.460 million CAN : 280,000 AUS : 525,000 100 million Britney Spears United States 1998 -- present 1998 Pop / Dance / Dance - pop 7001785000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 78.5 million ( show ) US : 44.2 million JPN : 2.1 million UK : 10.150 million GER : 5.050 million FRA : 3.732 million CAN : 3.680 million AUS : 3.130 million ITA : 175,000 BRA : 380,000 SWE : 1.010 million SPA : 990,000 MEX : 1.175 million SWI : 485,000 AUT : 365,000 BEL : 935,000 ARG : 248,000 DEN : 187,500 POL : 210,000 FIN : 143,627 NZ : 240,000 100 million Rod Stewart United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1969 Rock / Pop 7001778000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 77.8 million ( show ) US : 43.650 million JPN : 450,000 UK : 18.330 million GER : 3.8 million FRA : 1.8 million CAN : 4.055 million AUS : 2.610 million BRA : 980,000 SWE : 440,000 SPA : 290,000 SWI : 100,000 ARG : 524,000 AUT : 100,000 POL : 220,000 IRE : 195,000 NZ : 280,000 100 million Fleetwood Mac United Kingdom United States 1967 -- present 1968 Rock / Pop 7001761009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 76.1 million ( show ) US : 51.250 million UK : 13.585 million GER : 3.5 million FRA : 800,000 AUS : 2.767 million CAN : 2.950 million SPA : 300,000 SWI : 100,000 BEL : 100,000 NZ : 572,500 100 million Guns N ' Roses United States 1985 -- present Hard rock / Heavy metal 7001743000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 74.3 million ( show ) US : 48.5 million JPN : 1.7 million UK : 6.150 million GER : 4.1 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 3.520 million AUS : 2.410 ITA : 685,000 BRA : 1.9 million SWE : 485,000 SPA : 450,000 MEX : 760,000 SWI : 365,000 BEL : 165,000 ARG : 1.248 million AUT : 365,000 POL : 160,000 IRE : 105,000 NZ : 270,000 100 million George Strait United States 1981 -- present 1984 Country 7001728000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 72.8 million ( show ) US : 72.150 million CAN : 705,000 100 million Backstreet Boys United States 1993 -- present 1995 Pop 7001720000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 72 million ( show ) US : 41.5 million JPN : 5.4 million UK : 4.875 million GER : 7 million FRA : 325,000 CAN : 3.430 million AUS : 1.4 million BRA : 1.625 million SWE : 655,000 SPA : 1.850 million MEX : 1.475 million SWI : 415,000 BEL : 425,000 ARG : 740,000 AUT : 325,000 POL : 300,000 FIN : 171,390 NZ : 132,500 100 million Neil Diamond United States 1966 -- present 1966 Pop / Rock 7001683000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 68.3 million ( show ) US : 55.9 million UK : 7.130 million GER : 1 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 1.725 million AUS : 1.945 million SPA : 100,000 NZ : 127,500 100 million Prince United States 1976 -- 2016 1978 Funk / R&B / Pop / Soul / Rock 7001642000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 64.2 million ( show ) US : 48.950 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 7.045 million GER : 2.4 million FRA : 2.110 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 1.120 SWE : 100,000 SPA : 700,000 SWI : 250,000 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 177,500 100 million Kenny Rogers United States 1958 -- present Country / Pop 7001601000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 61.4 million ( show ) US : 54.050 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 2.520 million CAN : 4.6 million AUS : 100,000 SPA : 100,000 100 million Paul McCartney United Kingdom 1960 -- present 1970 Rock 7001606000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 60.6 million ( show ) US : 41.450 million JPN : 500,000 UK : 12.365 million GER : 1.525 million FRA : 1.305 million CAN : 1.955 million AUS : 465,000 SWE : 210,000 SPA : 640,000 DEN : 210,000 100 million Janet Jackson United States 1982 -- present 1982 R&B / Pop 7001521000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 52.1 million ( show ) US : 39.750 million JPN : 1.6 million UK : 4.760 million GER : 1.4 million FRA : 1.475 million CAN : 1.460 million AUS : 1.155 SWE : 105,000 SPA : 150,000 SWI : 170,000 BEL : 125,000 100 million Julio Iglesias Spain 1968 -- present 1968 Latin 7001510000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 51 million ( show ) US : 11 million JPN : 800,000 UK : 1.620 million GER : 250,000 FRA : 6.1 million CAN : 1.5 million AUS : 540,000 ITA : 400,000 NLD : 950,000 BRA : 12.475 million SWE : 290,000 SPA : 8.7 million MEX : 2.975 million BEL : 125,000 ARG : 3.220 million FIN : 131,636 100 million Chicago United States 1967 -- present 1969 Rock / Pop 7001483000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 48.3 million ( show ) US : 44.150 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 1.490 million GER : 250,000 FRA : 100,000 CAN : 1.865 million SPA : 100,000 100 million The Carpenters United States 1969 -- 1983 1969 Pop 7001460000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 46 million ( show ) US : 34.6 million JPN : 2.9 million UK : 7.950 million GER : 250,000 CAN : 275,000 BRA : 100,000 100 million Bob Dylan United States 1959 -- present 1963 Folk / Rock 7001453000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 45.3 million ( show ) US : 35.6 million UK : 6.025 million GER : 625,000 FRA : 800,000 CAN : 1.5 million AUS : 480,000 SWI : 175,000 NZ : 105,000 100 million Dire Straits United Kingdom 1977 -- 1995 1978 Rock 7001447000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 44.7 million ( show ) US : 15.5 million UK : 11.1 million GER : 3.750 million FRA : 5.3 million CAN : 2.575 million AUS : 2.190 million ITA : 385,000 BRA : 175,000 SWE : 360,000 SPA : 1.380 million SWI : 1 million BEL : 100,000 AUT : 300,000 FIN : 471,530 NZ : 155,000 100 million Def Leppard United Kingdom 1977 -- present 1979 Hard rock / Heavy metal 7001418009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 41.8 million ( show ) US : 35.650 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 1.960 million FRA : 200,000 CAN : 2.995 million AUS : 385,000 SWE : 150,000 MEX : 200,000 SWI : 125,000 100 million Cher United States 1964 -- present 1965 Pop / Rock / Dance / Folk 7001405000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 40.5 million ( show ) US : 21.9 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 6.450 million GER : 4.175 million FRA : 1.525 million CAN : 1.340 million AUS : 1.530 million ITA : 300,000 BRA : 125,000 SWE : 850,000 SPA : 600,000 MEX : 200,000 SWI : 295,000 BEL : 275,000 ARG : 106,000 DEN : 300,000 AUT : 250,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 150,000 100 million Genesis United Kingdom 1967 -- 1999 2006 -- present 1969 Progressive rock / Pop rock 7001399000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 39.9 million ( show ) US : 21.650 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 7.325 million GER : 5.875 million FRA : 3.460 million CAN : 805,000 SWE : 100,000 SPA : 250,000 SWI : 400,000 100 million James Taylor United States 1968 -- present 1970 Rock / Pop 7001355000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 35.5 million ( show ) US : 34.650 million UK : 655,000 CAN : 100,000 AUS : 100,000 100 million Olivia Newton - John Australia 1966 -- present 1966 Pop 7001347000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 34.7 million ( show ) US : 27 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 3.950 million GER : 250,000 CAN : 3.025 million AUS : 380,000 100 million Stevie Wonder United States 1961 -- present 1962 Funk / R&B / Soul 7001346000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 34.6 million ( show ) US : 21.650 million JPN : 1.050 million UK : 8.285 million GER : 500,000 FRA : 1.4 million CAN : 1.550 million SPA : 250,000 100 million Tina Turner United States 1955 -- present Rock / Pop 7001328009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 32.8 million ( show ) US : 12.7 million UK : 8.145 million GER : 6.050 million FRA : 1.135 million CAN : 1.560 million AUS : 480,000 SWE : 330,000 SPA : 700,000 SWI : 565,000 BEL : 190,000 AUT : 630,000 POL : 120,000 FIN : 241,954 100 million Linda Ronstadt United States 1967 -- present 1968 Rock / Folk / Country 7001325000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 32.5 million ( show ) US : 31.5 million UK : 435,000 FRA : 100,000 CAN : 500,000 100 million Donna Summer United States 1968 -- 2012 Pop / Disco / R&B 7001308000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 30.8 million ( show ) US : 24.5 million UK : 3.735 million FRA : 900,000 CAN : 1.550 million BRA : 100,000 SPA : 100,000 100 million The Beach Boys United States 1961 -- present 1962 Rock / Pop / Surf Rock 7001305000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 30.5 million ( show ) US : 25.6 million UK : 3.410 million GER : 250,000 FRA : 400,000 CAN : 100,000 AUS : 492,500 SPA : 250,000 100 million David Bowie United Kingdom 1962 -- 2016 1967 Art rock / Glam rock / Pop 7001299000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 29.9 million ( show ) US : 11.7 million JPN : 200,000 UK : 11.745 million GER : 525,000 FRA : 2.380 million CAN : 2.215 million AUS : 565,000 ITA : 345,000 SPA : 170,000 NZ : 142,500 100 million The Who United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1965 Rock / Hard rock 7001269000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 26.9 million ( show ) US : 22.150 million UK : 3.905 million FRA : 300,000 CAN : 425,000 ITA : 125,000 100 million Barry White United States 1972 -- 2003 1973 R&B / Soul 7001217000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 21.7 million ( show ) US : 16.5 million UK : 3.665 million FRA : 1.1 million CAN : 150,000 SPA : 200,000 BEL : 150,000 100 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 80 million to 99 million records Coldplay Shania Twain Nicki Minaj Flo Rida Ayumi Hamasaki Van Halen Red Hot Chili Peppers To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Coldplay United Kingdom 1996 -- present 1999 Alternative rock , Pop rock , Pop 7001782000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 78.2 million ( show ) US : 29.6 million JPN : 750,000 UK : 23.685 million GER : 4.150 million FRA : 3.030 CAN : 3.445 million AUS : 3.655 million ITA : 2.660 million BRA : 340,000 SWE : 670,000 SPA : 1.030 million MEX : 1.890 million SWI : 510,000 BEL : 735,000 ARG : 528,000 DEN : 639,000 AUT : 197,500 POL : 220,000 IRE : 210,000 NZ : 345,000 90 million Shania Twain Canada 1993 -- present Country pop 7001757000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 75.7 million ( show ) US : 54.5 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 6.795 million GER : 1.750 million FRA : 975,000 CAN : 6.880 million AUS : 2.360 million BRA : 475,000 SWE : 330,000 SPA : 100,000 MEX : 100,000 SWI : 310,000 BEL : 250,000 ARG : 120,000 AUT : 115,000 NZ : 402,500 90 million Santana United States 1966 -- present 1969 Rock 7001618000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 61.8 million ( show ) US : 47.475 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 2.980 million GER : 2.4 million FRA : 3.510 million CAN : 1.660 million AUS : 855,000 BRA : 375,000 SWE : 125,000 SPA : 450,000 MEX : 405,000 SWI : 375,000 BEL : 190,000 ARG : 158,000 AUT : 145,000 POL : 205,000 NZ : 135,000 90 million Lionel Richie United States 1968 -- present 1981 Pop / R&B 7001404000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 40.4 million ( show ) US : 28.650 million UK : 6.355 million GER : 1.050 million FRA : 1.4 million CAN : 2.380 million AUS : 260,000 BRA : 100,000 SPA : 150,000 SWI : 145,000 90 million Earth , Wind & Fire United States 1969 -- present 1971 Funk / R&B / Soul 7001356000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 35.6 million ( show ) US : 31.8 million JPN : 500,000 UK : 2.525 million FRA : 500,000 CAN : 360,000 90 million Johnny Cash United States 1954 -- 2003 1956 Country / Rock and roll / Gospel 7001307000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 30.7 million ( show ) US : 25.7 million UK : 3.660 million GER : 400,000 CAN : 490,000 AUS : 522,500 90 million Nicki Minaj United States 2008 -- present Hip hop , Pop 7001715000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 71.5 million ( show ) US : 58 million JPN : 350,000 UK : 7.1 million GER : 800,000 FRA : 225,000 CAN : 480,000 AUS : 2.835 million ITA : 375,000 BRA : 250,000 SWE : 400,000 SPA : 100,000 MEX : 150,000 SWI : 180,000 DEN : 130,000 NZ : 187,500 85 million R.E.M. United States 1980 -- 2011 Alternative rock 7001426000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 42.6 million ( show ) US : 21.150 million UK : 8.765 million GER : 4.275 million FRA : 1.450 million CAN : 2.650 million AUS : 1.030 ITA : 175,000 BRA : 100,000 SWE : 500,000 SPA : 1.1 million SWI : 450,000 BEL : 108,000 ARG : 158,000 DEN : 155,000 AUT : 350,000 IRE : 127,500 NZ : 105,000 85 million Flo Rida United States 2007 -- present 2007 Hip - hop , Hip house , EDM 7001698000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 69.8 million ( show ) US : 49 million JPN : 650,000 UK : 7.960 million GER : 3 million FRA : 225,000 CAN : 2.810 million AUS : 3.535 million ITA : 330,000 SWE : 780,000 SPA : 140,000 MEX : 330,000 SWI : 420,000 DEN : 205,000 AUT : 180,000 NZ : 247,500 80 million Ayumi Hamasaki Japan 1998 -- present 1998 J - pop / Pop / dance / electronic 7001643000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 64.3 million ( show ) JPN : 64.3 million 80 million Van Halen United States 1978 -- present 1978 Hard rock / Heavy metal 7001643000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 64.3 million ( show ) US : 57.8 million JPN : 1.3 million UK : 740,000 GER : 1.5 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 2.450 million BRA : 200,000 80 million Red Hot Chili Peppers United States 1983 -- present Funk rock / Alternative rock 7001578000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 57.8 million ( show ) US : 32.250 million JPN : 2.6 million UK : 9.995 million GER : 2.650 million FRA : 1.420 million CAN : 2.020 million AUS : 2.590 million ITA : 455,000 BRA : 515,000 SWE : 390,000 SPA : 640,000 MEX : 150,000 SWI : 405,000 BEL : 170,000 ARG : 406,000 DEN : 227,000 AUT : 247,500 POL : 245,000 FIN : 171,951 NZ : 285,000 80 million Foreigner United States United Kingdom 1976 -- present 1977 Rock / Hard Rock 7001496000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 49.6 million ( show ) US : 45.1 million UK : 1.300 million GER : 1.5 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 700,000 AUS : 105,000 SWI : 125,000 80 million The Doors United States 1965 -- 1973 1967 Psychedelic rock 7001469000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 46.9 million ( show ) US : 36.6 million UK : 2.040 million GER : 1.750 million FRA : 1.9 million CAN : 2.780 million AUS : 1.022 million ITA : 130,000 BRA : 100,000 SPA : 300,000 SWI : 125,000 ARG : 150,000 AUT : 100,000 80 million George Michael United Kingdom 1981 -- 2016 1984 Pop 7001457000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 45.7 million ( show ) US : 19.8 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 12.850 million GER : 2.4 million FRA : 3.217 million CAN : 1.770 million AUS : 2.205 million BRA : 350,000 SWE : 310,000 SPA : 850,000 SWI : 335,000 BEL : 215,000 ARG : 118,000 DEN : 380,000 AUT : 140,000 POL : 340,000 NZ : 140,000 80 million Reba McEntire United States 1975 -- present Country / Country Pop 7001427000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 42.7 million ( show ) US : 41.9 million CAN : 850,000 80 million Meat Loaf United States 1968 -- present 1977 Rock / Hard rock 7001415000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 41.5 million ( show ) US : 23.6 million UK : 9.665 million GER : 2.350 million CAN : 3.260 million AUS : 2.382 million SWE : 100,000 SWI : 115,000 AUT : 100,000 80 million Tom Petty United States 1976 -- 2017 1977 Rock 7001346000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 34.6 million ( show ) US : 31.250 million UK : 1 million GER : 500,000 CAN : 1.7 million SWE : 200,000 80 million Johnny Hallyday France 1957 -- 2017 1960 Rock / Pop 7001247000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 24.7 million ( show ) FRA : 24.035 million SWI : 268,000 BEL : 430,000 80 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 75 million to 79 million records Journey The Black Eyed Peas Maroon 5 Kenny G Usher Tupac Shakur Robbie Williams To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales The Black Eyed Peas United States 1995 -- present 1998 Hip - hop / R&B / Dance 7001556000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 55.6 million ( show ) US : 29.4 million JPN : 1.250 million UK : 10.8 million GER : 2.250 million FRA : 2.650 million CAN : 2.7 million AUS : 3.270 million ITA : 365,000 BRA : 255,000 SWE : 300,000 SPA : 460,000 MEX : 390,000 SWI : 460,000 BEL : 460,000 DEN : 161,000 IRE : 135,000 NZ : 340,000 76 million Journey United States 1973 -- present Rock / Soft rock 7001620000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 62 million ( show ) US : 59.7 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 1.360 million CAN : 725,000 75 million Maroon 5 United States 1994 -- present 2002 Pop rock / Funk rock / Dance - pop 7001583000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 58.3 million ( show ) US : 33.2 million JPN : 1.750 UK : 9.160 million GER : 1.150 FRA : 675,000 CAN : 3.525 million AUS : 2.835 million ITA : 685,000 BRA : 380,000 SWE : 650,000 SPA : 210,000 MEX : 3.365 DEN : 462,500 NZ : 300,000 75 million Kenny G United States 1982 -- present 1984 Smooth jazz 7001519000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 51.9 million ( show ) US : 48.1 million JPN : 700,000 UK : 360,000 CAN : 950,000 BRA : 1.350 million SPA : 450,000 75 million Usher United States 1991 -- present R&B / Pop 7001514000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 51.4 million ( show ) US : 37.435 million JPN : 750,000 UK : 8.125 million GER : 1.150 FRA : 210,000 CAN : 1.190 million AUS : 2.112 million SWE : 105,000 SWI : 170,000 DEN : 117,500 NZ : 150,000 75 million Tupac Shakur United States 1991 -- 1996 1991 Hip hop 7001513000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 51.3 million ( show ) US : 46.2 million UK : 3.435 million GER : 500,000 CAN : 820,000 AUS : 395,000 75 million Robbie Williams United Kingdom 1990 -- present Pop rock 7001505000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 50.5 million ( show ) US : 500,000 UK : 27.350 million GER : 9.475 million FRA : 2.695 million CAN : 250,000 AUS : 2.905 million ITA : 385,000 SWE : 445,000 SPA : 440,000 MEX : 1.595 million SWI : 983,000 BEL : 600,000 ARG : 462,000 DEN : 631,500 AUT : 917,500 POL : 140,000 FIN : 235,743 IRE : 135,000 NZ : 445,000 75 million Enya Ireland 1982 -- present New - age / Celtic 7001500000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 50 million ( show ) US : 26.5 million JPN : 4.6 million UK : 5.250 million GER : 4.2 million FRA : 775,000 CAN : 1.540 million AUS : 1.505 BRA : 1.650 million SWE : 390,000 SPA : 1.760 million MEX : 125,000 SWI : 370,000 BEL : 460,000 ARG : 390,000 DEN : 100,000 AUT : 185,000 POL : 120,000 NZ : 135,000 75 million Alabama United States 1972 -- present 1980 Country / Pop rock 7001480000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 48 million ( show ) US : 46.8 million CAN : 1.2 million 75 million Nirvana United States 1987 -- 1994 1989 Grunge / Alternative rock 7001457000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 45.7 million ( show ) US : 26.5 million JPN : 1.3 million UK : 5.770 million GER : 1.250 million FRA : 2.5 million CAN : 2.970 million AUS : 1.257 ITA : 375,000 BRA : 725,000 SWE : 380,000 SPA : 450,000 MEX : 475,000 SWI : 190,000 BEL : 350,000 ARG : 522,000 AUT : 230,000 POL : 300,000 NZ : 215,000 75 million Bryan Adams Canada 1979 -- present 1979 Rock 7001446000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 44.6 million ( show ) US : 21 million JPN : 600,000 UK : 8.675 million GER : 3.850 million FRA : 650,000 CAN : 5.120 million AUS : 2.010 million BRA : 100,000 SWE : 440,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 805,000 BEL : 250,000 DEN : 105,000 AUT : 375,000 FIN : 183,444 75 million Bob Marley Jamaica 1962 -- 1981 Reggae 7001389000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 38.9 million ( show ) US : 21.850 million JPN : 200,000 UK : 7.4 million GER : 1.750 million FRA : 4.735 million CAN : 600,000 AUS : 350,000 ITA : 250,000 SWE : 120,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 303,000 ARG : 376,000 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 427,500 75 million The Police United Kingdom 1977 -- 1986 2007 -- 2008 1978 Pop / Rock 7001388009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 38.8 million ( show ) US : 23.150 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 8.160 million GER : 1.775 million FRA : 3.340 million CAN : 875,000 AUS : 407,500 ITA : 100,000 BRA : 140,000 SPA : 300,000 MEX : 100,000 BEL : 115,000 ARG : 228,000 75 million Barry Manilow United States 1973 -- present 1973 Pop / Soft rock 7001365000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 36.5 million ( show ) US : 33.3 million UK : 2.825 million CAN : 400,000 75 million Kiss United States 1972 -- present Hard rock / Heavy metal 7001278000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 27.8 million ( show ) US : 26 million CAN : 1.495 million UK : 100,000 AUS : 130,000 ARG : 112,000 75 million Aretha Franklin United States 1956 -- present 1961 Soul / Jazz / Blues / R&B 7001247000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 24.7 million ( show ) US : 23.5 million UK : 840,000 FRA : 275,000 CAN : 150,000 75 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . See also List of best - selling albums List of best - selling singles List of best - selling girl groups List of highest - certified music artists in the United States Notes Jump up ^ To be on this list , artists who began charting : before 1975 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 20 % in certified units . between 1975 -- 1990 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 20 -- 64 % in certified units . ( That is 2.9 % for each additional year after 1975 ) between 1990 -- 2000 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 64 -- 70 % in certified units . ( That is 0.6 % for each additional year after 1990 ) between 2000 -- present are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 70 -- 80 % in certified units . ( That is 0.66 % for each additional year after 2000 ) ^ Jump up to : Certification systems have been established periodically throughout the past half century ; thus , certification databases are not able to cover all sales . Some ( or all ) records released and sold prior to a certification system 's establishment year may not be found within the available searchable certification databases . Year of establishment ( from largest market to smallest based on Retail Value each market generates respectively ) : United States : 1958 Japan : 1989 : United Kingdom : 1973 Germany : 1975 France : 1973 Canada : 1975 Australia : 1997 ( online certification - database has begun since 1997 . Certifications ; however , existed in Australia since the 1970s ) Italy : 2009 ( online certification - database covers certifications issued since 2009 . Certifications ; however , have existed in Italy since the 1990s ) Netherlands : 1978 Brazil : 1990 Sweden : 1987 Spain : 1979 Mexico : 1999 Switzerland : 1989 Belgium : 1997 Argentina : 1980 Denmark : 2001 ( online certifications for Denmark start from 2001 . Certifications ; however , existed in Denmark since the early 1990s ) Austria : 1990 Poland : 1995 Finland : 1971 Ireland : 2005 New Zealand : July 1978 Certified sales might sometimes be larger than actual sales , if stores order more albums than they are able to sell , due to certifications generally being determined by shipments and not actual sales . Often , however , actual sales are larger than certified sales , since record labels must pay a fee to obtain certifications . Record companies often apply for certifications only when a record reaches a multiple certification - levels , meaning certifications might not be visible in the databases for more than a short period of time after an album reached a certification level . As global music sales declined in the 2000s mostly due to CD burning and downloading from unauthorized sites , certification bodies opted to reduce their certification levels . See the changes in Certification - award - levels in the following markets : United States ( Note , U.S. certification - award - levels for singles before 1989 were : 1,000,000 for Gold and 2,000,000 for Platinum . Also , U.S. certification - awards for Shortform albums before September 1996 were : 250,000 for Gold and 500,000 for Platinum ) Japan United Kingdom Germany France Canada ( Canadian certification - award - levels for singles before February 1982 were : 75,000 for Gold and 150,000 for Platinum ) Italy Netherlands Brazil Sweden Spain Mexico Switzerland Belgium Argentina Denmark Austria : Poland Finland New Zealand : ( NZ certification levels before June 2007 were : 5,000 for Gold , 10,000 for Platinum ) ( The levels for singles were adjusted again on June 17 , 2016 from previous 7,500 for Gold , 15,000 for Platinum , to 15,000 for Gold , 30,000 for Platinum ) References Jump up ^ NEWSLINE : A Former Music Executive . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . February 14 , 2004 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Troubles in Store . Spin Magazine . Spin Media L.L.C. February 14 , 2004 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Debuts Album Award With Streams '' . RIAA . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music streaming numbers now count toward Canada 's Gold / Platinum certifications '' . National Music Centre . September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` France Now Counts Streaming Towards Certified Sales Awards '' . musicbusinessworldwide.com . October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Gold and Platinum : We Found Love '' . RIAA . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Rihanna 's Best - Selling Songs & Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ Yearbook 2017 : IFPI Global Music Report 2017 ( Page 5 ) '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bundesverband Musikindustrie : Internationales : Abb. 28 / / Umsätze aus dem europäischen Musikverkauf '' . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : The Beatles ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA : Searchable Database '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Gold Disc Certifications '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certified Awards Search '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BVMI : Gold - / Platin - Datenbank '' . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc : Les Certifications depuis 1973 '' ( InfoDisc : Certifications from 1973 ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . InfoDisc.fr . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` SNEP : Les Certifications '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . SNEP . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Music Canada : Gold & Platinum searchable database '' . Music Canada . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` F.I.M.I : Federazione Industria Musicale Itaiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABPD : Certificados '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2015 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld & Platina IFPI '' ( Gold & Platinum IFPI ) ( in Swedish ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -- Sweden . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2011 . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` PROMUSICAE Charts : Home > Weekly charts '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 928 -- 939 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitparade.ch : Edelmetall '' . Schweizer Hitparade . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Note that the certifications for DVDs need to be retrieved by selecting the years at `` http://hitparade.ch/awards.asp '' ^ Jump up to : `` Awards 1997 -- 2003 '' . Belgian Entertainment Association . Ultratop . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop : Goud En Platina '' . Ultratop . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` CAPIF : Discos de Oro y Platino ( albums ) '' . CAPIF . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CAPIF : Discos de Oro y Platino ( albums and DVDs ) '' . CAPIF . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer marts -- maj 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPI Austria : Gold & Platin '' ( in German ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -- Austria . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Polish certification awards 1995 -- present '' ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Recorded Music New Zealand : The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Recorded Music New Zealand . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radioscope : Latest Gold / Platinum Albums '' . Radioscope . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Loebenberg , Priscilla ( February 9 , 2014 ) . `` The Fab Four came to America 50 years ago with the help of a Maryland teenager '' . Carroll County Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hotten , Russell ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` The Beatles at 50 : From Fab Four to fabulously wealthy '' . BBC News . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wyman , Bill ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Did ' Thriller ' Really Sell a Hundred Million Copies '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Elvis Presley ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 913 -- 929 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 940 -- 952 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amprofon Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . AMPROFON . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMPROFON : Certificaciones 2016 '' . AMPROFON . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 15 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 43 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tilastot : Kulta - ja platinalevyt '' . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bennet , Mark ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Elvis impersonator reviews his career highlights , wardrobe '' . Daily Herald of Arlington Heights . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shah , Sabir ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Pakistan is not lone target of extortion , gangster crimes '' . The News International of Pakistan . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Salo , Jackie ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Elvis Presley Quotes : 10 Things He Said To Remember The Icon On Anniversary Of His Death '' . International Business Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Michael Jackson ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc Les Certifications depuis 1973 ( singles ) '' . InfoDisc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 6th July 2009 ( Issue 1010 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 13th July 2009 ( Issue 1011 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 19 / 01 / 2015 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sverige Toplistan : Sök '' . Sverige Toplistan ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Note : To retrieve the certifications , type in artist 's name in the box of `` Sök '' , and then click on `` Visa '' of the desired album / single / video ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 952 -- 966 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld og platin i august '' . IFPI Denmark . September 5 , 2004 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPI Denmark : Søg Certificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' King of Pop ' Michael Jackson was born today '' . Geo News . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson was star the world could not ignore '' . CNN . June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson : 100 facts about the king of pop '' . The Daily Telegraph . June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Agencies , China Daily ( June 27 , 2009 ) . `` 50 facts about Michael Jackson that made him a legend '' . China Daily . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Madonna ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 210 ( Madonna ) '' ( PDF ) . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld og platin november / december / januar '' . IFPI Denmark . February 19 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer ( Page 22 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i marts '' . IFPI Denmark . April 13 , 2006 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld & platin januar 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mandle , Chris ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Madonna compares herself to Picasso , saying she 's going to be creative until the day she dies '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Madonna 's Rebel Heart beats strong on latest tour '' . The Macomb Daily . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna : healthy pop star admits to ' weakness ' for sticky toffee pudding '' . The Daily Telegraph . September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Elton John ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Forårets guld - og platincertificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . June 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burnham , Emily ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Elton John to play two concerts in Maine this fall '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hebditch , Jon ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sir Elton John to play Aberdeen this weekend '' . The Press and Journal of Scotland . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Jacqui ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Elton John to play at WSU 's Nutter Center '' . Dayton Daily News . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Mark ( March 17 , 2013 ) . `` Elton John , songtrack to my life '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Led Zeppelin ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certifications Albums -- Année 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Albums Chart ( 10 / 11 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : ARIA Top 100 Albums -- Week Commencing 10th August 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morse , Steve ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Celebration Day ' for Led Zeppelin fans '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , Jane ( September 27 , 2014 ) . `` Jimmy Page reflects on Led Zeppelin '' . The Age . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Logue , Timothy ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` Weekend : Delco man pens the real story behind Led Zeppelin 's rise '' . Delaware County Daily Times . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barbrick , Greg ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Music DVD / CD Review : Led Zeppelin -- Celebration Day '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Pink Floyd ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Pink Floyd to release a new album in 2014 , entitled The Endless River '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : January 1995 ( Page 6 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Stephen ( July 30 , 2017 ) . `` CONCERT REVIEW : Pink Floyd music lives on with tribute band '' . The Sun Chronicle . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Tufayel ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Royal Mail Marks 50 Years of Pink Floyd With Special Stamps '' . Newsweek . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd drummer fears for young musicians trying to break through '' . Irish Examiner . September 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iconic Pink Floyd Designer Exhibiting His Work In Ely '' . Ely Standard . May 4 , 2010 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Rihanna ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMPROFON : Certificaciones 2017 '' . AMPROFON . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i marts ( 31 / 03 / 2008 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i september '' . IFPI Denmark . October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certificeringer marts -- maj 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts : Certtifications - Awards '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seales , Rebecca ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` Cyntoia Brown : Rihanna and Kim Kardashian back jailed teen '' . BBC News . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Rebecca ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Rihanna and the other female stars living the life dating billionaires '' . News.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Mariah Carey ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 年度別ミリオンセラー一覧 ( Million Seller List by Year ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 ( Mariah Carey ) '' ( PDF ) . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 4 ( UGE 51 - 2016 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jay ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mariah Carey will return to Vegas for a handful of Christmastime concerts '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Julie , Jackson ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` Mariah Carey to hold solo concert in October '' . The Korea Herald . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reporter , AFP ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Mariah Carey asks fans to pray for sick husband '' . ABC News . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Brad ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` For Mariah Carey , the angel is in the details '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Proefrock , Stacia . `` Allmusic : Celine Dion ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度別ミリオンセラー一覧 1995 年 ( 1995 million - seller list ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( July 2010 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 47 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 22 - 2008 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion to launch fashion line with The Bugatti Group '' . Kingston Whig - Standard . February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ptashnick , Victoria ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` Céline Dion joins Twitter '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sandhu , Sukhdev ( February 2 , 2008 ) . `` Learning to love Celine Dion '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barhat , Vikram Singh ( March 6 , 2008 ) . `` Celine Dion : Taking Chances tour to heights '' . Gulf News . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Queen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度別ミリオンセラー一覧 2004 年 ( 2004 Million Seller List ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Castle , Jill ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` The 20 Queen facts you can share with your mates at the Hydro '' . The Herald of Glasgow . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tolhurst , Alain ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Queen guitarist reveals Sidmouth inspiration '' . Sidmouth Herald . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vass , Eszter ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Queen + Adam Lambert to perform in Budapest '' . Daily News Hungary . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Whitney Houston ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( January 2014 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Albums -- Week Commencing 27th February 2012 Issue No. 1148 ( for single `` I Will Always Love You '' and albums `` The Bodyguard Soundtrack '' , `` Whitney Houston '' ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Locker , Melissa ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Whitney Houston : 10 Career - Defining Moments '' . Time . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Levine , Barry ( January 24 , 2015 ) . `` Four more who should be in the Hall of Fame '' . The Albany Herald . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thurston , Michael ( February 12 , 2012 ) . `` Music world stunned at Whitney Houston 's death '' . The Australian . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ France - Presse , Agence ( February 12 , 2012 ) . `` Music world stunned at death of Whitney Houston , 48 '' . Hürriyet Daily News . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : AC / DC ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marchand , Francois ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Review : AC / DC thrill Vancouver fans at BC Place '' . The Vancouver Sun . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2015 . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McGreevy , Ronan ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' AC / DC 's music is the best antidepressant there is ' '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Giants AC / DC Accept The Inevitable And Agree To Make Their Music Available On iTunes '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . November 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Martin ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` MSPs tell AC / DC ... We Salute You '' . The Herald of Glasgow . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Rolling Stones ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lawless , Jill ; Dixon , Louise ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` Rolling Stones celebrate 50 years on stage '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCall , Tris ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Maybe the last time ? Rolling Stones set to rock Newark , London '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : ABBA ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : July 2001 ( Gold Album - Page 8 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold and Platinum Database ( February 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( September 8 , 1979 ) . ABBA 's Australian certifications at Billboard Magazine ( September 8 , 1979 issue ) . Billboard . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 25 - 2004 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 52 - 2008 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 52 - 2011 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official NZ Music Charts : Top 40 Albums ( 28 April 2014 ) '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official NZ Music Charts : Top 40 Albums ( 19 March 2007 ) '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trauth , Beti ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` ABBA music enhances ' Mamma Mia ! ' at the Van Duzer '' . Times - Standard . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lengel , Kerry ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Mamma Mia ! ' at ASU Gammage '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Murray , Philip ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` ABBA Gold and the UK Bee Gees tribute acts to perform in Skegness '' . Skegness Standard Newspaper . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ABBA , Hollies , Genesis enter Rock Hall in NYC bash '' . The Register Citizen Newspaper . March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Taylor Swift ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor - made ' 80s sounds '' . New Straits Times . December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Garth Brooks ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kelly ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Garth Brooks is back in Raleigh , doing 3 shows at PNC '' . The News & Observer . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Eminem ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer ( Page 17 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McAloon , Jonathan ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Letter from Eminem to Tupac 's mother discovered '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Eagles ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA : ARIA Albums Chart ( 19 / 01 / 2015 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michelle , Mitchell ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Eagles tribute band comes to the Wayne '' . The Daily Progress . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : U2 ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 22 / 09 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . November 2 , 2005 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marlowe , Lara ( June 7 , 2015 ) . `` Former U2 manager Paul McGuinness : Cracking crime on the Côte d'Azur '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Billy Joel ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( May 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gierer , Larry ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Billy Joel to perform in Atlanta Braves ' new stadium '' . Ledger - Enquirer . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Phil Collins ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Payne , Ed ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Phil Collins ' fans rejoice : Artist announces end of retirement '' . CNN . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Aerosmith ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 ARIA Singes Chart : Annual Charts '' . ARIA . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leimkuehler , Matthew ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Aerosmith frontman Steven Tyler to perform at Iowa State Fair '' . The Des Moines Register . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Frank Sinatra ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Kathaleen ( December 6 , 2015 ) . `` New Mexico musicians weigh in on performing with Frank Sinatra '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Barbra Streisand ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gornall , Jonathan ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Newsmaker : Barbra Streisand '' . The National of Abu Dhabi . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Bruno Mars ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 12 - 2011 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PARI : List of PARI Gold , Platinum & Diamond Awardees '' . Philippine Association of the Record Industry . PARI . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ VanValkenburgh , Nicky ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE PREVIEW : ' Rio 2 ' flies high '' . The Greenville News . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Kanye West ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold / Platinum database : October 2010 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Track Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Chris ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` Bluesfest review : Twenty minutes late , Kanye West still captures massive crowd '' . Ottawa Citizen . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Bruce Springsteen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i april '' . IFPI Denmark . May 27 , 2009 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kidd , James ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Book review : with Born to Run , Bruce Springsteen charts a true artist 's life '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Colin Larkin ( 27 May 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of Popular Music . Omnibus Press . p. 448 . Jump up ^ Maury Dean ( 2003 ) . Rock ' N ' Roll Gold Rush . Algora Publishing . p. 283 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Bee Gees ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : July 1996 ( Page 5 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : November 1996 ( Page 4 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McKay , Hollie ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Barry Gibb honors brothers at sold out show , reveals Bee Gees ' best song '' . Fox News . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Lady Gaga ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barr , Gordon ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Lady Gaga : We chart her career as she prepares for Metro Radio Arena concert '' . Evening Chronicle . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Metallica ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 07 / 10 / 2013 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pashelka , Curtis ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Shark Hosting ' Metallica Night ' at SAP Center '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Collar , Matt . `` Allmusic : Justin Bieber ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( August 21 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber disappoints with ' hungover ' performance at V Festival '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Katy Perry ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ M. Andrews , Travis ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Katy Perry is the first judge named for new ' American Idol ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , Davis . `` Allmusic : Adele ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Felicity ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Adele Australian tour 2017 : Grammy winner to sing at Brisbane 's Gabba in March '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Jay - Z ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pagliery , Jose ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Jay - Z to buy music streaming Aspiro for $56 million '' . CNN . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Eremenko , Alexey . `` Allmusic : B'z ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Culross , Mikey Hirano ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Meeting of the Masters '' . Rafu Shimpo . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bon Jovi ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 28th January 2008 ( Issue 935 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi 's Australian certifications sent by ARIA team '' . ARIA . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mathew ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Jon Bon Jovi recalls the early days and how Livin ' on a Prayer changed everything '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Linkin Park ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Phil ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Chester Bennington : Lead singer of Linkin Park remembered '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Beyonce ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Charts Company : Beyoncé '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PROMUSICAE : Conciones Top 20 Anual 2007 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 21 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 05 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 04 - 2010 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schroats , Stephen ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Beyoncé considers investing in a rising NBA team , report says '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Lil Wayne ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Levy , Piet ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` Lil Wayne , Jeezy coming to UW - Milwaukee Panther Arena June 12 '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Britney Spears ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i april ( 01 / 05 / 2008 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer ( Page 6 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Hunter ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Finally , our elected officials are giving Britney Spears the respect she deserves '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Rod Stewart ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Andy ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` Rod Stewart speaks exclusively ahead of Shrewsbury show '' . Shropshire Star . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Fleetwood Mac ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Charts : 29 June 2003 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . June 29 , 2003 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Charts : 16 September 2013 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . September 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Urban , Kelly ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Fleetwood Mac tribute band TUSK to rock Arcadia '' . The Tribune - Democrat . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Guns N ' Roses ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ P. Mayor , Jeffrey ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Guns N ' Roses announces August concert in Seattle '' . The News Tribune . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : George Strait ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hammontree , John ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Who won the Ultimate Southern Music Bracket ? '' . The Birmingham News . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Backstreet Boys ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度別ミリオンセラー一覧 2001 年 ( 2001 Million Seller List ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Remling , Amanda ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` Backstreet ? s Back : Kevin Re-Joins The Backstreet Boys Permanently , Eighth Album In The Future '' . International Business Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Neil Diamond ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Michael ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Heider show will mine Neil Diamond hits '' . La Crosse Tribune . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Prince ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fong , Michelle ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Prince 's memorable performances in Dayton '' . Dayton Daily News . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Vinopal & Erlewine , David & Stephen . `` Allmusic : Kenny Rogers ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( June 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2004 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2015 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Valcourt , Keith ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Kenny Rogers : ' Christmas Once Again ' '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Paul McCartney ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Sweden : Certifications for 1987 -- 1998 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI Sweden . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer ( page 75 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Chirs ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Paul McCartney wanted a free Brooklyn Nets T - shirt more than anything '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Janet Jackson ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lindquist , David ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Janet Jackson will make good on postponed Indy date '' . The Indianapolis Star . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Julio Iglesias ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Julio Iglesias 30th Anniversary . Billboard . May 27 , 2000 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Report , Staff ( March 6 , 2016 ) . `` Julio Iglesias to perform in Sharjah '' . Gulf News . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Chicago ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital downloads : February 2014 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flans , Robyn ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Newbury Park drummer will rejoin Chicago for one big night '' . Ventura County Star . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Carpenters ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold and Platinum database ( June 2009 ) '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nice , Bill ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Sugar High Theatricals presents ' An Evening with The Carpenters ' '' . The Register - Mail . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bob Dylan ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Is Bob Dylan 's painting taken from a photo of Blackpool 's North Pier ? '' . Blackpool Gazette . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Dire Straits ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greaves , Amanda ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Dire Straits tribute turns back the clock '' . The Ilkley Gazette . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Def Leppard ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report Issue # 850 '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . June 19 , 2006 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mulson , Jen ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Trifecta of rock -- Def Leppard , Poison , Tesla -- to play Colorado Springs '' . The Gazette of Colorado Springs . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Cher ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cher 's Australia 's certifications sent by ARIA team '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard magazine : Believe in the Album ( Issue January 22 , 2000 page 2 ) '' . Billboard . January 22 , 2000 . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official IFPI email -- Greatest Hits 1999 certification '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts 1966 -- 2006 '' ( PDF ) . RIANZ . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chareunsy , Don ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Fabulous and incomparable Cher to headline at The Park Theater at Monte Carlo '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Genesis ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Book excerpt : Phil Collins ' `` Not Dead Yet '' `` . CBS News . October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : James Taylor ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patinkin , Mark ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` James Taylor 's quiet perseverance is pitch perfect '' . The Providence Journal . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Olivia Newton - John ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Newton - John 's new battle with cancer 25 years after initial diagnosis '' . The Australian . June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Stevie Wonder ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kinney , Michael ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Never - ending wonder : Stevie Wonder confirms suspicions that he 's still amazing '' . The Norman Transcript . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bush , John . `` Allmusic : Tina Turner ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ben , Cosgrove ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tina Turner : Unpublished Photos of the Queen of Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Time . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Linda Ronstadt ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Millican , Jim ( November 23 , 2013 ) . `` Rock ' n ' roll memories '' . Winnipeg Free Press . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Donna Summer ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( July 23 , 2008 ) . `` Disco Queen Donna Summer re-Embraces the Spotlight '' . Reading Eagle . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bush , John . `` Allmusic : The Beach Boys ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tierney , Chris ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Remember when - The Beach Boys played Cawley Stadium '' . The Sun of Lowell . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : David Bowie ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gill , Andy ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` Rebel , rebel : We profile singing legend David Bowie '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eder & Erlewine , Bruce & Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Who ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Huba , Nicholas ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Who to play Boardwalk Hall July 22 '' . The Press of Atlantic City . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hogen , Ed . `` Allmusic : Barry White ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Connor , Tracy ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Barry White dies at 58 while waiting for kidney transplant in 2003 '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Coldplay ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alpad , Christina ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` The ' adventure of a lifetime ' for Coldplay fans '' . The Manila Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Shania Twain ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Gavin ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Shania Twain sets North Little Rock concert '' . Arkansas Democrat - Gazette . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Santana ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wolgamott , L. Kent ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Santana coming to Lincoln '' . Lincoln Journal Star . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Lionel Richie ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 05 / 05 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Poplak , Richard ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` Slay you , slay me ' - when Lionel Richie sang for Muammar Gaddafi '' . Daily Maverick . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Earth , Wind & Fire ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( May 2011 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( April 2013 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Earth , Wind & Fire founder Maurice White dead at 74 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Johnny Cash ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Belanger , Joe ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Tribute artist walks the line as legendary Johnny Cash '' . The London Free Press . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Nicki Minaj ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ofole - Prince , Samantha ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Nicki Minaj signs up as spokesperson and investor for Moscato wine '' . CaribPress . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : R.E.M. ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tierney , Mike ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` Mike Mills : A Rock Star of Fantasy Sports '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . `` Allmusic : Flo Rida ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Chuck ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Society Confidential : Flo Rida hits Sabrage '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eremenko , Alexey . `` Allmusic : Ayumi Hamasaki ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( オリコン ) 浜崎あゆみ、ソロ初の総売上 5000 万枚超え「ファンのみんなの記録」 ( First solo artist with over 50 million in sales ) '' . Oricon . August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 15 年間ありがとう ! 「ケータイランキング」発表 ! アーティスト 1 位は EXILE 、楽曲は GReeeeN 「キセキ」 ~ レコチョクのケータイ向け「着うた ( R ) 」「着うたフル ( R ) 」サービス 12 / 15 終了 '' . Oricon . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Van Halen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Stacey ( February 7 , 2015 ) . `` Van Halen to Release First Concert Album With David Lee Roth '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Prato , Greg . `` Allmusic : Red Hot Chili Peppers ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer : Page 15 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jimmy , Blake ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Red Hot Chili Peppers make a triumphant return to Reading and Leeds festival '' . BBC News . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Prato , Greg . `` Allmusic : Foreigner ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kridlin , Jay ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Foreigner still shines at 40 at Tampa 's MidFlorida Credit Union Amphitheatre '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : The Doors ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( May 12 , 2010 ) . `` ' When You 're Strange ' looks at Doors , Morrison with fresh sensibility , footage '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Deming , Mark . `` Allmusic : George Michael ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( UGE 20 - 2004 '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Singer George Michael dies at age 53 '' . The New Zealand Herald . December 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Reba McEntire ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boesveld , Sarah ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Three decades after her first hit , Reba McEntire -- now 60 -- is poised for a comeback '' . National Post . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Meat Loaf ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Matt ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Meat Loaf collapses onstage in Canada '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Tom Petty ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Italie , Hillel ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Petty , down - to - earth rock superstar , dies at 66 '' . The Kansas City Star . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Johnny Hallyday ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Certifications Vidéos -- Année 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Legendary French Singer Johnny Hallyday Is Being Treated for Cancer '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . `` Allmusic : The Black Eyed Peas ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 52 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 31 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Apl. De. Ap completes roster of artists at ' MTV Music Evolution 2015 ' '' . The Manila Times . May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Journey ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( September 2010 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bolle , Kali ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Still believin ' '' . The Tullahoma News . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Maroon 5 ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sun , Rebecca ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Adam Levine , Maroon 5 Sign With WME '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yanow , Scott . `` Allmusic : Kenny G ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shields , Mel ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` How would you define his music ? Kenny G simply says it 's jazz '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lane , Lynda . `` Allmusic : Usher ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Souza , Alison ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` R&B star Usher toughens up to play boxer Sugar Ray Leonard in Hands Of Stone '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephan . `` Allmusic : 2 Pac ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowman , Rob ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Seeing rapper Tupac Shakur 's life , death and music through ' All Eyez ' biopic '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Robbie Williams ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Staffordshire Day : The county 's most famous homegrown talent '' . Express & Star . May 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Enya ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 05 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2010 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roper , Kerri - Ann ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Enya on rich list despite lack of hits '' . Irish Examiner . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Alabama ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Max B ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Alabama brings ' southern pride ' to Deadwood '' . Rapid City Journal . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Nirvana ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : 7th November 2011 ( Issue No. 1132 ) '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Brian ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` Nirvana tribute night in castlebar venue '' . The Connaught Telegraph . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bryan Adams ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian certifications for Bryan Adams '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bryan Adams set to play Newmarket '' . East Anglian Daily Times . January 18 , 2008 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Bob Marley ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2004 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 20 / 05 / 2013 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Meschino , Patricia ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Music and Marketing Genius of Bob Marley , 34 Years After His Passing '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Police ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop : GOUD EN PLATINA 2002 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop : GOUD EN PLATINA 2005 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop : GOUD EN PLATINA 2007 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Andy Summers finds new magic in Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Qatar Tribune . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Barry Manilow ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Today in history : Looks like Barry 's made it '' . Abilene Reporter - News . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Kiss ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Argentina 's Certification Database was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Beck , John ( August 28 , 2008 ) . `` KISS Alive at 35 '' . The Press Democrat . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Aretha Franklin ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Association , Press ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Aretha Franklin to retire after recording album with Stevie Wonder '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Awards '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About RIAJ : History '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About BPI Awards '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les Certifications Officielles : Chronologie Albums '' . Info Disc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( October 2 , 1976 ) . CRIA . Billboard . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Certifications '' ( in Dutch ) . NVPI . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos -- Certificados '' ( Brazilian Association of Record Producers -- Certificates ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones ( Earlier certification database covering the years 1999 -- 2010 ) '' ( in Spanish ) . AMPROFON . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community -- Awards '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Awards 1997 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capif '' ( in Spanish ) . Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Guld - og platinplader er devalueret ( Gold and Platinum awards are lowered ) . b.dk ( in Danish ) . April 24 , 2003 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tilastot '' ( IFPI Statistics ) ( in Finnish ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry Finland . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bialik , Carl ( July 15 , 2009 ) . `` Spun : The Off - the - Wall Accounting of Record Sales '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The awards : Certifications '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Recording Industry -- World Sales 2003 '' ( PDF ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Country Takes The Crop ( February 14 , 2008 ) '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2008 . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( May 14 , 1989 ) . `` New Golden Rule : 500,000 Sales Mark for All Singles '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIIA Certifications '' . Billboard . August 10 , 1996 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ RIAJ Certs Plan Criticized . Recording Industry Association of Japan . October 25 , 2003 . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 現基準 - 旧基準 ( ~ 2003.06 ) '' ( Current criteria - Former Criteria ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certified Awards Timeline '' ( PDF ) . BPI . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Verleihgrenzen '' ( Guidelines for Gold and Platinum awards ) ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( July 26 , 2006 ) . France Lowers Gold Standard . Billboard . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Certifications Officielles : Chronologie Singles '' . Info Disc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Definitions '' . Music Canada . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ CRIA Reports 46 % Rise for Disk Certifications . Billboard magazine . February 27 , 1982 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Newsline : Italian Label Body FIMI . Billboard magazine . February 5 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI Lowers Gold , Platinum Levels '' . Billboard . January 28 , 2008 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Certification - award - levels '' ( Words ) ( in Dutch ) . NVPI . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tabela de Níveis de Certificação Pro-Música '' ( Levels for Certifications ( most recent ) ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Níveis de Certificação '' ( Levels for Certifications ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Certification Award Levels 2009 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish Certification - award - levels '' ( PDF ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Global Newsline : Spain Lowers Certifications . Billboard magazine . November 26 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PROMUSICAE : Top 100 Albums ( SEMANA 37 : del 07.09. 2009 al 13.09. 2009 ) '' ( PDF ) . PROMUSICAE . September 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones ( Earlier changes in certification - levels including levels for Pre-loaded albums / singles and Mater Ringtones ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 35 . Standard for Certifying Awards of Countries ( Unit sales ) ( Page 25 ) '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . RIAJ . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Award Levels 2007 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ IFPI Denmark Revamps Certification Levels . Billboard . February 7 , 2007 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nye regler for platinplader til downloads ( New rule for Gold and Platinum downloads ) . gaffa.dk. April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ IFPI Denmark : Guld og platin . IFPI ( Denmark ) . 2011 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certification levels for Austria ( all periods ) '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . ^ Jump up to : GSA : Austria . Billboard magazine . December 6 , 1997 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pełny Tekst Regulaminu Przyznawania Wyróżnień '' ( Complete Rules of Awards ) ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Certification - levels '' ( PDF ) . ZPAV . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Music Charts of NZ : June 4 , 2007 '' ( PDF ) . rianz.org.nz . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On Demand Streams Added To New Zealand Top 40 Album Charts '' . scoop.co.nz . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . 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Mojo Musica e dischi NME Q Rolling Stone Smash Hits Top of the Pops Television Channels CMT TheCoolTV Fuse Heartland Juice MTV MTV2 Tr3s MuchMusic The Music Factory Viva VH1 The Country Network Series Idols Popstars Star Academy The Voice The X Factor Rising Star Achievements Music award Best - selling music artists Best - selling albums Best - selling albums by country Best - selling singles Highest - grossing concert tours Highest - attended concerts Global Recording Artist of the Year Other Album sales Album - equivalent unit A-side and B - side Backmasking Christian music industry Hidden track Grammy Museum White label Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_best-selling_music_artists&oldid=818111125 '' Categories : Lists of bestsellers Lists of musicians Rock music Popular music Lists of best - selling music artists Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Pages with broken reference names CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from January 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית ქართული Lietuvių മലയാളം 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 17 : 11 . 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About Wikipedia	who is the top selling rapper of all time	[ "\n\nArtist\nCountry / Market\nPeriod active\nRelease-year of first charted record\nGenre\nTotal certified units\n(from available markets)[b]\nClaimed sales\n\n\nLady Gaga\nUnited States\n2005–present[200]\n2008[200]\nPop / Dance / Electronic[200]\n7001992000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 99.2 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 68.5 million[11]\nJPN: 5.4 million[12][52]\nUK: 10.985 million[13]\nGER: 2.9 million[14]\nFRA: 1.58 million[16]\nCAN: 2.4 million[17]\nAUS: 2.890 million[18]\nITA: 840,000[b][20]\nBRA: 470,000[21]\nSWE: 680,000[22][57]\nSPA: 410,000[23]\nMEX: 390,000[42][98]\nSWI: 445,000[25]\nBEL: 270,000[27]\nDEN: 340,000[60][61][101]\nAUT: 182,500[32]\nPOL: 130,000[33]\nIRE: 165,000[102]\nNZ: 277,500[34][35]\n\n\n\n\n114 million[201]\n\n\nMetallica\nUnited States\n1981–present[202]\n1983[202]\nHeavy metal / Thrash metal[202]\n7001943000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 94.3 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 73.3 million[11]\nJPN: 900,000[b][12]\nUK: 3.335 million[13]\nGER: 3.525 million[14]\nFRA: 940,000[15][16]\nCAN: 3.805 million[17]\nAUS: 2.637 million[b][18][19][203]\nITA: 180,000[b][20]\nBRA: 380,000[b][21]\nSWE: 675,000[b][22]\nSPA: 420,000[23][41][58]\nMEX: 430,000[b][42][98]\nSWI: 560,000[b][25]\nBEL: 335,000[b][26][27]\nDEN: 180,000[61][60]\nARG: 874,000[28][29]\nAUT: 340,000[b][32]\nPOL: 735,000[b][33]\nFIN: 530,676[47]\nNZ: 315,000[34][35]\n\n\n\n\n110 million[204]\n\n\nJustin Bieber\nCanada\nUnited States\n2008–present[205]\n2009[205]\nPop / Teen pop, Dance pop[205]\n7002132000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 132 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 87.5 million[11]\nJPN: 750,000 [12][52]\nUK: 17.085 million[13]\nGER: 3.3 million[14]\nFRA: 1.2[16]\nCAN: 5.620 million[17]\nAUS: 4.725 million[18]\nITA: 1.795 million[20]\nBRA: 810,000[21]\nSWE: 1.820 million[22][57]\nSPA: 880,000[23]\nMEX: 2.910 million[42][43][98]\nBEL: 450,000[27]\nDEN: 2.075 million[61]\nPOL: 370,000[33]\nAUT: 140,000[32]\nNZ: 615,000[34]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[206]\n\n\nKaty Perry\nUnited States\n2001–present[207]\n2008[207]\nPop[207]\n7002129300000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 129.3 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 97.5 million[11]\nJPN: 300,000[12][52]\nUK: 12.550 million[13]\nGER: 2.750 million[14]\nFRA: 825,000[16]\nCAN: 6.160 million[17]\nAUS: 5.090 million[18]\nITA: 780,000[b][20]\nBRA: 625,000[21]\nSWE: 520,000[22][57]\nSPA: 180,000[23]\nMEX: 900,000[42][98]\nSWI: 160,000[25]\nBEL: 135,000[27]\nDEN: 235,000[59][61]\nAUT: 247,500[32]\nNZ: 360,000[34][35]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[208]\n\n\nAdele\nUnited Kingdom\n2006–present[209]\n2008[209]\nPop, soul[209]\n7002104700000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 104.7 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 61 million[11]\nJPN: 100,000[12]\nUK: 20.550 million[13]\nGER: 4.7 million[14]\nCAN: 6.120 million[17]\nAUS: 3.955 million[18]\nITA: 1.570 million[b][20]\nBRA: 1.310 million[21]\nSWE: 240,000[22][57]\nSPA: 800,000[23]\nMEX: 1.490 million[42][43]\nSWI: 510,000[25]\nBEL: 795,000[27]\nDEN: 597,500[59][61]\nPOL: 300,000[b][33]\nFIN: 151,639[47]\nNZ: 577,500[34]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[210]\n\n\nJay-Z\nUnited States\n1996–present[211]\n1996[211]\nHip-hop[211]\n7001981000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 98.1 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 82.7 million[11]\nJPN: 1.050 million[52]\nUK: 9.320 million[13]\nGER: 1.550 million[14]\nFRA: 400,000[16]\nCAN: 1.6 million[17]\nAUS: 1.260[18]\nITA: 180,000[b][20]\nSWE: 130,000[22][57]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[212]\n\n\nB'z\nJapan\n1988–present[213]\n1988[213]\nRock / Pop rock / Hard rock[213]\n7001857000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 85.7 million [show]\n\n\nJPN: 85.75 million[b][12][52][106]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[214]\n\n\nBon Jovi\nUnited States\n1983–present[215]\n1983[215]\nHard rock / Glam metal[215]\n7001840000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 84 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 49.9 million[11]\nJPN: 4.400 million[b][12][52]\nUK: 9.490 million[13]\nGER: 5.650 million[14]\nFRA: 825,000[15][16][53]\nCAN: 4.735 million[17]\nAUS: 3.030 million[b][18][216][217]\nITA: 110,000[b][20]\nBRA: 435,000[b][21]\nSWE: 365,000[b][22][57]\nSPA: 1.620 million[23][24][40][41][58]\nMEX: 250,000[b][42]\nSWI: 1.275 million[b][25]\nAUT: 725,000[b][32]\nBEL: 165,000[b][26][27]\nARG: 358,000[28][29]\nPOL: 110,000[b][33]\nFIN: 422,500[47]\nNZ: 210,000[34][35]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[218]\n\n\nLinkin Park\nUnited States\n1996–present[219]\n2000[219]\nAlternative rock / Nu metal / Rap rock[219]\n7001823000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 82.3 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 61.6 million[11]\nJPN: 1.550 million[12][52]\nUK: 6.205 million[13]\nGER: 5.850 million[14]\nFRA: 1.025[16]\nCAN: 1.330 million[17]\nAUS: 1.485 million[18]\nITA: 515,000[b][20]\nBRA: 595,000[21]\nSWE: 165,000[22][57]\nSPA: 175,000[23]\nMEX: 225,000[42]\nSWI: 425,000[25]\nBEL: 140,000[27]\nDEN: 175,000[59][61]\nAUT: 252,500[32]\nPOL: 220,000[33]\nFIN: 120,469[47]\nNZ: 252,500[34][35]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[220]\n\n\nBeyoncé\nUnited States\n1997–present[221]\n2002[221][222]\nR&B / Pop[221]\n7001810000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 81 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 56.150 million[11]\nJPN: 1.7 million [12][52]\nUK: 13.885 million[13]\nGER: 1.550 million[14]\nFRA: 560,000[16][83]\nCAN: 1.395 million[17]\nAUS: 2.975 million[18]\nITA: 260,000[b][20]\nBRA: 390,000[21]\nSWE: 120,000[22][57]\nSPA: 1.030 million[b][23][223]\nMEX: 110,000[42]\nSWI: 165,000[25]\nBEL: 115,000[27]\nDEN: 312,500[60][61][69][101][224][225]\nPOL: 100,000[33]\nNZ: 210,000[34][35]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[226]\n\n\nLil Wayne\nUnited States\n1996–present[227]\n1999[227]\nHip-hop[227]\n7001799000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 79.9 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 77.7 million[11]\nUK: 1.460 million[13]\nCAN: 280,000[17]\nAUS: 525,000[18]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[228]\n\n\nBritney Spears\nUnited States\n1998–present[229]\n1998[229]\nPop / Dance / Dance-pop[229]\n7001785000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 78.5 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 44.2 million[11]\nJPN: 2.1 million[12][129]\nUK: 10.150 million[13]\nGER: 5.050 million[14]\nFRA: 3.732 million[15][16][53]\nCAN: 3.680 million[17]\nAUS: 3.130 million[18]\nITA: 175,000[b][20]\nBRA: 380,000[21]\nSWE: 1.010 million[22][57]\nSPA: 990,000[23][41][58]\nMEX: 1.175 million[b][42]\nSWI: 485,000[25]\nAUT: 365,000[32]\nBEL: 935,000[26][27]\nARG: 248,000[28][29]\nDEN: 187,500[b][59][60][230][231]\nPOL: 210,000[33]\nFIN: 143,627[47]\nNZ: 240,000[34][35]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[232]\n\n\nRod Stewart\nUnited Kingdom\n1964–present[233]\n1969[233]\nRock / Pop[233]\n7001778000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 77.8 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 43.650 million[11]\nJPN: 450,000[b][12]\nUK: 18.330 million[b][13]\nGER: 3.8 million[b][14]\nFRA: 1.8 million[b][15][16][53]\nCAN: 4.055 million[b][17]\nAUS: 2.610 million[b][18][19]\nBRA: 980,000[b][21]\nSWE: 440,000[b][22]\nSPA: 290,000[b][23][24][40]\nSWI: 100,000[b][25]\nARG: 524,000[b][28][29]\nAUT: 100,000[b][32]\nPOL: 220,000[b][33]\nIRE: 195,000[b][102]\nNZ: 280,000[b][34][35]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[234]\n\n\nFleetwood Mac\nUnited Kingdom\nUnited States\n1967–present[235]\n1968[235]\nRock / Pop[235]\n7001761009999900000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 76.1 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 51.250 million[11]\nUK: 13.585 million[b][13]\nGER: 3.5 million[b][14]\nFRA: 800,000[b][15][16]\nAUS: 2.767 million[b][18][19]\nCAN: 2.950 million[b][17]\nSPA: 300,000[b][41][58]\nSWI: 100,000[b][25]\nBEL: 100,000[b][27]\nNZ: 572,500[b][35][236][237]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[238]\n\n\nGuns N' Roses\nUnited States\n1985–present[239]\n1987[239]\nHard rock / Heavy metal[239]\n7001743000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 74.3 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 48.5 million[11]\nJPN: 1.7 million[b][12]\nUK: 6.150 million[13]\nGER: 4.1 million[14]\nFRA: 1 million[16]\nCAN: 3.520 million[17]\nAUS: 2.410[b][18][19][165]\nITA: 685,000[b][20]\nBRA: 1.9 million[b][21]\nSWE: 485,000[22]\nSPA: 450,000[23][24][40]\nMEX: 760,000[b][42]\nSWI: 365,000[b][25]\nBEL: 165,000[b][26][27]\nARG: 1.248 million[b][28][29]\nAUT: 365,000[32]\nPOL: 160,000[b][33]\nIRE: 105,000[b][102]\nNZ: 270,000[34][35]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[240]\n\n\nGeorge Strait\nUnited States\n1981–present[241]\n1984[241]\nCountry[241]\n7001728000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 72.8 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 72.150 million[11]\nCAN: 705,000[17]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[242]\n\n\nBackstreet Boys\nUnited States\n1993–present[243]\n1995[243]\nPop[243]\n7001720000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 72 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 41.5 million[11]\nJPN: 5.4 million[12][52][244]\nUK: 4.875 million[13]\nGER: 7 million[14]\nFRA: 325,000[15][16]\nCAN: 3.430 million[17]\nAUS: 1.4 million[b][18]\nBRA: 1.625 million[21]\nSWE: 655,000[22]\nSPA: 1.850 million[41][58]\nMEX: 1.475 million[b][42]\nSWI: 415,000[25]\nBEL: 425,000[b][26][27]\nARG: 740,000[28]\nAUT: 325,000[32]\nPOL: 300,000[33]\nFIN: 171,390[47]\nNZ: 132,500[34]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[245]\n\n\nNeil Diamond\nUnited States\n1966–present[246]\n1966[246]\nPop / Rock[246]\n7001683000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 68.3 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 55.9 million[11]\nUK: 7.130 million[b][13]\nGER: 1 million[b][14]\nFRA: 400,000[b][15]\nCAN: 1.725 million[b][17]\nAUS: 1.945 million[b][18]\nSPA: 100,000[b][40]\nNZ: 127,500[b][34][35]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[247]\n\n\nPrince\nUnited States\n1976–2016[248]\n1978[248]\nFunk / R&B / Pop / Soul / Rock[248]\n7001642000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 64.2 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 48.950 million[11]\nJPN: 300,000[b][12]\nUK: 7.045 million[13]\nGER: 2.4 million[14]\nFRA: 2.110 million[15][16]\nCAN: 1 million[17]\nAUS: 1.120[b][18][19]\nSWE: 100,000[22]\nSPA: 700,000[b][24][40][41][58]\nSWI: 250,000[b][25]\nAUT: 125,000[b][32]\nNZ: 177,500[b][34]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[249]\n\n\nKenny Rogers\nUnited States\n1958–present[250]\n1975[250]\nCountry / Pop[250]\n7001601000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 61.4 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 54.050 million[11]\nJPN: 100,000[b][251]\nUK: 2.520 million[13]\nCAN: 4.6 million[17]\nAUS: 100,000[b][252][253]\nSPA: 100,000[b][40]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[254]\n\n\nPaul McCartney\nUnited Kingdom\n1960–present[255]\n1970[255]\nRock[255]\n7001606000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 60.6 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 41.450 million[11]\nJPN: 500,000[b][12]\nUK: 12.365 million[b][13]\nGER: 1.525 million[b][14]\nFRA: 1.305 million[b][15][16][53]\nCAN: 1.955 million[b][17]\nAUS: 465,000[b][18][19]\nSWE: 210,000[b][57][256]\nSPA: 640,000[b][24][40]\nDEN: 210,000[b][60][257]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[258]\n\n\nJanet Jackson\nUnited States\n1982–present[259]\n1982[259]\nR&B / Pop[259]\n7001521000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 52.1 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 39.750 million[11]\nJPN: 1.6 million [b][12]\nUK: 4.760 million[13]\nGER: 1.4 million[14]\nFRA: 1.475 million[15][16][53]\nCAN: 1.460 million[17]\nAUS: 1.155[b][18][19]\nSWE: 105,000[b][22]\nSPA: 150,000[41][58]\nSWI: 170,000[b][25]\nBEL: 125,000[b][26]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[260]\n\n\nJulio Iglesias\nSpain\n1968–present[261]\n1968[261]\nLatin[261]\n7001510000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 51 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 11 million[11]\nJPN: 800,000[b][262]\nUK: 1.620 million[b][13][262]\nGER: 250,000[b][14]\nFRA: 6.1 million[15][16][53][262]\nCAN: 1.5 million[17]\nAUS: 540,000[b][18][262]\nITA: 400,000[b][20][262]\nNLD:950,000[b][262]\nBRA: 12.475 million[b][21][262]\nSWE: 290,000[b][22][262]\nSPA: 8.7 million[b][23][24][40][41][58][262]\nMEX: 2.975 million[b][42][262]\nBEL: 125,000[b][262]\nARG: 3.220 million[b][28][262]\nFIN: 131,636[b][47]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[263]\n\n\nChicago\nUnited States\n1967–present[264]\n1969[264]\nRock / Pop[264]\n7001483000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 48.3 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 44.150 million[11]\nJPN: 400,000[b][12][265]\nUK: 1.490 million[b][13]\nGER: 250,000[b][14]\nFRA: 100,000[b][15]\nCAN: 1.865 million[17]\nSPA: 100,000[b][24]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[266]\n\n\nThe Carpenters\nUnited States\n1969–1983[267]\n1969[267]\nPop[267]\n7001460000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 46 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 34.6 million[11]\nJPN: 2.9 million[b][12][115][268]\nUK: 7.950 million[b][13]\nGER: 250,000[b][14]\nCAN: 275,000[b][17]\nBRA: 100,000[b][21]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[269]\n\n\nBob Dylan\nUnited States\n1959–present[270]\n1963[270]\nFolk / Rock[270]\n7001453000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 45.3 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 35.6 million[11]\nUK: 6.025 million[b][13]\nGER: 625,000[b][14]\nFRA: 800,000[b][15][16]\nCAN: 1.5 million[b][17]\nAUS: 480,000[b][18]\nSWI: 175,000[b][25]\nNZ: 105,000[b][34]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[271]\n\n\nDire Straits\nUnited Kingdom\n1977–1995[272]\n1978[272]\nRock [272]\n7001447000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 44.7 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 15.5 million[11]\nUK: 11.1 million[13]\nGER: 3.750 million[14]\nFRA: 5.3 million[15][16]\nCAN: 2.575 million[17]\nAUS: 2.190 million[b][18][19]\nITA: 385,000[b][20]\nBRA: 175,000[b][21]\nSWE: 360,000[b][22]\nSPA: 1.380 million[b][23][24][40][41]\nSWI: 1 million[b][25]\nBEL: 100,000[b][26][27]\nAUT: 300,000[b][32]\nFIN: 471,530[47]\nNZ: 155,000[b][35]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[273]\n\n\nDef Leppard\nUnited Kingdom\n1977–present[274]\n1979[274]\nHard rock / Heavy metal[274]\n7001418009999900000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 41.8 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 35.650 million[11]\nJPN: 300,000[b][12]\nUK: 1.960 million[13]\nFRA: 200,000[15]\nCAN: 2.995 million[17]\nAUS: 385,000[19][275]\nSWE: 150,000[b][22]\nMEX: 200,000[b][42]\nSWI: 125,000[b][25]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[276]\n\n\nCher\nUnited States\n1964–present[277]\n1965[277]\nPop / Rock / Dance / Folk[277]\n7001405000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 40.5 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 21.9 million[11]\nJPN: 100,000[b][12]\nUK: 6.450 million[b][13]\nGER: 4.175 million[b][14]\nFRA: 1.525 million[b][16][53]\nCAN: 1.340 million[b][17]\nAUS: 1.530 million[b][18][278]\nITA: 300,000[b][279]\nBRA: 125,000[b][21]\nSWE: 850,000[b][22][57]\nSPA: 600,000[b][41][58][279]\nMEX: 200,000[b][42]\nSWI: 295,000[b][25]\nBEL: 275,000[b][26]\nARG: 106,000[b][28][262]\nDEN: 300,000[b][279][280]\nAUT: 250,000[b][32]\nPOL: 100,000[b][33]\nNZ: 150,000[34][281]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[282]\n\n\nGenesis\nUnited Kingdom\n1967–1999\n2006–present[283]\n1969[283]\nProgressive rock / Pop rock[283]\n7001399000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 39.9 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 21.650 million[11]\nJPN: 100,000[b][12]\nUK: 7.325 million[b][13]\nGER: 5.875 million[b][14]\nFRA: 3.460 million[b][15][16]\nCAN: 805,000[b][17]\nSWE: 100,000[b][22]\nSPA: 250,000[b][23][24][40]\nSWI: 400,000[b][25]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[284]\n\n\nJames Taylor\nUnited States\n1968–present[285]\n1970[285]\nRock / Pop[285]\n7001355000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 35.5 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 34.650 million[11]\nUK: 655,000[b][13]\nCAN: 100,000[b][17]\nAUS: 100,000[b][18]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[286]\n\n\nOlivia Newton-John\nAustralia\n1966–present[287]\n1966[287]\nPop[287]\n7001347000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 34.7 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 27 million[11]\nJPN: 100,000[b][12]\nUK: 3.950 million[b][13]\nGER: 250,000[b][14]\nCAN: 3.025 million[b][17]\nAUS: 380,000[b][18][19]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[288]\n\n\nStevie Wonder\nUnited States\n1961–present[289]\n1962[289]\nFunk / R&B / Soul[289]\n7001346000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 34.6 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 21.650 million[11]\nJPN: 1.050 million[b][12]\nUK: 8.285 million[b][13]\nGER: 500,000[b][14]\nFRA: 1.4 million[b][15][53]\nCAN: 1.550 million[17]\nSPA: 250,000[b][40]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[290]\n\n\nTina Turner\nUnited States\n1955–present[291]\n1975[291]\nRock / Pop[291]\n7001328009999900000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 32.8 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 12.7 million[11]\nUK: 8.145 million[13]\nGER: 6.050 million[14]\nFRA: 1.135 million[15][16][53]\nCAN: 1.560 million[17]\nAUS: 480,000[b][18][19]\nSWE: 330,000[b][22]\nSPA: 700,000[b][23][24][40][41]\nSWI: 565,000[b][25]\nBEL: 190,000[b][26][27]\nAUT: 630,000[b][32]\nPOL: 120,000[b][33]\nFIN: 241,954[47]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[292]\n\n\nLinda Ronstadt\nUnited States\n1967–present[293]\n1968[293]\nRock / Folk / Country[293]\n7001325000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 32.5 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 31.5 million[11]\nUK: 435,000[b][13]\nFRA: 100,000[b][15]\nCAN: 500,000[b][17]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[294]\n\n\nDonna Summer\nUnited States\n1968–2012[295]\n1974[295]\nPop / Disco / R&B[295]\n7001308000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 30.8 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 24.5 million[11]\nUK: 3.735 million[b][13]\nFRA: 900,000[b][15][16]\nCAN: 1.550 million[b][17]\nBRA: 100,000[b][21]\nSPA: 100,000[b][41]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[296]\n\n\nThe Beach Boys\nUnited States\n1961–present[297]\n1962[297]\nRock / Pop / Surf Rock[297]\n7001305000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 30.5 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 25.6 million[11]\nUK: 3.410 million[b][13]\nGER: 250,000[b][14]\nFRA: 400,000[b][15][16][53]\nCAN: 100,000[b][17]\nAUS: 492,500[b][18][19]\nSPA: 250,000[b][40][41]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[298]\n\n\nDavid Bowie\nUnited Kingdom\n1962–2016[299]\n1967[299]\nArt rock / Glam rock / Pop[299]\n7001299000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 29.9 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 11.7 million[11]\nJPN: 200,000[b][12]\nUK: 11.745 million[b][13]\nGER: 525,000[b][14]\nFRA: 2.380 million[b][15][16][53]\nCAN: 2.215 million[b][17]\nAUS: 565,000[b][18]\nITA: 345,000[b][20]\nSPA: 170,000[b][23][24][40]\nNZ: 142,500[b][34]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[300]\n\n\nThe Who\nUnited Kingdom\n1964–present[301]\n1965[301]\nRock / Hard rock[301]\n7001269000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 26.9 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 22.150 million[11]\nUK: 3.905 million[b][13]\nFRA: 300,000[b][15]\nCAN: 425,000[b][17]\nITA: 125,000[b][20]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[302]\n\n\nBarry White\nUnited States\n1972–2003[303]\n1973[303]\nR&B / Soul[303]\n7001217000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 21.7 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 16.5 million[11]\nUK: 3.665 million[b][13]\nFRA: 1.1 million[b][15][16]\nCAN: 150,000[b][17]\nSPA: 200,000[b][58]\nBEL: 150,000[b][27]\n\n\n\n\n100 million[304]\n\n" ]	[ "Jay-Z" ]
6202906446681972730	United States Consumer Price Index	United States consumer price index - wikipedia United States consumer price index Jump to : navigation , search CPI - U starting from 1913 ; Source : U.S. Department Of Labor CPI vs M2 money supply increases The U.S. Consumer Price Index ( CPI ) is a set of consumer price indices calculated by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) . To be precise , the BLS routinely computes many different CPIs that are used for different purposes . Each is a time series measure of the price of consumer goods and services . The BLS publishes the CPI monthly . Contents ( hide ) 1 Different indices computed by the BLS 1.1 CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers ( CPI - W ) 1.2 CPI for All Urban Consumers ( CPI - U ) 1.3 Core CPI 1.4 Chained CPI for All Urban Consumers ( C - CPI - U ) 1.5 CPI for the Elderly ( CPI - E ) 2 Uses 3 History 3.1 The hidden change in prices of housing 4 Perceived errors in estimation 4.1 Perceived overestimation of inflation 4.2 Perceived underestimation of inflation 5 Method of calculation 5.1 Weights of the CPI 5.2 Method evaluation 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Different indices computed by the BLS ( edit ) The BLS started the statistic in 1919 . It currently computes thousands of consumer price indices , beginning with monthly average prices for each of 8,018 category - area combinations ( 211 categories of consumption items in 38 urban geographical areas ) . They also track how much of each of these category area combinations is in the `` market basket '' consumed by different groups of people . Different published consumer price indices differ in the weights , including the target consumer group and how frequently the weights are updated . The weights for many indices are modified only in January of even - numbered years and are held constant for the next two years . However , weights for the chained CPI ( C - CPI - U ) are updated each month , so they more accurately track short term shifts in consumption patterns . CPI for urban wage earners and clerical workers ( CPI - W ) ( edit ) The urban wage earner and clerical worker population consists of consumer units consisting of clerical workers , sales workers , craft workers , operative , service workers , or laborers . ( Excluded from this population are professional , managerial , and technical workers ; the self - employed ; short - term workers ; the unemployed ; and retirees and others not in the labor force . ) More than one half of the consumer unit 's income has to be earned from the above occupations , and at least one of the members must be employed for 37 weeks or more in an eligible occupation . The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers ( CPI - W ) is a continuation of the historical index that was introduced after World War I for use in wage negotiation . As new uses were developed for the CPI , the need for a broader and more representative index became apparent . The Social Security Administration uses the CPI - W as the basis for its periodic COLA ( Cost Of Living Adjustment ) . CPI for all urban consumers ( CPI - U ) ( edit ) The all - urban consumer population consists of all urban households in Metropolitan Statistical Areas ( MSAs ) and in urban places of 2,500 inhabitants or more . Non-farm consumers living in rural areas within MSAs are included , but the index excludes rural consumers and the military and institutional population . The Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers ( CPI - U ) introduced in 1978 is representative of the buying habits of approximately 80 percent of the non-institutional population of the United States , compared with 32 percent represented in the CPI - W . The methodology for producing the index is the same for both populations . Core CPI ( edit ) The core CPI index excludes goods with high price volatility , such as food and energy . This measure of core inflation systematically excludes food and energy prices because , historically , they have been highly volatile and non-systemic . More specifically , food and energy prices are widely thought to be subject to large changes that often fail to persist and do not represent relative price changes . In many instances , large movements in food and energy prices arise because of supply disruptions such as drought or OPEC - led cutbacks in production . This was introduced in the early 1970s when food and especially oil prices were quite volatile , and the Fed wanted an index that was less subject to short term shocks . However , on January 25 , 2012 , the Fed announced they would stop using the core CPI and rely instead on the Personal consumption expenditures price index . Chained CPI for all urban consumers ( C - CPI - U ) ( edit ) Main article : United States Chained Consumer Price Index This index applies to the same target population as the CPI - U , but the weights are updated each month . This allows the weights to evolve more gracefully with people 's consumption patterns ; for CPI - U , the weights are changed only in January of even - numbered years and are held constant for the next two years . CPI for the elderly ( CPI - E ) ( edit ) Since at least 1982 , the BLS has also computed a consumer price index for the elderly to account for the fact that the consumption patterns of seniors are different from those of younger people . For the BLS , `` elderly '' means that the reference person or a spouse is at least 62 years of age ; approximately 24 percent of all consumer units meet this definition . Individuals in this group consume roughly double the amount of medical care as all consumers in CPI - U or employees in CPI - W . In January of each year , Social Security recipients receive a cost of living adjustment ( COLA ) `` to ensure that the purchasing power of Social Security and Supplemental Security Income ( SSI ) benefits is not eroded by inflation . It is based on the percentage increase in the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers ( CPI - W ) '' . However , from December 1982 through December 2011 , the all - items CPI - E rose at an annual average rate of 3.1 percent , compared with increases of 2.9 percent for both the CPI - U and CPI - W . This suggests that the elderly have been losing purchasing power at the rate of roughly 0.2 ( = 3.1 -- 2.9 ) percentage points per year . In 2003 Hobijn and Lagakos estimated that the social security trust fund would run out of money in 40 years using CPI - W and in 35 years using CPI - E . Uses ( edit ) As an economic indicator . As the most widely used measure of inflation , the CPI is an indicator of the effectiveness of government fiscal and monetary policy . Especially for inflation targeting monetary policy by the Federal Reserve ; however , the Federal Reserve System has recently begun favoring the Personal consumption expenditures price index ( PCE ) over the CPI as a measure of inflation . Business executives , labor leaders , and other private citizens also use the CPI as a guide in making economic decisions . As a deflator of other economic series . The CPI and its components are used to adjust other economic series for price change and to translate these series into inflation - free dollars . As a means for indexation ( i.e. adjusting income payments ) . Over 2 million workers are covered by collective bargaining agreements which tie wages to the CPI . In the United States , the index affects the income of almost 80 million people as a result of statutory action : 47.8 million Social Security beneficiaries , about 4.1 million military and Federal Civil Service retirees and survivors , and about 22.4 million food stamp recipients . Changes in the CPI also affect the cost of lunches for the 26.7 million children who eat lunch at school . Some private firms and individuals use the CPI to keep rents , royalties , alimony payments and child support payments in line with changing prices . Since 1985 , the CPI has been used to adjust the Federal income tax structure to prevent inflation - induced increases in taxes . History ( edit ) The Consumer Price Index was initiated during World War I , when rapid increases in prices , particularly in shipbuilding centers , made an index essential for calculating cost - of - living adjustments in wages . To provide appropriate weighting patterns for the index , it reflected the relative importance of goods and services purchased in 92 different industrial centers in 1917 -- 1919 . Periodic collection of prices was started , and in 1919 the Bureau of Labor Statistics began publication of separate indexes for 32 cities . Regular publication of a national index , the U.S. city average began in 1921 , and indexes were estimated back to 1913 using records of food prices . Because people 's buying habits had changed substantially , a new study was made covering expenditures in the years 1934 -- 1936 , which provided the basis for a comprehensively revised index introduced in 1940 . During World War II , when many commodities were scarce and goods were rationed , the index weights were adjusted temporarily to reflect these shortages . In 1951 , the BLS again made interim adjustments , based on surveys of consumer expenditures in seven cities between 1947 and 1949 , to reflect the most important effects of immediate postwar changes in buying patterns . The index was again revised in 1953 and 1964 . In 1978 , the index was revised to reflect the spending patterns based upon the surveys of consumer expenditures conducted in 1972 -- 1974 . A new and expanded 85 - area sample was selected based on the 1970 Census of Population . The Point - of - Purchase Survey ( POPS ) was also introduced . POPS eliminated reliance on outdated secondary sources for screening samples of establishments or outlets where prices are collected . A second , more broadly based CPI for All Urban Consumers , the CPI - U was also introduced . The CPI - U took into account the buying patterns of professional and salaried workers , part - time workers , the self - employed , the unemployed , and retired people , in addition to wage earners and clerical workers . The hidden change in prices of housing ( edit ) In January 1983 housing prices were replaced with owners ' equivalent of rent because rents are more stable . Because house prices rose and fell more than rents during the housing bubble and crash , housing 's effects on inflation and deflation are not reflected in the CPI . Perceived errors in estimation ( edit ) Perceived overestimation of inflation ( edit ) Main article : Boskin Commission In 1995 , the Senate Finance Committee appointed a commission to study CPI 's ability to estimate inflation . The CPI commission found in their study that the index overestimated the cost of living by a value between 0.8 and 1.6 percentage points . If CPI overestimates inflation , then claims that real wages have fallen over time could be unfounded . An overestimation of only a few tenths of a percentage point per annum compounds dramatically over time . In the 1970s and 80s the federal government began indexing several transfers and taxes including social security ( see below Uses of the CPI ) . The overestimation of CPI would imply that the increases in these taxes and transfers have been greater than necessary , meaning the government and taxpayers have overpaid for them . The Commission concluded that more than half of the overestimation was due to slow adjustments in the index to new products or changes in product quality . At that time , the weights for indices like CPI - U and CPI - W were updated only once per decade ; today , they are updated in January of even - numbered years . However , even with this more frequent updates , the CPI - U and CPI - W might still be excessively slow in responding to new technologies . For example , by 1996 there were over 47 million cellular phone users in the United States , but the weights for the CPI did not account for this new product until 1998 . This new product lowered costs of communication when away from the home . The commission recommended that the BLS update weights more frequently to prevent upward bias in the index from a failure to properly account for the benefits of new products . Additional upward biases were said to come from several other sources . Fixed weights do not accommodate consumer substitutions among commodities , such as buying more chicken when the price of beef increases . Because the CPI assumes that people continue to buy beef , it would increase even if people are buying chicken instead . However , this is by design : the CPI measures the change in expenses required for people to maintain the same standard of living . The Commission also found that 99 % of all data were collected during the week , although an increasing amount of purchases happen during the weekend . Additional bias was said to stem from changes in retailing that were unaccounted for in the CPI . Perceived underestimation of inflation ( edit ) Some critics believe however , that because of changes to the way that the CPI is calculated , and because energy and food price changes were excluded from the Federal Reserve 's calculation of `` core inflation '' , that inflation is being dramatically underestimated . The second argument is unrelated to the CPI , except insofar as the calculation of CPI is modified in response to a perceived overstatement of inflation . The Federal Reserve 's policy of ignoring food and energy prices when making interest rate decisions is often confused with the Bureau of Labor Statistics ' measurement of the CPI . The BLS publishes both a headline CPI which counts food and energy prices , and also a CPI for All Items Less Food and Energy , or `` Core '' CPI . None of the prominent legislated uses of the CPI excludes food and energy . However , with regard to calculating inflation , the Federal Reserve no longer uses the CPI , preferring to use core PCE instead . Some critics believe that changes in CPI calculation due to the Boskin Commission have led to dramatic cuts in inflation estimates . They believe that using pre-Boskin methods , which they also think are still used by most other countries , the current U.S. inflation is estimated to be around 7 % per year . The BLS maintains that these beliefs are based on misunderstandings of the CPI . For example , the BLS has stated that changes made due to the introduction of the geometric mean formula to account for product substitution ( one of the Boskin recommended changes ) have lowered the measured rate of inflation by less than 0.3 % per year , and the methods now used are commonly employed in the CPIs of developed nations . Method of calculation ( edit ) The calculation of the CPI involves a hybrid methodology consisting of two stages : In the first stage , elementary indices are created to show the price levels of very similar goods in the same area . For instance , there is an elementary index for `` sports equipment in Seattle '' . As of June 2007 , there are 8,018 of these elementary indices ( 8,018 = 211 * 38 , where 211 is the number of categories ( `` item strata '' ) and 38 is the number of geographical areas considered ) . All but a few of the elementary indices are based on geometric mean formulas . In the second stage , the elementary indices are combined to create a number of aggregate indices , including the CPI . ( The CPI is an aggregate of all 8,018 basic indices . BLS also computes other aggregates computed uses smaller subsets of the basic indices . For instance , there is an all - items index for Boston , and an all - areas index for electricity . ) These aggregate indices ( including the CPI ) are calculated using a Laspeyres index computed as : Δ P L = ∑ i p i 1 q i 0 ∑ i p i 0 q i 0 ( \ displaystyle \ Delta P_ ( L ) = ( \ frac ( \ sum _ ( i ) p_ ( i_ ( 1 ) ) \ , q_ ( i_ ( 0 ) ) ) ( \ sum _ ( i ) p_ ( i_ ( 0 ) ) \ , q_ ( i_ ( 0 ) ) ) ) ) where : Δ P L ( \ displaystyle \ , \ Delta P_ ( L ) ) is the relative change in price level , p i 0 ( \ displaystyle \ , p_ ( i_ ( 0 ) ) ) is the price of each good i ( \ displaystyle \ , i ) in the first period , q i 0 ( \ displaystyle \ , q_ ( i_ ( 0 ) ) ) is the quantity of each good i ( \ displaystyle \ , i ) in the first period , p i 1 ( \ displaystyle \ , p_ ( i_ ( 1 ) ) ) is the price of each good i ( \ displaystyle \ , i ) in the second period . Weights of the CPI ( edit ) The weight ( or quantities , to use the above terminology ) of an item in the CPI is derived from the expenditure on that item as estimated by the Consumer Expenditure Survey . This survey provides data on the average expenditure on selected items , such as white bread , gasoline and so on , that were purchased by the index population during the survey period . In a fixed - weight index such as CPI - U , the implicit quantity of any item used in calculating the index remains the same from month to month . A related concept is the relative importance of an item . The relative importance shows the share of total expenditure that would occur if quantities consumed were unaffected by changes in relative prices and actually remained constant . Although the implicit quantity weights remain fixed , the relative importance changes over time , reflecting average price changes . Items registering a greater than average price increase ( or smaller decrease ) become relatively more important . Method evaluation ( edit ) This two - stage method is relatively new . Before 1999 , CPI used only Laspeyres indices , measures of the price changes in a fixed market basket of consumption goods and services of constant quantity and quality bought on average by urban consumers , either for all urban consumers ( CPI - U ) or for urban wage earners and clerical workers ( CPI - W ) . It is argued that Laspeyres index systematically overstates inflation because it does not take into account changes in the quantities consumed that may occur as a response to price changes . The Laspeyres formula works under the assumption that consumers always buy the same amount of each good in the market basket , no matter what the price . The geometric mean price index formula used to calculate many of the elementary indices , in contrast , assumes that consumers will always spend the same amount of money on a good and shift the quantity they buy of that good based on the price . Critics argue that consumers standard of living has declined if price increases force them from preferred to less preferred goods . This logic suggests that the geometric mean price formula understates inflation . See also ( edit ) Consumer Price Index Cost of Living Boskin Commission Stigler Commission Inflation Core inflation Bureau of Labor Statistics Producer Price Index GDP deflator Monetary Policy Hedonic regression Implicit price deflator ( IPD ) List of economics topics References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions about the Chained Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers ( C - CPI - U ) '' . Consumer Price Index . Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . For example , the CPI - U for the years 2004 and 2005 uses expenditure weights drawn from the 2001 -- 2002 Consumer Expenditure Surveys . Jump up ^ `` Prices '' ( Section 14 ) . Statistical Abstract of the United States : 2006 Jump up ^ Shulman , David ( January 26 , 2012 ) . `` Federal Reserve Abandons Core Consumer Price Index '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Consumer Price Index for the Elderly '' . The Editor 's Desk . Bureau of Labor Statistics . March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cost - Of - Living Adjustment ( COLA ) Information For 2013 '' . Cost - Of - Living Adjustment . Social Security Administration . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hobijn , Bart ; Lagakos , David ( May 2003 ) . `` Social Security and the Consumer Price Index for the Elderly '' . Current Issues in Economics and Finance . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . 9 ( 5 ) : 1 -- 6 . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 17 . The Consumer Price Index '' ( PDF ) . BLS Handbook of Methods . Bureau of Labor Statistics . June 0207 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics . `` How the CPI measures price change of Owners ' equivalent of rent of primary residence ( OER ) and Rent of primary residence ( Rent ) '' . Jump up ^ Lebergott , Stanley ( 1993 ) . Pursuing Happiness : American Consumers in the Twentieth Century . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . pp. See Fig . 9.1 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 04322 - 1 . The real price of chicken fell rather sharply relative to beef over the past several decades . Jump up ^ http://www.bls.gov/cpi/cpiqa.htm#Question_3 Jump up ^ Boskin et al. ( Winter 1998 ) . `` Consumer Prices , The Consumer Price Index , and the Cost of Living '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 12 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 26 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 12.1. 3 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ The great inflation cover - up Jump up ^ Waggoner , John ( 2004 - 11 - 26 ) . `` If you think inflation is on the move , time to protect portfolio '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://www.bls.gov/cpi/cpiqa.htm Jump up ^ Addressing misconceptions about the Consumer Price Index Jump up ^ Chapter 17 , BLS handbook ( 06 / 2007 revision ) . Page 33 . Jump up ^ Chapter 17 , BLS handbook ( 06 / 2007 revision , page 3 ) . External links ( edit ) U.S. Department of Labor , Bureau of Labor Statistics , CPI Home Page US Inflation Rate Tables , Charts , Calculators CPI - U based inflation rate tables , charts , calculators , comparison with other countries and periods . U.S. Average Price Data Reports Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Consumer_Price_Index&oldid=801061720 '' Categories : Economy of the United States Price indices Bureau of Labor Statistics Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 12 : 22 . About Wikipedia	who calculates the consumer price index on a monthly basis in the usa	[ "The U.S. Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a set of consumer price indices calculated by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). To be precise, the BLS routinely computes many different CPIs that are used for different purposes. Each is a time series measure of the price of consumer goods and services. The BLS publishes the CPI monthly." ]	[ "Bureau of Labor Statistics" ]
-1360538206956073656	Boiling chip	Boiling chip - wikipedia Boiling chip Jump to : navigation , search Boiling chips A boiling chip , boiling stone , or anti-bumping granule is a tiny , unevenly shaped piece of substance added to liquids to make them boil more calmly . Boiling chips are frequently employed in distillation and heating . When a liquid becomes superheated , a particle of dust or a stirring rod can cause flash boiling . This very rapid boiling can be extremely violent and cause reagents to splatter , possibly causing severe burns , ruining experiments , and damaging equipment . Boiling chips work by providing nucleation sites so the liquid boils smoothly without becoming superheated or bumping . Use ( edit ) Boiling chips should not be added to liquid that is already near its boiling point , as this could also induce flash boiling . The structure of a boiling chip traps liquid while in use , meaning that they can not be re-used in laboratory setups . They also do n't work well under vacuum ; if a solution is boiling under vacuum , it 's best to constantly stir it instead . Materials ( edit ) Boiling chips are typically made of a porous material , such as alumina , calcium carbonate , calcium sulfate , porcelain or carbon , and often have a nonreactive coating of PTFE . This ensures that the boiling chips will provide effective nucleation sites , yet are chemically inert . In less demanding situations , like school laboratories , pieces of broken porcelainware or glassware are often used . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Boiling Points '' . Heartmagic.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Boiling chips '' . Scribd.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` What Is The Use Of Boiling Chips In The Distillation Process ? '' . Blurtit.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Limitations of Using Boiling Chips in Superheated Fluids '' . LabManager . Jump up ^ `` Boiling Chips '' . CU Boulder . Jump up ^ `` Boiling Chips -- Boiling Stones '' . Brinstrument.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Boiling Chips and Purity '' . Newton.dep.anl.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boiling_chip&oldid=799640220 '' Categories : Laboratory equipment Phase transitions Talk About Wikipedia Čeština Ελληνικά 한국어 עברית 日本語 Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 23 : 23 . About Wikipedia	why do we add boiling chips to the mixture in the flask during distillation	[ "A boiling chip, boiling stone, or anti-bumping granule is a tiny, unevenly shaped piece of substance added to liquids to make them boil more calmly. Boiling chips are frequently employed in distillation and heating. When a liquid becomes superheated, a particle of dust or a stirring rod can cause flash boiling. This very rapid boiling can be extremely violent and cause reagents to splatter, possibly causing severe burns, ruining experiments, and damaging equipment. Boiling chips work by providing nucleation sites so the liquid boils smoothly without becoming superheated or bumping.[1][2]" ]	[ "added to liquids to make them boil more calmly" ]
-3308010290590339999	Cinco de Mayo	Cinco de Mayo - wikipedia Cinco de Mayo `` 5th of May '' redirects here . For the date , see May 5 . Not to be confused with Mexican Independence Day , which occurs on September 16 . Cinco de Mayo Battle of Puebla Observed by Americans , Mexicans , mixed nationality Type Multinational Significance Celebration of the Mexican victory over French forces at the Battle of Puebla , on May 5 , 1862 Celebrations Parades , food , music , folkloric dancing , battle reenactments Date May 5 Frequency yearly Related to El Día de la Batalla de Puebla Cinco de Mayo ( pronounced ( ˈsiŋko ðe ˈmaʝo ) in Latin America , Spanish for `` Fifth of May '' ) is an annual celebration held on May 5 . The date is observed to commemorate the Mexican Army 's unlikely victory over the French Empire at the Battle of Puebla , on May 5 , 1862 , under the leadership of General Ignacio Zaragoza . In the United States , Cinco de Mayo has taken on a significance beyond that in Mexico . More popularly celebrated in the United States than Mexico , the date has become associated with the celebration of Mexican - American culture . In Mexico , the commemoration of the battle continues to be mostly ceremonial , such as through military parades or battle reenactments . Cinco de Mayo is sometimes mistaken for Mexico 's Independence Day -- the most important national holiday in Mexico -- which is celebrated on September 16 , commemorating the Cry of Dolores that initiated the war of Mexican independence from Spain . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Events leading to the Battle of Puebla 1.2 French invasion and Mexican victory 1.3 Events after the battle 1.4 Significance 2 History of the holiday 2.1 United States 2.2 Mexico 2.3 Elsewhere 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) `` May 5 , 1862 and the siege of Puebla '' , a 1901 image from the Biblioteca del Niño Mexicano , a series of booklets for children detailing the history of Mexico Events leading to the Battle of Puebla ( edit ) Cinco de Mayo has its roots in the Second French intervention in Mexico , which took place in the aftermath of the 1846 -- 48 Mexican -- American War and the 1858 -- 61 Reform War . The Reform War was a civil war that pitted Liberals ( who believed in separation of church and state , and freedom of religion ) against Conservatives ( who favored a tight bond between the Catholic Church and the Mexican state ) . These wars nearly bankrupted the Mexican Treasury . On July 17 , 1861 , Mexican President Benito Juárez issued a moratorium in which all foreign debt payments would be suspended for two years . In response , Britain , France , and Spain sent naval forces to Veracruz to demand reimbursement . Britain and Spain negotiated with Mexico and withdrew , but France , at the time ruled by Napoleon III , decided to use the opportunity to establish an empire in Mexico that would favor French interests , the Second Mexican Empire . The empire was part of an envisioned `` Latin America '' ( term used to imply cultural kinship of the region with France ) that would rebuild French influence in the American continent and exclude Anglophone American territories . French invasion and Mexican victory ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Puebla Late in 1861 , a well - armed French fleet stormed Veracruz , landing a large French force and driving President Juárez and his government into retreat . Moving on from Veracruz towards Mexico City , the French army encountered heavy resistance from the Mexicans close to Puebla , at the Mexican forts of Loreto and Guadalupe . The French army of 8,000 attacked the poorly equipped Mexican army of 4,000 . On May 5 , 1862 , the Mexicans decisively defeated the French army . The victory represented a significant morale boost to the Mexican army and the Mexican people at large and helped establish a sense of national unity and patriotism . Events after the Battle ( edit ) The Mexican victory , however , was short - lived . A year later , with 30,000 troops , the French were able to defeat the Mexican army , capture Mexico City , and install Emperor Maximilian I as ruler of Mexico . The French victory was itself short - lived , lasting only three years , from 1864 to 1867 . By 1865 , `` with the American Civil War now over , the U.S. began to provide more political and military assistance to Mexico to expel the French '' . Upon the conclusion of the American Civil War , Napoleon III , facing a persistent Mexican guerilla resistance , the threat of war with Prussia , and `` the prospect of a serious scrap with the United States '' , retreated from Mexico starting in 1866 . The Mexicans recaptured Mexico City , and Maximilian I was apprehended and executed , along with his Mexican generals Miguel Miramón and Tomás Mejía Camacho in Cerro de las Campanas , Querétaro . `` On June 5 , 1867 , Benito Juárez finally entered Mexico City where he installed a new government and reorganized his administration . '' Significance ( edit ) The Battle of Puebla was significant , both nationally and internationally , for several reasons . First , although considerably outnumbered , the Mexicans defeated a much - better - equipped French army . `` This battle was significant in that the 4,000 Mexican soldiers were greatly outnumbered by the well - equipped French army of 8,000 that had not been defeated for almost 50 years . '' Second , since the Battle of Puebla , some have argued that no country in the Americas has subsequently been invaded by any other European military force . Historian Justo Sierra has written in his Political Evolution of the Mexican People that , had Mexico not defeated the French in Puebla on May 5 , 1862 , France would have gone to the aid of the Confederacy in the U.S. Civil War and the United States ' destiny would have been different . History of the holiday ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Cinco de Mayo performers at the White House According to a paper published by the UCLA Center for the Study of Latino Health and Culture about the origin of the observance of Cinco de Mayo in the United States , the modern American focus on that day first started in California in 1863 in response to the resistance to French rule in Mexico . `` Far up in the gold country town of Columbia ( now Columbia State Park ) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifle shots and fireworks , sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches . '' A 2007 UCLA Newsroom article notes that , `` the holiday , which has been celebrated in California continuously since 1863 , is virtually ignored in Mexico . '' TIME magazine reports that `` Cinco de Mayo started to come into vogue in 1940s America during the rise of the Chicano Movement . '' The holiday crossed over from California into the rest of the United States in the 1950s and 1960s but did not gain popularity until the 1980s when marketers , especially beer companies , capitalized on the celebratory nature of the day and began to promote it . It grew in popularity and evolved into a celebration of Mexican culture and heritage , first in areas with large Mexican - American populations , like Los Angeles , Chicago , Houston and San Jose . In a 1998 study in the Journal of American Culture it was reported that there were more than 120 official US celebrations of Cinco de Mayo in 21 different states . An update in 2006 found that the number of official Cinco de Mayo events was 150 or more , according to José Alamillo , a professor of ethnic studies at Washington State University in Pullman , who has studied the cultural impact of Cinco de Mayo north of the border . Los Angeles ' Fiesta Broadway has been billed as the largest Cinco de Mayo celebration in the world , which it most certainly was at its peak in the 1990s when it attracted crowds of 500,000 or more . In recent years attendance has seen a dramatic decrease . Cinco de Mayo celebration in Saint Paul , Minnesota On June 7 , 2005 , the United States Congress issued a concurrent resolution calling on the President of the United States to issue a proclamation calling upon the people of the United States to observe Cinco de Mayo with appropriate ceremonies and activities . To celebrate , many display Cinco de Mayo banners while school districts hold special events to educate students about its historical significance . Special events and celebrations highlight Mexican culture , especially in its music and regional dancing . Examples include baile folklórico and mariachi demonstrations held annually at the Plaza del Pueblo de Los Ángeles , near Olvera Street . Commercial interests in the United States have capitalized on the celebration , advertising Mexican products and services , with an emphasis on alcoholic beverages , foods , and music . According to Nielsen , in 2013 more than $600 million worth of beer was purchased in the United States for Cinco de Mayo , more than for the Super Bowl or St. Patrick 's Day . Mexico ( edit ) The former Forts of Guadalupe and Loreto now house a museum . On May 9 , 1862 , President Juárez declared that the anniversary of the Battle of Puebla would be a national holiday regarded as `` Battle of Puebla Day '' or `` Battle of Cinco de Mayo '' . Today , the commemoration of the battle is not observed as a national holiday in Mexico ( i.e. not a statutory holiday ) . However , all public schools are closed nationwide in Mexico on May 5 . The day is an official holiday in the State of Puebla , where the Battle took place , and also a full holiday ( no work ) in the neighboring State of Veracruz . In Puebla , historical reenactments , parades , and meals take place to commemorate the battle . Parade participants dress as French and Mexican soldiers to reenact the battle . Every year the city also hosts the Festival Internacional de Puebla , which gathers national and international artists , traditional musicians and dancers . As well as the Festival Internacional del Mole , with an emphasis on the city 's iconic mole poblano . In Mexico City , military commemoration is occasionally held at the Campo Marte . A street , Avenida Cinco de Mayo , in the Historic Center of Mexico City was named after the battle in 1862 by Benito Juárez . Elsewhere ( edit ) Events tied to Cinco de Mayo also occur outside Mexico and the United States . As in the United States , celebrations elsewhere also emphasize Mexican cuisine , culture and music . For example , Windsor , Ontario , Canada , holds a `` Cinco de Mayo Street Festival '' , some Canadian pubs play Mexican music and serve Mexican food and drink , and a sky - diving club near Vancouver holds a Cinco de Mayo skydiving event . In the Cayman Islands , in the Caribbean , there is an annual Cinco de Mayo air guitar competition , and at Montego Bay , Jamaica , there is a Cinco de Mayo celebration . The city of Brisbane , Queensland , Australia , holds an annual Mexican Festival to honor the day , and celebrations are held in London and New Zealand . Other celebrations of the day can also be found in Cape Town , South Africa , Lagos , Nigeria , and in Paris . Cinco de Mayo is celebrated in Japan in Osaka and in Tokyo 's Yoyogi Park Event Space as a celebration of Latin American culture . See also ( edit ) Siege of Puebla ( 1863 ) , fall of Puebla to the Imperialists Third Battle of Puebla ( 1867 ) , recapture of Puebla and decisive victory for the restoration of the Republic References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Other sources give the size of the French force as 6,500. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ According to Mexico 's National Institute of Historical Studies on the Mexican Revolution the Mexican force consisted of 4,802 soldiers. ( 2 ) And Peter Hicks of the French Fondation Napoléon and other French sources state the size of the Mexican force was 12,000 men . ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . Hayes - Batista clarifies on page 60 of his El Cinco de Mayo : An American Tradition that after the smaller Mexican force had defeated the French on May 5 , they received reinforcements on May 6 and 7 of approximately 12,000 additional Mexican soldiers . Jump up ^ It has been pointed out that , contrary to reports on PBS and in Philadelphia 's The Bulletin , the French were in fact considered to have been defeated by the Russians at the Siege of Petropavlovsk in 1854 . Jump up ^ The statement in The Bulletin is , `` This was the last time any army from another continent invaded the Americas . '' Note it says `` invaded '' , and not `` attacked . '' Thus , since Cinco de Mayo no army from another continent has invaded the Americas . The War of the Falklands War , for example , was fought in the Americas but the Islands were invaded by a military from the Americas ( the Argentine military ) . They were subsequently attacked ( not invaded ) by the UK . Another example , Pearl Harbor , experienced an attack , not an invasion by the Japanese . The only possible exception to the Cinco de Mayo claim above might be the brief occupation / invasion of two of the Alaskan Aleutian Islands by the Japanese military during WWII . This event , however , was so insignificant as to be virtually negligible : the islands invaded had a total population of 12 Americans and some 45 natives , the invasion was short - lived , and the battle fought there had no notoriety other than the psychological effect on the Americans that the Japanese had invaded American territory again ( Alaska was not yet a full - fledged state ) . In short , the military importance of these small pieces of land was nowhere comparable to the superior military significance of the Battle of Puebla . Citations ^ Jump up to : Lovgren , Stefan ( May 5 , 2006 ) . `` Cinco de Mayo , From Mexican Fiesta to Popular U.S. Holiday '' . National Geographic News . Jump up ^ `` RECOGNIZING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CINCO DE MAYO '' . Congress.gov . House of Representatives . May 4 , 2009 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinco de Mayo '' . University of California at Los Angeles . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2006 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo celebrations run all weekend '' . Deseret News . Retrieved May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo has become a day for celebrating Mexican culture in the United States , and celebrations there easily outshine those in Mexico '' . About.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Krogstad , Jens ( May 5 , 2003 ) . `` University community celebrates Cinco de Mayo '' . The Minnesota Daily . University of Minnesota . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2007 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Today , the holiday is celebrated more in the United States than in Mexico Jump up ^ `` Why is Cinco de Mayo More Popular in America Than in Mexico ? '' . US News & World Report . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Lauren Effron ( May 5 , 2010 ) . `` Cinco de Mayo : NOT Mexico 's Independence Day '' . Discovery Channel . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Minster , Christopher ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Cinco De Mayo / The Battle of Puebla '' . About.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Herz , May . `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Inside Mexico . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo '' . History.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Mexico Online . April 25 , 2007 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo : What 's all the fuss about ? '' Julia Goralka . The Washington Times . May 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Happy Cinco de Mayo -- Sorta . Ray Suarez . PBS News Hour . May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo . Mexico Online : The Oldest and most trusted online guide to Mexico . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo . 2011 . The History Channel website . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Significance of `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Ignacio González. 1996 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo - The Backstory . Archived May 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Tony Azios . ' Llero . Jaws Communications . 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cheryl VanBuskirk ( May 7 , 2009 ) . `` Cinco De Mayo : Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May '' . The Bulletin : Philadelphia 's Family Newspaper . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved May 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ History Channel.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Happy Cinco de Mayo : Top 10 Drunkest Holidays ... Time . By Frances Romero . Wednesday , May . 05 , 2010 ... Retrieved May 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Mexico Online . April 25 , 2007 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Mexico Online : The Oldest and most trusted online guide to Mexico . Jump up ^ Michael C. Meyer ; William H. Beezley ( 2000 ) . The Oxford History of Mexico . Oxford University Press . pp. 387 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Cinco De Mayo : Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May . Archived May 11 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Cheryl VanBuskirk . The Bulletin : Philadelphia 's Family Newspaper . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US . May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Battle of Puebla and Cinco de Mayo . PBS . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cinco De Mayo : Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May . Archived May 11 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Cheryl VanBuskirk . The Bulletin : Philadelphia 's Family Newspaper , May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico 's Lasting European Influence . By Jose Antonio Burciaga . Free Lance - Star Publishing . May , 2007 . ( First released in The Hispanic News Link. 1981 . ) '' . Banderasnews.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert L. Bidwell ( Apr 1971 ) . `` The Political Evolution of the Mexican People . By Justo Sierra . Translated by Charles Ramsdell . Austin , TX : The University of Texas Press . 1969 '' . Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs . Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami . 13 ( 2 ) : 306 -- 308 . JSTOR 174689 . ^ Jump up to : Southern California Quarterly `` Cinco de Mayo 's First Seventy - Five Years in Alta California : From Spontaneous Behavior to Sedimented Memory , 1862 to 1937 '' Spring 2007 ( see American observation of Cinco de Mayo started in California ) Retrieved October 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hayes - Bautista , David E. ( April 2009 ) . `` Cinco de Mayo : The Real Story '' . EGP News . Eastern Group Publications . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Far up in the gold country town of Columbia ( now Columbia State Park ) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifles shots and fireworks , sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo minor holiday in Mexico . UPI . World News . May 5 , 2010 . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Verified March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cesares , Oscar ( May 5 , 2010 ) . `` Holiday of Cinco de Mayo is minor event in Mexico '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo '' . History.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lovgren , Stefan . `` Cinco de Mayo History : From Bloodshed to Beer Fest '' . National Geographic . Los Angeles . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Canalis , John ( April 26 , 1992 ) . L.A. hosts nation 's biggest Cinco de Mayo party . UPI Archives . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jamison , Peter ( April 24 , 2016 ) . With thinner crowds in a smaller space , Fiesta Broadway feels deeply diminished . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress ( U.S.A. ) Declaration . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kane , Courtney ( May 2 , 2003 ) . `` Marketers extend their holiday efforts to a Mexican celebration and even to Lent '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ( Cinco de Mayo ) gives us an opportunity ... to really get a jump - start on the summer beer - selling season Jump up ^ `` Constellation Brands and Crown Imports Ring in Cinco de Mayo at New York Stock Exchange '' . ACNNewswire.com . Victor , New York : Asian Corporate News Network . May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Salem , Nancy ( May 4 , 2007 ) . `` Cinco de Mayo 's history neglected ; it 's an excuse to party '' . The Albuquerque Tribune . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . From my perspective as a marketing professional , Cinco de Mayo has morphed into a national holiday designed by Fifth Avenue to sell alcohol and excite consumership around a party - type theme Jump up ^ Alamillo , José M. `` Contesting Cinco de Mayo : Cultural Politics and Commercialization of Ethnic Festivals , 1930 -- 1950 '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved May 8 , 2007 . Cinco de Mayo is not just a fiesta anymore , the gringos have taken it on as a good sales pitch Jump up ^ `` What Is Cinco de Mayo ? '' . The New York Times . 5 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Did You Know ? Cinco de Mayo is more widely celebrated in USA than Mexico . Tony Burton . Mexconnect . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cultural adaptation : the Cinco de Mayo holiday is far more widely celebrated in the USA than in Mexico . Geo - Mexico . May 2 , 2011 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 25 Latino Craft Projects : Celebrating Culture in Your Library . Ana Elba Pabon . Diana Borrego. 2003 . American Library Association . Page 14 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 7 Things You May Not Know About Cinco de Mayo . Jesse Greenspan . May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Congressional Record -- House . Page 7488 . 9 May 2001 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Note that contrary to most other sources , this source states the date Juarez declared Cinco de Mayo to be a national holiday was September 8 , 1862 . Jump up ^ Holidays 2013 . Archived May 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . U.S. Consulate in Mexico . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Los días de 2013 que , por ley , debes descansar . January 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Calendario Escolar 2012 -- 2013 . Archived April 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Secretaria de Educacion Publica . Government of Mexico . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Calendario Puebla 2012 ... Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Circular 0077 - 13 Calendario Oficial de Días Festivos 2013 . Adelante . Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` How people actually celebrate Cinco de Mayo in Mexico '' . Business Insider . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peña Nieto no estará en Puebla para desfile del 5 de Mayo ; conmemora Batalla en Campo Marte '' . SDPnoticias.com ( in Spanish ) . May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo at Kensington Court -- Eyes on Windsor '' . eyesonwindsor.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Windsor Cinco de Mayo Celebration 2017 Windsor , CA -- Official Website '' . www.townofwindsor.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Canadian celebration Archived August 27 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. ; St. Albert , Canada 2012 celebration ; Montreal celebration . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo Skydiving Boogie 2008 '' . Abbotsford , British Columbia , Canada . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cayman Cinco de Mayo air guitar Archived January 16 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jamaica celebration Archived July 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brisbane Cinco de Mayo Mexican Festival '' ; Brisbane celebration Archived July 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Where to Celebrate Cinco de Mayo in London '' . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mexican Ambassador to New Zealand honors Cinco de Mayo . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo in South Africa Retrieved May 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo in Lagos , Nigeria Retrieved May 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` El cinco de mayo -- Paris -- jeudi 05 mai '' After Work . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo festivals in Osaka and Tokyo Retrieved May 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Cinco De Mayo Festival in Tokyo '' Archived February 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . JapanBases.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo 2013 : Celebrating the Americas '' Cinco de Mayo Festival . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Sources Hayes - Bautista , David E. El Cinco de Mayo : An American Tradition ( University of California Press ; 2012 ) 293 pages External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cinco de Mayo . Cinco De Mayo Videos on The History Channel Cinco De Mayo Quick Facts `` Cinco de Mayo is NOT Mexican Independence Day ? '' on The Law Library of Congress 's blog `` Origin of the Cinco De Mayo celebration '' -- Mexican American News / Xcano Media Public holidays in Mexico Statutory holidays Año Nuevo Día de la Constitución Natalicio de Benito Juárez Día del Trabajo Día de Independencia Día de la Revolución Transmisión del Poder Ejecutivo Federal Navidad Civic holidays Día del Ejército Día de la Bandera Aniversario de la Expropiación petrolera Heroica Defensa de Veracruz Cinco de Mayo Natalicio de Miguel Hidalgo Día de la Marina Grito de Dolores Día de los Niños Héroes Consumación de la Independencia Natalicio de José Ma . 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See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinco_de_Mayo&oldid=848660183 '' Categories : Public holidays in Mexico Public holidays in the United States May observances Mexican - American culture Second French intervention in Mexico Remembrance days Spring ( season ) events in Mexico Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Use mdy dates from May 2018 Infobox holiday fixed day Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 July 2018 , at 12 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the first us cinco de mayo celebration take place	[ "According to a paper published by the UCLA Center for the Study of Latino Health and Culture about the origin of the observance of Cinco de Mayo in the United States, the modern American focus on that day first started in California in 1863 in response to the resistance to French rule in Mexico.[30] \"Far up in the gold country town of Columbia (now Columbia State Park) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifle shots and fireworks, sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches.\"[31]\n" ]	[ "1863" ]
-2197338514177407540	The Flash (season 4)	The Flash ( season 4 ) - wikipedia The Flash ( season 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Flash ( season 4 ) Promotional poster Starring Grant Gustin Candice Patton Danielle Panabaker Carlos Valdes Keiynan Lonsdale Neil Sandilands Tom Cavanagh Jesse L. Martin Country of origin United States No. of episodes 14 Release Original network The CW Original release October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 List of The Flash episodes The fourth season of the American television series The Flash , which is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash , follows a crime scene investigator with superhuman speed who fights criminals , including others who have also gained superhuman abilities . It is set in the Arrowverse , sharing continuity with the other television series of the universe , and is a spin - off of Arrow . The season is produced by Berlanti Productions , Warner Bros. Television , and DC Entertainment , with Andrew Kreisberg and Todd Helbing serving as showrunners . The season was ordered in January 2017 , and filming began that July . Grant Gustin stars as Barry , with principal cast members Candice Patton , Danielle Panabaker , Carlos Valdes , Keiynan Lonsdale , Tom Cavanagh , and Jesse L. Martin also returning from previous seasons , and are joined by Neil Sandilands . The fourth season began airing on October 10 , 2017 , on The CW . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 3.6 Arrowverse tie - ins 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Flash episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` The Flash Reborn '' Glen Winter Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) T27. 13401 2.84 Iris has been aiding Team Flash in Central City for six months , but refuses to grieve Barry . A flying samurai with superpowers appears in Central City , threatening to destroy the city if the real Flash does not face him . Cisco reveals he has formulated a way to bring back Barry without destabilizing the Speed Force and tracks down Caitlin for help . Against Iris ' orders , Team Flash successfully returns Barry , who rambles random statements and continually writes symbols on the walls . Wally engages the samurai , but is defeated . Cisco deciphers Barry 's writings and finds an apparently meaningless sentence . In an attempt to recover Barry 's memories , Iris gives herself up to the samurai . The plan works and Barry speeds away , rescuing Iris and defeating the samurai , who is revealed to be an android . Caitlin rejoins Team Flash , but is revealed to have been working for a mobster called Amunet , while also continuing to prevent the Killer Frost personality from emerging . The `` Samuroid '' is revealed to have been controlled by the Thinker , whose plan was to draw out the Flash for his next schemes . 71 `` Mixed Signals '' Alexandra La Roche Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) T27. 13402 2.54 When Barry , Joe , and Cisco report to a crime scene , they discover remnants of a mysterious code . Cisco presents Barry with a technologically advanced suit , intended to facilitate his activities . He tests it out , trying to save someone from a haywire car , caused by metahuman Ramsey Deacon . Gypsy arrives on Earth - 1 for a date with Cisco , who is forced to cancel it so as to focus on Deacon . Acting on a suggestion from Caitlin , Iris signs her and Barry up for couples therapy to sort out their relationship . Deacon kidnaps a witness , who was previously a member of a tech team who sold him out of his idea . Barry and Wally go to save him , but Deacon uses his abilities to send Barry 's suit haywire . On Iris 's instructions , Barry throws lightning at himself , shorting out his suit . He then incapacitates Deacon , who is locked up in the meta wing of Iron Heights , revealed to be part of the Thinker 's plan . Cisco finally goes out with Gypsy . Wondering how Deacon gained his powers being absent during the particle accelerator incident , Barry and Joe learn from Deacon that there are `` others '' . 72 `` Luck Be a Lady '' Armen V. Kevorkian Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) T27. 13403 2.62 In flashbacks , the Thinker observes Becky Sharpe , a woman with seemingly unending bad luck , and determines that she will be easily manipulated . In the present , Becky robs a bank , and gets away when Barry slips on marbles . Harry arrives from Earth - 2 , and tells Wally that Jesse has decided to break up in order to focus on her vigilantism . Cisco deduces that Becky is a metahuman with the power of favorable luck while inducing misfortune to others . Barry realizes that the portal he used to escape the Speed Force exposed an entire busload of people , including Becky and Deacon , to transformative dark matter . Harry informs Cisco that Jesse has expelled him from her crime - fighting team due to his attitude . Becky 's powers expand out of control , reactivating the particle accelerator , which Harry deliberately allows , nullifying Becky 's powers and leading to her incarceration . Cisco and Harry identify twelve new metahumans created on the bus , and the latter suspects that an unknown party has manipulated events surrounding Barry 's return . Wally decides to leave on a journey to find himself . The Thinker is revealed to be spying on S.T.A.R. Labs through the `` Samuroid '' helmet . Joe learns Cecile is pregnant . 73 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' Tom Cavanagh Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) T27. 13404 1.99 Gypsy 's father , Breacher , attacks Cisco , vowing to hunt and kill him in 24 hours , allowing the romance should he survive . Team Flash learns that the bus driver was murdered and tracks down another passenger , Ralph Dibny , former corrupt CCPD detective exposed by Barry and currently an infamous private investigator . As two thugs attack Dibny , he is revealed to have the power to stretch . Caitlin stabilizes his powers with a serum . The team learns that Ralph has been blackmailing Mayor Bellows for adultery , with the latter revealed to have hired the thugs . Barry confronts Ralph for his actions while the latter scolds him , claiming to have been a `` good cop '' . He later stops blackmailing Bellows , who still attempts to kill him while Breacher mistakes the former for a Plastoid , the species that invaded Earth - 19 previously , and attacks him . Cisco intervenes and saves Ralph , whom Barry , having revealed his alter - ego , convinces to help arrest an escaping Bellows . Admiring Cisco 's gallantry , Breacher allows the relationship . Barry recruits Ralph for Team Flash and learns that someone named DeVoe instructed Ralph to watch Bellows . Barry remembers that Abra Kadabra and Savitar both mentioned DeVoe . Meanwhile , Caitlin finds a message on her apartment door . 74 5 `` Girls Night Out '' Laura Belsey Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) T27. 13405 2.38 While failing to track DeVoe , Team Flash is visited by Felicity , who joins Iris 's bachelorette party . Mocking Cisco 's plans for Barry 's bachelor party , Ralph takes the men to a strip club , where they learn that Cecile 's daughter , Joanie , is working . Joe confronts her , who states she is only doing feminist research . Ralph incites a brawl , leading to the men 's arrest until Harry posts bail . Meanwhile , Amunet 's enforcer , Norvock , demands Caitlin 's return and attacks the women when she refuses . Killer Frost emerges and repels him , later telling Iris that Caitlin accepted Amunet 's employment in exchange for the means to control Frost . Learning that Amunet is holding a metahuman she calls `` the Weeper '' , whose tears are a strong narcotic , prisoner and intends to sell him , Iris 's party decides to stop her . Though Caitlin refuses to join , she attacks Amunet when seeing her friends in danger . Using a strong magnet , the team robs Amunet 's metal shards , leaving her powerless . Iris dissuades Frost from killing Amunet , who promises revenge . Both parties refuse to tell each other about their adventures . Iris asks Caitlin to be her maid of honor while Joe convinces Joanie to tell Cecile about her research . DeVoe captures the Weeper . 75 6 `` When Harry Met Harry ... '' Brent Crowell Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) T27. 13406 2.46 Barry trains Ralph to use his abilities , with Cisco making a stretchable suit for him . Another bus metahuman , a Lakota Sioux Native named Mina Chayton , who can animate statues , starts attacking Central City & stealing pieces of a Black Bison necklace , which she claims belongs to her tribe . When Barry and Ralph catch up to her , she attacks Barry with a caveman statue and attempts a getaway . Ralph chooses to stop her , but a little girl is injured in the process . Ralph regrets his actions , but is comforted by Barry . Chayton escapes CCPD , going after the last necklace piece held at the museum . When Barry and Ralph confront her , she brings a dinosaur skeleton to life . Barry arrests Chayton while Ralph saves a security guard from the skeleton . Later , Ralph reveals he mailed the necklace back to Chayton 's tribe , before visiting the little girl in the hospital , using his abilities to entertain her . Meanwhile , Harry , trying to make friends , works with his doppelgangers of alternate Earths , The Council of Wells . They figure out that DeVoe is a man named Clifford DeVoe . Barry and Joe head to DeVoe 's house , to find out that he is a middle - aged man in a wheelchair . 76 7 `` Therefore I Am '' David McWhirter Eric Wallace & Thomas Pound November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) T27. 13407 2.20 Barry and Joe interrogate DeVoe and his wife to try and get more information . In flashbacks , DeVoe and his wife build a thinking cap to improve his brain capacity , powering it through the particle accelerator explosion . DeVoe 's increased brain power accelerates his amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , forcing his wife to build him a special chair to keep him alive . Barry discovers the camera in the Samuroid head and goes to DeVoe 's house , narrowly avoiding being caught by DeVoe 's wife . Barry later confronts DeVoe , who reveals his true identity , leading to Cisco dubbing him `` The Thinker '' . Wally returns to Team Flash from Blue Valley . 77 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 3 '' Dermott Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Todd Helbing November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) T27. 13408 2.82 Barry , Oliver , Sara , Alex , Martin and Jax wake up in a Nazi concentration camp on Earth - X wearing power dampeners . The arriving SS Sturmbannführer is revealed to be the Earth - X doppelgänger of Quentin Lance , who plans to execute them , but they are saved by Citizen Cold ( the Earth - X doppelgänger of Leonard Snart ) and Ray Terrill . Snart and Terrill take them to the headquarters of the Freedom Fighters , where the team meets the resistance movement 's leader , General Schott ( Winn Schott 's Earth - X doppelgänger ) . They learn that the only way back to Earth - 1 is through a temporal gateway in a research facility , which Schott plans to blow up to strand Dark Arrow ( Oliver 's Earth - X doppelgänger ) on Earth - 1 . Oliver disguises himself as Dark Arrow to infiltrate the facility and discovers the Nazi doomsday device against parallel Earths is a militarized timeship called Wellenreiter . Barry and Ray battle the Freedom Fighters ' Red Tornado to stop it from destroying the gateway while the rest of the team enters the facility to reactivate its portal , during which Stein is shot and gravely wounded . On Earth - 1 , Thawne prepares to perform surgery on Kara to save Overgirl . Felicity and Iris try to stop him , but are captured . This episode continues a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8 and Arrow season 6 episode 8 , and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8 . 78 9 `` Do n't Run '' Stefan Pleszczynski Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) T27. 13409 2.22 While out Christmas shopping , Barry is ambushed and kidnapped by DeVoe while Caitlin is kidnapped from Jitters by Amunet . Iris claims they have to look for both of them , despite Wells ' claim that they have insufficient time and resources and that they can only afford to search for one . Barry is held in DeVoe 's lair . Caitlin is forced by Amunet to perform surgery on a metahuman named Dominic Lanse , who can read minds . They try to escape , but Amunet blocks their exit . Caitlin manages to briefly incapacitate Amunet , and she and Dominic flee the building they are being held in . Once outside , they are rescued by Cisco and Ralph , as Iris has chosen to focus on finding Caitlin . Barry manages to escape from DeVoe . Team Flash celebrates Christmas at the West house and Dominic joins them . Barry gets a security alert from his apartment . When he arrives , he receives a phone call from Dominic , who reveals that Amunet re-kidnapped Dominic and DeVoe has transferred his consciousness into Dominic 's body . Barry discovers DeVoe 's original body dead on his apartment floor and he realizes DeVoe has framed him for his `` murder '' ; the police arrive , and Barry lets himself get arrested , not wanting to leave Iris again . 79 10 `` The Trial of The Flash '' Philip Chipera Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) T27. 13410 2.51 Barry stands trial for the murder of Clifford DeVoe , with Cecile representing him . Cisco and Joe have to leave during the trial for a meta investigation , in which a meta caused people to collapse . Singh reveals to Joe he is appearing as a witness for the prosecution against Barry . The meta is eventually discovered as Neil Borman , who is a meta who produces radiation , which is causing the illness and collapsing . Barry takes him on , but is ill equipped to deal with the situation . Cisco and Killer Frost travel to the scene where Caitlin tries to freeze Borman , who quickly defrosts and incapacitates Caitlin . Barry creates a vacuum seal around Borman to contain the radiation , with Cisco transporting the radiation to the dead Earth - 15 , draining the meta and defeating him . Barry is eventually found guilty by the jury and is sentenced to life in prison . 80 11 `` The Elongated Knight Rises '' Alexandra La Roche Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) T27. 13411 2.12 Barry uses his speed to secretly help the guards contain the other inmates during a prison riot . He also befriends Dave Ratchet , his father 's former cellmate . The next day , Barry meets Axel Walker who was later broken out of prison by his mother Zoey Clark , his father 's one - time partner Prank . Axel challenges Ralph by threatening to cause chaos in the city . Ralph attempts to stop him but is wounded by Axel and is evacuated by Cisco . Ralph sneaks into the prison to talk to Barry about how scared he is . Barry reassures him that being a hero is n't about not being scared , but about having the ability to rise above your fear . Cisco and Caitlin go to rescue the hostages , but get captured by Axel and Zoey , who intend to kill them . Ralph arrives , and attempts to shield the two from an acid shower , until Wells manages to hack into the shower system to neutralize its acidity . Iris visits Barry in prison , where they reaffirm their love for each other . Ralph and Cisco go to get coffee , where they meet the excitable girl from the wedding . The girl writes in her journal , where she appears to be writing in the language Barry was using when he came out of the Speed Force . 81 12 `` Honey , I Shrunk Team Flash '' Chris Peppe Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) T27. 13412 2.60 Cecile develops telepathic abilities as a result of her pregnancy , combined with dormant dark matter in her cells , which Caitlin assures her should be temporary . In prison , Barry learns that Ratchet is innocent of a robbery - homicide that was actually committed by Sylbert Rundine fifteen years prior . Barry asks the team to look into the case . Rundine turns out to be a bus meta with the ability to shrink and enlarge objects , and he shrinks Cisco and Ralph while escaping . Harry 's attempted cure backfires , and Caitlin determines that if they are not re-enlarged within a certain period of time , their bodies will explode . The team confronts Rundine at a warehouse , where Harry tricks him into re-enlarging Ralph and Cisco . Rundine is arrested , but refuses to confess to the earlier crime . Barry gathers that even if Ratchet went free , he would be as unhappy in the city as he is in prison ; he wishes to live in a secluded Chinese village called Jiaju , but fears he will never get there . After Joe assures him that he will always do his best , Barry uses his speed to take Ratchet to Jiaju , where he can live out his dream . After discovering Barry is the Flash , the prison 's warden , Gregory Wolfe , locks Barry in his private metahuman wing , intending to sell him to Amunet . 82 13 `` True Colors '' Tara Nicole Weyr Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) T27. 13413 2.28 Wolfe plans to sell Barry and the imprisoned bus metas ( Ramsey Deacon , Becky Sharpe , Mina Chaytan , and Sylbert Rundine ) to Amunet , so they plan to escape . Cecile discovers Wolfe 's plans after reading his mind . Ralph encounters a former colleague and his negative interaction with him prompts the discovery that he can shapeshift . His lack of mastery of the new ability prevents his attempt to foil Amunet 's deal with Wolfe . Barry helps the metas escape the power dampeners , but they are cornered by Wolfe and Amunet . DeVoe arrives and again uses his chair to extract the metas ' abilities , before transferring his mind into Sharpe 's body . He then crushes Wolfe 's skull as Marlize looks on in horror ; Amunet flees . Ralph uses his shapeshifting ability to appear as the original DeVoe at Barry 's appeal , claiming that he was unconscious at Barry 's loft but not dead , which clears Barry 's name . Team Flash realizes that DeVoe is only stealing powers from metahumans who were on the bus when the dark matter wave was unleashed , which means he will likely target Ralph as well . Back at the DeVoes ' house , their marriage continues to deteriorate , and DeVoe drugs his wife with the Weeper 's tears to maintain her devotion towards him . 83 14 `` Subject 9 '' Ralph Hemecker Mike Alber & Gabe Snyder February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) TBA 2.12 Barry is let go from CCPD , due to his connection with the DeVoe case . The team encounter another bus Metahuman , named Izzy ( the Fiddler ) , with sound wave abilities , amplified by her violin . She manages to use her abilities when DeVoe ( inside Sharpe 's body ) comes to claim her . Barry and Ralph help to train Izzy to refine her abilities , which proves difficult when she gets hurt . Eventually DeVoe shows up once again , using Dominic 's and Becky 's abilities to make Barry experience a brain aneurysm , while using his original abilities to incapacitate Ralph . DeVoe then once again uses the chair to transfer his mind into Izzy 's body and escapes . Both Ralph and Barry comforts each other 's losses : Barry being let go from the police force and Ralph losing Izzy to DeVoe . These 's losses enforce both Barry 's and Ralph 's determination to bring Devoe down and save the 3 remaining metas . 84 15 `` Enter Flashtime '' Gregory Smith Todd Helbing & Sterling Gates March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) TBA TBD 85 16 `` Run , Iris , Run '' Harry Jierjian Eric Wallace March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) TBA TBD 86 17 TBA Kevin Smith Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim TBA TBA TBD 87 18 TBA Hanelle Culpepper Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza TBA TBA TBD Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Flash characters Main ( edit ) Grant Gustin as Barry Allen / Flash Candice Patton as Iris West Danielle Panabaker as Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost Carlos Valdes as Cisco Ramon / Vibe Keiynan Lonsdale as Wally West / Kid Flash Neil Sandilands as Clifford DeVoe / Thinker Tom Cavanagh as Harrison `` Harry '' Wells Jesse L. Martin as Joe West Recurring ( edit ) Danielle Nicolet as Cecile Horton Kim Engelbrecht as Marlize DeVoe / Mechanic Jessica Camacho as Cynthia / Gypsy Patrick Sabongui as David Singh Richard Brooks as Gregory Wolfe Hartley Sawyer as Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man Katee Sackhoff as Amunet Black / Blacksmith Guest ( edit ) Britne Oldford as Shawna Baez / Peek - a-Boo Mark Sweatman as Norvok Dominic Burgess as Ramsey Deacon / Kilg % re Donna Pescow as Sharon Finkle Sugar Lyn Beard as Rebecca Sharpe / Hazard and Clifford DeVoe / Thinker Chelsea Kurtz as Mina Chayton / Black Bison Violett Beane as Jesse Chambers Wells / Jesse Quick Danny Trejo as Josh / Breacher Vito D'Ambrosio as Anthony Bellows Emily Bett Rickards as Felicity Smoak Riley Jade Berglund as Joanie Matt Afonso as Weeper Stephen Amell as Oliver Queen / Green Arrow and Dark Arrow Victor Garber as Martin Stein / Firestorm Caity Lotz as Sara Lance / White Canary Chyler Leigh as Alex Danvers Franz Drameh as Jefferson Jackson / Firestorm Paul Blackthorne as Quentin Lance / Sturmbannführer Jeremy Jordan as General Schott Juliana Harkavy as Dinah Drake / Black Canary Melissa Benoist as Kara Zor - El / Kara Danvers / Supergirl and Overgirl Wentworth Miller as Leonard Snart / Citizen Cold Russell Tovey as Ray Terrill / The Ray Frederick Schmidt voices Metallo - X Kendrick Sampson as Dominic Lanse / Brainstorm and Clifford DeVoe / Thinker Mark Valley as Anton Slater Devon Graye as Axel Walker / Trickster Corinne Bohrer as Zoey Clark / Prank Bill Goldberg as Dave Ratchet / Big Sir Derek Mears as Sylbert Rundine / Dwarfstar Miranda MacDougall as Izzy Bowin / Fiddler John Wesley Shipp as Jay Garrick Leonardo Nam as Matthew / Melting Pot Max Adler as Jaco Birch / Pyro Anne Dudek as Tracy Brand Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The series was renewed for a fourth season on January 8 , 2017 , earlier than usual for the series . Executive producer Andrew Kreisberg said on this , `` The great thing about our dear friends at The CW and Mark Pedowitz picking the shows up as early as they did has allowed us to start building the schedules for next season . '' In May 2017 , it was announced that Aaron Helbing would not return as an executive producer for season four , with only Greg Berlanti , Andrew Kreisberg , Sarah Schechter , and Todd Helbing returning from previous seasons . Todd Helbing and Kreisberg were slated to serve as the season 's showrunners . In November 2017 , Kreisberg was suspended from his role as executive producer and showrunner on The Flash over allegations of sexual harassment . By the end of the month , he had been fired , with his name eventually being removed from the credits from all shows he worked on . In addition , Berlanti would take additional responsibilities working with Helbing to co-showrun the season . Writing ( edit ) The way I see it is , time is non-linear and everything is happening at once in the Speed Force . In some ways he 's had an awakening and he 's had a rebirth . Our first episode is called ' Reborn , ' and it is a rebirth for Barry , but he 's kind of scrambled , too , because he 's experienced so much so quick over the course of six months , even though for him it was an eternity . He 's not Barry when we see him for the first time . -- Grant Gustin on the rebirth of Barry in season four . In March 2017 , Kreisberg confirmed that the main villain for the fourth season would not be a speedster , like the previous three seasons . Executive producers Aaron and Todd Helbing also mentioned that there would be less time travel in the season , with Aaron saying , `` We like playing with the timelines and the different time periods and future and past . For now , I think we 're going to focus on the present . '' In June 2017 , Clifford DeVoe / Thinker was reported to be the main antagonist of the season . He was first hinted in the third season episode `` Abra Kadabra '' when the titular villain mentions him among the Flash 's greatest enemies , and again in the season finale `` Finish Line '' when Savitar mentions facing DeVoe but states that the Flash has not dealt with him yet . At the series ' San Diego Comic - Con panel , the speculation was confirmed , with Todd Helbing saying , `` With three Speedsters in a row , this year it 's the fastest man alive against the fastest mind alive . '' He added that the writers were `` making a conscious effort this year to get the fun quotient back up '' . Regarding the possibility of Wally West taking on the mantle of the Flash in Barry 's absence , Keiynan Lonsdale said that `` It 's not something that 's on my radar . I feel as though there is so much story to tell and Wally has so much growing to do ... We need to see how these character realistically get to where they are headed for . '' With the action picking up six months after season three , Kid Flash and Vibe are left to protect Central City , with Carlos Valdes saying `` the team is sort of clutching at straws to keep the city together , ... there is a unanimous feeling amongst the remaining members that it 's just not the same without Barry ... So in light of that , Cisco does whatever it takes to get his friends back . '' Valdes also confirmed the return of Cisco 's more lighthearted joking manner . Candice Patton explained Iris West 's larger role within Team Flash as `` a way of distracting herself , '' adding that `` ( Iris ) is forced to deal with that anger and resentment and abandonment by kind of focusing on protecting Central City ... We 're seeing a very different Iris , almost a very hardened Iris . '' Kreisberg also hinted at some major growth for Iris this season , and noted that `` the season premiere is all about Iris and Cisco , not Barry '' . In July 2017 , Sterling Gates , DC Comics comic book writer , joined as a member of the fourth season 's writing staff . At the Television Critics Association press tour in August 2017 , Pedowitz stated that the fourth season of The Flash is `` going to try to find the lightness ... of the Barry Allen of the first two seasons , '' and said that the show was likely `` done with Speedster villains '' . Later in the month , Kreisberg confirmed the return of Harry Wells from Earth - 2 , saying that `` season 4 for Harry is really realizing what he 's missing in his life and what it is he needs to become a better , more complete person , and so he 's going to be going on a fairly epic emotional journey this season that is tied to the Thinker 's plan , '' in addition to confirming the introduction of a new version of the Wells character . In September 2017 , Helbing noted `` There 's a lot of love in the air this season , '' and compared Barry and Iris ' reunion to `` somebody going off to war for six months and coming back . There 's a lot that Iris experienced that Barry did n't when he was gone , and it 's really ( about ) the fun and the emotional component of making up that time when they were n't together . '' Helbing also explained that the Speed Force `` let ( Barry ) deal with all of the baggage ( from the past three seasons ) . When he comes out , he 's sort of left that all behind . '' That month , Kreisberg also confirmed that Barry and Iris will be getting married this season , while also revealing that the pair will be going to couples therapy since `` ( they ) keep comically clashing inadvertently because ( both are ) used to being in charge , and so they wind up going ... to work through it . '' He added , `` The two of them with the therapist is some of the funniest stuff we have ever done on this show , but it also leads to a deepening of their relationship . '' Casting ( edit ) Main cast members Grant Gustin , Candice Patton , Danielle Panabaker , Carlos Valdes , Keiynan Lonsdale , Tom Cavanagh , and Jesse L. Martin return from previous seasons as Barry Allen / The Flash , Iris West , Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost , Cisco Ramon / Vibe , Wally West / Kid Flash , Harrison Wells , and Joe West , respectively . Cavanagh will portray Harry Wells from Earth - 2 at the start of the season , without ruling out the possibility of introducing another incarnation of the Wells character later on . Teasing the arrival of a new Harrison Wells , Cavanagh said , `` We 're going to start with Harry and then find a way , I think , to try and get a different version of Wells in there , be it some version of Harry or whatnot as the season 's gaps present themselves . '' Also returning from earlier in the series are Jessica Camacho as Gypsy , and Anne Dudek as Tracy Brand . Tom Felton , who joined the cast as Julian Albert in the third season , was revealed not to be returning to the series , although there is a possibility he could return if the storyline demanded it and Felton 's availability permits . Julian 's absence will be addressed `` pretty quickly -- there 's a reason why he 's no longer with the team , '' said Helbing . In the season premiere , Julian is revealed to have returned to London . Kreisberg also confirmed that he had put on hold the planned return of Violett Beane as Jesse Quick due to the high number of speedsters on the show , but did not rule out a possible return in the future . Beane eventually appeared as Jesse on the episode `` Luck Be a Lady '' . Britne Oldford , who previously appeared as Shawna Baez / Peek - a-Boo in the first season and the web series The Chronicles of Cisco , reprised her role in the season premiere . In July 2017 , Neil Sandilands was announced to be cast as Clifford DeVoe , a metahuman genius who embarks on a seasonlong battle with the Flash in order to fix all that he deems wrong with humanity ; while Kim Engelbrecht was announced as The Mechanic , Devoe 's right hand and a highly intelligent engineer who designs devices for him ; and Danny Trejo as Breacher , a bounty hunter from Earth - 19 and the father of Gypsy . Also in June , the series was looking to cast a role that `` should put the visual effects department to the test '' , with the role later revealed to be Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man , a metahuman with the ability to stretch his body to superhuman lengths and sizes . Hartley Sawyer was cast in the recurring role that July as the fast - talking private investigator who after discovering his abilities will help Team Flash solve one of Central City 's greatest mysteries . The character was previously mentioned in the first season , as one of the fourteen people who seemingly died as a result of the particle accelerator explosion . The next month , Katee Sackhoff was announced in the recurring role of Amunet Black / Blacksmith , who operates an underground black market of metahuman supervillains . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the season began on July 4 , 2017 , in Vancouver , British Columbia , and is set to conclude on April 21 , 2018 . Kevin Smith will return to direct an episode in January 2018 . Music ( edit ) In August 2017 , series composer Blake Neely and Nathaniel Blume began to compose the music for the fourth season . Arrowverse tie - ins ( edit ) In May 2017 , The CW president Mark Pedowitz officially announced plans for a four - show Arrowverse crossover event , crossing over episodes of the television series Supergirl , The Flash , Legends of Tomorrow , and Arrow . The crossover will begin with Supergirl and a special airing of Arrow on November 27 , 2017 , and conclude on The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow on November 28 . In August 2017 , Berlanti noted that it would be `` a big life event for a few different people '' that would bring them all together for the crossover , adding `` There are many life events that happen . '' Arrow actress Emily Bett Rickards appears as Felicity Smoak in the fifth episode of the season . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season began airing on October 10 , 2017 , on The CW in the United States , and on CTV in Canada . Marketing ( edit ) In July 2017 , cast from the series appeared at San Diego Comic - Con International to promote the season , where exclusive footage was shown . During the panel , a trailer for the season was shown , with James Whitbrook at io9 feeling that despite the `` grim '' tone , there was `` some fun signs of the team coming together to protect the city without ( Barry ) , ... Sprinkle in a few wacky things , like , say a goddamn Samuroid ripped straight from the comics , and ladies and gents , you 've got a good season of The Flash lined up . '' Ben Pearson with / Film felt seeing Iris West deal with the absence of Barry was `` a nice change of pace for that character '' , but anticipated that `` Barry ( would ) be back two or three episodes in at the latest . '' Collider.com 's Allison Keene also noted Iris `` getting an actual storyline '' with Barry gone , and similarly presumed that he `` ( would ) be back in the fold by the end of the first episode '' alike to Flashpoint in the third season . She added , `` There are some new foes , lots of action , plenty of tech -- it 's great ! '' Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Flash Reborn '' October 10 , 2017 1.1 / 4 2.84 0.7 1.92 1.8 4.77 `` Mixed Signals '' October 17 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.54 0.8 1.82 1.7 4.36 `` Luck Be a Lady '' October 24 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.62 0.8 1.84 1.8 4.46 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' October 31 , 2017 0.7 / 3 1.99 0.7 1.79 1.4 3.79 5 `` Girls Night Out '' November 7 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.38 0.8 1.84 1.7 4.22 6 `` When Harry Met Harry ... '' November 14 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.46 0.7 1.83 1.7 4.29 7 `` Therefore I Am '' November 21 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.20 0.8 2.08 1.6 4.28 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 3 '' November 28 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.82 0.7 1.83 1.7 4.64 9 `` Do n't Run '' December 5 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.22 0.6 1.45 1.4 3.67 10 `` The Trial of The Flash '' January 16 , 2018 0.8 / 3 2.51 0.7 1.55 1.5 4.06 11 `` The Elongated Knight Rises '' January 23 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.12 0.7 1.69 1.4 3.81 12 `` Honey , I Shrunk Team Flash '' January 30 , 2018 0.9 / 3 2.60 0.8 1.84 1.7 4.43 13 `` True Colors '' February 6 , 2018 0.8 / 3 2.28 0.9 2.00 1.7 4.28 14 `` Subject 9 '' February 27 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.12 TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.36 / 10 based on 13 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` After an unsteady turn in season three , The Flash returns to its roots with a fourth season packed with humor , spectacle , and a whole lot of heart . '' Reviewing the first two episodes of the season , Allison Keene writing for Collider.com , felt the premiere `` wipes the slate clean , fixing a lot of the issues that plagued the end of the last season , and setting up a much more toned - down storyline . Most importantly , it 's brought back some fun . '' She added that with a `` streamlined team , '' the core characters now have time to interact and have meaningful plot lines . On the second episode , Keene described it as `` truly a delight '' with the show taking `` the time to focus on character relationships , and not just romantic relationships '' and each character `` feeling like a refreshed version of themselves , with new narrative purpose '' . She also highlighted the setup of the Thinker `` as an Alchemy - like villain who manipulates evil metas into the Flash 's path as part of some kind of masterplan '' , saying `` The Flash is a series that truly works best as a procedural , with the team finding creative ways to bring down Villains of the Week . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Actor Grant Gustin Pending Favorite TV Show The Flash Pending References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice ' , ' Flash ' , ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Originals all hold , ' Modern Family ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' LA to Vegas ' and ' Bull ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjusts down , plus State of the Union analysis numbers : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Bull ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 415 ) `` Enter Flashtime '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 416 ) `` Run , Iris , Run '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kevin Smith ( @ ThatKevinSmith ) ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` Back to work on my third episode of @ CW_TheFlash . We 've got the metahuman cuffs but we still need a title ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Danielle Panabaker ( @ dpanabaker ) ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Thanks @ Hillview798 & Jonathan & Gabe ( director & writers of @ CW_TheFlash episode 418 ) for the delicious @ TacofinoVAN truck ! 🌮 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Cave , Rob ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Releases Fall Season Synopses for Arrow , Flash , Supergirl & More '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erao , Matthew ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Killer Frost Will Menace The Flash in Season 4 '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Neil Sandilands To Play The Thinker ; Danny Trejo & Kim Engelbrecht Also Cast -- Comic - Con '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Diane ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Team Teases Season 4 : ' It 's the Fastest Man Alive Against the Fastest Mind Alive ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Macdonald , Lindsay ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Carlos Valdes Shares Good News for Cisco and Gypsy ' Shippers '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . 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Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash S4 Character Breakdown Reportedly Confirms Popular DC Hero '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash casts Hartley Sawyer as the Elongated Man '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash Season 4 Begins Filming ! '' . Fox8 . July 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC Production List '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sobon , Nicole ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Smith Wants To Direct Arrow , But Says He Wo n't Be Allowed To '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blake Neely ( @ cowonthewall ) ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` # TheFlashSeason4 scoring has begun with co-composer @ nblumeathan . And you thought last season was fun . Here we go ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Plans New 4 - Series DC Crossover & What About Peak Superhero TV '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` CW sets two - night event for four - way superhero crossover '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` This Arrowverse Crossover Will Fully Take Place Across Every Show From Supergirl To Legends of Tomorrow '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Dynasty ' & ' Valor ' And Returning Series Returning Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV and CTV Two Fall 2017 Premiere Dates Announced # # # CTV is Home of Television 's Most - Anticipated Debuts of the Year '' . Bell Media . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Westworld ' Is Coming to Comic - Con ; WBTV Announces Full Line - Up '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` The New Flash Trailer Is All About Trying to Live in a World Without Barry Allen '' . io9 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's a Round - Up of All of The DC Comics TV Show Trailers From Comic - Con '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Trailer Shows the Team Dealing with a Barry-less World '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 4 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Review : Restoring Hope '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Nickelodeon Unveils 2018 Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . General references `` The Flash Season 4 Episode Guide '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . `` Shows A-Z -- The Flash on CW '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of The Flash episodes on IMDb List of The Flash season 4 episodes at TV.com The Flash Creators Gardner Fox Harry Lampert ( Jay Garrick ) Bob Kanigher Carmine Infantino John Broome ( Barry Allen ) John Broome Carmine Infantino ( Wally West ) Mark Waid Mike Wieringo ( Bart Allen ) The Flash Family The Flash Jay Garrick Barry Allen Wally West Bart Allen Kid Flash Wally West Bart Allen Iris West II Wally West II Associates Iris West Jesse Chambers Impulse Johnny Quick Max Mercury Linda Park Tornado Twins XS Supporting characters Argus Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) Green Lantern ( Kyle Rayner ) Elongated Man Paul Gambi Más y Menos Tina McGee Valerie Perez Pied Piper Red Trinity David Singh Solovar Patty Spivot Winky , Blinky , and Noddy Enemies General Big Sir Doctor Alchemy Fiddler Godspeed Gorilla Grodd Peek - a-Boo Rag Doll Rainbow Raider Savitar Shade Thinker Turtle / Turtle Man T.O. Morrow Reverse - Flashes Rival ( Edward Clariss ) Professor Zoom ( Eobard Thawne ) Zoom ( Hunter Zolomon ) Inertia ( Thaddeus Thawne ) Reverse - Flash ( Danny West ) The Rogues Abra Kadabra Captain Boomerang Captain Cold Golden Glider Heat Wave Mirror Master Pied Piper Top Trickster Weather Wizard Publications Flash Comics All - Flash Comic Cavalcade The Flash The Flash : Rebirth ( 2009 ) Flashpoint Flashpoint ( Elseworlds ) The Flash Chronicles Locations Blue Valley Central City ( Central City Police Department ) Flash Museum Gorilla City Iron Heights Penitentiary Keystone City S.T.A.R. Labs In other media Film Justice League : The New Frontier Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Justice League : Doom Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Justice League : War Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League vs. Teen Titans Suicide Squad Justice League Television The Superman / Aquaman Hour of Adventure Super Friends Legends of the Superheroes The Flash ( 1990 ) Justice League of America ( pilot ) Justice League Justice League Unlimited Smallville Young Justice Arrow The Flash ( 2014 ) characters episodes season 4 Vixen Supergirl Legends of Tomorrow Video games The Flash ( video game ) Justice League Task Force Justice League Heroes : The Flash Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe DC Universe Online Injustice : Gods Among Us Infinite Crisis Injustice 2 Related articles Cosmic treadmill `` Flash of Two Worlds '' Speed Force Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Pilot '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' Characters Oliver Queen Thea Queen Sara Lance The Flash Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Supergirl Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Stronger Together '' `` Fight or Flight '' `` Livewire '' `` How Does She Do It ? '' `` Red Faced '' `` Human for a Day '' `` Hostile Takeover '' `` Blood Bonds '' `` Childish Things '' `` Strange Visitor from Another Planet '' `` Bizarro '' `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' `` Truth , Justice and the American Way '' `` Solitude '' `` Falling '' `` Manhunter '' `` Worlds Finest '' `` Myriad '' `` Better Angels '' `` The Adventures of Supergirl '' `` Medusa '' `` Nevertheless , She Persisted '' Characters Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Characters Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine Other Arrowverse cast members Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion ! '' `` Crisis on Earth - X '' Constantine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Flash_(season_4)&oldid=828179574 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons The Flash ( 2014 TV series ) episodes Lists of DC Comics television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 00 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the flash season 4 episode 11	[ "\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n70\n1\n\"The Flash Reborn\"\nGlen Winter\nStory by : Andrew Kreisberg\nTeleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace\nOctober 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)\nT27.13401\n2.84[1]\n\n\nIris has been aiding Team Flash in Central City for six months, but refuses to grieve Barry. A flying samurai with superpowers appears in Central City, threatening to destroy the city if the real Flash does not face him. Cisco reveals he has formulated a way to bring back Barry without destabilizing the Speed Force and tracks down Caitlin for help. Against Iris' orders, Team Flash successfully returns Barry, who rambles random statements and continually writes symbols on the walls. Wally engages the samurai, but is defeated. Cisco deciphers Barry's writings and finds an apparently meaningless sentence. In an attempt to recover Barry's memories, Iris gives herself up to the samurai. The plan works and Barry speeds away, rescuing Iris and defeating the samurai, who is revealed to be an android. Caitlin rejoins Team Flash, but is revealed to have been working for a mobster called Amunet, while also continuing to prevent the Killer Frost personality from emerging. The \"Samuroid\" is revealed to have been controlled by the Thinker, whose plan was to draw out the Flash for his next schemes.\n\n\n71\n2\n\"Mixed Signals\"\nAlexandra La Roche\nJonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza\nOctober 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)\nT27.13402\n2.54[2]\n\n\nWhen Barry, Joe, and Cisco report to a crime scene, they discover remnants of a mysterious code. Cisco presents Barry with a technologically advanced suit, intended to facilitate his activities. He tests it out, trying to save someone from a haywire car, caused by metahuman Ramsey Deacon. Gypsy arrives on Earth-1 for a date with Cisco, who is forced to cancel it so as to focus on Deacon. Acting on a suggestion from Caitlin, Iris signs her and Barry up for couples therapy to sort out their relationship. Deacon kidnaps a witness, who was previously a member of a tech team who sold him out of his idea. Barry and Wally go to save him, but Deacon uses his abilities to send Barry's suit haywire. On Iris's instructions, Barry throws lightning at himself, shorting out his suit. He then incapacitates Deacon, who is locked up in the meta wing of Iron Heights, revealed to be part of the Thinker's plan. Cisco finally goes out with Gypsy. Wondering how Deacon gained his powers being absent during the particle accelerator incident, Barry and Joe learn from Deacon that there are \"others\".\n\n\n72\n3\n\"Luck Be a Lady\"\nArmen V. Kevorkian\nSam Chalsen & Judalina Neira\nOctober 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)\nT27.13403\n2.62[3]\n\n\nIn flashbacks, the Thinker observes Becky Sharpe, a woman with seemingly unending bad luck, and determines that she will be easily manipulated. In the present, Becky robs a bank, and gets away when Barry slips on marbles. Harry arrives from Earth-2, and tells Wally that Jesse has decided to break up in order to focus on her vigilantism. Cisco deduces that Becky is a metahuman with the power of favorable luck while inducing misfortune to others. Barry realizes that the portal he used to escape the Speed Force exposed an entire busload of people, including Becky and Deacon, to transformative dark matter. Harry informs Cisco that Jesse has expelled him from her crime-fighting team due to his attitude. Becky's powers expand out of control, reactivating the particle accelerator, which Harry deliberately allows, nullifying Becky's powers and leading to her incarceration. Cisco and Harry identify twelve new metahumans created on the bus, and the latter suspects that an unknown party has manipulated events surrounding Barry's return. Wally decides to leave on a journey to find himself. The Thinker is revealed to be spying on S.T.A.R. Labs through the \"Samuroid\" helmet. Joe learns Cecile is pregnant.\n\n\n73\n4\n\"Elongated Journey Into Night\"\nTom Cavanagh\nSterling Gates & Thomas Pound\nOctober 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)\nT27.13404\n1.99[4]\n\n\nGypsy's father, Breacher, attacks Cisco, vowing to hunt and kill him in 24 hours, allowing the romance should he survive. Team Flash learns that the bus driver was murdered and tracks down another passenger, Ralph Dibny, former corrupt CCPD detective exposed by Barry and currently an infamous private investigator. As two thugs attack Dibny, he is revealed to have the power to stretch. Caitlin stabilizes his powers with a serum. The team learns that Ralph has been blackmailing Mayor Bellows for adultery, with the latter revealed to have hired the thugs. Barry confronts Ralph for his actions while the latter scolds him, claiming to have been a \"good cop\". He later stops blackmailing Bellows, who still attempts to kill him while Breacher mistakes the former for a Plastoid, the species that invaded Earth-19 previously, and attacks him. Cisco intervenes and saves Ralph, whom Barry, having revealed his alter-ego, convinces to help arrest an escaping Bellows. Admiring Cisco's gallantry, Breacher allows the relationship. Barry recruits Ralph for Team Flash and learns that someone named DeVoe instructed Ralph to watch Bellows. Barry remembers that Abra Kadabra and Savitar both mentioned DeVoe. Meanwhile, Caitlin finds a message on her apartment door.\n\n\n74\n5\n\"Girls Night Out\"\nLaura Belsey\nLauren Certo & Kristen Kim\nNovember 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)\nT27.13405\n2.38[5]\n\n\nWhile failing to track DeVoe, Team Flash is visited by Felicity, who joins Iris's bachelorette party. Mocking Cisco's plans for Barry's bachelor party, Ralph takes the men to a strip club, where they learn that Cecile's daughter, Joanie, is working. Joe confronts her, who states she is only doing feminist research. Ralph incites a brawl, leading to the men's arrest until Harry posts bail. Meanwhile, Amunet's enforcer, Norvock, demands Caitlin's return and attacks the women when she refuses. Killer Frost emerges and repels him, later telling Iris that Caitlin accepted Amunet's employment in exchange for the means to control Frost. Learning that Amunet is holding a metahuman she calls \"the Weeper\", whose tears are a strong narcotic, prisoner and intends to sell him, Iris's party decides to stop her. Though Caitlin refuses to join, she attacks Amunet when seeing her friends in danger. Using a strong magnet, the team robs Amunet's metal shards, leaving her powerless. Iris dissuades Frost from killing Amunet, who promises revenge. Both parties refuse to tell each other about their adventures. Iris asks Caitlin to be her maid of honor while Joe convinces Joanie to tell Cecile about her research. DeVoe captures the Weeper.\n\n\n75\n6\n\"When Harry Met Harry...\"\nBrent Crowell\nJonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza\nNovember 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)\nT27.13406\n2.46[6]\n\n\nBarry trains Ralph to use his abilities, with Cisco making a stretchable suit for him. Another bus metahuman, a Lakota Sioux Native named Mina Chayton, who can animate statues, starts attacking Central City & stealing pieces of a Black Bison necklace, which she claims belongs to her tribe. When Barry and Ralph catch up to her, she attacks Barry with a caveman statue and attempts a getaway. Ralph chooses to stop her, but a little girl is injured in the process. Ralph regrets his actions, but is comforted by Barry. Chayton escapes CCPD, going after the last necklace piece held at the museum. When Barry and Ralph confront her, she brings a dinosaur skeleton to life. Barry arrests Chayton while Ralph saves a security guard from the skeleton. Later, Ralph reveals he mailed the necklace back to Chayton's tribe, before visiting the little girl in the hospital, using his abilities to entertain her. Meanwhile, Harry, trying to make friends, works with his doppelgangers of alternate Earths, The Council of Wells. They figure out that DeVoe is a man named Clifford DeVoe. Barry and Joe head to DeVoe's house, to find out that he is a middle-aged man in a wheelchair.\n\n\n76\n7\n\"Therefore I Am\"\nDavid McWhirter\nEric Wallace & Thomas Pound\nNovember 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)\nT27.13407\n2.20[7]\n\n\nBarry and Joe interrogate DeVoe and his wife to try and get more information. In flashbacks, DeVoe and his wife build a thinking cap to improve his brain capacity, powering it through the particle accelerator explosion. DeVoe's increased brain power accelerates his amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, forcing his wife to build him a special chair to keep him alive. Barry discovers the camera in the Samuroid head and goes to DeVoe's house, narrowly avoiding being caught by DeVoe's wife. Barry later confronts DeVoe, who reveals his true identity, leading to Cisco dubbing him \"The Thinker\". Wally returns to Team Flash from Blue Valley.\n\n\n77\n8\n\"Crisis on Earth-X, Part 3\"\nDermott Downs\nStory by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim\nTeleplay by : Todd Helbing\nNovember 28, 2017 (2017-11-28)\nT27.13408\n2.82[8]\n\n\n\nBarry, Oliver, Sara, Alex, Martin and Jax wake up in a Nazi concentration camp on Earth-X wearing power dampeners. The arriving SS Sturmbannführer is revealed to be the Earth-X doppelgänger of Quentin Lance, who plans to execute them, but they are saved by Citizen Cold (the Earth-X doppelgänger of Leonard Snart) and Ray Terrill. Snart and Terrill take them to the headquarters of the Freedom Fighters, where the team meets the resistance movement's leader, General Schott (Winn Schott's Earth-X doppelgänger). They learn that the only way back to Earth-1 is through a temporal gateway in a research facility, which Schott plans to blow up to strand Dark Arrow (Oliver's Earth-X doppelgänger) on Earth-1. Oliver disguises himself as Dark Arrow to infiltrate the facility and discovers the Nazi doomsday device against parallel Earths is a militarized timeship called Wellenreiter. Barry and Ray battle the Freedom Fighters' Red Tornado to stop it from destroying the gateway while the rest of the team enters the facility to reactivate its portal, during which Stein is shot and gravely wounded. On Earth-1, Thawne prepares to perform surgery on Kara to save Overgirl. Felicity and Iris try to stop him, but are captured.\n\nThis episode continues a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8 and Arrow season 6 episode 8, and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8.\n\n\n78\n9\n\"Don't Run\"\nStefan Pleszczynski\nSam Chalsen & Judalina Neira\nDecember 5, 2017 (2017-12-05)\nT27.13409\n2.22[9]\n\n\nWhile out Christmas shopping, Barry is ambushed and kidnapped by DeVoe while Caitlin is kidnapped from Jitters by Amunet. Iris claims they have to look for both of them, despite Wells' claim that they have insufficient time and resources and that they can only afford to search for one. Barry is held in DeVoe's lair. Caitlin is forced by Amunet to perform surgery on a metahuman named Dominic Lanse, who can read minds. They try to escape, but Amunet blocks their exit. Caitlin manages to briefly incapacitate Amunet, and she and Dominic flee the building they are being held in. Once outside, they are rescued by Cisco and Ralph, as Iris has chosen to focus on finding Caitlin. Barry manages to escape from DeVoe. Team Flash celebrates Christmas at the West house and Dominic joins them. Barry gets a security alert from his apartment. When he arrives, he receives a phone call from Dominic, who reveals that Amunet re-kidnapped Dominic and DeVoe has transferred his consciousness into Dominic's body. Barry discovers DeVoe's original body dead on his apartment floor and he realizes DeVoe has framed him for his \"murder\"; the police arrive, and Barry lets himself get arrested, not wanting to leave Iris again.\n\n\n79\n10\n\"The Trial of The Flash\"\nPhilip Chipera\nLauren Certo & Kristen Kim\nJanuary 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)\nT27.13410\n2.51[10]\n\n\nBarry stands trial for the murder of Clifford DeVoe, with Cecile representing him. Cisco and Joe have to leave during the trial for a meta investigation, in which a meta caused people to collapse. Singh reveals to Joe he is appearing as a witness for the prosecution against Barry. The meta is eventually discovered as Neil Borman, who is a meta who produces radiation, which is causing the illness and collapsing. Barry takes him on, but is ill equipped to deal with the situation. Cisco and Killer Frost travel to the scene where Caitlin tries to freeze Borman, who quickly defrosts and incapacitates Caitlin. Barry creates a vacuum seal around Borman to contain the radiation, with Cisco transporting the radiation to the dead Earth-15, draining the meta and defeating him. Barry is eventually found guilty by the jury and is sentenced to life in prison.\n\n\n80\n11\n\"The Elongated Knight Rises\"\nAlexandra La Roche\nSterling Gates & Thomas Pound\nJanuary 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)\nT27.13411\n2.12[11]\n\n\nBarry uses his speed to secretly help the guards contain the other inmates during a prison riot. He also befriends Dave Ratchet, his father's former cellmate. The next day, Barry meets Axel Walker who was later broken out of prison by his mother Zoey Clark, his father's one-time partner Prank. Axel challenges Ralph by threatening to cause chaos in the city. Ralph attempts to stop him but is wounded by Axel and is evacuated by Cisco. Ralph sneaks into the prison to talk to Barry about how scared he is. Barry reassures him that being a hero isn't about not being scared, but about having the ability to rise above your fear. Cisco and Caitlin go to rescue the hostages, but get captured by Axel and Zoey, who intend to kill them. Ralph arrives, and attempts to shield the two from an acid shower, until Wells manages to hack into the shower system to neutralize its acidity. Iris visits Barry in prison, where they reaffirm their love for each other. Ralph and Cisco go to get coffee, where they meet the excitable girl from the wedding. The girl writes in her journal, where she appears to be writing in the language Barry was using when he came out of the Speed Force.\n\n\n81\n12\n\"Honey, I Shrunk Team Flash\"\nChris Peppe\nSam Chalsen & Judalina Neira\nJanuary 30, 2018 (2018-01-30)\nT27.13412\n2.60[12]\n\n\nCecile develops telepathic abilities as a result of her pregnancy, combined with dormant dark matter in her cells, which Caitlin assures her should be temporary. In prison, Barry learns that Ratchet is innocent of a robbery-homicide that was actually committed by Sylbert Rundine fifteen years prior. Barry asks the team to look into the case. Rundine turns out to be a bus meta with the ability to shrink and enlarge objects, and he shrinks Cisco and Ralph while escaping. Harry's attempted cure backfires, and Caitlin determines that if they are not re-enlarged within a certain period of time, their bodies will explode. The team confronts Rundine at a warehouse, where Harry tricks him into re-enlarging Ralph and Cisco. Rundine is arrested, but refuses to confess to the earlier crime. Barry gathers that even if Ratchet went free, he would be as unhappy in the city as he is in prison; he wishes to live in a secluded Chinese village called Jiaju, but fears he will never get there. After Joe assures him that he will always do his best, Barry uses his speed to take Ratchet to Jiaju, where he can live out his dream. After discovering Barry is the Flash, the prison's warden, Gregory Wolfe, locks Barry in his private metahuman wing, intending to sell him to Amunet.\n\n\n82\n13\n\"True Colors\"\nTara Nicole Weyr\nJonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza\nFebruary 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)\nT27.13413\n2.28[13]\n\n\nWolfe plans to sell Barry and the imprisoned bus metas (Ramsey Deacon, Becky Sharpe, Mina Chaytan, and Sylbert Rundine) to Amunet, so they plan to escape. Cecile discovers Wolfe's plans after reading his mind. Ralph encounters a former colleague and his negative interaction with him prompts the discovery that he can shapeshift. His lack of mastery of the new ability prevents his attempt to foil Amunet's deal with Wolfe. Barry helps the metas escape the power dampeners, but they are cornered by Wolfe and Amunet. DeVoe arrives and again uses his chair to extract the metas' abilities, before transferring his mind into Sharpe's body. He then crushes Wolfe's skull as Marlize looks on in horror; Amunet flees. Ralph uses his shapeshifting ability to appear as the original DeVoe at Barry's appeal, claiming that he was unconscious at Barry's loft but not dead, which clears Barry's name. Team Flash realizes that DeVoe is only stealing powers from metahumans who were on the bus when the dark matter wave was unleashed, which means he will likely target Ralph as well. Back at the DeVoes' house, their marriage continues to deteriorate, and DeVoe drugs his wife with the Weeper's tears to maintain her devotion towards him.\n\n\n83\n14\n\"Subject 9\"\nRalph Hemecker\nMike Alber & Gabe Snyder\nFebruary 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)\nTBA\n2.12[14]\n\n\nBarry is let go from CCPD, due to his connection with the DeVoe case. The team encounter another bus Metahuman, named Izzy (the Fiddler), with sound wave abilities, amplified by her violin. She manages to use her abilities when DeVoe (inside Sharpe's body) comes to claim her. Barry and Ralph help to train Izzy to refine her abilities, which proves difficult when she gets hurt. Eventually DeVoe shows up once again, using Dominic's and Becky's abilities to make Barry experience a brain aneurysm, while using his original abilities to incapacitate Ralph. DeVoe then once again uses the chair to transfer his mind into Izzy's body and escapes. Both Ralph and Barry comforts each other's losses: Barry being let go from the police force and Ralph losing Izzy to DeVoe. These's losses enforce both Barry's and Ralph's determination to bring Devoe down and save the 3 remaining metas.\n\n\n84\n15\n\"Enter Flashtime\"[15]\nGregory Smith\nTodd Helbing & Sterling Gates\nMarch 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)\nTBA\nTBD\n\n\n85\n16\n\"Run, Iris, Run\"[16]\nHarry Jierjian\nEric Wallace\nMarch 13, 2018 (2018-03-13)\nTBA\nTBD\n\n\n86\n17\nTBA\nKevin Smith[17]\nLauren Certo & Kristen Kim[17]\nTBA\nTBA\nTBD\n\n\n87\n18\nTBA\nHanelle Culpepper[18]\nJonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza[18]\nTBA\nTBA\nTBD\n\n" ]	[ "January 23, 2018" ]
3617131051454320118	Red River Expedition (1806)	Red River expedition ( 1806 ) - wikipedia Red River expedition ( 1806 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Red River Expedition , also known as the Freeman - Custis Expedition , Freeman Red River Expedition , Sparks Expedition , or officially as the Exploring Expedition of Red River in 1806 , was one of the first civilian scientific expeditions to explore the Southwestern United States . It was ordered to find the headwaters of the Red River ( Red River of the South ) from the Mississippi River as a possible trading route to Santa Fe , then under Spanish colonial control in New Mexico ; to contact Native American peoples for trading purposes ; to collect data on flora , fauna , and topography , and map the country and river ; and to assess the land for settlement . The Spanish officials intercepted the expedition 615 miles upriver , in what is now northeastern Texas , and turned it back before the party achieved all of its goals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Planning 2 Expedition 3 Results 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Planning ( edit ) Third American President Thomas Jefferson ranked the Red River Expedition second in importance only to the Lewis and Clark Expedition to reach the Pacific Ocean through the Northwest . The Red River stretches west from its confluence with the Mississippi River across what is now the state of Louisiana and part of south - western Arkansas . Further west , the river forms the present - day southern border of Oklahoma where it meets Texas , and is now known to originate in the Texas Panhandle . After acquiring the lands of the Louisiana Purchase in 1804 , Jefferson commissioned military groups to explore the unfamiliar territory and to collect scientific data about flora and fauna , topography , and ethnography of the many Native American peoples . By sending a group of explorers up the Red River , Jefferson wanted to verify reports that the river could provide a water route to Santa Fe in New Mexico ( then part of New Spain ) . Other goals were to build trade and political relationships with the various tribes of American Indians , and to locate the Louisiana Purchase 's southwestern and western borders with New Spain . In 1805 and early 1806 , the President began to appoint leaders for the expedition . For the scientists , he chose the astronomer / surveyor Thomas Freeman , ( who had recently been with Andrew Ellicott on his survey of the southern boundary of the United States ) and Peter Custis ( the first academically trained naturalist to accompany an expedition , he was still a medical student in Philadelphia . He served as the group 's botanist and ethnographer ) . Captain Richard Sparks was chosen to lead the military troops . As the departure date of the expedition grew closer , more soldiers were recruited until the group numbered twenty - four in all . President Jefferson persuaded Congress to fund the effort . He worked with foreign diplomats in Washington to convince them that the exploration was for scientific purposes and would not threaten their interests . Both Britain and France accepted the proposal , but Spain objected , as it also still claimed the lands to be explored which it had just been forced to turn the Louisiana territories over briefly to the French Emperor Napoleon I who had suddenly unexpectedly turned and sold the vast interior continental lands to the Americans the year before . It did not want an armed military expedition within or near its remaining territory . Expedition ( edit ) Map of the 1806 Red River Expedition 's route . Published by Nich . King , 1806 . On April 19 , 1806 the now 24 - member party ( Freeman and his two assistants ; Sparks , who commanded the military party , with two officers , seventeen privates , and a servant ) pushed off in two flat - bottomed barges and a pirogue from Fort Adams near Natchez , Mississippi , and turned into the Red River to go upstream to the west . The group gradually took on soldiers along the route , in response to rumors of a possible attack by Spanish troops , and soon numbered forty - five . By July 28 , the party was 615 miles upriver , near what is now New Boston , Texas , when they heard gunfire in the distance indicating the presence of Spanish troops . `` Hoping to provoke an international confrontation for personal gain , '' the US General James Wilkinson of the Louisiana Territory had secretly notified Spain of the Freeman expedition ( he had had separate dealings with them earlier ) , and they sent two teams of soldiers to intercept the party . The Freeman party was stopped at what has since been called `` Spanish Bluff '' on the river . The Spanish commander and Freeman undertook a parlay . The Spanish said they were ordered to fire on any foreign armed troops passing through Spanish territory . In response , Freeman demanded the Spanish provide their objections to the team 's passage in writing and name the authority under which they were taking action . The Spanish commander asked when they were going to start on their return journey . Freeman 's crew was highly outnumbered , and the president had ordered the expedition to avoid any conflict with the Spanish . The expedition turned back on the next day , and returned downriver to its starting point . The abrupt end of the expedition , and the political embarrassment it caused the Jefferson administration , overshadowed its findings . Over time , it proved to be a success in some aspects . Coupled with Dunbar and Hunter 's expedition in lowland Louisiana , the Red River party demonstrated that exploration of this area was possible ; in addition , the scientists reported that the land could support a large population . The border debacle , as it was perceived at the time , received much attention . But , official comments were not taken concerning these events , and a single printed pamphlet was initially the only material published about the journey . Custis ' pioneering work in naturalism was not superseded until much later expeditions , but his discoveries became obscured by the more dramatic quantity of material collected by the Lewis and Clark Expedition . ( Jefferson commissioned the Pike expedition through Wilkinson , which was also to seek the headwaters of the Red River , as well as exploring the West of the Louisiana Territory along the Arkansas River . Departing from St. Louis in July 1806 , the expedition recorded the discovery in November of what became called Pikes Peak in present - day Colorado . Much of the party , led by Captain Zebulon Pike , Jr. , were captured in February 1807 by the Spanish after having made mistakes in navigation and being forced to winter in New Mexico . Spain protested officially to the US about the military expedition within its territory but , as the nations were not at war , its troops escorted Pike and most of his men to the Louisiana border and released them later that year . ) Results ( edit ) In present - day Louisiana and Arkansas , the expedition established positive relations with the Caddo and Alabama - Quassarte ( Coushatta ) villages on the river . Freeman and Custis recorded valuable information about the peoples and ecology of the area . In part because of the diplomatic furor aroused by its interception of the expedition , Spain changed its strategy and opened the Red River country to American traders . Given the limited duration of the expedition , the scientists gathered little material compared to the major discoveries of Lewis and Clark . But , Freeman 's journal and Custis ' pioneering natural history report had valuable information about the American Indian peoples and other aspects of the Red River country . Custis ' work was published two decades before the expeditions of Thomas Nutall , Edwin James and Thomas Say but it was overlooked for some time . An American explorer , Randolph B. Marcy , finally located the headwaters of the Red River in 1852 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Red River Expedition '' , Handbook of Texas Online , , accessed 8 February 2007 Jump up ^ Isaac Joslin Cox , `` The Freeman Red River Expedition , '' Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , Vol. 92 , No. 2 , Studies of Historical Documents in the Library of the American Philosophical Society . ( May 1948 ) , 115 - 119 Jump up ^ Cox , `` The Freeman Red River Expedition '' , 116 Jump up ^ Cox , Freeman Red River , p. 116 . Note : He wrote the party had 24 members . ^ Jump up to : Cox , Freeman Red River , p. 118 ^ Jump up to : Flores , Dan L. , `` The Ecology of the Red River in 1806 : Peter Custis and Early Southwestern Natural History '' , Southwestern Historical Quarterly 88 ( July 1984 ) , accessed 13 June 2011 Further reading ( edit ) Flores , Dan L. , ed . Jefferson & Southwestern Exploration : The Freeman & Custis Accounts of the Red River Expedition of 1806 Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1748 - 6 Flores , Dan L. `` Spanish Bluff '' . Texas Handbook Online , s.v. ( accessed January 1 , 2007 ) Harbour , Emma Estill . `` A Brief History of the Red River Country Since 1803 '' , Oklahoma Chronicles 16 : 1 ( March 1938 ) 58 - 88 , Oklahoma State Library , ( accessed December 24 , 2006 ) External links ( edit ) Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Freeman - Custis Expedition ( hide ) Thomas Jefferson 3rd President of the United States ( 1801 -- 1809 ) 2nd U.S. Vice President ( 1797 -- 1801 ) 1st U.S. Secretary of State ( 1790 -- 1793 ) U.S. Minister to France ( 1785 -- 1789 ) 2nd Governor of Virginia ( 1779 -- 1781 ) Delegate , Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding documents of the United States A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Initial draft , Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( 1775 ) 1776 Declaration of Independence Committee of Five authored physical history `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty , and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' 1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom freedom of religion French Revolution Co-author , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) Presidency Inaugural Address ( 1801 1805 ) Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Corps of Discovery timeline Empire of Liberty Red River Expedition Pike Expedition Cumberland Road Embargo Act of 1807 Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 First Barbary War Native American policy Marbury v. Madison West Point Military Academy State of the Union Addresses ( texts 1801 1802 1805 ) Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Other noted accomplishments Early life and career Founder , University of Virginia history Land Ordinance of 1784 Northwest Ordinance 1787 Anti-Administration party Democratic - Republican Party Jeffersonian democracy First Party System republicanism Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measure of the United States ( 1790 ) Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions A Manual of Parliamentary Practice ( 1801 ) Jeffersonian architecture Barboursville Farmington Monticello gardens Poplar Forest University of Virginia The Rotunda The Lawn Virginia State Capitol White House Colonnades Other writings Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1785 ) 1787 European journey memorandums Indian removal letters Jefferson Bible ( 1895 ) Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Member , Virginia Committee of Correspondence Committee of the States Founding Fathers of the United States Franco - American alliance Jefferson and education Religious views Jefferson and slavery Jefferson and the Library of Congress Jefferson disk Jefferson Pier Pet mockingbird National Gazette Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Sally Hemings Jefferson -- Hemings controversy Betty Hemings Separation of church and state Swivel chair The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Elections United States Presidential election 1796 1800 1804 Legacy Bibliography Jefferson Memorial Mount Rushmore Birthday Thomas Jefferson Building Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression Jefferson Lecture Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service Jefferson Lab Monticello Association Jefferson City , Missouri Jefferson College Thomas Jefferson School of Law Thomas Jefferson University Washington and Jefferson National Forests Other placenames Currency depictions Jefferson nickel Two - dollar bill U.S. postage stamps Popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Jefferson in Paris ( 1995 film ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1997 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Jefferson 's Garden ( 2015 play ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy Wine bottles controversy Family Peter Jefferson ( father ) Jane Randolph Jefferson ( mother ) Lucy Jefferson Lewis ( sister ) Randolph Jefferson ( brother ) Isham Randolph ( grandfather ) William Randolph ( great - grandfather ) Martha Jefferson ( wife ) Martha Jefferson Randolph ( daughter ) Mary Jefferson Eppes ( daughter ) Harriet Hemings ( daughter ) Madison Hemings ( son ) Eston Hemings ( son ) Thomas J. Randolph ( grandson ) Francis Eppes ( grandson ) George W. Randolph ( grandson ) John Wayles Jefferson ( grandson ) Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. ( son - in - law ) John Wayles Eppes ( son - in - law ) John Wayles ( father - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( brother - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( nephew ) ← John Adams James Madison → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Expedition_(1806)&oldid=799903102 '' Categories : History of the American West Pre-statehood history of Texas Pre-statehood history of Oklahoma North American expeditions Expeditions from the United States Red River of the South Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 14 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who led an expedition to the edge of oklahoma	[ "In 1805 and early 1806, the President began to appoint leaders for the expedition. For the scientists, he chose the astronomer/surveyor Thomas Freeman, (who had recently been with Andrew Ellicott on his survey of the southern boundary of the United States) and Peter Custis (the first academically trained naturalist to accompany an expedition, he was still a medical student in Philadelphia.[1] He served as the group’s botanist and ethnographer). Captain Richard Sparks was chosen to lead the military troops.[2] As the departure date of the expedition grew closer, more soldiers were recruited until the group numbered twenty-four in all." ]	[ "Richard Sparks" ]
-3861520725137034974	Timeline of The Walt Disney Company	Timeline of the Walt Disney company - wikipedia Timeline of the Walt Disney company hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a timeline of The Walt Disney Company , listing notable business events for the organization . Contents 1 1923 -- 1966 2 1967 -- 1983 3 1984 -- 2004 4 2005 -- present 5 References 1923 -- 1966 ( edit ) The Walt Disney Company was founded in 1923 , and found much success under Walt Disney 's leadership through his death in 1966 . Year Notable Business Events Notable Theatrical Releases Notable Theme Park / destination Openings Other Premieres 1923 Walt Disney signed a contract with M.J. Winkler to produce a series of Alice Comedies , beginning the Disney company under its original name `` Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio '' , with brothers Walt and Roy Disney , as equal partners . First Alice 's comedy , Alice 's Wonderland , was released 1926 `` Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio '' changes name to `` The Walt Disney Studio '' shortly after moving into the new studio on Hyperion Avenue in the Silver Lake district . 1927 Oswald the Lucky Rabbit debuts . 1928 Walt loses the Oswald 's series contract . Walt and Roy come up with Mickey and Minnie Mouse . Mickey Mouse debuts in Plane Crazy Steamboat Willie ( the first synchronized sound cartoon ) 1929 On December 16 , `` The Walt Disney Studio '' is replaced by `` Walt Disney Productions , Ltd '' . Three other companies , `` Walt Disney Enterprises '' , `` Disney Film Recording Company '' , and `` Liled Realty and Investment Company '' , are also formed . The Skeleton Dance ( the first Silly Symphonies cartoon ) 1930 Distribution moved to Columbia Pictures The Mickey Mouse comic strips by Floyd Gottfredson 1931 1932 Distribution moved from Columbia Pictures to United Artists Flowers and Trees ( the first Technicolor cartoon and first animated short to win the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film of 1932 ) Mickey 's Revue ( which features the premiere of Goofy , originally called `` Dippy Dawg '' ) 1933 Three Little Pigs ( winner of Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film of 1933 ) 1934 The Wise Little Hen ( which features the premiere of Donald Duck ) The Tortoise and the Hare ( Winner of Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film of 1934 ) 1936 Distribution moved from United Artists to RKO Radio Pictures . 1937 Walt Disney 's first feature film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 1938 On September 29 , `` Walt Disney Enterprises '' , `` Disney Film Recording Company '' , and `` Liled Realty and Investment Company '' and `` Walt Disney Productions , Ltd . '' are merged to form `` Walt Disney Productions '' . 1940 Studio moves to Burbank , California Company goes public Pinocchio Fantasia 1941 A bitter animators ' strike occurs The studio begins making morale - boosting propaganda films for the United States during World War II Dumbo 1942 Bambi Donald Duck comics by Carl Barks 1943 Saludos Amigos 1944 The company is short on money ; a theatrical re-release of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs generates much - needed revenue and begins a reissue pattern for the animated feature films . 1945 The Three Caballeros ( The first live action / cartoons Disney film ) 1946 Make Mine Music Song of the South 1947 Fun and Fancy Free 1948 The True - Life Adventures nature film series begins ; it lasts until 1960 . Melody Time Seal Island 1949 The studio begins production on its first all - live action feature , Treasure Island The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad licensed Ice Capades Disney segment 1950 Cinderella Treasure Island ( Disney 's first live - action film ) 1951 Alice in Wonderland 1952 Uncle Scrooge comics by Carl Barks 1953 `` WED Enterprises '' is formed to control the rights to `` Disney '' and hold the Disneyland design team . It will later own and operate several attractions inside Disneyland , including the Disneyland Monorail System and the Disneyland Railroad . Disney makes the Disneyland programming deal with American Broadcasting - Paramount Theatres to fund Disneyland . Other Disneyland investors were Walt Disney / WED and Western Publishing Peter Pan 1954 The studio ends its distribution deal with RKO Radio Pictures and founds Buena Vista Film Distribution Company , Inc. to distribute its feature films . 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea Disneyland anthology TV series on ABC ( First Disney TV program & Disneyland funding program ) 1955 Lady and the Tramp Disneyland opens in Anaheim , California . The Mickey Mouse Club ( ABC - TV ) Magic Kingdom ( ABC Radio ) 1957 Old Yeller Zorro ( ABC ) 1959 Sleeping Beauty The Shaggy Dog Darby O'Gill and the Little People 1960 Pollyanna Swiss Family Robinson 1961 The studio purchases the film and merchandise rights to A.A. Milne 's Winnie - the - Pooh books , which are a huge source of revenue ( as well as litigation issues ) to this day . One Hundred and One Dalmatians The Absent - Minded Professor The Parent Trap 1963 The Sword in the Stone Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room opens at Disneyland . This is the first attraction to feature audio - animatronics . 1964 Mary Poppins ( the first Disney film to receive a Best Picture Academy Award nomination ) 1965 Disney News begins publication 1966 September : Walt Disney is diagnosed with lung cancer ; died on December 15 . Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree 1967 -- 1983 ( edit ) After Walt Disney 's death in 1966 , the company began a slow decline with no clear direction , which culminated in an unsuccessful greenmail attempt to buy the company from current shareholders . Year Notable Business Events Notable Theatrical Releases Notable Theme Park / destination Openings Other Premieres 1967 Construction begins on Walt Disney World Resort near Orlando , Florida ; the underlying governmental structure , called the Reedy Creek Improvement District , is signed into law . The Jungle Book Pirates of the Caribbean opens at Disneyland 1968 Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day The Love Bug 1969 The Haunted Mansion opens at Disneyland 1970 The Aristocats The Mouse Factory 1971 Roy Oliver Disney dies ; Donn Tatum becomes chairman and Card Walker becomes president Eastern Airlines is branded as `` The Official Airline of Walt Disney World '' Bedknobs and Broomsticks The Walt Disney World Resort opens 1972 1973 Robin Hood Schoolhouse Rock Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too Escape to Witch Mountain 1976 Freaky Friday The Muppet Show 1977 Walt 's nephew Roy E. Disney , resigns from the company citing a decline in overall product quality and issues with manager . The Rescuers Pete 's Dragon The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh 1978 Return from Witch Mountain 1979 Don Bluth and 12 fellow animators leave Disney to found their own studio . The Black Hole ( the first PG - rated Disney film , reversing a G - only policy that began with the 1968 introduction of the MPAA ratings system ) 1980 1981 Plans for a cable network are announced . The first Walt Disney 's World on Ice show , produced by Feld Entertainment under license by Walt Disney Productions , tours the United States . The Fox and the Hound Dumbo is the first animated Disney home video release 1982 The Coca - Cola Company has an unsuccessful buyout attempt for Disney . Walt 's son - in - law Ron W. Miller succeeds Card Walker as CEO . Tron ( Would belatedly be hailed as a bold pioneering work with Computer Generated Imagery ) Experimental Prototype Community Of Tomorrow ( EPCOT ) Center opens at Walt Disney World Resort Disney Channel begins , while the anthology series ends . The live action studio is renamed `` Walt Disney Pictures '' . Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore Mickey 's Christmas Carol , accompanied by a reissue of The Rescuers . Tokyo Disneyland opens in Japan Good Morning , Mickey ! Welcome to Pooh Corner 1984 -- 2004 ( edit ) Michael Eisner is hired from Paramount to be the new CEO , along with Frank Wells as president . They bring leadership vision and place an emphasis on theme park expansion and improving the quality of film and television work . Year Notable Business Events Notable Theatrical Releases Notable Theme Park / destination Openings Other Premieres 1984 The Touchstone Films label is created to produce films aimed towards more mature audiences . The studio narrowly escapes a buyout attempt by Saul Steinberg . In its aftermath , Roy Edward Disney and his business partner , Stanley Gold , remove Ron W. Miller as CEO and president , replacing him with Michael Eisner and Frank Wells . The Walt Disney Classics video collection debuts . Splash ( first ever Touchstone film is released on the 9th of March 1984 ) Tiger Town Country 1985 In a reversal of a three - decade studio policy , the studio begins making cartoons for television beginning with Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears and The Wuzzles . Touchstone Television ( producer of The Golden Girls , Home Improvement and Boy Meets World ) is founded The home video release of Pinocchio becomes a best - seller . Clarence Nash , the voice of Donald Duck for over 50 years , dies ; he is succeeded by Tony Anselmo . The animation studio is renamed `` Walt Disney Feature Animation '' . The Black Cauldron ( the first PG - rated Disney animated film ) Return to Oz Baby : Secret of the Lost Legend The Journey of Natty Gann My Science Project Mousercise Dumbo 's Circus Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears The Wuzzles 1986 February 2 : The anthology series is revived on ABC . February 6 : The company 's name is changed from `` Walt Disney Productions '' to `` The Walt Disney Company '' . Bankruptcy of Eastern Airlines forces Walt Disney World to re-designate Delta Air Lines as its official airline . Eastern - sponsored `` If You Had Wings '' in the Magic Kingdom is later revamped and renamed `` Delta Dreamflight '' . Richard Rich leaves Disney to start his own studio . The distribution company 's name is changed from `` Buena Vista Distribution Company '' to `` Buena Vista Pictures Distribution '' . Disney teamed up with Studio Ghibli to distribute anime films internationally . Down and Out in Beverly Hills ( The company 's first R - rated film , released under Touchstone Pictures ) The Great Mouse Detective The Color of Money Ruthless People First Disney Store opens in Glendale , California . The company and the French government sign an agreement for the creation of the first Disney Resort in Europe : the Euro Disney project starts . The company opens up a Hall of Fame called Disney Legends with Fred MacMurray as the first induction . Touchstone Films is renamed `` Touchstone Pictures '' . Ernest Goes to Camp Good Morning , Vietnam Three Men and a Baby DuckTales Uncle Scrooge and Donald Duck comics by Don Rosa `` Walt Disney Computer Software '' founded as a video game division of The Walt Disney Company . Who Framed Roger Rabbit Oliver & Company Beaches Shoot to Kill Cocktail The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh Mickey 's 60th Birthday Disney and Jim Henson discuss the possible acquisition of Jim Henson Productions , including The Muppets . The Little Mermaid Honey , I Shrunk the Kids Dead Poets Society Disorganized Crime Turner & Hooch Disney - MGM Studios opens at Walt Disney World . Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers Jim Henson 's death extinguishes the deal to buy his holdings . The anthology series is canceled for the second time . The Disney Afternoon television syndication block debuts . `` Hollywood Pictures '' is created to produce films aimed towards more mature adult audiences . Disney Adventures magazine begins publication . The Rescuers Down Under Green Card Pretty Woman Dick Tracy Arachnophobia The first film by Hollywood Pictures DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp , first full - length film produced by the Walt Disney Television Animation studio . TaleSpin The Muppets at Walt Disney World 1991 December 20 : The first Disney Vacation Club Resorts opened at Walt Disney World . Beauty and the Beast , ( the first animated film to ever be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture ) The Rocketeer Wild Hearts Ca n't Be Broken Father of the Bride White Fang Darkwing Duck Dinosaurs The company is granted permission for a National Hockey League expansion franchise . The team is named the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim to coincide with the release of The Mighty Ducks . Disney Family Fun Magazine Begins Publication . The Mighty Ducks Aladdin Sister Act Newsies The Hand that Rocks the Cradle Euro Disney Resort opens outside Paris . Goof Troop Adventures in Wonderland ( quality of the theatrical releases ) The Little Mermaid ( TV series ) Raw Toonage Disney acquires independent film distributor Miramax Films . Winnie - the - Pooh merchandise outsells Mickey Mouse merchandise for the first time . The Anaheim Mighty Ducks play their first game at the Anaheim Arena , a brand - new arena located just three miles ( 5 km ) east of Disneyland . Homeward Bound : The Incredible Journey Cool Runnings Hocus Pocus The Nightmare Before Christmas What 's Love Got to Do with It A Far Off Place Bonkers Marsupilami Boy Meets World Bill Nye the Science Guy Frank Wells is killed in a helicopter crash . Beauty and the Beast opens on Broadway . Jeffrey Katzenberg resigns to co-found his own studio , DreamWorks SKG . Plans for Disney 's America , a historical theme park in Haymarket , Virginia , are abruptly dropped . Euro Disneyland is renamed Disneyland Paris . The Classics is superseded replaced with the Masterpiece Collection . Disney News changes its name to Disney Magazine . The Lion King The Santa Clause The Jungle Book ( 1994 ) Angels in the Outfield Blank Check Quiz Show Ed Wood Aladdin ( TV series ) Gargoyles 1995 In October , the company hires Hollywood super agent Michael Ovitz to be president . On October 1 , Disney Channel ( UK and Ireland ) launches at 6 : 30pm DIC Entertainment became part of The Walt Disney Company after the acquirement of Capital Cities / ABC . Pocahontas Crimson Tide Man of the House A Goofy Movie Toy Story Runaway Brain The Shnookums and Meat Funny Cartoon Show Timon & Pumbaa The company takes on the name of `` Disney Enterprises , Inc . '' and acquires the Capital Cities / ABC group renaming it ABC , Inc. , both as subsidiaries under a new parent company named `` The Walt Disney Company '' Disney acquires Jumbo Pictures , producer of the Nickelodeon animated series Doug . To celebrate the pairing , ABC 's first Super Soap Weekend is held at Walt Disney World . Disney makes deal with Tokuma Shoten for dubbing and releasing of Studio Ghibli films in the U.S. In December , Michael Ovitz , president of the company , leaves `` by mutual consent '' . The Hunchback of Notre Dame The Rock James and the Giant Peach Ransom 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) Quack Pack Mighty Ducks ( TV series ) Doug Flash Forward Jungle Cubs September 28 : The anthology series is revived for a third time . The home video division releases its first DVDs . Disney takes control of the Major League Baseball franchise the California Angels of the American League , renaming the team the Anaheim Angels in order to coincide with Disney 's hockey team the Mighty Ducks and to draw more tourism to Anaheim and nearby Disneyland . The Lion King ( musical ) opens on Broadway . Hercules Flubber Air Bud Con Air George of the Jungle Recess 101 Dalmatians : The Series Pepper Ann Bear in the Big Blue House 1998 Disney and the Hong Kong Government announced a new resort in Hong Kong . Disney Cruise Line sets sail with its first ship . Toon Disney begins . Six Days , Seven Nights Mulan Armageddon A Bug 's Life Mighty Joe Young The Parent Trap Disney 's Animal Kingdom opens . Disney Magic launched . PB&J Otter Hercules ( 1998 TV series ) The Famous Jett Jackson Bug Juice Out of the Box Rolie Polie Olie 1999 Tarzan Inspector Gadget Toy Story 2 Fantasia 2000 The Sixth Sense The Insider Disney Cruise Line ship Disney Wonder sets sail . The Weekenders Mickey Mouse Works 2000 Robert Iger becomes president . Disney - owned TV channels including , owned - and - operated ABC stations , are pulled from Time Warner Cable briefly during a dispute over carriage fees . Disney begins its Gold Classic Collection DVD line . Disney shuts down Jumbo Pictures Disney sold DiC Entertainment to Andy Heyward , the then - CEO of DiC Entertainment . Dinosaur Remember the Titans The Emperor 's New Groove 102 Dalmatians Unbreakable The Tigger Movie Even Stevens Teacher 's Pet Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Disney buys Fox Family Network including Saban Entertainment , owner of entertainment juggernaut Power Rangers , for $3 billion in July , giving Disney programming and cable network reaching 81 million homes . Disney changes Fox Family Network to ABC Family . Fort Worth billionaire Sid Bass is forced to sell his Disney holdings due to a margin call caused partially by the stock market fall that followed the 9 / 11 attacks . Disney begins its Platinum Edition DVD line with Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , as well as the Walt Disney Treasures DVD box set line for the collector 's market . Atlantis : The Lost Empire Monsters , Inc . Pearl Harbor The Princess Diaries Recess : School 's Out Disney California Adventure Park opens on February 8 . Tokyo DisneySea opens on September 4 . Lizzie McGuire House of Mouse The Book of Pooh Lloyd in Space The Legend of Tarzan The Proud Family Stanley 2002 Miramax acquires the USA rights to the Pokémon movies starting with the fourth movie . Miramax also acquire the distribution rights of the first three Bionicle movies . Disney teams up with famous video game company Square ( later known as Square Enix ) to release their first ever role - playing game with various Disney characters , Kingdom Hearts . Disney releases Spirited Away in the United States , which goes on to be the first anime film to win an Oscar for Best Animated Film . Disney begins joint venture business with Sanrio for Sanrio 's greeting cards . Return to Never Land Lilo & Stitch Snow Dogs The Santa Clause 2 Tuck Everlasting Reign of Fire Signs Treasure Planet Walt Disney Studios Park opens . Teamo Supremo Kingdom Hearts Kim Possible Fillmore ! 2003 Roy E. Disney resigns as the chairman of Feature Animation and from the board of directors , citing similar reasons to those that drove him off 26 years earlier . Fellow director Stanley Gold resigns with him . They establish a group called `` Save Disney '' to apply public pressure to oust Michael Eisner . Talks to extend distribution agreement with Pixar break down , and Pixar announces plans to seek a new distribution partner . Disney sells the Angels to billboard magnate Arturo Moreno . Disney released their first ( non-Touchstone / non-Miramax / non-Dimension / non-Hollywood ) PG - 13 rated film under the regular Walt Disney Pictures label was Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl . Release of Toontown Online Finding Nemo Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Brother Bear Holes Freaky Friday That 's So Raven The Even Stevens Movie The Cheetah Girls Lilo & Stitch : The Series JoJo 's Circus Inspector Gadget 2 Bionicle : Mask of Light Power Rangers Ninja Storm Digimon Frontier Comcast makes an unsuccessful and hostile $54.1 - billion bid in stock for the company , plus the assumption of $11.9 billion in Disney debt , $66 billion in total . Eisner is replaced by George J. Mitchell as chairman of the board after a 43 % vote of no confidence . Disney turns down distributing controversial documentary film Fahrenheit 9 / 11 . On February 17 , Disney buys The Muppets , excluding the Sesame Street and Fraggle Rock characters , from The Jim Henson Company for $75 million . Disney renames overseas Fox Kids channel / blocks to Jetix , with it appearing as a children 's block on ABC Family and Toon Disney . Disney Store chain sold and licensed to The Children 's Place . Home on the Range Hidalgo King Arthur The Incredibles The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement National Treasure Dave the Barbarian Phil of the Future Brandy & Mr. Whiskers Higglytown Heroes Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories Power Rangers Dino Thunder 2005 -- present ( edit ) After becoming CEO , Robert Iger begins to rebuild the Disney brand by redirecting focus on core assets , such as feature animation and the theme parks . One early accomplishment was repairing the Disney - Pixar relationship , resulting in Disney 's purchase of Pixar for $7 billion . Year Notable Business Events Notable Theatrical Releases Notable Theme Park / destination Openings Other Premieres 2005 Disney signs the Cheetah Girls on as a recording act . Disney sells the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim to Henry Samueli of Broadcom , who changes the team name to Anaheim Ducks . On July 8 , Roy E. Disney rejoins the company as a consultant with the title of Director Emeritus . Disneyland celebrates its 50th anniversary on July 17 . Bob Iger replaces Eisner as CEO . Disney Magazine ceases publication . The Pacifier Chicken Little Sky High Herbie : Fully Loaded The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Hong Kong Disneyland opens . Power Rangers S.P.D. American Dragon : Jake Long The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Club Penguin The Buzz on Maggie Life Is Ruff Kingdom Hearts II Pokémon : Destiny Deoxys Bionicle 3 : Web of Shadows Charlie and Lola Little Einsteins The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz 2006 Disney 's most successful tour The Party 's Just Begun tour by The Cheetah Girls brings in USD $43 million . The tour was amongst the top 10 tours of 2006 coming in at number 3 . Disney acquires Pixar Animation Studios . Disney Cinemagic launched on 16 March 2006 in United Kingdom . Disney re-acquires the rights to Oswald the Lucky Rabbit from NBCUniversal , in exchange for ABC letting commentator Al Michaels work on NBC Sunday Night Football . Disney introduced its current logo in Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest . The Wild Cars Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause High School Musical The Emperor 's New School Yin Yang Yo ! Power Rangers Mystic Force Hannah Montana Mickey Mouse Clubhouse The Cheetah Girls 2 The Replacements Handy Manny Wondertime magazine 2007 Acquires New Horizon Interactive along with Club Penguin . ABC Radio Networks along with 22 non-Radio Disney and ESPN Radio affiliates are sold to Citadel Broadcasting . Disney Adventures magazine ceases publication . The company 's flagship animation studio is renamed from Walt Disney Feature Animation to `` Walt Disney Animation Studios '' . The company begins to drop the Buena Vista brand from its division ( e.g. Buena Vista Pictures Distribution is renamed `` Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures '' ) . Meet the Robinsons Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Ratatouille The Game Plan Enchanted National Treasure : Book of Secrets Cory in the House Power Rangers Operation Overdrive Bunnytown My Friends Tigger & Pooh Kingdom Hearts : Re : Chain of Memories Phineas and Ferb High School Musical 2 Wizards of Waverly Place Digimon Data Squad 2008 The anthology series is canceled for the third time . Disney Store chain is reacquired from The Children 's Place . The subscription Disney Family Movies service launches , which streams returns uncut Disney films and shorts to television viewers . Control of The Muppets franchise is transferred from Disney Consumer Products to the Walt Disney Studios . December 23 -- Disney declines the option on the next film in The Chronicles of Narnia series with Walden Media . The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian WALL - E Beverly Hills Chihuahua High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Bolt Bedtime Stories Camp Rock Power Rangers Jungle Fury The Cheetah Girls : One World Kingdom Hearts Coded Studio DC : Almost Live The Suite Life on Deck Imagination Movers Cars Toons : Mater 's Tall Tales The Little Mermaid opens on Broadway . 2009 Wayne Allwine , who had voiced Mickey Mouse starting with Mickey 's Christmas Carol , dies ; he is succeeded by Bret Iwan . Disney XD and DisneyXD.com are launched , replacing Toon Disney and Jetix . Disney announces the formation of D23 , an official fan community . Walt Disney Studios enters a distribution deal with DreamWorks Pictures , wherein upon DreamWorks ' films will be distributed through Touchstone Pictures . Wondertime magazine ceases publication . December 16 -- Director Emeritus Roy E. Disney dies of stomach cancer . December 31 -- Disney acquires Marvel Entertainment and its properties . Race to Witch Mountain Hannah Montana : The Movie Up Disney 's A Christmas Carol The Princess and the Frog Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie Kid vs. Kat Zeke and Luther I 'm in the Band Jimmy Two - Shoes Have a Laugh ! Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days Princess Protection Program Power Rangers RPM Sonny with a Chance Jonas L.A. Special Agent Oso Jungle Junction Disney twenty - three magazine begins publication . March 12 , 2010 -- Disney annonuces the closure of ImageMovers Digital for January 2011 . Disney sells the Power Rangers franchise to Saban Brands for USD $100 million . Disney lost the rights of Digimon in May 2010 . Disney sells Miramax Films to Filmyard Holdings for $660 million . Disney Channel ends one of its most successful television series , Hannah Montana . Alice in Wonderland Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time Toy Story 3 The Sorcerer 's Apprentice Tangled Tron : Legacy Good Luck Charlie Kick Buttowski : Suburban Daredevil The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Pair of Kings Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam Shake It Up Take Two with Phineas and Ferb Kingdom Hearts Re : coded Epic Mickey Fish Hooks The Octonauts 2011 Disney Wonder repositioned to the West Coast . Disney licenses global theme park rights to the Avatar franchise from James Cameron and Lightstorm Entertainment , and announces the first Avatar - themed project at Animal Kingdom in Walt Disney World . Playhouse Disney on Disney Channel rebrands as Disney Junior . Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Cars 2 Winnie the Pooh The Help Real Steel The Muppets War Horse The Disney Dream ship sets sail . Jake and the Never Land Pirates The Suite Life Movie Lemonade Mouth Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas Minnie 's Bow - Toons Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure Once Upon a Time Disney Universe Geek Charming Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Jessie So Random ! Kinect Disneyland Adventures Kickin ' It Fort Boyard : Ultimate Challenge A.N.T. Farm Austin & Ally 2012 March 23 : The anthology series is revived for a fourth time . Disney Channel ends Wizards of Waverly Place , now beating That 's So Raven as the longest running Disney Channel Original Series to date . Disney Junior launches its own spin - off channel , replacing SoapNet on some providers , but not on all providers . Rich Ross resigns as Chairman of The Walt Disney Studios , and is replaced by Alan F. Horn . Disney acquires Lucasfilm from George Lucas , including its Star Wars and Indiana Jones properties for approximately $4.06 billion . John Carter Marvel 's The Avengers Brave Frankenweenie Wreck - It Ralph Lincoln Disney California Adventure is re-dedicated . The Disney Fantasy ship sets sail Frenemies Radio Rebel Let It Shine Lab Rats Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two Gravity Falls Code : 9 Dog With a Blog Tron : Uprising Crash & Bernstein Randy Cunningham : 9th Grade Ninja Epic Mickey : Power of Illusion Doc McStuffins Sofia the First Ultimate Spider - Man ( TV series ) 2013 Disney Cinemagic replaced with Sky Movies Disney at 18 : 00 on 28 March 2013 in United Kingdom . Disney Interactive Studios shuts down development studio Junction Point Studios following the disappointing sales of Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two . Lucasfilm closes its video game division LucasArts . Frozen became the highest grossing animated feature , passing both The Lion King and Toy Story 3 Oz the Great and Powerful Iron Man 3 Monsters University The Lone Ranger Thor : The Dark World Frozen Saving Mr. Banks Mystic Point opened at Hong Kong Disneyland Disney Infinity Liv and Maddie Teen Beach Movie DuckTales : Remastered Mickey Mouse ( 2013 TV series ) Henry Hugglemonster Wander Over Yonder Avengers Assemble Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix The Wizards Return : Alex vs. Alex Mighty Med 2014 Frozen wins the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature at the 86th Academy Awards , becoming the first win in the category for Walt Disney Animation Studios . Big Hero 6 is the first Disney animated feature to use the in - credit text that it was created and produced at Walt Disney Animation Studios . Disney acquired Maker Studios for $500 million . Muppets Most Wanted Captain America : The Winter Soldier Maleficent Guardians of the Galaxy Big Hero 6 Into the Woods The 7D Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix Fantasia : Music Evolved I Did n't Do It Kirby Buckets Star Wars Rebels Win , Lose or Draw Girl Meets World Sheriff Callie 's Wild West Disney Magical World Disney Infinity : Marvel Super Heroes 2015 Big Hero 6 wins the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature at the 87th Academy Awards . Disney combines its Consumer Products and Interactive Media divisions into one unified segment , Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media . Marvel Studios is reorganized under the Walt Disney Studios . Cinderella Tomorrowland Avengers : Age of Ultron Inside Out The Good Dinosaur Ant - Man Bridge of Spies Star Wars : The Force Awakens Penn Zero : Part - Time Hero Star vs. the Forces of Evil K.C. Undercover Miles From Tomorrowland Best Friends Whenever Gamer 's Guide to Pretty Much Everything BUNK 'D Descendants We Love Disney Disney Infinity 3.0 Pickle and Peanut Guardians of the Galaxy The Muppets Gravity Falls : Legend of the Gnome Gemulets The Lion Guard Star Wars : Battlefront 2016 January 12 : ABC Family changes its name to Freeform . April 14 : Construction on a 14 - acre Star Wars - themed land begins at Disneyland and Disney 's Hollywood Studios . DreamWorks ends its film distribution deal with Disney . May 10 : Disney Interactive Studios exited from publishing its own games in order to focus on third - party development of video game adaptations of its franchises by other developers . Zootopia The Jungle Book Captain America : Civil War Finding Dory Doctor Strange Moana Rogue One : A Star Wars Story Shanghai Disneyland opens on June 16 Stuck in the Middle Elena of Avalor Adventures in Babysitting Lab Rats : Elite Force Disney Art Academy Kingdom Hearts χ Disney Magical World 2 Backstage ( 2016 TV series ) Bizaardvark Walk the Prank Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue Lego Star Wars : The Force Awakens Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures Future - Worm ! Milo Murphy 's Law Mech - X4 2017 Zootopia wins the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature at the 89th Academy Awards . Disney ends its deal with Netflix beginning in 2019 . Disney announces that it had exercised an option to increase its stake in BAMTech to 75 % , and would launch a subscription video - on - demand service featuring its entertainment content in 2019 , which will replace Netflix as the subscription VOD rightsholder of all Disney theatrical film releases . John Lasseter announces that he is taking a six - month leave of absence from the company , after acknowledging `` missteps '' in his behavior with employees . Media outlets report that Lasseter had a history of alleged sexual misconduct towards employees . Disney announces its acquisition of key assets and businesses of 21st Century Fox from Rupert Murdoch . Beauty and the Beast Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Cars 3 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Thor : Ragnarok Coco Star Wars : The Last Jedi Pandora -- The World of Avatar opens at Disney 's Animal Kingdom DuckTales Mickey and the Roadster Racers Big Hero 6 : The Series Tangled : The Series Puppy Dog Pals Andi Mack Cars 3 : Driven to Win Billy Dilley 's Super-Duper Subterranean Summer The Disney Afternoon Collection Raven 's Home Star Wars Battlefront II 2018 Disney announces that Lasseter would leave the company , and that Pete Docter and Jennifer Lee would assume the roles of chief creative officer for Pixar and Walt Disney Animation Studios , respectively . In June , Comcast announces a $65 billion all cash counter-offer to acquire the Fox assets that Disney was set to purchase . Disney counterbid with a $71.3 billion offer . Comcast drops offer in pursuit of Sky PLC and Disney is free to acquire 21 Century Fox and all of the assets . Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War Solo : A Star Wars Story Ant - Man and the Wasp Incredibles 2 Christopher Robin The Nutcracker and the Four Realms Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 Mary Poppins Returns Toy Story Land opens at Shanghai Disneyland and Disney 's Hollywood Studios Big City Greens Muppet Babies Fancy Nancy Kingdom Hearts III Lego The Incredibles Zombies Legend of the Three Caballeros Freaky Friday Footnotes Notable Theatrical Releases are films that were the first to use a particular technology ( sound , color , etc . ) , received major award nominations ( Academy Award , Golden Globe , etc . ) , or are otherwise historically significant to The Walt Disney Company . Not all films released by Disney appear in this list ; please see Lists of films released by Disney for a complete company listing . Theme Park / destination Openings indicate when Disney theme parks open . The opening of attractions and park name changes will not appear in this list . Other Premieres are the premiere dates for other notable Disney products , such as TV franchises ( The Cheetah Girls , Hannah Montana , The Jonas Brothers ) , consumer products , video games ( Kingdom Hearts ) , or home media premieres that were the first to use a particular technology . Other notability requirements include major award nominations ( Emmy Award , Grammy Award ) , or are otherwise historically significant to The Walt Disney Company . Not all Disney products , TV programs , video games , or home media releases appear in this list . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Company History '' . Corporate Information . The Walt Disney Company . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Korkis , Jim ( September 13 , 2005 ) . `` Wednesdays with Wade : 25 years of `` Disney on Ice '' `` . JimHillMedia . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Aberdeen , J.A. ( 2000 ) . `` Disneyland '' . Hollywood Renegades . Cobblestone Entertainment . ISBN 1 - 890110 - 24 - 8 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disneyland Tabs $2.29 Per Capita ; See Small Net First Yr '' . Billboard . January 28 , 1956 . p. 69 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 1955 '' ( PDF ) . University of Penn . American Broadcasting - Paramount Theatres , Inc . pp. 21 , 27 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Leonard , Devin ; Burke , Doris ( January 20 , 2003 ) . `` The Curse of Pooh '' . Fortune . Time , Inc . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pixar dumps Disney '' . CNN . 2004 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ New service is the first of its kind in family entertainment Retrieved December 19 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Now available On Demand : Disney Family Movies '' . Cox San Diego . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2011 . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( 18 September 2008 ) . `` Fuzzy Renaissance '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Disney jumps ship on next ' Narnia ' '' . Holywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2008 . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Disney launches Disney XD network , Web site Jump up ^ Marvel Shareholders OK Disney Acquisition , Marketwatch , December 31 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Disney Completes Marvel Acquisition '' . Marvel . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . Jump up ^ New York Times March 15 , 2010 Jump up ^ IGN July 30 , 2010 Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Disney Completes Acquisition Of Lucasfilm '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2013 . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . The Walt Disney Company Company timeline Criticism Proposed acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney Company officials Founders Walt Disney Roy Oliver Disney Executives Bob Iger ( CEO ) Alan N. Braverman ( SEVP / GC ) Christine McCarthy ( CFO ) Board of directors Susan E. Arnold Mary T. Barra Safra Catz John S. Chen Francis A. deSouza Bob Iger ( Chairman ) Maria Elena Lagomasino Fred H. Langhammer Aylwin B. Lewis Mark G. Parker Walt Disney Studios Walt Disney Animation Studios Walt Disney Pictures Distribution Touchstone Pictures Disney Music Group Disney Theatrical Group Disneynature Lucasfilm Marvel Studios Pixar Media Networks Disney -- ABC TV Group ABC Entertainment Group ABC TV Stations Disney Channels US ESPN ( 80 % ) A&E Networks ( 50 % ) Parks , Experiences and Consumer Products Parks and Resorts Walt Disney Imagineering Walt Disney World Resort Disneyland Resort Disneyland Paris Hong Kong Disneyland Resort Shanghai Disney Resort Signature Experiences Adventures by Disney Disney Cruise Line Disney Vacation Club Consumer Products and Interactive Media Licensing Disney Store Disney Publishing Worldwide Disney English Disney Online Games and Interactive Experiences Disney Mobile The Muppets Studio Direct - to - Consumer and International BAMTech ( 75 % ) Disney Digital Network Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Disney Channels Worldwide Disney Media Distribution ESPN+ Hulu ( 30 % ) Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment Movies Anywhere Streaming service International Argentina CIS France India UTV Software Communications Italy Latin America Germany Super RTL RTL II Other assets Retlaw Enterprises Buena Vista Tokyo Disney Resort Marvel Entertainment Reedy Creek Energy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_The_Walt_Disney_Company&oldid=854407697 '' Categories : The Walt Disney Company Business timelines Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from June 2016 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from June 2016 All articles that are excessively detailed Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 03 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the first disney film ever made	[ "\n\n\nYear\n\nNotable Business Events\n\nNotable Theatrical Releases\n\nNotable Theme Park/destination Openings\n\nOther Premieres\n\n\n1923\n\n\nWalt Disney signed a contract with M.J. Winkler to produce a series of Alice Comedies, beginning the Disney company under its original name \"Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio\", with brothers Walt and Roy Disney, as equal partners.[1]\n\n\nFirst Alice's comedy, Alice's Wonderland, was released\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1926\n\n\n\"Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio\" changes name to \"The Walt Disney Studio\" shortly after moving into the new studio on Hyperion Avenue in the Silver Lake district.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1927\n\n\n\n\nOswald the Lucky Rabbit debuts.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1928\n\n\nWalt loses the Oswald's series contract.\nWalt and Roy come up with Mickey and Minnie Mouse.\n\n\nMickey Mouse debuts in Plane Crazy\nSteamboat Willie (the first synchronized sound cartoon)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1929\n\n\nOn December 16, \"The Walt Disney Studio\" is replaced by \"Walt Disney Productions, Ltd\". Three other companies, \"Walt Disney Enterprises\", \"Disney Film Recording Company\", and \"Liled Realty and Investment Company\", are also formed.\n\n\nThe Skeleton Dance (the first Silly Symphonies cartoon)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1930\n\n\nDistribution moved to Columbia Pictures\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Mickey Mouse comic strips by Floyd Gottfredson\n\n\n1931\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1932\n\n\nDistribution moved from Columbia Pictures to United Artists\n\n\nFlowers and Trees (the first Technicolor cartoon and first animated short to win the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film of 1932)\nMickey's Revue (which features the premiere of Goofy, originally called \"Dippy Dawg\")\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1933\n\n\n\n\nThree Little Pigs (winner of Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film of 1933)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1934\n\n\n\n\nThe Wise Little Hen (which features the premiere of Donald Duck)\nThe Tortoise and the Hare (Winner of Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film of 1934)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1936\n\n\nDistribution moved from United Artists to RKO Radio Pictures.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1937\n\n\nWalt Disney's first feature film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released\n\n\nSnow White and the Seven Dwarfs\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1938\n\n\nOn September 29, \"Walt Disney Enterprises\", \"Disney Film Recording Company\", and \"Liled Realty and Investment Company\" and \"Walt Disney Productions, Ltd.\" are merged to form \"Walt Disney Productions\".\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1940\n\n\nStudio moves to Burbank, California\nCompany goes public\n\n\nPinocchio\nFantasia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1941\n\n\nA bitter animators' strike occurs\nThe studio begins making morale-boosting propaganda films for the United States during World War II\n\n\nDumbo\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1942\n\n\n\n\nBambi\n\n\n\n\nDonald Duck comics by Carl Barks\n\n\n1943\n\n\n\n\nSaludos Amigos\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1944\n\n\nThe company is short on money; a theatrical re-release of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs generates much-needed revenue and begins a reissue pattern for the animated feature films.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1945\n\n\n\n\nThe Three Caballeros (The first live action/cartoons Disney film)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1946\n\n\n\n\nMake Mine Music\nSong of the South\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1947\n\n\n\n\nFun and Fancy Free\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1948\n\n\nThe True-Life Adventures nature film series begins; it lasts until 1960.\n\n\nMelody Time\nSeal Island\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1949\n\n\nThe studio begins production on its first all-live action feature, Treasure Island\n\n\nThe Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad\n\n\nlicensed Ice Capades Disney segment[2]\n\n\n1950\n\n\n\n\nCinderella\nTreasure Island (Disney's first live-action film)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1951\n\n\n\n\nAlice in Wonderland\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1952\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUncle Scrooge comics by Carl Barks\n\n\n1953\n\n\n\"WED Enterprises\" is formed to control the rights to \"Disney\" and hold the Disneyland design team. It will later own and operate several attractions inside Disneyland, including the Disneyland Monorail System and the Disneyland Railroad.\nDisney makes the Disneyland programming deal with American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres to fund Disneyland.[3]\nOther Disneyland investors were Walt Disney/WED and Western Publishing[4]\n\n\nPeter Pan\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1954\n\n\nThe studio ends its distribution deal with RKO Radio Pictures and founds Buena Vista Film Distribution Company, Inc. to distribute its feature films.\n\n\n20,000 Leagues Under the Sea\n\n\n\n\nDisneyland anthology TV series on ABC (First Disney TV program & Disneyland funding program)\n\n\n1955\n\n\n\n\nLady and the Tramp\n\n\nDisneyland opens in Anaheim, California.\n\n\nThe Mickey Mouse Club (ABC-TV)\nMagic Kingdom (ABC Radio)[5]\n\n\n1957\n\n\n\n\nOld Yeller\n\n\n\n\nZorro (ABC)\n\n\n1959\n\n\n\n\nSleeping Beauty\nThe Shaggy Dog\nDarby O'Gill and the Little People\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1960\n\n\n\n\nPollyanna\nSwiss Family Robinson\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1961\n\n\nThe studio purchases the film and merchandise rights to A.A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh books, which are a huge source of revenue (as well as litigation issues) to this day.[6]\n\n\nOne Hundred and One Dalmatians\nThe Absent-Minded Professor\nThe Parent Trap\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1963\n\n\n\n\nThe Sword in the Stone\n\n\nWalt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room opens at Disneyland. This is the first attraction to feature audio-animatronics.\n\n\n\n\n1964\n\n\n\n\nMary Poppins (the first Disney film to receive a Best Picture Academy Award nomination)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1965\n\n\nDisney News begins publication\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1966\n\n\nSeptember: Walt Disney is diagnosed with lung cancer; died on December 15.\n\n\nWinnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree[6]\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Alice's Wonderland" ]
7327161794359058037	Manhattan	Manhattan - wikipedia Manhattan Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the New York City borough . For other uses , see Manhattan ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 40 ° 47 ′ 25 '' N 73 ° 57 ′ 35 '' W / 40.79028 ° N 73.95972 ° W / 40.79028 ; - 73.95972 Manhattan New York County Borough of New York City and County View from Midtown Manhattan , facing south toward Lower Manhattan Flag Etymology : Lenape : Manna - hata ( island of many hills ) Nickname ( s ) : The City Location of Manhattan , shown in red , in New York City Coordinates : 40 ° 43 ′ 42 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 39 '' W / 40.72833 ° N 73.99417 ° W / 40.72833 ; - 73.99417 Country United States State New York County New York ( Coterminous ) City New York City Settled 1624 Government Type Borough ( New York City ) Borough President Gale Brewer ( D ) -- ( Borough of Manhattan ) District Attorney Cyrus Vance Jr . ( D ) -- ( New York County ) Area Total 33.58 sq mi ( 87.0 km ) Land 22.83 sq mi ( 59.1 km ) Water 10.76 sq mi ( 27.9 km ) 32 % Population ( 2016 ) Total 1,643,734 Density 71,998.9 / sq mi ( 27,798.9 / km ) Demonym Manhattanite Time zone EST ( UTC − 05 : 00 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC − 04 : 00 ) ZIP code format 100xx , 101xx Area code 212 / 646 / 332 , 917 Website Manhattan Borough President Manhattan ( / mænˈhætən / , / mən - / ) is the most densely populated borough of New York City , its economic and administrative center , and its historical birthplace . Locally it is often referred to simply as The City . The borough is coextensive with New York County , founded on November 1 , 1683 , as one of the original counties of the U.S. state of New York . The borough consists mostly of Manhattan Island , bounded by the Hudson , East , and Harlem rivers ; several small adjacent islands ; and Marble Hill , a small neighborhood now on the U.S. mainland , physically connected to the Bronx and separated from the rest of Manhattan by the Harlem River . Manhattan is often described as the cultural , financial , media , and entertainment capital of the world , and the borough hosts the United Nations Headquarters . Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan , New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world , and Manhattan is home to the world 's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization : the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ . Many multinational media conglomerates are based in Manhattan , and the borough has been the setting for numerous books , films , and television shows . Manhattan is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders , which equals US $1050 today . Manhattan real estate has since become among the most expensive in the world , with the value of Manhattan Island , including real estate , estimated to exceed US $3 trillion in 2013 ; median residential property sale prices in Manhattan exceeded US $1,500 per square foot ( $16,000 / m ) as of 2017 , and Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commands the highest retail rents in the world , at US $3,000 per square foot ( $32,000 / m ) in 2017 . New York County is the United States ' second - smallest county by land area ( larger only than Kalawao County , Hawaii ) , and is also the most densely populated U.S. county . It is also one of the most densely populated areas in the world , with a census - estimated 2016 population of 1,643,734 living in a land area of 22.83 square miles ( 59.13 km ) , or 71,999 residents per square mile ( 27,799 / km ) , higher than the density of any individual U.S. city . On business days , the influx of commuters increases this number to over 3.9 million , or more than 170,000 people per square mile ( 65,600 / km ) . Manhattan has the third - largest population of New York City 's five boroughs , after Brooklyn and Queens , and is the smallest borough in terms of land area . Many districts and landmarks in Manhattan are well known , as New York City received a record 61 million tourists in 2016 , and Manhattan hosts three of the world 's 10 most - visited tourist attractions in 2013 : Times Square , Central Park , and Grand Central Terminal . The borough hosts many prominent bridges , such as the Brooklyn Bridge ; skyscrapers such as the Empire State Building ; and parks , such as Central Park . Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere , and the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village , part of the Stonewall National Monument , is considered the birthplace of the modern gay rights movement . The City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan , and the borough houses New York City Hall , the seat of the city 's government . Numerous colleges and universities are located in Manhattan , including Columbia University , New York University , Weill Cornell Medical College , and Rockefeller University , which have been ranked among the top 40 in the world . New York City 's five boroughs Jurisdiction Population Land area Density Borough County Estimate ( 2016 ) square miles square km persons / sq. mi persons / sq. km Manhattan New York 1,643,734 22.83 59.1 72,033 27,826 The Bronx Bronx 1,455,720 42 110 34,653 13,231 Brooklyn Kings 2,629,150 71 180 37,137 14,649 Queens Queens 2,333,054 109 280 21,460 8,354 Staten Island Richmond 476,015 58.5 152 8,112 3,132 City of New York 8,537,673 303.33 781.1 28,188 10,947 State of New York 19,745,289 47,214 122,284 416.4 159 Sources : see individual borough articles Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Colonial era 2.2 American Revolution and the early United States 2.3 19th century 2.4 20th century 2.5 21st century 3 Geography 3.1 Components 3.1. 1 Manhattan Island 3.1. 2 Marble Hill 3.1. 3 Smaller islands 3.2 Geology 3.2. 1 Bedrock 3.2. 2 Updated seismic analysis 3.3 Locations 3.3. 1 Adjacent counties 3.3. 2 National protected areas 3.3. 3 Neighborhoods 3.4 Climate 3.5 Boroughscapes 4 Demographics 4.1 Religion 4.2 Languages 5 Landmarks and architecture 5.1 Architectural history 5.2 Parkland 6 Economy 6.1 Financial sector 6.2 Corporate sector 6.3 Technology sectors 6.4 Tourism 6.5 Real estate 6.6 Media 6.6. 1 News 6.6. 2 Television , radio , film 7 Education 8 Culture and contemporary life 9 Sports 10 Government 10.1 Politics 10.2 Federal offices 10.3 Crime and public safety 11 Housing 12 Infrastructure 12.1 Transportation 12.1. 1 Public transportation 12.1. 2 Taxis 12.1. 3 Bikes 12.1. 4 Streets and roads 12.1. 5 River crossings 12.1. 6 Heliports 12.2 Utilities 12.3 Health care 12.4 Water purity and availability 12.5 Address algorithm 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Etymology ( edit ) The name `` Manhattan '' derives from the word Manna - hata , as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet , an officer on Henry Hudson 's yacht Halve Maen ( Half Moon ) . A 1610 map depicts the name as Manna - hata , twice , on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River ( later named the Hudson River ) . The word `` Manhattan '' has been translated as `` island of many hills '' from the Lenape language . The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use `` New York , NY '' rather than `` Manhattan , NY '' , although either would be acknowledged for postal delivery . History ( edit ) See also : History of New York City History of New York City Lenape and New Netherland , to 1664 New Amsterdam British and Revolution , 1665 -- 1783 Federal and early American , 1784 -- 1854 Tammany and Consolidation , 1855 -- 1897 ( Civil War , 1861 -- 1865 ) Early 20th century , 1898 -- 1945 Post -- World War II , 1946 -- 1977 Modern and post-9 / 11 , 1978 -- See also Timelines : NYC Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Colonial era ( edit ) Peter Minuit , early 1600s . The Castello Plan showing the Dutch colonial city of New Amsterdam in 1660 -- then confined to the southern tip of Manhattan Island . The area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans . In 1524 , Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano -- sailing in service of King Francis I of France -- was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City . He entered the tidal strait now known as The Narrows and named the land around Upper New York Harbor `` New Angoulême '' , in reference to the family name of King Francis I that was derived from Angoulême in France ; he sailed far enough into the harbor to sight the Hudson River , which he referred to in his report to the French king as a `` very big river '' ; and he named the Bay of Santa Margarita -- what is now Upper New York Bay -- after Marguerite de Navarre , the elder sister of the king . It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson , an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company , that the area was mapped . Hudson came across Manhattan Island and the native people living there in 1609 , and continued up the river that would later bear his name , the Hudson River , until he arrived at the site of present - day Albany . J.Q.A. Ward 's statue of George Washington in front of Federal Hall ( on Wall Street ) where he was inaugurated as the first U.S. President in 1789 . A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island . In 1625 , construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island , later called New Amsterdam ( Nieuw Amsterdam ) , in what is now Lower Manhattan . The 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City . According to a letter by Pieter Janszoon Schagen , Peter Minuit and Dutch colonists acquired Manhattan on May 24 , 1626 , from unnamed Native American people , which are believed to have been Canarsee Indians of the Lenape , in exchange for trade goods worth 60 guilders , often said to be worth US $24 . The figure of 60 guilders comes from a letter by a representative of the Dutch Estates General and member of the board of the Dutch West India Company , Pieter Janszoon Schagen , to the Estates General in November 1626 . In 1846 , New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 ( or 60 guilders ) to US $ 23 . `` ( A ) variable - rate myth being a contradiction in terms , the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty - four dollars , '' as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York . Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006 , according to the Institute for Social History of Amsterdam . Based on the price of silver , Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992 . Historians James and Michelle Nevius revisited the issue in 2014 , suggesting that using the prices of beer and brandy as monetary equivalencies , the price Minuit paid would have the purchasing power of somewhere between $2,600 and $15,600 in current dollars . According to the writer Nathaniel Benchley , Minuit conducted the transaction with Seyseys , chief of the Canarsees , who were willing to accept valuable merchandise in exchange for the island that was actually mostly controlled by the Weckquaesgeeks . In 1647 , Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony . New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2 , 1653 . In 1664 , the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it `` New York '' after the English Duke of York and Albany , the future King James II . The Dutch , under Director General Stuyvesant , successfully negotiated with the English to produce 24 articles of provisional transfer , which sought to retain for the extant citizens of New Netherland their previously attained liberties ( including freedom of religion ) under new colonial English rulers . The Dutch Republic regained the city in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships , renaming it `` New Orange '' . New Netherland was ceded permanently to the English in November 1674 through the Treaty of Westminster , in exchange for Run Island , which was the long - coveted last link in the Dutch nutmeg trading monopoly in Indonesia . American revolution and the early United States ( edit ) Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign , a series of major battles in the early American Revolutionary War . The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16 , 1776 . The city , greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign , became the British political and military center of operations in North America for the remainder of the war . British occupation lasted until November 25 , 1783 , when George Washington returned to Manhattan , as the last British forces left the city . From January 11 , 1785 , to the fall of 1788 , New York City was the fifth of five capitals of the United States under the Articles of Confederation , with the Continental Congress meeting at New York City Hall ( then at Fraunces Tavern ) . New York was the first capital under the newly enacted Constitution of the United States , from March 4 , 1789 , to August 12 , 1790 , at Federal Hall . Federal Hall was also the site of where the United States Supreme Court met for the first time , the United States Bill of Rights were drafted and ratified , and where the Northwest Ordinance was adopted , establishing measures for adding new states to the Union . 19th century ( edit ) Manhattan in 1873 . The Brooklyn Bridge was under construction from 1870 until 1883 . New York grew as an economic center , first as a result of Alexander Hamilton 's policies and practices as the first Secretary of the Treasury and , later , with the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 , which connected the Atlantic port to the vast agricultural markets of the Midwestern United States and Canada . By 1810 , New York City , then confined to Manhattan , had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States . Tammany Hall , a Democratic Party political machine , began to grow in influence with the support of many of the immigrant Irish , culminating in the election of the first Tammany mayor , Fernando Wood , in 1854 . Tammany Hall dominated local politics for decades . Central Park , which opened to the public in 1858 , became the first landscaped public park in an American city . New York City played a complex role in the American Civil War . The city 's strong commercial ties to the southern United States existed for many reasons , including the industrial power of the Hudson River harbor , which allowed trade with stops such as the West Point Foundry , one of the great manufacturing operations in the early United States ; and the city 's Atlantic Ocean ports , rendering New York City the American powerhouse in terms of industrial trade between the northern and southern United States . New York 's growing immigrant population , which had originated largely from Germany and Ireland , began in the late 1850s to include waves of Italians and Central and Eastern European Jews flowing in en masse . Anger arose about conscription , with resentment at those who could afford to pay $300 to avoid service leading to resentment against Lincoln 's war policies and fomenting paranoia about free Blacks taking the poor immigrants ' jobs , culminating in the three - day - long New York Draft Riots of July 1863 . These intense war - time riots are counted among the worst incidents of civil disorder in American history , with an estimated 119 participants and passersby massacred . The rate of immigration from Europe grew steeply after the Civil War , and Manhattan became the first stop for millions seeking a new life in the United States , a role acknowledged by the dedication of the Statue of Liberty on October 28 , 1886 , a gift from the people of France . The new European immigration brought further social upheaval . In a city of tenements packed with poorly paid laborers from dozens of nations , the city was a hotbed of revolution ( including anarchists and communists among others ) , syndicalism , racketeering , and unionization . In 1883 , the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge established a road connection to Brooklyn , across the East River . In 1874 the western portion of the present Bronx County was transferred to New York County from Westchester County , and in 1895 the remainder of the present Bronx County was annexed . In 1898 , when New York City consolidated with three neighboring counties to form `` the City of Greater New York '' , Manhattan and the Bronx , though still one county , were established as two separate boroughs . On January 1 , 1914 , the New York State Legislature created Bronx County , and New York County was reduced to its present boundaries . The `` Sanitary & Topographical Map of the City and Island of New York '' , commonly known as the Viele Map , was created by Egbert Ludovicus Viele in 1865 20th century ( edit ) Manhattan 's Little Italy , Lower East Side , circa 1900 The construction of the New York City Subway , which opened in 1904 , helped bind the new city together , as did additional bridges to Brooklyn . In the 1920s Manhattan experienced large arrivals of African - Americans as part of the Great Migration from the southern United States , and the Harlem Renaissance , part of a larger boom time in the Prohibition era that included new skyscrapers competing for the skyline . New York City became the most populous city in the world in 1925 , overtaking London , which had reigned for a century . Manhattan 's majority white ethnic group declined from 98.7 % in 1900 to 58.3 % by 1990 . On March 25 , 1911 , the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in Greenwich Village killed 146 garment workers . The disaster eventually led to overhauls of the city 's fire department , building codes , and workplace regulations . The period between the World Wars saw the election of reformist mayor Fiorello La Guardia and the fall of Tammany Hall after 80 years of political dominance . As the city 's demographics stabilized , labor unionization brought new protections and affluence to the working class , the city 's government and infrastructure underwent a dramatic overhaul under La Guardia . Despite the Great Depression , some of the world 's tallest skyscrapers were completed in Manhattan during the 1930s , including numerous Art Deco masterpieces that are still part of the city 's skyline today , most notably the Empire State Building , the Chrysler Building , and the GE Building . Victory over Japan Day in Times Square , 1945 Returning World War II veterans created a postwar economic boom , which led to the development of huge housing developments targeted at returning veterans , the largest being Peter Cooper Village - Stuyvesant Town , which opened in 1947 . In 1952 , the United Nations relocated from its first headquarters near Queens , to the East Side of Manhattan . The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous , violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28 , 1969 , at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan . They are widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States . In the 1970s job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City , including Manhattan , to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates . While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city 's economic health in the 1980s , New York 's crime rate continued to increase through the decade and into the beginning of the 1990s . The 1980s saw a rebirth of Wall Street , and Manhattan reclaimed its role at the center of the worldwide financial industry . The 1980s also saw Manhattan at the heart of the AIDS crisis , with Greenwich Village at its epicenter . The organizations Gay Men 's Health Crisis ( GMHC ) and AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power ( ACT UP ) were founded to advocate on behalf of those stricken with the disease . By the 1990s crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies , improving economic opportunities , gentrification , and new residents , both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America . Murder rates that had reached 2,245 in 1990 plummeted to 537 by 2008 , and the crack epidemic and its associated drug - related violence came under greater control . The outflow of population turned around , as the city once again became the destination of immigrants from around the world , joining with low interest rates and Wall Street bonuses to fuel the growth of the real estate market . Important new sectors , such as Silicon Alley , emerged in Manhattan 's economy . The newly completed Singer Building towering above the city , 1909 A construction worker on top of the Empire State Building as it was being built in 1930 . To the right , is the Chrysler Building . The Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village , a designated U.S. National Historic Landmark and National Monument , as the site of the 1969 Stonewall Riots . United Airlines Flight 175 hits the South Tower of the first World Trade Center on September 11 , 2001 . 21st century ( edit ) Flooding on Avenue C caused by Hurricane Sandy on October 29 , 2012 On September 11 , 2001 , two of four hijacked planes were flown into the Twin Towers of the original World Trade Center , and the towers subsequently collapsed . 7 World Trade Center collapsed due to fires and structural damage caused by heavy debris falling from the collapse of the Twin Towers . The other buildings within the World Trade Center complex were damaged beyond repair and soon after demolished . The collapse of the Twin Towers caused extensive damage to other surrounding buildings and skyscrapers in Lower Manhattan , and resulted in the deaths of 2,606 people , in addition to those on the planes . Since 2001 , most of Lower Manhattan has been restored , although there has been controversy surrounding the rebuilding . Many rescue workers and residents of the area developed several life - threatening illnesses that have led to some of their subsequent deaths . A memorial at the site was opened to the public on September 11 , 2011 , and the museum opened in 2014 . In 2014 , the new One World Trade Center , at 1,776 feet ( 541 m ) and formerly known as the Freedom Tower , became the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere , while other skyscrapers were under construction at the site . The Occupy Wall Street protests in Zuccotti Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan began on September 17 , 2011 , receiving global attention and spawning the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide . On October 29 and 30 , 2012 , Hurricane Sandy caused extensive destruction in the borough , ravaging portions of Lower Manhattan with record - high storm surge from New York Harbor , severe flooding , and high winds , causing power outages for hundreds of thousands of city residents and leading to gasoline shortages and disruption of mass transit systems . The storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the borough and the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future . Around 15 percent of the borough is considered to be in flood - risk zones . On October 31 , 2017 , a terrorist killed eight people and injured a dozen when he took a rental pickup truck and deliberately drove down a bike path alongside the West Side Highway in Lower Manhattan , killing eight people and injuring a dozen others before crashing into a school bus . Geography ( edit ) See also : Geography of New York City Modern redrawing of 1807 version of Commissioner 's Grid plan for Manhattan , a few years before 1811 adoption . Central Park is absent . Dark color denotes existing blocks , light gray were planned . Central Park in the center of satellite image . Manhattan is bound by Hudson River to the west , Harlem River to the north , and East River . Components ( edit ) The borough consists of Manhattan Island , Marble Hill , and several small islands , including Randalls Island and Wards Island , and Roosevelt Island in the East River , and Governors Island and Liberty Island to the south in New York Harbor . According to the United States Census Bureau , New York County has a total area of 33.6 square miles ( 87 km ) , of which 22.8 square miles ( 59 km ) is land and 10.8 square miles ( 28 km ) ( 32 % ) is water . The northern segment of Upper Manhattan represents a geographic panhandle . Manhattan Island is 22.7 square miles ( 59 km ) in area , 13.4 miles ( 21.6 km ) long and 2.3 miles ( 3.7 km ) wide , at its widest ( near 14th Street ) . Manhattan Island ( edit ) Manhattan Island is loosely divided into Downtown ( Lower Manhattan ) , Midtown ( Midtown Manhattan ) , and Uptown ( Upper Manhattan ) , with Fifth Avenue dividing Manhattan 's east and west sides . Manhattan Island is bounded by the Hudson River to the west and the East River to the east . To the north , the Harlem River divides Manhattan Island from the Bronx and the mainland United States . Early in the 19th century , landfill was used to expand Lower Manhattan from the natural Hudson shoreline at Greenwich Street to West Street . When building the World Trade Center in 1968 , 1.2 million cubic yards ( 917,000 m3 ) of material was excavated from the site . Rather than dumping the spoil at sea or in landfills , the fill material was used to expand the Manhattan shoreline across West Street , creating Battery Park City , The result was a 700 - foot ( 210 - m ) extension into the river , running six blocks or 1,484 feet ( 452 m ) , covering 92 acres ( 37 ha ) , providing a 1.2 - mile ( 1.9 km ) riverfront esplanade and over 30 acres ( 12 ha ) of parks ; Hudson River Park subsequently opened in 1998 . Marble Hill ( edit ) One neighborhood of New York County is contiguous with the U.S. mainland . Marble Hill at one time was part of Manhattan Island , but the Harlem River Ship Canal , dug in 1895 to improve navigation on the Harlem River , separated it from the remainder of Manhattan as an island between the Bronx and the remainder of Manhattan . Before World War I , the section of the original Harlem River channel separating Marble Hill from The Bronx was filled in , and Marble Hill became part of the mainland . Marble Hill is one example of how Manhattan 's land has been considerably altered by human intervention . The borough has seen substantial land reclamation along its waterfronts since Dutch colonial times , and much of the natural variation in its topography has been evened out . Smaller islands ( edit ) See also : List of smaller islands in New York City In New York Harbor , there are three smaller islands : Ellis Island , shared with New Jersey Governors Island Liberty Island Other smaller islands , in the East River , include ( from north to south ) : Randalls and Wards Islands , joined by landfill Mill Rock Roosevelt Island U Thant Island ( legally Belmont Island ) Geology ( edit ) Bedrock ( edit ) Manhattan schist outcropping in Central Park The bedrock underlying much of Manhattan is a mica schist known as Manhattan schist . It is a strong , competent metamorphic rock created when Pangaea formed . It is well suited for the foundations of tall buildings . In Central Park , outcrops of Manhattan Schist occur and Rat Rock is one rather large example . Geologically , a predominant feature of the substrata of Manhattan is that the underlying bedrock base of the island rises considerably closer to the surface near Midtown Manhattan , dips down lower between 29th Street and Canal Street , then rises toward the surface again in Lower Manhattan . It has been widely believed that the depth to bedrock was the primary underlying reason for the clustering of skyscrapers in the Midtown and Financial District areas , and their absence over the intervening territory between these two areas . However , research has shown that economic factors played a bigger part in the locations of these skyscrapers . Updated seismic analysis ( edit ) According to the United States Geological Survey , an updated analysis of seismic hazard in July 2014 revealed a `` slightly lower hazard for tall buildings '' in Manhattan than previously assessed . Scientists estimated this lessened risk based upon a lower likelihood than previously thought of slow shaking near New York City , which would be more likely to cause damage to taller structures from an earthquake in the vicinity of the city . Locations ( edit ) Liberty Island is an exclave of Manhattan , of New York City , and of New York State , surrounded by New Jersey waters . Adjacent counties ( edit ) Bergen County , New Jersey -- west and northwest Hudson County , New Jersey -- west and southwest Bronx County ( The Bronx ) -- north and northeast Queens County ( Queens ) -- east Kings County ( Brooklyn ) -- south and southeast Richmond County ( Staten Island ) -- southwest National protected areas ( edit ) African Burial Ground National Monument Castle Clinton National Monument Federal Hall National Memorial General Grant National Memorial Governors Island National Monument Hamilton Grange National Memorial Lower East Side Tenement National Historic Site Statue of Liberty National Monument ( part ) Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site Neighborhoods ( edit ) Main articles : Neighborhoods in New York City and List of Manhattan neighborhoods Manhattan 's many neighborhoods are not named according to any particular convention . Some are geographical ( the Upper East Side ) , or ethnically descriptive ( Little Italy ) . Others are acronyms , such as TriBeCa ( for `` TRIangle BElow CAnal Street '' ) or SoHo ( `` SOuth of HOuston '' ) , or the far more recent vintages NoLIta ( `` NOrth of Little ITAly '' ) . and NoMad ( `` NOrth of MADison Square Park '' ) . Harlem is a name from the Dutch colonial era after Haarlem , a city in the Netherlands . Alphabet City comprises Avenues A , B , C , and D , to which its name refers . Some have simple folkloric names , such as Hell 's Kitchen , alongside their more official but lesser used title ( in this case , Clinton ) . View of the Empire State Building southward from the top of Rockefeller Center , with One World Trade Center in the background , at sunset . Some neighborhoods , such as SoHo , which is mixed use , are known for upscale shopping as well as residential use . Others , such as Greenwich Village , the Lower East Side , Alphabet City and the East Village , have long been associated with the Bohemian subculture . Chelsea is one of several Manhattan neighborhoods with large gay populations and has become a center of both the international art industry and New York 's nightlife . Washington Heights is a primary destination for immigrants from the Dominican Republic . Chinatown has the highest concentration of people of Chinese descent outside of Asia . Koreatown is roughly bounded by 6th and Madison Avenues , between 31st and 33rd Streets , where Hangul ( 한글 ) signage is ubiquitous . Rose Hill features a growing number of Indian restaurants and spice shops along a stretch of Lexington Avenue between 25th and 30th Streets which has become known as Curry Hill . In Manhattan , uptown means north ( more precisely north - northeast , which is the direction the island and its street grid system are oriented ) and downtown means south ( south - southwest ) . This usage differs from that of most American cities , where downtown refers to the central business district . Manhattan has two central business districts , the Financial District at the southern tip of the island , and Midtown Manhattan . The term uptown also refers to the northern part of Manhattan above 72nd Street and downtown to the southern portion below 14th Street , with Midtown covering the area in between , though definitions can be rather fluid depending on the situation . Fifth Avenue roughly bisects Manhattan Island and acts as the demarcation line for east / west designations ( e.g. , East 27th Street , West 42nd Street ) ; street addresses start at Fifth Avenue and increase heading away from Fifth Avenue , at a rate of 100 per block on most streets . South of Waverly Place , Fifth Avenue terminates and Broadway becomes the east / west demarcation line . Though the grid does start with 1st Street , just north of Houston Street ( the southernmost street divided in west and east portions ; pronounced HOW - stin ) , the grid does not fully take hold until north of 14th Street , where nearly all east - west streets are numerically identified , which increase from south to north to 220th Street , the highest numbered street on the island . Streets in Midtown are usually one - way , with the few exceptions generally being the busiest cross-town thoroughfares ( 14th , 23rd , 34th , and 42nd Streets , for example ) , which are bidirectional across the width of Manhattan Island . The rule of thumb is that odd - numbered streets run west , while even - numbered streets run east . Public housing in the foreground on the Lower East Side MacDougal Street in Greenwich Village `` Korea Way '' on 32nd Street in Manhattan 's Koreatown ( 맨해튼 코리아 타운 ) Chinatown , Manhattan ( 紐約華埠 ) The Upper West Side The Upper East Side Historic District Climate ( edit ) Under the Köppen climate classification , using the 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) isotherm , New York City features a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) , and is thus the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this categorization . The suburbs to the immediate north and west lie in the transitional zone between humid subtropical and humid continental climates ( Dfa ) . The city averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually . The city lies in the USDA 7b plant hardiness zone . Winters are cold and damp , and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore temper the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean ; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachians keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh , Cincinnati , and Indianapolis . The daily mean temperature in January , the area 's coldest month , is 32.6 ° F ( 0.3 ° C ) ; temperatures usually drop to 10 ° F ( − 12 ° C ) several times per winter , and reach 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) several days in the coldest winter month . Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm , although they are usually mild with low humidity . Summers are typically warm to hot and humid , with a daily mean temperature of 76.5 ° F ( 24.7 ° C ) in July . Nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon , while daytime temperatures exceed 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . Extreme temperatures have ranged from − 15 ° F ( − 26 ° C ) , recorded on February 9 , 1934 , up to 106 ° F ( 41 ° C ) on July 9 , 1936 . Summer evening temperatures are elevated by the urban heat island effect , which causes heat absorbed during the day to be radiated back at night , raising temperatures by as much as 7 ° F ( 4 ° C ) when winds are slow . Manhattan receives 49.9 inches ( 1,270 mm ) of precipitation annually , which is relatively evenly spread throughout the year . Average winter snowfall between 1981 and 2010 has been 25.8 inches ( 66 cm ) ; this varies considerably from year to year . ( hide ) Climate data for New York ( Belvedere Castle , Central Park ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1869 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 72 ( 22 ) 75 ( 24 ) 86 ( 30 ) 96 ( 36 ) 99 ( 37 ) 101 ( 38 ) 106 ( 41 ) 104 ( 40 ) 102 ( 39 ) 94 ( 34 ) 84 ( 29 ) 75 ( 24 ) 106 ( 41 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 59.6 ( 15.3 ) 60.7 ( 15.9 ) 71.5 ( 21.9 ) 83.0 ( 28.3 ) 88.0 ( 31.1 ) 92.3 ( 33.5 ) 95.4 ( 35.2 ) 93.7 ( 34.3 ) 88.5 ( 31.4 ) 78.8 ( 26 ) 71.3 ( 21.8 ) 62.2 ( 16.8 ) 97.0 ( 36.1 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 38.3 ( 3.5 ) 41.6 ( 5.3 ) 49.7 ( 9.8 ) 61.2 ( 16.2 ) 70.8 ( 21.6 ) 79.3 ( 26.3 ) 84.1 ( 28.9 ) 82.6 ( 28.1 ) 75.2 ( 24 ) 63.8 ( 17.7 ) 53.8 ( 12.1 ) 43.0 ( 6.1 ) 62.0 ( 16.7 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 32.6 ( 0.3 ) 35.3 ( 1.8 ) 42.5 ( 5.8 ) 53.0 ( 11.7 ) 62.4 ( 16.9 ) 71.4 ( 21.9 ) 76.5 ( 24.7 ) 75.2 ( 24 ) 68.0 ( 20 ) 56.9 ( 13.8 ) 47.7 ( 8.7 ) 37.5 ( 3.1 ) 55.0 ( 12.8 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 26.9 ( − 2.8 ) 28.9 ( − 1.7 ) 35.2 ( 1.8 ) 44.8 ( 7.1 ) 54.0 ( 12.2 ) 63.6 ( 17.6 ) 68.8 ( 20.4 ) 67.8 ( 19.9 ) 60.8 ( 16 ) 50.0 ( 10 ) 41.6 ( 5.3 ) 32.0 ( 0 ) 47.9 ( 8.8 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 9.2 ( − 12.7 ) 12.8 ( − 10.7 ) 18.5 ( − 7.5 ) 32.3 ( 0.2 ) 43.5 ( 6.4 ) 52.9 ( 11.6 ) 60.3 ( 15.7 ) 58.8 ( 14.9 ) 48.6 ( 9.2 ) 38.0 ( 3.3 ) 27.7 ( − 2.4 ) 15.6 ( − 9.1 ) 7.0 ( − 13.9 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 6 ( − 21 ) − 15 ( − 26 ) ( − 16 ) 12 ( − 11 ) 32 ( 0 ) 44 ( 7 ) 52 ( 11 ) 50 ( 10 ) 39 ( 4 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 7 ( − 14 ) − 13 ( − 25 ) − 15 ( − 26 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.65 ( 92.7 ) 3.09 ( 78.5 ) 4.36 ( 110.7 ) 4.50 ( 114.3 ) 4.19 ( 106.4 ) 4.41 ( 112 ) 4.60 ( 116.8 ) 4.44 ( 112.8 ) 4.28 ( 108.7 ) 4.40 ( 111.8 ) 4.02 ( 102.1 ) 4.00 ( 101.6 ) 49.94 ( 1,268.5 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 7.0 ( 17.8 ) 9.2 ( 23.4 ) 3.9 ( 9.9 ) 0.6 ( 1.5 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 4.8 ( 12.2 ) 25.8 ( 65.5 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 10.4 9.2 10.9 11.5 11.1 11.2 10.4 9.5 8.7 8.9 9.6 10.6 122.0 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 4.0 2.8 1.8 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 2.3 11.4 Average relative humidity ( % ) 61.5 60.2 58.5 55.3 62.7 65.2 64.2 66.0 67.8 65.6 64.6 64.1 63.0 Mean monthly sunshine hours 162.7 163.1 212.5 225.6 256.6 257.3 268.2 268.2 219.3 211.2 151.0 139.0 2,534.7 Percent possible sunshine 54 55 57 57 57 57 59 63 59 61 51 48 57 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) See Geography of New York City for additional climate information from the outer boroughs . Boroughscapes ( edit ) Ten - mile Manhattan panorama from 120th Street to the Battery , taken June 2017 from Weehawken , New Jersey . Riverside Church Time Warner Buildings 220 Central Park South One57 432 Park Avenue Chrysler Building Bank of America Tower Conde Nast Building The New York Times Building Empire State Building Met Life Tower Hudson Yards Hudson Yards Hudson Yards 56 Leonard Street 8 Spruce Street Woolworth Building 70 Pine Street 30 Park Place 40 Wall Street Three World Trade Center Four World Trade Center One World Trade Center The skyline of Midtown Manhattan , looking downtown ( south ) toward Lower Manhattan , in April 2017 View of Lower Manhattan at sunset , from Jersey City , New Jersey . One World Trade Center , at center , is the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere . ( November 2014 ) Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Manhattan See also : Demographics of New York City Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1656 1,000 -- 1698 6,788 + 578.8 % 1711 10,538 + 55.2 % 1730 11,963 + 13.5 % 1731 8,628 − 27.9 % 1756 15,710 + 82.1 % 1773 21,876 + 39.2 % 1774 23,600 + 7.9 % 1782 29,363 + 24.4 % 1790 33,131 + 12.8 % 1800 60,489 + 82.6 % 1810 96,373 + 59.3 % 1820 123,706 + 28.4 % 1830 202,589 + 63.8 % 1840 312,710 + 54.4 % 1850 515,547 + 64.9 % 1860 813,669 + 57.8 % 1870 942,292 + 15.8 % 1880 1,164,674 + 23.6 % 1890 1,441,216 + 23.7 % 1900 1,850,093 + 28.4 % 1910 2,331,542 + 26.0 % 1920 2,284,103 − 2.0 % 1930 1,867,312 − 18.2 % 1940 1,889,924 + 1.2 % 1950 1,960,101 + 3.7 % 1960 1,698,281 − 13.4 % 1970 1,539,233 − 9.4 % 1980 1,428,285 − 7.2 % 1990 1,487,536 + 4.1 % 2000 1,537,195 + 3.3 % 1,585,873 + 3.2 % 2016 1,643,734 + 3.6 % Sources : Source : U.S. Decennial Census ( hide ) Racial composition 2012 1990 1950 1900 White 65.2 % 58.3 % 79.4 % 97.8 % -- Non-Hispanic 47.6 % 48.9 % n / a n / a Black or African American 18.4 % 22.0 % 19.6 % 2.0 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 25.8 % 26.0 % n / a n / a Asian 12.0 % 7.4 % 0.8 % 0.3 % At the 2010 Census , there were 1,585,873 people living in Manhattan , an increase of 3.2 % since 2000 . Since 2010 , Manhattan 's population was estimated by the Census Bureau to have increased 3.7 % to 1,644,518 as of 2015 , representing 19.3 % of New York City 's population and 8.3 % of New York State 's population . As of the 2000 Census , the population density of New York County was 66,940 per square mile ( 25,846 / km2 ) , the highest population density of any county in the United States . If 2012 census estimates were accurate , the population density then approximated 70,518 people per square mile ( 27,227 / km2 ) . In 1910 , at the height of European immigration to New York , Manhattan 's population density reached a peak of 101,548 people per square mile ( 39,208 / km2 ) . According to 2012 Census estimates , 65.2 % of the population was White , 18.4 % Black or African American , 1.2 % American Indian and Alaska Native , 12.0 % Asian , and 3.1 % of two or more races. 25.8 % of Manhattan 's population was of Hispanic or Latino origin , of any race . Manhattan has the second highest percentage of non-Hispanic Whites ( 48 % ) of New York City 's boroughs , after Staten Island ( 64 % ) . In 2006 , the New York City Department of City Planning projected that Manhattan 's population will increase by 289,000 people between 2000 and 2030 , an increase of 18.8 % over the period , second only to Staten Island , while the rest of the city is projected to grow by 12.7 % over the same period . The school - age population was expected to grow 4.4 % by 2030 , in contrast to a small decline in the city as a whole . The elderly population was forecast to grow by 57.9 % , with the borough adding 108,000 persons ages 65 and over , compared to 44.2 % growth citywide . However , these 2006 projections may have become outdated , as Lower Manhattan has been experiencing a baby boom , well above the overall birth rate in Manhattan , with the area south of Canal Street witnessing 1,086 births in 2010 , 12 % greater than 2009 and over twice the number born in 2001 . The Financial District alone has witnessed growth in its population to approximately 43,000 as of 2014 , nearly double the 23,000 recorded at the 2000 Census . The southern tip of Manhattan became the fastest growing part of New York City between 1990 and 2014 . According to the 2009 American Community Survey , the average household size was 2.11 , and the average family size was 3.21 . Approximately 59.4 % of the population over the age of 25 have a bachelor 's degree or higher . Approximately 27.0 % of the population is foreign - born , and 61.7 % of the population over the age of 5 speak only English at home . People of Irish ancestry make up 7.8 % of the population , while Italian Americans make up 6.8 % of the population . German Americans and Russian Americans make up 7.2 % and 6.2 % of the population respectively . In 2000 , 56.4 % of people living in Manhattan were White , 17.39 % were Black , 14.14 % were from other races , 9.40 % were Asian , 0.5 % were Native American , and 0.07 % were Pacific Islander . 4.14 % were from two or more races . 27.18 % were Hispanic of any race . There were 738,644 households . 25.2 % were married couples living together , 12.6 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 59.1 % were non-families . 17.1 % had children under the age of 18 living with them . 48 % of all households were made up of individuals and 10.9 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was two and the average family size was 2.99 . Manhattan 's population was spread out with 16.8 % under the age of 18 , 10.2 % from 18 to 24 , 38.3 % from 25 to 44 , 22.6 % from 45 to 64 , and 12.2 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 36 years . For every 100 females , there were 90.3 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 87.9 males . Manhattan is one of the highest - income places in the United States with a population greater than one million . As of 2012 , Manhattan 's cost of living was the highest in the United States , but the borough also contained the country 's most profound level of income inequality . Manhattan is also the United States county with the highest per capita income , being the sole county whose per capita income exceeded $100,000 in 2010 . However , from 2011 -- 2015 Census data of New York County , the per capita income was recorded in 2015 dollars as $64,993 , with the median household income at $72,871 , and poverty at 17.6 % . In 2012 , The New York Times reported that `` the income gap in Manhattan , already wider than almost anywhere else in the country , rivaled disparities in sub-Saharan Africa ... The wealthiest fifth of Manhattanites made more than 40 times what the lowest fifth reported , a widening gap ( it was 38 times , the year before ) surpassed by only a few developing countries '' . Religion ( edit ) Manhattan is religiously diverse . In 2000 , the largest religious affiliation was the Catholic Church , whose adherents constituted 564,505 persons ( more than 36 % of the population ) and maintained 110 congregations . Jews comprised the second largest religious group , with 314,500 persons ( 20.5 % ) in 102 congregations . They were followed by Protestants , with 139,732 adherents ( 9.1 % ) and Muslims , with 37,078 ( 2.4 % ) . Other religious affiliations including Hinduism , as well as Atheism and irreligion , composed the majority of the remainder . Languages ( edit ) As of 2010 , 59.98 % ( 902,267 ) of Manhattan residents , aged five and older , spoke only English at home , while 23.07 % ( 347,033 ) spoke Spanish , 5.33 % ( 80,240 ) Chinese , 2.03 % ( 30,567 ) French , 0.78 % ( 11,776 ) Japanese , 0.77 % ( 11,517 ) Russian , 0.72 % ( 10,788 ) Korean , 0.70 % ( 10,496 ) German , 0.66 % ( 9,868 ) Italian , 0.64 % ( 9,555 ) Hebrew , and 0.48 % ( 7,158 ) spoke African languages at home . In total , 40.02 % ( 602,058 ) of Manhattan 's population , aged five and older , spoke a language other than English at home . Landmarks and Architecture ( edit ) Main article : Architecture of New York City See also : List of skyscrapers in New York City A.T. Stewart in 1870 , 9th Street , Manhattan Numerous buildings have a jagged façade , exemplified at Park Avenue and 57th Street in Midtown Manhattan Broadway and the Theater District surrounding Times Square , Central Park , Chinatown , the Chrysler Building , Columbia University , the Empire State Building , the Flatiron Building , Fulton Center , Grand Central Station , Harlem , the High Line , Koreatown , Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts , Little Italy , Madison Square Garden , Museum Mile on Fifth Avenue , the New York Stock Exchange on Wall Street , New York University and the Washington Square Arch in Greenwich Village , One World Trade Center , Penn Station , the Port Authority Bus Terminal , Radio City Music Hall , Rockefeller Center , Stonewall Inn , Trump Tower , gateways to numerous iconic river - crossing bridges , and an emerging number of supertall skyscrapers , are all located on densely populated Manhattan Island ; the Statue of Liberty rests on a pedestal on Liberty Island , an exclave of Manhattan . The borough has many energy - efficient green office buildings , such as the Hearst Tower , the rebuilt 7 World Trade Center , and the Bank of America Tower -- the first skyscraper designed to attain a Platinum LEED Certification . Architectural History ( edit ) The skyscraper , which has shaped Manhattan 's distinctive skyline , has been closely associated with New York City 's identity since the end of the 19th century . From 1890 to 1973 , the title of world 's tallest building resided continually in Manhattan ( with a gap between 1901 and 1908 , when the title was held by Philadelphia City Hall ) , with nine different buildings holding the title . The New York World Building on Park Row , was the first to take the title in 1890 , standing 309 feet ( 94 m ) until 1955 , when it was demolished to construct a new ramp to the Brooklyn Bridge . The nearby Park Row Building , with its 29 stories standing 391 feet ( 119 m ) high took the title in 1899 . The 41 - story Singer Building , constructed in 1908 as the headquarters of the eponymous sewing machine manufacturer , stood 612 feet ( 187 m ) high until 1967 , when it became the tallest building ever demolished . The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower , standing 700 feet ( 210 m ) at the foot of Madison Avenue , wrested the title in 1909 , with a tower reminiscent of St Mark 's Campanile in Venice . The Woolworth Building , and its distinctive Gothic architecture , took the title in 1913 , topping off at 792 feet ( 241 m ) . Structures such as the Equitable Building of 1915 , which rises vertically forty stories from the sidewalk , prompted the passage of the 1916 Zoning Resolution , requiring new buildings to withdraw progressively at a defined angle from the street as they rose , in order to preserve a view of the sky at street level . The Roaring Twenties saw a race to the sky , with three separate buildings pursuing the world 's tallest title in the span of a year . As the stock market soared in the days before the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , two developers publicly competed for the crown . At 927 feet ( 283 m ) , 40 Wall Street , completed in May 1930 in only eleven months as the headquarters of the Bank of Manhattan , seemed to have secured the title . At Lexington Avenue and 42nd Street , auto executive Walter Chrysler and his architect William Van Alen developed plans to build the structure 's trademark 185 - foot ( 56 m ) spire in secret , pushing the Chrysler Building to 1,046 feet ( 319 m ) and making it the tallest in the world when it was completed in 1929 . Both buildings were soon surpassed with the May 1931 completion of the 102 - story Empire State Building with its Art Deco tower reaching 1,250 feet ( 380 m ) at the top of the building . The 203 - foot ( 62 m ) high pinnacle was later added bringing the total height of the building to 1,453 ft ( 443 m ) . The former Twin Towers of the World Trade Center were located in Lower Manhattan . At 1,368 and 1,362 feet ( 417 and 415 m ) , the 110 - story buildings were the world 's tallest from 1972 until they were surpassed by the construction of the Willis Tower in 1974 ( formerly known as the Sears Tower , located in Chicago ) . One World Trade Center , a replacement for the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center , is currently the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere . In 1961 , the Pennsylvania Railroad unveiled plans to tear down the old Penn Station and replace it with a new Madison Square Garden and office building complex . Organized protests were aimed at preserving the McKim , Mead & White - designed structure completed in 1910 , widely considered a masterpiece of the Beaux - Arts style and one of the architectural jewels of New York City . Despite these efforts , demolition of the structure began in October 1963 . The loss of Penn Station -- called `` an act of irresponsible public vandalism '' by historian Lewis Mumford -- led directly to the enactment in 1965 of a local law establishing the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission , which is responsible for preserving the `` city 's historic , aesthetic , and cultural heritage '' . The historic preservation movement triggered by Penn Station 's demise has been credited with the retention of some one million structures nationwide , including nearly 1,000 in New York City . In 2017 , a multibillion - dollar rebuilding plan was unveiled to restore the historic grandeur of Penn Station , in the process of upgrading the landmark 's status as a critical transportation hub . Parkland ( edit ) Parkland composes 17.8 % of the borough , covering a total of 2,686 acres ( 10.87 km ) . Central Park is bordered on the north by West 110th Street , on the west by Eighth Avenue , on the south by West 59th Street , and on the east by Fifth Avenue . Along the park 's borders , these streets are usually referred to as Central Park North , Central Park West , and Central Park South , respectively ( Fifth Avenue retains its name along the eastern border ) . The park was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux . The 843 - acre ( 3.41 km ) park offers extensive walking tracks , two ice - skating rinks , a wildlife sanctuary , and grassy areas used for various sporting pursuits , as well as playgrounds for children . The park is a popular oasis for migrating birds , and thus is popular with bird watchers . The 6 - mile ( 9.7 km ) road circling the park is popular with joggers , bicyclists and inline skaters , especially on weekends and in the evenings after 7 : 00 pm , when automobile traffic is banned . While much of the park looks natural , it is almost entirely landscaped and contains several artificial lakes . The construction of Central Park in the 1850s was one of the era 's most massive public works projects . Some 20,000 workers crafted the topography to create the English - style pastoral landscape Olmsted and Vaux sought to create . Workers moved nearly 3,000,000 cubic yards ( 2,300,000 m ) of soil and planted more than 270,000 trees and shrubs . Almost 70 % of Manhattan 's space devoted to parks is located outside of Central Park , including 204 playgrounds , 251 Greenstreets , 371 basketball courts , and many other amenities . The African Burial Ground National Monument at Duane Street preserves a site containing the remains of over 400 Africans buried during the 17th and 18th centuries . The remains were found in 1991 during the construction of the Foley Square Federal Office Building . One World Trade Center , the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere as of 2016 The Chrysler Building was the tallest building in the city and the world from 1930 -- 1931 . The Empire State Building was the world 's tallest building from 1931 to 1972 , and the city 's tallest from 2001 to 2014 . The former Twin Towers of the World Trade Center were the city 's tallest from their opening in 1972 to their destruction in 2001 . Manhattan has served as home to the headquarters of the United Nations since 1952 . Economy ( edit ) The New York Stock Exchange on Wall Street , the world 's largest stock exchange by total market capitalization of its listed companies . Main article : Economy of New York City Manhattan is the economic engine of New York City , with its 2.3 million workers in 2007 drawn from the entire New York metropolitan area accounting for almost two - thirds of all jobs in New York City . In the first quarter of 2014 , the average weekly wage in Manhattan ( New York County ) was $2,749 , representing the highest total among large counties in the United States . Manhattan 's workforce is overwhelmingly focused on white collar professions , with manufacturing nearly extinct . Manhattan also has the highest per capita income of any county in the United States . In 2010 , Manhattan 's daytime population was swelling to 3.94 million , with commuters adding a net 1.48 million people to the population , along with visitors , tourists , and commuting students . The commuter influx of 1.61 million workers coming into Manhattan was the largest of any county or city in the country , and was more than triple the 480,000 commuters who headed into second - ranked Washington , D.C. Financial sector ( edit ) Main article : Wall Street Manhattan 's most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the U.S. financial industry , metonymously known as Wall Street . The borough 's securities industry , enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013 , continues to form the largest segment of the city 's financial sector and an important economic engine for Manhattan , accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of private sector jobs in New York City , 8.5 percent ( US $3.8 billion ) of the city 's tax revenue , and 22 percent of the city 's total wages , including an average salary of US $360,700 . Wall Street investment banking fees in 2012 totaled approximately US $40 billion , while in 2013 , senior New York City bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as US $324,000 annually . The Financial District of Lower Manhattan , viewed from Brooklyn . Lower Manhattan is home to the New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE ) , on Wall Street , and the NASDAQ , at 165 Broadway , representing the world 's largest and second largest stock exchanges , respectively , when measured both by overall share trading value and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013 . The NYSE MKT ( formerly the American Stock Exchange , AMEX ) , New York Board of Trade , and the New York Mercantile Exchange ( NYMEX ) are also located downtown . In July 2013 , NYSE Euronext , the operator of the New York Stock Exchange , took over the administration of the London interbank offered rate from the British Bankers Association . Corporate sector ( edit ) New York City is home to the most corporate headquarters of any city in the United States , the overwhelming majority based in Manhattan . Manhattan contained over 500 million square feet ( 46.5 million m ) of office space in 2015 , making it the largest office market in the United States , while Midtown Manhattan , with nearly 400 million square feet ( 37.2 million m ) in 2015 , is the largest central business district in the world . As of 2013 , the global advertising agencies of Omnicom Group and Interpublic Group , both based in Manhattan , had combined annual revenues of approximately US $21 billion , reflecting New York City 's role as the top global center for the advertising industry , which is metonymously referred to as `` Madison Avenue '' . Technology sectors ( edit ) Main article : Silicon Alley Further information : Tech companies in Manhattan Silicon Alley , centered in Manhattan , has evolved into a metonym for the sphere encompassing the New York City metropolitan region 's high tech industries , including the Internet , new media , telecommunications , digital media , software development , biotechnology , game design , financial technology ( fintech ) , and other fields within information technology that are supported by the area 's entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments . As of 2014 , New York City hosted 300,000 employees in the tech sector . In 2015 , Silicon Alley generated over US $7.3 billion in venture capital investment , most based in Manhattan , as well as in Brooklyn , Queens , and elsewhere in the region . High technology startup companies and employment are growing in Manhattan and across New York City , bolstered by the city 's emergence as a global node of creativity and entrepreneurship , social tolerance , and environmental sustainability , as well as New York 's position as the leading Internet hub and telecommunications center in North America , including its vicinity to several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines , the city 's intellectual capital , and its extensive outdoor wireless connectivity . Verizon Communications , headquartered at 140 West Street in Lower Manhattan , was at the final stages in 2014 of completing a US $3 billion fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout New York City . As of October 2014 , New York City hosted 300,000 employees in the tech sector , with a significant proportion in Manhattan . The biotechnology sector is also growing in Manhattan based upon the city 's strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support . By mid-2014 , Accelerator , a biotech investment firm , had raised more than US $30 million from investors , including Eli Lilly and Company , Pfizer , and Johnson & Johnson , for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the Alexandria Center for Life Science , which encompasses more than 700,000 square feet ( 65,000 m ) on East 29th Street and promotes collaboration among scientists and entrepreneurs at the center and with nearby academic , medical , and research institutions . The New York City Economic Development Corporation 's Early Stage Life Sciences Funding Initiative and venture capital partners , including Celgene , General Electric Ventures , and Eli Lilly , committed a minimum of US $100 million to help launch 15 to 20 ventures in life sciences and biotechnology . In 2011 , Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg had announced his choice of Cornell University and Technion - Israel Institute of Technology to build a US $2 billion graduate school of applied sciences on Roosevelt Island , Manhattan , with the goal of transforming New York City into the world 's premier technology capital . Times Square is the hub of the Broadway theater district and a major cultural venue in Manhattan . It also has one of the highest annual attendance rates of any tourist attraction in the world , estimated at 50 million . Tourism ( edit ) Main article : Tourism in New York City Tourism is vital to Manhattan 's economy , and the landmarks of Manhattan are the focus of New York City 's tourists , enumerating approximately 61 million visitors in 2016 . According to The Broadway League , shows on Broadway sold approximately US $1.27 billion worth of tickets in the 2013 -- 2014 season , an increase of 11.4 % from US $1.139 billion in the 2012 -- 2013 season ; attendance in 2013 -- 2014 stood at 12.21 million , representing a 5.5 % increase from the 2012 -- 2013 season 's 11.57 million . As of June 2016 , Manhattan had nearly 91,500 hotel rooms , a 26 % increase from 2010 . Real estate ( edit ) Real estate is a major force in Manhattan 's economy , and indeed the city 's , as the total value of all New York City property was assessed at US $914.8 billion for the 2015 fiscal year . Manhattan has perennially been home to some of the nation 's , as well as the world 's , most valuable real estate , including the Time Warner Center , which had the highest - listed market value in the city in 2006 at US $1.1 billion , to be subsequently surpassed in October 2014 by the Waldorf Astoria New York , which became the most expensive hotel ever sold after being purchased by the Anbang Insurance Group , based in China , for US $1.95 billion . When 450 Park Avenue was sold on July 2 , 2007 , for US $510 million , about US $1,589 per square foot ( US $17,104 / m2 ) , it broke the barely month - old record for an American office building of US $1,476 per square foot ( US $15,887 / m2 ) based on the sale of 660 Madison Avenue . In 2014 , Manhattan was home to six of the top ten zip codes in the United States by median housing price . Manhattan had approximately 520 million square feet ( 48.1 million m2 ) of office space in 2013 , making it the largest office market in the United States . Midtown Manhattan is the largest central business district in the nation based on office space , while Lower Manhattan is the third - largest ( after Chicago 's Loop ) . Media ( edit ) Main article : Media in New York City News ( edit ) Manhattan is served by the major New York City daily news publications , including The New York Times , New York Daily News , and New York Post , which are all headquartered in the borough . The nation 's largest newspaper by circulation , The Wall Street Journal , is also based there . Other daily newspapers include AM New York and The Villager . The New York Amsterdam News , based in Harlem , is one of the leading African American weekly newspapers in the United States . The Village Voice , historically the largest alternative newspaper in the United States , announced in 2017 that it would cease publication of its print edition and convert to a fully digital venture . Television , radio , film ( edit ) See also : List of films set in New York City and List of television shows set in New York City The television industry developed in Manhattan and is a significant employer in the borough 's economy . The four major American broadcast networks , ABC , NBC , CBS , and Fox , as well as Univision , are all headquartered in Manhattan , as are many cable channels , including MSNBC , MTV , Fox News , HBO and Comedy Central . In 1971 , WLIB became New York 's first black - owned radio station and began broadcasts for the African - American community in 1949 . WQHT , also known as Hot 97 , claims to be the premier hip - hop station in the United States . WNYC , comprising an AM and FM signal , has the largest public radio audience in the nation and is the most - listened to commercial or non-commercial radio station in Manhattan . WBAI , with news and information programming , is one of the few socialist radio stations operating in the United States . The oldest public - access television cable TV channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network , founded in 1971 , offers eclectic local programming that ranges from a jazz hour to discussion of labor issues to foreign language and religious programming . NY1 , Time Warner Cable 's local news channel , is known for its beat coverage of City Hall and state politics . Education ( edit ) Butler Library at Columbia University Stuyvesant High School , on the Lower West Side See also : Education in New York City , List of high schools in New York City , and List of colleges and universities in New York City Education in Manhattan is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions . Public schools in the borough are operated by the New York City Department of Education , the largest public school system in the United States . Charter schools include Success Academy Harlem 1 through 5 , Success Academy Upper West , and Public Prep . Some of the best known New York City public high schools are located in Manhattan , including Beacon High School , Stuyvesant High School , Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School , High School of Fashion Industries , Eleanor Roosevelt High School , NYC Lab School , Manhattan Center for Science and Mathematics , Hunter College High School , and High School for Math , Science and Engineering at City College . Bard High School Early College , a hybrid school created by Bard College , serves students from around the city . Many private preparatory schools are also situated in Manhattan , including the Upper East Side 's Brearley School , Dalton School , Browning School , Spence School , Chapin School , Nightingale - Bamford School , Convent of the Sacred Heart , Hewitt School , Saint David 's School , and Loyola School , along with the Upper West Side 's Collegiate School and Trinity School . Regis High School , on the Upper East Side , is the only all - scholarship Catholic high school for boys in the country . The borough is also home to two private schools that are known as the most diverse in the nation , Manhattan Country School and United Nations International School . Manhattan has the only official Italian American school in the U.S. , La Scuola d'Italia . Interior of the Elmer Holmes Bobst Library at New York University New York Public Library Main Branch at 42nd St. and Fifth Ave. ; built ( 1897 -- 1911 ) and replaced the Croton Reservoir ; Carrère and Hastings , architects . Based on data from the 2011 -- 2015 American Community Survey , 59.9 % of Manhattan residents over age 25 have a bachelor 's degree . As of 2005 , about 60 % of residents were college graduates and some 25 % had earned advanced degrees , giving Manhattan one of the nation 's densest concentrations of highly educated people . Manhattan has various colleges and universities , including Columbia University ( and its affiliate Barnard College ) , Cooper Union , Marymount Manhattan College , New York Institute of Technology , New York University ( NYU ) , The Juilliard School , Pace University , Berkeley College , The New School , Yeshiva University , and a campus of Fordham University . Other schools include Bank Street College of Education , Boricua College , Jewish Theological Seminary of America , Manhattan School of Music , Metropolitan College of New York , Parsons School of Design , School of Visual Arts , Touro College , and Union Theological Seminary . Several other private institutions maintain a Manhattan presence , among them Mercy College , St. John 's University , The College of New Rochelle , The King 's College , and Pratt Institute . The City University of New York ( CUNY ) , the municipal college system of New York City , is the largest urban university system in the United States , serving more than 226,000 degree students and a roughly equal number of adult , continuing and professional education students . A third of college graduates in New York City graduate from CUNY , with the institution enrolling about half of all college students in New York City . CUNY senior colleges located in Manhattan include : Baruch College , City College of New York , Hunter College , John Jay College of Criminal Justice , and the CUNY Graduate Center ( graduate studies and doctorate granting institution ) . The only CUNY community college located in Manhattan is the Borough of Manhattan Community College . The State University of New York is represented by the Fashion Institute of Technology , State University of New York State College of Optometry , and Stony Brook University -- Manhattan . Manhattan is a world center for training and education in medicine and the life sciences . The city as a whole receives the second - highest amount of annual funding from the National Institutes of Health among all U.S. cities , the bulk of which goes to Manhattan 's research institutions , including Memorial Sloan - Kettering Cancer Center , Rockefeller University , Mount Sinai School of Medicine , Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons , Weill Cornell Medical College , and New York University School of Medicine . Manhattan is served by the New York Public Library , which has the largest collection of any public library system in the country . The five units of the Central Library -- Mid-Manhattan Library , Donnell Library Center , The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts , Andrew Heiskell Braille and Talking Book Library , and the Science , Industry and Business Library -- are all located in Manhattan . More than 35 other branch libraries are located in the borough . Culture and contemporary life ( edit ) See also : Culture of New York City and Music of New York City Frank Lloyd Wright 's Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum The Metropolitan Museum of Art Manhattan is the borough most closely associated with New York City by non-residents ; regionally , residents within the New York City metropolitan area , including natives of New York City 's boroughs outside Manhattan , will often describe a trip to Manhattan as `` going to the City '' . Manhattan has been the scene of many important American cultural movements . In 1912 , about 20,000 workers , a quarter of them women , marched upon Washington Square Park to commemorate the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire , which killed 146 workers on March 25 , 1911 . Many of the women wore fitted tucked - front blouses like those manufactured by the Triangle Shirtwaist Company , a clothing style that became the working woman 's uniform and a symbol of women 's liberation , reflecting the alliance of labor and suffrage movements . The Harlem Renaissance in the 1920s established the African - American literary canon in the United States and introduced writers Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston . Manhattan 's vibrant visual art scene in the 1950s and 1960s was a center of the American pop art movement , which gave birth to such giants as Jasper Johns and Roy Lichtenstein . The downtown pop art movement of the late 1970s included artist Andy Warhol and clubs like Serendipity 3 and Studio 54 , where he socialized . Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts Broadway theatre is often considered the highest professional form of theatre in the United States . Plays and musicals are staged in one of the 39 larger professional theatres with at least 500 seats , almost all in and around Times Square . Off - Broadway theatres feature productions in venues with 100 -- 500 seats . Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts , anchoring Lincoln Square on the Upper West Side of Manhattan , is home to 12 influential arts organizations , including the Metropolitan Opera , New York City Opera , New York Philharmonic , and New York City Ballet , as well as the Vivian Beaumont Theater , the Juilliard School , Jazz at Lincoln Center , and Alice Tully Hall . Performance artists displaying diverse skills are ubiquitous on the streets of Manhattan . Manhattan is also home to some of the most extensive art collections in the world , both contemporary and historical , including the Metropolitan Museum of Art , the Museum of Modern Art ( MoMA ) , the Frick Collection , the Whitney Museum of American Art , and the Frank Lloyd Wright - designed Guggenheim Museum . The Upper East Side has many art galleries , and the downtown neighborhood of Chelsea is known for its more than 200 art galleries that are home to modern art from both upcoming and established artists . Manhattan is the center of LGBT culture in New York City . The borough is widely acclaimed as the cradle of the modern LGBTQ rights movement , with its inception at the 1969 Stonewall Riots in Greenwich Village , Lower Manhattan -- widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States . Multiple gay villages have developed , spanning the length of the borough from the Lower East Side , East Village , and Greenwich Village , through Chelsea and Hell 's Kitchen , uptown to Morningside Heights . The annual New York City Pride March ( or gay pride parade ) traverses southward down Fifth Avenue and ends at Greenwich Village ; the Manhattan parade rivals the Sao Paulo Gay Pride Parade as the largest pride parade in the world , attracting tens of thousands of participants and millions of sidewalk spectators each June . The borough has a place in several American idioms . The phrase New York minute is meant to convey an extremely short time such as an instant , sometimes in hyperbolic form , as in `` perhaps faster than you would believe is possible , '' referring to the rapid pace of life in Manhattan . The expression `` melting pot '' was first popularly coined to describe the densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side in Israel Zangwill 's play The Melting Pot , which was an adaptation of William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet set by Zangwill in New York City in 1908 . The iconic Flatiron Building is said to have been the source of the phrase `` 23 skidoo '' or scram , from what cops would shout at men who tried to get glimpses of women 's dresses being blown up by the winds created by the triangular building . The `` Big Apple '' dates back to the 1920s , when a reporter heard the term used by New Orleans stablehands to refer to New York City 's horse racetracks and named his racing column `` Around The Big Apple . '' Jazz musicians adopted the term to refer to the city as the world 's jazz capital , and a 1970s ad campaign by the New York Convention and Visitors Bureau helped popularize the term . Clockwise , from upper left : the annual Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade , the world 's largest parade ; the annual Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village ; the annual Philippine Independence Day Parade ; and the ticker - tape parade for the Apollo 11 astronauts Manhattan is well known for its street parades , which celebrate a broad array of themes , including holidays , nationalities , human rights , and major league sports team championship victories . The majority of higher profile parades in New York City are held in Manhattan . The primary orientation of the annual street parades is typically from north to south , marching along major avenues . The annual Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade is the world 's largest parade , beginning alongside Central Park and processing southward to the flagship Macy 's Herald Square store ; the parade is viewed on telecasts worldwide and draws millions of spectators in person . Other notable parades including the annual St. Patrick 's Day Parade in March , the New York City Pride Parade in June , the Greenwich Village Halloween Parade in October , and numerous parades commemorating the independence days of many nations . Ticker - tape parades celebrating championships won by sports teams as well as other heroic accomplishments march northward along the Canyon of Heroes on Broadway from Bowling Green to City Hall Park in Lower Manhattan . Sports ( edit ) Madison Square Garden is home to the Rangers , Knicks and Liberty The Skating Pond in Central Park , 1862 Manhattan is home to the NBA 's New York Knicks , the NHL 's New York Rangers , and the WNBA 's New York Liberty , who all play their home games at Madison Square Garden , the only major professional sports arena in the borough . The New York Jets proposed a West Side Stadium for their home field , but the proposal was eventually defeated in June 2005 , leaving them at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey . Manhattan is the only borough in New York City that does not have a professional baseball franchise . The Bronx has the Yankees ( American League ) and Queens has the Mets ( National League ) of Major League Baseball . The Minor League Baseball Brooklyn Cyclones play in Brooklyn , while the Staten Island Yankees play in Staten Island . However , three of the four major league baseball teams to play in New York City played in Manhattan . The original New York Giants baseball team played in the various incarnations of the Polo Grounds at 155th Street and Eighth Avenue from their inception in 1883 -- except for 1889 , when they split their time between Jersey City and Staten Island , and when they played in Hilltop Park in 1911 -- until they headed west with the Brooklyn Dodgers after the 1957 season . The New York Yankees began their franchise as the Highlanders , named for Hilltop Park , where they played from their creation in 1903 until 1912 . The team moved to the Polo Grounds with the 1913 season , where they were officially christened the New York Yankees , remaining there until they moved across the Harlem River in 1923 to Yankee Stadium . The New York Mets played in the Polo Grounds in 1962 and 1963 , their first two seasons , before Shea Stadium was completed in 1964 . After the Mets departed , the Polo Grounds was demolished in April 1964 , replaced by public housing . The first national college - level basketball championship , the National Invitation Tournament , was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city . The New York Knicks started play in 1946 as one of the National Basketball Association 's original teams , playing their first home games at the 69th Regiment Armory , before making Madison Square Garden their permanent home . The New York Liberty of the WNBA have shared the Garden with the Knicks since their creation in 1997 as one of the league 's original eight teams . Rucker Park in Harlem is a playground court , famed for its streetball style of play , where many NBA athletes have played in the summer league . Though both of New York City 's football teams play today across the Hudson River in MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey , both teams started out playing in the Polo Grounds . The New York Giants played side - by - side with their baseball namesakes from the time they entered the National Football League in 1925 , until crossing over to Yankee Stadium in 1956 . The New York Jets , originally known as the Titans , started out in 1960 at the Polo Grounds , staying there for four seasons before joining the Mets in Queens in 1964 . The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League have played in the various locations of Madison Square Garden since the team 's founding in the 1926 -- 1927 season . The Rangers were predated by the New York Americans , who started play in the Garden the previous season , lasting until the team folded after the 1941 -- 1942 NHL season , a season it played in the Garden as the Brooklyn Americans . The New York Cosmos of the North American Soccer League played their home games at Downing Stadium for two seasons , starting in 1974 . In 1975 , the team signed Pelé , officially recorded by FIFA as the world 's greatest soccer player , to a $4.5 million contract , drawing a capacity crowd of 22,500 to watch him lead the team to a 2 -- 0 victory . The playing pitch and facilities at Downing Stadium were in dreadful condition though and as the team 's popularity grew they too left for Yankee Stadium , and then Giants Stadium . The stadium was demolished in 2002 to make way for the $45 million , 4,754 - seat Icahn Stadium , which includes an Olympic - standard 400 - meter running track and , as part of Pele 's and the Cosmos ' legacy , includes a FIFA - approved floodlit soccer stadium that hosts matches between the 48 youth teams of a Manhattan soccer club . Government ( edit ) Main article : Government of New York City Manhattan Municipal Building Since New York City 's consolidation in 1898 , Manhattan has been governed by the New York City Charter , which has provided for a strong mayor -- council system since its revision in 1989 . The centralized New York City government is responsible for public education , correctional institutions , libraries , public safety , recreational facilities , sanitation , water supply , and welfare services in Manhattan . The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority . Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate , which was responsible for creating and approving the city 's budget and proposals for land use . In 1989 , the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional because Brooklyn , the most populous borough , had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island , the least populous borough , a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment 's Equal Protection Clause pursuant to the high court 's 1964 `` one man , one vote '' decision . Since 1990 , the largely powerless Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies , the City Council , the New York state government , and corporations . Manhattan 's current Borough President is Gale Brewer , elected as a Democrat in November 2013 with 82.9 % of the vote . Brewer replaced Scott Stringer , who went on to become New York City Comptroller . Cyrus Vance Jr. , a Democrat , has been the District Attorney of New York County since 2010 . Manhattan has ten City Council members , the third largest contingent among the five boroughs . It also has twelve administrative districts , each served by a local Community Board . Community Boards are representative bodies that field complaints and serve as advocates for local residents . As the host of the United Nations , the borough is home to the world 's largest international consular corps , comprising 105 consulates , consulates general and honorary consulates . It is also the home of New York City Hall , the seat of New York City government housing the Mayor of New York City and the New York City Council . The mayor 's staff and thirteen municipal agencies are located in the nearby Manhattan Municipal Building , completed in 1914 , one of the largest governmental buildings in the world . ( show ) Presidential elections results by party affiliation Year Republican Democratic Third Parties 2016 9.7 % 64,930 86.6 % 579,013 3.7 % 24,997 2012 14.9 % 89,559 83.7 % 502,674 1.3 % 8,058 2008 13.5 % 89,949 85.7 % 572,370 0.8 % 5,566 16.7 % 107,405 82.1 % 526,765 1.2 % 7,781 2000 14.4 % 82,113 79.6 % 454,523 6.0 % 34,370 13.8 % 67,839 80.0 % 394,131 6.3 % 30,929 15.9 % 84,501 78.2 % 416,142 5.9 % 31,475 22.9 % 115,927 76.1 % 385,675 1.0 % 4,949 1984 27.4 % 144,281 72.1 % 379,521 0.5 % 2,869 1980 26.2 % 115,911 62.4 % 275,742 11.4 % 50,245 1976 25.5 % 117,702 73.2 % 337,438 1.2 % 5,698 1972 33.4 % 178,515 66.3 % 354,326 0.4 % 2,022 1968 25.6 % 135,458 70.0 % 370,806 4.4 % 23,128 1964 19.2 % 120,125 80.5 % 503,848 0.3 % 1,746 1960 34.2 % 217,271 65.3 % 414,902 0.5 % 3,394 1956 44.3 % 300,004 55.7 % 377,856 0.0 % 0 1952 39.3 % 300,284 58.5 % 446,727 2.2 % 16,974 1948 32.8 % 241,752 51.5 % 380,310 15.7 % 116,208 1944 33.5 % 258,650 65.9 % 509,263 0.6 % 4,864 1940 37.6 % 292,480 61.5 % 478,153 1.0 % 7,466 1936 24.5 % 174,299 72.7 % 517,134 2.8 % 19,820 1932 27.8 % 157,014 66.9 % 378,077 5.3 % 30,114 1928 35.7 % 186,396 60.8 % 317,227 3.4 % 17,935 1924 41.2 % 190,871 39.6 % 183,249 19.3 % 89,206 1920 59.2 % 275,013 29.1 % 135,249 11.7 % 54,158 1916 42.7 % 113,254 52.6 % 139,547 4.8 % 12,759 1912 18.2 % 63,107 47.8 % 166,157 34.1 % 118,391 1908 44.7 % 154,958 46.2 % 160,261 9.1 % 31,393 1904 42.1 % 155,003 51.5 % 189,712 6.4 % 23,357 1900 44.2 % 153,001 52.5 % 181,786 3.4 % 11,700 1896 50.7 % 156,359 44.0 % 135,624 5.3 % 16,249 1892 34.7 % 98,967 61.5 % 175,267 3.8 % 10,750 1888 39.2 % 106,922 59.7 % 162,735 1.1 % 3,076 1884 39.5 % 90,095 58.5 % 133,222 2.0 % 4,530 Politics ( edit ) See also : Community Boards of Manhattan The Democratic Party holds most public offices . Registered Republicans are a minority in the borough , constituting 9.88 % of the electorate as of April 2016 . Registered Republicans are more than 20 % of the electorate only in the neighborhoods of the Upper East Side and the Financial District as of 2016 . Democrats accounted for 68.41 % of those registered to vote , while 17.94 % of voters were unaffiliated . Manhattan is divided between four U.S. congressional districts , all of which are represented by Democrats . The 7th district is based in Brooklyn and Queens , but includes a few heavily Puerto Rican sections of the Lower East Side , including Avenues C and D of Alphabet City ; it is represented by Nydia Velázquez . The 10th district , based on the West Side , covers most of the Upper West Side , Hell 's Kitchen , Chelsea , Greenwich Village , Chinatown , Tribeca , the Financial District , and Battery Park City , as well as some sections of Southwest Brooklyn ; it is represented by Jerrold Nadler . The 12th district , the so - called `` Silk Stocking '' district that was the political base for Teddy Roosevelt and John Lindsay , covers most of the Upper East Side , Yorkville , Gramercy Park , Roosevelt Island , and most of the Lower East Side and the East Village , as well as portions of western Queens ; it is represented by Carolyn Maloney . Finally , the 13th district comprises Upper Manhattan and a small portion of the western Bronx , including the neighborhoods of Harlem , Inwood , Marble Hill , Spanish Harlem , Washington Heights , and portions of Morningside Heights and the Upper West Side ; it is represented by Adriano Espaillat . No Republican has won the presidential election in Manhattan since 1924 , when Calvin Coolidge won a plurality of the New York County vote over Democrat John W. Davis , 41.20 % -- 39.55 % . Warren G. Harding was the most recent Republican presidential candidate to win a majority of the Manhattan vote , with 59.22 % of the 1920 vote . In the 2004 presidential election , Democrat John Kerry received 82.1 % of the vote in Manhattan and Republican George W. Bush received 16.7 % . The borough is the most important source of funding for presidential campaigns in the United States ; in 2004 , it was home to six of the top seven ZIP codes in the nation for political contributions . The top ZIP code , 10021 on the Upper East Side , generated the most money for the United States presidential election for all presidential candidates , including both Kerry and Bush during the 2004 election . James Farley Post Office Federal offices ( edit ) The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Manhattan . The James Farley Post Office in Midtown Manhattan is New York City 's main post office . It is located at 421 Eighth Avenue , between 31st Street and 33rd Street . The post office stopped 24 - hour service on May 9 , 2009 , due to decreasing mail traffic . Both the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit are located in Lower Manhattan 's Foley Square , and the U.S. Attorney and other federal offices and agencies maintain locations in that area . Crime and public safety ( edit ) Main article : Crime in New York City An NYPD boat patrols New York Harbor A slum tour through the Five Points in an 1885 sketch Starting in the mid-19th century , the United States became a magnet for immigrants seeking to escape poverty in their home countries . After arriving in New York , many new arrivals ended up living in squalor in the slums of the Five Points neighborhood , an area between Broadway and the Bowery , northeast of New York City Hall . By the 1820s , the area was home to many gambling dens and brothels , and was known as a dangerous place to go . In 1842 , Charles Dickens visited the area and was appalled at the horrendous living conditions he had seen . The area was so notorious that it even caught the attention of Abraham Lincoln , who visited the area before his Cooper Union speech in 1860 . The predominantly Irish Five Points Gang was one of the country 's first major organized crime entities . As Italian immigration grew in the early 20th century many joined ethnic gangs , including Al Capone , who got his start in crime with the Five Points Gang . The Mafia ( also known as Cosa Nostra ) first developed in the mid-19th century in Sicily and spread to the East Coast of the United States during the late 19th century following waves of Sicilian and Southern Italian emigration . Lucky Luciano established Cosa Nostra in Manhattan , forming alliances with other criminal enterprises , including the Jewish mob , led by Meyer Lansky , the leading Jewish gangster of that period . From 1920 -- 1933 , Prohibition helped create a thriving black market in liquor , upon which the Mafia was quick to capitalize . As in the whole of New York City , Manhattan experienced a sharp increase in crime during the 1960s and 1970s . Since 1990 , crime in Manhattan has plummeted in all categories tracked by the CompStat profile . A borough that saw 503 murders in 1990 has seen a drop of nearly 88 % to 62 in 2008 and has continued to decline since then . Robbery and burglary are down by more than 80 % during the period , and auto theft has been reduced by more than 93 % . In the seven major crime categories tracked by the system , overall crime has declined by more than 75 % since 1990 , and year - to - date statistics through May 2009 show continuing declines . Based on 2005 data , New York City has the lowest crime rate among the ten largest cities in the United States . Housing ( edit ) Row of townhouses on 17 -- 23 West 16th Street Loft buildings ( now apartments ) in TriBeCa During Manhattan 's early history , wood construction and poor access to water supplies left the city vulnerable to fires . In 1776 , shortly after the Continental Army evacuated Manhattan and left it to the British , a massive fire broke out destroying one - third of the city and some 500 houses . The rise of immigration near the turn of the 20th century left major portions of Manhattan , especially the Lower East Side , densely packed with recent arrivals , crammed into unhealthy and unsanitary housing . Tenements were usually five - stories high , constructed on the then - typical 25 by 100 feet ( 7.6 by 30.5 m ) lots , with `` cockroach landlords '' exploiting the new immigrants . By 1929 , stricter fire codes and the increased use of elevators in residential buildings , were the impetus behind a new housing code that effectively ended the tenement as a form of new construction , though many tenement buildings survive today on the East Side of the borough . Manhattan offers a wide array of public and private housing options . There were 852,575 housing units in 2013 at an average density of 37,345 per square mile ( 14,419 / km2 ) . As of 2003 , only 20.3 % of Manhattan residents lived in owner - occupied housing , the second - lowest rate of all counties in the nation , behind the Bronx . Although the city of New York has the highest average cost for rent in the United States , it simultaneously hosts a higher average of income per capita . Because of this , rent is a lower percentage of annual income than in several other American cities . Manhattan 's real estate market for luxury housing continues to be among the most expensive in the world , and Manhattan residential property continues to have the highest sale price per square foot in the United States . Infrastructure ( edit ) Transportation ( edit ) See also : Transportation in New York City Public Transportation ( edit ) Grand Central Terminal is a National Historic Landmark . The Staten Island Ferry , seen from the Battery , crosses Upper New York Bay providing free public transportation between Staten Island and Manhattan . See also : Public transportation in New York City Manhattan is unique in the U.S. for intense use of public transportation and lack of private car ownership . While 88 % of Americans nationwide drive to their jobs , with only 5 % using public transport , mass transit is the dominant form of travel for residents of Manhattan , with 72 % of borough residents using public transport to get to work , while only 18 % drove . According to the 2000 United States Census , 77.5 % of Manhattan households do not own a car . In 2008 , Mayor Bloomberg proposed a congestion pricing system to regulate entering Manhattan south of 60th Street . The state legislature rejected the proposal in June 2008 . The New York City Subway , the largest subway system in the world by number of stations , is the primary means of travel within the city , linking every borough except Staten Island . There are 151 subway stations in Manhattan , out of the 472 stations . A second subway , the Port Authority Trans - Hudson ( PATH ) system , connects six stations in Manhattan to northern New Jersey . Passengers pay fares with pay - per - ride MetroCards , which are valid on all city buses and subways , as well as on PATH trains . There are 7 - day and 30 - day MetroCards that allow unlimited trips on all subways ( except PATH ) and MTA bus routes ( except for express buses ) . The PATH QuickCard is being phased out , having been replaced by the SmartLink . The MTA is testing `` smart card '' payment systems to replace the MetroCard . Commuter rail services operating to and from Manhattan are the Long Island Rail Road ( which connects Manhattan and other New York City boroughs to Long Island ) , the Metro - North Railroad ( which connects Manhattan to Upstate New York and Southwestern Connecticut ) and NJ Transit trains to various points in New Jersey . The $10.2 billion East Side Access project is under construction . Four multi-billion - dollar projects were completed in the mid-2010s : the $1.4 billion Fulton Center in November 2014 , the $2.4 billion 7 Subway Extension in September 2015 , the $4 billion World Trade Center Transportation Hub in March 2016 , and the $4.5 billion Second Avenue Subway in January 2017 . MTA New York City Transit offers a wide variety of local buses within Manhattan under the brand New York City Bus . An extensive network of express bus routes serves commuters and other travelers heading into Manhattan . The bus system served 784 million passengers citywide in 2011 , placing the bus system 's ridership as the highest in the nation , and more than double the ridership of the second - place Los Angeles system . The Roosevelt Island Tramway , one of two commuter cable car systems in North America , whisks commuters between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan in less than five minutes , and has been serving the island since 1978 . ( The other system in North America is the Portland Aerial Tram . ) The Staten Island Ferry , which runs 24 hours a day , 365 days a year , annually carries over 21 million passengers on the 5.2 - mile ( 8.4 km ) run between Manhattan and Staten Island . Each weekday , five vessels transport about 65,000 passengers on 109 boat trips . The ferry has been fare - free since 1997 , when the then - 50 - cent fare was eliminated . In February 2015 , Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would begin NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation to traditionally underserved communities in the city . The first routes of NYC Ferry opened in 2017 . All of the system 's routes have termini in Manhattan , with the planned Lower East Side and Soundview routes also having intermediate stops on the East River . The metro region 's commuter rail lines converge at Penn Station and Grand Central Terminal , on the west and east sides of Midtown Manhattan , respectively . They are the two busiest rail stations in the United States . About one - third of users of mass transit and two - thirds of railway passengers in the country live in New York and its suburbs . Amtrak provides inter-city passenger rail service from Penn Station to Boston , Philadelphia , Baltimore , and Washington , D.C. ; Upstate New York and New England ; cross-Canadian border service to Toronto and Montreal ; and destinations in the Southern and Midwestern United States . Taxis ( edit ) Main article : Taxicabs of New York City New York 's iconic yellow taxicabs , which number 13,087 city - wide and must have the requisite medallion authorizing the pick up of street hails , are ubiquitous in the borough . Various private transportation network companies provide significant competition for cab drivers in Manhattan . Bikes ( edit ) Main article : Cycling in New York City Manhattan also has tens of thousands of bicycle commuters . Streets and roads ( edit ) The Brooklyn Bridge in the foreground and the Manhattan Bridge beyond it , are two of the three bridges that connect Lower Manhattan with Brooklyn over the East River 8th Avenue , looking northward ( `` Uptown '' ) , in the rain . Most streets and avenues in Manhattan 's grid plan incorporate a one - way traffic configuration . Manhattanhenge , as seen looking westward at sunset in June 2005 See also : List of numbered streets in Manhattan and List of eponymous streets in New York City The Commissioners ' Plan of 1811 called for twelve numbered avenues running north and south roughly parallel to the shore of the Hudson River , each 100 feet ( 30 m ) wide , with First Avenue on the east side and Twelfth Avenue on the west side . There are several intermittent avenues east of First Avenue , including four additional lettered avenues running from Avenue A eastward to Avenue D in an area now known as Alphabet City in Manhattan 's East Village . The numbered streets in Manhattan run east - west , and are generally 60 feet ( 18 m ) wide , with about 200 feet ( 61 m ) between each pair of streets . With each combined street and block adding up to about 260 feet ( 79 m ) , there are almost exactly 20 blocks per mile . The typical block in Manhattan is 250 by 600 feet ( 76 by 183 m ) . According to the original Commissioner 's Plan , there were 155 numbered crosstown streets , but later the grid was extended up to the northernmost corner of Manhattan , where the last numbered street is 220th Street . Moreover , the numbering system continues even in The Bronx , north of Manhattan , despite the fact that the grid plan is not as regular in that borough , whose last numbered street is 263rd Street . Fifteen crosstown streets were designated as 100 feet ( 30 m ) wide , including 34th , 42nd , 57th and 125th Streets , which became some of the borough 's most significant transportation and shopping venues . Broadway is the most notable of many exceptions to the grid , starting at Bowling Green in Lower Manhattan and continuing north into the Bronx at Manhattan 's northern tip . In much of Midtown Manhattan , Broadway runs at a diagonal to the grid , creating major named intersections at Union Square ( Park Avenue South / Fourth Avenue and 14th Street ) , Madison Square ( Fifth Avenue and 23rd Street ) , Herald Square ( Sixth Avenue and 34th Street ) , Times Square ( Seventh Avenue and 42nd Street ) , and Columbus Circle ( Eighth Avenue / Central Park West and 59th Street ) . `` Crosstown traffic '' refers primarily to vehicular traffic between Manhattan 's East Side and West Side . The trip is notoriously frustrating for drivers because of heavy congestion on narrow local streets laid out by the Commissioners ' Plan of 1811 , absence of express roads other than the Trans - Manhattan Expressway at the far north end of Manhattan Island , and only 4 crosstown roads for travel through Central Park , which is between 59th Street and 110th Street . Proposals in the mid-1900s to build express roads through the city 's densest neighborhoods , namely the Mid-Manhattan Expressway and Lower Manhattan Expressway , did not go forward . The congestion makes Manhattan 's crosstown buses the perennial `` winners '' of the `` Pokey Awards '' for slowest service in New York City . Another consequence of the strict grid plan of most of Manhattan , and the grid 's skew of approximately 28.9 degrees , is a phenomenon sometimes referred to as Manhattanhenge ( by analogy with Stonehenge ) . On separate occasions in late May and early July , the sunset is aligned with the street grid lines , with the result that the sun is visible at or near the western horizon from street level . A similar phenomenon occurs with the sunrise in January and December . The FDR Drive and Harlem River Drive , both designed by controversial New York master planner Robert Moses , comprise a single , long limited - access parkway skirting the east side of Manhattan along the East River and Harlem River south of Dyckman Street . The Henry Hudson Parkway is the corresponding parkway on the West Side north of 57th Street . River crossings ( edit ) Being primarily an island , Manhattan is linked to New York City 's outer boroughs by numerous bridges , of various sizes . Manhattan has fixed highway connections with New Jersey to its west by way of the George Washington Bridge , the Holland Tunnel , and the Lincoln Tunnel , and to three of the four other New York City boroughs -- the Bronx to the northeast , and Brooklyn and Queens ( both on Long Island ) to the east and south . Its only direct connection with the fifth New York City borough , Staten Island , is the Staten Island Ferry across New York Harbor , which is free of charge . The ferry terminal is located near Battery Park at Manhattan 's southern tip . It is also possible to travel on land to Staten Island by way of Brooklyn , via the Verrazano - Narrows Bridge . The George Washington Bridge , the world 's busiest motor vehicle bridge , connects Washington Heights , in Upper Manhattan , to Bergen County , in New Jersey . There are numerous bridges to the Bronx across the Harlem River , and five ( listed north to south ) -- the Triborough ( known officially as the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge ) , Ed Koch Queensboro ( also known as the 59th Street Bridge ) , Williamsburg , Manhattan , and Brooklyn Bridges -- that cross the East River to connect Manhattan to Long Island . Several tunnels also link Manhattan Island to New York City 's outer boroughs and New Jersey . The Lincoln Tunnel , which carries 120,000 vehicles a day under the Hudson River between New Jersey and Midtown Manhattan , is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world . The tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sail through New York Harbor and up the Hudson River to Manhattan 's piers . The Holland Tunnel , connecting Lower Manhattan to Jersey City , New Jersey , was the world 's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel . The Queens -- Midtown Tunnel , built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn , was the largest non-federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940 ; President Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first person to drive through it . The Brooklyn -- Battery Tunnel runs underneath Battery Park and connects the Financial District at the southern tip of Manhattan to Red Hook in Brooklyn . Heliports ( edit ) Manhattan has three public heliports : the East 34th Street Heliport ( also known as the Atlantic Metroport ) at East 34th Street , owned by New York City and run by the New York City Economic Development Corporation ( NYCEDC ) ; the Port Authority Downtown Manhattan / Wall Street Heliport , owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and run by the NYCEDC ; and the West 30th Street Heliport , a privately owned heliport that is owned by the Hudson River Park Trust . US Helicopter offered regularly scheduled helicopter service connecting the Downtown Manhattan Heliport with John F. Kennedy International Airport in Queens and Newark Liberty International Airport in New Jersey , before going out of business in 2009 . Utilities ( edit ) Gas and electric service is provided by Consolidated Edison to all of Manhattan . Con Edison 's electric business traces its roots back to Thomas Edison 's Edison Electric Illuminating Company , the first investor - owned electric utility . The company started service on September 4 , 1882 , using one generator to provide 110 volts direct current ( DC ) to 59 customers with 800 light bulbs , in a one - square - mile area of Lower Manhattan from his Pearl Street Station . Con Edison operates the world 's largest district steam system , which consists of 105 miles ( 169 km ) of steam pipes , providing steam for heating , hot water , and air conditioning by some 1,800 Manhattan customers . Cable service is provided by Time Warner Cable and telephone service is provided by Verizon Communications , although AT&T is available as well . Manhattan witnessed the doubling of the natural gas supply delivered to the borough when a new gas pipeline opened on November 1 , 2013 . The New York City Department of Sanitation is responsible for garbage removal . The bulk of the city 's trash ultimately is disposed at mega-dumps in Pennsylvania , Virginia , South Carolina and Ohio ( via transfer stations in New Jersey , Brooklyn and Queens ) since the 2001 closure of the Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island . A small amount of trash processed at transfer sites in New Jersey is sometimes incinerated at waste - to - energy facilities . Like New York City , New Jersey and much of Greater New York relies on exporting its trash to far - flung areas . New York City has the largest clean - air diesel - hybrid and compressed natural gas bus fleet , which also operates in Manhattan , in the country . It also has some of the first hybrid taxis , most of which operate in Manhattan . Health care ( edit ) Main article : List of hospitals in New York City § Manhattan There are many hospitals in Manhattan , including two of the 25 largest in the United States ( as of 2017 ) : Bellevue Hospital Lenox Hill Hospital Lower Manhattan Hospital Metropolitan Hospital Center Mount Sinai Beth Israel Hospital Mount Sinai Hospital New York - Presbyterian Hospital NYC Health + Hospitals / Harlem NYU Langone Medical Center Water purity and availability ( edit ) Main articles : Food and water in New York City and New York City water supply system New York City is supplied with drinking water by the protected Catskill Mountains watershed . As a result of the watershed 's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system , New York is one of only four major cities in the United States the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification by water treatment plants . The Croton Watershed north of the city is undergoing construction of a US $3.2 billion water purification plant to augment New York City 's water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily , representing a greater than 20 % addition to the city 's current availability of water . Manhattan , surrounded by two brackish rivers , had a limited supply of fresh water . To satisfy its growing population , the City of New York acquired land in adjacent Westchester County and constructed the old Croton Aqueduct system there , which went into service in 1842 and was superseded by the new Croton Aqueduct , which opened in 1890 . This , however , was interrupted in 2008 for the ongoing construction of a US $3.2 billion water purification plant that can supply an estimated 290 million gallons daily when completed , representing an almost 20 % addition to the city 's availability of water , with this addition going to Manhattan and the Bronx . Water comes to Manhattan through New York City Water Tunnel No. 1 , Tunnel No. 2 , and Tunnel No. 3 , completed in 1917 , 1936 , and ( Manhattan 's supply ) 2013 , respectively . Address algorithm ( edit ) Main article : Manhattan address algorithm The address algorithm of Manhattan refers to the formulas used to estimate the closest east -- west cross street for building numbers on north -- south avenues . It is commonly noted in telephone directories , New York City travel guides , and MTA Manhattan bus maps . See also ( edit ) History of New York City , a series List of counties in New York List of Manhattan neighborhoods List of people from Manhattan Manhattanization National Register of Historic Places listings in New York County , New York Sawing off of Manhattan Island Timeline of New York City New York City portal New York portal References ( edit ) Informational notes Jump up ^ Area codes 718 , 347 and 929 are used in Marble Hill . Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official weather observations for Central Park were conducted at the Arsenal at Fifth Avenue and 64th Street from 1869 to 1919 , and at Belvedere Castle since 1919 . Citations ^ Jump up to : Jen Carlson ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Do You Refer To Manhattan As `` The City '' ? `` . Gothamist . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 Population Estimates -- New York County , New York '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : 2010 Census Gazetteer Files : New York County Subdivisions , United States Census Bureau . Accessed June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Manhattan , New York -- Some of the Most Expensive Real Estate in the World Overlooks Central Park '' . The Pinnacle List . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barry , Dan . `` A Nation challenged : in New York ; New York Carries On , but Test of Its Grit Has Just Begun '' , The New York Times , October 11 , 2001 . Accessed November 20 , 2016 . `` A roaring void has been created in the financial center of the world . '' Jump up ^ Sorrentino , Christopher ( September 16 , 2007 ) . `` When He Was Seventeen '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . `` In 1980 there were still the remains of the various downtown revolutions that had reinvigorated New York 's music and art scenes and kept Manhattan in the position it had occupied since the 1940s as the cultural center of the world . '' Jump up ^ Bumiller , Elisabeth ( October 8 , 1995 ) . `` The Pope 's visit : the cardinal ; As Pope 's Important Ally , Cardinal Shines High in Hierarchy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . `` As the Archbishop of the media and cultural center of the United States , Cardinal O'Connor has extraordinary power among Catholic prelates . '' Jump up ^ Michael P. Ventura ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` Manhattan May Be the Media Capital of the World , But Not For iPad Users '' . DNAinfo . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dawn Ennis ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC will broadcast New York 's pride parade live for the first time '' . LGBTQ Nation . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Visitors Centre `` Welcome to the United Nations -- Tour the international UN Headquarters '' `` . United Nations . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Richard Florida ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Sorry , London : New York Is the World 's Most Economically Powerful City '' . The Atlantic Monthly Group . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Our new ranking puts the Big Apple firmly on top . Jump up ^ `` Top 8 Cities by GDP : China vs. The U.S '' . Business Insider , Inc . July 31 , 2011 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . For instance , Shanghai , the largest Chinese city with the highest economic production , and a fast - growing global financial hub , is far from matching or surpassing New York , the largest city in the U.S. and the economic and financial super center of the world . `` PAL sets introductory fares to New York '' . Philippine Airlines . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ John Glover ( November 23 , 2014 ) . `` New York Boosts Lead on London as Leading Finance Center '' . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UBS may move US investment bank to NYC '' . e-Eighteen.com Ltd . June 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Global Financial Centres Index 17 '' ( PDF ) . Long Finance . March 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NYSE Listings Directory '' . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2013 . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biggest Stock Exchanges In The World '' . worldatlas.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . The world 's two largest stock exchanges lie only minutes apart in the Wall Street area of Manhattan , New York City , United States . Jump up ^ Matt Soniak ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Was Manhattan Really Bought for $24 ? '' . Mental Floss . ^ Jump up to : `` Peter Schaghen Letter with transcription '' . New Netherland Institute . November 7 , 1626 . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morgan Brennan ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` The World 's Most Expensive Billionaire Cities '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Trulia.com Accessed April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Janette Sadik - Khan ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` A plea for Fifth Avenue '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Camille Mann & Stephanie Valera . `` World 's Most Crowded Islands '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` USA Counties Land Area -- New York , NY ( 2010 ) '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2003 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mann , Camille ; Valera , Stephanie . `` World 's Most Crowded Islands '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How Many People Can Manhattan Hold ? '' . The New York Times . March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Manhattan '' . NYBits.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ginia Bellafante ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` How Much Tourism Is Too Much ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ann Shields ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` The World 's 50 Most Visited Tourist Attractions -- No. 3 : Times Square , New York City -- Annual Visitors : 50,000,000 '' . Travel + Lesiure . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . No. 3 Times Square , ... No. 4 ( tie ) Central Park , ... No. 10 Grand Central Terminal , New York City Jump up ^ `` Buildings in New York City '' . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Retrieved June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sarah Waxman . `` The History of New York 's Chinatown '' . Mediabridge Infosystems , Inc . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn , National Historic Landmark National Register Number : 99000562 '' . National Park Service , U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Obama inaugural speech references Stonewall gay - rights riots '' . North Jersey Media Group Inc . January 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael M. Grynbaum ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` The Reporters of City Hall Return to Their Old Perch '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NYC Colleges and Universities '' . Mediabridge Infosystems , Inc . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Academic Ranking of World Universities 2017 '' . ShanghaiRanking Consultancy . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CWUR 2016 -- World University Rankings '' . Center for World University Rankings . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Current Population Estimates : NYC '' . NYC.gov . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Juet , Robert ( 2006 ) ( 1625 ) . Juet 's Journal of Hudson 's 1609 Voyage , from the 1625 Edition of Purchas His Pilgrimes . The New York Times . Translated by Brea Barthel . The New Netherland Museum . p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Holloway , Marguerite ( May 16 , 2004 ) . `` Urban tactics ; I 'll Take Mannahatta '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2009 . `` He could envision what Henry Hudson saw in 1609 as he sailed along Mannahatta , which in the Lenape dialect most likely meant island of many hills . '' Jump up ^ `` Zip Code lookup for 10111 '' . Jump up ^ R.J. Knecht : Renaissance Warrior and Patron : The Reign of Francis I ; p. 372 . Cambridge University Press ( 1996 ) ISBN 0 - 521 - 57885 - X Jump up ^ Seymour I. Schwartz : The Mismapping of America . p. 42 ; The University of Rochester Press ( 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 58046 - 302 - 7 Jump up ^ Rankin , Rebecca B. , Cleveland Rodgers ( 1948 ) . New York : the World 's Capital City , Its Development and Contributions to Progress . Harper . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Henry Hudson and His Exploration '' Archived January 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Scientific American , September 25 , 1909 . Accessed May 1 , 2007 . `` This was a vain hope however , and the conviction must finally have come to the heart of the intrepid adventurer that once again he was foiled in his repeated quest for the northwest passage ... On the following day the `` Half Moon '' let go her anchor inside of Sandy Hook . The week was spent in exploring the bay with a shallop , or small boat , and `` they found a good entrance between two headlands '' ( the Narrows ) `` and thus entered on the September 11 into as fine a river as can be found . '' '' Jump up ^ `` The Inauguration of George Washington , 1789 '' . Eyewitness to History . Ibis Communications , Inc. 2005 . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dutch Colonies , National Park Service . Accessed May 19 , 2007 . `` Sponsored by the West India Company , 30 families arrived in North America in 1624 , establishing a settlement on present - day Manhattan . '' ^ Jump up to : GovIsland Park - to - Tolerance : through Broad Awareness and Conscious Vigilance , Tolerance Park . Accessed November 20 , 2016 . See Legislative Resolutions Senate No. 5476 and Assembly No. 2708 . Jump up ^ City Seal and Flag , New York City . Accessed November 20 , 2016 . `` Date : Beneath the horizontal laurel branch the date 1625 , being the year of the establishment of New Amsterdam . '' Jump up ^ New York : History -- Islands Draw Native American , Dutch , and English Settlement , City - data . Accessed November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Schaghen Letter with transcription . New Netherland Institute ( 1626 - 11 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Nevius , Michelle ; Nevius , James ( 2009 ) . Inside the Apple : A Streetwise History of New York City . Simon and Schuster . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 8997 - 6 . Jump up ^ Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace , Gotham : A History of New York City to 1898 , ( 1999 : xivff ) Jump up ^ The International Institute for Social History , Amsterdam calculates its value as 60 guilders ( 1626 ) = € 678.91 ( 2006 ) , equal to about $1,000 in 2006 . Jump up ^ How much would the $24 paid for Manhattan be worth in today 's money ? . The Straight Dope ( July 31 , 1992 ) . Retrieved on July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nevius , James ; Nevius , Michelle ( 2014 ) . Footprints in New York : Tracing the Lives of Four Centuries of New Yorkers . Guilford , Conn. : Lyons Press . ISBN 9780762796366 . Jump up ^ Benchley , Nathaniel . `` The $24 Swindle : The Indians who sold Manhattan were bilked , all right , but they did n't mind -- the land was n't theirs anyway . '' American Heritage , Vol. 11 , no . 1 ( December 1959 ) . Jump up ^ Williams , Jasmin K. `` Classroom Extra : New York -- The Empire State '' , The New York Post , November 22 , 2006 . Accessed November 20 , 2016 . `` In 1647 , Dutch leader Peter Stuyvesant arrived with an iron fist to put an end to the colony 's rampant crime and restore order . '' Jump up ^ About the Council Archived February 12 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , New York City Council . Accessed May 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ New York State History Archived April 22 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , New York Department of State . Accessed June 29 , 2009 . `` ... named New York in honor of the Duke of York . '' Jump up ^ Griffis , William Elliot . `` The Story of New Netherland '' Chapter XV : The Fall of New Netherland , Houghton Mifflin Company , 1909 . `` In religious matters , Article VIII of the capitulation read , `` The Dutch shall enjoy the liberty of their consciences in Divine worship and in Church government . '' '' Jump up ^ Scheltema , Gajus and Westerhuijs , Heleen ( eds . ) , Exploring Historic Dutch New York . Museum of the City of New York / Dover Publications , New York ( 2011 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 48637 - 6 Jump up ^ Thalassa , FR3 Television , broadcast of Monday August 27 , 2012 Jump up ^ Fort Washington Park , New York City Department of Parks and Recreation . Accessed May 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Evacuation Day '' , New York City Department of Parks and Recreation , November 23 , 2005 . Accessed May 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Nice Capitals of the United States . United States Senate Historical Office . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . Based on Fortenbaugh , Robert , The Nine Capitals of the United States , York , Pennsylvania : Maple Press , 1948 ... Jump up ^ `` Birthplace of American Government '' . National Park Service . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Jack . `` Debating the Bill of Rights '' . Colonial Williamsburg Foundation . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History & Culture -- Federal Hall National Memorial '' . National Park Service . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bridges , William ( 1811 ) . Map of the City of New York and Island of Manhattan with Explanatory Remarks and References . Jump up ^ Lankevich ( 1998 ) , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , David W. `` Last Time New York Had Just 27 House Seats ? The City Was on the Rise '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blair , Cynthia . `` 1858 : Central Park Opens '' , Newsday . Accessed May 29 , 2007 . `` Between 1853 and 1856 , city commissioners purchased more than 700 acres ( 280 ha ) from 59th Street to 106th Street between Fifth and Eighth Avenues to create Central Park , the nation 's first public park ( sic ) as well as its first landscaped park . '' In actuality , Boston Common is the nation 's first public park . Boston Common , Thefreedomtrail.org . Jump up ^ Rybczynski , Witold . `` Olmsted 's Triumph '' , Smithsonian ( magazine ) , July 2003 . Accessed November 20 , 2016 . `` By 1876 , landscape designer Frederick Law Olmsted and architect Calvert Vaux had transformed the swampy , treeless 50 blocks between Harlem and midtown Manhattan into the first landscaped park in the United States . '' Jump up ^ Harris , Leslie M. `` The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 '' excerpted from In the Shadow of Slavery : African Americans in New York City , 1626 -- 1863 , University of Chicago Press . Accessed November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ward , Geoffrey C. `` Gangs of New York '' , a review of Paradise Alley by Kevin Baker , The New York Times , October 6 , 2002 . Accessed June 30 , 2009 . `` The New York draft riots remain the worst civil disturbance in American history : according to the historian Adrian Cook , 119 people are known to have been killed , mostly rioters or onlookers who got too close when federal troops , brought back from the battlefield to restore order , started shooting . '' Jump up ^ Statue of Liberty , National Park Service . Accessed May 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New Jerseyans ' Claim To Liberty I. Rejected '' , The New York Times , October 6 , 1987 . Accessed June 30 , 2009 . `` The Supreme Court today refused to strip the Statue of Liberty of its status as a New Yorker . The Court , without comment , turned away a move by a two New Jerseyans to claim jurisdiction over the landmark for their state . '' Jump up ^ Macy Jr. , Harry . Before the Five - Borough City : The Old Cities , Towns and Villages That Came Together to Form `` Greater New York '' , New York Genealogical and Biographical Society from The NYG&B Newsletter , Winter 1998 . Accessed April 29 , 2007 . `` In 1683 , when the Province of New York was first divided into counties , the City of New York also became New York County ... In 1874 , to accommodate this growth , New York City and County annexed from Westchester County what is now the western Bronx ... In 1895 New York City annexed the eastern Bronx . '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Gary Hermalyn and Ultan , Lloyd . Bronx History : A General Survey , New York Public Library . Accessed April 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chase - Dunn , Christopher and Manning , Susan . `` City systems and world - systems : Four millennia of city growth and decline '' , University of California , Riverside Institute for Research on World - Systems . Accessed May 17 , 2007 . `` New York , which became the largest city in the world by 1925 , beating out London ... '' Jump up ^ `` New York -- Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved May 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Jennifer . Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire , About.com . Accessed May 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Allen , Oliver E. ( 1993 ) . `` Chapter 9 : The Decline '' . The Tiger -- The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall . Addison - Wesley Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 201 - 62463 - X . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Stuyvesant Town to Get Its First Tenants Today '' , The New York Times , August 1 , 1947 . p. 19 Jump up ^ Ambrose Akenuwa ( July 1 , 2015 ) . Is the United States Still the Land of the Free and Home to the Brave ? . Lulu.com . p. 79 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 329 - 26112 - 9 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . The United Nations Headquarters has been situated in Midtown Manhattan since 1952 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brief History of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement in the U.S '' . University of Kentucky . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. National Park Service ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Civil Rights at Stonewall National Monument '' . Department of the Interior . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Obama inaugural speech references Stonewall gay - rights riots '' . North Jersey Media Group . January 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Allan Tannenbaum . `` New York in the 70s : A Remembrance '' . The Digital Journalist . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christopher Effgen ( September 11 , 2001 ) . `` New York Crime Rates 1960 -- 2009 '' . Disastercenter.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harris , Paul . `` How the mean streets of New York were tamed '' , The Guardian , January 15 , 2006 . Accessed June 29 , 2009 . `` Alongside the changed tactics came a fall in the crack epidemic that had swept the city in the Eighties . By the Nineties police had driven dealers off the streets , thus reducing drug - related violence ... The figures speak for themselves . In 1990 , 2,245 New Yorkers were murdered . Last year the number was 537 , the lowest for 40 years . '' Jump up ^ Hevesi , Dennis . `` In Much of the City , A Robust Market '' , The New York Times , March 16 , 1997 . Accessed June 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Eli Rosenberg ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Stonewall Inn Named National Monument , a First for the Gay Rights Movement '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mary Johnson ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` VIDEO : Dramatic Explosion at East Village Con Ed Plant '' . DNA Info . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Edelman , Susan ( January 6 , 2008 ) . `` Charting post-9 / 11 deaths '' . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Katia Hetter ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` It 's official : One World Trade Center to be tallest U.S. skyscraper '' . CNN . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OccupyWallStreet -- About '' . The Occupy Solidarity Network , Inc . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Long , Colleen & Peltz , Jennifer ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Water , fire and darkness : NYC after the superstorm '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2012 . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gas Lines Pop Up Citywide As Relief Efforts Continue '' . NY1 . November 3 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Free Gas Draws Crowds In New York City ; Gas Rationing Starts In New Jersey '' . NPR . November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tracking Storm Sandy Recovery '' . Reuters . October 30 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bhasin , Kim ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` MTA : In 108 Years , The NYC Subway System Has Never Faced A Disaster As Devastating As This '' . Business Insider . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Sandy forces mass transit closure , evacuations '' . MyFoxNY . November 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Raw : Sandy Leaves NYC Subways Flooded on YouTube Jump up ^ Robert S. Eshelman ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Adaptation : Political support for a sea wall in New York Harbor begins to form '' . E&E Publishing . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Irma spared America , but still had a big effect on it '' . The Economist . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Terrorist Attack : Truck Driver Kills Eight in Lower Manhattan '' , NBC News , November 1 , 2017 . Accessed November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ New York City Administrative Code Section 2 - 202 Division into boroughs and boundaries thereof -- Division Into Boroughs And Boundaries Thereof. , Justia . Accessed November 20 , 2016 . `` The borough of Manhattan shall consist of the territory known as New York county , which shall contain all that part of the city and state , including that portion of land commonly known as Marble Hill and included within the county of New York and borough of Manhattan for all purposes pursuant to chapter nine hundred thirty - nine of the laws of nineteen hundred eighty - four and further including the islands called Manhattan Island , Governor 's Island , Bedloe 's Island , Ellis Island , Franklin D. Roosevelt Island , Randall 's Island and Oyster Island ... '' ^ Jump up to : How New York Works , How Stuff Works . Accessed June 30 , 2009 . `` The island is 22.7 square miles ( 59 km ) , 13.4 miles ( 21.6 km ) long and 2.3 miles ( 3.7 km ) wide ( at its widest point ) . '' Jump up ^ Cudahy , Brian J. Cudahy ( 1990 ) . Over and Back : The History of Ferryboats in New York Harbor . Fordham University Press . p. 25 . ISBN 0 - 8232 - 1245 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ Iglauer , Edith ( November 4 , 1972 ) . `` The Biggest Foundation '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ ASLA 2003 The Landmark Award , American Society of Landscape Architects . Accessed May 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gray , Christopher . `` Streetscapes : Spuyten Duyvil Swing Bridge ; Restoring a Link In the City 's Lifeline '' . The New York Times , March 6 , 1988 . Accessed June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Nancy Beth . `` If You 're Thinking of Living In / Marble Hill ; Tiny Slice of Manhattan on the Mainland '' . The New York Times , January 26 , 2003 . Accessed June 30 , 2009 . `` The building of the Harlem River Ship Canal turned the hill into an island in 1895 , but when Spuyten Duyvel Creek on the west was filled in before World War I , the 51 acres ( 21 ha ) became firmly attached to the mainland and the Bronx . '' Jump up ^ The fact that the immediate layer of bedrock in the Bronx is Fordham gneiss , while that of Manhattan is schist has led to the expression : `` The Bronx is gneiss ( nice ) but Manhattan is schist . '' Eldredge , Niles & Horenstein , Sidney ( 2014 ) . Concrete Jungle : New York City and Our Last Best Hope for a Sustainable Future . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . p. 42 , n1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 27015 - 2 . Jump up ^ Manhattan Schist in Bennett Park Archived February 12 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ John H. Betts The Minerals of New York City originally published in Rocks & Minerals magazine , Volume 84 , No. 3 pages 204 -- 252 ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Samuels , Andrea . `` An Examination of Mica Schist by Andrea Samuels , Micscape magazine . Photographs of Manhattan schist '' . Microscopy-uk.org.uk . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manhattan Schist in New York City Parks -- J. Hood Wright Park '' . New York City Department of Parks & Recreation . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Helen ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` How ancient collision shaped New York skyline '' . BBC Science . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . These rocks are Manhattan schist , part of that ancient supercontinent , fragments of Pangaea left behind when the continent split . They are just glimpses of what is below the surface in abundance in Downtown and Midtown . And it is these fragments of very hard rock that provide the perfect foundations for New York 's highest buildings . Where Manhattan schist can be found very close to the surface you can build high , and so Downtown and Midtown have become home to Manhattan 's tallest buildings . Jump up ^ Barr , Jason ; Tassier , Troy ; and Trendafilov , Rossen . `` Depth to Bedrock and the Formation of the Manhattan Skyline , 1890 -- 1915 '' , The Journal of Economic History , December 2011 -- Volume 71 , Issue 04 . Accessed August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chaban , Matt ( January 17 , 2012 ) . `` Uncanny Valley : The Real Reason There Are No Skyscrapers in the Middle of Manhattan '' . The New York Observer . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chaban , Matt ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Paul Goldberger and Skyscraper Economist Jason Barr Debate the Manhattan Skyline '' ( PDF ) . The New York Observer . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jessica Robertson & Mark Petersen ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` New Insight on the Nation 's Earthquake Hazards '' . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Senft , Bret . `` If You 're Thinking of Living In / TriBeCa ; Families Are the Catalyst for Change '' , The New York Times , September 26 , 1993 . Accessed June 30 , 2009 . `` Families have overtaken commerce as the catalyst for change in this TRIangle BElow CAnal Street ( although the only triangle here is its heart : Hudson Street meeting West Broadway at Chambers Street , with Canal its north side ) ... Artists began seeking refuge from fashionable SoHo ( SOuth of HOuston ) as early as the mid-70s . '' Jump up ^ Cohen , Joyce . `` If You 're Thinking of Living In / Nolita ; A Slice of Little Italy Moving Upscale '' , The New York Times , May 17 , 1998 . Accessed June 30 , 2009 . `` NO ONE is quite certain what to call this part of town . Nolita -- north of Little Italy , that is -- certainly pinpoints it geographically . The not - quite - acronym was apparently coined several years ago by real - estate brokers seeking to give the area at least a little cachet . '' Jump up ^ Louie , Elaine . `` The Trendy Discover NoMad Land , and Move In '' , The New York Times , August 5 , 1999 . Accessed November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Feirstein , Sanna ( 2001 ) , Naming New York : Manhattan Places & How They Got Their Names , New York : New York University , p. 103 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 2712 - 6 Jump up ^ Sternbergh , Adam . `` Soho . Nolita . Dumbo . NoMad ? Branding the last unnamed neighborhood in Manhattan . '' , New York ( magazine ) , April 11 , 2010 . Accessed November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pitts , David . `` U.S. Postage Stamp Honors Harlem 's Langston Hughes '' , United States Department of State . Accessed November 20 , 2016 . `` Harlem , or Nieuw Haarlem , as it was originally named , was established by the Dutch in 1658 after they took control from Native Americans . They named it after Haarlem , a city in the Netherlands . '' Jump up ^ Bruni , Frank . `` The Grounds He Stamped : The New York Of Ginsberg '' , The New York Times , April 7 , 1997 . Accessed June 30 , 2009 . `` Indeed , for all the worldwide attention that Mr. Ginsberg received , he was always a creature and icon principally of downtown Manhattan , his world view forged in its crucible of political and sexual passions , his eccentricities nurtured by those of its peculiar demimonde , his individual myth entwined with that of the bohemian East Village in which he made his home . He embodied the East Village and the Lower East Side , Bill Morgan , a friend and Mr. Ginsberg 's archivist , said yesterday . '' Jump up ^ Dunlap , David W . `` The New Chelsea 's Many Faces '' , The New York Times , November 13 , 1994 . Accessed June 30 , 2009 . `` Gay Chelsea 's role has solidified with the arrival of A Different Light bookstore , a cultural cornerstone that had been housed for a decade in an 800 - square - foot ( 74 m ) nook at 548 Hudson Street , near Perry Street . It now takes up more than 5,000 square feet ( 500 m ) at 151 West 19th Street and its migration seems to embody a northward shift of gay life from Greenwich Village ... Because of Chelsea 's reputation , Mr. Garmendia said , single women were not likely to move in . But single men did . `` The whole neighborhood became gay during the 70 's '' , he said . '' Jump up ^ Grimes , Christopher . `` WORLD NEWS : New York 's Chinatown starts to feel the pinch over ' the bug ' '' , Financial Times , April 14 , 2003 . Accessed May 19 , 2007 . `` New York 's Chinatown is the site of the largest concentration of Chinese people in the western hemisphere . '' Jump up ^ `` Chinatown : A World of Dining , Shopping , and History '' . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2006 . Retrieved April 27 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , NYC & Company . Accessed June 30 , 2009 . `` No visit to New York City is complete without exploring the sights , cuisines , history , and shops of the biggest Chinatown in the United States . The largest concentration of Chinese people -- 150,000 -- in the Western Hemisphere are in a two - square - mile area in downtown Manhattan that 's loosely bounded by Lafayette , Worth , and Grand streets and East Broadway . '' Jump up ^ Gina Pace ( April 26 , 2015 ) . `` Koreatown in NYC is now being taken more seriously as a dining destination '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Koreatown -- long centered on 32nd St. between Fifth and Sixth Aves. , nicknamed Korea Way -- has expanded in recent months . The new Baekjeong spot , for example , is located just east of Fifth Ave ... Kihyun Lee took an even bigger gamble by opening a dual - concept spot midblock on 31st St. between Fifth and Madison Aves ... Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Shinhan Bank America . Accessed December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Don 's Bogam Korean restaurant . December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ensminger , Kris . `` More Than Tandoori '' , The New York Times , November 20 , 2016 . `` Curry Hill , centered on Lexington Avenue and 28th Street , is named for its many Indian restaurants and spice shops . '' Jump up ^ Petzold , Charles . `` How Far from True North are the Avenues of Manhattan ? '' , charlespetzold.com . Accessed April 30 , 2007 . `` However , the orientation of the city 's avenues was fixed to be parallel with the axis of Manhattan Island and has only a casual relationship to true north and south . Maps that are oriented to true north ( like the one at the right ) show the island at a significant tilt . In truth , avenues run closer to northeast and southwest than north and south . '' ^ Jump up to : `` NYC Basics '' . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved October 11 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , NYC & Company . Accessed June 30 , 2009 . `` Downtown ( below 14th Street ) contains Greenwich Village , SoHo , TriBeCa , and the Wall Street financial district . '' ^ Jump up to : Peel , M.C. ; Finlayson , B.L. ; McMahon , T.A. `` World Map of Köppen - Geiger climate classification '' . The University of Melbourne . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Polonia Polish Portal in New York '' . NewYorkPolonia.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Central Park , NY Climate Normals 1961 − 1990 '' . NOAA . Jump up ^ `` USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map '' . Agricultural Research Center , PRISM Climate Group Oregon State University . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved February 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference NOAA_txt was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` The Climate of New York '' . New York State Climate Office . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2008 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference NOAA was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Keeping New York City ' Cool ' Is The Job Of NASA 's ' Heat Seekers ' '' , NASA , January 30 , 2006 . Accessed November 20 , 2016 . `` The urban heat island occurrence is particularly pronounced during summer heat waves and at night when wind speeds are low and sea breezes are light . During these times , New York City 's air temperatures can rise 7.2 ° F ( 4.0 ° C ) higher than in surrounding areas . '' Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Belvedere Castle at NYC Parks Jump up ^ `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : NY NEW YORK CNTRL PK TWR '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York County ( Manhattan Borough ) , New York State & County QuickFacts '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Campbell Gibson . `` Population of the 100 largest cities and other urban places in the United States : 1790 to 1990 '' . United States Bureau of the Census . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York -- Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` State and County QuickFacts : New York ( city ) , New York '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Population Density '' , Geographic Information Systems -- GIS of Interest . Accessed June 30 , 2009 . `` What I discovered is that out of the 3140 counties listed in the Census population data only 178 counties were calculated to have a population density over one person per acre . Not surprisingly , New York County ( which contains Manhattan ) had the highest population density with a calculated 104.218 persons per acre . '' Jump up ^ New York City Population Projections by Age / Sex & Borough 2000 -- 2030 Archived January 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , New York City Department of City Planning , December 2006 . Accessed May 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Julie Shapiro ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` Downtown Baby Boom Sees 12 Percent Increase in Births '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ C.J. Hughes ( August 8 , 2014 ) . `` The Financial District Gains Momentum '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Winnie Hu ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` Downside of Lower Manhattan 's Boom : It 's Just Too Crowded '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ American FactFinder , United States Census Bureau . `` New York County , New York -- ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates : 2009 '' . Factfinder.census.gov . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2012 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York County , New York -- Selected Social Characteristics in the United States : 2009 '' . Factfinder.census.gov . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2011 . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Danielle Kurtzleben ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` The Most Expensive Places in America '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Where Inequality Is Worst In The United States '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interactive Data '' . U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Per capita income in past 12 months ( in 2015 dollars ) , 2011 -- 2015 '' . www.census.gov . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tim Phillips , `` The Occupy Movement is a Response to Social Stratification ; it 's not ' Economic Terrorism ' '' , Activist Defense , September 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ New York County , New York , Association of Religion Data Archives . Accessed September 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` MLA Language Map Data Center '' . Modern Language Association . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Enter New York County , New York , 2010 in data entry . Jump up ^ Pogrebin , Robin . `` 7 World Trade Center and Hearst Building : New York 's Test Cases for Environmentally Aware Office Towers '' , The New York Times , April 16 , 2006 . Accessed July 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America and The Durst Organization Break Ground On the Bank of America Tower at One Bryant Park in New York City '' ( Press release ) . Bank of America Corporation . August 2 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2007 . Retrieved October 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cook , Richard A. ; Hartley , Alice ( June 6 , 2005 ) . `` '' What is Free ? `` : How Sustainable Architecture Act and Interacts Differently '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 28 , 2007 . Retrieved October 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McKinley , Jesse . `` F.Y.I. : Tall , Taller . Tallest '' , The New York Times , November 5 , 1995 . p . CY2 . Accessed June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Big Span Project Initiated by City ; Manhattan Plaza of Brooklyn Bridge Would Be Rebuilt to Cope With Traffic Increase COST IS PUT AT $6,910,000 Demolition Program is Set -- Street System in the Area Also Faces Rearranging '' , The New York Times , July 24 , 1954 . p. 15 . Jump up ^ Gray , Christopher . `` Streetscapes / The Park Row Building , 15 Park Row ; An 1899 ' Monster ' That Reigned High Over the City '' , The New York Times , March 12 , 2000 . Accessed June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gray , Christopher . `` Streetscapes / Singer Building ; Once the Tallest Building , But Since 1967 a Ghost '' , The New York Times , January 2 , 2005 . Accessed May 15 , 2007 . `` The 41 - story Singer Building , the tallest in the world in 1908 when it was completed at Broadway and Liberty Street , was , until September 11 , 2001 , the tallest structure ever to be demolished . The building , an elegant Beaux - Arts tower , was one of the most painful losses of the early preservation movement when it was razed in 1967 ... Begun in 1906 , the Singer Building incorporated Flagg 's model for a city of towers , with the 1896 structure reconstructed as the base , and a 65 - foot - square shaft rising 612 feet ( 187 m ) high , culminating in a bulbous mansard and giant lantern at the peak . '' Jump up ^ Gray , Christopher . `` Streetscapes / Metropolitan Life at 1 Madison Avenue ; For a Brief Moment , the Tallest Building in the World '' , The New York Times , May 26 , 1996 . Accessed June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , David W. `` Condos to Top Vaunted Tower Of Woolworth '' , The New York Times , November 2 , 2000 . Accessed June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Denies Altering Plans for Tallest Building ; Starrett Says Height of Bank of Manhattan Structure Was Not Increased to Beat Chrysler . '' , The New York Times , October 20 , 1929 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of Manhattan Built in Record Time ; Structure 927 feet ( 283 m ) High , Second Tallest in World , Is Erected in Year of Work . '' , The New York Times , May 6 , 1930 . p. 53 . Jump up ^ Gray , Christopher . `` Streetscapes : The Chrysler Building ; Skyscraper 's Place in the Sun '' , The New York Times , December 17 , 1995 . Accessed June 30 , 2009 . `` Then Chrysler and Van Alen again revised the design , this time in order to win a height competition with the 921 - foot ( 281 m ) tower then rising at 40 Wall Street . This was done in secret , using as a staging area the huge square fire - tower shaft , intended to vent smoke from the stairways . Inside the shaft , Van Alen had teams of workers assemble the framework for a 185 - foot spire that , when lifted into place in the fall of 1929 , made the Chrysler building , at 1046 feet , 4.75 inches high , the tallest in the world . '' Jump up ^ `` Rivalry for Height is Seen as Ended ; Empire State 's Record to Stand for Many Years , Builders and Realty Men Say . Practical Limit Reached ; Its Top Rises 1,250 feet ( 380 m ) , but Staff Carrying Instruments Extends Pinnacle to 1265.5 Feet . '' , The New York Times , May 2 , 1931 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Gray , Christopher . `` Streetscapes : The Empire State Building ; A Red Reprise for a ' 31 Wonder '' , The New York Times , June 14 , 1992 . Accessed June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barss , Karen . `` The History of Skyscrapers : A race to the top '' , Information Please . Accessed May 17 , 2007 . `` The Empire State Building would reign supreme among skyscrapers for 41 years until 1972 , when it was surpassed by the World Trade Center ( 1,368 feet , 110 stories ) . Two years later , New York City lost the distinction of housing the tallest building when the Willis Tower was constructed in Chicago ( 1450 feet , 110 stories ) . '' Jump up ^ DeGregory , Priscilla ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` 1 World Trade Center is open for business '' . New York Post . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gray , Christopher . `` Streetscapes / ' The Destruction of Penn Station ' ; A 1960s Protest That Tried to Save a Piece of the Past '' , The New York Times , May 20 , 2001 . Accessed June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ About the Landmarks Preservation Commission , New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission . Accessed November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Requiem For Penn Station '' , CBS News , October 13 , 2002 . Accessed May 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rebuild Penn Station A movement dedicated to the reconstruction of Penn Station '' . Rebuild Penn Station . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Our mission is to dramatically enhance the quality of life in the New York City metropolitan area by rebuilding the original Pennsylvania Station as the centerpiece of a new world - class transportation network for the entire region . Jump up ^ Central Park General Information , Central Park Conservancy . Accessed September 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Central Park History , Central Park Conservancy . Accessed September 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Manhattan Borough President Scott Stringer '' . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2007 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manhattan Average Weekly Wage in Manhattan at $2,821 in First Quarter 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Labor Statistics , United States Department of Labor . November 19 , 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` County Employment and Wages Summary '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics , U.S. Department of Labor . September 18 , 2014 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Dynamic Population of Manhattan '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Commuting shifts in top 10 metro areas '' , USA Today , May 20 , 2005 . Accessed June 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas P. DiNapoli ( New York State Comptroller ) and Kenneth B. Bleiwas ( New York State Deputy Comptroller ) ( October 2013 ) . `` The Securities Industry in New York City '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ambereen Choudhury , Elisa Martinuzzi & Ben Moshinsky ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` London Bankers Bracing for Leaner Bonuses Than New York '' . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sanat Vallikappen ( November 10 , 2013 ) . `` Pay Raises for Bank Risk Officers in Asia Trump New York '' . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David Enrich ; Jacob Bunge & Cassell Bryan - Low ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` NYSE Euronext to Take Over Libor '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fortune Magazine : New York State and City Home to Most Fortune 500 Companies , Empire State Development Corporation , press release dated April 8 , 2005 . Accessed April 26 , 2007 . `` New York City is also still home to more Fortune 500 headquarters than any other city in the country . '' ^ Jump up to : Andrew Nelson . `` Top CBDs See Solid Growth in 2nd Quarter , US -- Canada Performance Diverges '' ( PDF ) . Colliers International . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding The Manhattan Office Space Market '' . Officespaceseeker.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marketbeat United States CBD Office Report 2Q11 '' ( PDF ) . Cushman & Wakefield , Inc . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Megan Rose Dickey & Jillian D'Onfro ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` SA 100 2013 : The Coolest People In New York Tech '' . Business Insider . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ S3 Partners ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` 5 signs NYC 's tech scene is growing up -- NYC tech sector hits 300,000 '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jillian Eugenios , Steve Hargreaves & Aimee Rawlins ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` The most innovative cities in America '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Venture Investment -- Regional Aggregate Data '' . National Venture Capital Association and PricewaterhouseCoopers . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matt Flegenheimer ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz Deplores ' Liberal , Left - Wing Values ' While Lobbying for New York Votes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` The Latest : China Hopes US Joins Climate Deal Quickly '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lisa Foderaro ( September 21 , 2014 ) . `` Taking a Call for Climate Change to the Streets '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ivan Pereira ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` City opens nation 's largest continuous Wi - Fi zone in Harlem '' . amNewYork / Newsday . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jon Brodkin ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` Verizon will miss deadline to wire all of New York City with FiOS '' . Condé Nast . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris , Keiko ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Wanted : Biotech Startups in New York City : The Alexandria Center for Life Science Looks to Expand '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ RICHARD PÉREZ - PEÑA ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Cornell Alumnus Is Behind $350 Million Gift to Build Science School in City '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ju , Anne ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` ' Game - changing ' Tech Campus Goes to Cornell , Technion '' . Cornell University . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Broadway Calendar - Year Statistics '' . The Broadway League . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rich Bockmann ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Manhattan 's hotel wars '' . The Real Deal , Inc . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE PUBLISHES FISCAL YEAR 2015 TENTATIVE ASSESSMENT ROLL '' ( PDF ) . New York City Department of Finance . January 15 , 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McTiernan , Andy ( 2008 ) . `` A quantum leap for capital assets '' . The Free Library By Farlex . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert Frank ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Waldorf becomes most expensive hotel ever sold : $1.95 billion '' . CNBC . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Quirk , James . `` Bergen offices have plenty of space '' . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2007 . , The Record ( Bergen County ) , July 5 , 2007 . Accessed July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Erin Carlyle ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` New York Dominates 2014 List of America 's Most Expensive ZIP Codes '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What is an office condominium ? '' . Rudder Property Group . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding The Manhattan Office Space Market '' . Officespaceseeker.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marketbeat Office Snapshot : United States -- 2Q11 '' ( PDF ) . Cushman & Wakefield , Inc . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lower Manhattan Recovery Office Archived June 18 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , Federal Transit Administration . Accessed June 23 , 2014 . `` Lower Manhattan is the third largest business district in the nation . Prior to September 11th more than 385,000 people were employed there and 85 % of those employees used public transportation to commute to work . '' Jump up ^ `` Illinois Chicago West Randolph Ogilvie Business Center '' . Regus . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ John LeLand and Sarah Maslin Nir ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` After 62 Years and Many Battles , Village Voice Will End Print Publication '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ President 's Bio Archived June 18 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , WNYC . Accessed May 1 , 2007 . `` Heard by over 1.2 million listeners each week , WNYC radio is the largest public radio station in the country and is dedicated to producing broadcasting that extends New York City 's cultural riches to public radio stations nationwide . '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2003 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Community Celebrates Public Access TV 's 35th Anniversary Archived August 25 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Manhattan Neighborhood Network press release dated August 6 , 2006 . Accessed April 28 , 2007 . `` Public access TV was created in the 1970s to allow ordinary members of the public to make and air their own TV shows -- and thereby exercise their free speech . It was first launched in the U.S. in Manhattan July 1 , 1971 , on the Teleprompter and Sterling Cable systems , now Time Warner Cable . '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wienerbronner , Danielle ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Most Beautiful College Libraries '' . TheHuffingtonPost.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Melago , Carrie ( November 30 , 2007 ) . `` U.S. News & World Report gives city schools high marks in new list '' . Daily News . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ New York : Education and Research , City - Data . Accessed September 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ About Us , La Scoula d'Italia . Accessed November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ S1501 : EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT from the 2011 -- 2015 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates for Manhattan borough , New York County , New York , United States Census Bureau . Accessed January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McGeehan , Patrick . `` New York Area Is a Magnet For Graduates '' , The New York Times , August 16 , 2006 . Accessed March 27 , 2008 . `` In Manhattan , nearly three out of five residents were college graduates and one out of four had advanced degrees , forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any American city . '' Jump up ^ The City University of New York is the nation 's largest urban public university , City University of New York . Accessed June 30 , 2009 . `` The City University of New York is the nation 's largest urban public university ... '' Jump up ^ New York City Economic Development Corporation ( November 18 , 2004 ) . `` Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg and Economic Development Corporation President Andrew M. Alper Unveil Plans to Develop Commercial Bioscience Center in Manhattan '' . Retrieved July 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ National Institutes of Health ( 2003 ) . `` NIH Domestic Institutions Awards Ranked by City , Fiscal Year 2003 '' . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nation 's Largest Libraries '' . LibrarySpot . Retrieved June 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Central Libraries , New York Public Library . Accessed June 6 , 2007 . Archived December 28 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Manhattan Map , New York Public Library . Accessed June 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Purdum , Todd S. `` Political memo ; An Embattled City Hall Moves to Brooklyn '' , The New York Times , February 22 , 1992 . Accessed June 30 , 2009 . `` '' Leaders in all of them fear that recent changes in the City Charter that shifted power from the borough presidents to the City Council have diminished government 's recognition of the sense of identity that leads people to say they live in the Bronx , and to describe visiting Manhattan as ' going to the city . ' '' Jump up ^ The Triangle Factory Fire , Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations . Accessed April 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Weber , Bruce . `` Critic 's Notebook : Theater 's Promise ? Look Off Broadway '' , The New York Times , July 2 , 2003 . Accessed May 29 , 2007 . `` It 's also true that what constitutes Broadway is easy to delineate ; it 's a universe of 39 specified theaters , which all have at least 500 seats . Off Broadway is generally considered to comprise theaters from 99 to 499 seats ( anything less is thought of as Off Off ) , which ostensibly determines the union contracts for actors , directors and press agents . '' Jump up ^ Theatre 101 , Theatre Development Fund . Accessed May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Upper East Side Art Galleries '' . uppereast.com . Jump up ^ `` Best Uptown art galleries '' . Time Out New York . Jump up ^ `` Stylish Traveler : Chelsea Girls '' , Travel + Leisure , September 2005 . Accessed May 14 , 2007 . `` With more than 200 galleries , Chelsea has plenty of variety . '' Jump up ^ `` City Planning Begins Public Review for West Chelsea Rezoning to Permit Housing Development and Create Mechanism for Preserving and Creating Access to the High Line '' Archived June 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , New York City Department of City Planning press release dated December 20 , 2004 . Accessed May 29 , 2007 . `` Some 200 galleries have opened their doors in recent years , making West Chelsea a destination for art lovers from around the City and the world . '' Jump up ^ Nell Frizzell ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` Feature : How the Stonewall riots started the LGBT rights movement '' . Pink News UK . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stonewall riots '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Obama inaugural speech references Stonewall gay - rights riots '' . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Revelers Take To The Streets For 48th Annual NYC Pride March '' . CBS New York . June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . A sea of rainbows took over the Big Apple for the biggest pride parade in the world Sunday . Jump up ^ `` Dictionary -- Full Definition of NEW YORK MINUTE '' . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New York Minute '' . Dictionary of American Regional English . January 1 , 1984 . Retrieved September 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Stephen Miller . `` Walking New York : Reflections of American Writers from Walt Whitman to Teju Cole pp. 46 , 50 , 131 '' . Oxford University Press -- Google Books . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Melting Pot '' , The First Measured Century , Public Broadcasting Service . Accessed April 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dolkart , Andrew S . `` The Architecture and Development of New York City : The Birth of the Skyscraper -- Romantic Symbols '' , Columbia University . Accessed May 15 , 2007 . `` It is at a triangular site where Broadway and Fifth Avenue -- the two most important streets of New York -- meet at Madison Square , and because of the juxtaposition of the streets and the park across the street , there was a wind - tunnel effect here . In the early twentieth century , men would hang out on the corner here on Twenty - third Street and watch the wind blowing women 's dresses up so that they could catch a little bit of ankle . This entered into popular culture and there are hundreds of postcards and illustrations of women with their dresses blowing up in front of the Flatiron Building . And it supposedly is where the slang expression `` 23 skidoo '' comes from because the police would come and give the voyeurs the 23 skidoo to tell them to get out of the area . '' Jump up ^ `` Mayor Giuliani signs legislation creating `` Big Apple Corner '' in Manhattan '' Archived April 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , New York City press release dated February 12 , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : `` Millions Of Revelers Marvel Over Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade '' . CBS Broadcasting Inc . November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hilarey Wojtowicz . `` Guide to the 2016 Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade '' . The Independent Traveler , Inc . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giants Ballparks : 1883 -- present , MLB.com . Accessed May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Yankee Ballparks : 1903 -- present , MLB.com . Accessed May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mets Ballparks : 1962 -- present , MLB.com . Accessed May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Drebinger , John . `` The Polo Grounds , 1889 -- 1964 : A Lifetime of Memories ; Ball Park in Harlem Was Scene of Many Sports Thrills '' , The New York Times , January 5 , 1964 . p . S3 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Martin . `` Ah , Polo Grounds , The Game is Over ; Wreckers Begin Demolition for Housing Project '' , The New York Times , April 11 , 1964 . p. 27 . Jump up ^ History of the National Invitation Tournament , National Invitation Tournament . Accessed May 8 , 2007 . `` Tradition . The NIT is steeped in it . The nation 's oldest postseason collegiate basketball tournament was founded in 1938 . '' Jump up ^ The Knickerbocker Story , NBA.com . Accessed November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The New York Liberty Story , Women 's National Basketball Association . Accessed May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rucker Park Archived April 30 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , ThinkQuest New York City . Accessed June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Home Sweet Home '' , Pro Football Hall of Fame , September 10 , 2010 . Accessed November 20 , 2016 . `` The Giants shared the Polo Grounds with the New York Baseball Giants from the time they entered the league in 1925 until 1955 . '' Jump up ^ Stadiums of The NFL : Shea Stadium Archived May 16 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , Stadiums of the NFL . Accessed May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ New York Americans , Sports Encyclopedia . Accessed May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A ,. 5 Million Gamble '' , Time ( magazine ) , June 30 , 1975 . Accessed September 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Collins , Glenn . `` Built for Speed , And Local Pride ; Track Stadium Emerges On Randalls Island '' , The New York Times , August 20 , 2004 . Accessed June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Michael Bloomberk , Parks & Recreation Commissioner Adrian Benepe and the Randall 's Island Sports Foundation Name New York City 's Newest Athletic Facility Icahn Stadium '' , Mayor of New York City press release , dated January 28 , 2004 . Accessed September 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Report on Ballot Proposals of the 2003 New York City Charter Revision Commission '' ( PDF ) , Association of the Bar of the City of New York . Accessed May 11 , 2007 . `` Unlike most cities that employ nonpartisan election systems , New York City has a very strong mayor system and , following the 1989 Charter Amendments , an increasingly powerful City Council . '' Jump up ^ Cornell Law School Supreme Court Collection : Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris , Cornell Law School . Accessed June 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` New York 2013 Election Results . '' , The New York Times , November 6 , 2013 . Accessed November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Meet Cyrus R. Vance , New York County District Attorney 's Office . Accessed November 20 , 2016 . `` Cyrus R. Vance , Jr. , was first inaugurated as the District Attorney of New York County on January 1 , 2010 . '' Jump up ^ About Us Archived June 19 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , Society of Foreign Consuls . Accessed July 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ The David N. Dinkins Manhattan Municipal Building , New York City . Accessed November 20 , 2016 . `` The Municipal Building was completed in 1914 , but the first offices were occupied as early as January 1913 . By 1916 , the majority of the offices were full and open to the public . '' Jump up ^ http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS Jump up ^ Grogan , Jennifer . Election 2004 -- Rise in Registration Promises Record Turnout , Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism . Accessed April 25 , 2007 . `` According to the board 's statistics for the total number of registered voters as of the October 22 deadline , there were 1.1 million registered voters in Manhattan , of which 727,071 were Democrats and 132,294 were Republicans , which is a 26.7 percent increase from the 2000 election , when there were 876,120 registered voters . '' Jump up ^ `` NYSVoter Enrollment by County , Party Affiliation and Status '' ( PDF ) . New York State Board of Elections. April 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ New York City Congressional Districts , New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment . Accessed March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Our District , Nydia Velázquez . Accessed March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Congressional District 7 , New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment . Accessed March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Our District , Jerrold Nadler . Accessed March 7 , 2017 . `` New York 's 10th Congressional District includes parts of Manhattan 's Upper West Side , Hell 's Kitchen , Chelsea , SoHo , Greenwich Village , TriBeCa , the Financial District and Battery Park City . In Brooklyn , the 10th District includes parts of Borough Park , Kensington , Red Hook , Sunset Park , Bensonhurst , Dyker Heights and Gravesend . '' Jump up ^ Congressional District 10 , New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment . Accessed March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ New York 's 12th Congressional District , Carolyn Maloney . Accessed March 7 , 2017 . `` It includes most of the East Side of Manhattan and Roosevelt Island and extends across the East River into the Boroughs of Queens ( including Astoria , Long Island City , and parts of Woodside ) and Brooklyn ( including Greenpoint ) . '' Jump up ^ Congressional District 12 , New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment . Accessed March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Our District , Adriano Espaillat . Accessed March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Congressional District 13 , New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment . Accessed March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ President -- History : New York County , Our Campaigns . Accessed May 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 2004 General Election : Statement and Return of the Votes for the Office of President and Vice President of the United States ( PDF ) , New York City Board of Elections , dated December 1 , 2004 . Accessed November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ National Overview : Top Zip Codes 2004 -- Top Contributing Zip Codes for All Candidates ( Individual Federal Contributions ( 00 + ) ) Archived June 8 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Color of Money . Accessed May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Big Donors Still Rule The Roost Archived March 3 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Public Campaign , press release dated October 29 , 2004 . Accessed July 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Post Office Location -- James A. Farley . '' United States Postal Service . Accessed May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ New York City 's main post office stops 24 - hour service , Associated Press , Friday , April 17 , 2009 . Accessed May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Christiano , Gregory . `` The Five Points '' , Urbanography . Accessed May 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Walsh , John , `` The Five Points '' , Irish Cultural Society of the Garden City Area , September 1994 . Accessed November 20 , 2016 . `` The Five Points slum was so notorious that it attracted the attention of candidate Abraham Lincoln who visited the area before his Cooper Union Address . '' Jump up ^ Al Capone Archived May 12 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , Chicago History Museum . Accessed May 16 , 2007 . `` Capone was born on January 17 , 1899 , in Brooklyn , New York ... He became part of the notorious Five Points gang in Manhattan and worked in gangster Frankie Yale 's Brooklyn dive , the Harvard Inn , as a bouncer and bartender . '' ^ Jump up to : Jaffe , Eric . `` Talking to the Feds : The chief of the FBI 's organized crime unit on the history of La Cosa Nostra '' , Smithsonian ( magazine ) , April 2007 . Accessed November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Langan , Patrick A. and Durose , Matthew R . `` The Remarkable Drop in Crime in New York City '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Justice , October 21 , 2004 . Accessed June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Patrol Borough Manhattan South -- Report Covering the Week of May 5 , 2009 through 05 / 10 / 2009 Archived April 19 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) , New York City Police Department CompStat , May 30 , 2009 . Accessed May 30 , 2009 and Patrol Borough Manhattan North -- Report Covering the Week of April 30 , 2007 Through 05 / 06 / 2007 Archived January 17 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) , New York City Police Department CompStat , May 30 , 2009 . Accessed May 30 , 2009 Jump up ^ Zeranski , Todd . NYC Is Safest City as Crime Rises in U.S. , FBI Say `` . Bloomberg News , June 12 , 2006 . Accessed May 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Great Fire of 1776 , City University of New York . Accessed April 30 , 2007 . `` Some of Washington 's advisors suggested burning New York City so that the British would gain little from its capture . This idea was abandoned and Washington withdrew his forces from the city on September 12 , 1776 . Three days later the British occupied the city and on September 21 , a fire broke out in the Fighting Cocks Tavern . Without the city 's firemen present and on duty , the fire quickly spread . A third of the city burnt and 493 houses destroyed . '' Jump up ^ Building the Lower East Side Ghetto . Accessed April 30 , 2007 . Archived July 8 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Peterson , Iver . `` Tenements of 1880s Adapt to 1980s '' , The New York Times , January 3 , 1988 . Accessed June 30 , 2009 . `` Usually five stories tall and built on a 25 - foot ( 7.6 m ) lot , their exteriors are hung with fire escapes and the interiors are laid out long and narrow -- in fact , the apartments were dubbed railroad flats . '' Jump up ^ Percent of Occupied Housing Units That are Owner - occupied , United States Census Bureau . Accessed February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ White , Jeremy B. ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` NYDaily News : Rent too damn high ? - news '' . New York . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Morgan Brennan ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` The World 's Most Expensive Cities for Luxury Real Estate '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Highlights of the 2001 National Household Travel Survey , Bureau of Transportation Statistics , United States Department of Transportation . Accessed May 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` New York City Pedestrian Level of Service Study -- Phase I , 2006 '' Archived June 15 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , New York City Department of City Planning , April 2006 , p. 4 . Accessed May 17 , 2007 . `` In the year 2000 , 88 % of workers over 16 years old in the U.S. used a car , truck or van to commute to work , while approximately 5 % used public transportation and 3 % walked to work ... In Manhattan , the borough with the highest population density ( 66,940 people / sq mi. in year 2000 ; 1,564,798 inhabitants ) and concentration of business and tourist destinations , only 18 % of the working population drove to work in 2000 , while 72 % used public transportation and 8 % walked . '' Jump up ^ `` Manhattan '' ( PDF ) . TSTC.org . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Congestion plan dies '' . NY1 . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Subway Map '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fares & MetroCard '' . NYC Subway System . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PATH Fares '' . Port Authority of New York and New Jersey . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Metrocard , Metropolitan Transportation Authority . Accessed May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ PATH Frequently Asked Questions Archived April 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , Port Authority of New York and New Jersey . Accessed April 28 , 2007 . `` PATH will phase out QuickCard once the SmartLink Fare Card is introduced . '' Jump up ^ Verena Dobnik ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` NYC Transit Projects : East Side Access , Second Avenue Subway , And 7 Train Extension ( PHOTOS ) '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yee , Vivian ( November 9 , 2014 ) . `` Out of Dust and Debris , a New Jewel Rises '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitzsimmons , Emma G. ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Subway Station for 7 Line Opens on Far West Side '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lorenzetti , Laura ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` The World 's Most Expensive Train Station Opens Today '' . Fortune . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Verrill , Courtney ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` New York City 's $4 billion World Trade Center Transportation Hub is finally open to the public '' . Business Insider . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCowan , Candace ( December 31 , 2016 ) . `` Decades in the making , Second Avenue Subway set to open to the public '' . ABC7 New York . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzsimmons , Emma G. ; Wolfe , Jonathan ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` Second Avenue Subway Opening : What to Know '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manhattan Bus Map '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . May 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bus Facts , Metropolitan Transportation Authority . Accessed July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Jennifer 8 . `` Midair Rescue Lifts Passengers From Stranded East River Tram '' , The New York Times , April 19 , 2006 . Accessed February 28 , 2008 . `` The system , which calls itself the only aerial commuter tram in the country , has been featured in movies including City Slickers , starring Billy Crystal ; Nighthawks , with Sylvester Stallone ; and Spider - Man in 2002 . '' Jump up ^ The Roosevelt Island Tram , Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation . Accessed April 30 , 2007 . Archived September 28 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Facts About the Ferry , New York City Department of Transportation . Accessed August 28 , 2012 . `` On a typical weekday , five boats make 109 trips , carrying approximately 65,000 passengers . During rush hours , the ferry runs on a four - boat schedule , with 15 minutes between departures . '' Jump up ^ An Assessment of Staten Island Ferry Service and Recommendations for Improvement ( PDF ) , New York City Council , November 2004 . Accessed April 28 , 2007 . `` Of the current fleet of seven vessels , five boats make 104 trips on a typical weekday schedule '' . Archived August 21 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Holloway , Lynette . `` Mayor to End 50 - Cent Fare On S.I. Ferry '' , The New York Times , April 29 , 1997 . Accessed June 30 , 2009 . `` Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani said yesterday that he would eliminate the 50 - cent fare on the Staten Island Ferry starting July 4 , saying people who live outside Manhattan should not have to pay extra to travel . '' Jump up ^ Mcgeehan , Patrick ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` De Blasio 's $325 Million Ferry Push : Rides to 5 Boroughs , at Subway Price '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New York City 's Ferry Service Set to Launch in 2017 '' . NBC New York . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NYC launches ferry service with Queens , East River routes '' . NY Daily News . Associated Press . May 1 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Levine , Alexandra S. ; Wolfe , Jonathan ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` New York Today : Our City 's New Ferry '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Route Map '' ( PDF ) . NYC Ferry. 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The MTA Network , Metropolitan Transportation Authority . Accessed November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ About the NYC Taxi and Limousine Commission . Accessed September 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Winnie Hu ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Downside of Ride - Hailing : More New York City Gridlock '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Are Manhattan 's Right Angles Wrong , by Christopher Gray Jump up ^ `` New York City Map '' . NYC.gov . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Remarks of the Commissioners for laying out streets and roads in the City of New York , under the Act of April 3 , 1807 Archived June 10 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , Cornell University . Accessed May 2 , 2007 . `` These streets are all sixty feet wide except fifteen , which are one hundred feet wide , viz. : Numbers fourteen , twenty - three , thirty - four , forty - two , fifty - seven , seventy - two , seventy - nine , eighty - six , ninety - six , one hundred and six , one hundred and sixteen , one hundred and twenty - five , one hundred and thirty - five , one hundred and forty - five , and one hundred and fifty - five -- the block or space between them being in general about two hundred feet . '' ^ Jump up to : Silverman , Justin Rocket ( May 27 , 2006 ) . `` Sunny delight in city sight '' . Newsday . ' Manhattanhenge ' occurs Sunday , a day when a happy coincidence of urban planning and astrophysics results in the setting sun lining up exactly with every east - west street in the borough north of 14th Street . Similar to Stonehenge , which is directly aligned with the summer - solstice sun , `` Manhattanhenge '' catches the sun descending in perfect alignment between buildings . The local phenomenon occurs twice a year , on May 28 and July 12 ... Jump up ^ Sunset on 34th Street Along the Manhattan Grid , Natural History Special Feature -- City of Stars . Accessed September 4 , 2006 . Archived May 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kennicott , Philip . `` A Builder Who Went to Town : Robert Moses Shaped Modern New York , for Better and for Worse '' , The Washington Post , March 11 , 2007 . Accessed April 30 , 2007 . `` The list of his accomplishments is astonishing : seven bridges , 15 expressways , 16 parkways , the West Side Highway and the Harlem River Drive ... '' Jump up ^ `` Port Authority of New York and New Jersey -- George Washington Bridge '' . The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bod Woodruff ; Lana Zak & Stephanie Wash ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` GW Bridge Painters : Dangerous Job on Top of the World 's Busiest Bridge '' . ABC News . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Tunnel Historic Overview '' . Eastern Roads . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Holland Tunnel '' . National Historic Landmark Quicklinks . National Park Service . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Queens - Midtown Tunnel Historic Overview '' . Eastern Roads . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` President the ' First ' to Use Midtown Tube ; Precedence at Opening Denied Hundreds of Motorists '' . The New York Times . November 9 , 1940 . p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` New York City Heliports , Helicopter Airport Transportation Services , Downtown Manhattan Heliport '' . NYCTourist.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yu , Roger ( December 10 , 2006 ) . `` Airport Check - in : Speedy service from Newark to Manhattan coming '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bulk Electricity Grid Beginnings '' , New York Independent System Operator . Accessed November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ray , C. Claiborne . `` Q&A '' , The New York Times , May 12 , 1992 . Accessed June 30 , 2009 . `` In a steam - powered system , the whole cycle of compression , cooling , expansion and evaporation takes place in a closed system , like that in a refrigerator or electrical air - conditioner . The difference , Mr. Sarno said , is that the mechanical power to run the compressor comes from steam - powered turbines , not electrical motors . '' Jump up ^ A brief history of con edison : steam Archived ( Date error ) ( 5 ) , at the Wayback Machine. , Consolidated Edison . Accessed May 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Matthew Philips ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` Cheap Natural Gas Hits New York City '' . BloombergBusinessweek . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ About DSNY Archived May 23 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , New York City Department of Sanitation . Accessed May 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Burger , Michael and Stewart , Christopher . `` Garbage After Fresh Kills '' , Gotham Gazette , January 28 , 2001 . Accessed May 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New York City 's Yellow Cabs Go Green '' ( Press release ) . Sierra Club . July 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2009 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gooch , Kelly . `` 25 largest hospitals in America '' , Becker Hospital Review , January 18 , 2017 . Accessed May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Current Reservoir Levels '' . New York City Department of Environmental Protection . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lustgarten , Abrahm ( August 6 , 2008 ) . `` City 's Drinking Water Feared Endangered ; $10 B Cost Seen '' . The New York Sun . Retrieved August 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , David W. ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Quiet Milestone in Project to Bring Croton Water Back to New York City '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David W. Dunlap ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Quiet Milestone in Project to Bring Croton Water Back to New York City '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt Flegenheimer ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` After Decades , a Water Tunnel Can Now Serve All of Manhattan '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Further reading Burns , Ric , and Sanders , James . New York : An Illustrated History ( 2003 ) , book version of 17 - hour Burns PBS documentary , `` NEW YORK : A Documentary Film '' Burrows , Edwin G. & Wallace , Mike ( 1999 ) , Gotham : A History of New York City to 1898 , New York : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 195 - 11634 - 8 , The standard scholarly history , 1390pp Ellis , Edward Robb . The Epic of New York City : A Narrative History ( 2004 ) 640pp ; Excerpt and text search ; Popular history concentrating on violent events & scandals Homberger , Eric . The Historical Atlas of New York City : A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City 's History ( 2005 ) Jackson , Kenneth T. , ed. ( 2010 ) , The Encyclopedia of New York City ( 2nd ed . ) , New Haven : Yale University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11465 - 2 Kouwenhoven , John Atlee . The Columbia Historical Portrait of New York : An Essay In Graphic History . * 1953 ) Lankevich , George J. New York City : A Short History ( 2002 ) McCully , Betsy . City At The Water 's Edge : A Natural History of New York ( 2005 ) , environmental history excerpt and text search Reitano , Joanne . The Restless City : A Short History of New York from Colonial Times to the Present ( 2010 ) , Popular history with focus on politics and riots excerpt and text search Filler , Martin ( April 2015 ) . New York : Conspicuous Construction . Analysis of architectural and social aspects of `` ultra-luxury towers ... the smokestack - like protuberances that now disrupt the skyline of midtown Manhattan . '' The New York Review of Books Story , Louise and Saul , Stephanie ( February 2015 ) . Towers of Secrecy . A series of 6 articles `` examining people behind shell companies buying high - end real estate '' in midtown Manhattan . Part 1 : Time Warner Center : Symbol of the Boom , Part 2 : The Mysterious Malaysian Financier , Part 3 : The Besieged Indian Builder , Part 4 : The Mexican Power Brokers , Part 5 : The Russian Minister and Friends , Summary : The Hidden Money Buying Up New York Real Estate . The New York Times Primary sources Burke , Katie . ed . Manhattan Memories : A Book of Postcards of Old New York ( 2000 ) ; Postcards lacking the ( c ) symbol are not copyright and are in the public domain . Jackson , Kenneth T. and David S. Dunbar , eds . Empire City : New York Through the Centuries ( 2005 ) , 1015 pages of excerpts Still , Bayrd , ed . Mirror for Gotham : New York as Seen by Contemporaries from Dutch Days to the Present ( New York University Press , 1956 ) online edition Questia.com Virga , Vincent , ed . Historic Maps and Views of New York ( 2008 ) Stokes , I.N. Phelps . The Iconography of Manhattan Island , 1498 -- 1909 compiled from original sources and illustrated by photo - intaglio reproductions of important maps plans views and documents in public and private collections ( 6 vols. , 1915 -- 28 ) . A highly detailed , heavily illustrated chronology of Manhattan and New York City . see The Iconography of Manhattan Island All volumes are on line free at : I.N. Phelps Stokes ; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 1 . 1915 v. 1 . The period of discovery ( 1524 -- 1609 ) ; the Dutch period ( 1609 -- 1664 ) . The English period ( 1664 -- 1763 ) . The Revolutionary period ( 1763 -- 1783 ) . Period of adjustment and reconstruction ; New York as the state and federal capital ( 1783 -- 1811 ) I.N. Phelps Stokes ; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 2 . 1916 v. 2 . Cartography : an essay on the development of knowledge regarding the geography of the east coast of North America ; Manhattan Island and its environs on early maps and charts / by F.C. Wieder and I.N. Phelps Stokes . The Manatus maps . The Castello plan . The Dutch grants . Early New York newspapers ( 1725 -- 1811 ) . Plan of Manhattan Island in 1908 I.N. Phelps Stokes ; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 3 . 1918 v. 3 . The War of 1812 ( 1812 -- 1815 ) . Period of invention , prosperity , and progress ( 1815 -- 1841 ) . Period of industrial and educational development ( 1842 -- 1860 ) . The Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) ; period of political and social development ( 1865 -- 1876 ) . The modern city and island ( 1876 -- 1909 ) I.N. Phelps Stokes ; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 4 . 1922 ; v. 4 . The period of discovery ( 565 -- 1626 ) ; the Dutch period ( 1626 -- 1664 ) . The English period ( 1664 -- 1763 ) . The Revolutionary period , part I ( 1763 -- 1776 ) I.N. Phelps Stokes ; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 5 . 1926 ; v. 5 . The Revolutionary period , part II ( 1776 -- 1783 ) . Period of adjustment and reconstruction New York as the state and federal capital ( 1783 -- 1811 ) . The War of 1812 ( 1812 -- 1815 ) ; period of invention , prosperity , and progress ( 1815 -- 1841 ) . Period of industrial and educational development ( 1842 -- 1860 ) . The Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) ; Period of political and social development ( 1865 -- 1876 ) . The modern city and island ( 1876 -- 1909 ) I.N. Phelps Stokes ; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 6 . 1928 ; v. 6 . Chronology : addenda . Original grants and farms . Bibliography . Index . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Manhattan ( category ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Manhattan . Local government and services : Manhattan Borough President official site New York City Government with links to Manhattan specific agencies Maps : Maps of Building Heights and Land Value , plus theoretical and zoning - based maps of underdevelopment , all from Radicalcartography.net Historical : 1729 map of Manhattan William J. Broad , Why They Called It the Manhattan Project , The New York Times , October 2007 . 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Narrows Bridge Walkway over the Hudson Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge West Canada Lake Wilderness Area West Point VIAF : 261659611 LCCN : n80118393 GND : 4101161 - 2 SUDOC : 078749956 BNF : cb11951495r ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manhattan&oldid=808482729 '' Categories : 1624 establishments in the Dutch Empire 1624 establishments in North America Manhattan Boroughs of New York City County seats in New York ( state ) Islands of New York City Islands of Manhattan Islands of the Hudson River Populated places established in 1624 River islands of New York ( state ) Establishments in New Netherland Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages with broken reference names All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template errors Good articles Use mdy dates from October 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Use mdy dates from August 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2003 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - 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About Wikipedia	how much did the us pay for manhattan island	[ "Manhattan is often described as the cultural, financial, media, and entertainment capital of the world,[5][6][7][8][9] and the borough hosts the United Nations Headquarters.[10] Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world,[11][12][13][14][15] and Manhattan is home to the world's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization: the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ.[16][17] Many multinational media conglomerates are based in Manhattan, and the borough has been the setting for numerous books, films, and television shows. Manhattan is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders, which equals US$1050 today.[18][19] Manhattan real estate has since become among the most expensive in the world, with the value of Manhattan Island, including real estate, estimated to exceed US$3 trillion in 2013;[4][20] median residential property sale prices in Manhattan exceeded US$1,500 per square foot ($16,000/m2) as of 2017,[21] and Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commands the highest retail rents in the world, at US$3,000 per square foot ($32,000/m2) in 2017.[22]" ]	[ "60 guilders, which equals US$1050 today" ]
-2441170750841280787	List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances	List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances - wikipedia List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances Re-enacted cameo from Strangers on a Train ( 1951 ) . Hitchcock boards the train while Farley Granger disembarks . In To Catch a Thief ( 1955 ) , Hitchcock appears as the bus passenger on the right alongside Cary Grant . English film director Alfred Hitchcock made cameo appearances in 39 of his 52 surviving major films ( his second film , The Mountain Eagle , is lost ) . For the films in which he appeared , he would be seen for a brief moment in a non-speaking part in boarding a bus , crossing in front of a building , standing in an apartment across the courtyard , or even appearing in a newspaper photograph ( as seen in the film Lifeboat , which otherwise provided no other opportunity for him to appear ) . This playful gesture became one of Hitchcock 's signatures ; and fans would make sport of trying to spot his cameos . As a recurring theme , he would carry a musical instrument -- especially memorable was the double bass case that he wrestles onto the train at the beginning of Strangers on a Train . In his earliest appearances , he filled in as an obscure extra in crowds or walking through scenes in long camera shots . His later appearances became more prominent , such as when he turns to see Jane Wyman 's disguise as she passes him in Stage Fright , and in stark silhouette in his final film Family Plot . His appearances became so popular that he began to make them earlier in his films so as not to distract the audience from the plot . Hitchcock confirms this in extended interviews with François Truffaut , and indeed the majority of his appearances occur within the first half - hour of his films . Hitchcock 's longest cameo appearances are in his British films Blackmail and Young and Innocent . He appears in all 30 features from Rebecca ( his first American film ) onward ; before his move to Hollywood , he only occasionally performed cameos . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cameo appearances in Hitchcock films 2 Other cameo appearances 3 References 4 External links Cameo appearances in Hitchcock films ( edit ) This is a list of Hitchcock 's cameo appearances in films that he directed . Title Year H : M ( : S ) Description The Birds 1963 0 : 02 : 18 Leaving the pet shop with two of his own Sealyham terriers , Geoffrey and Stanley , as Tippi Hedren enters . Blackmail 1929 0 : 10 : 25 Being bothered by a small boy as he reads a book on the London Underground . This cameo is 19 seconds long . Dial M for Murder 1954 0 : 13 : 13 On the left side in the class - reunion photo . Easy Virtue 1928 0 : 21 : 15 Walking past a tennis court carrying a walking stick . Family Plot 1976 0 : 40 : 00 In silhouette through the door of the Registrar of Births and Deaths . Foreign Correspondent 1940 0 : 12 : 44 After Joel McCrea leaves his hotel , wearing a coat and hat and reading a newspaper . Frenzy 1972 0 : 04 : 07 In the center of a crowd , wearing a bowler hat ; he is the only one not applauding the speaker ; and a minute later , right after the victim washes ashore , standing next to a gray - haired man with a gray beard . I Confess 1953 0 : 01 : 33 Crossing the top of a flight of steps . The Lady Vanishes 1938 1 : 32 : 31 In Victoria Station , wearing a black coat , smoking a cigarette , and making a strange movement with his head . Lifeboat 1944 0 : 00 : 25 In the `` before '' and `` after '' pictures in the newspaper ad for `` Reduco Obesity Slayer '' . The Lodger 1927 0 : 03 At a desk in the newsroom . 0 : 01 : 34 In the mob scene next to Detective Joe who 's bearing the lodger 's weight on the fence by holding his arms . The Man Who Knew Too Much 1956 0 : 25 : 12 As the McKennas watch the acrobats in market place , Hitchcock appears at the left in a suit and puts his hands in his pockets . The Man Who Knew Too Much 1934 0 : 33 : 25 Walking across a road in a dark trench coat as a bus passes . Marnie 1964 0 : 00 : 05 Entering from the left of the hotel corridor after Tippi Hedren passes by , and clearly breaking the fourth wall by looking the audience straight in the eye . Mr. & Mrs. Smith 1941 0 : 42 : 57 Passing Robert Montgomery in front of his building . Murder ! 1930 0 : 59 : 45 Walking past the house where the murder was committed with a female companion , at the end of Sir John 's visit to the scene with Markham and his wife Lucy . North by Northwest 1959 0 : 02 : 09 Missing a bus , just after his credit passes off screen during the title sequence . Notorious 1946 1 : 04 : 44 At the big party in Claude Rains ' mansion , drinking champagne and then quickly departing . Number Seventeen 1932 0 : 51 : 25 On the bus amongst other passengers , in a dark coat and hat , facing away , he bounces up and down ; approx . four seconds . The Paradine Case 1947 0 : 38 : 00 Leaving the train at a railway station , carrying a cello case . Psycho 1960 0 : 06 : 59 Seen through an office window wearing a Stetson cowboy hat as Janet Leigh comes through the door . Rear Window 1954 0 : 26 : 12 Winding the clock in the songwriter 's apartment . Rebecca 1940 2 : 06 : 57 Walking near the phone booth just after George Sanders makes a call . Rope 1948 0 : 55 : 00 In the background as a red flashing neon sign of his trademark profile . Sabotage 1936 0 : 08 : 56 Just after the lights come back on in front of the Bijou , looking up as he crosses in front of the crowd . Saboteur 1942 1 : 04 : 45 Standing in front of `` Cut Rate Drugs '' as the saboteurs ' car stops . Shadow of a Doubt 1943 0 : 16 : 27 On the train to Santa Rosa , playing cards , back to the camera . Spellbound 1945 0 : 38 : 50 Coming out of an elevator at the Empire State Hotel , carrying a violin case and smoking a cigarette . Stage Fright 1950 0 : 39 : 49 Turning to look back at Jane Wyman in her disguise as Marlene Dietrich 's maid . Strangers on a Train 1951 0 : 10 : 34 Boarding a train with a double bass as Farley Granger gets off in his hometown . Suspicion 1941 0 : 03 : 25 Walking a horse across the screen at the hunt meet . 0 : 44 : 58 Mailing a letter at the village postbox ( long shot ) . The 39 Steps 1935 0 : 06 : 56 The man tossing a white cigarette box while the bus pulls up for Robert Donat and Lucie Mannheim to leave the theatre . To Catch a Thief 1955 0 : 09 : 40 Sitting next to Cary Grant on the bus . Topaz 1969 0 : 32 : 27 Being pushed in a wheelchair in the airport . Hitchcock gets up from the chair , shakes hands with a man , and walks off to the right . Torn Curtain 1966 0 : 00 : 08 Sitting in the Hotel d'Angleterre lobby with a baby on his knee . He shifts the child from one knee to the other . The music playing at this point in the film is an adaptation of Charles Gounod 's Funeral March of a Marionette , a song now associated with Hitchcock due to it being used as the theme for his television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents The Trouble with Harry 1955 0 : 22 : 14 Seen outside of the window -- the man walking past the parked limousine of an old man who is looking at paintings . Under Capricorn 1949 0 : 02 : 11 In the town square during new governor 's speech , wearing a blue coat and brown hat . 0 : 12 : 17 One of three men on the steps of Government House . Vertigo 1958 0 : 11 : 40 In a grey suit walking in the street with a trumpet case . The Wrong Man 1956 0 : 00 : 18 Seen in silhouette narrating the film 's prologue . Donald Spoto 's biography says that Hitchcock chose to make an explicit appearance in this film ( rather than a cameo ) to emphasize that , unlike his other movies , The Wrong Man was a true story about an actual person . Young and Innocent 1937 0 : 15 : 00 Outside the courthouse , holding a camera . Other cameo appearances ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alfred Hitchcock regularly made cameo appearances in his films . However , only once did he appear in an installment of his Alfred Hitchcock Presents television show ( aside from his personal introductions and closings ) . The one cameo was in the 1958 episode of the third season titled `` Dip in the Pool '' . At 5 : 15 minutes into the episode , Hitchcock appears on the cover of a magazine being read by Mr. Renshaw ( Philip Bourneuf ) . Hitchcock 's image shows up in Alain Resnais 's Last Year at Marienbad , as an homage to Hitchcock 's cameo appearances . Director Richard Franklin incorporates a Hitchcock cameo into Psycho II ( 1983 ) , even though Hitchcock had been dead for three years . When Mary Samuels and Norman Bates pay an early nighttime visit to Mother 's bedroom , Hitchcock 's famous silhouette can be seen in shadow on the far right wall just after they enter the room and before they turn on the lights . In Gus Van Sant 's 1998 shot - for - shot remake of Psycho , Van Sant can be seen standing next to a Hitchcock look - alike at the same point in the film as in the original . As pointed out by Nick @ Nite Rewind , Alfred 's shadow appears in an episode of The Odd Couple . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Truffaut , François ( 1968 ) Hitchcock , Secker and Warburg Jump up ^ Walker , Michael ( 2006 ) Hitchcock 's motifs Amsterdam University Press Jump up ^ McCarthy , Michael ( 5 February 2009 ) . `` Final cut for Hollywood 's favourite dog '' . The Independent . Retrieved 26 December 2011 . External links ( edit ) Cameo picture gallery from Filmsite.com A list of the cameos at Empire magazines website A supercut of Hitchcock 's cameos The Hitchcock Cameos , on the Alfred Hitchcock Wiki ( includes screen shots of all cameos ) . hide Alfred Hitchcock Filmography Unproduced projects Themes and plot devices Cameos Awards and honors Feature films Silent films The Pleasure Garden ( 1925 ) The Mountain Eagle ( 1926 ) The Lodger : A Story of the London Fog ( 1927 ) The Ring ( 1927 ) Downhill ( 1927 ) The Farmer 's Wife ( 1928 ) Easy Virtue ( 1928 ) Champagne ( 1928 ) The Manxman ( 1929 ) British sound films Blackmail ( 1929 ) Juno and the Paycock ( 1930 ) Murder ! ( 1930 ) Elstree Calling ( 1930 ) The Skin Game ( 1931 ) Mary ( 1931 ) Rich and Strange ( 1931 ) Number Seventeen ( 1932 ) Waltzes from Vienna ( 1934 ) The Man Who Knew Too Much ( 1934 ) The 39 Steps ( 1935 ) Secret Agent ( 1936 ) Sabotage ( 1936 ) Young and Innocent ( 1937 ) The Lady Vanishes ( 1938 ) Jamaica Inn ( 1939 ) Hollywood and later Rebecca ( 1940 ) Foreign Correspondent ( 1940 ) Mr. & Mrs. Smith ( 1941 ) Suspicion ( 1941 ) Saboteur ( 1942 ) Shadow of a Doubt ( 1943 ) Lifeboat ( 1944 ) Spellbound ( 1945 ) Notorious ( 1946 ) The Paradine Case ( 1947 ) Rope ( 1948 ) Under Capricorn ( 1949 ) Stage Fright ( 1950 ) Strangers on a Train ( 1951 ) I Confess ( 1953 ) Dial M for Murder ( 1954 ) Rear Window ( 1954 ) To Catch a Thief ( 1955 ) The Trouble with Harry ( 1955 ) The Man Who Knew Too Much ( 1956 ) The Wrong Man ( 1956 ) Vertigo ( 1958 ) North by Northwest ( 1959 ) Psycho ( 1960 ) The Birds ( 1963 ) Marnie ( 1964 ) Torn Curtain ( 1966 ) Topaz ( 1969 ) Frenzy ( 1972 ) Family Plot ( 1976 ) Short films Always Tell Your Wife ( 1923 ) An Elastic Affair ( 1930 ) Aventure Malgache ( 1944 ) Bon Voyage ( 1944 ) The Fighting Generation ( 1944 ) Television Alfred Hitchcock Presents episodes List of The Alfred Hitchcock Hour episodes Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( 1985 TV series ) Related Hitchcockian Number 13 The Blackguard Lord Camber 's Ladies German Concentration Camps Factual Survey Alfred Hitchcock Edition Clue Alfred Hitchcock 's Mystery Magazine Alfred Hitchcock 's Anthology Three Investigators Transatlantic Pictures High Anxiety Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho Hitchcock The Girl Hitchcock / Truffaut film Family Alma Reville Pat Hitchcock Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Alfred_Hitchcock_cameo_appearances&oldid=839683613 '' Categories : Alfred Hitchcock In - jokes Lists of film characters Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français 한국어 Italiano Кыргызча 日本語 Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 May 2018 , at 00 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did hitchcock start appearing in his movies	[ "\n\nTitle\nYear\nH:M[:S]\nDescription\n\n\nThe Birds\n1963\n0:02:18\nLeaving the pet shop with two of his own Sealyham terriers, Geoffrey and Stanley, as Tippi Hedren enters.[3]\n\n\nBlackmail\n1929\n0:10:25\nBeing bothered by a small boy as he reads a book on the London Underground. This cameo is 19 seconds long.\n\n\nDial M for Murder\n1954\n0:13:13\nOn the left side in the class-reunion photo.\n\n\nEasy Virtue\n1928\n0:21:15\nWalking past a tennis court carrying a walking stick.\n\n\nFamily Plot\n1976\n0:40:00\nIn silhouette through the door of the Registrar of Births and Deaths.\n\n\nForeign Correspondent\n1940\n0:12:44\nAfter Joel McCrea leaves his hotel, wearing a coat and hat and reading a newspaper.\n\n\nFrenzy\n1972\n0:04:07\nIn the center of a crowd, wearing a bowler hat; he is the only one not applauding the speaker; and a minute later, right after the victim washes ashore, standing next to a gray-haired man with a gray beard.\n\n\nI Confess\n1953\n0:01:33\nCrossing the top of a flight of steps.\n\n\nThe Lady Vanishes\n1938\n1:32:31\nIn Victoria Station, wearing a black coat, smoking a cigarette, and making a strange movement with his head.\n\n\nLifeboat\n1944\n0:00:25\nIn the \"before\" and \"after\" pictures in the newspaper ad for \"Reduco Obesity Slayer\".\n\n\nThe Lodger\n1927\n0:03\nAt a desk in the newsroom.\n\n\n0:01:34\nIn the mob scene next to Detective Joe who's bearing the lodger's weight on the fence by holding his arms.\n\n\nThe Man Who Knew Too Much\n1956\n0:25:12\nAs the McKennas watch the acrobats in market place, Hitchcock appears at the left in a suit and puts his hands in his pockets.\n\n\nThe Man Who Knew Too Much\n1934\n0:33:25\nWalking across a road in a dark trench coat as a bus passes.\n\n\nMarnie\n1964\n0:00:05\nEntering from the left of the hotel corridor after Tippi Hedren passes by, and clearly breaking the fourth wall by looking the audience straight in the eye.\n\n\nMr. & Mrs. Smith\n1941\n0:42:57\nPassing Robert Montgomery in front of his building.\n\n\nMurder!\n1930\n0:59:45\nWalking past the house where the murder was committed with a female companion, at the end of Sir John's visit to the scene with Markham and his wife Lucy.\n\n\nNorth by Northwest\n1959\n0:02:09\nMissing a bus, just after his credit passes off screen during the title sequence.\n\n\nNotorious\n1946\n1:04:44\nAt the big party in Claude Rains' mansion, drinking champagne and then quickly departing.\n\n\nNumber Seventeen\n1932\n0:51:25\nOn the bus amongst other passengers, in a dark coat and hat, facing away, he bounces up and down; approx. four seconds.\n\n\nThe Paradine Case\n1947\n0:38:00\nLeaving the train at a railway station, carrying a cello case.\n\n\nPsycho\n1960\n0:06:59\nSeen through an office window wearing a Stetson cowboy hat as Janet Leigh comes through the door.\n\n\nRear Window\n1954\n0:26:12\nWinding the clock in the songwriter's apartment.\n\n\nRebecca\n1940\n2:06:57\nWalking near the phone booth just after George Sanders makes a call.\n\n\nRope\n1948\n0:55:00\nIn the background as a red flashing neon sign of his trademark profile.\n\n\nSabotage\n1936\n0:08:56\nJust after the lights come back on in front of the Bijou, looking up as he crosses in front of the crowd.\n\n\nSaboteur\n1942\n1:04:45\nStanding in front of \"Cut Rate Drugs\" as the saboteurs' car stops.\n\n\nShadow of a Doubt\n1943\n0:16:27\nOn the train to Santa Rosa, playing cards, back to the camera.\n\n\nSpellbound\n1945\n0:38:50\nComing out of an elevator at the Empire State Hotel, carrying a violin case and smoking a cigarette.\n\n\nStage Fright\n1950\n0:39:49\nTurning to look back at Jane Wyman in her disguise as Marlene Dietrich's maid.\n\n\nStrangers on a Train\n1951\n0:10:34\nBoarding a train with a double bass as Farley Granger gets off in his hometown.\n\n\nSuspicion\n1941\n0:03:25\nWalking a horse across the screen at the hunt meet.\n\n\n0:44:58\nMailing a letter at the village postbox (long shot).\n\n\nThe 39 Steps\n1935\n0:06:56\nThe man tossing a white cigarette box while the bus pulls up for Robert Donat and Lucie Mannheim to leave the theatre.\n\n\nTo Catch a Thief\n1955\n0:09:40\nSitting next to Cary Grant on the bus.\n\n\nTopaz\n1969\n0:32:27\nBeing pushed in a wheelchair in the airport. Hitchcock gets up from the chair, shakes hands with a man, and walks off to the right.\n\n\nTorn Curtain\n1966\n0:00:08\nSitting in the Hotel d'Angleterre lobby with a baby on his knee. He shifts the child from one knee to the other. The music playing at this point in the film is an adaptation of Charles Gounod's Funeral March of a Marionette, a song now associated with Hitchcock due to it being used as the theme for his television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents\n\n\nThe Trouble with Harry\n1955\n0:22:14\nSeen outside of the window—the man walking past the parked limousine of an old man who is looking at paintings.\n\n\nUnder Capricorn\n1949\n0:02:11\nIn the town square during new governor's speech, wearing a blue coat and brown hat.\n\n\n0:12:17\nOne of three men on the steps of Government House.\n\n\nVertigo\n1958\n0:11:40\nIn a grey suit walking in the street with a trumpet case.\n\n\nThe Wrong Man\n1956\n0:00:18\nSeen in silhouette narrating the film's prologue. Donald Spoto's biography says that Hitchcock chose to make an explicit appearance in this film (rather than a cameo) to emphasize that, unlike his other movies, The Wrong Man was a true story about an actual person.\n\n\nYoung and Innocent\n1937\n0:15:00\nOutside the courthouse, holding a camera.\n\n" ]	[ "1927" ]
-1858719390941027890	One Tree Hill (season 4)	One Tree Hill ( season 4 ) - wikipedia One Tree Hill ( season 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search One Tree Hill ( season 4 ) One Tree Hill Season 4 DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 21 Release Original network The CW Original release September 27 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 27 ) -- June 13 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 13 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 Next → Season 5 List of One Tree Hill episodes The fourth season of One Tree Hill began airing on September 27 , 2006 . The season concluded on June 13 , 2007 , after 21 episodes . This is the first season to air on the newly formed The CW television network . In this season , most episodes were named after rock albums rather than after songs . Season four rose in ratings , averaging 2.9 million viewers weekly , becoming # 136 in the Nielsen ratings system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Regular 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Reception 5 DVD release 6 References Overview ( edit ) This season focuses on the final half of senior year at Tree Hill High School . Nathan and Haley find out that they are going to have a baby . Lucas starts writing a novel , while also questioning what really happened on the day of the school shooting . Nathan gets involved with some shady characters after he and Haley start having money problems . Peyton finds out she has a brother , but he may not be who he says he is . Brooke becomes friends with Rachel and starts a relationship with newcomer Chase . Dan tries to get close to Karen and help her with Keith 's baby . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of One Tree Hill characters Regular ( edit ) Chad Michael Murray as Lucas Scott ( 21 episodes ) James Lafferty as Nathan Scott ( 21 episodes ) Hilarie Burton as Peyton Sawyer ( 21 episodes ) Bethany Joy Galeotti as Haley James Scott ( 21 episodes ) Paul Johansson as Dan Scott ( 20 episodes ) Sophia Bush as Brooke Davis ( 21 episodes ) Barbara Alyn Woods as Deb Scott ( 14 episodes ) Lee Norris as Mouth McFadden ( 17 episodes ) Antwon Tanner as Skills Taylor ( 13 episodes ) Danneel Harris as Rachel Gatina ( 16 episodes ) Barry Corbin as Whitey Durham ( 12 episodes ) Moira Kelly as Karen Roe ( 20 episodes ) Recurring ( edit ) Bevin Prince as Bevin Mirskey ( 9 episodes ) Shawn Shepard as Principal Turner ( 9 episodes ) Stephen Colletti as Chase Adams ( 9 episodes ) Kelsey Chow as Gigi Silveri ( 7 episodes ) Matt Barr as Ian Banks ( 8 episodes ) Vaughn Wilson as Fergie Thompson ( 7 episodes ) Cullen Moss as Junk Moretti ( 6 episodes ) Elisabeth Harnois as Shelley Simon ( 6 episodes ) Ernest Waddell as Derek Sommers ( 4 episodes ) Rick Fox as Daunte Jones ( 4 episodes ) Allison Scagliotti as Abigail `` Abby '' Brown ( 3 episodes ) Amber Wallace as Glenda Farrell ( 4 episodes ) Craig Sheffer as Keith Scott ( 2 episodes ) Michael Trucco as Cooper Lee ( 2 episode ) Tyler Hilton as Chris Keller ( 1 episode ) Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of One Tree Hill episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 68 `` The Same Deep Water as You '' Greg Prange Mark Schwahn September 27 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 27 ) 3T5751 3.64 The residents of Tree Hill must deal with the aftermath of the shocking accident . Nathan and Rachel are okay while Cooper still remains in a coma . In the midst of all the chaos , Dan extends his help to Karen now that she is pregnant . Lucas and Peyton 's friendship continues to grow stronger . Previously rivals , Brooke and Rachel move past their differences and manage to become good friends . Brooke has a difficult decision to make about her relationship with Lucas . Skills decides to try out for the Ravens . This episode is named after a song by The Cure . 69 `` Things I Forgot at Birth '' Greg Prange Mark Schwahn October 4 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 04 ) 3T5752 3.09 It 's her eighteenth birthday , but Brooke soon realizes that she has no one but Rachel to celebrate it with . Meanwhile , Nathan continues to struggle with memories of the accident . Dan continues to be haunted by remorse over his actions against Keith . This episode is named after a song by Absentee . 70 `` Good News for People Who Love Bad News '' John Asher Mike Herro & David Strauss October 11 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 11 ) 3T5753 3.28 Peyton spends more time getting to know her newfound brother , Derek . Lucas gives up on his love for Brooke . Rachel tries to start a romance with Nathan . This episode is named after an album by Modest Mouse . 71 `` Ca n't Stop This Thing We 've Started '' Bethany Rooney Terrence Coli October 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 18 ) 3T5754 2.95 A rumor surfaces that Brooke might be pregnant , causing Karen to worry as she fears that the baby might be Lucas ' . Rachel continues to get closer to Nathan when she confesses that she saw Keith during the accident . This episode is named after a song by Bryan Adams . 72 5 `` I Love You But I 've Chosen Darkness '' Stuart Gillard Mark Schwahn October 25 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 25 ) 3T5755 3.57 Nathan gets two surprises in a row , and everyone is eager to share their advice . Brooke decides to celebrate . Peyton 's stalker attacks her and her real brother saves her with Lucas ' help . This episode is named after the band I Love You But I 've Chosen Darkness . 73 6 `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night ? '' Paul Johansson William H. Brown November 8 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 08 ) 3T5756 3.52 Nathan struggles with money problems and reluctantly asks Dan for help . Brooke learns the new man in her life is also her new English teacher . Peyton gets help from an unexpected source . Lucas returns to the Ravens just in time to help the team advance in the playoffs for the state championship . This episode is named after an American folk song made famous by Lead Belly and latterly covered first by Hole and then by Nirvana . 74 7 `` All These Things That I 've Done '' David Jackson Adele Lim November 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 15 ) 3T5757 3.25 Peyton tries to go back to school , but she breaks down . Brooke 's fashions are a hit at the local show . Nathan is cornered into a no - win situation by Daunte . Deb takes drastic action to support her addiction . This episode is named after a song by The Killers . 75 8 `` Nothing Left to Say But Goodbye '' Janice Cooke John A. Norris November 22 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 22 ) 3T5758 2.53 Derek tells Peyton to give Lucas a chance just as Brooke tries to make up with him . Nathan continues to have trouble with Daunte . Rachel asks Haley to tutor her when she discovers she is failing a class . This episode is named after a song by Audioslave . 76 9 `` Some You Give Away '' Greg Prange Mark Schwahn November 29 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 29 ) 3T5759 4.21 As the Ravens prepare for the championship , Lucas learns Nathan intends to throw the game and decides on a risky plan to even the odds . Karen insists Deb show up for her son 's final game and tries to help her get there . Dan makes a last plea with Daunte . This episode is named after a song by La Rocca . 77 10 `` Songs to Love and Die By '' John Asher Mark Schwahn December 6 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 06 ) 3T5760 4.24 After a heart attack , Lucas has a dream in which the spirit of Keith visits and shows him how much one life can affect the lives of others , in a nod to `` It 's a Wonderful Life '' . Haley is the victim of an accident and Dan helps out Nathan . This episode is named after an album by 8mm . 78 11 `` Everything in Its Right Place '' Michael Lange Dawn Urbont January 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 17 ) 3T5761 2.18 The aftermath of the events in Tree Hill begins . Lucas returns to his everyday life and tries to rekindle his relationship with Peyton . However , things are rougher for Haley when she discovers that Nathan was more involved in her accident than she could have ever imagined . This episode is named after a song by Radiohead . 79 12 `` Resolve '' Moira Kelly Michelle Furtney - Goodman January 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 24 ) 3T5762 2.26 Haley is frustrated over her injuries . Skills and Mouth help Nathan earn some extra money as an amateur stripper . Brooke betrays Rachel to get with a new guy . Lucas and Peyton finally find happiness in their relationship . This episode is named after a song by Foo Fighters . 80 13 `` Pictures of You '' Les Butler Mark Schwahn February 7 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 07 ) 3T5763 2.85 A class assignment pairs the students at Tree Hill High to get to know each other a little better . Nathan wrestles with Deb 's suicide attempt . Chase learns that Brooke cheated on her calculus exam ... This episode is named after a song by The Cure . 81 14 `` Sad Songs for Dirty Lovers '' Janice Cooke William H. Brown February 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 14 ) 3T5764 2.25 Haley confronts Brooke regarding the stolen calculus test . Lucas and Peyton consider taking their relationship to the next level . Peyton and Brooke grow closer . In Deb 's absence , Nathan throws a senior party at the Scott House where a sex tape from Nathan 's past surfaces . This episode is named after an album by The National . 82 15 `` Prom Night at Hater High '' Paul Johansson Mike Herro & David Strauss February 21 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 21 ) 3T5765 3.15 It 's Prom day , and emotions are running high at Tree Hill . An emotional Haley confronts Nathan about the sex tape and asks for a list of all his past sexual encounters . An angry Peyton asks Lucas to skip the dance altogether , but he refuses to take no for an answer . Brooke and Peyton let out all their frustrations in a confrontation that could tear them apart forever . This episode is named after a song by The Long Winters . 83 16 `` You Call It Madness , But I Call It Love '' Thomas J. Wright Terrence Coli May 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 02 ) 3T5766 3.28 It 's Prom night , but things start to go awry . Lucas remembers that someone was in the hallway when Keith was killed . Psycho Derek holds Peyton and Brooke hostage in Peyton 's own house . Haley and Nathan vow to be romantic with each other throughout the night . Dan continues to win over Karen 's affections . Within Reason guest star to perform during the Prom . This episode is named after a song by Nat King Cole . 84 17 `` It Gets the Worst at Night '' Greg Prange Mark Schwahn & Jim Lee May 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 09 ) 3T5767 2.95 When Mouth and Rachel 's road trip goes wrong , the other teens drive to their rescue . On the trip , Nathan and Haley get a second chance to enjoy their Prom . Peyton and Lucas decide to take their relationship to the next level . Brooke reveals the truth about the stolen calculus exam to Haley . This episode is named after a song by Lucero . 85 18 `` The Runaway Found '' David Jackson Mark Schwahn May 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 16 ) 3T5768 2.71 Brooke and Peyton finally rekindle their friendship . Nathan 's past mistakes continue to haunt him and Haley . Lucas hears a shocking confession from the witness to Keith 's murder . This episode is named after an album by The Veils . 86 19 `` Ashes of Dreams You Let Die '' Michael Lange John A. Norris May 30 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 30 ) 3T5769 2.06 As the end of the school year approaches , Peyton considers accepting a music internship in Los Angeles . Brooke tries to reconnect with Chase through yearbook signatures . Haley struggles to write her valedictorian speech . Dan suggests that Lucas get professional help when Karen continues to worry about his obsession with theories about Keith 's murder . This episode is named after a song by B.J. Thomas . 87 20 `` The Birth and Death of the Day '' Greg Prange Mark Schwahn June 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 06 ) 3T5770 2.11 As graduation approaches , Haley prepares for the recital of her valedictorian speech and motherhood . Nathan must adjust to life without basketball . Brooke makes a confession that may have great consequences . Lucas confronts Dan after Karen 's life is threatened . The song `` Times Like These '' from the Foo Fighters is heard during the graduation scene . This episode is named after a song by Explosions in the Sky . 88 21 `` All of a Sudden I Miss Everyone '' Mark Schwahn Mark Schwahn June 13 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 13 ) 3T5771 2.50 Dan must face the harsh consequences of his decision to murder Keith as Karen and Haley go into labour . Rachel returns and hosts a graduation party where the gang celebrate their high school journey and prepare for the next chapter of their lives . This episode is named after the fifth studio album from Explosions in the Sky . Reception ( edit ) The season premiere was seen by 3.64 million U.S. viewers and achieved a 1.7 Adults 18 - 49 rating , up 19 % in viewers and 55 % in demo from the season 3 finale . Episode 2 hit a season high in the Adults 18 - 49 demo with a 2.0 rating , while episode 10 hit season highs in viewers with 4.24 million . The season finale was seen by 2.5 million viewers . Season Timeslot Season premiere Season finale TV season Rank Viewers ( in millions ) Rating ( Adults 18 - 49 ) Wednesday 9 / 8C September 27 , 2006 June 13 , 2007 2006 -- 2007 # 136 2.9 1.3 DVD release ( edit ) The DVD release of season four was released after the season has completed broadcast on television . It has been released in Region 1 . As well as every episode from the season , the DVD release features bonus material such as , audio commentaries on some episodes from the creator and cast , deleted scenes , gag reels and behind - the - scenes featurettes . The Complete Fourth Season Set details Special features 21 episodes 880 minutes ( Region 1 ) ; 840 minutes ( Region 2 ) 845 minutes ( Region 4 ) 6 - disc set 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Languages : English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 ) Subtitles : English , Spanish French ( Region 1 ) Audio commentaries `` Some You Give Away '' - with creator / executive producer / writer Mark Schwahn , and actor Rick Fox `` It Gets the Worst at Night '' - with creator / executive producer / co-writer Mark Schwahn and executive producers Joe Davola and Greg Prange . `` All of a Sudden I Miss Everyone '' - with creator / executive producer / writer / director Mark Schwahn and actors James Lafferty , Lee Norris and Stephen Coletti . Deleted scenes Episodes : 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 & 18 Gag reel `` One Tree Hill In Your Town '' `` Tree Hill 's Charity Basketball Game Highlights '' `` Tree Hill High Time Capsule '' Release dates United States United Kingdom Australia December 18 , 2007 April 7 , 2008 June 4 , 2008 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Hollywood Reporter : 2006 - 07 primetime wrap '' . Hollywood Reporter . May 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mark Schwahn ( writer ) & Gregory Prange ( director ) ( 2006 - 09 - 27 ) . `` The Same Deep Water as You '' . One Tree Hill . Season 4 . Episode 1 . 42 minutes in . The CW . ^ Jump up to : Calabria , Rosario ( September 28 , 2006 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , September 27 , 2006 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Calabria , Rosario ( October 5 , 2006 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , October 4 , 2006 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( October 12 , 2006 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , October 11 , 2006 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( October 19 , 2006 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , October 18 , 2006 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( October 26 , 2006 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , October 25 , 2006 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( November 9 , 2006 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , November 8 , 2006 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( November 16 , 2006 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , November 15 , 2006 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( November 23 , 2006 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , November 22 , 2006 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( November 30 , 2006 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , November 29 , 2006 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Calabria , Rosario ( January 18 , 2007 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , January 17 , 2007 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Calabria , Rosario ( January 25 , 2007 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , January 24 , 2007 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mark Schwahn ( writer ) & Les Butler ( director ) ( 2007 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Pictures of You '' . One Tree Hill . Season 4 . Episode 13 . 42 minutes in . The CW . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( February 8 , 2007 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , February 7 , 2007 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( February 15 , 2007 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , February 14 , 2007 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( February 22 , 2007 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , February 21 , 2007 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( May 10 , 2007 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , May 9 , 2007 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( May 17 , 2007 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , May 16 , 2007 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( May 31 , 2007 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , May 30 , 2007 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mark Schwahn ( writer ) & Gregory Prange ( director ) ( 2007 - 06 - 06 ) . `` The Birth and Death of the Day '' . One Tree Hill . Season 4 . Episode 20 . 42 minutes in . The CW . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( June 7 , 2007 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , June 6 , 2007 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Calabria , Rosario ( June 14 , 2007 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , June 13 , 2007 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Tree Hill - The Complete 4th Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Tree Hill - Series 4 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` One Tree Hill - Complete Season 4 ( Region 4 ) '' . EzyDVD.com.au . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 28 . ( hide ) One Tree Hill Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Original Lucas Scott Nathan Scott Peyton Sawyer Haley James Scott Dan Scott Brooke Davis Whitey Durham Keith Scott Karen Roe Deb Lee Mouth McFadden Skills Taylor Rachel Gatina Secondary Jamie Scott Millicent Huxtable Julian Baker Clay Evans Quinn James Alex Dupre Chase Adams Chris Keller Recurring Jake Jagielski Tim Smith Bevin Mirskey Andy Hargrove Lindsey Strauss Victoria Davis Mia Catalano Quentin Fields Nanny Carrie Sam Walker Episodes `` Pilot '' `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' `` 4 Years , 6 Months , 2 Days '' `` Hundred '' `` Remember Me as a Time of Day '' `` Almost Everything I Wish I 'd Said the Last Time I Saw You '' `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' `` This is My House , This is My Home '' `` Last Known Surroundings '' `` Danny Boy '' `` One Tree Hill '' Related Official soundtracks `` I Do n't Want to Be '' Tree Hill , North Carolina Clothes Over Bro 's Red Bedroom Records Created by : Mark Schwahn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Tree_Hill_(season_4)&oldid=801261459 '' Categories : One Tree Hill ( TV series ) episodes 2006 American television seasons 2007 American television seasons Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Español Français Italiano Русский Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 17 : 14 . About Wikipedia	what episode is prom in one tree hill	[ "\n82\n15\n\"Prom Night at Hater High\"\nPaul Johansson\nMike Herro & David Strauss\nFebruary 21, 2007 (2007-02-21)\n3T5765\n3.15[17]\n" ]	[ "15" ]
670431835754368029	America's Got Talent (season 12)	America 's Got Talent ( Season 12 ) - wikipedia America 's Got Talent ( Season 12 ) Jump to : navigation , search America 's Got Talent Season 12 Broadcast from May 30 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) -- September 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) Judges Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Host ( s ) Tyra Banks Broadcaster NBC Winner Darci Lynne Farmer Origin Oklahoma City Genre ( s ) Ventriloquism Runner - up Angelica Hale Chronology ◀ 2017 Season twelve of the reality competition series America 's Got Talent was ordered on August 2 , 2016 and premiered on NBC on Tuesday , May 30 , 2017 . Howie Mandel , Mel B , Heidi Klum and Simon Cowell returned as judges for their respective eighth , fifth , fifth and second seasons . Supermodel and businesswoman Tyra Banks replaced Nick Cannon , who hosted the show for eight seasons , making her the first female host of the show . The live shows returned to the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles beginning August 15 , 2017 . The format of the show was the same as in season eleven , and Dunkin Donuts sponsors the show for a third consecutive season . A guest judge joined the panel for each episode of the Judge Cuts round : Chris Hardwick , DJ Khaled , Laverne Cox and Seal . Darci Lynne Farmer was named the winner on the season finale , September 20 , 2017 . She was the third ventriloquist , third child and third female to win a season of America 's Got Talent. 10 - year - old singer Angelica Hale placed second , and glow light dance troupe Light Balance came in third . Farmer won the show 's prize of $1 million and a headlining performance in Las Vegas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season changes 2 Preliminary auditions 2.1 Golden buzzer 2.2 Death of Brandon Rogers 3 Judge Cuts 3.1 Week 1 3.2 Week 2 3.3 Week 3 3.4 Week 4 4 Quarterfinals 4.1 Week 1 ( August 15 -- 16 ) 4.2 Week 2 ( August 22 -- 23 ) 4.3 Week 3 ( August 29 -- 30 ) 5 Semifinals 5.1 Week 1 ( September 5 -- 6 ) 5.2 Week 2 ( September 12 -- 13 ) 6 Finals 6.1 Finale 7 Top 36 acts 8 Ratings 8.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 8.2 Specials 9 Contestants who appeared on other seasons or shows 10 References 11 External links Season changes Season 12 judging panel and host Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Tyra Banks On October 4 , 2016 , Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through 2019 . Long - time host Nick Cannon announced , on February 13 , 2017 , that he would not return as host for the twelfth season , soon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his 2017 Showtime comedy special , Stand Up , Do n't Shoot . Cannon was still under contract to host , and NBC executives did not initially accept his resignation , but they ultimately searched for a new host . On March 12 , 2017 , NBC announced supermodel and host Tyra Banks as the host for Season 12 . Preliminary auditions The season had preliminary open call auditions in Chicago , Austin , Cleveland , Jacksonville , Philadelphia , Las Vegas , San Diego , New York City , Charleston , Memphis , and Los Angeles . As in years past , prospective contestants could also submit online auditions . Judges ' auditions were taped in March at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Los Angeles . The premiere aired May 30 , 2017 . Golden buzzer The Golden Buzzer returned for its fourth consecutive season . Any act that received a golden buzzer during the preliminary auditions was sent directly to the live shows and did not compete in the Judge Cuts round . In the first episode of preliminary auditions , Mel B pressed the golden buzzer for 12 - year - old singing ventriloquist Darci Lynne Farmer . In subsequent episodes , Simon Cowell pressed it for 29 - year - old deaf singer Mandy Harvey , Howie Mandel chose 16 - year - old former blind singer Christian Guardino , Tyra Banks pressed it for Light Balance dance crew , and Heidi Klum chose 13 - year - old singer Angelina Green . Each Judge Cuts act that received a golden buzzer advanced to the live shows without any voting by the judges . During the Judge Cuts round , guest judges Chris Hardwick pressed his golden buzzer for 9 - year old singer Angelica Hale , DJ Khaled pressed it for 21 - year old singer - songwriter and guitarist Chase Goehring , Laverne Cox pressed it for 9 - year old singer Celine Tam , and Seal pressed it for soul singer Johnny Manuel . Death of Brandon Rogers On June 11 , 2017 , contestant Brandon Rogers died in an automobile accident . Rogers was an American physician who specialized in family medicine . Earlier in 2017 , after seeing YouTube videos of Rogers singing , Boyz II Men invited him to sing with them as a guest in three of their Las Vegas shows . His successful AGT audition aired on July 11 , 2017 , in his memory . He competed in the Judge Cuts round , but his performance in that round was not televised . Judge Cuts The Judge Cuts round began on Tuesday , July 18 , 2017 . Like the previous season , one guest judge joined the judges ' panel each show and was given one golden buzzer opportunity to send an act straight to the live shows . Twenty acts were shown each week and seven advanced , including the guest judge 's golden buzzer choice . Guest judges were not given a red buzzer to use . Any act that received all four red buzzers was immediately eliminated from the competition . The four guest judges were Chris Hardwick , DJ Khaled , Laverne Cox , and Seal . After the Judge Cuts , three wildcards were chosen from eliminated acts to perform in the live shows : Final Draft , Bello Nock and Oskar and Gaspar ( who did not perform in the Judge Cuts round ) . All three of these acts were eliminated in the Quarterfinals . Key Buzzed Golden buzzer Advanced Quarterfinal Wildcard Eliminated Eliminated Immediately Advanced Immediately Week 1 Guest judge : Chris Hardwick Date : July 18 , 2017 Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Hardwick Brown Mandel Sara and Hero Dog Act Advanced The Baker Family Bluegrass Band Eliminated Mariachi Nuevo Santander Mariachi Group Eliminated The Masqueraders Vocal Group Advanced Eric Jennifer 5 Comedian Eliminated Harrison Greenbaum 6 Comedian Eliminated Dancing Pumpkin Man 7 Dancer Eliminated Tom London 8 Close - Up Magician Eliminated Eric Jones 9 Close - Up Magician Advanced Angelica Hale 10 Singer Advanced Immediately Danylo and Oskar 11 Acrobat Duo Eliminated Lera and Nika Tomanova 12 Aerial Duo Eliminated Yosein Chi 13 Hand Balancer Eliminated Darcy Callus 14 Singer And Keyboardist Eliminated Carlos De Antonis 15 Opera Singer Eliminated Canion Shijirbat 16 Multimedia Dancer Eliminated Just Jerk 17 Hip - Hop Dance Group Advanced Maw Kitty 18 Singer Eliminated The Singing Trump 19 Singing Trump Impersonator Advanced Demian Aditya 20 Escape Artist Advanced Week 2 Guest judge : DJ Khaled Date : July 25 , 2017 As of 2017 , this is the only Judge Cuts episode in the show 's history in which an act with at least one `` X '' buzzer was nevertheless promoted to the live shows . This was also the only Judge Cuts episode of the season in which an act received 4 red buzzers . Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Khaled Brown Mandel Sammulous Cabaret Singer Eliminated Steven Scott Comedian Eliminated The Quiddlers Novelty Puppet Group Eliminated Str8jacket Dance Group Eliminated Solto & T Dot 5 Dance Duo Eliminated Junior and Emily 6 Salsa Dance Duo Advanced Jokgu and Aichan 7 Piano - Playing Chickens Eliminated Immediately Dakota Striplin 8 Singer and Guitarist Eliminated Chase Goehring 9 Singer and Guitarist Advanced Immediately Azeri Brothers 10 Danger Act Eliminated The Godfathers 11 Acrobat Group Eliminated Tulga 12 Strongman Eliminated Mirror Image 13 Vocal / Dance Duo Advanced Evie Clair 14 Singer Advanced Kyle Eschen 15 Magician Eliminated Xavier Mortimer 16 Digital Magician Eliminated Colin Cloud 17 Mentalist Advanced Pelican212 18 Family Band Eliminated Puddles Pity Party 19 Singing Clown Advanced Yoli Mayor 20 Singer Advanced Week 3 Guest judge : Laverne Cox Date : August 1 , 2017 This was the first Judge Cuts episode in which no acts received a red buzzer from any of the judges . Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Cox Brown Mandel Oscar Hernandez Dancer Advanced Tony and Jordan Digital Magicians Eliminated The Naked Magicians Magicians Eliminated Jeki Yoo Magician Eliminated Herbie Russ 5 Singer And Saxophonist Eliminated Mike Yung 6 Singer Advanced 5 Alive 7 Boy Band Eliminated Final Draft 8 R&B Vocal Group Quarterfinal Wild Card Brobots & Mandroidz 9 Hip - Hop Dance Group Advanced Marisa McKaye 10 Singer Eliminated Celine Tam 11 Singer Advanced Immediately Aileen George 12 Pole Dancer Eliminated Shemika Charles 13 Limbo Dancer Eliminated Jay Jay Phillips 14 Comedic Keyboardist Eliminated Diavolo 15 Acrobatic Dance Group Advanced Jonathan Rinny 16 Balancing Acrobat Eliminated Bello Nock 17 Comedic Daredevil Quarterfinal Wild Card Daniel Ferguson 18 Singing Impressionist Eliminated Preacher Lawson 19 Comedian Advanced Billy & Emily England 20 Extreme Rollerskating Duo Advanced Week 4 Guest judge : Seal Date : August 8 , 2017 Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Seal Brown Mandel Artyon & Paige Dance Duo Advanced Britt Saasen Singer Eliminated In The Stairwell A Capella Group Advanced Will Tsai Visualist Eliminated Henry Richardson 5 Magician Eliminated Elena and Sasha 6 Acrobatic Duo Eliminated Lost Legends 7 Dance Group Eliminated Nick Uhas 8 Scientist Eliminated Veronica Gonzalez 9 Foot Puppeteer Eliminated Sirqus Alfon 10 Comedy Trio Eliminated DaNell Daymon & Greater Works 11 Gospel Choir Advanced Pompeyo Family Dogs 12 Dog Act Advanced Johnny Manuel 13 Singer Advanced Immediately Maria Popazov 14 Hand Balancer / Contortionist Eliminated Maxim Popazov 15 Hand Balancer Eliminated German Cornejo Dance Company 16 Dance Group Eliminated The Honeybee - z Plus 17 Dance Group Eliminated Merrick Hanna 18 Dancer Advanced Kechi Okwuchi 19 Singer Advanced Brandon Rogers N / A Singer Did Not Advance Footnotes Jump up ^ Rogers competed in this round before he died , but his performance was omitted from the episode . Quarterfinals The quarterfinals were broadcast live from the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles starting on August 15 , 2017 . They featured the nine golden buzzer acts , the 24 other acts promoted during the Judge Cuts round , and three wildcard acts chosen by the producers and judges . Twelve acts performed each week , with results announced the on following nights ; each week seven acts were sent through to the semifinals . Puddles Pity Party and Mirror Image received an `` X '' in the Quarterfinals . Demian Aditya received `` X 's '' by Brown and Cowell in the second Quarterfinals . Key Buzzed Advanced Judges ' Choice Won Judges ' Choice Lost Judges ' Choice Dunkin ' Save Judges ' Wildcard Week 1 ( August 15 -- 16 ) Guests : Grace VanderWaal , August 16 Act Order Performance Type Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Brown Mandel Christian Guardino Singer Dunkin ' Save Artyon & Paige Dancing Duo Eliminated In The Stairwell A Cappella Group Advanced The Singing Trump Singing Donald Trump Impersonator Eliminated Angelica Hale 5 Singer Advanced Bello Nock 6 Comedic Daredevil Eliminated Just Jerk 7 Hip - Hop Dance Group Lost Judges ' Choice Puddles Pity Party 8 Singing Clown Eliminated Preacher Lawson 9 Comedian Advanced Yoli Mayor 10 Singer Won Judges ' Choice Billy & Emily England 11 Extreme Rollerskating Duo Advanced Darci Lynne Farmer 12 Singing Ventriloquist Advanced ^ 1 After the judges split evenly in the Judges ' Choice , Yoli Mayor was announced to have received more of America 's votes than Just Jerk , and she advanced to the semi-finals . Week 2 ( August 22 -- 23 ) Guests : Circus 1903 , August 23 Act Order Performance type Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Brown Mandel Brobots & Mandroidz Hip - Hop Dance Group Eliminated Celine Tam Singer Advanced Mirror Image Vocal Dance Duo Eliminated Johnny Manuel Singer Advanced Merrick Hanna 5 Dancer Advanced Eric Jones 6 Close - up Magician Won Judges ' Choice The Masqueraders 7 Vocal Group Lost Judges ' Choice Light Balance 8 Light - Up Dance Group Advanced Evie Clair 9 Singer Dunkin ' Save Demian Aditya 10 Escape Artist Eliminated Pompeyo Family Dogs 11 Dog Act Wild Card Mandy Harvey 12 Singer - Songwriter / Ukulelist Advanced ^ 1 After the judges split evenly in the Judges ' Choice , Eric Jones was announced to have received more of America 's votes than The Masqueraders , and he advanced to the semi-finals . ^ 2 Due to a technical issue , Light Balance 's performance was based on their dress rehearsal . ^ 3 Another technical issue occurred when the sealed box Aditya was in did n't fall as planned . Week 3 ( August 29 -- 30 ) Guests : Mat Franco , Piff the Magic Dragon , and Jon Dorenbos , August 30 Act Order Performance Type Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Brown Mandel DaNell Daymon & Greater Works Gospel Choir Won Judges ' Choice Junior and Emily Alabi Salsa Dance Duo Eliminated Final Draft Vocal Group Eliminated Oscar Hernandez Dancer Eliminated Angelina Green 5 Singer Lost Judges ' Choice Colin Cloud 6 Mentalist Dunkin ' Save Mike Yung 7 Singer Advanced Oskar and Gaspar 8 Videomapping Act Eliminated Sara and Hero 9 Dog Act Advanced Chase Goehring 10 Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist Advanced Diavolo 11 Acrobatic Dance Group Advanced Kechi Okwuchi 12 Singer Advanced ^ 1 Sara added another dog named Loki in her act . Loki performed throughout the rest of the competition . Semifinals The live semifinals started on September 5 , 2017 . They featured the 21 acts voted to the semifinals , plus the judges ' semifinal wildcard pick . Each week , eleven acts performed ; five went through to the finals , and six were eliminated . No acts were buzzed . Key Advanced Judges ' Choice Won Judges ' Choice Lost Judges ' Choice Dunkin ' Save Week 1 ( September 5 -- 6 ) Guests : The Clairvoyants Act Order Performance Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Brown Mandel Yoli Mayor Singer ; performed `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' by James Arthur Eliminated Eric Jones Close - up magician : The judges are seated on the stage . A $2 bill in Eric 's hand turns into 4 coins . Simon hands him a signed hundred - dollar bill in exchange for the 4 coins . He shakes the coins together between his palms , and one of the coins disappears . Eric gives Heidi the three coins , asks her to focus on one of them , and makes that coin disappear . Howie holds the two coins between his thumb and middle finger , and when he drops them , only one coin remains . Eric then places it onto Mel B 's hand , teleports it to her shoulder , and that coin disappears as well . All four coins are found under Simon 's 100 - dollar bill , and Eric changes them into the $2 bill . Lost Judges ' Choice DaNell Daymon & Greater Works Gospel choir ; performed `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' by Aerosmith Eliminated Preacher Lawson Comedian ; laments being single , explains why he broke up with his ex-girlfriend , Tyra , and worries about passing his big lips on to his future offspring . He ends with a joke about his reaction to his 4 - year - old cousin calling him ugly . Advanced Johnny Manuel 5 Singer ; performed an original song called `` Blind Faith '' Eliminated Billy and Emily England 6 Extreme rollerblading duo : rollerblades on a high platform in which Emily hangs on to Billy in several positions while they spin around . Billy then flings Emily off the edge of the platform into the jaws of animated dragons . Eliminated Evie Clair 7 Singer ; performs `` Yours '' by Ella Henderson Dunkin ' Save Sara & Hero 8 Dog act : Hero pretended to perform CPR on Sara before she `` revives '' and they play volleyball together . Guest performer Loki , Sara 's younger dog , circles backwards around a standing Hero , who then gets on a skateboard and catches frisbees . Sara and Loki get on a surfboard , and then Hero jumps through a hoop before Sara jumps through the hoop with Hero . The act ends with Loki in Sara 's arms . Advanced Chase Goehring 9 Singer - songwriter / Guitarist ; performed an original song called `` What Is Love '' . Won Judges ' Choice Darci Lynne Farmer 10 Singing ventriloquist 's puppet , Edna Doorknocker , complains about being stuck in the elevator with The Singing Trump , while gushing about Simon . She then sings `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' by Aretha Franklin to him , eventually cuddling a blushing Simon . Advanced Mike Yung 11 Singer ; performed `` Do n't Give Up on Me '' by Solomon Burke Eliminated ^ 1 Chase Goehring , DaNell Daymon & Greater Works , and Mike Yung were not initially announced as performing on week one of semifinals . Week 2 ( September 12 -- 13 ) Act Order Performance Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Brown Mandel Celine Tam Singer ; performed `` How Far I 'll Go '' from Moana . Eliminated Colin Cloud Mentalist ; printed thousands of tweets collected from the public , each listing a random celebrity , city and object , on cards ( each containing a couple dozen of the tweets ) distributed to the live audience members . Judges collected some of the cards from the audience at random . Mel B selected one card from these , and Heidi chose one tweet on the card at random , which contained a unique list : Ellen , Rome , cheese . Cloud demonstrated with prerecorded video snippets of himself and the judges that he had correctly predicted the list . A picture on stage , when flipped upside down , gave the same list in reverse order . Lost Judges ' Choice Christian Guardino Singer ; performed `` What 's Going On '' by Marvin Gaye . Eliminated In the Stairwell A Cappella Group ; performed `` Castle on the Hill '' by Ed Sheeran Eliminated Merrick Hanna 5 Dancer ; performed robot - themed urban dance routine that involved some flying . Eliminated Mandy Harvey 6 Singer ; performed an original song , `` Release Me '' , while translating the song into American Sign Language . Advanced Pompeyo Family Dogs 7 Dog Act ; dogs of varying sizes , dressed as Arctic / Antarctic animals such as a polar bear and penguins , performed agility and acrobatic tricks including walking and handstanding on two legs , sometimes in size order , leaping through hoops and over humans , jumping rope with a human and climbing a ladder . Eliminated Diavolo 8 Acrobatic Dance Group ; dancers rose into the air hanging artfully , or climbing on , and leaping from , various moving , transforming apparatuses , with a post-apocalyptic or futuristic theme . Won Judges ' Choice Kechi Okwuchi 9 Singer ; performed `` Do n't Worry About Me '' by Frances . Dunkin ' Save Light Balance 10 Light - Up Dance Group ; urban dance employing darkness and chromatic lights on set and costumes with a video game effect . Advanced Angelica Hale 11 Singer ; performed `` Without You '' by David Guetta Advanced ^ 1 Merrick Hanna and Mandy Harvey were switched to perform on Week 2 although they were on the Week 1 promo . ^ 2 Klum 's voting intention was not revealed . Finals The final performances took place on September 19 , followed by the final results show on September 20 , 2017 . No acts were buzzed . Key Advanced to the top 5 Top 10 Act Order Performance Description Result Angelica Hale Singer ; performed `` Symphony '' by Clean Bandit featuring Zara Larsson . Advanced Chase Goehring Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist ; performed an original song called `` Mirror '' . Top 10 Sara and Hero Dog Act ; Hero freed Sara from a glass cube by pressing a button . Hero danced around Sara 's legs before Loki ran out and performed alongside Hero . Hero balanced on Sara 's feet and put his front legs in the air . Loki jumped over obstacles and ran through a tube , then Loki jumped rope , with Sara and Hero holding the ends . Hero jumped on his hind legs with Sara , then Sara made hoops with her hands for Loki to jump through . The act ended with Hero running up a ramp and jumping high through the air over a ball pit to grab a dangling bone . Advanced Diavolo Dance / Acrobat Crew ; Two acrobats danced around a door before opening it up to reveal acrobats dancing , jumping and sliding on ramps . They then transferred to a large rocking apparatus , climbing on and leaping off of it , and catching each other , with themes of fire and thunder in the background . Top 10 Evie Clair 5 Singer ; performed `` What a Wonderful World '' by Louis Armstrong . Top 10 Preacher Lawson 6 Stand - Up Comedian ; recalled an interaction on the street with a mostly naked man who proclaimed `` Black Power '' despite being white . He said the man asked to borrow $75 , and noted that the man would definitely use it for drugs . He then performed an energetic physical bit , imitating the man by shaking and repeating the same phrase over and over . He ended by making a meta observation that while some audience members die laughing from this joke , others say , `` How long is he gon na do this for ? '' Top 10 Kechi Okwuchi 7 Singer ; performed `` Conqueror '' by Estelle . Top 10 Darci Lynne Farmer 8 Singing Ventriloquist ; puppets Oscar and Petunia bickered over who should sing for the Finals . The two puppets then told Darci to keep her mouth closed while they both performed a version of `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' by The Beatles . Advanced Mandy Harvey 9 Singer - Songwriter / Ukeleleist ; performed an original song called `` This Time '' . Advanced Light Balance 10 Light - Up Dance Group ; urban dance with chromatic lights . At the beginning , echoing the group 's past performances , a dancer in a top hat sat on a chair ( Preliminary auditions ) , followed by a werewolf ( Quarterfinals ) that seemingly tore one of the android dancers in half , although its top and bottom halves soon rejoined , and ended with a person resembling a video game character ( Semifinals ) . Advanced Finale Guest performers in the finale included Kelly Clarkson , Shania Twain , James Arthur , Derek Hough and Terry Fator . Other celebrity appearances included Marlee Matlin . The following chart describes the acts , appearances and segments presented during the finale . Act ( s ) Performance Description Angelica Hale & Kechi Okwuchi Singers ; Guest performer Kelly Clarkson sang , with the two contestants , a trio of her song `` Stronger '' . Chase Goehring Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist ; Guest performer James Arthur sang a duet with Goehring of his song ' `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Sara and Hero Dog Act ; Instead of performing an act , Sara worked to train the Judges ' dogs to perform several tricks . Diavolo Dance / Acrobat Crew ; performed in a space - like setting with asteroids crashing into each other in the background and the dancers jumping off of a moon - like structure . Evie Clair Singer ; Guest performer James Arthur performed a duet with Clair of her song `` Okay Day '' . Preacher Lawson Comedian ; Clips were shown of Lawson performing at the Laugh Factory with Judge Howie Mandel and Kevin Nealon . Darci Lynne Farmer Singing Ventriloquist ; Guest performer Terry Fator , with his turtle puppet , Winston , joked around with Farmer and her bunny , Petunia . The two puppets then performed the comic song `` Anything You Can Do '' . Mandy Harvey Singer - Songwriter / Ukeleleist ; Guest performer Shania Twain sang a duet with Harvey of Twain 's song `` You 're Still The One '' . Light Balance Light - Up Dance Group ; Guest performer Derek Hough led the group in a dance routine similar to the group 's preliminary auditions routine . Key 1st place ( Winner ) 2nd place ( Runner - up ) 3rd place 4th place 5th place Act Result Darci Lynne Farmer Winner Angelica Hale Runner - Up Light Balance 3rd place Mandy Harvey 4th place Sara and Hero 5th place Top 36 acts Key Winner Runner - up Third Place Top 5 Finalist Semifinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Semifinalist ( lost audience vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost audience vote ) Golden buzzer ( Auditions ) Golden buzzer ( Judge Cuts ) Judges ' wild card ( quarterfinals ) Judges ' wild card ( semifinals ) Name of Act Age ( s ) Genre Act Hometown Quarterfinal Semifinal Result Darci Lynne Farmer 12 Comedy & Singing Singing Ventriloquist Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Winner Angelica Hale 9 Singing Singer Atlanta , Georgia Runner - Up Light Balance 22 - 36 Dance Light - Up Dance Group Ukraine 3rd Place Mandy Harvey 29 Singing Singer - Songwriter / Ukulelist St. Cloud , Florida 4th Place Sara and Hero 22 & 5 Animal Dog Act North Bay , Ontario , Canada 5th Place Chase Goehring 21 Singing Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist Nolensville , Tennessee Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Diavolo 21 - 39 Acrobatic Dance Acrobatic Dance Group Los Angeles , California Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Evie Clair 13 Singing Singer Florence , Arizona Finalist ( Won Dunkin ' Save Vote ) Kechi Okwuchi 27 Singing Singer Houston , Texas Finalist ( Won Dunkin ' Save Vote ) Preacher Lawson 25 Comedy Stand - up Comedian Memphis , Tennessee Finalist ( Won Public Vote ) Colin Cloud 30 Magic Mentalist Edinburgh , Scotland Semifinalist ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) Eric Jones 36 Magic Close - up Magician Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Semifinalist ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) Billy & Emily England 30 , 27 Danger Extreme Rollerskating Duo Las Vegas , Nevada Eliminated Celine Tam 9 Singing Singer Hong Kong Eliminated Christian Guardino 16 Singing Singer Patchogue , New York Eliminated DaNell Daymon & Greater Works 24 - 59 Singing Gospel Choir Various Eliminated In The Stairwell 18 - 22 Singing A Cappella Group Colorado Springs , Colorado Eliminated Johnny Manuel 32 Singing Singer Flint , Michigan Eliminated Merrick Hanna 12 Dance Dancer Encinitas , California Eliminated Mike Yung 56 Singing Singer New York , New York Eliminated Pompeyo Family Dogs 7 - 35 Animal Dog Act Sarasota , Florida Eliminated Yoli Mayor 21 Singing Singer Miami , Florida Eliminated Angelina Green 13 Singing Singer Miami , Florida N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Just Jerk 18 - 27 Dance Hip - Hop Dance Group Seoul , South Korea N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) The Masqueraders 72 - 74 Singing Vocal Group Nashville , Tennessee N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Artyon & Paige 9 & 8 Dance Dancing Duo Murrieta , California N / A Eliminated Bello Nock 47 Danger Comedic Daredevil Sarasota , Florida N / A Eliminated Brobots & Mandroidz 16 - 24 Dance Hip - Hop Dance Group Torrance , California N / A Eliminated Demian Aditya 36 Magic Escape Artist Jakarta , Indonesia N / A Eliminated Final Draft 22 - 26 Singing Vocal Group Atlanta , Georgia N / A Eliminated Junior and Emily 31 & 27 Dance Salsa Dance Duo Los Angeles , California N / A Eliminated Mirror Image 16 Singing & Dance Vocal Dance Duo Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania N / A Eliminated Oscar Hernandez 34 Dance Dancer Orange County , California N / A Eliminated Oskar and Gaspar Unknown Variety Videomapping Act Unknown N / A Eliminated Puddles Pity Party 52 Singing Singing Clown Atlanta , Georgia N / A Eliminated The Singing Trump 56 Comedy & Singing Singing Trump Impersonator Palm Springs , California N / A Eliminated Ratings Us nielsen ratings Show Episode title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly Rank Weekly Rank Auditions Week 1 May 30 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.7 11 12.32 Auditions Week 2 June 6 , 2017 2.7 11 12.53 Auditions Week 3 June 13 , 2017 2.6 11 12.70 Auditions Week 4 June 20 , 2017 2.6 11 12.74 5 Auditions Week 5 June 27 , 2017 2.5 10 12.36 6 Auditions Week 6 July 11 , 2017 2.5 10 12.59 7 Judge Cuts 1 July 18 , 2017 2.5 11 12.57 8 Judge Cuts 2 July 25 , 2017 2.6 11 13.08 9 Judge Cuts 3 August 1 , 2017 2.8 12 13.33 10 Judge Cuts 4 August 8 , 2017 2.7 11 13.32 11 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) August 15 , 2017 2.8 11 13.44 12 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Results ) August 16 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 9 10.89 13 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) August 22 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 10 12.76 14 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Results ) August 23 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.0 9 10.84 15 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Performances ) August 29 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 11 13.13 16 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Results ) August 30 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.9 8 11.07 17 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) September 5 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 10 13.29 18 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Results ) September 6 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 8 11.99 6 19 Semifinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) September 12 , 2017 Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.3 9 11.57 20 Semifinals , Week 2 ( Results ) September 13 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 8 11.59 21 The Finals September 19 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 3.0 12 14.70 22 Season Finale September 20 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 3.0 11 15.64 Footnotes Jump up ^ This episode was delayed by one hour to follow Hand in Hand : A Benefit for Hurricane Relief . Specials Show Episode title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly Rank Weekly Rank S1 Best of Season 12 Auditions July 13 , 2017 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.3 6 7.10 10 S2 Road to Finals August 9 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.3 6 7.01 8 Contestants who appeared on other seasons or shows Demian Aditya appeared as a guest performer on Indonesia 's Got Talent . German Cornejo & Gisela Galeassi ( `` German Cornejo Dance Company '' ) appeared on and were the tango dancer winners of ¡ Q'Viva ! The Chosen in 2012 , performing after the show in Las Vegas with ¡ Q'Viva ! The Chosen Live . They also were guest artists in Buenos Aires at the Dance Again World Tour by Jennifer Lopez . Ezequiel Lopez ( `` German Cornejo Dance Company '' ) appeared on and was one of the malambo dancer winners of ¡ Q'Viva ! The Chosen in 2012 . Canion Shijirbat appeared on and was the runner - up of Mongolia 's Got Talent ( season 2 ) in 2016 . Nick Uhas was a houseguest on Big Brother 15 and was the second houseguest evicted from the house . Merrick Hanna auditioned for So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation . He made it into the top 40 at Dance Academy , but was eliminated before reaching the top 30 . He has also appeared as a lip sync battler on Nickelodeon 's Lip Sync Battle Shorties and on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . Artyon , half of the dancing duo Artyon and Paige , appeared as a lip sync battler on Nickelodeon 's Lip Sync Battle Shorties . Darci Lynne Farmer appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 and on Little Big Shots ( UK TV series ) in 2017 . Billy and Emily England appeared on Britain 's Got Talent ( series 9 ) and reached the Semifinals . In 2008 , Emily was the runner - up on Big Brother UK : Celebrity Hijack , competing under the name of `` Emilia . '' Tony and Jordan ( `` The French Twins '' ) appeared on series 11 of La France a un incroyable talent ( the French version of Got Talent ) in 2016 . Chase Goehring appeared on The X Factor ( U.S. season 3 ) . Light Balance appeared on Britain 's Got Talent ( series 8 ) and reached the Semifinals . Junior and Emily appeared on Season 3 of America 's Got Talent , but were eliminated before the live shows . Shemika Charles appeared on Season 6 of America 's Got Talent , but was eliminated during Vegas week . Celine Tam appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 and Britain 's Got Talent ( series 10 ) but had to drop out due to a visa issue . Vinny Grosso ( `` The Naked Magician '' ) previously appeared on `` Penn and Teller : Fool Us '' , performing the same routine as his AGT Audition , and successfully fooling the magic duo . The Quiddlers participated in the third season and appeared on I Can Do That , performing with Ciara and Nicole Scherzinger during their time on the show . Eric Jones previously appeared on `` Penn and Teller : Fool us , and he was successful in fooling them . Kyle Eschen & Xavier Mortimer also appeared on Fool Us ( Mortimer twice ) , but were unsuccessful in fooling Penn & Teller . Xavier Mortimer auditioned in Season 10 , but was eliminated at the judge cuts after receiving four buzzers . Pelican 212 appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 . Kyle Eschen appeared on Season 3 , episode 2 of Penn & Teller : Fool Us , Masters of Illusion , and The World Magic Awards . Colin Cloud appeared on Britain 's Got Talent in 2012 , but he did not make it through to the live semifinals . Cloud also appeared on Season 1 of Penn and Teller Fool Us . His trick did n't however fool Penn and Teller . At both BGT and Penn and Teller Fool Us he went under his real name Colin McLeod . References Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Sets Summer Premieres : ' Marlon , ' ' Midnight , Texas , ' ' Carmichael Show , ' Reality & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' renewed for Season 12 , judges all returning '' . Zap2it . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Sets Tyra Banks As New Host For Season 12 '' . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dunkin ' Donuts returns to NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' for shows ' 12th Season '' . May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Sets Chris Hardwick and DJ Khaled as Season 12 Guest Judges '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Season 12 Adds Laverne Cox as Guest Judge '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Heidi Klum and Seal Reunite on ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metz , Brooke . `` Darci Lynne Farmer , 12 , is the new champion of America 's Got Talent '' , USA Today , September 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers . `` The winner of America 's Got Talent is ... '' , CNN , September 21 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowell Signs New Deal & Returns as Judge on NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' for Next Three Seasons '' . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon Quits America 's Got Talent After Threats of Firing over Race Joke '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Kiyonna ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Execs Have This to Say About Nick Cannon 's Departure '' . Globalgrind . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Paul ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stand my ground ' : Nick Cannon resolves to ' stay firm ' after quitting AGT and picks Ryan Seacrest as heir '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent Season 12 Auditions : Cities , Dates , Video Tips '' . September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mallenbaum , Carly . `` America 's Got Talent : A look at Season 12 's Golden Buzzer acts '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stone , Natalie ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Rising Star Dies in Car Crash at Age 29 '' . People . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Garcera , Mark Zeanreh . `` Some drama on AGT when Mel B splashes Simon 's face '' , BlastingNews.com , August 23 , 2017 , accessed September 30 , 2017 ; and King , Bill . `` America 's Got Talent Recap : The Quarterfinals Get Underway '' , BuddyTV.com , August 15 , 2017 , accessed September 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Watch America 's Got Talent Live Results 1 online '' . FanSided. 2017 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ' Live Results 1 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Witness the spectacular ... ' '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stagnitta , Ali . `` America 's Got Talent Recap : 2 Onstage Disasters Prevent Fan - Favorite Acts from Performing '' , Hollywood Life , August 22 , 2017 , accessed September 13 , 2017 Jump up ^ www.justjared.com/2017/08/22/demian-adityas-escape-stunt-on-agt-goes-wrong-during-live-show-video/ Jump up ^ `` ' TV ALERT ... ' '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' YOU HEAR THAT ? ... ' '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ www.thewrap.com/americas-got-talent-agt-clairvoyants-video/ Jump up ^ Mizoguchi , Karen . `` America 's Got Talent Fans React to THAT Shocking Season Finale -- See Which Fan - Favorites Got Eliminated ! '' , People magazine , September 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Singing Trump from Palm Springs wowed on ' America 's Got Talent ' with his song and dance skills '' . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Imaginary Mary ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals give ABC a big bump : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for May 29 - June 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals , ' America 's Got Talent ' on top again : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 5 -- 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals carries ABC again : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' and ' American Housewife ' encores adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' leads NBC to victory : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 19 -- 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` NBC and ' AGT ' stay on top : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 26 - July 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and All - Star Game adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent , ' MLB All - Stars go 1 - 2 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' streak continues : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' World of Dance ' and ' Somewhere Between ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Another week on top for ' America 's Got Talent ' : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for July 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' World of Dance ' and ' Somewhere Between ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent , ' NFL lead NBC to victory : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Somewhere Between ' and ' World of Dance ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelorette ' finale gives ABC a bump : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Game Night and Somewhere Between adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent , Big Brother dominate the broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' adjusts up , ' The F Word ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' reruns adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` NBC runs winning streak to 10 weeks : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Aug. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Marlon ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent and Hollywood Game Night adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` College football pushes ABC to No. 1 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Aug. 28 - Sept. 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Marlon ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelor in Paradise ' and ' AGT ' adjust up , ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Football gives NBC a big win : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Sept. 4 - 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Marlon ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday Night Football falls but remains on top : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Sept. 11 - 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Midnight , Texas ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Will & Grace ' special adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` NBC caps yearlong win with ' AGT ' finale , football : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Sept. 18 - 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother , ' ' Masterchef ' ajdust up , ' The Good Place ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Road to Finals ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Salvation , ' ' Story of Diana , ' ' Carmichael ' and ' AGT ' all adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` So You Think You Can Dance 2016 Recap : So You Think You Can Make The Top 10 ? '' . gossipandgab.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Merrick Hanna '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . External links Official website IMDB America 's Got Talent website Preceded by Season 11 ( 2016 ) America 's Got Talent Season 12 ( 2017 ) Succeeded by Season 13 ( 2018 ) ( hide ) America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Miguel Dakota Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Merrick Hanna Preacher Lawson Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_12)&oldid=808092126 '' Categories : America 's Got Talent seasons 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 20 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won series 12 of america's got talent	[ "\n\nAmerica's Got Talent\n\n\nSeason 12\n\n\nBroadcast from\nMay 30 (2017-05-30) – September 20, 2017 (2017-09-20)\n\n\nJudges\n\n\n\nHowie Mandel\nMel B\nHeidi Klum\nSimon Cowell\n\n\n\n\n\nHost(s)\nTyra Banks\n\n\nBroadcaster\nNBC\n\n\nWinner\n\n\nDarci Lynne Farmer\n\n\nOrigin\nOklahoma City\n\n\nGenre(s)\nVentriloquism\n\n\n\n\n\nRunner-up\n\n\nAngelica Hale\n\n\nChronology\n\n\n\n\n◀\n2017\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Darci Lynne Farmer" ]
7549269245545940409	O Captain! My Captain!	O Captain ! My Captain ! - Wikipedia O Captain ! My Captain ! This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 June 2018 . Whitman 's notes for a revision of `` O Captain ! My Captain ! '' Whitman 's lecture on Lincoln , invitation , 1886 `` O Captain ! My Captain ! '' is an extended metaphor poem written in 1865 by Walt Whitman , about the death of American president Abraham Lincoln . The poem was first published in the pamphlet Sequel to Drum - Taps which assembled 18 poems regarding the American Civil War , including another Lincoln elegy , `` When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom 'd '' . It was included in Whitman 's comprehensive collection Leaves of Grass beginning with its fourth edition published in 1867 . The poem emphasizes or shows grief and sorrow . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Analysis 3 Modern versions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Text ( edit ) An 1887 handwritten draft of Whitman 's 1865 poem `` O Captain ! My Captain ! O Captain ! my Captain ! our fearful trip is done ; The ship has weather 'd every rack , the prize we sought is won ; The port is near , the bells I hear , the people all exulting , While follow eyes the steady keel , the vessel grim and daring : But O heart ! heart ! heart ! O the bleeding drops of red , Where on the deck my Captain lies , Fallen cold and dead . O Captain ! My Captain ! rise up and hear the bells ; Rise up -- for you the flag is flung -- for you the bugle trills ; For you bouquets and ribbon 'd wreaths -- for you the shores a-crowding ; For you they call , the swaying mass , their eager faces turning ; Here captain ! dear father ! This arm beneath your head ; It is some dream that on the deck , You 've fallen cold and dead . My Captain does not answer , his lips are pale and still ; My father does not feel my arm , he has no pulse nor will ; The ship is anchor 'd safe and sound , its voyage closed and done ; From fearful trip , the victor ship , comes in with object won ; Exult , O shores , and ring , O bells ! But I , with mournful tread , Walk the deck my captain lies , Fallen cold and dead . Analysis ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Walt Whitman composed the poem `` O Captain ! My Captain ! '' after Abraham Lincoln 's assassination in 1865 . The poem is classified as an elegy or mourning poem , and was written to honor Abraham Lincoln , the 16th president of the United States . Walt Whitman was born in 1819 and died in 1892 , and the American Civil War was the central event of his life . Whitman was a staunch Unionist during the Civil War . He was initially indifferent to Lincoln , but as the war pressed on , Whitman came to love the president , though the two men never met . The fallen captain in the poem refers to Abraham Lincoln , captain of the ship that is the United States of America . The first line establishes the poem 's mood , one of relief that the Civil War has ended , `` our fearful trip is done . '' The next line references the ship , America , and how it has `` weathered every rack '' , meaning America has braved the tough storm of the Civil War , and `` the prize we sought '' , the preservation of the Union , `` is won '' . The following line expresses a mood of jubilation of the Union winning the war as it says `` the people all exulting ; '' however , the next line swiftly shifts the mood when it talks of the grimness of the ship , and the darker side of the war . Many lost their lives in the American Civil War , and although the prize that was sought was won , the hearts still ache amidst the exultation of the people . The repetition of heart in line five calls attention to the poet 's vast grief and heartache because the Captain has bled and lies still , cold , and dead ( lines six through eight ) . This is no doubt referencing the assassination of Abraham Lincoln and Whitman 's sorrow for the death of his idol . In the second stanza the speaker again calls out to the captain to `` rise up and hear the bells , '' to join in the celebration of the end of the war . The next three lines tell the captain to `` rise up '' and join in on the revelries because it is for him . He is the reason for their merriment : `` for you the flag is flung -- for you the bugle trills ; for you bouquets and ribbon 'd wreaths -- for you the shores a-crowding ; for you they call , the swaying mass , their eager faces turning '' . Everyone is celebrating what Lincoln accomplished ; the abolition of slavery and the unification of the people after a fearful war . Again the poet calls to the Captain as if he had never fallen . The poet does not wish to acknowledge the death of his beloved Captain , and he even asks if it is some dream ( line 15 ) that the Captain has fallen `` cold and dead '' . The third stanza begins in a somber mood as the poet has finally accepted that the Captain is dead and gone . Here there is vivid and darker imagery such as `` his lips are pale and still '' and the reader can picture the dead Captain lying there still and motionless with `` no pulse nor will '' . In line 17 , the poet calls out `` My Captain , '' and in line 18 , the poet refers to the Captain as `` My father '' . This is referring to Lincoln as the father of the United States . Lines 19 and 20 are concluding statements that summarize the entire poem . The United States is `` anchor 'd safe and sound '' . It is safe now from war with `` its voyage closed and done , from fearful trip , the victor ship , comes in with object won '' . In line 21 , the examples of apostrophe , ordering `` shores to exult , '' and `` bells to ring '' are again referring to how the nation is celebrating while `` I with mournful tread , Walk the deck my Captain lies , Fallen cold and dead '' . Throughout the paper there is a distinct rhyme scheme , which is unusual for Whitman . The rhyme scheme in `` O Captain ! My Captain ! '' is AABCDEFE , GGHIJEKE , and LLMNOEPE for each stanza respectively . Two examples of alliteration are in line 10 `` flag is flung '' , as well as in line 19 `` safe and sound '' . Repetition occurs many times in this poem , for example `` O Captain ! My Captain '' , and `` fallen cold and dead '' . `` O Captain ! My Captain ! '' became one of Whitman 's most famous poems , one that he would read at the end of his famous lecture about the Lincoln assassination . Whitman became so identified with the poem that late in life he remarked , `` Damn My Captain ... I 'm almost sorry I ever wrote the poem . '' Modern versions ( edit ) Walter Huston recited the poem , with special musical underscoring by Victor Young , on a 1947 Decca Records album titled Our Common Heritage . The recording was rebroadcast as part of a 1954 Memorial Day edition of the WNBC poetry radio program Anthology . A musical version of the poem appears on Carolyn Hester 's 1965 live album At Town Hall . In 1996 , Israeli songwriter Naomi Shemer translated the poem to Hebrew and wrote music for it . This was done in addition to several prior translations in order to mark the anniversary of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin 's assassination which took place one year earlier , in 1995 . The song is since commonly performed or played in Yitzhak Rabin memorial day services all around Israel . `` Passage '' , a Z . Randall Stroope composition for SATB choir , has a similar message to `` O Captain ! My Captain ! '' and actually quotes one section : `` Captain my captain , rise up and hear the bells . Rise up , for you the flag is flung ! For you bouquets and ribbon 'd wreaths '' . After actor Robin Williams ' death in August 2014 , fans of his work used social media to pay tribute to him with photo and video reenactments of the Dead Poets Society `` O Captain ! My Captain ! '' scene . See also ( edit ) Abraham Lincoln cultural depictions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Peck , Garrett ( 2015 ) . Walt Whitman in Washington , D.C. : The Civil War and America 's Great Poet . Charleston , SC : The History Press . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 1626199736 . Jump up ^ Peck 2015 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Planer , Lindsay . Carolyn Hester At Town Hall at AllMusic . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Szathmary , Zoe ( 12 August 2014 ) . `` ' # O Captain , My Captain ' : Robin Williams ' fans take over social media with tributes and memorials dedicated to the legendary comic '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( 14 August 2014 ) . `` Robin Williams death : Jimmy Fallon fights tears , pays tribute with ' Oh Captain , My Captain ' '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : O Captain ! My Captain ! O Captain ! My Captain ! public domain audiobook at LibriVox hide Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass ( 1855 -- 1892 ) `` Crossing Brooklyn Ferry '' ( 1855 ) `` Hush 'd Be the Camps To - Day '' ( 1865 ) `` I Sing the Body Electric '' ( 1865 ) `` A Noiseless Patient Spider '' ( 1891 ) `` O Captain ! My Captain ! '' ( 1865 ) `` One Hour to Madness and Joy '' ( 1860 ) `` One 's Self I Sing '' ( 1867 ) `` Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking '' ( 1859 ) `` Patrolling Barnegat '' ( 1856 ) `` Pioneers ! O Pioneers ! '' ( 1865 ) `` Prayer of Columbus '' ( 1900 ) `` Song of Myself '' ( 1855 ) `` Song of the Open Road '' ( 1856 ) `` This Dust Was Once the Man '' ( 1871 ) `` When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom 'd '' ( 1865 ) Sections Calamus Sea - Drift Drum - Taps Other works Franklin Evans ( 1842 ) Life and Adventures of Jack Engle ( 1852 ) Democratic Vistas ( 1871 ) Adaptations Elegiac Ode ( 1884 ) Sea Drift ( 1906 ) A Sea Symphony ( 1909 ) Ode to Death ( 1919 ) Morning Heroes ( 1930 ) Sea Drift ( 1933 ) Dona nobis pacem ( 1936 ) Secular Cantata No. 2 : A Free Song ( 1942 ) When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom 'd ( 1946 ) The Wound - Dresser ( 1989 ) Lilacs ( 1996 ) Symphony No. 2 ( 1999 ) Dooryard Bloom ( 2004 ) Life and honoraria Walt Whitman Award Walt Whitman Birthplace State Historic Site Walt Whitman House The Long Islander Walt Whitman Bridge Walt Whitman High School ( Maryland ) Walt Whitman High School ( New York ) Walt Whitman Shops Abraham Lincoln 16th President of the United States ( 1861 -- 1865 ) U.S. Representative from Illinois ( 1847 -- 1849 ) Presidency First inauguration Perpetual Union Lincoln Bible Second inauguration Civil War Confiscation Acts President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers War based income tax Seaports blockade RMS Trent Affair Habeas Corpus suspended Emancipation Proclamation West Virginia statehood Overland Campaign strategy Hampton Roads Conference Tour of Richmond Ten percent plan Reconstruction 13th Amendment abolishing slavery Dakota War of 1862 Department of the Northwest Homestead Act of 1862 National Banking Acts Thanksgiving Day Birchard Letter Bixby letter National Academy of Sciences Department of Agriculture Pardons State of the Union Address , 1863 1864 Cabinet Judicial appointments Assassination Funeral and burial Lincoln Catafalque Speeches Lyceum address ( 1838 ) Peoria speech ( 1854 ) `` Lost Speech '' ( 1856 ) House Divided speech ( 1858 ) Lincoln - Douglas debates ( 1858 ) Cooper Union Address ( 1860 ) Farewell Address ( 1861 ) First inaugural address ( 1861 ) Gettysburg Address ( 1863 event ) Second inaugural address ( 1865 ) Life and views Early life and career Black Hawk War Matson Trial Spot Resolutions Boat lifting patent Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Co . Baltimore Plot Lincoln 's beard Medical and mental health Poetry Religious views Sexuality Slavery Fanny McCullough letter Homes and places Lincoln Birthplace Knob Creek Farm Lincoln Boyhood Memorial Lincoln State Park Lincoln Trail Homestead State Memorial Lincoln 's New Salem Lincoln Home Lincoln Pioneer Village Little Pigeon Creek Community Cottage at the Soldier 's Home Lincoln Bedroom Lincoln Sitting Room Ford 's Theatre Petersen House Lincoln Tomb Elections Republican National Convention , 1856 1860 1864 National Union Party United States presidential election , 1860 1864 1860 campaign song Legacy Presidential Library and Museum Papers Lincoln / Net Bibliography Artifacts and relics Lincoln Memorial sculpture reflecting pool Mount Rushmore Lincoln 's Birthday Lincoln , Nebraska statue Abraham Lincoln ( Healy painting ) Abraham Lincoln sculpture , Washington D.C. Abraham Lincoln : The Man statue Lincoln Park Abraham Lincoln : The Head of State statue Lincoln Trail State Memorial Lincoln the Lawyer statue Kentucky statue The Peacemakers painting Lincoln Highway Other memorials Photographs Cultural depictions films postage stamps Lincoln penny Illinois Centennial half dollar currency five - dollar bill art Lincoln Prize Abraham Lincoln Association White House ghost Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln Lincoln -- Kennedy coincidences Aircraft Carrier USS Abraham Lincoln Family Family tree Mary Todd Lincoln ( wife ) Robert Todd Lincoln ( son ) Edward Baker Lincoln ( son ) William Wallace Lincoln ( son ) Thomas `` Tad '' Lincoln ( son ) Mary Todd `` Mamie '' Lincoln ( granddaughter ) Abraham Lincoln II ( grandson ) Jessie Lincoln ( granddaughter ) Thomas Lincoln ( father ) Nancy Hanks Lincoln ( mother ) Sarah Bush Lincoln ( stepmother ) Sarah Lincoln Grigsby ( sister ) Abraham Lincoln ( paternal grandfather ) Mordecai Lincoln ( paternal uncle ) Mary Lincoln Crume ( paternal aunt ) John Hanks ( maternal cousin ) Joseph Hanks ( great - grandfather ) Samuel Lincoln ( 17th - century ancestor ) Mary Lincoln Beckwith ( great - granddaughter ) Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith ( great - grandson ) Timothy Lincoln Beckwith ( great - great - grandson ) Old Bob ( horse ) ← James Buchanan Andrew Johnson → Book Outline Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=O_Captain!_My_Captain!&oldid=848158917 '' Categories : 1865 poems Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Poetry by Walt Whitman Abraham Lincoln in art Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano עברית ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Svenska Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 June 2018 , at 03 : 51 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who wrote the poem o captain my captain	[ "\"O Captain! My Captain!\" is an extended metaphor poem written in 1865 by Walt Whitman, about the death of American president Abraham Lincoln. The poem was first published in the pamphlet Sequel to Drum-Taps which assembled 18 poems regarding the American Civil War, including another Lincoln elegy, \"When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd\". It was included in Whitman's comprehensive collection Leaves of Grass beginning with its fourth edition published in 1867. The poem emphasizes or shows grief and sorrow." ]	[ "Walt Whitman" ]
-6069343059599198207	San Fermín	San Fermín - Wikipedia San Fermín Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Spanish event . For the band , see San Fermin ( band ) . San Fermín Town Hall of Pamplona seconds after the initiation of the San Fermín festival with the chupinazo name San Fermín Also called Sanfermín , Sanfermines ( plural ) Main location Pamplona , Spain Begins 6 July ; 12 p.m. ( noon ) Ends 14 July ; 12 a.m. ( midnight ) The festival of San Fermín is a week - long , historically rooted celebration held annually in the city of Pamplona , Navarre , Spain . The celebrations start at noon on the sixth of July , when the party starts with the setting off the pyrotechnic chupinazo , and continue until midnight , on the fourteenth of July , with the singing of the Pobre de Mí . While its most famous event is the encierro , or the running of the bulls , at 8 : 00 AM from the 6th of July to the 13th July , the festival involves many other traditional and folkloric events . It is known locally as Sanfermines and is held in honor of Saint Fermin , the co-patron of Navarre . Its events were central to the plot of The Sun Also Rises , by Ernest Hemingway , which brought it to the general attention of English - speaking people . It has become probably the most internationally renowned fiesta in Spain . Over 1,000,000 people come to participate in this festival . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Saint Fermín 1.2 Modern times 1.3 Old times 2 Single day events 2.1 Chupinazo 2.2 Riau - Riau 2.3 Saint Fermin procession 2.4 Struendo 2.5 Pobre de mí 3 Daily events 3.1 Running of the bulls 3.2 Giants and big - heads parade 3.3 Traditional sports 3.4 Bullfight 3.5 Fireworks 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Saint Fermín ( edit ) Fermín is said to have been the son of a Roman of senatorial rank in Pamplona in the 3rd century , who was converted to Christianity by Saint Honestus , a disciple of Saint Saturninus . According to tradition , he was baptised by Saturninus ( in Navarre also known as Saint Cernin ) at the spot now known as the `` Small Well of Saint Cernin '' Fermín was ordained a priest in Toulouse , and returned to Pamplona as its first bishop . On a later preaching voyage , Fermín was beheaded in Amiens , France ; and is now considered a martyr in the Catholic Church . It is believed he died on 25 September , AD 303 . There is no written record of veneration of the Saint in Pamplona until the 12th century . Saint Fermín , as well as Saint Francis Xavier , are now the two patrons of Navarre . In Pamplona , Saint Fermín is now sometimes said to have met his end by being dragged through the streets with angry bulls running after him , hence the tradition . Statues dedicated to Sanfermines festival , in Pamplona The celebration of the festival has its origin in the combination of two different medieval events . Commercial secular fairs were held at the beginning of the summer . As cattle merchants came into town with their animals , eventually bullfighting came to be organized as a part of the tradition . Specifically , they were first documented in the 14th century . On the other hand , religious ceremonies honoring the saint were held on October 10 . However , in 1591 they were transferred to 7 July to take place at the same time as the fair , when Pamplona 's weather is better . This is considered to be the beginning of the Sanfermines . During medieval times acts included an opening speech , musicians , tournaments , theatre , bullfights , dances or even fireworks . Bullrunning appears in 17th and 18th century chronicles together with the presence of foreigners and the first concerns about the excessive drinking and dissolute behavior during the event . Finally , the Parade of Giants was created in the mid-19th century . The first official bullring was constructed in 1844 . Modern times ( edit ) Monument to Hemingway outside the bullring in Pamplona . The worldwide fame of the modern festival , and the great number of foreign visitors it receives every year , are closely related to the description in Ernest Hemingway 's book The Sun Also Rises and the reports he made as a journalist . He was fascinated when he first visited in 1923 , and returned many times until 1959 . Hemingway was also deeply fond of bullrunnings and bullfights , but he did not participate in the running . Different city locations such as La Perla Hotel or the Iruña Café are famous in part due to the fact that the writer used to visit them . Another famous American author , James Michener , wrote extensively about the festival and bullfighting in his non-fiction book Iberia . His writing explained the art and business of bullfighting with tremendous ' gracia ' by explaining the importance of ' pundonor ' . Old times ( edit ) The San Fermín Festival of the past was not like it is today : it has changed gradually both for better and for worse . Originally most of the youth looked forward to the festivities all year , saving money until they had at least fifty pesetas , the minimum necessary to watch the running of the bulls , have a snack and wine , eat lunch and dinner out , and eat churros with brandy a couple of times each San Fermín day . After the religious function , the group formed by the Authorities and village , they came back to the Home of `` the town '' , at about 90 minutes after leaving it . Then was effectuated the move , to contemplate the bulls that while they were waiting to move , they grazed in the grove . Single day events ( edit ) Chupinazo ( edit ) Chupinazo The opening of the festival is marked by setting off the pyrotechnic chupinazo ( or txupinazo in Basque language ) . The rocket is launched at 12 : 00 noon on 6 July from a city hall balcony with thousands of people celebrating the act in the city hall square and other locations in Pamplona . The chupinazo has officially marked the beginning of the fiesta since 1941 . The person who sets it off is decided by the city mayor . Nevertheless , since 1979 tradition has been that each year after city elections the chupinazo is set off by a person from the different city council political groups beginning with the mayor and then political groups ordered by number of representatives . There have been exceptions to this tradition with some non-politicians being in charge of the act when they had performed significant achievements during the year . Examples of these exceptions were a player of the local soccer team , or the president of the `` giants and big - heads '' group in its 150 years anniversary . Riau - Riau ( edit ) The Riau - Riau was a mass activity held on 6 July . The members of the city council parade from the City Hall to a nearby chapel dedicated to Saint Fermín with participants dancing to the Astrain Waltz along the way . The ritual was introduced in 1911 by Ignacio Baleztena Ascárate . The procession was removed from the festival calendar in 1992 for the sake of public order , as political activists used the `` Riau - Riau '' to promote clashes with authorities . Protesting youths would often block the way and it often took up to five hours for the city councilors to walk the 500 meters to the Saint Fermin chapel . Nevertheless , in recent years it has been held unofficially without the participation of the members of the city council . In 1996 and 2012 there were two failed attempts to restore the original act with the participation of the city council , both of them being cancelled due to the violent clashes with some participants . Saint Fermín procession ( edit ) The key day of the festival is 7 July , when thousands of people accompany the 15th - century statue of Saint Fermin through the old part of Pamplona . The statue is accompanied by dancers and street entertainers , and different political and religious authorities including the city mayor . During procession a Jota ( an ancient traditional dance ) is performed for the saint , a rose is offered in the Saint Fernin well , and the `` gigantes '' ( enormous wood - framed and papier - mâché puppet figures managed from inside ) dance and twirl while the cathedral bell named María ( Mary ) peals . Struendo ( edit ) `` El Struendo '' ( `` The Roar '' ) is a single day event with more than 50 years of tradition . It has been purposely left outside the official program and each year is celebrated on a different day , usually on a weekday so as to keep the crowds manageable . People gather at 11 : 59 pm at the Town Hall and make as much noise as possible for several hours mainly with drums but also bowls , whistles or any other objects . Pobre de Mí ( edit ) After nine days of partying , the people of Pamplona meet in the City Hall Plaza at midnight on 14 July , singing the traditional mournful notes of the Pobre de Mí ( ' Poor Me ' ) , in a candlelit ending . The city mayor closes the festival with participants lighting a candle and removing their red handkerchief as the song is played by the local band , followed by a fireworks display at the city hall . This closing ceremony tradition started out in the 1920s . Daily events ( edit ) Running of the bulls ( edit ) Running of the bulls The running of the bulls ( In Spanish encierro or los toros de san Fermin ) involves hundreds of people running in front of six bulls and another six steers down an 825 - meter ( 0.51 mile ) stretch of narrow streets of a section of the old town of Pamplona . The run ends in the Pamplona 's bullring taking a mean time of around 3 minutes where the bulls would be held until the afternoon 's bullfight when they would be killed . Bullruns are held between 7 and 14 July and a different `` encaste '' ( sub-breed ) of bull appears each day . The event begins at 8 a.m. when a first firecracker is lit to announce the release of the bulls from their corral . Before the year 1924 it started at 6 and at 7 between 1924 and 1974 . Runners gather earlier at the beginning of the itinerary to ask for the protection of the Saint by singing a chant three times before a small statue of San Fermín which has been placed in a raised niche in a wall : `` To San Fermin we ask to be our patron saint and to guide us in the running of the bulls , giving to us his blessing '' . A second cracker signals that the last bull has left the corral . There are six fighting bulls accompanied by six oxen ( often white and brown colored ) that guide them to the `` plaza '' and followed by three more not fighting oxen . There are also some shepherds guiding the bulls , wearing green T - shirts and holding long poles . Once all of the bulls have entered the arena , a third rocket is released while a fourth firecracker indicates that the bulls are in their bullpens and the run has concluded . After the end of the run young cows with wrapped horns are released in the bullring and toss the participants , to the amusement of the crowd . The circuit has only changed slightly since 1852 as the former bullring was located close to the present one . Before that date the bullrunning ended in the `` castle plaza '' , still not far from the present bullring . While the origin of this tradition was the necessity to move the bulls from outside the city to the bullring for the bullfight it is not clear when citizens began to run in front of them . There are written records in 1787 that the tradition was already well established with no memory of its beginning . The tradition of singing for protection to the saint dates back to 1962 . The event is dangerous . Since 1925 , 15 people have been killed during the event -- -- most recently on 10 July 2009 -- and every year between 200 and 300 people are injured during the run although most injuries are contusions due to falls and are not serious . Giants and big - heads parade ( edit ) Pamplona 's Giants and Big - heads parade family photo . From back to front and left to right we can see the American , Asian , African and European pairs of giants ( last row ) , the six kilikis and the 5 big - heads ( second row ) , the zaldikos , and members of the parade who carry the figures ( front row ) . Every day , during the morning , there is a parade of gigantes y cabezudos ( in English giants and big - heads respectively ) , with the giants figures being more than 150 years old . The eight giants figures were built by a painter from Pamplona , Tadeo Amorena , in 1860 , and represent four pairs of kings and queens of four different races and places ( Europe , Asia , America and Africa ) . Their size is around 4 metres each and are carried by a dancer inside a wooden structure . During the parade giants dance following the rhythm of traditional music . The remaining 17 figures include 6 kilikis , 5 big - heads , and 6 zaldikos and were built at different times between 1860 and 1941 . Kilikis and big - heads are caricaturesque , but human - like figures that are carried as helmets . Big - heads masks are up to 1 metre high and kilikis slightly smaller . While big - heads simply precede the giants and wave their hands at spectators , kilikis run after children and carry a foam truncheon which they use to hit them with . Zaldikos , figures representing horses with their riders , also run after children with a truncheon . Traditional sports ( edit ) There are exhibitions and competitions of Basque rural sports every morning in the `` Plaza de los Fueros '' , a square close to the city citadel , although they were formerly held in the bullring . Sports include stone lifting , wood cutting , or hay bale lifting . On the other hand , the Jai alai tournament of Sanfermin is a prestigious competition of this variety of basque pelota . It is held in one of the courts of the city . Betting is common during these events . Bullfight ( edit ) Every afternoon between July 6 and 14 there is a bullfight in which the 6 bulls that have been driven to the bullring during the bullrunning of that day are killed . It begins at 6pm . In addition the 5th bullfight with younger bulls and not fully trained bullfighters is performed while the 6th features bullfighters on horses ( in Spanish `` rejoneo '' ) . While the bullring of the city is the fourth largest in size in the world , it is full every afternoon and tickets are hard to find . Fireworks ( edit ) Every night at 23 : 00 , a firework spectacle is held at the citadel park . Fireworks spectacles have been known to occur in Sanfermin as far back as 1595 . Since the year 2000 an international fireworks contest is held . Thousands of people watch them seated on the grass around the citadel . See also ( edit ) Fiestas of International Tourist Interest of Spain Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The ceremony , which dates to the beginning of the twentieth century , has been accompanied by ever - greater ceremony and is now televised all over the world . ( Spanish Wikipedia : `` Chupinazo '' ) . Jump up ^ In Spanish : Pocico de San Cernin Jump up ^ In Spanish : Comparsa de Gigantes y Cabezudos . Jump up ^ Also known as Fiesta , which in Spanish means party or carnival Jump up ^ In Spanish the correct spelling would be `` Estruendo '' , however the name of the act is intentionally misspelled . Jump up ^ from the verb encerrar , to lock / shut up Jump up ^ In Spanish : Vaquillas enboladas . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` History of ... The saint - Saint San Fermin festival - Sanfermines - tourist information of Navarre '' . Government of Navarre . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of ... The fiesta of San Fermín Saint San Fermin festival - Sanfermines - tourist information on Navarre '' . Government of Navarre . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of ... Ernest Hemingway - Saint San Fermin festival - Sanfermines - tourist information on Navarre '' . Navarre tourist office . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Old Times '' . mysanfermin.com . Jump up ^ `` The Sanfermines : the `` chupinazo '' `` . navarra.com . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` History of the txupinazo to 1980 '' . Kukuxumuxu S.L. Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` History of the txupinazo from 1979 '' . Kukuxumuxu S.L. Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` A `` Sporty '' exception to the politicians `` . Kukuxumuxu S.L. Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ A. Ollo ( 2010 - 07 - 06 ) . `` Entrevista a Jose Mari Ganuza '' . Diario de Navarra . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2014 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : M. Arrizabalaga ( 2012 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Así nacieron los sanfermines '' . ABC ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ Miren Imaz ( 7 July 2012 ) . `` El Riau - Riau tendrá que esperar '' . Diario Vasco . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chapel of Saint Fermin - tourist information of Navarre '' . Government of Navarre . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` San Fermín 2012 -- La Procesión '' ( in Spanish ) . Council of Pamplona . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The `` Struendo '' `` . Kukuxumuxu S.L. Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Running of the Bulls - MySanFermin.com '' . Jump up ^ Michelle Tsai ( July 12 , 2007 ) . `` I Was Gored by a Bull . Is my life in danger ? '' . Slate Magazine . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giles Tremlett ( July 10 , 2009 ) . `` Bull kills man at Pamplona festival '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` The Bull Run '' . Ayuntamiento de Pamplona ( Council of Pamplona ) . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Juan José Martirena Ruíz ( 2001 ) . Historias del viejo Pamplona . Pamplona : Ayuntamiento de Pamplona . ISBN 84 - 89590 - 90 - 7 . Jump up ^ Unai Lako , Aitor Calleja ( 2010 ) . Gigantes de Navarra . Pamplona : EGN . ISBN 978 - 84 - 937633 - 1 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rural Sports '' . Sanfermines.net . Asociación de empresarios de hostelería de Navarra ( Businessmen association of hotel and bar 's industry of Navarre ) . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` The bulls ... The corrida - San Fermin '' . Oficina de turismo de Navarra ( Navarre tourist office ) . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fireworks '' . Sanfermines.net . Asociación de empresarios de hostelería de Navarra ( Businessmen association of hotel and bar 's industry of Navarre ) . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Fiesta of San Fermín at Spanish National Television website , RTVE.es The running of the bulls Encierros San Fermín Live at 07.15 AM Central European Time , GMT + 2 Official guide to the fiesta of San Fermín . Unofficial website on San Fermín and on encierro photosanfermin.com San Fermín social network Tips to run in safety and to contribute in preserving the Festival ( hide ) Traditional festivals in Spain Major traditional festivals Albacete Fair Batalla de flores Bonfires of Saint John Carnival of Cádiz Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife Cavalcade of Magi Chiviri Cincomarzada Coso Blanco Cider Festival Descenso del Sella Falles muixeranga Feast of the Pirates of Premià de Mar Fiestas de San Juan Fiestas del Pilar Haro Wine Festival Hita Medieval Festival Holy Week Horse Fair Horse Racing of Sanlúcar Beach Los Campanos La Mare de Déu de la Salut Festival Maruxaina La Mercè Misteri d'Elx Moros y cristianos Paso del Fuego Patum de Berga Powder Day Romería de El Rocío Saint John of the Mountain Festival Santa Tecla Festival San Fermín Seville Fair Tamborrada Tarragona Fireworks Competition Tomatina Andra Mari Zuriaren Jaiak Other related topics Correfoc Gigantes y cabezudos Toro de fuego Fiestas of International Tourist Interest of Spain Fiestas of National Tourist Interest of Spain Musical events Music festivals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= San_Fermín&oldid = 842746361 '' Categories : Festivals in Spain July events Navarre culture Tourist attractions in Navarre Pamplona Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2016 Spain articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Vèneto 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 11 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the san fermin festival take place	[ "The festival of San Fermín is a week-long, historically rooted celebration held annually in the city of Pamplona, Navarre, Spain. The celebrations start at noon on the sixth of July, when the party starts with the setting off the pyrotechnic chupinazo,[a] and continue until midnight, on the fourteenth of July, with the singing of the Pobre de Mí. While its most famous event is the encierro, or the running of the bulls, at 8:00 AM from the 6th of July to the 13th July, the festival involves many other traditional and folkloric events. It is known locally as Sanfermines and is held in honor of Saint Fermin, the co-patron of Navarre. Its events were central to the plot of The Sun Also Rises, by Ernest Hemingway, which brought it to the general attention of English-speaking people. It has become probably the most internationally renowned fiesta in Spain. Over 1,000,000 people come to participate in this festival." ]	[ "Pamplona, Navarre, Spain" ]
5712766056530446550	Sea urchin	Sea urchin - wikipedia Sea urchin Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Sea urchin ( disambiguation ) . Sea urchin Temporal range : Ordovician -- Recent PreЄ Є Pg Tripneustes ventricosus and Echinometra viridis , two species of tropical sea urchins . Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Echinodermata Subphylum : Echinozoa Class : Echinoidea Leske , 1778 Subclasses Subclass Perischoechinoidea Order Cidaroida ( pencil urchins ) Subclass Euechinoidea Superorder Atelostomata Order Cassiduloida Order Spatangoida ( heart urchins ) Superorder Diadematacea Order Diadematoida Order Echinothurioida Order Pedinoida Superorder Echinacea Order Arbacioida Order Echinoida Order Phymosomatoida Order Salenioida Order Temnopleuroida Superorder Gnathostomata Order Clypeasteroida ( sand dollars ) Order Holectypoida Sea urchins or urchins ( / ˈɜːrtʃɪnz / ) , archaically called sea hedgehogs , are small , spiny , globular animals that , with their close kin , such as sand dollars , constitute the class Echinoidea of the echinoderm phylum . About 950 species of echinoids inhabit all oceans from the intertidal to 5,000 metres ( 16,000 ft ; 2,700 fathoms ) deep . The shell , or `` test '' , of sea urchins is round and spiny , typically from 3 to 10 cm ( 1.2 to 3.9 in ) across . Common colors include black and dull shades of green , olive , brown , purple , blue , and red . Sea urchins move slowly , feeding primarily on algae . Sea otters , starfish , wolf eels , triggerfish , and other predators hunt and feed on sea urchins . The name `` urchin '' is an old word for hedgehog , which sea urchins resemble . Contents ( hide ) 1 Taxonomy 2 Anatomy 2.1 Fivefold symmetry 2.2 Feet 2.3 Organs and test 2.4 Mouth / anus 2.5 Endoskeleton 2.6 Spines 2.7 Reproductive organs 3 Physiology 3.1 Digestion 3.2 Circulation 3.3 Respiration 3.4 Nervous system 3.5 Senses 4 Development 4.1 Ingression of primary mesenchyme cells 5 Life history 5.1 Reproduction 5.2 Predators 6 Ecology 6.1 Range and habitat 7 Evolutionary history 8 Relation to humans 8.1 `` Stings '' to humans 8.2 In biological research 8.3 Genome 8.4 As food 8.5 Aquaria 9 Bibliography 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Taxonomy ( edit ) See also : List of echinodermata orders There is a wide diversity of shapes in sea urchins . This `` slate - pencil sea urchin '' ( Heterocentrotus mamillatus ) , despite its big , wide spines , is a regular sea urchin and not a cidaroid : its spines are not covered with algae . Sea urchins are members of the phylum Echinodermata , which also includes sea stars , sea cucumbers , brittle stars , and crinoids . Like other echinoderms , they have five-fold symmetry ( called pentamerism ) and move by means of hundreds of tiny , transparent , adhesive `` tube feet '' . The symmetry is not obvious in the living animal , but is easily visible in the dried test . Specifically , the term `` sea urchin '' refers to the `` regular echinoids '' , which are symmetrical and globular , and includes several different taxonomic groups , including two subclasses : Euechinoidea ( `` modern '' sea urchins , including irregular ones ) and Cidaroidea or `` slate - pencil urchins '' , which have very thick , blunt spines , with algae and sponges growing on it . The irregular sea urchins are an infra - class inside the Euechinoidea , called Irregularia , and include Atelostomata and Neognathostomata . `` Irregular '' echinoids include : flattened sand dollars , sea biscuits , and heart urchins . Together with sea cucumbers ( Holothuroidea ) , they make up the subphylum Echinozoa , which is characterized by a globoid shape without arms or projecting rays . Sea cucumbers and the irregular echinoids have secondarily evolved diverse shapes . Although many sea cucumbers have branched tentacles surrounding their oral openings , these have originated from modified tube feet and are not homologous to the arms of the crinoids , sea stars , and brittle stars . Paracentrotus lividus , a regular sea urchin ( Euechinoidea , infraclass Carinacea ) . A sand dollar , an irregular sea urchin ( Irregularia ) . Phyllacanthus imperialis , a cidaroid sea urchin ( Cidaroidea ) . Anatomy ( edit ) Sea urchin anatomy based on Arbacia sp . Urchins typically range in size from 6 to 12 cm ( 2.4 to 4.7 in ) , although the largest species can reach up to 36 cm ( 14 in ) . Five-fold symmetry ( edit ) Like other echinoderms , sea urchin early larvae have bilateral symmetry , but they develop five-fold symmetry as they mature . This is most apparent in the `` regular '' sea urchins , which have roughly spherical bodies with five equally sized parts radiating out from their central axes . Several sea urchins , however , including the sand dollars , are oval in shape , with distinct front and rear ends , giving them a degree of bilateral symmetry . In these urchins , the upper surface of the body is slightly domed , but the underside is flat , while the sides are devoid of tube feet . This `` irregular '' body form has evolved to allow the animals to burrow through sand or other soft materials . Feet ( edit ) Podia of a purple sea urchin . Sea urchins ' tube feet arise from the five ambulacral grooves . Tube feet are moved by a water vascular system , which works through hydraulic pressure , allowing the sea urchin to pump water into and out of the tube feet , enabling it to move . Organs and test ( edit ) The lower half of a sea urchin 's body is referred to as the oral surface , because it contains the mouth , while the upper half is the aboral surface . The internal organs are enclosed in a hard shell or `` test '' composed of fused plates of calcium carbonate covered by a thin dermis and epidermis . The test is rigid , and divides into five ambulacral grooves separated by five interambulacral areas . Each of these areas consists of two rows of plates , so the sea urchin test includes 20 rows of plates in total . The plates are covered in rounded tubercles , to which the spines are attached . The inner surface of the test is lined by peritoneum . Sea urchins convert aqueous carbon dioxide using a catalytic process involving nickel into the calcium carbonate portion of the test . Mouth / anus ( edit ) Oral surface of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus showing teeth of Aristotle 's lantern , spines and tube feet The mouth lies in the centre of the oral surface in regular urchins , or towards one end in irregular urchins . It is surrounded by lips of softer tissue , with numerous small , bony pieces embedded in it . This area , called the peristome , also includes five pairs of modified tube feet and , in many species , five pairs of gills . On the upper surface , opposite the mouth , is the periproct , which surrounds the anus . The periproct contains a variable number of hard plates , depending on species , one of which contains the madreporite . The structure of the mouth and teeth have been found to be so efficient at grasping and grinding that their structure has been tested for use in real - world applications . Endoskeleton ( edit ) The sea urchin builds its spicules , the sharp , crystalline `` bones '' that constitute the animal 's endoskeleton , in the larval stage . The fully formed spicule is composed of a single crystal with an unusual morphology . It has no facets , and within 48 hours of fertilization , assumes a shape that looks much like the Mercedes - Benz logo . In other echinoderms , the endoskeleton is associated with a layer of muscle that allows the animal to move its arms or other body parts . This is entirely absent in sea urchins , which are unable to move in this way . Test of an Echinus esculentus , a regular sea urchin . Test of an Echinodiscus tenuissimus , an irregular sea urchin ( `` sand dollar '' ) . Test of a Phyllacanthus imperialis , a cidaroid sea urchin . These are characterised by their big tubercles , bearing large radiola . Close - up on the test of a regular sea urchin . One can see an ambulacrum ( yellow ) with its two rows of pore - pairs , between two interambulacra ( green ) . The tubercles are non perforated . Close - up on a cidaroid sea urchin apical disc : the 5 holes are the gonopores , and the central one is the anus ( `` periproct '' ) . The biggest genital plate is the madreporite . Spines ( edit ) The flower urchin is a dangerous , potentially lethally venomous species . Typical sea urchins have spines about 1 to 3 cm ( 0.39 to 1.18 in ) in length , 1 to 2 mm ( 0.039 to 0.079 in ) thick , and more or less sharp . The genus Diadema , familiar in the tropics , has the longest spines ; they are thin and can reach 10 to 30 cm ( 3.9 to 11.8 in ) long . The spines , long and sharp in some species , protect the urchin from predators . They inflict a painful wound when they penetrate human skin , but are not themselves dangerous if fully removed promptly ; if left in the skin , further problems may occur . Some families of tropical sea urchins are known to have venomous spines , like Diadematidae and Echinothuriidae . The first family contains the `` Diadem '' sea urchins , and the latter the `` fire urchins '' . Many urchins in the Toxopneustidae are venomous as well , but the danger does not come from their spines ( short and blunt ) but from their pedicellariae , like the collector urchin and especially the flower urchin , the only potentially lethal echinoderm known to date . Reproductive organs ( edit ) Play media Male flower sea urchin ( Toxopneustes roseus ) releasing milt , November 1 , 2011 , Lalo Cove , Sea of Cortez Sea urchins are dioecious , having separate male and female sexes , although distinguishing the two is not easy , except for their locations on the sea bottom . Males generally choose elevated and exposed locations , so their milt can be broadcast by sea currents . Females generally choose low - lying locations in sea bottom crevices , presumably so the tiny larvae can have better protection from predators . Indeed , very small sea urchins are found hiding beneath rocks . Regular sea urchins have five gonads , lying underneath the interambulacral regions of the test , while the irregular forms have only four , with the hindmost gonad being absent . Each gonad has a single duct rising from the upper pole to open at a gonopore lying in one of the genital plates surrounding the anus . The gonads are lined with muscles underneath the peritoneum , and these allow the animal to squeeze its gametes through the duct and into the surrounding sea water where fertilization takes place . Physiology ( edit ) Digestion ( edit ) The mouth of most sea urchins is made up of five calcium carbonate teeth or jaws , with a fleshy , tongue - like structure within . The entire chewing organ is known as Aristotle 's lantern ( image ) , from Aristotle 's description in his History of Animals : ... the urchin has what we mainly call its head and mouth down below , and a place for the issue of the residuum up above . The urchin has , also , five hollow teeth inside , and in the middle of these teeth a fleshy substance serving the office of a tongue . Next to this comes the esophagus , and then the stomach , divided into five parts , and filled with excretion , all the five parts uniting at the anal vent , where the shell is perforated for an outlet ... In reality the mouth - apparatus of the urchin is continuous from one end to the other , but to outward appearance it is not so , but looks like a horn lantern with the panes of horn left out . ( Tr . D'Arcy Thompson ) However , this has recently been proven to be a mistranslation . Aristotle 's lantern is actually referring to the whole shape of sea urchins , which look like the ancient lamps of Aristotle 's time . Heart urchins are unusual in not having a lantern . Instead , the mouth is surrounded by cilia that pull strings of mucus containing food particles towards a series of grooves around the mouth . The lantern , where present , surrounds both the mouth cavity and the pharynx . At the top of the lantern , the pharynx opens into the esophagus , which runs back down the outside of the lantern , to join the small intestine and a single caecum . The small intestine runs in a full circle around the inside of the test , before joining the large intestine , which completes another circuit in the opposite direction . From the large intestine , a rectum ascends towards the anus . Despite the names , the small and large intestines of sea urchins are in no way homologous to the similarly named structures in vertebrates . Digestion occurs in the intestine , with the caecum producing further digestive enzymes . An additional tube , called the siphon , runs beside much of the intestine , opening into it at both ends . It may be involved in resorption of water from food . Circulation ( edit ) Anatomy of the circulatory system of a regular sea urchin . a = anus ; m = madreporite ; s = aquifer canal ; r = radial canal ; p = podial ampulla ; k = test wall ; i = intestine ; b = mouth . Sea urchins possess both a water vascular system and a hemal system , the latter containing blood . However , the main circulatory fluid fills the general body cavity , or coelom . This fluid contains phagocytic coelomocytes , which move through the vascular and hemal systems . The coelomocytes are an essential part of blood clotting , but also collect waste products and actively remove them from the body through the gills and tube feet . Respiration ( edit ) Most sea urchins possess five pairs of external gills , located around their mouths . These thin - walled projections of the body cavity are the main organs of respiration in those urchins that possess them . Fluid can be pumped through the gills ' interiors by muscles associated with the lantern , but this is not continuous , and occurs only when the animal is low on oxygen . Tube feet can also act as respiratory organs , and are the primary sites of gas exchange in heart urchins and sand dollars , both of which lack gills . Nervous system ( edit ) The five white dots on this Diadema setosum are believed to be visual captors . The nervous system of sea urchins has a relatively simple layout . With no true brain , the neural center is a large nerve ring encircling the mouth just inside the lantern . From the nerve ring , five nerves radiate underneath the radial canals of the water vascular system , and branch into numerous finer nerves to innervate the tube feet , spines , and pedicellariae . Senses ( edit ) Sea urchins are sensitive to touch , light , and chemicals . Although they do not have eyes or eye spots ( except for diadematids , which can follow a threat with their spines ) , the entire body of most regular sea urchins might function as a compound eye . They also have statocysts , called spheridia , located within the ambulacral plates to help the animal remain upright . Development ( edit ) Ingression of primary mesenchyme cells ( edit ) Sea urchin blastula . During early development , the sea urchin embryo undergoes 10 cycles of cell division , resulting in a single epithelial layer enveloping a blastocoel . The embryo must then begin gastrulation , a multipart process which involves the dramatic rearrangement and invagination of cells to produce the three germ layers . The first step of gastrulation is the epithelial - to - mesenchymal transition and ingression of primary mesenchyme cells into the blastocoel . Primary mesenchyme cells , or PMCs , are located in the vegetal plate specified to become mesoderm . Prior to ingression , PMCs exhibit all the features of other epithelial cells that comprise the embryo . Cells of the epithelium are bound basally to a laminal matrix and apically to an extraembryonic matrix . The apical microvilli of these cells reach into the hyaline layer , a component of the extraembryonic matrix . Neighboring epithelial cells are also connected to each other through apical junctions , protein complexes containing adhesion molecules , such as cadherins , linked to catenins . Prospective PMCs at vegetal plate Epithelial - to - mesenchymal transition and ingression of PMCs As PMCs begin to undergo an epithelial - to - mesenchymal transition , the lamina which binds them dissolves to begin the mechanical release of the cells . Expression of the membrane protein that binds laminin , integrin , also becomes irregular at the beginning of ingression . The microvilli which secure PMCs to the hyaline layer shorten , as the cells reduce their affinity for the extraembryonic matrix . These cells concurrently increase their affinity for other components of the basal matrix , such as fibronectin , in part driving the movement of cells inward . The apical junctions which bind PMCs to their neighboring epithelial cells become disrupted during this transition , and are absent in cells that have fully ingressed into the blastocoel . Because staining for cadherins and catenins in ingressing cells decreases and develops as intracellular accumulations , apical junctions are thought to be cleared by endocytosis during ingression . Once the PMCs disrupt all attachment to their former location , the cells themselves change their morphology by contracting their apical surfaces , apical constriction , and enlarging their basal surfaces , thus acquiring a `` bottle cell '' phenotype . Cytoskeletal rearrangements mediate the shape changes of PMCs ; though the cytoskeleton assists in the mechanics of ingression , other mechanisms drive the process . Experimentally disrupting microtubule dynamics in the species Strongylocentrotus pupuratus by applying colchicine stalls the ingression of PMCs , but does not inhibit it . Similarly , experimentally disrupting actin - myosin contraction using inhibitors slows down ingression , but does not arrest the process . The morphogenetic movements of the PMCs are an autonomous cellular behavior . Experimentally grafting PMCs into heterotopic tissue does not prevent the cells from ingressing . In studies where PMCs are cultured in insolation , the cells were observed to gain affinity for fibronectin and simultaneously lose affinity for extraembryonic matrix , independent of the embryonic environment . The development of a regular sea urchin . Life History ( edit ) At first glance , sea urchins often appear incapable of moving . Sometimes , the most visible life sign is the spines , which attach to ball - and - socket joints and can point in any direction . In most urchins , touch elicits a prompt reaction from the spines , which converge toward the touch point . Sea urchins have no visible eyes , legs , or means of propulsion , but can move freely over hard surfaces using adhesive tube feet , working in conjunction with the spines . Regular sea urchins do n't have any favourite walking direction . Reproduction ( edit ) Sea urchin larva , called `` Pluteus '' . In most cases , the female 's eggs float freely in the sea , but some species hold onto them with their spines , affording them a greater degree of protection . The fertilized egg , once met with the free - floating sperm released by males , develops into a free - swimming blastula embryo in as few as 12 hours . Initially a simple ball of cells , the blastula soon transforms into a cone - shaped echinopluteus larva . In most species , this larva has 12 elongated arms lined with bands of cilia that capture food particles and transport them to the mouth . In a few species , the blastula contains supplies of nutrient yolk and lacks arms , since it has no need to feed . Several months are needed for the larva to complete its development , which begins with the formation of the test plates around the mouth and anus . Soon , the larva sinks to the bottom and metamorphoses into adult form in as quickly as one hour . In some species , adults reach their maximum size in about five years . Predators ( edit ) Wolf eel is a highly specialized predator of sea urchins . Adult sea urchins are usually well protected against most predators by their strong and sharp spines , which can be poisonous in some species , but when they are damaged they quickly attract lots of fish and other omnivorous animals . Sea urchins are one of the favourite food of many lobsters , crabs , triggerfish , California sheephead , sea otter and wolf eels : all these animals carry particular adaptations ( teeth , pincers , claws ) and a strength that allow them to overcome the excellent protective features of sea urchins . Sea urchins can also be infected by many parasites , be they internal or external . Pedicellaria are a good means of defense against ectoparasites , but not a panacea as some of them actually feed on it . The hemal system ensures against endoparasites . A sea otter feeding on a purple sea urchin . A crab ( Carpilius convexus ) attacking a slate pencil sea urchin ( Heterocentrotus mamillatus ) . A wrasse finishing the remains of a damaged Tripneustes gratilla . Ecology ( edit ) Play media Living sea urchin in natural habitat video Sea urchins feed mainly on algae but can feed on sea cucumbers and a wide range of invertebrates , such as mussels , polychaetes , sponges , brittle stars , and crinoids . Population densities vary by habitat , with more dense populations in barren areas as compared to kelp stands . Even in these barren areas , greatest densities are found in shallow water . Populations are generally found in deeper water if wave action is present . Densities decrease in winter when storms cause them to seek protection in cracks and around larger underwater structures . Sea urchins are some of the favorite foods of sea otters and California sheephead , and are the main source of nutrition for wolf eels . Left unchecked , urchins devastate their environments , creating what biologists call an urchin barren , devoid of macroalgae and associated fauna . Sea otters have re-entered British Columbia , dramatically improving coastal ecosystem health . Range and habitat ( edit ) Antarctic sea urchin ( Sterechinus neumayeri ) inhabits frozen seas . The shape of the shingle urchin allows it to stay on wave - beaten cliffs . Sea urchins have conquered most sea habitats , on an extremely wide range of depths . Some species , such as Cidaris abyssicola , can live down to several thousands of meters deep . Many genera are totally indentured to the abyssal zone , such as many cidaroids , most of the genera in the Echinothuriidae family , or the strange genus Dermechinus . One of the deepest - living family is the Pourtalesiidae , strange bottle - shaped irregular sea urchins that live only in the hadal zone and have been collected as far as 6850 meters deep in the Java trench . Nevertheless , this makes sea urchin the class of echinoderms living the least deep , compared to sea cucumbers and crinoids that remain abundant below 8000 m . Sea urchins can be found in all climates , from warm seas to polar oceans ( like the polar sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri ) . They adapt their diet to their environment : In rich ecosystems they feed mainly on algae that allow a quick growth ; in less rich bottoms they adopt a slower metabolism , adapted to a less calorific diet . The shingle urchin ( Colobocentrotus atratus ) , which lives on exposed shorelines , is particularly resistant to wave action . It is one of the few sea urchin that can survive many hours out of water . Despite their presence in nearly all the marine ecosystems , most species are encountered on temperate and tropical coasts , between the surface and some tens of meters deep , close to photosynthetic food sources . Purple sea urchins at low tide in California . They dig a cavity in the rock to hide from predators during the day . `` Sand dollars '' live in the sediment , and feed on it . Dermechinus horridus , an abyssal species , at thousands of meters deep . Evolutionary History ( edit ) Echinolampas ovalis , Middle Eocene , Civrac - en - Médoc , France . The earliest echinoid fossils date to the upper part of the Ordovician period ( circa 450 Mya ) , and the taxon has survived to the present as a successful and diverse group of organisms . Spines may be present in well - preserved specimens , but usually only the test remains . Isolated spines are common as fossils . Some echinoids ( such as Tylocidaris clavigera , from the Cretaceous period 's English Chalk Formation ) had very heavy , club - shaped spines that would be difficult for an attacking predator to break through and make the echinoid awkward to handle . Such spines simplify walking on the soft sea floor . Pseudocidaris club - shaped spine ; Matmor Formation ( Middle Jurassic ) of Makhtesh Gadol , Israel . Most of the fossil echinoids from the Paleozoic era are incomplete , consisting of isolated spines and small clusters of scattered plates from crushed individuals , mostly in Devonian and Carboniferous rocks . The shallow - water limestones from the Ordovician and Silurian periods of Estonia are famous for echinoids . Paleozoic echinoids probably inhabited relatively quiet waters . Because of their thin tests , they would certainly not have survived in the wave - battered coastal waters inhabited by many modern echinoids . During the upper part of the Carboniferous period , a marked decline in echinoid diversity occurred , and this trend continued to the Permian period . They neared extinction at the end of the Paleozoic era , with just six species known from the Permian period . Only two lineages survived this period 's massive extinction and into the Triassic : the genus Miocidaris , which gave rise to modern cidaroida ( pencil urchins ) , and the ancestor that gave rise to the euechinoids . By the upper part of the Triassic period , their numbers began to increase again . Cidaroids have changed very little since the Late Triassic and are today considered to be living fossils . Diversity of echinoids have been fluctuating across the eons . Among the different proxies , marine facies variation in combination with outcrop area best explains the palaeodiversity curve . Fossil of an Archaeocidaris brownwoodensis ( Pennsylvanian ) . The euechinoids , though , diversified into new lineages throughout the Jurassic and into the Cretaceous periods , and from them emerged the first irregular echinoids ( superorder Atelostomata ) during the early Jurassic , and later the other superorder ( Gnathostomata ) of irregular urchins , which evolved independently . These superorders today represent 47 % of all extant species of echinoids because of their adaptive breakthroughs , which allowed them to exploit habitats and food sources unavailable to regular echinoids . During the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras , the echinoids flourished . Most echinoid fossils are often abundant in the restricted localities and formations where they occur . An example of this is Enallaster , which exists by the thousands in certain outcrops of limestone from the Cretaceous period in Texas . Many fossils of the Late Jurassic Plesiocidaris still have the spines attached . Some echinoids , such as Micraster , which is found in the Cretaceous period Chalk Formation of England and France , serve as zone or index fossils . Because they evolved rapidly , they aid geologists in dating the surrounding rocks . However , most echinoids are not abundant enough and are of too limited range to serve as zone fossils . In the Paleogene and Neogene periods ( circa 66 to 1.8 Mya ) , sand dollars ( order Clypeasteroida ) arose . Their distinctive , flattened tests and tiny spines were adapted to life on or under loose sand . They form the newest branch on the echinoid tree . Sea Urchin Phylogeny The Cidaroida like this Stylocidaris affinis constitute a specific branching among modern sea urchins . Phylogeny Sea urchins belonging to the Irregularia like this Clypeaster have lost their spherical shape and their radial symmetry . According to WoRMS : Sub-class Euechinoidea Bronn , 1860 Infra - class Acroechinoidea Smith , 1981 Order Aspidodiadematoida Kroh & Smith , 2010 Order Diadematoida Duncan , 1889 Order Micropygoida Kroh & Smith , 2010 Order Pedinoida Mortensen , 1939 Infra - class Carinacea Kroh & Smith , 2010 Super-order Calycina Gregory , 1900 Order Phymosomatoida Mortensen , 1904 † Order Salenioida Delage & Hérouard , 1903 Super-order Echinacea Claus , 1876 Order Arbacioida Gregory , 1900 Order Camarodonta Jackson , 1912 Order Stomopneustoida Kroh & Smith , 2010 Order Echinothurioida Claus , 1880 Infra - class Irregularia Latreille , 1825 Super-order Atelostomata von Zittel , 1879 Order Holasteroida Durham & Melville , 1957 Order Spatangoida L. Agassiz , 1840a Order Echinoneoida H.L. Clark , 1925 Order Holectypoida Ducan , 1889 † Super-order Neognathostomata Smith , 1981 Order Cassiduloida Claus , 1880 Order Clypeasteroida A. Agassiz , 1872 Order Echinolampadoida Kroh & Smith , 2010 Order Nucleolitidae L. Agassiz & Desor , 1847 † Sub-class Cidaroidea Smith , 1984 Order Cidaroida Claus , 1880 Aspidodiadema hawaiiense , an Aspidodiadematoida Diadema antillarum , a Diadematoida Caenopedina hawaiiensis , a Pedinoida Salenocidaris hastigera ( dried ) , a Salenioida Arbacia lixula , an Arbacioida Strongylocentrotus franciscanus , a Camarodonta Stomopneustes variolaris , a Stomopneustoida Asthenosoma marisrubri , an Echinothurioida Pourtalesia wandeli ( dried ) , a Holasteroida Maretia planulata , a Spatangoida Echinoneus cyclostomus , an Echinoneoida Clypeaster reticulatus , a Clypeasteroida Echinolampas depressa , an Echinolampadoida Eucidaris metularia , a Cidaroida Relation to humans ( edit ) `` Stings '' to humans ( edit ) Sea urchin injury on the top side of the foot . This injury resulted in some skin staining from the natural purple - black dye of the urchin . Sea urchin injuries are caused by contact with sea urchins , and are characterized by puncture wounds inflicted by the animal 's brittle , fragile spines . Mediterranean black sea urchin sting getting expelled from the body by itself after 2 weeks Sea urchin puncture wounds are a common source of injury to ocean swimmers , especially along coastal surfaces where coral with stationary sea urchins are present . Their stings vary in severity depending on the species. Their spines can be venomous or cause infection . Granuloma and staining of the skin from the natural dye inside the sea urchin can also occur . Breathing problems may indicate a serious reaction to toxins in the sea urchin . If no infection occur on a non-venomous sea urchin injury , the sting can stay for a while inside the flesh . Pain and discomfort will be present . On a long period of time , the sting will dissolve in the body or will be expelled from the flesh . In biological research ( edit ) Sea urchins are traditional model organisms in developmental biology . This use originated in the 1800s , when their embryonic development became easily viewed by microscopy . The transparency of the urchin 's eggs enabled them to be used to observe that sperm cells actually fertilize ova . The more recent resurgence for the organism has come from two scientists in particular , Eric H. Davidson and Roy John Britten . Over 30 years ago the two men stationed at the California Institute of Technology began pushing for the use of urchins as a model organism due to their easy availability , high fecundity , and long lifespan . Beyond the study of embryo development , urchins provide an opportunity to research the structure and function of cis - regulation . They continue to be utilized for embryonic studies , as prenatal development continues to seek testing for fatal diseases . Sea urchins are being used in longevity studies for comparison between the young and old of the species , particularly for their ability to regenerate tissue as needed . Scientists at the University of St Andrews have discovered a genetic sequence , the ' 2A ' region , in sea urchins previously thought to have belonged only to viruses that afflict humans like Foot - and - Mouth Disease Virus . Oceanography has taken in interest in monitoring the health of urchins and their populations as a way to assess overall ocean acidification , temperatures , and ecological impact studies . Genome ( edit ) See also : Strongylocentrotus purpuratus § Genome The organism 's evolutionary placement and unique embryology with five-fold symmetry were the major arguments in the proposal to seek the sequencing of its genome . Importantly , urchins act as the closest living relative to chordates and thus may shed light on the evolution of vertebrates . The genome of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus , was completed in 2006 and established homology between sea urchin and vertebrate immune system - related genes . Sea urchins code for at least 222 Toll - like receptor genes and over 200 genes related to the Nod - like - receptor family found in vertebrates . This increases its usefulness as a valuable model organism for studying the evolution of innate immunity . The sequencing also revealed that while some genes were thought to be limited to vertebrates , there were also innovations that have previously never been seen outside the chordate classification , such as immune transcription factors PU. 1 and SPIB . Sea urchin ( uni ) served Japanese style as sashimi , with a dab of wasabi Japanese uni-ikura don , sea urchin egg and salmon egg donburi As food ( edit ) Open sea urchins in Sicily , Italy The gonads of both male and female sea urchins , usually called sea urchin roe or corals , are culinary delicacies in many parts of the world . In cuisines around the Mediterranean , Paracentrotus lividus is often eaten raw , or with lemon , and known as ricci on Italian menus where it is sometimes used in pasta sauces . It can also flavour omelettes , scrambled eggs , fish soup , mayonnaise , béchamel sauce for tartlets , the boullie for a soufflé , or Hollandaise sauce to make a fish sauce . In Chilean cuisine , it is served raw with lemon , onions , and olive oil . Though the edible Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis is found in the North Atlantic , it is not widely eaten . However , sea urchins ( called uutuk in Alutiiq ) are commonly eaten by the Alaska Native population around Kodiak Island . It is commonly exported , mostly to Japan . In the West Indies , slate pencil urchins are eaten . On the Pacific Coast of North America , Strongylocentrotus franciscanus was praised by Euell Gibbons ; Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is also eaten . In New Zealand , Evechinus chloroticus , known as kina in Maori , is a delicacy , traditionally eaten raw . Though New Zealand fishermen would like to export them to Japan , their quality is too variable . In Japan , sea urchin is known as uni ( うに ) , and its roe can retail for as much as ¥ 40000 ( $360 ) per kg ; it is served raw as sashimi or in sushi , with soy sauce and wasabi . Japan imports large quantities from the United States , South Korea , and other producers . Japanese demand for sea urchin corals has raised concerns about overfishing . Native Americans in California are also known to eat sea urchins . The coast of Southern California is known as a source of high quality uni , with divers picking sea urchin from kelp beds in depths as low as 24 m / 80 ft . As of 2013 , the state was limiting the practice to 300 sea urchin diver licenses . Aquaria ( edit ) Some species of sea urchins , such as the slate pencil urchin ( Eucidaris tribuloides ) , are commonly sold in aquarium stores . Some species are effective at controlling hair algae , and they make good additions to an invertebrate tank . Bibliography ( edit ) Smith , Andrew B. ( 1984 ) , Echinoid Palaeobiology ( Special topics in palaeontology ) . London : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 0 - 04 - 563001 - 1 Schultz , Heinke. ( 2005 ) , Sea - Urchins , a guide to worldwide shallow water species . hpsp scientific publications , Germany . ISBN 3 - 9809868 - 1 - 0 Animal Diversity Web Classification of the Echinoidea Ocean Alliance giving advice on sea urchin cleaning See also ( edit ) Sea urchin injury References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wright , Anne . 1851 . The Observing Eye , Or , Letters to Children on the Three Lowest Divisions of Animal Life . London : Jarrold and Sons , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Soyer , Alexis . 1853 . The Pantropheon Or History Of Food , And Its Preparation : From The Earliest Ages Of The World . Boston : Ticknor , Reed , and Fields , , p. 245 . Jump up ^ `` Animal Diversity Web -- Echinoidea '' . University of Michigan Museum of Zoology . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Robert D. ( 1982 ) . Invertebrate Zoology . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . pp. 961 -- 981 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 056747 - 5 . Jump up ^ Stachan and Read , Human Molecular Genetics , p. 381 : `` What Makes Us Human '' Jump up ^ `` Sea urchins reveal promising carbon capture alternative '' . Gizmag. 4 February 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Claw inspired by sea urchins ' mouth can scoop up Martian soil Jump up ^ Balakirev , E.S. ; Pavlyuchkov , V.A. ; Ayala , F.J. ( 2008 ) . `` DNA variation and symbiotic associations in phenotypically diverse sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 105 ( 42 ) : 16218 -- 16223 . Bibcode : 2008PNAS ... 10516218B . PMC 2571021 . PMID 18852450 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0807860105 . Lay summary -- University of Wisconsin - Madison ( October 27 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Matthew D. Gargus ; David K. Morohashi ( 2012 ) . `` A sea - urchin spine chilling remedy '' ( letter to the Editor ) . New England Journal of Medicine . 30 ( 19 ) : 1867 -- 1868 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMc1209382 . Jump up ^ Mah , Christopher ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` What we know about the world 's most venomous sea urchin Toxopneustes fits in this blog post ! '' . The Echinoblog ... Jump up ^ Voultsiadou , Eleni ; Chintiroglou , Chariton ( 2008 ) . `` Aristotle 's lantern in echinoderms : an ancient riddle '' . Cahiers de Biologie Marine . Station Biologique de Roscoff. 49 ( 3 ) : 299 -- 302 . Jump up ^ http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/12/101228-sea-urchin-teeth-self-sharpening-tools-science-animals/ , National Geographic : `` Rock - Chewing Sea Urchins Have Self - Sharpening Teeth . '' Jump up ^ Knight , K. ( 2009 ) . `` Sea Urchins Use Whole Body As Eye '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . 213 ( 2 ) : i . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 041715 . Lay summary -- LiveScience ( December 28 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ A. Gaion , A. Scuderi ; D. Pellegrini ; D. Sartori ( 2013 ) . `` Arsenic Exposure Affects Embryo Development of Sea Urchin , Paracentrotus lividus ( Lamarck , 1816 ) '' . Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology : 1 -- 5 . doi : 10.3109 / 01480545.2015. 1041602 . ^ Jump up to : Kominami , Tetsuya ; Takata , Hiromi ( 2004 ) . `` Gastrulation in the sea urchin embryo : a model system for analyzing the morphogenesis of a monolayered epithelium '' . Development , growth & differentiation. 46 ( 4 ) : 309 -- 26 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 169x. 2004.00755. x . ^ Jump up to : Shook , D ; Keller , R ( 2003 ) . `` Mechanisms , mechanics and function of epithelial - mesenchymal transitions in early development '' . Mechanisms of development . 120 ( 11 ) : 1351 -- 83 . PMID 14623443 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mod. 2003.06. 005 . ^ Jump up to : Katow , Hideki ; Solursh , Michael ( 1980 ) . `` Ultrastructure of primary mesenchyme cell ingression in the sea urchinLytechinus pictus '' . Journal of Experimental Zoology. 213 ( 2 ) : 231 -- 246 . doi : 10.1002 / jez. 1402130211 . Jump up ^ Balinsky , BI ( 1959 ) . `` An electro microscopic investigation of the mechanisms of adhesion of the cells in a sea urchin blastula and gastrula '' . Experimental Cell Research . 16 ( 2 ) : 429 -- 33 . PMID 13653007 . doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 4827 ( 59 ) 90275 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hertzler , PL ; McClay , DR ( 1999 ) . `` alphaSU2 , an epithelial integrin that binds laminin in the sea urchin embryo '' . Developmental Biology . 207 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 13 . PMID 10049560 . doi : 10.1006 / dbio. 1998.9165 . Jump up ^ Fink , RD ; McClay , DR ( 1985 ) . `` Three cell recognition changes accompany the ingression of sea urchin primary mesenchyme cells '' . Developmental Biology . 107 ( 1 ) : 66 -- 74 . PMID 2578117 . doi : 10.1016 / 0012 - 1606 ( 85 ) 90376 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Burdsal , CA ; Alliegro , MC ; McClay , DR ( 1991 ) . `` Tissue - specific , temporal changes in cell adhesion to echinonectin in the sea urchin embryo '' . Developmental Biology . 144 ( 2 ) : 327 -- 34 . PMID 1707016 . doi : 10.1016 / 0012 - 1606 ( 91 ) 90425 - 3 . Jump up ^ Miller , JR ; McClay , DR ( 1997 ) . `` Characterization of the Role of Cadherin in Regulating Cell Adhesion during Sea Urchin Development '' . Developmental Biology . 192 ( 2 ) : 323 -- 39 . PMID 9441671 . doi : 10.1006 / dbio. 1997.8740 . Jump up ^ Miller , JR ; McClay , DR ( 1997 ) . `` Changes in the pattern of adherens junction - associated beta - catenin accompany morphogenesis in the sea urchin embryo '' . Developmental Biology . 192 ( 2 ) : 310 -- 22 . PMID 9441670 . doi : 10.1006 / dbio. 1997.8739 . Jump up ^ Anstrom , JA ( 1989 ) . `` Sea urchin primary mesenchyme cells : ingression occurs independent of microtubules '' . Developmental Biology . 131 ( 1 ) : 269 -- 75 . PMID 2562830 . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 1606 ( 89 ) 80058 - 2 . Jump up ^ Anstrom , JA ( 1992 ) . `` Microfilaments , cell shape changes , and the formation of primary mesenchyme in sea urchin embryos '' . The Journal of experimental zoology. 264 ( 3 ) : 312 -- 22 . PMID 1358997 . doi : 10.1002 / jez. 1402640310 . Jump up ^ Kazuya Yoshimura , Tomoaki Iketani et Tatsuo Motokawa , `` Do regular sea urchins show preference in which part of the body they orient forward in their walk ? '' , Marine Biology , vol. 159 , no 5 , 2012 , p. 959 - 965 . Jump up ^ `` Defence -- spines '' . Echinoid Directory . Natural History Museum . Jump up ^ `` Defence -- pedicellariae '' . Echinoid Directory . Natural History Museum . Jump up ^ Hiroko Sakashita , `` Sexual dimorphism and food habits of the clingfish , Diademichthys lineatus , and its dependence on host sea urchin `` , Environmental Biology of Fishes , vol. 34 , no 1 , 1994 , p. 95 - 101 Jump up ^ Baumiller , Tomasz K. ( 2008 ) . `` Crinoid Ecological Morphology '' . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences . 36 : 221 -- 49 . Bibcode : 2008AREPS ... 36 ... 221B . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. earth. 36.031207. 124116 . Jump up ^ Mattison , JE ; Trent , JD ; Shanks , AL ; Akin , TB ; Pearse , JS ( 1977 ) . `` Movement and feeding activity of red sea urchins ( Strongylocentrotus franciscanus ) adjacent to a kelp forest '' . Marine Biology . 39 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 30 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00395589 . ^ Jump up to : Konar , Brenda ( 2000 ) . `` Habitat influences on sea urchin populations '' . In : Hallock and French ( eds ) . Diving for Science ... 2000 . Proceedings of the 20th Annual Scientific Diving Symposium . American Academy of Underwater Sciences . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Aquatic Species at Risk -- Species Profile -- Sea Otter '' . Fisheries and Oceans Canada . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Kroh , Andreas ( 2010 ) . `` The phylogeny and classification of post-Palaeozoic echinoids '' . Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 8 ( 2 ) : 147 -- 212 . doi : 10.1080 / 14772011003603556 ... Jump up ^ Mah , Christopher ( April 12 , 2011 ) . `` Sizes and Species in the Strangest of the Strange : Deep - Sea Pourtalesiid Urchins '' . The Echinoblog ... ^ Jump up to : Mah , Christopher ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` What are the Deepest known echinoderms ? '' . The Echinoblog ... Jump up ^ ChrisM . `` The Echinoblog '' . echinoblog.blogspot.com . Jump up ^ Pereira , Bruno ; Benton , M ; Ruta , M ; Mateus , O ( 2015 ) . `` Mesozoic echinoid diversity in Portugal : Investigating fossil record quality and environmental constraints on a regional scale . '' . Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology. 424 : 132 -- 146 . doi : 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2015.02. 014 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Eric ( 2002 ) . `` PROPOSAL FOR SEQUENCING FURTHER ECHINODERM GENOMES FOR THE PURPOSES OF GLOBAL GENE REGULATORY NETWORK ANALYSIS '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Kroh , A. ; Hansson , H. ( 2013 ) . `` Echinoidea ( Leske , 1778 ) '' . World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 04 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ James , William D. ; Berger , Timothy G. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . Andrews ' Diseases of the Skin : clinical Dermatology . Saunders Elsevier . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 2921 - 0 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Scott A. `` Echinoderm Envenomation '' . eMedicine . Retrieved 12 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Insight from the Sea Urchin '' . Microscope Imaging Station . Exploratorium . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Sea Urchin Genome Project '' . sugp.caltech.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Bodnar , Andrea G. ; Coffman , James A. ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Maintenance of somatic tissue regeneration with age in short - and long - lived species of sea urchins '' . Aging Cell. 15 ( 4 ) : 778 -- 787 . ISSN 1474 - 9726 . PMC 4933669 . PMID 27095483 . doi : 10.1111 / acel. 12487 . Jump up ^ Roulston , C ; Luke , GA ; de Felipe , P ; Ruan , L ; Cope , J ; Nicholson , J ; Sukhodub , A ; Tilsner , J ; Ryan , MD ( 2016 ) . `` ' 2A ‐ Like ' Signal Sequences Mediating Translational Recoding : A Novel Form of Dual Protein Targeting '' . Traffic . 17 : 923 -- 39 . PMC 4981915 . PMID 27161495 . doi : 10.1111 / tra. 12411 . Jump up ^ `` Stanford seeks sea urchin 's secret to surviving ocean acidification Stanford News Release '' . news.stanford.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Sodergren , E ; Weinstock , GM ; Davidson , EH ; et al. ( 2006 - 11 - 10 ) . `` The Genome of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus '' . Science . 314 ( 5801 ) : 941 -- 952 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMC 3159423 . PMID 17095691 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1133609 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Rast , JP ; Smith , LC ; Loza - Coll , M ; Hibino , T ; Litman , GW ( 2006 ) . `` Genomic Insights into the Immune System of the Sea Urchin '' . Science . 314 ( 5801 ) : 952 -- 6 . Bibcode : 2006Sci ... 314 ... 952R . PMID 17095692 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1134301 . Jump up ^ Laura Rogers - Bennett , `` The Ecology of Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus '' in John M. Lawrence , Edible sea urchins : biology and ecology , p. 410 Jump up ^ Alan Davidson , Oxford Companion to Food , s.v. sea urchin Jump up ^ John M. Lawrence , `` Sea Urchin Roe Cuisine '' in John M. Lawrence , Edible sea urchins : biology and ecology Jump up ^ `` The Rise of the Sea Urchin '' , Franz Lidz July 2014 - Smithsonian Jump up ^ for Puglia , Italy : Touring Club Italiano , Guida all'Italia gastronomica , 1984 , p. 314 ; for Alexandria , Egypt : Claudia Roden , A Book of Middle Eastern Food , p. 183 Jump up ^ Alan Davidson , Mediterranean Seafood , p. 270 Jump up ^ Larousse Gastronomique Jump up ^ Curnonsky , Cuisine et vins de France , nouvelle édition , 1974 , p. 248 Jump up ^ Davidson , p. 280 Jump up ^ Kleiman , Dena ( October 3 , 1990 ) . `` Scorned at Home , Maine Sea Urchin Is a Star in Japan '' . New York Times . p . C1 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Oxford Companion Jump up ^ Wassilieff , Maggy ( March 2 , 2009 ) . `` sea urchins '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Jump up ^ Macey , Richard ( November 9 , 2004 ) . `` The little urchins that can command a princely price '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` Sea Urchin Fishery and Overfishing '' , TED Case Studies 296 , American University full text Jump up ^ Martin , R.E. ; Carter , E.P. ; Flick , G.J. ; Davis , L.M. ( 2000 ) . Marine and Freshwater Products Handbook . Taylor & Francis . p. 268 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56676 - 889 - 4 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Lam , Francis ( 2014 - 03 - 14 ) . `` California Sea Urchin Divers , Interviewed by Francis Lam '' . Bon Appetit . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sea urchin . Wikispecies has information related to : Echinoidea Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Sea - Urchin . `` Sea Urchins Factsheet '' . Waitt Institute . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . World Register of Marine Species link : Echinoidea Leske , 1778 ( + species list ) Plankton Chronicles Short documentary films & photos The sea urchin genome project Sea Urchin Harvesters Association -- California Also , ( 604 ) 524 - 0322 . The Echinoid Directory from the Natural History Museum . Echinoids of the North Sea Spiny creature 's genome insight Echinoids.nl lantern. jpg A labeled diagram of the sea urchin 's Aristotle 's lantern . aristotle. htm Who is this person Aristotle and what about this lantern ? www.emilydamstra.com Illustration of the musculature of an Aristotle 's lantern . Urchin Anatomy a flash about the anatomy of the sea urchin www.sea-urchins.com An article about sea - urchin parasites . Further research on sea urchins Photographic Database of Cambodian Sea Urchins California Sea Urchin commission Introduction to the Echinoidea 70 % of Sea Urchin Genes Have a Human Counterpart -- Sequencing confirms that sea urchins are more closely related to humans than fruit flies ( LiveScience.com , November 2006 ) . ( hide ) Principal commercial fishery species groups Wild Large pelagic fish Mackerel Salmon Saury Shark Swordfish Tuna albacore bigeye Atlantic bluefin Pacific bluefin southern bluefin skipjack yellowfin Forage fish Anchovy Capelin Herring Ilish Menhaden Sardines Shad Sprat european Demersal fish Catfish Cod Atlantic Pacific Alaska pollock Flatfish flounder halibut plaice sole turbot Haddock Mullet Orange roughy Pollock Rockfish Smelt - whitings Toothfish Freshwater fish Carp Sturgeon Tilapia Trout Other wild fish Eel Whitebait more ... Crustaceans Crab Krill Lobster Shrimp more ... Molluscs Abalone Mussels Octopus Oysters Scallops Squid more ... Echinoderms Sea cucumbers Sea urchin more ... Farmed Carp bighead common crucian grass silver Catfish Freshwater prawns Gilt - head bream Mussels Oysters Salmon Atlantic salmon trout coho chinook Scallops Seaweed Shrimp Tilapia Commercial fishing World fish production Commercial species Fishing topics Fisheries glossary Marine life portal Animals portal Biology portal Taxon identifiers Wd : Q83483 ADW : Echinoidea EoL : 1971 Fossilworks : 32733 GBIF : 221 ITIS : 157821 NCBI : 7625 WoRMS : 123082 GND : 4054135 - 6 NDL : 00574014 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_urchin&oldid=806870879 '' Categories : Commercial echinoderms Echinoidea Edible shellfish Japanese seafood Seafood in Native American cuisine Animal models Animal developmental biology Negligibly senescent organisms Late Ordovician first appearances Extant Ordovician first appearances Korean seafood Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where do sea urchins live in the world	[ "Sea urchins can be found in all climates, from warm seas to polar oceans [34] (like the polar sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri). They adapt their diet to their environment: In rich ecosystems they feed mainly on algae that allow a quick growth; in less rich bottoms they adopt a slower metabolism, adapted to a less calorific diet." ]	[ "in all climates, from warm seas to polar oceans" ]
-4723699672998009866	Age of candidacy	Age of candidacy - wikipedia Age of candidacy Jump to : navigation , search Part of the Politics series on Youth rights Activities ( show ) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co . Child Labor Deterrence Act Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act Convention on the Rights of the Child Fair Labor Standards Act Hammer v. Dagenhart History of youth rights in the United States Morse v. Frederick Newsboys ' strike of 1899 Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Wild in the Streets Theory / Concepts ( show ) Adultcentrism Adultism Ageism Criminalization Democracy Ephebiphobia Fear of children Fear of youth Intergenerational equity Paternalism Social class Suffrage Taking Children Seriously Universal suffrage Unschooling Youth activism Youth suffrage Youth voice Issues ( show ) Age of candidacy Age of consent Age of majority Behavior modification facility Child labour Compulsory education Conscription Corporal punishment Curfew Child abuse Emancipation of minors Gambling age Homeschooling Human rights and youth sport In loco parentis Juvenile delinquency Juvenile court Legal drinking age Legal working age Minimum driving age Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Minors and abortion School leaving age Smoking age Status offense Underage drinking in America Voting age Youth - adult partnership Youth participation Youth politics Youth voting Organizations ( show ) Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission National Youth Rights Association One World Youth Project Queer Youth Network Students for a Democratic Society Freechild Project Three O'Clock Lobby Youth International Party Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor Young Communist League of Canada Persons ( show ) Adam Fletcher ( activist ) David J. Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal Age of candidacy is the minimum age at which a person can legally qualify to hold certain elected government offices . In many cases , it also determines the age at which a person may be eligible to stand for an election or be granted ballot access . The first known example of a law enforcing age of candidacy was the Lex Villia Annalis , a Roman law enacted in 180 BCE which set the minimum ages for senatorial magistrates . Contents ( hide ) 1 Controversies 2 Reform efforts 3 In various countries 3.1 Australia 3.2 Austria 3.3 Belgium 3.4 Belize 3.5 Brazil 3.6 Canada 3.7 Chile 3.8 China 3.9 Cyprus 3.10 Denmark 3.11 Estonia 3.12 France 3.13 Germany 3.14 Hong Kong 3.15 India 3.16 Indonesia 3.17 Israel 3.18 Italy 3.19 Iran 3.20 Iraq 3.21 Ireland 3.22 Japan 3.23 Korea , South 3.24 Malaysia 3.25 Mexico 3.26 Netherlands 3.27 New Zealand 3.28 Nigeria 3.29 Norway 3.30 Pakistan 3.31 Philippines 3.32 Poland 3.33 South Africa 3.34 Turkey 3.35 United Kingdom 3.36 United States 3.37 Venezuela 4 See also 5 Notes and references Controversies ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1972 , Linda Jenness ran for President of the United States although she was only 31 at the time . Many youth rights groups view current age of candidacy requirements as unjustified age discrimination . Occasionally people who are younger than the minimum age will run for an office in protest of the requirement or because they do n't know that the requirement exists . On extremely rare occasions , young people have been elected to offices they do not qualify for and have been deemed ineligible to assume the office . In 1934 , Rush Holt of West Virginia was elected to the Senate of the United States at the age of 29 . Since the U.S. Constitution requires senators to be at least 30 , Holt was forced to wait until his 30th birthday , six months after the start of the session , before being sworn in . In 1954 , Richard Fulton won election to the Tennessee Senate . Shortly after being sworn in , Fulton was ousted from office because he was only 27 years old at the time . The Tennessee State Constitution required that senators be at least 30 . Rather than hold a new election , the previous incumbent , Clifford Allen , was allowed to resume his office for another term . Fulton went on to win the next State Senate election in 1956 and was later elected to the US House of Representatives where he served for 10 years . In South Carolina , two Senators aged 24 were elected , but were too young according to the State Constitution : Mike Laughlin in 1969 and Bryan Dorn ( later a US Congressman ) in 1941 . They were seated anyway . On several occasions , the Socialist Workers Party ( USA ) has nominated candidates too young to qualify for the offices they were running for . In 1972 , Linda Jenness ran as the SWP presidential candidate , although she was only 31 at the time . Since the U.S. Constitution requires that the President and Vice President be at least 35 years old , Jenness was not able to receive ballot access in several states in which she otherwise qualified . Despite this handicap , Jenness still received 83,380 votes . In 2004 , the SWP nominated Arrin Hawkins as the party 's vice-presidential candidate , although she was only 28 at the time . Hawkins was also unable to receive ballot access in several states due to her age . Reform efforts ( edit ) In the United States , many groups have attempted to lower age of candidacy requirements in various states . In 1994 , South Dakota voters rejected a ballot measure that would have lowered the age requirements to serve as a State Senator or State Representative from 25 to 18 . In 1998 , however , they approved a similar ballot measure that reduced the age requirements for those offices from 25 to 21 . In 2002 , Oregon voters rejected a ballot measure that would have reduced the age requirement to serve as a State Representative from 21 to 18 . During the early 2000s , the British Youth Council and other groups successfully campaigned to lower age of candidacy requirements in the United Kingdom . The age of candidacy was reduced from 21 to 18 in England , Wales and Scotland on 1 January 2007 , when section 17 of the Electoral Administration Act 2006 entered into force . In various countries ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) In Australia , any person 18 years of age or older may stand for election to public office at federal , state or local government level . The youngest ever member of the House of Representatives was 20 - year - old Wyatt Roy elected in the 2010 federal election after the Electoral Act 1918 was amended ( in 1973 ) to reduce the age of candidacy for that office from 21 to 18 . Austria ( edit ) In Austria , a person must be 18 years of age or older to stand in elections to the European Parliament or National Council . The Diets of regional Länder are able to set a minimum age lower than 18 for candidacy in elections to the Diet itself as well as to municipal councils in the Land . In presidential elections the candidacy age is 35 . Belgium ( edit ) Any Belgian who has reached the age of 21 years can stand for election for the Chamber of Representatives , can become a member of the Senate , or can be elected in one of the regional parliaments . This is regulated in the Constitution and in the Special Law on the Reform of the Institutions . Belize ( edit ) According to the Constitution of Belize , a person must be at least 18 years old to be elected as a member of the House of Representatives and must be at least 30 to be Speaker of the House . A person must be at least 18 years old to be appointed to the Senate and must be at least 30 to be President or Vice-President of the Senate . As only members of the House of Representatives are eligible to be appointed Prime Minister , the Prime Minister must be at least 18 years old . A person must also be at least 18 years old to be elected to a village council . Brazil ( edit ) The Brazilian Constitution ( Article 14 , Section 3 ( VI ) ) defines 35 years as the minimum age for someone to be elected President , Vice-President or Senator ; 30 years for state Governor or Vice-Governor ; 21 for Federal or State Deputy , Mayor or Vice-Mayor ; and 18 for city Councilman . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , any person 18 years of age or older may stand for election to public office . However , to be appointed to the Senate , one must be at least 30 years of age , must possess land worth at least $4,000 in the province for which he or she is appointed , and must own real and personal property worth at least $4,000 , above his or her debts and liabilities . Chile ( edit ) In Chile the minimum age required to be elected President of the Republic is 35 years on the day of the election . Before the 2005 reforms the requirement was 40 years , and from 1925 to 1981 it was 30 years . For senators it is 35 years ( between 1981 and 2005 it was 40 years ) and for deputies it is 21 years ( between 1925 and 1970 it was 35 years ) . China ( edit ) In China the minimum age to be elected as president or vice-president is 45 . Cyprus ( edit ) In Cyprus the minimum age to be elected president is 35 years . Denmark ( edit ) In Denmark , any adult 18 years of age or older can become a candidate and be elected in any public election . Estonia ( edit ) In Estonia , any citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected in local elections , and 21 years or older in parliamentary elections . Minimum age for the President of Estonia is 40 . France ( edit ) In France , any citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected to the lower house of Parliament , and 24 years or older for the Senate . The minimum age for the President of France is 18 . Germany ( edit ) In Germany , any citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected in national , regional or local elections . The only exception is the Landtag election in Hesse where a minimum age of 21 is required . Minimum age for the President of Germany is 40 by constitution . Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong a person must be at least 21 to be candidate in a district council or Legislative Council election . A person must be at least 40 to be candidate in the Chief Executive election , and also at least 40 to be candidate in the election for the President of the Legislative Council from among the members of the Legislative Council . India ( edit ) In India a person must be at least : 35 to be the President or Vice President , Governor and Lieutenant - Governor of the States as specified in the Constitution of India 30 to be a member of Rajya Sabha ( the upper house of Parliament of India ) and a Vidhan Parishad ( the upper house of a State Legislature , in those states where the legislature is bicameral . ) 25 to be the Prime Minister , Lok Sabha Speaker , Union Minister , Chief Minister , Vidhan Sabha Speaker , Minister in the State Governments . Additionally , to be a member of Lok Sabha ( the lower house of Parliament of India ) and a Vidhan Sabha ( the lower house a State Legislature in the States of India . ) 21 to be the Mayor , Chairman , Head and a Member ( Members are variously called Corporators / Councillors / Ward Members according to the type of their respective local bodies ) of a Nagar Nigam ( Municipal Corporation ) , Nagar Palika ( Municipal Council ) , Nagar Panchayat ( Town Committee ) , Gram Sabha ( Village Council ) and Gram Panchayat ( Village Committee ) respectively . Indonesia ( edit ) In Indonesia a person must be at least : 35 to be President or Vice President as specified in the Constitution of Indonesia 30 to be Governor or Lieutenant Governor , as specified in the 2004 Regional Government Act 25 to be Regent , Vice Regent , Mayor , or Deputy Mayor , as specified in the 2004 Regional Government Act 21 to be Senator or Representative in both national and local parliament , as specified in the 2008 Election Act Israel ( edit ) In Israel one must be at least 21 to become a member of the Knesset ( Basic Law : The Knesset section 6 ( a ) ) or a municipality . When the Prime Minister was directly elected , one must have been a member of the Knesset who is at least 30 to be a candidate for Prime Minister . Every Israeli Citizen ( including minors ) can be elected as President of Israel , but the role is mostly ceremonial and elected by the Parliament . Italy ( edit ) In Italy a person must be at least 50 to be President of the Republic , 40 to be a Senator , and 25 to be a Deputy , as specified in the 1947 Constitution of Italy . 18 years of age is sufficient , however , to be elected member of the Council of Regions , Provinces , and Municipalities ( Communes ) . Iran ( edit ) In Iran a person must be at least 21 years old to run for president . Iraq ( edit ) In Iraq , the constitution states that a person must be at least 40 years old to run for president and 35 years old to run for Prime Minister . The Iraqi Election Law No. 45 of 2013 states that a person must be 30 years old to run for the House of Representatives . There are proposals by various MP 's to amend the Law and reduce the age from 30 to 25 . Ireland ( edit ) The 1937 Constitution of Ireland requires the President to be at least 35 and members of the Oireachtas ( legislature ) to be 21 . Members of the European Parliament for Ireland must also be 21 . Members of local authorities must be 18 , reduced from 21 in 1973 . The 1922 -- 37 Constitution of the Irish Free State required TDs ( members of the Dáil , lower house ) to be 21 , whereas Senators had to be 35 ( reduced to 30 in 1928 ) . The Thirty - fifth Amendment of the Constitution ( Age of Eligibility for Election to the Office of President ) Bill 2015 proposes to lower the presidential age limit to 21 . However , this proposal was rejected by 73 % of the voters . Japan ( edit ) In Japan a person must be at least : 25 to be the Member of parliament of the House of Representatives with Japanese nationality 30 to be the Member of parliament of the House of Councillors with Japanese nationality See also : House of Peers ( Japan ) 25 to be the Member of metropolitan , prefecture , city , town or village with valid vote rights 30 to be the Governor 25 to be the Mayor Korea , South ( edit ) President : 40 Member of National Assembly : 25 Governor , Mayor : 25 Malaysia ( edit ) In Malaysia , any citizen 21 years of age or older can become a candidate and be elected to the Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Undangan Negeri . Minimum age for the Senator is 30 . Mexico ( edit ) In Mexico a person must be at least 35 to be President , 25 to be a Senator , or 21 to be a Congressional Deputy , as specified in the 1917 Constitution of Mexico . Netherlands ( edit ) In the Netherlands , any adult 18 years of age or older can become a candidate and be elected in any public election . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand the minimum age required to be elected Prime Minister of New Zealand is 18 years old . Citizens and permanent residents who are enrolled as an elector are eligible to be a candidate for election as a Member of Parliament . Nigeria ( edit ) In Nigeria , a person must be at least 40 years of age to be elected President or Vice President , 35 to be a Senator or State Governor , and 30 to be a Representative in parliament . Norway ( edit ) In Norway , any adult can become a candidate and be elected in any public election , from the calendar year that he or she turns 18 years . Pakistan ( edit ) In Pakistan , a person must be at least 40 years old to be President . Philippines ( edit ) President and Vice President : 40 Senator : 35 Regional governor : 35 Member of the House of Representatives : 25 Provincial - level elected official : 23 City - level elected official : 21 Municipal - level elected official : 21 Member of the regional legislative assembly : 21 Barangay - level elected official : 18 Member of youth councils : 18 - 24 Poland ( edit ) President : 35 Senator : 30 Mayor / Wójt : 25 Poseł : 21 Member of the European Parliament : 21 Councillor : 18 South Africa ( edit ) Section 47 , Clause 1 of the 1996 Constitution of South Africa states that `` Every citizen who is qualified to vote for the National Assembly is eligible to be a member of the Assembly '' , defaulting to Section 46 which `` provides for a minimum voting age of 18 years '' in National Assembly elections ; Sections 106 and 105 provide the same for provincial legislatures . Turkey ( edit ) The 1876 constitution set the age for parliamentary eligibility as 30 . This remained unchanged until 13 October 2006 , when it was lowered to 25 through a constitutional amendment . In 2017 , it was further lowered to 18 , the same as the voting age . The Prime Minister of Turkey has to be a member of the parliament , hence it has the same requirements as parliamentary eligibility . The age of candidacy for the President is 40 . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the UK ( other than in Scotland ) a person must be aged 18 or over ( 16 in Scotland ) to stand in elections to all parliaments , assemblies , and councils at the European , UK , devolved , or local level . This age requirement also applies in elections to any individual elective public office ; the main example is that of an elected mayor , whether of London or a local authority . There are no higher age requirements for particular positions in public office . Candidates are required to be aged 18 on both the day of nomination and the day of the poll . This was reduced from 21 by the Electoral Administration Act 2006 . United states ( edit ) Main article : Age of candidacy laws in the United States In the United States , a person must be at least 35 to be President or Vice President , 30 to be a Senator , and 25 to be a Representative , as specified in the U.S. Constitution . Most states in the U.S. also have age requirements for the offices of Governor , State Senator , and State Representative . Some states have a minimum age requirement to hold any elected office ( usually 21 or 18 ) . Venezuela ( edit ) In Venezuela , a person must be at least 30 to be President or Vice President , 21 to be a deputy for the National Assembly and 25 to be the Governor of a state . See also ( edit ) Youth Youth suffrage Youth rights Ageism Ballot access Electoral reform Voting age Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Broughton , Thomas ; Marcia Patterson ( 1951 ) . The Magistrates of the Roman Republic . American Philological Association . p. 388 . Jump up ^ `` BYC Youth Manifesto '' ( PDF ) . British Youth Council . 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 28 . Young people believe that the age to stand as candidates for local , regional , national and European elections should be 16 , as should the age to become a trustee of a charity . Young people have significant responsibilities to society at the age of 16 and can have significant responsibilities in the private sector as company directors ; this inconsistency should be rectified . Young people have lots to offer and the decision of their appointment to positions of political authority or governance of organisations should be in the hands of the electorate or membership respectfully . Jump up ^ `` Unsworn Senators '' . Time Magazine ( January 14 , 1935 ) . Jump up ^ Battle , Dick ; Tom Flake ( January 5 , 1955 ) . `` Senate Vote Ousts Fulton '' . Nashville Banner . Jump up ^ O'Brian , Jack ( 11 January 1969 ) . `` Senate To Have Ineligible Man '' . Spartanburg Herald . Spartanburg , SC . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Jo ( 2008 ) . We Will Be Heard : Women 's Struggles for Political Power in the United States . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 91 . Only 31 , Linda Jenness did not meet the Constitutional age requirement to hold the office of President , but the SWP was on the ballot in 25 states -- six more than in 1968 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 Presidential General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Presidency 2004 '' . Politics1.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 16 . Since they were n't going to be elected anyways , the Socialist Workers Party did n't care that they nominated a ticket entirely ineligible to be elected . Why ? Because Róger Calero is both foreign born and also not a US citizen ; and Arrin Hawkins is too young . To avoid ballot access problems for the SWP , as the constitutional ineligibility may also render them unable to be listed on the ballot in some states , the 2000 SWP ticket of James Harris for President and Margaret Trowe for Vice President are being used in states that will not permit the Calero - Hawkins slate to be listed . Jump up ^ `` How old is old enough ? '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . British Youth Council . October 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16 . BYC believes that at the age of 18 a person may hold elected office . A candidate 's breadth of life experience is something that can be evaluated by the electorate ... BYC strongly believes that the age of voting should be lowered to 16 and candidacy age should be lowered to 18 ... Jump up ^ The Electoral Administration Act 2006 ( Commencement No. 2 , Transitional and Savings Provisions ) Order 2006 , article 3 and Schedule 1 ( 14 ) ( d ) . Jump up ^ The Electoral Administration Act 2006 - Part 5 , Section 17 Archived July 2 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 31 / BNR ( XXIII . GP ) Bundes - Verfassungsgesetz , ss. 2 and 6 , Republik Österreich Parlament ( German ) . Retrieved on 1 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Bundes - Verfassungsgesetz - Federal Constitutional Law 1920 , 1929 version Archived February 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved on 3 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Laws of Belize , Volume II , Title VIII , Chapter 88 , Part III . `` Any person shall be eligible to be elected as a member of a council who : is a citizen of Belize ; and has ordinarily resided in the village for at least one year immediately preceding the election ; and is at least eighteen years old . '' Jump up ^ Brazilian Constitution ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ `` Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional '' . leychile.cl . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the People 's Republic of China , Section 2 , Article 79 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the Republic of Estonia Archived April 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Landtagswahlgesetz - LWG I. Allgemeines - § 4 Wählbarkeit . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Piven , Ben ; Ben Willers ( 11 June 2013 ) . `` Infographic : Choosing Iran 's next president '' . Al Jazeera English . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Iraq , Article 68 Jump up ^ Constitution of Iraq , Article 77 Jump up ^ Iraqi Election Law No. 45 of 2013 , Article 8 ( a ) Jump up ^ Constitution of Ireland Article 12.4. 1 ° ( President ) Article 16.1. 1 ° ( Dáil Éireann ) , Article 18.2 ( Seanad Éireann ) ^ Jump up to : `` Children and rights in Ireland '' . p . Elections . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` European Parliament Elections Act , 1997 , Section 11 '' . Irish Statute Book . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Electoral ( Amendment ) Act , 1973 , Section 4 '' . Irish Statute Book . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Irish Free State ( Saorstát Eireann ) Act , 1922 , Schedule 1 '' . Irish Statute Book . pp. Article 14 . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the Irish Free State , Article 31 ; `` Constitution ( Amendment No. 8 ) Act , 1928 , Section 1 '' . Irish Statute Book . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Referendum 2015 : Home '' . Dublin : Referendum Commission . 2015 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2015 . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 公職選挙法 '' . Ministry of Justice ( Japan ) . Jump up ^ 국가 법령 정보 센터 - 공직 선거법 Jump up ^ NEW ZEALAND 'S SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT - Copyright © Electoral Commission New Zealand Jump up ^ `` 18 maddelik anayasa değişikliği teklifinin tam metni '' . Evrensel.net ( in Turkish ) . 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Age of Candidacy Law & Legal Definition '' . USLegal.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela - Part 5 , Chapter II , Article 227 Jump up ^ Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela - Part 5 , Chapter I , Article 188 , Section 2 Jump up ^ Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela - Part 4 , Chapter III , Article 160 ( hide ) Lists of countries by laws and law enforcement rankings Age of Consent Legal candidacy for political office Criminal responsibility Legal drinking Legal driving Majority Legal marriage Retirement age Mandatory retirement School leaving Legal smoking Voting Suffrage Youth suffrage Working age Drugs Alcohol Alcohol consumption Alcohol law Bath salts Legal status of Mephedrone Legal status of MPDV Legal status of Methylone Cannabis Legality annual use lifetime use Cocaine use Legality Methamphetamine Legality LSD Legality Opiate use Salvia divinorum Legality Death Legality of euthanasia Homicide by decade Law enforcement killings Legality of suicide Legality of assisted suicide Guns Deaths Ownership Punishment Corporal punishment At home At school In court Death penalty Incarceration Obscenity Incest Laws Pornography Child pornography Simulated child pornography Cartoon pornography depicting minors Internet pornography Prostitution Sexual assault Child sexual abuse Rape Sodomy law Sex trafficking Zoophilia Censorship Censorship by country Book censorship by country Film censorship by country Internet censorship by country Map censorship Political censorship Video gaming censorship by country Human rights Children 's rights Military use of children Intersex rights LGBT Rights Slavery Human trafficking Travel Freedom of movement by country In the air Abode Property and Environmental Air Estate Land Minerals Mining Mortgage Water Riparian water Business Corporate Corporate liability Competition Mergers and acquisitions Monopoly Legality of bitcoin by country or territory International ownership International Waters Sea law Maritime law Antarctic Treaty System Other Abortion law Minors and abortion Animal rights Immigration law Human cloning National legal systems Police brutality Prisoner abuse Religious law Separation of church and state Sharia Size of police forces World Justice Project List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Age_of_candidacy&oldid=800227190 '' Categories : Electoral restrictions Legal terminology Lists by country Minimum ages Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2016 USA - centric All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 05 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how old do you have to be to be prime minister of uk	[ "In the UK (other than in Scotland) a person must be aged 18 or over (16 in Scotland) to stand in elections to all parliaments, assemblies, and councils at the European, UK, devolved, or local level. This age requirement also applies in elections to any individual elective public office; the main example is that of an elected mayor, whether of London or a local authority. There are no higher age requirements for particular positions in public office. Candidates are required to be aged 18 on both the day of nomination and the day of the poll. This was reduced from 21 by the Electoral Administration Act 2006." ]	[ "18 or over" ]
1770991828175209436	Wonders of the World	Wonders of the World - wikipedia Wonders of the World Jump to : navigation , search This article is about natural and constructed phenomena and structures of the world . For other uses of `` Wonders of the World '' , see Wonders of the World ( disambiguation ) . The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World ( from left to right , top to bottom ) : Great Pyramid of Giza , Hanging Gardens of Babylon , Temple of Artemis at Ephesus , Statue of Zeus at Olympia , Mausoleum at Halicarnassus ( also known as the Mausoleum of Mausolus ) , Colossus of Rhodes , and the Lighthouse of Alexandria as depicted by 16th - century Dutch artist Maarten van Heemskerck . Various lists of the Wonders of the World have been compiled from antiquity to the present day , to catalogue the world 's most spectacular natural wonders and manmade structures . The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World is the first known list of the most remarkable creations of classical antiquity ; it was based on guidebooks popular among Hellenic sightseers and only includes works located around the Mediterranean rim and in Mesopotamia . The number seven was chosen because the Greeks believed it represented perfection and plenty , and because it was the number of the five planets known anciently , plus the sun and moon . Many similar lists have been made . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seven Wonders of the Ancient World 2 Lists from other eras 3 Recent lists 3.1 American Society of Civil Engineers 3.2 USA Today 's New Seven Wonders 3.3 Seven Natural Wonders of the World 3.4 New7Wonders of the World 3.5 New7Wonders of Nature 3.6 New7Wonders Cities 3.7 Seven Wonders of the Underwater World 3.8 Seven Wonders of the Industrial World 3.9 Other lists of wonders of the world 3.10 Seven Wonders movie 3.11 Seven Wonders of the Solar System 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Seven Wonders of the ancient World Main article : Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The Great Pyramid of Giza , the only wonder of the ancient world still in existence The Colosseum in Rome The Great Wall of China Hagia Sophia Stonehenge Machu Picchu Taj Mahal Empire State Building Golden Gate Bridge The Victoria Falls contain the largest sheet of falling water in the world in terms of area The Great Barrier Reef CN Tower Chichen Itza Old City of Jerusalem The Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights Grand Canyon The London sewerage system 's original Abbey Mills pumping station The Sydney Opera House The historian Herodotus ( 484 -- ca . 425 BC ) and the scholar Callimachus of Cyrene ( ca . 305 -- 240 BC ) , at the Museum of Alexandria , made early lists of seven wonders . Their writings have not survived , except as references . The classic seven wonders were : Colossus of Rhodes Great Pyramid of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Lighthouse of Alexandria Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Statue of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Artemis at Ephesus The only ancient world wonder that still exists is the Great Pyramid of Giza . Lists from other eras In the 19th and early 20th centuries , some writers wrote their own lists with names such as Wonders of the Middle Ages , Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages , Seven Wonders of the Medieval Mind , and Architectural Wonders of the Middle Ages . However , it is unlikely that these lists originated in the Middle Ages , because the word `` medieval '' was not invented until the Enlightenment - era , and the concept of a Middle Age did not become popular until the 16th century . Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable refers to them as `` later list ( s ) '' , suggesting the lists were created after the Middle Ages . Many of the structures on these lists were built much earlier than the Medieval Ages but were well known . Typically representative are : Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa Colosseum Great Wall of China Hagia Sophia Leaning Tower of Pisa Porcelain Tower of Nanjing Stonehenge Other sites sometimes included on such lists : Cairo Citadel Cluny Abbey Ely Cathedral Taj Mahal Recent lists Following in the tradition of the classical list , modern people and organisations have made their own lists of wonderful things ancient and modern . Some of the most notable lists are presented below . American Society of Civil Engineers In 1994 , the American Society of Civil Engineers compiled a list of Seven Wonders of the Modern World , paying tribute to the `` greatest civil engineering achievements of the 20th century '' : Wonder Date started Date finished Location Significance Channel Tunnel December 1 , 1987 May 6 , 1994 Strait of Dover , between the United Kingdom and France The longest undersea portion of any tunnel in the world . CN Tower February 6 , 1973 June 26 , 1976 Toronto , Ontario , Canada Tallest freestanding structure in the world 1976 -- 2007 . Empire State Building January 22 , 1930 May 1 , 1931 New York , NY , U.S. Tallest structure in the world 1931 -- 1967 . First building with 100 + stories . Golden Gate Bridge January 5 , 1933 May 27 , 1937 Golden Gate Strait , north of San Francisco , California , U.S. The longest suspension bridge main span in the world from 1937 to 1964 . Itaipu Dam January 1970 May 5 , 1984 Paraná River , between Brazil and Paraguay The largest operating hydroelectric facility in the world in terms of annual energy generation . Delta Works / Zuiderzee Works 1920 May 10 , 1997 Netherlands The largest hydraulic engineering project undertaken by the Netherlands during the twentieth century . Panama Canal January 1 , 1880 January 7 , 1914 Isthmus of Panama One of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken . USA Today 's New Seven Wonders In November 2006 the American national newspaper USA Today and the American television show Good Morning America revealed a new list of New Seven Wonders as chosen by six judges . An eighth wonder was chosen on November 24 , 2006 from viewer feedback . Number Wonder Location Potala Palace Lhasa , Tibet , China Old City of Jerusalem Jerusalem Polar ice caps Polar regions Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Hawaii , United States 5 Internet Earth 6 Mayan ruins Yucatán Peninsula , México 7 Great Migration of Serengeti and Masai Mara Tanzania and Kenya 8 Grand Canyon ( viewer - chosen eighth wonder ) Arizona , United States Seven natural Wonders of the World Similar to the other lists of wonders , there is no consensus on a list of seven natural wonders of the world , and there has been debate over how large the list should be . One of the many existing lists was compiled by CNN : Aurora Grand Canyon Great Barrier Reef Harbor of Rio de Janeiro Mount Everest Parícutin volcano Victoria Falls New7Wonders of the World In 2001 an initiative was started by the Swiss corporation New7Wonders Foundation to choose the New7Wonders of the World from a selection of 200 existing monuments . Twenty - one finalists were announced January 1 , 2006 . Egyptians were not happy that the only surviving original wonder , the Great Pyramid of Giza , would have to compete with the likes of the Statue of Liberty , the Sydney Opera House , and other landmarks , calling the project absurd . In response , Giza was named an honorary Candidate . The results were announced on July 7 , 2007 , in Lisbon , Portugal : Wonder Date of construction Location Great Wall of China Since 7th century BC China Petra c. 100 BC Jordan Christ the Redeemer Opened October 12 , 1931 Brazil Machu Picchu c . AD 1450 Peru Chichen Itza c . AD 600 Mexico Colosseum Completed AD 80 Italy Taj Mahal Completed c . AD 1648 India Great Pyramid of Giza ( Honorary Candidate ) Completed c. 2560 BC Egypt New7Wonders of Nature New7Wonders of Nature ( 2007 -- 11 ) , a contemporary effort to create a list of seven natural wonders chosen through a global poll , was organized by the same group as the New7Wonders of the World campaign . Iguazu Falls Hạ Long Jeju Island Puerto Princesa Underground River Table Mountain Komodo Amazon rainforest New7Wonders Cities New7Wonders Cities is the third global vote organized by New7Wonders . Durban , South Africa Vigan , The Philippines Havana , Cuba Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia Beirut , Lebanon Doha , Qatar La Paz , Bolivia Seven Wonders of the Underwater World The Seven Underwater Wonders of the World was a list drawn up by CEDAM International , an American - based non-profit group for divers , dedicated to ocean preservation and research . In 1989 CEDAM brought together a panel of marine scientists , including Dr. Eugenie Clark , to pick underwater areas which they considered to be worthy of protection . The results were announced at The National Aquarium in Washington DC by actor Lloyd Bridges , star of TV 's Sea Hunt : Palau Belize Barrier Reef Great Barrier Reef Deep - Sea Vents Galápagos Islands Lake Baikal Northern Red Sea Seven Wonders of the Industrial World British author Deborah Cadbury wrote Seven Wonders of the Industrial World , a book telling the stories of seven great feats of engineering of the 19th and early 20th centuries . In 2003 , the BBC aired a seven - part docudrama exploring the same feats , with Cadbury as a producer . Each episode dramatised the construction of one of the following industrial wonders : SS Great Eastern Bell Rock Lighthouse Brooklyn Bridge London sewerage system First Transcontinental Railroad Panama Canal Hoover Dam Other lists of Wonders of the World Numerous other authors and organisations have composed lists of the wonders of the world . Travel writer Howard Hillman published two books on the subject , one with 10 man - made wonders , and one with 10 natural wonders . British biographer , science writer , and novelist Ronald W. Clark published a book of man - made and natural wonders titled Wonders of the World , which lists 52 wonders , one for each week of the year . Seven Wonders movie Seven Wonders of the World is a 1956 film in which Lowell Thomas searches the world for natural and man made wonders and invites the audience to try to update the ancient Greek list of Wonders of the World . Seven Wonders of the Solar System In a 1999 article , Astronomy magazine listed the Seven Wonders of the Solar System . This article was later made into a video . Enceladus , a moon of Saturn The Great red spot of Jupiter The Asteroid belt The surface of the Sun The Oceans of Earth The Rings of Saturn Olympus Mons on Mars See also Eighth Wonder of the World World Heritage List -- a list of over 900 sites deemed by UNESCO to be of `` outstanding universal value '' National Seven Wonders Seven Wonders of Canada Seven Wonders of Colombia Seven Wonders of India Seven Wonders of Poland Seven Wonders of Portugal Seven Natural Wonders of Romania Seven Wonders of Russia Seven Wonders of Serbia Seven Wonders of Ukraine Seven Wonders of Wales 12 Treasures of Spain Seven Wonders of Fore ( Fore Abbey , Ireland ) Geography portal Notes Jump up ^ Both the USA Today article and the Good Morning America broadcast described this wonder as `` Jerusalem 's Old City , Israel . '' The Old City is located in East Jerusalem , which is claimed by both the State of Israel and the State of Palestine . The UN and most countries do not recognize Israel 's claim to East Jerusalem , taking the position that the final status of Jerusalem is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority . See Positions on Jerusalem for more information . References Jump up ^ Anon. ( 1993 ) . The Oxford Illustrated Encyclopedia ( First ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University . ^ Jump up to : Evans , IH ( reviser ( 1975 ) . Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable ( Centenary edition Fourth impression ( corrected ) ed . ) . London : Cassell . p. 1163 . ^ Jump up to : Hereward Carrington ( 1880 -- 1958 ) . The Seven Wonders of the World : ancient , medieval and modern `` , reprinted in the Carington Collection ( 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 7661 - 4378 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Carrington Collection . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Latham , Edward ( 1904 ) . A Dictionary of Names , Nicknames and Surnames , of Persons , Places and Things . p. 280 . OCLC 01038938 . Jump up ^ Miller , Francis Trevelyan ; Woodrow , Wilson ; Taft , William Howard ; Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1915 ) . America , the Land We Love . p. 201 . OCLC 00334597 . Jump up ^ The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the Crusades. 2001 . p. 153 . Jump up ^ `` Cluny Abbey '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . 16 . 1913 . p. 74 . OCLC 06974688 . Jump up ^ The Rough Guide To England . 1994 . p. 596 . Jump up ^ Palpa , as You Like it . p. 67 . Jump up ^ `` American Society of Civil Engineers Seven Wonders '' . Asce.org . July 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Seven Wonders panel '' . USA Today . October 27 , 2006 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Clark , Jayne ( December 22 , 2006 ) . `` The world 's 8th wonder : Readers pick the Grand Canyon '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Natural Wonders '' . CNN . November 11 , 1997 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2006 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The multimedia campaign to choose the New 7 Wonders of the World is in its final stage . '' . New7Wonders . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2007 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New 7 Wonders of the World Campaign announced 21 finalist candidates '' . New7Wonders . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2006 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt Angered at New Wonders Idea '' . Home.bellsouth.net . January 1 , 1985 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reuters via ABC News Australia `` Opera House snubbed as new Wonders unveiled '' 7 July 2007 `` . Australia : ABC . July 8 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Underwater Wonders of the World '' . Wonderclub . Retrieved August 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Manjit Kumar ( 7 November 2003 ) . `` Review : Seven Wonders of the Industrial World by Deborah Cadbury '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ Deborah Cadbury ( 2011 - 02 - 17 ) . `` British History in depth : Seven Wonders of the Industrial World '' . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Hillman , Howard . `` World 's top 10 man - made travel wonders '' . Hillman Quality Publications . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hillman , Howard . `` World 's top 10 natural travel wonders '' . Hillman Quality Publications . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Clark , Ronald W. ( 1980 ) . Wonders of the World . Artus Publishing Company Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 668 - 04932 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Wonders of the Solar System Video : '' . Aaa.org . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 22 . Further reading Ash , Russell , `` Great Wonders of the World '' . Dorling Kindersley. 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7513 - 2886 - 8 Cox , Reg , and Neil Morris , `` The Seven Wonders of the Modern World '' . Chelsea House Publications : Library . October 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 6048 - 9 Cox , Reg , Neil Morris , and James Field , `` The Seven Wonders of the Medieval World '' . Chelsea House Publications : Library . October 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 6047 - 0 D'Epiro , Peter , and Mary Desmond Pinkowish , `` What Are the Seven Wonders of the World ? and 100 Other Great Cultural Lists '' . Anchor . December 1 , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 49062 - 3 Morris , Neil , `` The Seven Wonders of the Natural World '' . Chrysalis Books . December 30 , 2002 . ISBN 1 - 84138 - 495 - X External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seven Wonders of the World . Seven Wonders of the Modern World -- a list of modern wonders compiled by the American Society of Civil Engineers 77 Wonders of the World in 360 ° A list of world wonders linking the ancient 7 Wonders of the World and the World Heritage List by UNESCO ( hide ) Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The Seven Wonders Great Pyramid of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Statue of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Artemis Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Colossus of Rhodes Lighthouse of Alexandria Related Wonders of the World Seven Wonders of the World ( 1956 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonders_of_the_World&oldid=797271752 '' Categories : Ancient history Cultural lists Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2012 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch বাংলা Български Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά فارسی ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Limburgs മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Nordfriisk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017 , at 00 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was tge great wall of china built	[ "\n\nWonder\nDate of construction\nLocation\n\n\nGreat Wall of China\nSince 7th century BC[19]\n China\n\n\nPetra\nc. 100 BC\n Jordan\n\n\nChrist the Redeemer\nOpened October 12, 1931\n Brazil\n\n\nMachu Picchu\nc. AD 1450\n Peru\n\n\nChichen Itza\nc. AD 600\n Mexico\n\n\nColosseum\nCompleted AD 80\n Italy\n\n\nTaj Mahal\nCompleted c. AD 1648\n India\n\n\nGreat Pyramid of Giza (Honorary Candidate)\nCompleted c. 2560 BC\n Egypt\n\n" ]	[ "7th century BC" ]
5373970691329340821	List of Parks and Recreation characters	List of Parks and Recreation characters - wikipedia List of Parks and Recreation characters Jump to : navigation , search Members of the regular cast of Parks and Recreation , including ( from left to right , starting with the top row ) Amy Poehler , Adam Scott , Aziz Ansari , Rob Lowe , Rashida Jones , Chris Pratt , and Aubrey Plaza . The primary characters of the American television comedy series Parks and Recreation are the employees of the parks department of Pawnee , a fictional Indiana town . The protagonist is Leslie Knope ( Amy Poehler ) , the deputy parks director as well as serving on city council , and the rest of the ensemble cast consists of her friends and co-workers , including nurse Ann Perkins ( Rashida Jones ) , parks director Ron Swanson ( Nick Offerman ) , and parks department employees Tom Haverford ( Aziz Ansari ) , April Ludgate ( Aubrey Plaza ) , Andy Dwyer ( Chris Pratt ) , Jerry Gergich ( Jim O'Heir ) , and Donna Meagle ( Retta ) . While most of the main cast have been with the series since it debuted in April 2009 , actors Rob Lowe and Adam Scott joined the cast late in the second season portraying Chris Traeger and Ben Wyatt , two state auditors who later take permanent jobs in Pawnee . Paul Schneider was a permanent cast member during the first two seasons as city planner Mark Brendanawicz , but he departed at the end of season two . Billy Eichner who portrays Craig Middlebrooks , the `` associate administrator '' of the Pawnee parks department , recurred throughout the show 's sixth season until he was promoted to the main cast in the fourth episode of the seventh season . The majority of Parks and Recreation episodes are set in Pawnee , and most of the recurring and supporting characters are friends of the main characters or residents of the town . Several guest stars have made appearances on the show , including Louis C.K. , John Larroquette , Justin Theroux and Parker Posey . Megan Mullally , Offerman 's real - life wife , played his character 's ex-wife Tammy Swanson , and Poehler 's former husband Will Arnett made an appearance as a man on a blind date with Leslie . Several of Poehler 's past colleagues on the sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live have appeared on Parks and Recreation , including Fred Armisen , Will Forte and Andy Samberg . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main cast 1.1 Leslie Knope 1.2 Ron Swanson 1.3 Tom Haverford 1.4 Ann Perkins 1.5 April Ludgate 1.6 Andy Dwyer 1.7 Ben Wyatt 1.8 Chris Traeger 1.9 Jerry Gergich 1.10 Donna Meagle 1.11 Mark Brendanawicz 1.12 Craig Middlebrooks 2 Family and friends of main characters 2.1 Dave Sanderson 2.2 Derek and Ben 2.3 Dr. Harris 2.4 Jean - Ralphio Saperstein 2.5 Justin Anderson 2.6 Li'l Sebastian 2.7 Linda Lonegan 2.8 Lucy 2.9 The Ludgate family 2.10 Marlene Griggs - Knope 2.11 Mona - Lisa Saperstein 2.12 Dr. Saperstein 2.13 Orin 2.14 Tammy Swanson ( Tammy I ) 2.15 Tammy Swanson ( Tammy II ) 2.16 Tamara Swanson ( Tammy Zero ) 2.17 Wendy Haverford 2.18 Diane Lewis 2.19 Gayle Gergich 2.20 Millicent Gergich 2.21 Gladys Gergich 2.22 Miriam Gergich 2.23 Typhoon Montalban 3 Elected officials and city employees 3.1 Bill Dexhart 3.2 Carl Lorthner 3.3 George Williams 3.4 Douglass Howser 3.5 Hugh Trumple 3.6 Jeremy Jamm 3.7 Fielding Milton 3.8 Joe Fantringham 3.9 Ken Hotate 3.10 Kyle 3.11 Mayor Gunderson 3.12 Paul Iaresco 3.13 Scott Braddock 3.14 William and Elizabeth 3.15 Ethel Beavers 3.16 Harris and Brett 4 Members of the media 4.1 Crazy Ira and The Douche 4.2 Derry Murbles and August Clementine 4.3 Joan Callamezzo 4.4 Perd Hapley 4.5 Shauna Malwae - Tweep 4.6 Kim Terlando 5 Citizens of Pawnee 5.1 Barney Varmn 5.2 Brandi Maxxxx 5.3 Chris 5.4 Jessica Wicks 5.5 Kelly Larson 5.6 Lawrence 5.7 Marcia Langman 5.8 The Newport family 5.9 Bobby Newport 5.10 Trish Ianetta 5.11 Greg Pikitis 5.12 Ron Dunn 5.13 Tynnyfer 5.14 Dr. Richard Nygard 5.15 Pete Disellio 6 People from outside Pawnee 6.1 Dennis Feinstein / Dante Fiero 6.2 Detlef Schrempf 6.3 Eduardo 6.4 Frank Beckerson 6.5 Lindsay Carlisle Shay 6.6 Raul 6.7 Johnny 6.8 Jennifer Barkley 6.9 Buddy Wood 7 Cameo appearances 7.1 Political figures 7.2 Entertainers 8 Notes 9 References Main cast ( edit ) Key : = Main ( credited in opening title sequence ) Key : = Starring ( credited after the opening title sequence , with star billing ) Key : = Recurring Key : = Guest Key : = Special Guest Character Portrayed by Seasons 5 6 7 Leslie Knope Amy Poehler Main Ann Perkins Rashida Jones Main Special Guest Mark Brendanawicz Paul Schneider Main Tom Haverford Aziz Ansari Main Ron Swanson Nick Offerman Main April Ludgate Aubrey Plaza Main Andy Dwyer Chris Pratt Recurring Main Jerry Gergich Jim O'Heir Recurring Starring Main Donna Meagle Retta Recurring Starring Main Ben Wyatt Adam Scott Guest Main Chris Traeger Rob Lowe Guest Main Special Guest Craig Middlebrooks Billy Eichner Recurring Starring Each of the following primary characters were played by members of the Parks and Recreation regular cast , rather than guest stars or non-regular supporting cast members . Leslie Knope ( edit ) Main article : Leslie Knope Amy Poehler Leslie Knope ( Amy Poehler ) is the deputy director of the Pawnee Parks and Recreation Department , and the protagonist of Parks and Recreation . Leslie is a passionate , hard - working and ambitious woman who loves her hometown of Pawnee and , unlike many around her , has not lost her optimism in the face of government bureaucracy . She believes strongly in the mission of her job , sometimes going over-the - top in her dedication to helping people . Her dream is to become the first female President of the United States . During the first two seasons , Leslie seeks to turn a construction pit into a park , despite several government obstacles and red tape . When the parks department is hindered by Pawnee 's budget problems , Leslie successfully relaunches the town 's harvest festival , which makes her department sustainable again . The third season ends with political scouts approaching her about possibly running for elected office , although she declines to inform them of her secret affair with Ben Wyatt , which could prove to be a political scandal . In season four , Leslie furthers her political ambitions when she successfully runs for city council . Season 5 focused mainly on Leslie 's experiences on the Pawnee City Council . In season six , however , she is recalled and returns full - time to work in the Parks and Recreation department . Ron Swanson ( edit ) Main article : Ron Swanson Nick Offerman Ron Swanson ( Nick Offerman ) is the parks and recreation director , although he allows Leslie to do almost all the real work in the department . Despite working in a government job , Ron is a steadfast libertarian who believes in as little government as possible and feels the parks department should not even run or maintain parks . He advocates for program cuts wherever possible , actively works to make city hall less effective , and especially detests interacting with Pawnee taxpayers . Nevertheless , Ron has a deep respect for Leslie and genuinely cares about his fellow employees , despite his efforts to hide it . Ron has a deadpan , inexpressive personality , and loves meat , hunting and breakfast foods . He has two ex-wives , both named Tammy , both of whom he hates . Ron Swanson has been praised as the show 's breakout character , and some of his traits were based on elements of Offerman 's real - life personality , like their shared affinity for woodworking and saxophone - playing . Tom Haverford ( edit ) Main article : Tom Haverford Aziz Ansari Tom Haverford ( Aziz Ansari ) was an administrator in the parks department for most of the show , although he also became a minor investor in the Snake Hole Lounge and quit at the end of the third season to form an entertainment company with his friend Jean - Ralphio . Tom was Leslie 's immediate subordinate on the parks department and the two would often work together on tasks . The sarcastic Tom seemed to care little for his mid-level government job and seldom showed any initiative or work ethic . This made him a favorite of Ron Swanson , who once quipped , `` I like Tom . He does n't do a lot of work around here . He shows zero initiative . He 's not a team player . He 's never one to go that extra mile . Tom is exactly what I 'm looking for in a government employee . '' However , Tom harbors strong aspirations of becoming a media mogul , and sometimes used his parks department job to increase his stature and curry favors with others . Tom considers himself an extremely stylish dresser and smooth pickup artist , and believes he carries himself in the style of rapper Jay - Z . He constantly hits on women , particularly Ann Perkins , but usually to little success . Tom was married to an attractive surgeon named Wendy at the start of the show , but it is eventually revealed to be a green card marriage that amicably ends in divorce . Ann Perkins ( edit ) Main article : Ann Perkins Rashida Jones Ann Perkins ( Rashida Jones ) , Leslie 's best friend , is a nurse who eventually takes a part - time position with Pawnee 's department of public health . Ann and Leslie meet after Ann requests at a town meeting that an abandoned construction pit be filled , and Leslie pushes to have it turned into a park . Even before getting her part - time Pawnee job , Ann often spent time at city hall and helped the parks department on their endeavors due to her friendship with Leslie . Ann was dating Andy Dwyer at the start of the show , but she broke up with him after the first season after learning Andy faked the severity of an injury so that Ann would pamper him . She started dating city planner Mark Brendanawicz , but they split up by the end of the second season . Ann briefly dated Chris Traeger until he broke up with her , leaving Ann emotionally distraught and prompting her to go on a string of dates with multiple men . The two secretly got back together in the sixth season and Ann became pregnant . Shortly after , Ann and Chris moved to Ann Arbor , Michigan . She had a son , Oliver , in Galentine 's Day . April Ludgate ( edit ) Main article : April Ludgate Aubrey Plaza April Ludgate ( Aubrey Plaza ) is the extremely sarcastic , apathetic and goth - like college student who started the show working as an intern in the parks and recreation department , but is eventually hired as Ron Swanson 's full - time assistant . She always speaks in a deadpan and uninterested tone of voice , often making dry comments or mocking those around her , and expresses little interest in her job . Nevertheless , she secretly has a deep appreciation for Leslie Knope . In contrast to April 's personality , her parents are extremely positive and enthusiastic people . At the start of the show , April was dating her openly gay boyfriend , Derek , who was simultaneously dating his gay boyfriend , Ben . April and Derek eventually broke up , and April harbored a crush on Andy Dwyer for most of the second season . They started dating in the third season and , after a very short period , were married during an impromptu ceremony in the episode `` Andy and April 's Fancy Party '' . She also became the manager of Andy 's band , Mouse Rat , previously known as Scarecrow Boat . When Pawnee 's Animal Control division is threatened , April recommends that the Animal Control division should be absorbed into the Parks and Recreation division . She is put in charge as the deputy director of the animal control part of Parks and Recreation . With Ann 's help , she applies and is accepted into veterinary school , which she declines to attend . Eventually she finds enjoyment in a job in Washington D.C. as a career placement counselor . Andy Dwyer ( edit ) Main article : Andy Dwyer Chris Pratt Andy Dwyer ( Chris Pratt ) is a goofy and dim - witted but lovable slacker who works as a shoeshiner at Pawnee city hall , and later works for Leslie in the Parks Department . He was dating Ann at the start of the show and , prior to the events of the first episode , he falls into a construction pit and breaks both his legs . This inadvertently caused Ann to meet Leslie after Ann attends a city hall meeting to demand the pit be filled in . Ann broke up with Andy after learning he faked the severity of his injuries so she would pamper him . The unemployed and homeless Andy initially lives in the pit , but became more self - sufficient when Leslie gets him the shoeshiner job . Andy started dating April Ludgate during the third season and , after a very short period , the two got married on a whim in the episode `` Andy and April 's Fancy Party '' . Andy is the lead singer and guitarist for his band , Mouse Rat . In the final season , he is shown hosting a children 's TV show as the character `` Johnny Karate '' . Andy was originally only meant to appear in the first season , but the Parks and Recreation producers liked Chris Pratt so much that , almost immediately after casting him , they decided to make him a regular cast member . Ben Wyatt ( edit ) Main article : Ben Wyatt ( Parks and Recreation ) Adam Scott Ben Wyatt ( Adam Scott ) is Leslie 's husband . He joined the show in the penultimate second season episode `` The Master Plan '' as an Indiana state auditor , but eventually took a job at Pawnee working for Chris . When he was 18 , Ben was elected mayor of his Minnesota hometown , but was impeached after two months because he had no government experience and bankrupted the town . He became an auditor as an attempt to redeem himself and prove he can responsibly manage city government . At the start of the show , Ben contrasted Chris ' cheery personality by bluntly describing the need for economic cuts in Pawnee , which caused conflicts between Leslie and Ben . While Ben never previously established roots in a town due to the constant traveling from his job , Ben gradually came to develop a love of Pawnee , which coincided with his developing romantic interest in Leslie herself . The two start dating in the episode `` Road Trip '' , despite Chris ' strict policy forbidding workplace romances . When he learns Leslie is running for office in the episode `` I 'm Leslie Knope '' , they break up for fear of jeopardizing Leslie 's chance of winning the election in the event they could get caught and create a scandal . However , they decide to get back together in `` Smallest Park '' . Chris Traeger ( edit ) Main article : Chris Traeger Rob Lowe Chris Traeger ( Rob Lowe ) first appeared in `` The Master Plan '' , along with Ben Wyatt , as an Indiana state auditor who visits Pawnee to help solve their crippling financial problems . This led to major budget cutbacks and , eventually , a three - month government shutdown . In the episode `` Camping '' , he took a job as acting city manager after the previous manager , Paul Iaresco , suffered a heart attack . Chris is an extremely positive person who is always upbeat and energetic . Extremely health - conscious , he exercises constantly and eats only healthy foods , and hopes to be the first human being to live 150 years . He briefly dated Ann Perkins , but the two split up in the third season . Chris imposed a strict policy against workplace dating at city hall , which serves as a detriment to Leslie and Ben . Rob Lowe was originally expected to appear in only eight episodes as a guest star , but eventually signed on to remain on the show as a permanent cast member . Jerry Gergich ( edit ) Main article : Jerry Gergich Jim O'Heir Garry `` Jerry '' / `` Larry '' / `` Terry '' / `` Gengurch '' / Gergich ( Jim O'Heir ) is a parks and recreation department employee who is regularly mocked and taunted by his fellow co-workers . Jerry is clumsy , overweight and often mangles his speech while speaking publicly . He is teased so badly that , after falling and dislocating his shoulder in the episode `` Park Safety '' , he falsely claimed he was robbed just so his co-workers would not make fun of him . However , despite their jokes at his expense , the parks department employees like Jerry , and Jerry himself claims not to mind the jokes because he is nearing retirement with a full pension . Jerry often demonstrates great artistic talent and is an excellent pianist and painter , although his talents are usually overlooked , ignored or even mocked by his colleagues as though they were character faults . Jerry 's personality was not established until the second season , but the producers cast O'Heir at the start of the show because they liked the actor and decided they would develop the character later in the series . In an episode of season 4 during Leslie 's trial for the relationship she had with Ben , Jerry reveals his real first name , Garry , while under oath . He then goes on to explain that he was accidentally called Jerry by a high - ranking employee of the city and thought it was rude to correct him . It was also revealed that he has a Leap Day birthday and is 64 / 16 years old . In contrast to his awkwardness at work , Jerry leads an idyllic family life with his gorgeous wife , Gayle ( played by Christie Brinkley ) , and their children , as shown when he hosts a holiday party in the Season 5 episode `` Ron and Diane '' . In season six , his coworkers take to permanently calling him Larry instead of Jerry . In a flash forward sequence in the season six finale , Jerry is shown working for Leslie at her new job three years in the future , with Leslie now calling him Terry . He is named mayor of Pawnee in the second to last episode of season 7 . In flash forwards in the series finale , it is revealed that he was elected mayor multiple times before retiring and dying peacefully in Gayle 's arms surrounded by his family on his 100th birthday . Donna Meagle ( edit ) Main article : Donna Meagle Retta Donna Meagle ( Retta ) is an employee for the parks and recreation department . Confident and lively , she has been described by NBC as the `` parks diva '' . Donna enjoys partying , and often takes two shots of alcohol at once without any problem . She can be extremely competitive , especially when it comes to dating , where she has an every woman for herself philosophy . Nevertheless , Donna helped Ann recover from her bad break - up with Chris by giving her advice and encouraging her to pursue rebound dates . Donna has worked at the parks department longer than Leslie , and is one of the few people who can speak sternly to Ron Swanson . She is the proud owner of a Mercedes , which she is extremely protective of and often brags about . As with Jerry Gergich , the personality for Donna was not established until the second season , but Retta was cast during the first season because the producers liked her , and they decided they would establish her character as the series progressed . Mark Brendanawicz ( edit ) Main article : Mark Brendanawicz Mark Brendanawicz ( Paul Schneider ) was a Pawnee city planner who dated Ann Perkins for much of the second season . According to Aziz Ansari 's character , Tom Haverford , `` He 's stuck it in some crazy chicks . '' At the start of the show , Mark was an unrequited love interest for Leslie Knope . The two had once had a one - night stand six years earlier and Leslie never got over him , although Mark did not return her affections . Jaded and disillusioned with his job due to government red tape , Mark often pragmatically insisted to Leslie that her ambitions to turn a construction pit into a park were unlikely to succeed . Nevertheless , he admired Leslie 's unwavering optimism in the face of government ineffectiveness and tried to help her . In the first season finale `` Rock Show '' , a drunken Mark tried to kiss Leslie , but she rejected him and he accidentally falls into the pit . Although Mark is selfish and promiscuous with women at the start of the show , he becomes kinder when he starts dating Ann , and even plans to propose to her . After she broke up with him , Mark left his city hall position for a job in the private sector , marking Schneider 's departure from the series . He did not appear in any episodes after Season 2 , and the show pointedly made no references to him ever having been there at all , most notably in the episode where Ann Perkins left Pawnee and the storyline reviewed her many pre-marriage / pregnancy romances but erased Mark from that listing even though they dated for almost all of Season 2 . The only remaining references are that the mural mock - up he made hangs in Ron 's office through season 6 , and a laptop bag he gives to Ann Perkins appears as a prop through season 5 . Craig Middlebrooks ( edit ) Main article : Craig Middlebrooks Billy Eichner Craig Middlebrooks ( Billy Eichner ) is the former office manager of Eagleton 's parks department , the equivalent of Donna 's position in Pawnee . In the episode `` Doppelgangers '' , he and other Eagleton employees were brought in to Pawnee 's offices after the Pawnee -- Eagleton city merger . Craig is the one former Eagleton Parks employee not laid off after the merger , and continues to work at the Pawnee offices under the title of `` Associate Administrator '' . By 2017 , he has replaced Ron Swanson as director of the Pawnee Parks department . Craig at first seemed to be the polar opposite to Donna 's more laid - back personality ( with layoffs imminent , Donna actually suggested to Leslie that Craig should have her job because he was much more passionate ) . The two of them bonded over their mutual love of the TV series Scandal . The overdramatic Craig often raises his voice to the point of shouting , and frequently blows things out of proportion , although he proves to be a highly efficient employee who is familiar with city politics and a strong negotiator . After recurring heavily during the show 's sixth season , Eichner was promoted to a main cast member in the seventh season , beginning with the fourth episode `` Leslie and Ron '' . Family and friends of main characters ( edit ) Dave Sanderson ( edit ) Stand - up comedian Louis C.K. guest starred as Pawnee police Sergeant Dave Sanderson . Dave Sanderson ( Louis C.K. ) is a former boyfriend of Leslie Knope and ex-police sergeant in Pawnee . Socially awkward , Dave always speaks in an extremely deadpan and technical tone of voice , but has a sweet personality despite his serious and sometimes gruff exterior , with one Pawnee cop telling Leslie that Dave had been the crankiest member of the force until he met her . He first appears in `` The Stakeout '' , where he arrested Tom after finding him suspiciously lingering in a parked van . Leslie angrily demanded that Dave set Tom free , and Dave immediately found Leslie attractive . He asked her on a date in `` Beauty Pageant '' and she accepted , although she initially hesitated when Dave failed to recognize photos of major female political figures hanging in Leslie 's office . Nervous about the upcoming first date , Leslie became drunk in `` Practice Date '' and visited Dave 's house in the middle of the night , acting foolish until Dave brought her home . Leslie was humiliated , but Dave comforted her the next day and they continued dating . In `` Greg Pikitis '' , Dave helped Leslie monitor her nemesis , high school student Greg Pikitis , on Halloween night and ultimately helped catch him in the middle of committing a prank . Dave made what seemed to be his final appearance in `` Christmas Scandal '' , when he told Leslie he is in the United States Army Reserve and has been called for maintenance work in San Diego . He invited Leslie to move there with him , but she insisted she could not leave her home of Pawnee , so they amicably split up . In `` Dave Returns '' , Dave comes back to Pawnee for the retirement party of the current police chief . On a whim , Leslie invites Dave out to dinner with her and Ben and while Ben is in the bathroom , Dave reveals to Leslie that he still has feelings for her . He then handcuffed Ben in the bathroom , but Ben had access to his cell phone and called Leslie , who then sat down for a friendly but firm chat with Dave where she said she was in love with Ben . Dave apologized for his behavior and accepted the situation , being glad to know that Leslie is happy . At the end of the episode , he finally convinced Ben to use the bathroom ( Ben has a fear of cops ) in the form of a command , which Ben gratefully accepts . Derek and Ben ( edit ) Derek ( Blake Lee ) is April Ludgate 's openly gay ex-boyfriend , who himself had a gay boyfriend named Ben ( Josh Duvendeck ) while dating her . Like April , both Derek and Ben are cynical and sarcastic , often mocking others around them . The two first appear together in `` Pawnee Zoo '' , where they and April congratulate Leslie for organizing a publicity stunt that married two homosexual penguins at the local zoo . In `` Sweetums '' , they begin to notice April is spending more time with Andy Dwyer , and they mock his personality , upsetting and embarrassing April . In `` Galentine 's Day '' , Derek and Ben attend a senior citizen dance party , where they mock the seniors . Tired of their constantly sarcastic behavior , and growing more romantically interested in Andy , April breaks up with them . Derek and Ben reappear again , in the episode `` Andy and April 's Fancy Party '' , making brief cameos as flower - men at Andy 's and April 's wedding . Dr. Harris ( edit ) Dr. Harris ( Cooper Thornton ) is a doctor who works at the hospital with Ann Perkins . He has an extremely sarcastic personality and responds to everything in a deadpan manner . He first appeared in the first season finale `` Rock Show '' , where he tended to Andy Dwyer , who broke his legs falling into a construction pit . He appeared again in `` Greg Pikitis '' , where he attended Ann 's Halloween party dressed as a doctor . When the party proves boring , Dr. Harris left early and took the bottle of wine he brought to Ann 's party because no one drank it . Dr. Harris tended to Andy again in `` Freddy Spaghetti '' , after Andy was struck by a car while riding his motorcycle . When Andy asked whether Dr. Harris can have him fully healed in the next 10 minutes , the doctor sarcastically responded , `` Sure , I 'll just advance medical science 30 years . '' He also appeared in the third season finale `` Li'l Sebastian '' , where he treated Chris Traeger for a case of tendinitis . Chris responded to Dr. Harris ' sarcasm by declaring him `` literally the meanest person I have ever met . '' Jean - Ralphio Saperstein ( edit ) Main article : Jean - Ralphio Saperstein Jean - Ralphio Saperstein ( Ben Schwartz ) is the idiotic and cocky friend of Tom Haverford who , like Tom himself , fancies himself a pickup artist and baller , although he is looked upon with contempt by most people around him except Tom . He tries to dress stylishly , makes up and raps spontaneous rhymes and often speaks in slang terms such as variations of the suffix - izzle as popularized by rapper Snoop Dogg. Jean - Ralphio is first introduced in `` The Set Up '' , when Tom brought him in for an interview to be Ron Swanson 's new assistant ; he was quickly rejected . Jean - Ralphio contributed $5,000 when Tom was seeking a $10,000 investment in the Snakehole Lounge nightclub . In the third season finale , `` Li'l Sebastian '' , Tom quit his city hall job to form an entertainment company with Jean - Ralphio called Entertainment 720 . The role of Jean - Ralphio was created specifically for Schwartz because the Parks and Recreation producers liked the actor so much . Justin Anderson ( edit ) Justin Theroux portrayed lawyer Justin Anderson , a love interest for Leslie Knope . Justin Anderson ( Justin Theroux ) is a lawyer and long - time friend of Ann who briefly dated Leslie . He is very charming , regularly travels around the world and has done many extravagant things , such as mountain climbing . He loves telling entertaining stories , and sometimes seems less interested in the people around him than he is in listening to and learning new stories . Justin and Ann never dated , but she seems to secretly harbor romantic feelings for him , something that caused difficulties between Ann and Andy when they were dating . Justin first appears in `` The Set Up '' , when he provided legal advice to the Parks and Recreation department , and Leslie developed a romantic interest in him . She asks Ann to set them up , but she hesitated to do so , prompting Mark to accuse her of still having feelings for Justin . Ann finally sets up a date , and the two start dating regularly . Impressed by Justin 's worldliness , Leslie was so determined to impress him with a house party that , in `` Leslie 's House '' , she abused her government power by recruiting town employees to provide entertainment . Justin made his final appearance in `` Galentine 's Day '' , when Justin and Leslie tried to find Frank Beckerson , the long - lost love of Leslie 's mother Marlene , and reunite the two . Upon finding him , Leslie quickly realized Frank is too strange and tried to call the plan off , but Justin insisted on going through with it . After the evening ends disastrously , Ron points out to Leslie that Justin is a selfish person who only cares about getting more stories , so she breaks up with him . Tom , who strongly admired Justin 's hipness and idolized him , became extremely disappointed by the break - up and reacted like a child whose parents are divorcing . Li'l Sebastian ( edit ) Li'l Sebastian is a miniature horse , who debuted at the Pawnee Harvest Festival in 1987 , as an instant sensation . That week he was the eighth most photographed item in the United States . He also received an honorary degree from Notre Dame . Leslie brings him back for the Harvest Festival in season three , although he was much older and had many ailments , including cataracts , diabetes , and arthritis . His return brought excitement and joy to all of Pawnee , except for Ben , who did n't understand what made him so special . In the season three finale , Li'l Sebastian dies , and everyone is devastated . Leslie used Tom 's company , Entertainment 720 , to give Li'l Sebastian a funeral . Andy then writes the song `` 5000 Candles in the Wind '' to honor Li'l Sebastian . Linda Lonegan ( edit ) Professor Linda Lonegan ( Danielle Bisutti ) was Andy 's Women 's Studies professor . She first appeared in Smallest Park , where she made an quite an impression on Andy , April , and particularly Ron . Ron even stated `` If that woman was n't so violently opposed to marriage , I 'd propose to her '' . When Andy finished the course , Linda went to dinner with them to celebrate , where April tried to set her up with Chris . Although Linda seemed to have a connection with Chris , she went home with Ron , revealing her attraction to him , for the entire night . Lucy ( edit ) Lucy ( Natalie Morales ) is a bartender at the Snakehole Lounge and the eventual wife of Tom Haverford . Lucy meets Tom in `` The Master Plan '' after he came to the bar to settle his tab from the night before , when he unsuccessfully attempted to pick up several girls by buying drinks for them . Rather than try to pick up Lucy like the other girls , he simply acts like himself , and the two end up hitting it off and started dating . Lucy is intelligent and funny , and she freely accepts Tom 's immature and sometimes inappropriate personality . She jokingly claimed to be attracted to Tom because , `` You 're cute and you 're small enough for me to throw you around . '' However , it eventually became clear to Lucy that Tom was not over his ex-wife Wendy , particularly due to how upset he got when Ron Swanson starts dating her . In `` Time Capsule '' , Lucy broke up with Tom , but told him he should call her if he ever gets over Wendy . In `` End of the World , '' Lucy attends Tom 's `` best party of all time , '' the two have a good time , and she kisses Tom the next morning , hinting at the possibility of their relationship starting up again . Tom and Lucy rekindle their relationship in Season 7 , and Tom proposes to Lucy , which she accepts , in `` Two Funerals '' . The Ludgate family ( edit ) April Ludgate 's parents , Larry ( John Ellison Conlee ) and Rita ( Terri Hoyos ) are , in contrast to April 's sarcastic and apathetic personality , extremely enthusiastic and positive people , who affectionally call their daughter Zuzu . Rita is from Puerto Rico , which April sardonically claims is what makes herself so `` lively and colorful '' ; otherwise , however , Larry and Rita represent the archetypical Midwesterner couple . Their other daughter and April 's younger sister , Natalie ( Minni Jo Mazzola ) , is much more like April in personality : she is sullen , dismissive of others and seemingly uninterested in everything around her . The Ludgate family is first introduced in `` 94 Meetings '' , when Ron met them after coming to the Ludgate home to speak with April . Larry and Rita were extremely pleased to meet him , and April revealed Rita is a big fan of Ron 's secret jazz saxophonist alter ego , Duke Silver . The family also attended April and Andy 's surprise wedding ceremony in `` Andy and April 's Fancy Party '' , where they voiced their approval of the marriage . Natalie gave an unsentimental and indifferent speech about her sister during the reception , calling April `` lame '' , but Andy `` sort of cool '' , but the speech was still enough to reduce an emotional April to tears , leading to her hugging Natalie . Marlene Griggs - Knope ( edit ) Main article : Marlene Griggs - Knope Marlene Griggs - Knope ( Pamela Reed ) is Leslie 's mother and a major political figure in Pawnee 's school system . She is a shrewd and cunning politician who is willing to resort to unethical tactics to get her way . Although Leslie has very different standards , she nevertheless sees Marlene as a source of inspiration , and is extremely eager to impress her mother . Marlene has low expectations for her daughter 's ability to succeed , but is ultimately supportive of her , as indicated in `` Canvassing '' when Marlene attended Leslie 's public forum in support of her despite privately predicting it would be a `` train wreck '' . In `` The Banquet '' , Marlene encouraged Leslie to use scandalous information to blackmail a Pawnee zoning official into supporting Leslie 's park project . In `` The Bubble '' , Leslie secretly prepared her boyfriend Ben for a meeting with Marlene with the hopes her mother would be impressed with him . The plan backfired , however , when Marlene became attracted to Ben and made a pass at him . Mona - Lisa Saperstein ( edit ) Jenny Slate Mona - Lisa Saperstein ( Jenny Slate ) is the crazy , outgoing twin sister of Jean - Ralphio Saperstein , described by him as `` a klepto , and a nympho , and a pyro '' . She is also the former girlfriend of Tom Haverford . She is partly responsible for the opening of her father 's , Dr. Saperstein 's , store which eventually runs Tom Haverford 's Rent - a-Swag store out of business . She first appeared in season 5 and continued to appear in the final two seasons ( particularly Season 6 ) as an unreformed lunatic who frightened / terrorized anyone in her path . When she appears in Season 7 her father offers an embarrassed explanation for her insanity by telling Ben and April one word : `` pills . '' Dr. Saperstein ( edit ) Dr. Saperstein ( Henry Winkler ) , the father of Jean - Ralphio and Mona - Lisa , is a gynecologist in Pawnee who invests in several area businesses . Though he openly admits his two children are ne'er - do - well leeches , he loves them unconditionally anyway . After Tom and Mona - Lisa break up , Dr. Saperstein opens a store similar to Tom 's Rent - a-Swag directly across the street for the express purpose of ruining Tom and forcing him to sell his store cheaply . He later relents a bit and offers Tom a deal that will let him break even as well as get a small portion of `` Tommy 's Closet '' revenues going forward , which Tom glumly accepts . He is also the doctor whom Ann and Chris go to while the former is pregnant . In the season six finale , he shows up to the opening of Tom 's Bistro ( Tom is aghast to see him , but Mona - Lisa cluelessly followed up on Tom 's request to bring in big names ) and is happy when it appears the restaurant is going to flop . However , he later states the food is incredible and asks Tom if he can be a minority investor , to which Tom coolly replies that he will give Dr. Saperstein 's offer some time and thought . Orin ( edit ) Orin ( Eric Isenhower ) is the creepy and intense friend of April Ludgate . He seldom speaks and often stares at people and makes them feel awkward . He first appeared in `` April and Andy 's Fancy Party '' , where he made Ben feel uncomfortable ; at one point Ben said to him , `` No , Orin , I do n't know how I 'm going to die . Wait , are you asking me or telling me ? '' At that same party , Orin spoke to Chris , but Chris was so positive he overwhelmed Orin . Orin reappeared in an art show at `` Jerry 's Painting '' , where he stood silently and motionlessly next to his exhibition : a completely blank canvas . Orin was originally mentioned in a throw - away joke in `` Time Capsule '' , but Parks and Recreation screenwriter Katie Dippold liked the idea of the character so much she worked him into her script for `` Andy and April 's Fancy Party '' . When Leslie had everyone bring a potential date for single Ann Perkins to a Valentine 's Day dance , April ( who does n't like Ann ) brought Orin ; Leslie proceeded to insult Orin and then told him she meant every word of it , before lambasting April for bringing someone that unpleasant and unlikable to a romantic dance . This marked the first time someone on the show directly let Orin know they did n't like him . When he applied for the job of Animal Control director in Season 5 , his resume contained one word : his name , in regular font . Leslie told him to go away , and after April asked him what qualified him to work in animal control , and he responded , `` I studied zoology in college . And I can control animals with my mind '' , to which Leslie curtly says he will not be hired and repeats that he needs to get lost , which he does . He appeared briefly in Season 6 twice , in the episode `` Ann and Chris '' dressed up as the Easter Bunny at Ann and Chris 's going away party and in the episode `` Prom '' pretending to be April 's mom when Andy picked her up to go to the senior prom . Tammy Swanson ( Tammy I ) ( edit ) Patricia Clarkson Tammy Swanson ( Patricia Clarkson ) is the first ex-wife of Ron Swanson . Ron has been married to two different women , both named Tammy , and he hates and fears both of them . Ron explains that Tammy had been present throughout most of his young life : she delivered him as a baby , was his teacher , and she even took his virginity . Tammy returns as an IRS agent who arrives at the end of the third season ( although she is not shown to the audience until the fourth season premiere ) to audit Ron . Both Ron and his second wife named Tammy panic at the news of her arrival , and Ron attempts to flee before deciding to return to face her . Leslie then enlists Ron 's eccentric mother ( also named Tammy ) in a drinking contest to drive Tammy I away once and for all . Since Tammy I 's claim she was auditing Ron was a lie designed to let her search for his hidden gold , she ends up leaving with nothing , as Ron had deliberately put a tiny amount of gold out as a decoy , and was happy to sacrifice it in order to get rid of Tammy I . Tammy Swanson ( Tammy II ) ( edit ) Nick Offerman 's real - life wife Megan Mullally played Ron 's ex-wife Tammy . Tammy Swanson ( Megan Mullally ) is the second ex-wife of Ron Swanson ; Ron has been married to two women named Tammy , and he hates both of them . Tammy is a manipulative woman who uses sex as a weapon , and she constantly tries to make Ron miserable . However , the two maintain a strong sexual attraction to each other . Tammy is director of the Pawnee Library , which is widely considered a horrible place by Leslie Knope and the parks department employees . Tammy is introduced in `` Ron and Tammy '' , when she approached Leslie in a friendly way under the guise that she wants to talk to Ron and work out her differences with him . Secretly , she was scheming for Ron to give her a lot Leslie wanted to turn into a park , so she can instead turn it into a library branch . Once she and Ron reconnected , the two fight loudly , but quickly began having sex and briefly reunited . Ron eventually realized he was being manipulated and , with Leslie 's help , resisted Tammy 's efforts . Tammy returns in `` Ron & Tammy : Part Two '' , where she went on a date with Tom to make Ron jealous . Tammy and Ron ended up having a night of drunken sex and mayhem , which ended with the two of them getting remarried . However , when Tom tried to intervene and Tammy brutally beat him up , Ron remembered how horrible Tammy was and ended their marriage again . Tammy briefly appeared in the third season finale , `` Li'l Sebastian '' , where she and Ron learned together that Ron 's first wife , `` Tammy I '' , had arrived in town , which made Tammy flee in terror . In Season 5 , Tammy turned up during `` Ron and Diane '' with plans to seduce Ron at the woodworking show where he was getting an award , leading to much pain for Leslie when she painfully made sure Tammy never got near Ron ( Diane was wrongly more worried about Leslie 's friendship with Ron than Tammy 's behavior , and Tammy ended up locking Leslie in the trunk of her own car and taking off in it ) , but in the end it all worked out : Diane was aware Tammy was psychotic and said if the cops let her go she would happily pummel her , and Ron pressed charges against his criminal ex . Mullally is the real - life wife of Nick Offerman , who plays Ron . Michael Schur conceived the idea for `` Ron and Tammy '' , and asked Offerman whether he and Mullally would be opposed to her playing such a terrible character . Offerman was extremely responsive to the idea . Offerman and Mullally improvised many of their on - screen fights , as well as their unusual kissing and sexual encounters . During one scene in `` Ron and Tammy '' , where the two characters run into a motel to have sex , Mullally removed her top and threw it into the air . Mullally improvised the move and did not tell the crew she planned to do it . Mullally 's performance was well received by viewers , which made the Parks and Recreation producers feel more comfortable about using celebrity guest actors in later episodes . Tamara Swanson ( Tammy zero ) ( edit ) Tamara `` Tammy '' Swanson ( Paula Pell ) is Ron 's mother . She shares many personality traits with her son , and seems more than aware of the effect his ex-wives have on him . She first appeared in the episode `` Ron & Tammys '' . She lives on the farm Ron grew up on , and has an entire room devoted to guns . Wendy Haverford ( edit ) Wendy Haverford ( Jama Williamson ) started the season as the wife of Tom Haverford , although it is later revealed to be a green card marriage that amicably ends in a divorce . Wendy came to Pawnee from Ottawa , Canada and married Tom so she could remain in the country . Introduced in the first season finale `` Rock Band '' , Wendy is an attractive , outgoing and wealthy pediatric surgeon , and the other characters are surprised she is married to Tom , who often brags about her attractiveness . Although Tom outwardly claims he is fine with the divorce , he secretly harbors romantic feelings for Wendy and wishes for the marriage to continue . When the parks department employees hold a contest in `` Practice Date '' about who can find out the biggest secret about the others , Ron learns about the green card marriage , but he keeps it a secret at Tom 's request . The divorce proceedings begin in `` Tom 's Divorce '' , and Tom continued to pretend he is alright with the arrangement . However , when Ron asked Tom whether he could ask Wendy out after the divorce , Tom was secretly heartbroken , despite giving Ron his blessing . In `` Galentine 's Day '' , Tom admitted to Wendy his true feelings for her , but she rejected him , prompting an angry Tom to sue her for alimony in an attempt to blackmail her into going out with him . This effort was short - lived , however , and Tom eventually apologized and the two parted on good terms . A horrified Tom learned in the second season finale , `` Freddy Spaghetti '' , that Wendy and Ron are indeed dating . Although the pairing caused tension between Ron and Tom , Ron proved so happy in his relationship with Wendy that it allowed him to resist the temptations of his horrible ex-wife Tammy . In `` Ron & Tammy : Part Two '' , Ron and Wendy broke up after she decided to move back to Canada to take care of her ailing parents . Diane Lewis ( edit ) Lucy Lawless portrayed Diane Lewis . Diane Elizabeth Lewis ( Lucy Lawless ) was introduced in the third episode of Season 5 , `` How a Bill Becomes a Law '' . She is a junior high school vice principal and a single mother of two young girls , Ivy ( Sadie Salizar ) and Zoey ( Rylan Lee ) . Ron Swanson meets her when he goes to fix a pothole in front of her house ( since the Department of Public Works had been ignoring her complaints , Ron decided to simply take the matter into his own hands ) . Diane is far from Ron 's usual `` type '' . She 's not named `` Tammy '' and she has two small girls . Ron is not good with children , or more specifically , with little girls ( Ron had previously taken teenage and pre-teen boys camping to teach them survival skills , and also coached a basketball team ) . After he fixes the pothole , Diane 's girls put makeup on Ron and Andy 's faces ( Ron had taken Andy with him to help fix the pothole ) , and have a little girl 's tea party with them , which Ron tolerates surprisingly well . Ron really likes Diane and in episode 5 of season 5 ( `` Halloween Surprise '' ) begins a dating relationship with her , deciding that dealing with a single mother and her girls might help him to expand his life experience . Diane , in return , in the episode `` Ron and Diane '' , shows an impressive level of patience and understanding at Tammy II 's psychotic attempts to ruin her relationship with Ron . In a private conversation with Leslie , Diane admits that she feels more threatened by Leslie than by Tammy II , as she feels that Leslie knows Ron in a way that she never can . When she confesses this fear to Ron , he assures her that , while Leslie is a loyal friend and colleague , he could never have any romantic feelings towards her . Then , to prove his commitment to Diane , he reveals to her his Duke Silver identity ( a night club saxophone player , something even Leslie did n't know ) , and he plays Diane a song , naming her as his `` duchess '' . In the same episode , Leslie decides that Diane is a good guardian of Ron 's well - being and a shield against the disruptive antics of Tammy II . Later , during the episode `` Women in Garbage '' , Ron is babysitting her daughters in the office with Ann , and accidentally allows them to lock themselves in his office with the contents of Ann 's medical bag . The girls cut each other 's hair before Ron and Ann can stop them , which destroys their hairstyles . Ron and Ann are horrified by this , and when Ron considers Diane 's potential reaction , he blurts out to Ann that he has fallen in love with Diane ( a statement he immediately tries to take back ) . Diane , however , is understanding of the accident , saying that it was just kids being kids . She tells him that she is touched by how much he cared , and that she loves him . Ron sheepishly admits that he loves her as well . It is implied at the end of the fifth season that Diane may be pregnant . In the beginning of the first episode of the sixth season , Diane confirms her pregnancy and Ron proposes marriage to which she accepts under one condition : that the wedding is as plain as possible . With that in mind , the two head up to the fourth floor with Leslie and April in tow . Leslie is asked to be the matron of honour and April appoints herself as Ron 's ' Best Man ' . The two are married in an extremely fast paced wedding filmed on April 's phone and with highlighter pens acting as a bouquet . Later on in the episode where Leslie , Ron , April and Andy are in London , it is revealed that Diane suggested tagging along to make the trip hers and Ron 's honeymoon , however her morning sickness meant she could n't go and Ron had to take plenty of photos for her . Ron and Diane 's baby , John Swanson , is born later in the season . Although Diane does not appear in Season 7 , she is frequently mentioned as still being married to Ron . Gayle Gergich ( edit ) Gayle Gergich ( Christie Brinkley ) is Jerry 's inexplicably gorgeous wife , as well as the mother of Millicent , Miriam , and Gladys . Gayle has a solid and overly - affectionate relationship with Jerry , puzzling to his coworkers . She is referenced until she makes an appearance in `` Ron and Diane '' . She also appears again in `` Jerry 's retirement . '' Millicent Gergich ( edit ) Millicent `` Millie '' Gergich ( Sarah Wright ) is the gorgeous daughter of Gayle and Jerry . She was introduced in season 4 as Chris 's love interest . In `` Bowling for Votes '' , Chris mentions his plans to move in with Millicent , but she breaks up with him off screen that same episode . In `` Ron and Diane '' it 's revealed that Millicent is engaged to a rafting instructor named Carl . She makes another appearance in `` Jerry 's Retirement . '' Gladys Gergich ( edit ) Gladys Gergich ( Katie Gill ) is one of Gayle and Jerry 's other daughters . She first appears in `` Ron and Diane '' , singing Christmas carols with her mother , father , and sister , Miriam . She also appears again in `` Jerry 's Retirement . '' Miriam Gergich ( edit ) Miriam Gergich ( Maliabeth Johnson ) is one of Gayle and Jerry 's other daughters . She first appears in `` Ron and Diane '' , singing Christmas carols with her mother , father , and Gladys . She also appears again in `` Jerry 's retirement . '' Typhoon Montalban ( edit ) Norman `` Typhoon '' Montalban ( Rodney To ) is a hairdresser in Pawnee who marries Craig Middlebrooks ( Billy Eichner ) in the flash forwards of the season finale . Typhoon was introduced in the 5th episode of Season 6 as Donna 's hairdresser after she recommends him to Ron , following the passing of Ron 's former regular barber . Ron is at first reluctant to take on a new stylist , but bonds with Typhoon over their shared hatred of Europe and bicycles . He appears again in the 7th episode of Season 7 as Donna 's stylist for her wedding , and again in the final episode when he marries Craig . Ron is shown to be the best man at their wedding . Elected officials and city employees ( edit ) Bill Dexhart ( edit ) Kevin Symons portrays Pawnee Councilman Bill Dexhart . Bill Dexhart ( Kevin Symons ) is a Pawnee councilman who regularly participates in outrageous sex scandals with multiple partners . His character was inspired by South Carolina Governor Mark Sanford and his 2009 scandal , in which he admitted to a long - time extramarital affair with an Argentinian woman . Dexhart first appeared in `` Practice Date '' , when he publicly admitted to having participated in a foursome in a Brazil cave under the guise of building houses for the underprivileged . Dexhart was featured prominently in `` Christmas Scandal '' , which began with Leslie portraying him in a satirical holiday skit in which he discussed his an affair with multiple women that resulted in a love child . Unbeknownst to Leslie , Dexhart turned out to be involved in a sexual arrangement very similar to that one : four - way sex in a hospital room where he has just overseen the birth of his love child . When he confronted her about it , members of the media took pictures of Leslie and Dexhart together and speculated that the two of them were having an affair . Dexhart refused to deny the allegations , and even went so far as to confirm them , because the fictional affair was less scandalous than his actual sexual discretions . As proof of the affair , he claimed Leslie had a mole on her right buttock , but she publicly proved him wrong by dropping her pants on live television and revealing there is no mole . In Season 5 he was something of a swing vote for Leslie on the City Council because he was less likely to fully support her than Howser , but also less likely to thoughtlessly oppose her than either Milton or Jamm . That has changed during the recall campaign against Leslie in Season 6 , as Dexhart has cheerfully joined Jamm in blocking any initiatives by her and making it clear they both hope she is booted from office . In the episode `` Second Chunce '' , Dexhart publicly confesses to `` texting , sexting and Tex - Mexting '' approximately one hundred women under a series of implausible pseudonyms , parodying the Anthony Weiner sexting scandals . In fact , `` Anthony Weiner '' is the last in the list of pseudonyms Dexhart reads out at a press conference . Leslie briefly considers running for his seat after being impeached , but is dissuaded by Jennifer Barkley . The district that Dexhart is in charge of is a run - down , crime - ridden part of town that he had promised to clean up , but his only action has been to rename it Beach View Terrace . Carl Lorthner ( edit ) Carl Lorthner ( Andy Samberg ) is a park ranger and the head of outdoor security for Pawnee . He constantly talks extremely loudly , speaking at screaming levels even when asked to talk quietly , and works as a ranger because he can not hold down a job that involves working indoors due to his inability to control the volume of his voice . Carl appeared in `` Park Safety '' , in which Jerry claimed to be mugged in Ramsett Park , which fell under Carl 's territory . Leslie launched efforts to make the parks safer and had Carl take them on a tour of the area ; he showed Leslie , Tom and Jerry around on a mobile cart that had been attacked and urinated upon by raccoons . Carl eventually discovered that Jerry was not mugged at all , but accidentally fell into a creek by himself . Angry that Leslie blamed Carl 's security measures for the mugging , he threatened to reveal the truth on Joan Callamezzo 's morning news show , Pawnee Today . Leslie convinced him not to do so at the last minute , and they instead angered Callamezzo by discussing the 2009 film Avatar and whether it lived up to its hype . George Williams ( edit ) George Williams ( Biff Yeager ) works in the Public Works Department , first seen in the season three episode Jerry 's Painting , although he was referred to as `` Lenny '' . In Li'l Sebastian , he worked as a maintenance worker for Li'l Sebastian 's funeral , as witnessed Ben and Leslie kissing . To keep him from revealing their secret , Ben and Leslie give him a $50 spa gift certificate . He reappears in The Trial of Leslie Knope , where it is revealed he is a NASCAR enthusiast . He testifies against Leslie and provides the key evidence against her . Douglass Howser ( edit ) Councilman Howser ( Yvans Jourdain ) is a Pawnee councilman who repeatedly encounters Leslie in embarrassing or awkward situations around city hall , during which time Leslie nevertheless tries to discuss politics with him . For example , in `` 94 Meetings '' , Leslie ran into Councilman Howser in the men 's bathroom , which she entered while following Ron Swanson and trying to discuss something with him . Afterward , Leslie awkwardly blurted to Howser , `` Councilman Howser . I saw your penis . '' That being said , he is depicted as by far the most rational Council member and has consistently supported her proposals and plans since she was elected . In `` Filibuster '' he can be seen as visibly pleased that Leslie had successfully filibustered Jamm 's attempt to block former Eagletonians 's right to vote . Hugh Trumple ( edit ) Hugh Trumple ( Eric Pierpoint ) is chief of the Pawnee police department . He has a very serious and gruff personality , and speaks in a dry , monotonic manner . Trumple has great respect for Leslie Knope because of her passion for helping those around her . Chief Trumple first appeared in `` Ron & Tammy : Part Two '' , when Ron Swanson gets arrested for a night of debauchery with his ex-wife Tammy . The chief agreed to Leslie 's request that he release him to Leslie 's custody . Ben feared Leslie cashing in this favor meant the chief would not agree to provide security for the upcoming harvest festival , but Chief Trumple agreed to do so anyway out of his respect for Leslie , telling Ben he will always do favors for Leslie because she is the kind of person who uses those favors to help people . The chief reappeared in the episode `` Eagleton '' , where he arrested Leslie when she refused to apologize after getting in a fight with Lindsay Carlisle Shay , her rival from the neighboring city of Eagleton . Trumple retired as police chief in Season 4 . Jeremy Jamm ( edit ) An orthodontist by day , Jamm ( Jon Glaser ) is a member of the Pawnee City Council , and has made himself Leslie 's major nemesis . He also appears to have a grudge against the entire Parks Department , angry over the fact that Leslie ruined his Paunch Burger plan . Tom shoved him into a swimming pool , Ann refused to sleep with him , and Ron punched him in the mouth . After fighting with Leslie over the use of her private bathroom for her office , he becomes a continual thorn in Leslie 's side for any proposal she makes . His catch phrase , `` you just got Jammed , '' is used whenever he one - ups Leslie or any other adversary . He failed to turn Lot 48 into a new Paunch Burger restaurant when Leslie won over the city planning committee and got the Pawnee Commons park project approved , leading to him getting drunk and temporarily ruining Ben and Leslie 's impromptu on - site wedding . Afterward , he was punched by Ron Swanson ; both of them were thrown in jail but Ron was quickly released while Jamm was left to sober up in his cell , and the wedding took place at City Hall . He then sued Ron and it looked he would win , but Tom , Andy and April threatened a similarly bogus lawsuit that Jamm knew he would lose , so both sides backed off . When Leslie is under political pressure to resign , Jamm complicates Leslie 's role on the council by teaming up with councilman Dexhart and voting down any proposal Leslie has , to spite her . When Donna Meagle accidentally sends a sexually suggestive tweet from the department Twitter , Jamm uses this as an opportunity to hold public hearings that put Leslie 's ethics into question . After he holds a series of hearings to drag out Leslie 's ordeal , Leslie publicly stands up to Jamm and says that she 's going to get back to work as a councilwoman and wo n't attend any more of the hearings . In the season six finale , Jamm is shown at the Pawnee / Eagleton unity concert leading a secession effort . Jamm reappears in the Season 7 episode `` Ron and Jammy '' , where he is revealed to be dating Tammy , Ron 's second ex-wife . Leslie and Ron are feuding over the Newport land rights at this time , and Jamm is the swing vote on the issue . Leslie initially sees the relationship as an advantage , since Tammy would influence Jamm to vote against Ron ; however , it becomes apparent that being with Tammy is detrimental to Jamm 's physical and mental well - being . Leslie and Ron decide to put aside their differences and successfully coach Jamm into breaking up with her . Jamm then abstains from the land rights vote , leaving the issue deadlocked . Fielding Milton ( edit ) Milton ( James Greene ) is the longest - serving Pawnee Councilman , having been elected in 1948 as a Dixiecrat largely due to his commitment to de-integrating Major League Baseball , as well as a plan to re-open a former WWII Japanese - American Internment Camp in Pawnee and get it back up to speed . He is generally senile except on matters of racism and sexism , where his memory seems to be intact ( he was able to calculate when Leslie Knope 's next menstrual period would start during `` Women in Garbage '' ) , and he has generally -- though not always -- been on the other side of Leslie 's initiatives . Joe Fantringham ( edit ) Stand - up comedian Kirk Fox portrays Joe Fantrigham , who works in the Pawnee sewage department . Joe Fantringham ( Kirk Fox ) , also sometimes called `` Sewage Joe '' , works for the Pawnee sewer department , which he calls the `` Toilet Party '' . Despite the nature of his department , Joe regularly hires supermodel - like interns . The parks and sewer departments have an ongoing rivalry and Joe regularly mocks them , much to the confusion of Leslie , who does not understand why he considers the sewer department better than parks and recreation . Joe first appeared in `` The Camel '' , when the various Pawnee departments competed to design a mural for city hall . Joe was arrogant and bragged to Leslie about his department 's chances at success , and his department ultimately designed a good mural , but the contest ended without a winner . In `` Telethon '' , Joe made a pass at April . When she rejected him , he insisted he did not care because the sewer department is `` waist deep in hot snizz '' , a reference to the sewer department interns . Joe also appeared in `` Soulmates '' , where he made a pass at Leslie , prompting her to wonder why only jerks have recently seemed to be attracted to her . When Leslie asked Joe his standards for women , he replied only that they can not be elderly . Ben Wyatt fired him after Joe sent a cell - phone picture of his penis to everyone in the Pawnee government . Also , Ann noticed from the picture that Joe had the mumps . In Bus Tour , Joe later tried twice to hit Ben in the face with a pie in revenge , failing the first time ( at one of Leslie Knope 's campaign rallies , where he hit Jerry ) before succeeding ( at Bobby Newport 's mansion ) due to inept security from Andy 's FBI agent alter - ego ' Bert Macklin ' and then getting arrested . He later appears briefly in the fifth season , at the local sperm bank when he tells Ann and Leslie ( Who were there because Ann was trying to have a baby ) that he and his friends were regular donors . Ken Hotate ( edit ) Ken Hotate ( Jonathan Joss ) is the leader of Pawnee 's local Wamapoke Native American tribe . He also runs a casino in the city . He appeared in `` Harvest Festival '' , where he asked Leslie to relocate her festival because it was taking place on the sacred burial grounds of the Battle of Indian Hill , where his ancestors were killed in a seven - day battle . When Leslie insisted there was nowhere she could move the festival without being offensive due to Pawnee 's extremely bloody history , Ken threatened to place a curse on the festival . He knew the curse to be fake , but believed it would frighten people enough to ruin the festival , insisting , `` There are two things I know about white people : they love Matchbox Twenty , and they are terrified of curses . '' Ken 's efforts proved successful , as the local media learned about the curse and reported on it so extensively that the festival was nearly ruined . Leslie and Ken came to a compromise after Leslie agreed to place a Wamapoke history exhibit by the entrance of the festival , and Ken lifted the fake curse during a phony ceremony , where he said nonsense chants including `` Doobee doobee do '' . Although Ken enjoyed giving Leslie some tsuris at this point , later on it is shown he fully respects her ; when Leslie desperately plants Wamapoke artifacts on the Lots 42 site after Councilman Jamm and the Pawnee Restaurant Association henchwoman have broken an agreement to leave the site alone until a city meeting , Ken first accepts Leslie 's apology and then bluntly threatens reprisals unless the agreement is reinstated , which a cowardly Jamm quickly agrees to do . Jonathan Joss previously voiced John Redcorn in the animated television series King of the Hill , which was co-created by Parks and Recreation co-creator Greg Daniels . Kyle ( edit ) Kyle ( Andy Forrest ) is a government employee and regular customer at Andy 's shoeshine stand . He is routinely mocked and laughed at , not only by Andy but others at city hall as well , even Jerry Gergich , who himself is usually scorned by his co-workers . For example , in the episode `` Camping '' , Kyle told Andy that his identity had been stolen and his bank account frozen , and Andy reacted by laughing hysterically . Andy and April have also stolen money from Kyle 's wallet and ejected him from the shoeshine chair ( but not before Andy poured Pepto - Bismol on Kyle 's shoes ) . Kyle also appeared in `` Soulmates '' , where he was one of the judges in a contest between Chris and Ron to determine whether red or lean meat is better . Kyle complimented the umami taste in one of the burgers , prompting fellow judge Jerry to condemn him for acting pretentious . Ron Swanson also pawned Kyle off on Chris when Chris was trying to be friendly to Ron , with Ron knowing very little about Kyle beyond his first name , and Chris being politely distant to him . Mayor Gunderson ( edit ) Mayor Gunderson ( Bill Murray ) is the mayor of Pawnee during most of the show 's run . In the final season , set in 2017 , Perd Hapley announces Mayor Gunderson 's death and an open - casket memorial is held in the city council chambers . In a video Gunderson assigned to be shown at his funeral , he remarks at how little attention he had been paying , and that he would take credit if any needed to be taken . He then points out that if there was any blame , it was the citizens ' fault . His last statement is `` Goodbye forever . '' This posthumous appearance by Bill Murray as Gunderson , is the only time he is seen on Parks and Recreation , although he had been mentioned in multiple episodes of the show . He was first mentioned in `` Christmas Scandal '' , when the parks and recreation department held a satirical holiday skit full of inside jokes about Pawnee , and April declared , `` That 's crazier than Mayor Gunderson 's dog , Rufus . '' He is also mentioned in the episode `` Leslie 's House , '' when Mark asks everyone if they heard about the incident involving his dog , prompting Ron to say , `` Oh my god , it was a bloodbath . '' Mark later adds that as a result of the incident , someone from animal services would be fired . The mayor and his dog played a major part in the episode `` The Possum '' , when Mayor Gunderson 's assistant ordered the parks department to capture an opossum that bit Rufus on a Pawnee golf course . Andy , who helps Leslie capture the opossum , said at one point , `` We 're acting under direct orders from Mayor Gunderson 's dog . '' For the funeral scene in the third season finale `` Li'l Sebastian '' , Michael Schur said the writing staff considered killing off Mayor Gunderson , but they instead went with miniature horse Li'l Sebastian because it was decided having an animal die would be more appropriate and less morbid . Having Bill Murray play the mayor was a long - time goal of the cast and crew of the show . Amy Poehler stated she would love Murray to play Mayor Gunderson and , during an appearance on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon , jokingly announced she would pay him $250 if he played the role . After Gunderson 's death , Gerry Gergich was appointed interim mayor of the town . Paul Iaresco ( edit ) Paul Iaresco ( Phil Reeves ) is the Pawnee city manager , which makes him supervisor of all the departments and staff in city hall . He was first introduced in `` Canvassing '' , when he asked Ron to fast - track Leslie 's plans to convert a construction pit into a park . This inadvertently led to a disastrous public forum , where most attendees forcefully opposed the project . Paul appeared in several other Parks and Recreation episodes , including `` The Master Plan '' , where he announced the pending arrival of state auditors Ben Wyatt and Chris Traeger due to Pawnee 's crippling budget problems . In `` Camping '' , Paul held a press conference to commend Leslie for her successful relaunch of the city 's harvest festival . During the conference , he suffered a massive heart attack and accidentally clutched Leslie 's breast as he fell to the ground ; one newspaper 's story about the incident read , `` Knope Grope is Last Hope ! '' Paul took a leave of absence after an octuple bypass , and Chris Traeger took over as interim city manager . Scott Braddock ( edit ) Scott Braddock ( H. Jon Benjamin ) is a high - strung Pawnee city attorney who becomes extremely nervous about anything that could lead to a lawsuit . He appeared in `` Kaboom '' , where Leslie accidentally injured Andy by arranging for a bulldozer to fill in a giant pit , unaware that Andy was inside it . He became hospitalized , and Scott encouraged Leslie not to apologize or admit fault in the incident because it would risk Pawnee getting sued . Scott constantly admonished Leslie when she tries to apologize , at one point shouting , `` No miming ! '' when she made a motion indicating how badly she feels . Andy did file a lawsuit with the hopes of winning enough money to impress his ex-girlfriend Ann , but it ended with a settlement that resulted in the pit getting filled in . William and Elizabeth ( edit ) William ( Johnny Sneed ) and Elizabeth ( Antonia Raftu ) first approached Leslie in the third season finale , Li'l Sebastian , about Leslie potentially running for city council . After she agrees , in season four , they start working on her campaign , as her advisors . In Citizen Knope , Leslie gives a Christmas ornament with `` Knope 2012 '' written on it , to William as a present , and attempts to give Elizabeth a Knope 2012 menorah because she thinks but is not sure Elizabeth is Jewish ( she is n't ) . When Leslie and Ben turn themselves in , and Ben resigns after Leslie 's trial , William and Elizabeth inform her that she is polling at 1 % , and they will no longer advise her on her campaign . Leslie accuses them of hypocrisy as she believes that they are romantically involved , however Elizabeth bluntly responds `` I 'm gay '' . William and Elizabeth make their final appearance in The Comeback Kid , as they tell Leslie that they are looking for other potential candidates . Ethel Beavers ( edit ) Ethel Beavers ( Helen Slayton - Hughes ) is an elderly town employee , who continues to work as the municipal stenographer . Harris and Brett ( edit ) Harris ( show writer Harris Wittels ) and Brett ( Colton Dunn ) are the two useless stoner employees of the Animal Control department . They are first seen in the second season episode The Possum ; Brett appears in six episodes and Harris in eight . In `` Andy and April 's Fancy Party '' , Harris and Brett attend the wedding party ; despite this , Harris later asks if April is single . In `` Operation Ann '' in the fourth season , Harris is one of the men Leslie and Tom set up with Ann during the Valentine 's Day dance . Tom tells her Harris still lives with his parents and has been to at least 200 Phish concerts ; Harris informs them he has been to 308 . In the season five episode `` Animal Control , '' Chris Traeger fires Brett and Harris after he steps on a coyote trap in the animal control office . Both subsequently reapply for the position and are the only two applicants ; by this time they also live together . On his application , Brett lists his love of hamburgers under his qualifications for the job . When April asks why there are so many police outside city hall , the presumably stoned Harris and Brett quickly run off . In the season seven episode `` Pie '' , Brett and Harris are revealed to be secretly living in the basement of city hall . Ron , April and Andy ask them the location of the shoeshine stand while searching for a hidden key to Ron 's home . Members of the media ( edit ) Crazy Ira and the Douche ( edit ) Crazy Ira ( Matt Besser ) and Howard `` The Douche '' Tuttleman ( Nick Kroll ) are two shock jocks of a morning zoo - style Pawnee radio program . They serve primarily as a parody of those types of radio shows , especially in a small - town market like Pawnee . The show prominently features fart jokes and `` your mom '' insults , as well as constant sound effects from their sound man `` China Joe '' , who hates his job . Crazy Ira and The Douche are widely admired in Pawnee , especially by Tom Haverford , and are considered much better than their rival radio show , `` Tubby Tony and The Papaya '' ( who never appear on - screen ) . They first appeared on `` Media Blitz '' when , during an interview with Leslie and Tom about the upcoming harvest festival , they revealed their true motive was to lambast Ben for his failed tenure as a city mayor during his teen years . The interview proved disastrous for Ben , who was so socially awkward he could barely talk , and it led to other Pawnee media taking on the story and nearly ruining the harvest festival . The Douche reappeared in `` The Fight '' , when he went on a date with Ann to the Snakehole Lounge bar . This came at a time when Ann was regularly going on a string of dates with random , underachieving men , and the date with The Douche led to a major argument between Ann and Leslie because Ann was supposed to be preparing for a job interview Leslie had arranged for her . Later , on his radio show , The Douche dismissed both Ann and Leslie as likely lesbians . Before his appearance as Crazy Ira , Matt Besser was a comedian with the Upright Citizens Brigade , a sketch comedy show and troupe which also featured Parks and Recreation star Amy Poehler . During the last seasons of Parks and Recreation , Nick Kroll was dating Amy Poehler ( Leslie Knope ) in real life and she also starred in his show , `` Kroll Show '' Derry Murbles and August Clementine ( edit ) Derry Murbles ( Dan Castellaneta ) and August Clementine ( John Hodgman ) are the hosts of the public radio talk show `` Thought for your Thoughts . '' The show is known for its particularly boring content and terrible song selections . August Clementine joined the show after the Pawnee - Eagleton merger . Joan Callamezzo ( edit ) Joan Callamezzo ( Mo Collins ) is the hostess of Pawnee Today , a local news magazine / talk show that combines elements of NBC 's Today show and news shows like Nancy Grace . She often serves as a parody of the media in her tendency to turn small matters into big stories and her desire to find the most negative possible aspects of any given story . Joan refers to herself as a `` legendary newswoman '' and is more intimidating than other members of the Pawnee media , as Leslie declares that she `` runs this town '' . However , Leslie also has a tendency of taking over Joan 's show when she appears on it and discussing whatever she wants . In `` Christmas Scandal '' , Leslie appeared on Pawnee Today to refute accusations that she was having an affair with Councilman Bill Dexhart . When Dexhart himself appeared on the show and offered proof of the affair by claiming Leslie has a mole on her buttock , Leslie pulled her pants down on the show to prove him wrong . Upon realizing Leslie has no mole , Joan called Dexhart 's lies about Leslie `` No mole-gate '' , named after the Watergate scandal . In `` Media Blitz '' , Leslie and Ben appeared on Pawnee Today to combat rumors that he was going to bankrupt the town due to his past as a failed teen mayor . Ben was bombarded with angry callers and labeled a `` human disaster '' on the show 's subtitles . Joan reappeared in `` Harvest Festival '' , where she was determined to find a problem with the festival Leslie organized . Initially disappointed to find no problems , she eventually learned about a supposed Indian curse placed upon the harvest festival by a local Pawnee tribe , which she turned into a major scandalous story . In later episodes , Joan has gone through an ugly divorce and become an alcoholic ; when Ron Swanson appears on her show , she has just returned from a `` singles cruise '' and simply passes out during their taping , leading Ron to take over as host and do such a great job that the on - camera graphics show the episode as `` You 're on With Ron '' . Collins was originally expected to appear only in one Parks and Recreation episode , but returned for subsequent episodes because the writing staff enjoyed her performance . Perd Hapley ( edit ) Perderick L. `` Perd '' Hapley ( Jay Jackson ) is a Pawnee television journalist and host of the television news programs Ya Heard ? With Perd ! and The Final Word With Perd . He also hosts a news segment called `` Are You There Perd - verts ? It 's Me Perd , Hosting a New Segment '' . He often speaks in awkward tautologies such as `` One more shocking revelation in a story that wo n't stop unfolding '' , `` The statement this reporter has is a question '' , and `` Also joining us today is a different person '' . Like other reporters on Parks and Recreation , Perd often serves as a parody of the pack mentality of the media and their tendency to generate scandals . Perd reported on the sex scandal involving Councilman Bill Dexhart in `` Practice Date '' , the rumors of Leslie 's sexual affair with Dexhart in `` Christmas Scandal '' , and the supposed Indian curse on the harvest festival in `` Harvest Festival '' . He also appears in `` Telethon '' as a guest of Leslie 's 24 - hour telethon , where he performed the dance move the worm to `` Axel F '' . In `` Media Blitz '' , Ben Wyatt appeared on Perd Hapley 's show amid a media controversy about Ben 's failed tenure as a child mayor . Although Perd only asked simple questions , the nervous Ben had a complete meltdown , which ended with him angrily referring to Perd Hapley as `` Turd Crapley '' . Perd interviewed Leslie and porn star Brandi Maxxxx in `` Jerry 's Painting '' to discuss whether a painting featuring Leslie nude can be considered art . In his younger days on Pawnee TV , Perd was a film critic who famously gave E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial only 1 and 1 / 2 stars because `` it 's a good story , but it 's just not believable '' . In the final season , he is shown dressed as a judge and hosting a TV show called The Perdples Court , while onscreen subtitles remind viewers that Perd is `` not a real judge '' . Jackson was originally expected to appear only in one Parks and Recreation episode , during which his character was seen only on a television screen . He returned for subsequent episodes , however , because the writing staff enjoyed his performance and liked writing jokes for him . Shauna Malwae - Tweep ( edit ) Alison Becker portrays Shauna Malwae - Tweep , the only non-regular character to appear in all seven seasons . Shauna Malwae - Tweep ( Alison Becker ) is a reporter with the local newspaper , The Pawnee Journal . Shauna meets Leslie Knope in `` The Reporter '' , when she was assigned to write a story about the parks department 's efforts to turn a construction pit into a park . When the interviews went badly , Leslie asked Mark Brendanawicz for help dealing with Shauna , and Mark ended up sleeping with her . Mark told Shauna he does not believe the park will ever be built . Later , Shauna agreed not to publish the story since she and Mark are in a relationship and it would be a conflict . When Mark says he can not commit to a relationship , however , she goes ahead with the story . Shauna returned in `` The Possum '' , where she interviewed Andy Dwyer for a story about his successful capture of an opossum that had bitten Mayor Gunderson 's dog . During that interview , Andy made Shauna feel awkward by openly discussing her having previously slept with Mark . During scenes cut from the episode `` The Master Plan '' , Shauna and Andy flirted with each other , but he ultimately rejected her due to his feelings for April , prompting her to declare , `` I ca n't even land the shoeshine guy . '' Michael Schur said of the character , `` She 's just unlucky in love . '' Shauna also appears in `` Time Capsule '' , where she initially started writing a story about Leslie 's plans for a Pawnee time capsule . However , after Kelly Larson handcuffed himself to a pipe when she did not include the Twilight novel in the capsule , Shauna wrote that story instead , with the headline , `` Parks Department Foiled by Pipe Dreams '' . Shauna also appeared in `` Media Blitz '' as one of the many reporters who wrote about Ben Wyatt 's past as a failed teen mayor . In season 5 , she briefly dates Chris Traeger . Shauna is increasingly shown throughout the show to have a particularly messy personal life . The season six episode `` Galentine 's Day '' revealed that she had recently ended a relationship with a married man , and that she found out in college that her family was actually her father 's secret second family . In the extended edition of the show 's final episode , Leslie reassures Shauna that one day she will find happiness . In a flash - forward , Shauna is shown to have been left at the altar in 2018 , crying on a park bench . Bobby Newport walks by and consoles her , and five hours later the two are happily married . Shauna is the only non-main character to appear in every season . Kim terlando ( edit ) Kim ( Jamie Denbo ) is an obnoxious , untalented tabloid reporter working at the local rag `` Pawnee Sun '' who made her only appearance to date in Season 5 's `` Correspondents Lunch '' . Leslie was eager to perform a great skit at the event , but Kim ( whose paper has been suspiciously capable of finding and printing embarrassing information about Leslie ) ends up delivering all of Leslie 's jokes . Unfortunately for Kim , Leslie and Donna find proof that Kim has illegally hacked into Leslie 's e-mails , when Leslie sends a bait message about `` midichlorians '' in the soil near the Pawnee Commons project . Kim asks a question about the `` news '' only to have Leslie bluntly tell her that the substance in question is from Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace and she 's just revealed that she 's broken the law . Kim tries to act dismissive , but gets scared out of the room by Donna . Citizens of Pawnee ( edit ) Barney Varmn ( edit ) Barney Varmn ( John Balma ) is an accountant who first appeared in the season 2 episode `` Leslie 's House '' where he gives a presentation to Leslie to try and save an accounting class he teaches at the William Percy Recreation Center . He works at an unnamed accounting firm in Pawnee . He has offered Ben Wyatt a job at his accounting firm on multiple occasions , however , Ben always refuses to accept the position . Nonetheless , he is known for laughing raucously when Ben makes accounting puns , often calling in an unseen character named Ted to hear the pun after he laughs at it . He is also a fan of the Cones of Dunshire , a board game that Ben invented in season 6 . Brandi Maxxxx ( edit ) Mara Marini portrayed porn star Brandi Maxxxx . Brandi Maxxxx ( Mara Marini ) is a pornography star who has appeared in more than 200 adult films , despite having been in the business only one year . She appeared in `` Jerry 's Painting '' as a guest on the news show Ya Heard ? With Perd ! , where host Perd Hapley was interviewing Leslie Knope about a painting she appeared nude in . Brandi was also brought on as a guest and , to Leslie 's chagrin , compared Leslie 's painting to pornography and defended them both . She claimed anyone should be allowed to have sex anywhere they wanted , and falsely believed Leslie felt the same way . When Leslie quoted United States Supreme Court Associate Justice Potter Stewart 's famous claim that he can not define pornography but `` I know it when I see it '' , Brandi was asked to define it and she replied , `` For me , it 's when the penis goes in . '' Brandi also invited Leslie to appear in her next film . Tom tried to flirt with Brandi , but his efforts were ruined when she recognized him as the basis of a baby - like cherub in the painting . In the ( 4X17 ) episode `` Campaign Shake Up '' , Brandi Maxxxx is also running for the City Council election , in third place in polls with 8 % of the vote behind Bobby Newport 's 45 % and second place Leslie Knope with 30 % . In the final episode One Last Ride , a flashfoward shows that she eventually becomes the head of the Pawnee City Council , swearing in Garry Gergich for his fourth term as Mayor . Her character may be a reference to adult film star and candidate for Governor of California Mary Carey . Chris ( edit ) Chris ( Will Arnett ) is an MRI technologist at the hospital where Ann Perkins works . Ann sets Chris and Leslie up on a blind date in `` The Set Up '' , which goes extremely poorly . Chris is openly rude to Leslie during the dinner , criticizing Leslie 's alma mater of Indiana University and expressing disappointment that she only works in regular parks rather than amusement parks . Upon learning Leslie has never had an MRI , Chris insists on immediately taking her to the hospital and giving her one , a plan to which she reluctantly agrees . His inappropriate behavior continues at the hospital , where he makes creepy comments about her `` industrial - sized '' womb during the MRI and unsubtle comments about expecting to have sex with her later , including asking whether she is having her period . They part on bad terms , with Chris angry that Leslie refused to have sex with him after the date . At the time of the episode , Arnett was the real - life husband of Amy Poehler , who played Leslie . However , it was not Poehler who arranged for him to be on the show , but rather Michael Schur , who is a good friend of Arnett and felt he would be a good fit for the character . Jessica Wicks ( edit ) Jessica Wicks ( Susan Yeagley ) is a Miss Pawnee beauty pageant winner who became the younger trophy wife of the elderly but wealthy Nick Newport , Sr. Speaking with a slight Southern accent , Jessica is a superficial woman who cares deeply about her own physical appearance and tries hard to charm others around her . She won the Miss Pawnee contest in 1994 primarily based on her looks ; her talent during the pageant was packing a suitcase . This was most likely intended by the writers to be an homage to the 1975 beauty pageant film `` Smile '' , where Miss Imperial Valley packed a suitcase as her talent . Jessica first appeared in `` Beauty Pageant '' as a Miss Pawnee panel judge along with Leslie and Tom . When Tom voted for the beautiful Trish Ianetta but Leslie pushed for a smarter but less attractive contestant , the superficial Jessica sided with Tom . She reappeared in `` 94 Meetings '' , where she organized a birthday party for Nick Newport , Sr. by completely renovating and tearing down portions of the historic Turnbill Mansion . Leslie unsuccessfully tried to stop her , while Tom simply flirted with her , acknowledging she was a gold digger but calling himself a `` gold digger digger '' . Jessica sang a horribly out - of - key song for her husband with an accompanist on the harp . Her husband , Nick Newport , Sr. dies in Bus Tour , making her a widow . She takes over the family business , `` Sweetums , '' making Ben the new Director of Charitable projects . Kelly Larson ( edit ) Will Forte played Twilight fan Kelly Larson . Kelly Larson ( Will Forte ) is a Pawnee resident who advocated for Leslie to include the Twilight novel in a time capsule she was organizing . Appearing in `` Time Capsule '' , Kelly is obsessed with Twilight and knows every detail about the books , the film series and Twilight author Stephenie Meyer . When Kelly visited Leslie 's office to advocate for the novel , she politely refused , and Kelly responded by handcuffing himself to a pipe in her office , promising to stay there until she agrees . He spent three days in the office , where he got Tom interested in Twilight and held book discussions with Tom and Donna . Finally , Leslie revealed she knows Kelly 's true motivations : he had recently gone through a divorce and was trying to impress his teenage daughter , who loves Twilight . Although sympathetic , Leslie can not agree to Kelly 's request or she would have to accept demands from all Pawnee residents . As a compromise , she held a public meeting where she listened to all demands . Ultimately , when the citizens could not agree on anything , Leslie submitted a video tape of that very meeting , which she believed symbolizes the spirit and passion of Pawnee . Lawrence ( edit ) Lawrence ( Eric Edelstein ) is a Pawnee resident who has criticized the parks and recreation department 's plans at public forums , which embodied a recurring Parks and Recreation theme that only citizens opposed to projects bother to attend town meetings . He first appeared in `` Canvassing '' at a forum Leslie held to raise support for her proposed park project . Lawrence only complained about the loud music his neighbor Andy played . Andy said in an interview with the documentary crew `` Lawrence lives with his uh grandmother , which is pretty awesome . He takes care of her , I guess . But whatever , he 's a douchebag . '' He complained that Andy 's music was `` loud , ... abusive , and ( was ) waking up ( his ) birds , '' causing Lawrence to admit that he had `` ... nice , pretty , expensive birds ... '' Lawrence was also the one who pointed out in the same meeting that April Ludgate had been planted by Leslie as a supporter for the park , having recognized her since she was at his door the day before . He ended the night by telling Leslie , `` Hey park lady , you suck , '' to which she proudly replied , `` Hear that ? He called me park lady . '' The line was originally meant to be said by someone else , but Michael Schur said it was given to Lawrence because the Parks and Recreation crew liked Edelstein so much . Lawrence reappeared in `` Boys ' Club '' , where he angrily stole Andy 's radio while Andy was bathing himself in a children 's pool in the back yard . This prompted Andy to chase Lawrence through the street naked while using crutches . Lawrence also appeared in a scene that was deleted from `` Ron and Tammy '' , but included in the second season DVD , in which he mocked Andy 's new city hall job as a shoeshiner by giving him dozens of soiled shoes to clean . Marcia Langman ( edit ) Marcia Langman ( Darlene Hunt ) is a conservative activist with the Pawnee organization , the Society for Family Stability Foundation . She often serves as an antagonist to Leslie by objecting to her plans and arguing against issues she considers offensive . Marcia uses fear - mongering tactics and often expresses racist and homophobic sentiments . In her first appearance , `` Pawnee Zoo '' , she objected to Leslie 's marriage of two male penguins during a publicity stunt for the zoo . Offended by what she perceived as a public show of support for same - sex marriage , Marcia demanded Leslie 's resignation and appeared on the morning news program Pawnee Today to debate the matter with Leslie . She next appeared in `` Time Capsule '' , where Marcia objected to a proposal to include the Twilight novel in a Pawnee time capsule , claiming it included offensive sexual content and went against Christian values . Marcia reappeared in `` Jerry 's Painting '' , where she demanded the destruction of a painting that depicted Leslie as a bare - chested centaur . Condemning it as `` government - funded animal porn '' , she took the matter to the city arts commission , which agreed to destroy it because they do not want to offend anybody . Marcia planned to publicly burn the painting , but Leslie had it switched with a decoy painting and kept the original herself . She initially blocked Leslie 's sensible plan to teach safe sexual practices to senior citizens in Season 5 , citing city laws that banned anything other than promoting abstinence ( which had always only been applied to teenagers ) but Leslie ignored the laws and proudly accepted a censure for doing so . One of Marcia 's odd personality quirks is that she seems completely unaware of the fact that her husband , Marshall , is possibly gay or bisexual , as he has a flamboyant personality and speaks with an effeminate voice . Marshall 's sexuality was never confirmed , but , when speaking to Chris Traeger , he smiles in a way that could be interpreted as attraction . The Newport family ( edit ) The Newport family are the owners of the Sweetums candy manufacturer in Pawnee and one of the city 's richest and most prominent families . The company has operated and thrived in the city for years , as indicated in the episode `` Sweetums '' , where Leslie screened 30 - year - old video footage of a then - young Nick Newport , Sr. discussing how corn syrup was used to fatten cattle at farms . By the time of Parks and Recreation , Nick Newport , Sr. ( Christopher Murray ) is an elderly man in a wheelchair so senile he can barely speak , and the company is run by his son Nick Newport , Jr . ( Gary Weeks ) , who himself appears in Sweetums commercials along with his two children , Dakota ( Harley Graham ) and Denver ( Ryan Hartwig ) . In `` Sweetums '' , the company formed a partnership with the city hall to run the concessions stands in Pawnee parks , and Nick Newport , Jr. unveiled their new , supposedly - healthy energy bars Nutriyums . He promotes the energy bars through commercials that use similar propagandistic techniques as the commercials of real - life corn refiners : they feature warm images of Nick Newport , Jr. with his dog Shoelace insisting corn syrup is `` fine in moderation '' . Ann and Leslie held public forums to inform people the energy bars are not actually healthy , but the citizenry of Pawnee ultimately rejected their arguments and were won over by the charisma of Nick Newport , Jr. and his family , particularly when Denver announced they should look under their seats for free Sweetums candy . Nick Newport , Sr. appeared in the episode `` 94 Meetings '' , where his young and attractive gold digger wife Jessica Wicks held his 85th birthday party at the Turnbill Mansion . Jessica made major alterations to the historic mansion , and Leslie unsuccessfully tried to intervene to stop her . Bobby Newport ( edit ) Newport ( Paul Rudd ) is Leslie 's chief opponent in her fourth season campaign for City Council . Bobby would appear to be the second son of Nick Newport , Sr. , who paid $250,000 to his campaign manager ( Jennifer Barkley ) in order to get Bobby elected . Bobby Newport is friendly and superficially charming , but extremely naive and clueless ( who at times acts mentally handicapped despite the fact that he is n't ) , and has gotten everything he ever wanted in life either by fiat or by whining / pleading for those things . When Leslie puts together a viral video that makes him look pathetic and stupid ( in lieu of a nasty attack ad she ultimately refused to air ) , Bobby has a meeting where he complains she hurt his feelings , then asks her to drop out of the election and simply hand the office to him . He also tells Leslie he 'll give her an invitation to his victory party , and even offers to let her do the job for him once he 's elected ; Leslie tells him that 's not going to happen , and that he needs to know his stuff or she 'll destroy him when they have a debate . During that debate , Bobby first appears to be in the lead by saying short quips rather than longer speeches , but Leslie eventually attacks his character and wins the debate . Afterwards , Bobby asks her if she would like to come to his house for a party . Later , he spends much of the campaign away from Pawnee , and gets involved in a sex scandal while vacationing in Majorca . He comes to think of Leslie as a really awesome lady , tells reporters people who do n't vote for him should definitely vote for her , and then says on TV that he 's very relieved he lost the election to her . He is later considered a possible candidate for interim mayor after Mayor Gunderson dies . In the extended edition of the series finale , he is revealed to have married Shauna Malwae - Tweep . Trish Ianetta ( edit ) Trish Ianetta ( April Marie Eden ) is an attractive young woman who won the title Miss Pawnee in `` Beauty Pageant '' . She gave unintelligent answers during the pageant and displayed no actual talent : during her talent portion , she did a baton twirling act that involved simply moving the baton around without twirling it . In describing herself , she says , `` I 've been on YouTube . I love wearing bikinis at the beach with everyone there . '' Trish has been compared to Caitlin Upton , the 2007 Miss South Carolina Teen USA who made an incoherent response during the Miss Teen USA 2007 pageant . Based solely on her physical attractiveness , Trish was favored by the panel of judges , which included Tom Haverford and Jessica Wicks . Only Leslie objected to Trish and unsuccessfully argued for Susan , an intelligent and talented contestant who was less pretty . Trish made another appearance in `` The Master Plan '' , where she was among the girls Tom tried to flirt with during a night at the Snakehole Lounge bar . Greg Pikitis ( edit ) Greg Pikitis ( Cody Klop ) , a teenage boy living in Pawnee , Indiana , is Leslie 's mortal enemy . His first appearance is in `` Greg Pikitis , '' where he has a very important role . He is convicted of crimes that Leslie tries to prove him guilty of , but he refuses to admit . Finally , Leslie hunts him down and he is given probation . His second appearance is in `` Prom '' in season 6 , where he plays the boyfriend of Leslie 's mentee . Ron Dunn ( edit ) Ron Dunn ( Sam Elliott ) is the former director of Eagleton 's parks department , the equivalent position of Ron Swanson 's in Pawnee . In the Season 6 episode `` Doppelgangers '' , he was brought over to the Pawnee offices along with other Eagleton employees when the towns merged . Swanson at first took a liking to Dunn , as the latter was mustachioed , taciturn and also named Ron . However , Dunn later revealed himself to be a hippie with New Age ideals , and Swanson found him insufferable . Dunn was laid off along with most other Eagleton employees ( excepting Craig ) , which he took in stride . He reappeared in `` Flu Season 2 '' , where Swanson and a drunk Ben encounter him at night , and he helps Ben overcome his anger at his parents ' selling their vacation home . His final appearance is in the Season 7 episode `` Two Funerals '' . Tynnyfer ( edit ) Tynnyfer ( June Diane Raphael ) is a former employee of Eagleton 's parks department whose position was the equivalent of April 's . In the Season 6 episode `` Doppelgangers '' , she was brought over during the Pawnee - Eagleton merger . She is a stereotypical vacuous , rich housewife . With the inevitability of one of them being laid off , April ingratiated herself to Tynnyfer by mirroring her personality and vocal inflections , and encouraged her to quit her job . Tynnyfer replied that she was planning on doing that anyway , as she wanted to move somewhere warmer while her husband served time in prison . April gave her an address in Miami that she claimed was hers , and said Tynnyfer was welcome to climb over the fence and stay there . April then revealed in a cutaway that the house belongs to Dwyane Wade and she got the address off the Internet . Dr. Richard Nygard ( edit ) Dr. Richard Nygard is a character who is mentioned several times , but never appears on screen . He is first mentioned to be Chris 's therapist , whom he sees near constantly . Chris 's anxiety improves under his care . Later Leslie recommends Dr. Nygard to a troubled Malwae - Tweep , but then comments that she is not completely certain he is n't an imaginary creation of Chris 's . Later , however , it is confirmed that he is a real person because he also acts as the off - screen therapist to Craig Middlebrooks . Pete Disellio ( edit ) `` Pistol Pete '' Disellio ( Tuc Watkins ) is a local celebrity , only remembered for his last - second game - winning dunk in the annual Pawnee - Eagleton high school basketball game in 1992 . As a middle - aged man he resents the fact that everyone in town still sees him this way . He appears in three episodes across Seasons 4 - 6 , during which Leslie secures his endorsement for City Council , Ann considers him as a sperm donor , and Pete refuses to endorse Sweetums ' new sports drink . People from outside Pawnee ( edit ) Dennis Feinstein / dante fiero ( edit ) First appearing in Season 3 's `` Indianapolis '' , Dennis Feinstein ( Jason Mantzoukas ) is at The Snakehole Lounge for his `` Allergic '' cologne launch party . Tom Haverford attempts to pitch his cologne to Dennis while there . Dennis laughs at him when Tom sprays the cologne , telling him it smells terrible , and dismisses him . Later , Feinstein buys out JJ 's Diner , completely unsympathetic to the townspeople 's protests . He changed his original Italian name to something considered `` more exotic in Pawnee . '' Detlef Schrempf ( edit ) Detlef Schrempf is a real - life retired basketball player for the Indiana Pacers who portrays himself on Parks and Recreation . He first appeared in `` Telethon '' , where Leslie invited him to make a guest appearance on a 24 - hour diabetes telethon . Tom picked him up from the airport , but first took him for a drink to the Snakehole Lounge , where Detlef proved so popular that bar owner Freddy would not let them leave . After Tom got drunk on two light beers , Detlef took him to the telethon , where he made his scheduled appearance . Detlef made another appearance in the third season finale `` Li'l Sebastian '' , where Tom and Jean - Ralphio hired him to work for their new entertainment company , Entertainment 720 . His only job was to shoot basketballs around the office ; Detlef tried giving them business advice , but they disregarded it . In Season 4 , he remained at Entertainment 720 , and was hanging out with Roy Hibbert , who had the free time to work with them due to the NBA lockout ; both men roundly mocked Tom and Jean - Ralphio 's lack of business sense . Prior to filming `` Telethon '' , Schrempf 's acting skills had been limited to appearances on the American comedy series Married ... with Children and the German soap opera Gute Zeiten , schlechte Zeiten . Michael Schur said of his performance , `` For a guy who literally never acted before in his life , he was really funny . '' Eduardo ( edit ) Eduardo ( Carlo Mendez ) was an attractive young Venezuelan man who briefly dated April Ludgate . The two met during April 's vacation to Venezuela and she brought him back to Pawnee , primarily to make Andy jealous . Eduardo , who only spoke Spanish , first appeared in `` Go Big or Go Home '' , where Andy vowed to continue pursuing April despite her new relationship . When April claimed in Spanish that Andy just described his plans to become a woman , Eduardo encouraged Andy to follow his dreams , surprising Andy . In `` Time Capsule '' , Andy and Eduardo started bonding , particularly over their mutual appreciation for the Dave Matthews Band . When April learned they were becoming friends , she became frustrated and broke up with Eduardo , who returned to Venezuela . Frank Beckerson ( edit ) Frank Beckerson ( John Larroquette ) is a man who , in his youth , had a passionate love affair with Leslie Knope 's mother , Marlene Griggs - Knope . The two met when Marlene was 18 years old and Frank , a lifeguard , saved her life . They had a two - week affair before going their separate ways . Decades later , Marlene shared the story of her long - lost love with Leslie , and Leslie 's boyfriend Justin Anderson insisted they find Frank and surprise Marlene by reuniting the pair . Leslie was initially pleased with the idea , and together they tracked Frank to his new home in Illinois . However , the older Frank is an eccentric man who has long been unemployed and is extremely socially awkward , repeatedly vomiting in nervousness at the prospect of seeing Marlene . He also embarrassed Leslie by showing her naked photos of Marlene from her youth . Leslie tried to call off the reunion , but Justin insisted on going through with it , and they brought Frank to a Valentine 's Day senior citizen dance to meet Marlene . She was initially pleased to see him , but upon learning his life amounted to nothing , she rejected Frank , who publicly berated Marlene on a dance hall stage before storming off . Lindsay Carlisle Shay ( edit ) Parker Posey , who co-starred with Amy Poehler in the 2009 comedy film Spring Breakdown , portrayed Lindsay Carlisle Shay . Lindsay Carlisle Shay ( Parker Posey ) is the parks and recreation director of Eagleton , Pawnee 's more upscale neighboring town . Once best friends with Leslie Knope , the two are now bitter rivals . Five years before the events of the third season , Lindsay worked in the Pawnee parks department with Leslie , and the two made a vow they would never leave their hometown . Leslie was offered the parks director job in Eagleton but did not accept it due to this pact . However , the job was subsequently offered to Lindsay and she accepted , which Leslie considered an act of betrayal . Although she does not admit it , Lindsay appears to harbor resentment toward Leslie for having been offered the job first . Since leaving Pawnee , Lindsay lost 35 pounds , had a nose job , adopted a slight aristocratic accent and developed a snobbish , nouveau riche personality . She regularly insults Leslie and others in Pawnee with passive - aggressive , condescending comments , and has condemned Pawnee as `` a dirty little nightmare from which you 'll never wake up '' . Lindsay first appears in the episode `` Eagleton '' , where she built a fence directly through a park Pawnee and Eagleton share to keep the Pawnee children out of her town . Leslie tried to fight this action , culminating in Leslie and Lindsay fighting amid piles of garbage and both getting arrested . Leslie ultimately solved the problem by turning Pawnee 's side of the park into a wiffle ball field and making the fence its home run wall . Lindsay was ultimately impressed with Leslie 's solution and her work ethic , and she seemed to respond positively when Leslie offered a reconciliation . Posey previously starred with Amy Poehler in the 2009 comedy film Spring Breakdown . She had been in discussions with the Parks and Recreation staff to make a guest appearance since the show debuted , and grew frustrated when it took several months before she received an invitation . Raul ( edit ) Raul Alejandro Bastilla Pedro de Veloso de Morana ( Fred Armisen ) most commonly referred to simply as Raul , is a parks official from Baraqua , the Venezuelan sister city of Pawnee . He appeared in the episode `` Sister City '' , when he and a delegation of Venezuelan officials visited Pawnee , where they were met by Leslie and her fellow parks department employees . Since he comes from a military state , Raul is accustomed to being treated like royalty , so he was unimpressed with the conditions of Pawnee and its citizens , who he treated rudely from the moment he arrived . He was particularly unsettled by Pawnee 's public forums , in which the residents loudly and angrily criticized their government officials ; Raul explained he usually holds his meetings in fortresses , citadels or palaces , and that anyone who complains or does anything out of line is immediately thrown in jail . Leslie got annoyed with Raul 's insults , but he eventually offered her a check for $35,000 , enough to completely fund her plans to turn a construction pit into a park . However , Raul explained a condition of the check was that Leslie must praise Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez and insult the United States , revealing they are part of what is called the Committee to Humiliate and Shame America . Leslie angrily ripped up the check and sent Raul and his delegation away . Johnny ( edit ) Intern Johnny Quezada ( JC Gonzalez ) most commonly referred to simply as Johnny , is an internal officer of the official Baraqua Delegation , the Venezuelan sister city of Pawnee . He appeared in the episode `` Sister City '' , when Raul , Carlos , Johnny and a delegation of Venezuelan officials visited Pawnee , where they were met by Leslie and her fellow parks department employees . Since he comes from a military state , The Venezuelan delegation is accustomed to being treated like royalty , so they were unimpressed with the conditions of Pawnee and its citizens . Johnny is very excited about April Ludgate represented by Aubrey Plaza , Johnny invites her to go with him to his country and attend her like a princess full of luxuries and acts . During his stay , one night Johnny sends a car to April to pick her up and take her to be with him but she uses the car to go to the movies with her friends . Jennifer Barkley ( edit ) Jennifer Barkley ( Kathryn Hahn ) is an extremely successful political operative who has taken over the City Council campaign of Bobby Newport after being promised $250,000 by the Newport family . She awed Leslie by appearing in a picture where she 's sharing an egg salad with Colin Powell . Jennifer tells Leslie that she 's bored and took this job for the money , not much caring who wins and finding Bobby to be stupid . While it appears she 's being honest about this , she later trashes Leslie in a TV interview , edits Leslie 's successful YouTube campaign ad to make her sound like an idiot , and swipes Leslie 's building - ramp plan in favor of an electric lifts plan that leads Pawnee senior citizen powerbroker Ned Jones to endorse Bobby . Leslie later confronts Jennifer at her favorite restaurant , where Jennifer says bluntly she likes Leslie but has been hired to defeat her . Jennifer then gives Leslie some genuinely good advice about upcoming decisions , and tells the camera that she is doing so because she has no one to play chess with and `` sometimes I need to play against myself '' . Jennifer appears to keep her work and her personal feelings separate , given that she 's able to relate to people when she 's not working a campaign . When Leslie appears on Perd Hapley 's show to reveal that Bobby Newport has been avoiding his hometown in favor of making out with a woman on a Majorca beach , Jennifer says that Bobby is in Europe to get business opportunities for Pawnee and the woman is an anti-landmine advocate . Afterwards , she tells Leslie and Ben that she `` mostly '' made all that up , then details how she 'll be able to spin any outrage from them in Bobby 's favor . Leslie and Ben are left completely stunned by Jennifer 's mercenary brilliance . However , Leslie and Ben are finally able to knock her off balance a little bit after Jennifer goes on Perd 's TV show and says Leslie ordered a pet shelter closed ( after Leslie had asked a retiring Councilman to reverse a funding cut for the Parks Department ) ; after she 's overjoyed with Leslie 's idea that the Newport family use their wealth to fund the shelter , Leslie explains that she 'll accept the initial funding cut if Jennifer breaks a promise to stop airing `` puppy killer '' ads , and that she 's fine with losing a week 's news momentum because she 's debating Bobby Newport after that and she 's going to ruin him . Jennifer 's expression makes it clear Leslie has finally scored some points against her . But after Leslie does score a huge victory over Bobby in the debate and pulls within 2 points of him in the polls , Jennifer strikes back by using the death of Nick Newport ( and Leslie 's comments , made before she learned he had died , that Nick was a jerk ) to force Leslie into several embarrassing mistakes . However , Jennifer finds out that she might not get any of her promised quarter - million fee due to her handshake deal with Nick , and watches as Bobby manages to tell the press that Leslie is an awesome person . The campaign having ended , Jennifer seeks out Chris Traeger and invites him to have sex with her , and he accepts . On Election Night , she tries and fails to keep pro-Newport voting machines in place , and later is rebuffed when she does n't want an automatic recount to be triggered by Bobby 's initial 21 - vote victory margin . Recognizing Ben 's talent on Leslie 's campaign , she offers Ben a job working with her on a Congressional campaign ( he eventually accepts it ) and has sex with Chris again but leaves Pawnee without saying goodbye to him . When that campaign successfully ends in Washington D.C. , she offers Ben another campaign job for a governor candidate in Florida . She appears again in Season 6 ( `` Second Chunce '' ) to convince Leslie ( as a paid favor to Ben ) not to run for Dexhart 's seat in the city council , but to reach for the stars and to look for a more high - powered job . Leslie said it was the best present she could have received ( from Ben ) . She makes several more appearances in the seventh and final season , encouraging Ben to run for governor of Indiana . Buddy Wood ( edit ) Buddy Wood ( Sean Hayes ) is a journalist from Indianapolis that does an annual special where he profiles five political candidates from around Indiana . The candidates he profiles tend to get elected , causing him to be described as a `` lucky charm '' for people running for office . Buddy interviews Leslie , but this does n't go well because she is drunk , and Wood tries to turn the story to Pawnee not being as great as it once was . Leslie and Ben consider him to be rude , but they still drive to Buddy Wood 's house to beg him for either a second chance for an interview or for him to erase the negative footage ; Buddy then sourly reveals that he never aired the interview because his bag was lost in Pawnee , unaware that one of the airport workers , who liked Leslie and was angered by Buddy 's rude attitude , took the interview tape and threw it into a dumpster . Cameo appearances ( edit ) Political figures ( edit ) John McCain , Barbara Boxer , Olympia Snowe : appeared in a party attended by Leslie in the 5th season premiere episode Ms. Knope Goes to Washington . Joe Biden : appeared in the Season 5 episode Leslie vs. April . Having Leslie meet Biden was an engagement present that Ben gave Leslie . He also appeared in the series finale with his wife Jill Biden Michelle Obama : appeared in the Season 6 finale episode Moving Up . In the episode Obama tries to convince Leslie to take the job with the National Park Service . Newt Gingrich : appeared in the Season 5 episode `` Two Parties '' . In the episode Gingrich gets mad at Jerry for taking his table at a restaurant Barbara Boxer , Kirsten Gillibrand , John McCain , Orrin Hatch , Cory Booker , and Madeleine Albright : Appeared in the Season 7 episode Ms. Ludgate - Dwyer Goes to Washington . The first five , all members of the United States Senate were shown listening to Leslie promote the National Parks . Madeleine Albright appeared eating breakfast with Leslie , giving Leslie advice how to handle April . Entertainers ( edit ) John Cena : appeared as a guest on Andy 's show in the Season 7 episode The Johnny Karate Super Awesome Musical Explosion Show . Ginuwine : fictionally Donna 's cousin , he appeared in the Season 6 finale `` Moving Up '' and the Season 7 episode `` Donna & Joe . '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paste magazine writer Garrett Martin said , `` Ron Effing Swanson might be the beloved breakout character , the Fonzie of the Parks department '' . A GQ article read , `` Thanks to a noticeable creative resurgence in its second season , Parks & Recreation has become one of the funniest shows on TV . And Offerman 's unabashedly weird Ron Swanson ( is ) a big part of that . '' Jonah Weiner of Slate.com called Ron `` Parks and Recreation 's secret weapon '' who is vital to the show 's improvement . Jump up ^ In the episode `` Soulmates '' , Chris shops at the health food store called Grains And Simple , and enters into a cook - off with Ron Swanson to prove his lean meat turkey burgers will be better than Ron 's red meat cheeseburgers . In `` April and Andy 's Fancy Party '' , instead of bringing a cake to a wedding , he brings a vegetable loaf sweetened with fruit reduction . In `` Flu Season '' , Chris says he exercises so much he has only 2.8 percent body fat , and that he considers a 15 km run to be `` light exercise '' . In `` Freddy Spaghetti '' , it is revealed Chris runs 10 miles during his lunch break alone . Jump up ^ ChicagoNow writer Andy Daglas referred to the Pawnee media as `` notoriously nasty '' , and referred to Joan Callamezzo in particular as a satire of `` gotcha journalism '' who `` search ( es ) for the tiniest shred of scandal to prey upon '' . Matt Fowler of IGN says `` the evil Pawnee media really stand ( s ) out as being a bit too cartoonish '' in their thirst for scandals and controversies . TV Guide writer Damian Holrook refers to Joan 's coverage of the Pawnee harvest festival a `` smear campaign '' . Jump up ^ Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club commented on the way other members of the media , including Perd Hapley , latch on to the curse story once Joan Callamezzo first reports it . Matt Fowler of IGN refers to thee various media markets in Pawnee , who he said are `` a bit too cartoonish '' in their thirst for scandals and controversies . He also says these actions by the various forms of media are `` only a little exaggerated '' compared to real life . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( April 9 , 2009 ) . `` Misguided , She Yearns to Guide '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2011 . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Parks and Recreation Season 3 Cast Photo '' . Daemon 's TV . November 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Denise ( November 18 , 2009 ) . `` Making bureaucracy work : How NBC 's `` Parks and Recreation '' overcame bad buzz `` . Los Angeles Times . 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Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Keller , Joel ( February 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Parks and Recreation ' Season 3 , Episode 3 Recap '' . TV Squad . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2011 . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` ' Parks and Recreation ' is neither Team Edward nor Team Jacob '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2011 . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kandell , Steve ( February 4 , 2011 ) . `` Parks and Recreation Recap : The World is a Vampire '' . New York . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2011 . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , Matt ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` Parks and Recreation : `` Sister City '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2011 . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Brigid ( April 17 , 2009 ) . `` TV Recap : Parks And Recreation - Canvassing '' . Cinema Blend . 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Archived from the original on March 15 , 2011 . Retrieved March 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( March 10 , 2011 ) . `` PaleyFest 2011 : The ' Parks and Recreation ' Cast Talk Romance , Charlie Sheen and the Return of Tammy '' . TV Squad . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` ' Parks and Recreation ' : Amy Poehler announces that she wants Bill Murray to play the mayor of Pawnee '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Schur , Michael ( 2009 ) . Parks and Recreation : Season One : `` Canvassing '' ( Audio commentary ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( DVD ) . Universal Studios Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( October 23 , 2009 ) . `` Parks and Recreation : `` Kaboom '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2011 . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Parks and Recreation - ' Citizen Knope ' Recap '' . Starpulse.com. 2011 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Megan ( 2011 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Parks and Rec : Leslie endures an ethics trial , plus the triumphant return of Ethel Beavers '' . Laugh Spin . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford ( 2011 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Parks and Rec Recap : `` The Trial of Leslie Knope '' `` . Split Sider . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Review : ' Parks and Recreation ' - ' Media Blitz ' : Ice town clown rebounds ? '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2011 . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Parks and Recreation ' : Welcome to Pawnee , Ben '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2011 . 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Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` ' Parks and Recreation ' Co-Creator Talks Leslie , Ron , Tammy 's Return and All Things Pawnee '' . TV Squad . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Parks and Recreati53on ' : Well done , Leslie . Well done '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Zulkey , Claire ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` Parks and Recreation : `` Jerry 's Painting '' `` . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2011 . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keller , Joel ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Parks and Recreation ' Season 3 , Episode 5 Recap '' . TV Squad . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Keller , Joel ( April 29 , 2011 ) . `` ' Parks and Recreation ' Season 3 , Episode 11 Recap '' . TV Squad . 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Jump up ^ Todd VanDerWerff ( 2012 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Parks And Recreation : `` Lucky '' TV Club The A.V. Club `` . Avclub.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 16 . ( hide ) Parks and Recreation Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Canvassing '' `` The Reporter '' `` Boys ' Club '' `` The Banquet '' `` Rock Show '' Season 2 `` Pawnee Zoo '' `` The Stakeout '' `` Beauty Pageant '' `` Practice Date '' `` Sister City '' `` Kaboom '' `` Greg Pikitis '' `` Ron and Tammy '' `` The Camel '' `` Hunting Trip '' `` Tom 's Divorce '' `` Christmas Scandal '' `` The Set Up '' `` Leslie 's House '' `` Sweetums '' `` Galentine 's Day '' `` Woman of the Year '' `` The Possum '' `` Park Safety '' `` Summer Catalog '' `` 94 Meetings '' `` Telethon '' `` The Master Plan '' `` Freddy Spaghetti '' Season 3 `` Go Big or Go Home '' `` Flu Season '' `` Time Capsule '' `` Ron & Tammy : Part Two '' `` Media Blitz '' `` Indianapolis '' `` Harvest Festival '' `` Camping '' `` Andy and April 's Fancy Party '' `` Soulmates '' `` Jerry 's Painting '' `` Eagleton '' `` Road Trip '' `` The Fight '' `` The Bubble '' `` Li'l Sebastian '' Season 4 `` I 'm Leslie Knope '' `` Ron and Tammys '' `` Born & Raised '' `` Pawnee Rangers '' `` End of the World '' `` Bowling for Votes '' `` Operation Ann '' `` The Debate '' `` Bus Tour '' `` Win , Lose , or Draw '' Season 5 `` Ms. Knope Goes to Washington '' `` Soda Tax '' `` How a Bill Becomes a Law '' `` Sex Education '' `` Halloween Surprise '' Season 6 Season 7 `` Leslie and Ron '' `` One Last Ride '' Characters Leslie Knope Ron Swanson Tom Haverford Ann Perkins April Ludgate Andy Dwyer Ben Wyatt Chris Traeger Jerry Gergich Donna Meagle Mark Brendanawicz Craig Middlebrooks Jean - Ralphio Saperstein Marlene Griggs - Knope Related Pawnee Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Parks_and_Recreation_characters&oldid=799790543 '' Categories : Parks and Recreation characters Lists of American sitcom television characters Lists of American television series characters Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 21 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays crazy ira on parks and rec	[ "Crazy Ira (Matt Besser) and Howard \"The Douche\" Tuttleman (Nick Kroll) are two shock jocks of a morning zoo-style Pawnee radio program. They serve primarily as a parody of those types of radio shows, especially in a small-town market like Pawnee.[175][176] The show prominently features fart jokes and \"your mom\" insults, as well as constant sound effects from their sound man \"China Joe\",[177][178] who hates his job.[178][179] Crazy Ira and The Douche are widely admired in Pawnee, especially by Tom Haverford,[179][180] and are considered much better than their rival radio show, \"Tubby Tony and The Papaya\" (who never appear on-screen).[177] They first appeared on \"Media Blitz\" when, during an interview with Leslie and Tom about the upcoming harvest festival, they revealed their true motive was to lambast Ben for his failed tenure as a city mayor during his teen years.[175][177] The interview proved disastrous for Ben, who was so socially awkward he could barely talk, and it led to other Pawnee media taking on the story and nearly ruining the harvest festival.[175][180] The Douche reappeared in \"The Fight\", when he went on a date with Ann to the Snakehole Lounge bar.[103] This came at a time when Ann was regularly going on a string of dates with random, underachieving men, and the date with The Douche led to a major argument between Ann and Leslie because Ann was supposed to be preparing for a job interview Leslie had arranged for her.[181] Later, on his radio show, The Douche dismissed both Ann and Leslie as likely lesbians.[182]" ]	[ "Matt Besser" ]
6262064139890610339	Mr. Gold	Mr. Gold - wikipedia Mr. Gold Jump to : navigation , search Rumplestiltskin / Mr. Gold Once Upon a Time character Promotional photograph of Robert Carlyle as Mr. Gold in Rumplestiltskin 's typical clothes . First appearance `` Pilot '' Created by Adam Horowitz & Eddy Kitsis Portrayed by Robert Carlyle Wyatt Oleff ( child ) Information Full name Rumplestiltskin Nickname ( s ) Rumple The Beast ' Stiltskin ( briefly ) Crocodile Light One ( alternate reality ) Aliases Weaver Mr. Gold Killian Jones Species Human ( avatar of the Dark One ) Gender Male Occupation Detective Pawnbroker ( formerly ) Landlord ( formerly ) Soldier ( briefly ) Farmer ( formerly ) Title The Dark One The Savior ( briefly ) Family Malcolm / Peter Pan ( father , deceased ) Fiona / Black Fairy ( mother , deceased ) Spouse ( s ) Milah ( deceased ) Belle Gold ( deceased ) Significant other ( s ) Cora Mills ( deceased ) The Evil Queen ( formerly ) Children Baelfire / Neal Cassidy ( son , with Milah ; deceased ) Gideon ( son , with Belle French ) Relatives Henry Mills ( grandson ) Lucy ( great - granddaughter ) Maurice / Moe French ( father - in - law ) Colette ( mother - in - law , deceased ) Abilities Dark magic Light magic ( alternate reality ) 1811 ( age 206 ) The Enchanted Forest Status Alive ( formerly deceased ) Type Enchanted Forest character Centric episodes Season One `` Desperate Souls '' `` Skin Deep '' `` The Return '' Season Two `` The Crocodile '' `` Manhattan '' `` Lacey '' Season Three `` Nasty Habits '' `` Think Lovely Thoughts '' `` Going Home '' Season Four `` The Apprentice '' `` Heroes and Villains '' Season Five `` Devil 's Due '' Season Six `` Changelings '' `` Ill - Boding Patterns '' `` The Black Fairy '' Season Seven `` Beauty '' Rumplestiltskin , also known by his Storybrooke name Mr. Gold and by his Hyperion Heights name Detective Weaver , is a fictional character in ABC 's television series Once Upon a Time . He is an antihero , and the main antagonist of the fourth season . Mr. Gold is portrayed by Robert Carlyle . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character background 1.1 Season 1 and 2 1.2 Season 3 and 4 1.3 Season 5 1.4 Season 6 2 Character development and reception 3 References 4 External links Character background ( edit ) Season 1 and 2 ( edit ) In the Enchanted Forest , Mr. Gold was originally known as Rumplestiltskin , a whimsical yet sinister sorcerer who delights in making devilish deals with desperate people , warning them `` all magic comes with a price . '' He is also known as the `` Dark One , '' the Beast and the crocodile that cost Captain Hook his left hand . He is son of Fiona / Black Fairy and Malcolm / Peter Pan , the true love of Belle , father to Baelfire / Neal Cassidy and Gideon , grandfather to Neal and Emma Swan 's biological son Henry and great - grandfather of Lucy . On a dark winter night shortly after his birth , the Blue Fairy and Tiger Lily , the newborn 's fairy godmother , visit to deliver a prophecy about the child 's destiny to become the Savior and die fighting a great evil . After Fiona becomes obsessed with changing her child 's destiny , she transforms herself into a Fairy to protect her son . Fiona takes the infant with her as she searches for the great evil prophesied to be born the same winter . Fiona and Tiger Lily are unable to find the great evil and take the child to the sacred fairy vault . Eventually , Tiger Lily wants to stop Fiona , when she realizes the latter wants to cast a dark curse . Fiona takes the fairy 's heart to stop her , turning her into the Black Fairy , but the Blue Fairy returns it . Then , Tiger Lily wants to give the Shears of Destiny to Fiona to cut away her powers , so she is no longer the great evil that her son would be supposed to face . Fiona insists that she needs her powers to protect her son , so she uses the shears to sever his destiny as the Savior . Fiona is then banished to the Dark Realm by the Blue Fairy , vowing to do everything in her power to one day get back to her son . Later , the Blue Fairy and Tiger Lily take the infant and return him to his father , Malcolm . The two fairies pretend that Fiona died in an accident while protecting their son . With great bitterness , and thinking his son is responsible for the death of Fiona , Malcolm announces that he has a fitting name to bestow on the infant : Rumplestiltskin . Later , as a boy , Malcolm left him with two spinners , from whom he receives a magic bean to create a portal to another world . Malcolm used the bean to take them to Neverland , though he forced Rumplestiltskin to be returned to the Enchanted Forest , realizing his son was preventing him from becoming a boy again . Rumplestiltskin witnessed as his father transforms into Peter Pan . In his adult years , Rumplestiltskin became a poor spinner who deserted from the Ogre Wars , to the disgust of his wife Milah , who left him for the pirate Killian Jones . Rumplestiltskin was then tricked into becoming the Dark One , later killing Milah and cutting off Killian 's hand , after which he takes on the name Captain Hook . He prevented his son Baelfire from being forced to join the wars , though Bae wants rid of his powers , creating a portal to transport them to a world without magic . Rumplestiltskin fears losing his powers , leaving Bae to cross over alone ; he vows to find his son . He trains Zelena , the Wicked Witch of the West , until she becomes jealous of his continued teaching of her half - sister , the Evil Queen Regina , who he chooses to cast his curse . As part of a deal to save her town , Belle becomes the caretaker of his estate and the two form a romantic bond until Rumplestiltskin forces her to leave forever , mistaking her for working with Regina , who later claims that Belle committed suicide . Soon afterwards , Prince Charming and Snow White use squid ink to immobilize , and placed him into a magical jail . Regina enacts his curse , and he requests that she give him a place of comfort in the `` new world '' that they will be sent to . He also requests that Regina does what he says , as long as he says Please . In Storybrooke , he is Mr. Gold , the owner of a pawn shop and the town 's wealthiest resident . Like everyone else except Regina , he does not remember his true identity until Emma comes to town and tells him her name . He owns most of the town . He finds Regina a baby whom she names Henry , only for her to later learn that he is Emma Swan 's biological son . He helps Emma become Sheriff , and offers his legal services to Mary Margaret Blanchard ( Snow White ) . Emma eventually breaks the curse and Gold is reunited with Belle , bringing magic back to Storybrooke , though he is later enraged when he learns that leaving the town will remove residents ' magical memories , as he had planned to search for Baelfire . Gold eventually creates a potion to leave and tracks Bae to Manhattan , learning he is Neal Cassidy , Henry 's father . Gold begins to die after he is poisoned by Hook with Dreamshade and the group return to Storybrooke , where Mary Margaret heals him by reluctantly cursing Cora 's heart . At first , Regina blames him for her mother 's demise until realizing Mary Margaret is the real culprit . Mr. Gold comes to Regina 's mausoleum to pay his respects at Cora 's coffin . He states Cora has a place in his heart , too , but she does n't believe his words and accuses him of exchanging her mother 's life to save his own . He tries to deter her away from the path of revenge against Mary Margaret , but Regina promises she will pay for Cora 's death . Unable to stop her , Mr. Gold notifies David and Emma of Regina 's plans . As he moves to leave directly after delivering the news , David persuades him to help them stop Regina since he still owes Mary Margaret for saving his life . After Regina is gone from the mausoleum , he and David search and find missing spell ingredients . Back at the apartment , Mr. Gold concludes Regina wants to cast the curse of the empty - hearted , which she intends to use on Henry to force him to love her . The spell requires sacrificing the heart of the person she hates most -- Mary Margaret . He suggests ending this feud by killing Regina ; an idea Henry objects to , though David and Emma do n't see any other choice . Upset , the boy flees the building as Emma follows . Mr. Gold warns David that while Cora was dangerous for not having a heart , Regina is more of a menace for having one . While David is gone , he stands guard over Mary Margaret , especially when Regina attempts to steal her heart . Later , Mr. Gold receives a phone call notifying him that Regina destroyed the curse . Suddenly , Mary Margaret asks him how he is able to live with himself despite all the evil things he 's done . Mr. Gold says it 's best to keep clinging onto the belief he did the right thing , and to keep thinking so until the mantra becomes reality . In a dream , Mr. Gold celebrates Henry 's birthday in the pawnshop along with David , Emma , Mary Margaret and Neal . He allows his grandson to pick out a present from the shop . Henry chooses a wand , which Mr. Gold then demonstrates for him . As the boy watches the wand movement , Mr. Gold turns him into a statue . Henry 's parents and grandparents react with shock , but Mr. Gold states that he has no choice since the boy will be his undoing . Brusquely , he takes his cane and smashes the statue . Only then , Mr. Gold awakes from the nightmare . The next day , he watches from a distance as Henry and Neal play at the park . Regina stops by , inquiring why his son is with hers , to which he informs her of his kinship with Henry . She accuses him of orchestrating it , though he stresses this was fate 's doing . Nonetheless , she knows he wo n't ever be accepted by others since he always chooses darkness . Surprising Belle at the hospital , Mr. Gold professes his love for her is real , which she believes . Belle thinks whatever past she did have , he was a part of it . Since she brings out the good in him , he will help her remember herself for his and her sake . After signing Belle 's discharge papers , he finds her missing . Upon further inspection , a card of The Rabbit Hole . Mr. Gold discovers Belle , with false memories , calling herself Lacey . Furious , he confronts Regina , but she declares it 's impossible to undo what has been done . Setting out to win Lacey 's heart , Mr. Gold receives help from David to ask her out . During the date , Lacey expresses surprise that Mr. Gold is different from his fearsome reputation . She believes no one can truly know what 's in a person 's heart until you truly know someone . Shocked to hear words she once said in the past , he spills wine on her dress . Lacey leaves to clean up at the bathroom , but when she does n't return , he finds her in the alley with Keith . Mistaking their rendezvous for a sexual assault , he scares off Keith . Lacey admits she only accepted his date out of pity for him , and that she is not Belle . Later , he takes out his anger by ripping out Keith 's tongue and beating him up . Lacey , witnessing his actions , becomes drawn to Mr. Gold dark self . Sensing her acceptance of him , he continues to hit Keith as Lacey watches with a mischievous smile . That same night , after Mr. Gold is done with Keith , he and Lacey stroll out into the parking lot side - by - side while chatting animatedly . Unbeknownst to either , Hook sees them from the clock tower . Outside the Rabbit Hole , Mr. Gold allegedly catches Dr. Whale looking at Lacey . After forcing him to the ground , he tries to make Dr. Whale to kiss his foot as punishment when Neal stops the altercation . As tensions rise , Mr. Gold sends Lacey to the shop so he can talk privately with Neal . His son is upset that Mr. Gold apparently does n't care about meeting his fiancée , Tamara . Mr. Gold believes the relationship wo n't work since Neal still have feelings for Emma . His son , however , is disappointed his father has not changed from the past . Neal then permanently cuts off contact with him ; stating that the only person he 's in Storybrooke for is Henry . While spending time with Lacey at the pawnshop , he is approached by David and Mary Margaret . Again , Mr. Gold asks Lacey to leave so he can take care of business . The pair ask for a way to locate Regina , and he helps them due to being indebted to Mary Margaret after she saved his life . Bringing out a bottle containing one of Regina 's tears , Mr. Gold collects Mary Margaret 's tear and mixes the two . Afterwards , he instructs she must put the liquid into her eye so a temporary bodily connection with Regina can be breached . After they are gone , Lacey curiously asks him about his magical abilities . Conjuring a necklace , he then helps her put it on . As Lacey learns more about his inability to age as the Dark One , she , too , wishes to be immortal so they can be together forever . He says it 's possible , but mentions it does n't keep a person immune from dying . Mr. Gold goes on to tell her about a prophecy a seer gave him a long time ago that someone will be his undoing , which he takes to mean his death will occur because of this person . Puzzled , Lacey questions why he does n't just get rid of the obstacle in his way as he 's the kind of man who wo n't let anything stand in his way . At a distance , Mr. Gold deliberately tries to sabotage the swing Henry is playing on , but a car door slam startles him . From a truck , Emma and her parents step out . When questioned by a suspicious David , Mr. Gold lies and states that he 's spending time with his grandson . Grimly , David and Mary Margaret tell him about Neal 's sudden death at Tamara 's hands . Hastily , they also fill Mr. Gold in on Greg and Tamara 's plans of setting off a trigger to obliterate every person in Storybrooke who was not born in the Land Without Magic . They ask for his help to stop it , but he refuses . Blaming himself for Neal 's death , after bringing magic to this land in order to find him , Mr. Gold is prepared to die once the trigger self - destructs . Later on , he receives a potion from Leroy to restore Lacey 's memories . As the demise of Storybrooke nears , Mr. Gold drinks scotch with Lacey . She accidentally spills some and uses Baelfire 's shawl as a wiping rag . Outraged , he snatches it back and angrily exclaims it belonged to someone very important to him , and that she would not understand . Mr. Gold recognizes , in this instance , that the person he needs most is Belle . Magically reconstructing the chipped cup , he pours the potion into it . With one sip , Lacey 's memories as Belle return . As they reunite , Mr. Gold apologizes for waking her up only to die on the same day . Soon , destruction is alleviated when Emma and Regina 's combined powers stop the trigger . At the dock , Mr. Gold and Belle learn Henry has been taken to another world by Greg and Tamara . Hook , possessing the last magic bean , agrees to help them pursue Henry 's kidnappers . Mr. Gold persuades Belle into enacting a cloaking spell to keep outsiders from entering town . Mr. Gold intends this to be the last time they meet as it is his duty to save Henry for Neal 's sake . Hopeful as ever , Belle believes the future is n't always what it seems , and they will see each other again . Parting with a kiss , Belle walks away , and then assures him that Neal would be proud . Aboard the Jolly Roger , Mr. Gold conjures the magic globe and pricks a drop of blood onto it , which pinpoints Henry in Neverland . After Hook opens a portal with the bean , he , Mr. Gold , David , Emma , Mary Margaret and Regina set sail for the land . Season 3 and 4 ( edit ) When Henry is kidnapped to Neverland , Gold travels with Emma , her parents , Regina and Hook to rescue him from his father 's plot to steal Henry 's heart . Returning to Storybrooke , Pan attempts to kill his loved ones , though Gold uses his dagger to sacrifice both himself and his father . However , Pan 's curse is enacted , and when Regina destroys her curse to end Pan 's curse , the inhabitants are returned to the Enchanted Forest . Neal and Belle travel to Rumplestiltskin 's castle and are located to the Dark One 's vault where Neal resurrects Rumplestiltskin but kills himself . Before he dies , Rumplestiltskin merges Neal 's body with his own . When Snow White and Prince Charming enact a curse to stop Zelena , Mr. Gold is returned to Storybrooke under Zelena 's control . Emma later finds him , only to find that Neal is trapped within him , thus causing Gold to lose his mind . Neal asks for Emma to free Gold to defeat Zelena , though he will die ; she reluctantly agrees . Mr. Gold proposes to Belle , also giving her his dagger . Unknown to her , it is a fake , and Gold uses the original to kill Zelena . He later marries Belle with her father 's blessing , secretly returning the real dagger to Belle . Gold soon discovers the Sorcerer Merlin 's magical hat in Storybrooke and once again defies Belle to take back the original blade . Attempting to cleave himself from his dagger and have ultimate power and control by killing Hook , Belle stops him and banishes him from the town . Gold finds Ursula and Cruella and enlists them to help in returning to Storybrooke , later teaming with Maleficent to find the Author of Henry 's book and retrieve their own happy endings at the expense of Emma who 's savior status must be removed . As Mr. Gold 's darkened heart affliction worsens , he uses the Author to create an alternate universe in which villains get their happy endings . However , Henry undoes Isaac 's work , and Belle finds an unconscious Mr. Gold back in Storybrooke . The Apprentice removes the Dark One 's powers from Gold 's heart and keeps him in a preservation spell . The darkness is then taken in by Emma , who becomes the new Dark One . Season 5 ( edit ) The recreation of Gold 's shop along the Streets of America at Disney 's Hollywood Studios He is then left under the spell during the Camelot Quest . Shortly after the heroes ' return , he is awoken by Emma and forced to become a hero via protection of Belle in order to pull Excalibur from its stone . After succeeding , Gold threatens to ensure Emma 's defeat , because as a former Dark One , he knows better than anyone how to defeat one . After Hook was revealed to be the true villain , Gold engaged in a duel with him for the first time as a human since their first meeting . Despite the reversed circumstances -- with Hook as the Dark One and Gold as the mortal -- Gold still managed to defeat Hook in combat , purposefully allowing him to live , believing it would haunt Hook that he had been defeated by his `` cowardly '' nemesis . Though Gold hoped to resume his relationship with Belle , she ended the relationship due to the numerous times he lied and hurt her . After Hook unleashed the dead Dark Ones into Storybrooke , Gold was among those whose souls were claimed and were to be taken to the Underworld in place of the Dark Ones . Though Gold claimed it was pointless to resist , Emma continued to look for a way to stop Hook . Taking advantage of Emma 's decision to use Excalibur to destroy the Darkness once and for all , Gold enchanted the blade so that the Darkness would be transferred back into him . Indeed , following Hook 's redemptive sacrifice , Gold was revealed to not only be the Dark One again , but to embody the power of every Dark One before , including Emma Swan . Upon discovering this fact , Emma used this to blackmail Gold into helping the heroes journey to the Underworld to resurrect Hook . When he arrived , he is tempted by his father , who must live out his soul as Peter Pan , an offer to trade a living soul for his , and was tempted by Hades to leave only to betray Gold by forcing him to kill Milah just as they were hoping for her to make peace with Baelfire . Hades then uses the contract that gave the healer their second child , as payback by amending it in order to do Hades ' bidding . When he created a portal for Hades in order to bring Zelena 's daughter to the Underworld , the portal also bought Belle as well , and he confessed to her about his reclaiming his role as the Dark One and her pregnancy , explaining that she can not merely love him for the man she sees inside the beast , since the beast is also a part of him . Upset with Belle going into a sleep to protect their child , Gold decides to resort to using dark magic again , and with the help of Pan to act as a `` Loophole , '' he kidnapped Zelena , as she was responsible for giving Belle the spindle that put her under in the first place . After getting Hades to rip up the contract for his and Belle 's baby , he rips Robin 's heart out to give it to Pan so he can live again but Rumple double crosses him and puts Robin 's heart back and puts a glamoured wineskin filled with water from the River of Souls . He later puts Belle in the Underworld Pandora 's Box and leaves back to Storybrooke and goes to Belle 's father to get him to wake her up but he refuses until Rumple is gone from Belle 's life . After Hades 's death , Gold uses the Olympian Crystal to steal Storybrooke 's magic to help free Belle from her sleeping curse but when Henry steals it to destroy magic believing it to be nothing but trouble , Gold lies to everyone and says if he destroys magic he will destroy us . After finding Henry in New York , he steals the crystal back and plans to use its magic to wake Belle up but Mr. Hyde uses The Sorcerer 's wand to open a portal and steal Pandora 's Box which contains Belle after Rumple decided to save the crystal instead . When Henry destroys magic Rumple suggests they visit a man called `` The Dragon '' , who might tell them where to find any magic left in the world and when they discover the fountain in New York contains magic they get random people to help make wishes to get their family back and after Snow , David , Hook , Zelena , and Dr. Jekyll return Gold travels to the Land of Untold Stories to confront Hyde and get Belle . Hyde later makes a deal with Gold to give him info about how to free Belle from her sleeping curse in exchange for Storybrooke in which Gold agrees . Season 6 ( edit ) Rumple uses the Sands of Morpheus to wake Belle , at the same time , meeting the consciousness of his unborn son in the dream world . Due to his son encouraging Belle not to let Rumple ruin their lives , she leaves him to stay on the Jolly Roger . Rumple attempts to show Belle he does love her and their son , but fails numerous times . At the same time , the Evil Queen tries seducing him into help her ; pretending to fall for her wiles , Rumple instead manipulates her . Tired of the man he sees in the mirror , Gold cuts his hair short , hoping a new look would help . Eventually , the Evil Queen frames him for accelerating Belle 's pregnancy to make her give birth ; to keep their son safe , Belle asks Mother Superior to take him somewhere else . Rumple is left saddened as Belle refused to tell him the name of their son , telling her he would never have hurt her or him . To his horror later , Rumple finds himself unable to find their son with magic ; he tells Belle to ask Mother Superior , with both learning a terrible truth : the Black Fairy kidnapped their son . Rumple reveals to Belle that the Black Fairy is his mother , and that she is corrupting their son , Gideon , as they speak . A short time later , a hooded figure arrives at the shop , and to their horror , it is a grown - up Gideon , now poisoned with evil by the Black Fairy ; he is the one destined to kill Emma . Gideon explains to his parents that he has arrived in Storybrooke to kill the Savior and take her powers for himself in order to defeat the Black Fairy and free the Dark Realm . Belle agrees to work with Rumple in order to save their son from the darkness growing inside of him and to prevent the looming `` war '' in Storybrooke . Rumple later learn that Gideon has been under the control of the Black Fairy , who has stolen his heart . He was ready to annihilate Storybrooke , if that meant destroying her . He learned the truth about how he separated with his mother , when Blue Fairy had sent her to Dark Realm , was destined to be Savoir and kill his mother . After Rumple secretly forges an alliance with his mother in order to retrieve Gideon 's heart , he returns the heart and Gideon happily reunites with his parents . Hook prevented Gold from interrupting his wedding with Emma and knocked him with poison from Neverland . The Black Fairy arrives to aid her son , and after Mr. Gold is awake again , he steals a potion that Regina created to freeze the Black Fairy 's Dark Curse . With it , Mr. Gold uses it on Regina , Zelena , Snow , and David , which helps the Black Fairy 's plan to isolate Emma from her family and friends . Under the Black Fairy 's Dark Curse , Mr. Gold somehow manages to retain his true memories as he had suspicions that his mother could not be trusted . His son , Gideon , works with him in the pawnshop , and has cursed memories of his mother Belle abandoning him after his birth . Mr. Gold plays along with this , especially when Fiona pays the father - son pair a visit , but in secret , he searches for Belle 's book and attempts to use it to change Gideon 's opinion of the mother who supposedly left him . He suggests that Belle is n't the heartless person that Gideon believes her to be , but Gideon is fed up with his father refusing to accept that Belle left them and reasons that they could be happy if he would just let the past go . Still unconvinced , Mr. Gold asks Fiona to reopen the investigation into Belle 's disappearance . Fiona admits she has been withholding information , however , since he is adamant to know everything , she shows him photographic evidence of Belle happily living overseas . She persuades him to let go of Belle since he could never be the man that she wanted him to be , but he still can be the man that his son needs . Later , Mr. Gold tries to stop Henry from entering the shop backroom and even pretends to not know the boy is his grandson , however , Henry goes in anyway to unveil hidden bottles of magic as proof that Mr. Gold does indeed remember . Mr. Gold admits his distrust in Fiona 's story about Belle and his plans to find her . Although he refuses to help Henry save Emma 's family who are all trapped in the Enchanted Forest , he allows him to take something from the shop to use against Fiona . Mr. Gold goes on to use Belle 's book to track her to a house in Storybrooke , where she lives in seclusion and is too fearful of going outside . He returns to the pawnshop and confronts his mother with the truth . Fiona insists she did it for his own good since Belle would have turned him away from his darker instincts , but she promises that once the final battle ends , her magic will reach uncharted levels that will allow her to make his family love him without him having to give up his Dark One powers . She even offers to revive his deceased firstborn , Baelfire , but as tempting as it is , Mr. Gold declines , no longer wanting to pay the price of magic . Mr. Gold grabs her wand , using it to magically choke her until she falls to her knees , while vowing to make her suffer for what she 's done to his family . Fiona mocks him for thinking that stopping her will end the final battle and instead reveals the message in Henry 's Author symbols , in that only light magic can defeat light magic . As Mr. Gold realizes she has ordered Gideon to kill Emma , Fiona boasts that not even her death can undo the command , to which Mr. Gold decides to test if she is right by killing her anyway . Rumple kills the Black Fairy , the Dark Curse is lifted and he and Belle happily reunite . Together , they venture into the mines to search for Gideon 's heart . Together they enter the mines to once again retrieve Gideon 's heart and stop him before he can kill Emma . Upon finding the heart and considering the power he could gain from Emma 's death , Rumple makes the decision to ignore his dark impulses and commands Gideon to let Emma live . after locating the heart , Mr. Gold is holding it in his palm when Rumplestiltskin , a manifestation of his darker instincts , appears to entice him with the possibility of allowing Emma to die at Gideon 's hands so that his own magic can reach unprecedented levels and he can have both love and power . Mr. Gold refuses out of loyalty to his family , stating that he does n't want to betray them and that he was destined to be a Savior . Rumplestiltskin still tries to sway him by suggesting he 's destined to change magic with all the unlimited things he could do in this new world , but Mr. Gold declines again because none of it would be real for him . Holding up Gideon 's heart , Mr. Gold speaks into it to order his son to stop but to his shock , it does n't work because the Black Fairy 's spell is too powerful . He reveals his failure to Belle , and as she comforts him with a hug , they hear a baby 's cry . Upon further investigation of the baby , they realize Gideon has returned to them as a newly restored infant . Mr. Gold , overcome with emotion , believes they now have a fresh start , though Belle heartily corrects him by saying it 's a happy beginning . Belle and Rumple celebrate their `` happy beginning '' together with the Charmings , Emma , Hook , Regina , and Zelena at Granny 's Diner . Character development and reception ( edit ) The producers had been eyeing Carlyle as the right person to play the dual roles , even after having been written with him in mind , though the writers initially thought he would not accept the part . Horowitz recalled Carlyle 's prison sequence in the pilot episode , which was the actor 's first day on the set as `` mind - blowing ... You could see Ginny actually jump , the first time he did that character . It was fantastic ! '' Jane Espenson has stated that no official first name has been established for him . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Leroy refers to Gold by this name in Belle 's dream in the second season episode `` The Crocodile . '' Jump up ^ In the episode `` Enter the Dragon , '' Gold impersonates Hook in order to steal his dagger back from Belle . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time timeline '' . ONCE -- Once Upon a Time podcast . According to the website , Interview evidence says Rumple is around 300 ; Keb was going with 300 when Emma arrives , rather than at the time of the curse . Big Ben evidence suggests he should be younger still ; cutting a hundred years from the dates pre-Jiminy's birth would correct for this perfectly , so Rumple becomes 200 instead of 300 when Emma arrives . More evidence for doing this : Pan asks Rumple in 311 , `` What are you now , a couple hundred ? '' Therefore , Keb set his age at 200 when the curse is broken ; Adam Horowitz tweeted for 507 that this age is more accurate . That said , no exact birth year has been canonically revealed . Jump up ^ Murphy , Shaunna ( November 27 , 2011 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Let Your Conscience Be Your Guide '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Father and Child Reunion '' from Entertainment Weekly ( February 17 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Really , Most Sincerely Dead ? '' from Entertainment Weekly ( March 30 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( March 8 , 2011 ) . `` Robert Carlyle joins ABC fairytale pilot '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Mr. Gold on IMDb Once Upon a Time Episodes Season 1 6 7 Characters Mary Margaret Blanchard Emma Swan Regina Mills David Nolan Henry Mills Rumplestiltskin Hook Belle Zelena Robin Hood Universe Creatures Items Related Awards and nominations List of cast members Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Rumpelstiltskin by the Brothers Grimm Film Rumpelstiltskin ( 1940 ) Rumpelstiltskin ( 1955 ) Rumpelstiltskin ( 1985 ) Rumpelstiltskin ( 1987 ) Rumpelstiltskin ( 1995 ) 7 Zwerge -- Der Wald ist nicht genug ( 2006 ) Music Rumpelstiltskin ( musical ) Rumpelstiltskin ( album ) Story within a story `` If Wishes Were Horses '' Sleeping in Flame Related Mr. Gold Märchenbilder Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mr._Gold&oldid=812008986 '' Categories : Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Fictional characters introduced in 2011 Fictional characters who use magic Rumpelstiltskin Television supervillains Fictional characters who have made pacts with devils Fictional characters who can teleport Fictional businesspeople Fictional shapeshifters Fictional shopkeepers Fictional demons and devils Fictional characters with precognition Fictional kidnappers Fictional landlords Fictional tricksters Fictional mass murderers Fictional patricides Fictional uxoricides Resurrection in fiction Fictional torturers Fictional henchmen Fictional soldiers Fictional characters with disfigurements Fictional characters with slowed aging Fictional characters with fire or heat abilities Fictional characters with accelerated healing Fictional technopaths Fictional telekinetics Fictional matricides Fictional suicides Revived fictional characters Witchcraft in television Fictional American police detectives Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 11 : 13 . About Wikipedia	who does rumpelstiltskin love in once upon a time	[ "In the Enchanted Forest, Mr. Gold was originally known as Rumplestiltskin, a whimsical yet sinister sorcerer who delights in making devilish deals with desperate people, warning them \"all magic comes with a price.\"[4] He is also known as the \"Dark One,\" the Beast and the crocodile that cost Captain Hook his left hand. He is son of Fiona/Black Fairy and Malcolm/Peter Pan, the true love of Belle, father to Baelfire/Neal Cassidy and Gideon, grandfather to Neal and Emma Swan's biological son Henry and great-grandfather of Lucy." ]	[ "Belle" ]
-3832436755282943738	Operation Banner	Operation Banner - wikipedia Operation Banner Operation Banner Part of the Troubles and the Dissident Irish Republican campaign Two British Army soldiers at a checkpoint near Newry , Northern Ireland , 1988 Date 14 August 1969 -- 31 July 2007 ( 37 years , 11 months , 2 weeks and 3 days ) Location Northern Ireland Result Stalemate Paramilitary ceasefires Demilitarisation Good Friday Agreement Belligerents British Armed Forces Royal Ulster Constabulary Irish republican paramilitaries Ulster loyalist paramilitaries Casualties and losses 722 deaths from paramilitary attacks 719 deaths from other causes 6,100 injured 127 killed 13 killed The Troubles Ireland 1960s Battle of the Bogside / August 1969 riots 1970s Battle of St Matthew 's Falls Curfew 1970 Crossmaglen bombing Scottish soldiers ' killings 1971 Provisional / Official IRA feud Operation Demetrius Ballymurphy massacre Newry killings Red Lion pub McGurk 's bombing Balmoral showroom bombing Bloody Sunday Abercorn bombing Donegall St bombing Battle at Springmartin Battle of Lenadoon Springhill massacre Bloody Friday Operation Motorman Claudy bombing Benny 's bombing Belturbet bombing Dublin bombings New Lodge Six shooting `` Captain Black '' killings Coleraine bombings Rose & Crown Bar bombing Dublin - Monaghan bombings `` Romper Room '' murder Conway 's Bar Mountainview Tavern Strand Bar bombing Miami Showband killings Bayardo Bar Tullyvallen massacre Belfast & Coleraine attacks Drummuckavall ambush Dublin Airport bombing Dundalk & Silverbridge attacks Gilford bombing Reavey - O'Dowd killings Kingsmill massacre Castleblayney bombing Hillcrest Bar bombing Step Inn Pub Flagstaff incident Chlorane Bar Ramble Inn Garryhinch ambush Jonesboro Gazelle downing La Mon bombing Crossmaglen Ambush Bessbrook bombing Warrenpoint ambush 1980s Dunmurry train bombing Lough Foyle Bessbrook landmine attack Glasdrumman ambush Divis Flats bomb Ballykelly bombing Ballygawley landmine attack Darkley killings Kesh ambush Gransha shootings Newry mortar attack Killeen Landmine attack Ballygawley barracks The Birches barracks Clontibret invasion Rosnaree Hotel shooting Loughgall ambush Enniskillen bombing Milltown Cemetery Corporals killings Avenue Bar shooting Lisburn van bombing Ballygawley bus bombing Drumnakilly ambush Orange Cross Social Club shooting Jonesborough ambush Derryard checkpoint 1990s Downpatrick bombing Derrygorry Gazelle shootdown Operation Conservation Fort Victoria 1990 proxy bombs Mullacreevie ambush Cappagh killings Drumbeg killings Glenanne barracks Coagh ambush Craigavon killings Donegall Arms shooting Teebane bombing Sean Graham bookmakers Clonoe ambush Cloghoge checkpoint Coalisland riots South Armagh sniper campaign Science Lab bombing James Murray 's bookmakers IRA purge of IPLO Castlerock killings Cullaville occupation Battle of Newry Road Shankill bombing Greysteel massacre Crossmaglen Lynx shootdown 1994 Shankill Road killings Loughinisland massacre Connolly station bomb Drumcree crisis Killyhevlin Hotel bombing 1996 Derry riots Thiepval barracks 1997 Coalisland attack July 1997 riots Newtownhamilton bombing Quinn brothers ' killings Banbridge bombing Omagh bombing Great Britain 1970s Aldershot bombing Old Bailey bombing King 's Cross & Euston stations Westminster bombing M62 coach bombing Parliament bombing Tower of London bombing Guildford bombings Brook 's bombing Harrow bombing Woolwich pub bombing Birmingham bombings Pillar box bombings Bristol bombing Oxford St bombing Carlton Tower & Portman Hotel shootings Caterham bombing Hilton bombing Piccadilly bombing Trattoria bombing Scott 's bombing Walton 's bombing Biddy Mulligan 's bombing Balcombe St siege Cannon Street bombing West Ham attack Olympia bombing Airey Neavey killing Glasgow bombings 1980s Chelsea bombing Hyde & Regent 's Park bombings Harrods bombing Woolwich barracks Brighton bombing . Inglis barracks Clive barracks Deal barracks 1990s Eltham bombing Wembley bombing Lichfield shooting HAC bombing Carlton Club bombing Stock Exchange bombing Downing St attack Victoria & Paddington station bombings London Bridge bombing Baltic Exchange bombing 1992 Leeds Bombing Staples Corner bombing Sussex Arms pub bombing 1992 Manchester bombing Wood Green bomb Warrington bombings 1993 Harrods bombing Camden Town bombing Bishopsgate bombing Heathrow attacks Docklands bombing Aldwych bus bombing 1996 Hammersmith Bridge bombing 1996 Manchester bombing Mainland Europe Brussels bombing ( Belgium ) Rheindahlen bombing ( Germany ) Operation Flavius ( Gibraltar ) 1988 Netherlands attacks Glamorgan Barracks bombing ( Germany ) Roermond killings ( Netherlands ) Osnabrück barracks ( Germany ) Operation Banner was the operational name for the British Armed Forces ' operation in Northern Ireland from August 1969 to July 2007 , as part of the Troubles . It was the longest continuous deployment in the British military 's history . The British Army was initially deployed , at the request of the unionist government of Northern Ireland , in response to the August 1969 riots . Its role was to support the Royal Ulster Constabulary ( RUC ) and to assert the authority of the British government in Northern Ireland . At the peak of the operation in the 1970s , about 21,000 British troops were deployed , most of them from Britain . As part of the operation , a new locally - recruited regiment was also formed : the Ulster Defence Regiment ( UDR ) . After the 1998 Belfast Agreement , the operation was gradually scaled down and the vast majority of British troops were withdrawn . According to the Ministry of Defence , 1,441 serving British military personnel died in Operation Banner ; 722 of whom were killed in paramilitary attacks , and 719 of whom died as a result of other causes . The British military killed 306 people during the operation , about 51 % of whom were civilians and 41 % of whom were members of republican paramilitaries . Contents 1 Description of the operation 2 Role of the armed forces 3 Number of troops deployed 4 Controversies 4.1 Relationship with the Catholic community 4.2 Collusion with loyalist paramilitaries 5 Casualties 6 Analysis of the operation 7 References 8 External links Description of the Operation ( edit ) The British Army was initially deployed , at the request of the unionist government of Northern Ireland , in response to the August 1969 riots . Its role was to support the Royal Ulster Constabulary ( RUC ) and to assert the authority of the British government in Northern Ireland . The main opposition to the British military 's deployment came from the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) . It waged a guerrilla campaign against the British military from 1970 to 1997 . Catholics welcomed the soldiers when they first arrived in August 1969 , but Catholic hostility to the British military 's deployment increased after incidents such as the Falls Curfew ( 1970 ) , Operation Demetrius ( 1971 ) , the Ballymurphy Massacre ( 1971 ) and Bloody Sunday ( 1972 ) . An internal British Army document released in 2007 stated that , whilst it had failed to defeat the IRA , it had made it impossible for the IRA to win through violence , and reduced substantially the death toll in the last years of conflict . Crossmaglen RUC / Army base , showing a watchtower built during the operation that was later demolished as part of the demilitarisation process . The barracks were handed over to the PSNI in 2007 . The operation was gradually scaled down from 1998 , after the Good Friday Agreement , when patrols were suspended and several military barracks closed or dismantled , even before the beginning of IRA 's decommissioning . The process of demilitarisation started in 1994 , after the first IRA ceasefire . From the second IRA ceasefire in 1997 until the first act of decommission of weapons in 2001 , almost 50 % of the army bases had been vacated or demolished along with surveillance sites and holding centers , while more than 100 cross-border roads were reopened . Eventually in August 2005 , it was announced that in response to the Provisional IRA declaration that its campaign was over , and in accordance with the Good Friday Agreement provisions , Operation Banner would end by 1 August 2007 . This involved troops based in Northern Ireland reduced to 5,000 , and only for training purposes . Security was entirely transferred to the police . The Northern Ireland Resident battalions of the Royal Irish Regiment -- which grew out of the Ulster Defence Regiment -- were stood down on 1 September 2006 . The operation officially ended at midnight on 31 July 2007 , making it the longest continuous deployment in the British Army 's history , lasting over 38 years . While the withdrawal of troops was welcomed by the nationalist parties Social Democratic and Labour Party and Sinn Féin , the unionist Democratic Unionist Party and Ulster Unionist Party opposed the decision , which they regarded as ' premature ' . The main reasons behind their resistance were the continuing activity of republican dissident groups , the loss of security - related jobs for the protestant community and the perception of the British Army presence as an affirmation of the political union with Great Britain . Adam Ingram , the Minister of State for the Armed Forces , has stated that assuming the maintenance of an enabling environment , British Army support to the PSNI after 31 July 2007 was reduced to a residual level , known as Operation Helvetic , providing specialised ordnance disposal and support to the PSNI in circumstances of extreme public disorder as described in Patten recommendations 59 and 66 , should this be needed , thus ending the British Army 's emergency operation in Northern Ireland . Role of the armed forces ( edit ) The support to the police forces was primarily from the British Army , with the Royal Air Force providing helicopter support as required . A maritime component was supplied under the codename of Operation Grenada , by the Royal Navy and Royal Marines in direct support of the Army commitment . This was tasked with interdicting the supply of weapons and munitions to paramilitaries , acting as a visible deterrence by maintaining a conspicuous maritime presence on and around the coast of Northern Ireland and Lough Neagh . The role of the armed forces in their support role to the police was defined by the Army in the following terms : `` Routine support -- Includes such tasks as providing protection to the police in carrying out normal policing duties in areas of terrorist threat ; patrolling around military and police bases to deter terrorist attacks and supporting police - directed counter-terrorist operations '' `` Additional support -- Assistance where the police have insufficient assets of their own ; this includes the provision of observation posts along the border and increased support during times of civil disorder . The military can provide soldiers to protect and , if necessary , supplement police lines and cordons . The military can provide heavy plant to remove barricades and construct barriers , and additional armoured vehicles and helicopters to help in the movement of police and soldiers '' `` Specialist support -- Includes bomb disposal , search and tracker dogs , and divers from the Royal Engineers '' Number of troops deployed ( edit ) At the peak of the operation in the 1970s , the British Army was deploying around 21,000 soldiers . By 1980 , the figure had dropped to 11,000 , with a lower presence of 9,000 in 1985 . The total climbed again to 10,500 after the intensification of the IRA use of barrack busters toward the end of the 1980s . In 1992 , there were 17,750 members of all British military forces taking part in the operation . The British Army build - up comprised three brigades under the command of a lieutenant - general . There were six resident battalions deployed for a period of two and a half years and four roulement battalions serving six - months tours . In July 1997 , during the course of fierce riots in nationalist areas triggered by the Drumcree conflict , the total number of security forces in Northern Ireland increased to more than 30,000 ( including the RUC ) . A British Army Land Rover patrolling South Belfast ( 1981 ) A British Army Ammunition Technical Officer approaches a suspect device in Belfast Controversies ( edit ) The British military was responsible for about 10 % of all deaths in the conflict . According to one study , the British military killed 306 people during Operation Banner , 156 ( ~ 51 % ) of whom were unarmed civilians . Another study says the British military killed 301 people , 160 ( ~ 53 % ) of whom were unarmed civilians . Of the civilians killed , 61 were children . Only four soldiers were convicted of murder while on duty in Northern Ireland . All were released after serving two or three years of life sentences and allowed to rejoin the Army . Senior Army officers privately lobbied successive Attorneys General not to prosecute soldiers , and the Committee on the Administration of Justice says there is evidence soldiers were given some level of immunity from prosecution . Elements of the British Army also colluded with illegal loyalist paramilitaries responsible for numerous attacks on civilians ( see below ) . Journalist Fintan O'Toole argues that `` both militarily and ideologically , the Army was a player , not a referee '' . Relationship with the Catholic community ( edit ) Many Catholics initially welcomed the British Army 's deployment , as Catholic neighbourhoods had been attacked by Protestant loyalists and the Royal Ulster Constabulary ( RUC ) . However , relations soured between the British Army and Catholics . The British Army 's actions in support of the RUC and the unionist government `` gradually earned it a reputation of bias '' in favour of Protestants and unionists . In the British Army 's campaign against the IRA , Catholic areas were frequently subjected to house raids , checkpoints , patrols and curfews that Protestant areas avoided . There were frequent claims of soldiers physically and verbally abusing Catholics during these searches . In some neighbourhoods , clashes between Catholic residents and British troops became a regular occurrence . In April 1970 , Ian Freeland , the British Army 's overall commander in Northern Ireland , announced that anyone throwing petrol bombs would be shot dead if they did not heed a warning from soldiers . A memorial to those killed by British soldiers during the Ballymurphy Massacre . The Falls Curfew in July 1970 , was a major blow to relations between the British Army and Catholics . A weapons search in the mainly Catholic Falls area of Belfast developed into a riot and then gun battles with the IRA . The British Army then imposed a 36 - hour curfew and arrested all journalists inside the curfew zone . It is claimed that because the media were unable to watch them , the soldiers behaved `` with reckless abandon '' . A large amount of CS gas was fired into the area while hundreds of homes and businesses were forcibly searched for weapons . The searches caused much destruction , and there were scores of complaints of soldiers hitting , threatening , insulting and humiliating residents . The Army also admitted there had been looting by some soldiers . Four civilians were killed by the British Army during the operation , and another 60 suffered gunshot wounds . On 9 August 1971 , internment ( imprisonment without trial ) was introduced in Northern Ireland . Soldiers launched dawn raids and interned almost 350 people suspected of IRA involvement . This sparked four days of violence in which 20 civilians were killed and thousands were forced to flee their homes . Of the 17 civilians killed by British soldiers , 11 of them were in the Ballymurphy Massacre . No loyalists were included in the sweep , and many of those arrested were Catholics with no provable paramilitary links . Many internees reported being beaten , verbally abused , threatened , denied sleep and starved . Some internees were taken to a secret interrogation centre for a program of `` deep interrogation '' . The five techniques , the interrogation techniques , were described by the European Court of Human Rights as `` inhuman and degrading '' , and by the European Commission of Human Rights as `` torture '' . The operation led to mass protests and a sharp increase in violence over the following months . Internment lasted until December 1975 , with 1,981 people interned . Banner and crosses carried by the families of the Bloody Sunday victims on the yearly commemoration march . The incident that most damaged the relationship between the British Army and the Catholic community was `` Bloody Sunday '' , 30 January 1972 . During an anti-internment march in Derry , 26 unarmed Catholic protesters and bystanders were shot by soldiers from the 1st Battalion , Parachute Regiment ; fourteen died . Some were shot from behind or while trying to help the wounded . The Widgery Tribunal largely cleared the soldiers of blame , but it was regarded as a `` whitewash '' by the Catholic community . A second inquiry , the Saville Inquiry , concluded in 2010 that the killings were `` unjustified and unjustifiable '' . On 9 July 1972 , British troops in Portadown used CS gas and rubber bullets to clear Catholics who were blocking an Orange Order march through their neighbourhood . The British Army then let the Orangemen march into the Catholic area escorted by at least 50 masked and uniformed Ulster Defence Association ( UDA ) militants . At the time , the UDA was a legal organization . That same day in Belfast , British snipers shot dead five Catholic civilians , including three children , in the Springhill Massacre . On the night of 3 -- 4 February 1973 , British Army snipers shot dead four unarmed men ( one of whom was an IRA member ) in the Catholic New Lodge area of Belfast . In the early hours of 31 July 1972 , the British Army launched Operation Motorman to re-take Northern Ireland 's `` no - go areas '' . They were mostly Catholic neighbourhoods that had been barricaded by the residents to keep out the security forces and loyalists . During the operation , the British Army shot four people in Derry , killing a 15 - year - old Catholic civilian and an unarmed IRA member . From 1971 to 1973 , a secret British Army unit , the Military Reaction Force ( MRF ) , carried out undercover operations in Belfast . It killed and wounded a number of unarmed Catholic civilians in drive - by shootings . The British Army initially claimed the civilians had been armed , but no evidence was found to support that . Former MRF members later admitted that the unit shot unarmed people without warning , both IRA members and civilians . One member said , `` We were not there to act like an army unit , we were there to act like a terror group '' . At first , many of the drive - by shootings were blamed on Protestant loyalists . Republicans claim the MRF sought to draw the IRA into a sectarian conflict to divert it from its campaign against the state . In May 1992 , there were clashes between paratroopers and Catholic civilians in the town of Coalisland , triggered by a bomb attack in nearby Cappagh that severed the legs of a paratrooper . The soldiers ransacked two pubs , damaged civilian cars and opened fire on a crowd . Three civilians were hospitalized with gunshot wounds . As a result , the Parachute Regiment was redeployed outside urban areas and the brigadier at 3 Infantry Brigade , Tom Longland , was relieved of his command . Collusion with loyalist paramilitaries ( edit ) A republican mural in Belfast with the slogan `` Collusion Is Not An Illusion '' . In their efforts to defeat the IRA , there were incidents of collusion between the British Army and loyalist paramilitaries throughout the conflict . This included soldiers taking part in loyalist attacks while off - duty , giving weapons or intelligence to loyalists , not taking action against them , and hindering police investigations . The Army also had double agents and informers within loyalist groups who organized attacks on the orders of , or with the knowledge of , their Army handlers . The De Silva report found that , during the 1980s , 85 % of the intelligence that loyalists used to target people came from the security forces . A 2006 Irish Government report alleged that British soldiers also helped loyalists with attacks in the Republic of Ireland . The Army 's locally - recruited Ulster Defence Regiment ( UDR ) was almost wholly Protestant . Despite the vetting process , loyalist militants managed to enlist ; mainly to obtain weapons , training and intelligence . A 1973 British Government document ( uncovered in 2004 ) , `` Subversion in the UDR '' , suggested that 5 -- 15 % of UDR soldiers then were members of loyalist paramilitaries . The report said the UDR was the main source of weapons for those groups , although by 1973 weapons losses had dropped significantly , partly due to stricter controls . By 1990 , at least 197 UDR soldiers had been convicted of loyalist terrorist offences and other serious crimes including bombings , kidnappings and assaults . Nineteen were convicted of murder and 11 for manslaughter . This was only a small fraction of those who served in it , but the proportion was higher than in the regular British Army , the RUC and the civilian population . Initially , the Army allowed soldiers to be members of the Ulster Defence Association ( UDA ) . Despite its involvement in terrorism , the UDA was not outlawed by the British Government until 1992 . In July 1972 , Harry Tuzo ( the Army 's GOC in Northern Ireland ) devised a strategy to defeat the IRA , which was backed by Michael Carver , head of the British Army . It proposed that the growth of the UDA `` should be discreetly encouraged in Protestant areas , to reduce the load on the Security Forces '' , and suggested they `` turn a blind eye to UDA arms when confined to their own areas '' . That summer , the Army mounted some joint patrols with the UDA in Protestant areas , following talks between General Robert Ford and UDA leader Tommy Herron . In November 1972 the Army ordered that a soldier should be discharged if his sympathy for a paramilitary group affects his performance , loyalty or impartiality . Within three years , 171 soldiers with UDA links had been discharged . In 1977 , the Army investigated a UDR battalion based at Girdwood Barracks , Belfast . The investigation found that 70 soldiers had links to the Ulster Volunteer Force ( UVF ) , that thirty soldiers had fraudulently diverted up to £ 47,000 to the UVF , and that UVF members socialized with soldiers in their mess . Following this , two soldiers were dismissed on security grounds . The investigation was halted after a senior officer claimed it was harming morale . Details of it were uncovered in 2011 . During the 1970s , the Glenanne gang -- a secret alliance of loyalist militants , British soldiers and RUC officers -- carried out a string of attacks against Catholics in an area of Northern Ireland known as the `` murder triangle '' . It also carried out some attacks in the Republic . Lethal Allies : British Collusion in Ireland claims the group killed about 120 people , almost all of whom were reportedly uninvolved Catholic civilians . The Cassel Report investigated 76 murders attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and policemen were involved in 74 of those . One member , RUC officer John Weir , claimed his superiors knew of the collusion but allowed it to continue . The Cassel Report also said some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent , investigate or punish . Attacks attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings ( 1974 ) , the Miami Showband killings ( 1975 ) and the Reavey and O'Dowd killings ( 1976 ) . The Stevens Inquiries found that elements of the British Army had used loyalists as `` proxies '' . Through their double - agents and informers , they helped loyalist groups to kill people , including civilians . It concluded that this had intensified and prolonged the conflict . The Army 's Force Research Unit ( FRU ) was the main agency involved . Brian Nelson , the UDA 's chief ' intelligence officer ' , was a FRU agent . Through Nelson , FRU helped loyalists target people for assassination . FRU commanders say they helped loyalists target only republican activists and prevented the killing of civilians . The Inquiries found evidence only two lives were saved and that Nelson / FRU was responsible for at least 30 murders and many other attacks -- many of them on civilians . One victim was solicitor Pat Finucane . Nelson also supervised the shipping of weapons to loyalists from South Africa in 1988 . From 1992 -- 94 , loyalists were responsible for more deaths than republicans , partly due to FRU . Members of the security forces tried to obstruct the Stevens investigation . Casualties ( edit ) The service held in St Paul 's Cathedral in 2008 to honour the British military personnel who took part in Operation Banner . According to the Ministry of Defence , 1,441 serving members of the British armed forces died in Operation Banner ; 722 of whom were killed in paramilitary attacks , and 719 of whom died as a result of assault , accidents , suicide or natural causes during deployment . This includes : 814 from the regular British Army ; 477 of whom were killed by paramilitaries , and 337 of whom died from other causes . 548 from the Ulster Defence Regiment / Royal Irish Regiment ; 204 of whom were killed by paramilitaries , and 344 of whom died from other causes . 17 from the Territorial Army ; 9 of whom were killed by paramilitaries , and 8 of whom died from other causes . 26 Royal Marines ; 21 of whom were killed by paramilitaries , and 5 of whom died from other causes . 26 Royal Air Force servicemen ; 4 of whom were killed by paramilitaries , and 22 of whom died from other causes . 8 Royal Navy servicemen ; 5 of whom were killed by paramilitaries , and 3 of whom died from other causes . 2 from other branches of the Army , who were killed by paramilitaries . A further 45 former British military personnel were killed during Operation Banner . It was announced in July 2009 that their next of kin will be eligible to receive the Elizabeth Cross . According to the `` Sutton Index of Deaths '' , at the Conflict Archive on the Internet ( CAIN ) , the British military killed 305 people during Operation Banner . 156 ( ~ 51 % ) were civilians 127 ( ~ 41 % ) were members of republican paramilitaries , including : 110 members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army 11 members of the Official Irish Republican Army 5 members of the Irish National Liberation Army ( INLA ) 1 member of the Irish People 's Liberation Organisation ( IPLO ) 13 ( ~ 4 % ) were members of loyalist paramilitaries , including : 7 members of the Ulster Defence Association ( UDA ) 6 members of the Ulster Volunteer Force ( UVF ) 2 were Royal Ulster Constabulary ( RUC ) officers Another detailed study , Lost Lives , states that the British military killed 301 people during Operation Banner . 160 ( ~ 53 % ) were civilians 121 ( ~ 40 % ) were members of republican paramilitaries 10 ( ~ 3 % ) were members of loyalist paramilitaries 8 ( ~ 2 % ) were fellow British military personnel 2 were RUC officers Analysis of the Operation ( edit ) In July 2007 , under the Freedom of Information Act 2000 , the Ministry of Defence published Operation Banner : An analysis of military operations in Northern Ireland , which reflected on the Army 's role in the conflict and the strategic and operational lessons drawn from their involvement . The paper divides the IRA activity and tactics into two main periods : The `` insurgency '' phase ( 1971 -- 1972 ) , and the `` terrorist '' phase ( 1972 -- 1997 ) . The British Army claims to have curbed the IRA insurgency by 1972 , after Operation Motorman . The IRA then reemerged as a cell - structured organisation . The report also asserts that the government efforts by the 1980s were aimed at destroying the IRA , rather than negotiating a political solution . One of the findings of the document is the failure of the British Army to tackle the IRA at strategic level and the lack of a single campaign authority and plan . The paper stops short of claiming that `` Northern Ireland has achieved a state of lasting peace '' and acknowledges that , as late as 2006 , there were still `` areas of Northern Ireland out of bounds to soldiers . '' The report analyses Israeli military theorist Martin van Creveld 's comments on the outcome of the operation : Martin van Creveld has said that the British Army is unique in Northern Ireland in its success against an irregular force . It should be recognised that the Army did not ' win ' in any recognisable way ; rather it achieved its desired end - state , which allowed a political process to be established without unacceptable levels of intimidation . Security force operations suppressed the level of violence to a level which the population could live with , and with which the RUC and later the PSNI could cope . The violence was reduced to an extent which made it clear to the PIRA that they would not win through violence . This is a major achievement , and one with which the security forces from all three Services , with the Army in the lead , should be entirely satisfied . It took a long time but , as van Crefeld ( sic ) said , that success is unique . The US military have sought to incorporate lessons from Operation Banner in their field manual . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Taylor , Peter , Behind the mask : The IRA and Sinn Féin , Chapter 21 : Stalemate , pp. 246 -- 261 . ^ Jump up to : `` Army paper says IRA not defeated '' . BBC News . 6 July 2007 . Retrieved 21 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Operation Banner Deaths ; retrieved 26 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sutton Index of Deaths : Crosstabulations ( two - way tables ) '' . Conflict Archive on the Internet . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . ( choose `` organization summary '' and `` status summary '' as the variables ) Jump up ^ `` 1969 : British troops sent into Northern Ireland '' . On This Day . BBC News . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wilkinson , Paul ( 2006 ) . Terrorism versus democracy : the liberal state response . Taylor & Francis , pg. 68 ; ISBN 0 - 415 - 38477 - X ^ Jump up to : `` Operation Banner : An analysis of military operations in Northern Ireland '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Defence. 2006 . Retrieved 31 July 2009 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Brendan ( 1999 ) . The Long War : The IRA and Sinn Féin , Syracuse University Press , p. 393 ; ISBN 0 - 8156 - 0597 - 8 Jump up ^ Albert , Cornelia ( 2009 ) . The Peacebuilding Elements of the Belfast Agreement and the Transformation of the Northern Ireland Conflict . Peter Lang ( publisher ) , p. 234 ; ISBN 3 - 631 - 58591 - 8 Jump up ^ Brian Rowan ( 2 August 2005 ) . `` Military move heralds end of era '' . BBC News . Retrieved 21 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Army ending its operation in NI '' , BBC News , 31 July 2007 . Jump up ^ No fanfare for Operation Banner , bbc.co.uk , 31 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Albert , p. 236 Jump up ^ `` House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 13 September 2006 ( pt 2356 ) '' . Houses of Parliament . 13 September 2006 . Retrieved 21 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Ministry of Defence , nationalarchives.gov.uk ; accessed 27 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Banner : An analysis of military operations in Northern Ireland '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Defence. 2006 . Retrieved 31 July 2009 . Chapter 6 , pp. 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Security normalisation in Northern Ireland - Statement by Defence Secretary John Reid , Government News Network , 1 August 2005 Jump up ^ Ripley , Tim and Chappel , Mike ( 1993 ) . Security forces in Northern Ireland ( 1969 -- 92 ) . Osprey , pp. 19 -- 21 ; ISBN 1 - 85532 - 278 - 1 Jump up ^ More Troops Arrive in Northern Ireland Associated Press , 10 July 1997 Jump up ^ `` Sutton Index of Deaths : Organisation responsible for the death '' . Conflict Archive on the Internet ( CAIN ) . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sutton Index of Deaths : Crosstabulations ( two - way tables ) '' . Conflict Archive on the Internet ( CAIN ) . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . ( choose `` organisation '' and `` status summary '' as the variables ) ^ Jump up to : `` In Everyone 's Interest : Recording All The Dead , Not Just Our Own '' . The British Army Review , issue 149 . Jump up ^ Smyth , Marie . Deaths of children and young people in the Troubles . Conflict Archive on the Internet ( CAIN ) . Note : For those under 18 killed by the British military , see `` Table 6 : Who killed those under 25 and under 18 ? '' Jump up ^ McGovern , Mark . `` Ignatieff , Ireland and the ' lesser evil ' '' , in Discourses and Practices of Terrorism . Routledge , 2010 . p. 145 Jump up ^ The Apparatus of Impunity ? Human rights violations and the Northern Ireland conflict . Committee on the Administration of Justice , 2015 . p. 4 Jump up ^ `` Declassified documents reveal army lobbied Attorney General not to prosecute soldiers '' . The Detail. 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ McGovern , p. iii Jump up ^ Fintan O'Toole ( 31 July 2007 ) . `` The blunt instrument of war '' . Irish Times . Retrieved 21 March 2008 . Jump up ^ http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/troops/chap4.htm Jump up ^ Weitzer , Ronald John . Transforming Settler States : Communal Conflict and Internal Security in Northern Ireland and Zimbabwe . University of California Press , 1990 . pp. 120 , 205 Jump up ^ Brett Bowden & Michael T. Davis . Terror : From Tyrannicide to Terrorism . University of Queensland Press , 2008 . p. 234 Jump up ^ Dillon , Martin . The Dirty War . Random House , 1991 . p. 94 Jump up ^ Northern Ireland : Continued abuses by all sides , Human Rights Watch , March 1994 . Jump up ^ Chronology of the Conflict - 1970 . Conflict Archive on the Internet ( CAIN ) ; accessed 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Barry Doherty , Northern Ireland Since c. 1960 ( ISBN 978 - 0435327286 ) , p. 11 Jump up ^ Michael Freeman , Freedom or Security : The Consequences for Democracies Using Emergency Powers to Fight Terrorism ( ISBN 978 - 0275979133 ) , p. 53 Jump up ^ Kevin Connolly ( 31 July 2007 ) . `` No fanfare for Operation Banner '' . BBC News . Retrieved 21 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Dillon , Martin ( 1999 ) . The Dirty War : Covert strategies and tactics used in political conflicts . Taylor & Francis . pp. 212 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Ó Fearghail , Seán Óg ( 1970 ) . Law ( ? ) and Orders : The Belfast ' Curfew ' of 3 -- 5 July 1970 . Dundalgan Press . pp. 35 -- 36 . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Yonah ( editor ) . Ireland 's Terrorist Dilemma . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers , 1986 . p. 120 Jump up ^ Dillon , Martin ( 1999 ) . The Dirty War : Covert strategies and tactics used in political conflicts . Taylor & Francis . pp. 212 -- 213 . ISBN 041592281X . Jump up ^ Lauterpacht , Elihu ; Greenwood , C.J. ( 1980 ) , International Law Reports , Cambridge UP , p. 198 , 241 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 46403 - 1 Jump up ^ IRELAND v. THE UNITED KINGDOM - 5310 / 71 ( 1978 ) ECHR 1 ( 18 January 1978 ) . Jump up ^ Weissbrodt , David . Materials on torture and other ill - treatment : 3 . European Court of Human Rights ( doc ) html : Ireland v. United Kingdom , 1976 Y.B. Eur . Conv . on Hum . Rts. 512 , 748 , 788 - 94 ( Eur . Comm'n of Hum . Rts . ) Jump up ^ Joint Committee on Human Rights , Parliament of the United Kingdom ( 2005 ) . Counter-Terrorism Policy And Human Rights : Terrorism Bill and related matters : Oral and Written Evidence . Counter-Terrorism Policy And Human Rights : Terrorism Bill and related matters . 2 . The Stationery Office . p. 110 . Jump up ^ On This Day - 1972 : ' Bloody Sunday ' report excuses Army . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Bloody Sunday killings ' unjustifiable ' '' . RTÉ News and Current Affairs . 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Jump up ^ `` Deadly Intelligence : State Involvement in Loyalist Murder in Northern Ireland -- Summary '' , British Irish Rights Watch ; accessed 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Human Rights in Northern Ireland : Hearing before the Committee on International Relations of the United States House of Representatives , 24 June 1997 . US Government Printing Office , 1997 . Jump up ^ Stevens Enquiry 3 : Overview & Recommendations Archived 10 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... 17 April 2003 ; retrieved 27 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Malcolm Sutton 's Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland : Status of person killed . Conflict Archive on the Internet ( CAIN ) Jump up ^ MOD press release , mod.uk , July 2009 ; accessed 5 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Operation Banner , Chapter I , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Operation Banner , Chapter II , p. 15 : `` The British Government 's main military objective in the 1980s was the destruction of PIRA , rather than resolving the conflict . '' Jump up ^ Operation Banner , Chapter VIII , p. 4 Jump up ^ Operation Banner , Chapter II , pg 16 . Jump up ^ Richard Norton Taylor and Owen Bowcott ( 31 July 2007 ) . `` Analysis : Army learned insurgency lessons from Northern Ireland '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 March 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Northern Ireland Troubles . BBC News story about the ending of Operation Banner BBC News , Operation Banner pictures `` Operation Banner : An analysis of military operations in Northern Ireland '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Defence. 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 31 . Site with Roll of Honour , news and forums on Operation Banner Reeling in the Years -- 1971 : Raidió Teilifís Éireann The Troubles History of Northern Ireland History of Ireland Irish nationalism Irish republicanism Ulster unionism Ulster loyalism Books about the Troubles Participants Republican paramilitaries Provisional IRA ( timeline ) Official IRA Irish National Liberation Army ( timeline ) Continuity IRA ( timeline ) Real IRA ( timeline ) IPLO ( timeline ) Security forces United Kingdom British Army Royal Air Force Royal Navy Northern Ireland Ulster Defence Regiment / Royal Irish Regiment Royal Ulster Constabulary / Ulster Special Constabulary Republic of Ireland Garda Síochána Irish Army Loyalist paramilitaries Ulster Defence Association ( timeline ) Ulster Volunteer Force ( timeline ) Loyalist Volunteer Force Red Hand Commando Ulster Resistance Linked to : Some RUC and British Army members Political parties Unionist Ulster Unionist Party Democratic Unionist Party Progressive Unionist Party UK Unionist Party Traditional Unionist Voice Ulster Vanguard Ulster Democratic Party Nationalist Social Democratic & Labour Party Sinn Féin Irish Republican Socialist Party Workers ' Party of Ireland Republican Sinn Féin Irish Independence Party Other Alliance Party Chronology Northern Ireland civil rights movement begins ( 1967 ) August riots and beginning of Operation Banner ( 1969 ) Falls Curfew ( 1970 ) Internment without trial begins with Operation Demetrius ( 1971 ) Irish government enacts broadcasting restrictions ( 1971 ) Bloody Sunday by British Army ( 1972 ) Northern Ireland government dissolved ; direct rule from London begins ( 1972 ) Bloody Friday by IRA ( 1972 ) Operation Motorman ends no - go areas ( 1972 ) Sunningdale Agreement establishes power - sharing Assembly ( 1973 ) Ulster Workers ' Council strike brings down Agreement and power - sharing ( 1974 ) Dublin and Monaghan bombings by UVF ( 1974 ) Birmingham pub bombings by IRA ( 1974 ) Campaign of attacks in London and surrounds by IRA ( 1974 - 1975 ) Kingsmill massacre by IRA ( 1976 ) Warrenpoint ambush by IRA ( 1979 ) 1981 Irish hunger strike ; hunger striker Bobby Sands elected MP ; Sinn Féin begins to move towards electoral politics ( 1981 ) Droppin Well bombing by INLA ( 1982 ) Brighton hotel bombing by IRA ( 1984 ) Anglo - Irish Agreement ( 1985 ) Newry mortar attack by IRA ( 1985 ) Loughgall ambush by British Army ( 1987 ) Remembrance Day bombing by IRA ( 1987 ) Peace Process begins ( 1988 ) Operation Flavius , Milltown Cemetery attack and Corporals killings ( 1988 ) British government introduces broadcasting restrictions ( 1988 ) Bishopsgate bombing ( 1993 ) Downing Street Declaration ( 1993 ) Shankill bombing and Greysteel massacre ( 1993 ) Loughinisland massacre by UVF ( 1994 ) First IRA and loyalist ceasefires ( 1994 ) Docklands and Manchester bombings by IRA ( 1996 ) Drumcree riots ( 1997 ) Second IRA ceasefire ( 1997 ) Good Friday Agreement ( 1998 ) signals the end of the Troubles Omagh bombing by the Real IRA ( 1998 ) Other issues and topics Segregation Peace lines / Interface areas Parades Flags Collusion The Disappeared Shoot - to - kill policy Diplock courts Special Category Status Five techniques Punishment shootings Murals The Troubles in popular culture List of books about the Troubles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Banner&oldid=865490302 '' Categories : 1969 establishments in Northern Ireland 2007 disestablishments in Northern Ireland 1969 in military history 1969 in the United Kingdom British Army deployments Military operations in Northern Ireland involving the United Kingdom ( 1969 -- 2007 ) The Troubles ( Northern Ireland ) Military history of Northern Ireland British Army in Operation Banner Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Slovenčina Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 08 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did british troops withdraw from northern ireland	[ "Operation Banner was the operational name for the British Armed Forces' operation in Northern Ireland from August 1969 to July 2007, as part of the Troubles. It was the longest continuous deployment in the British military's history. The British Army was initially deployed, at the request of the unionist government of Northern Ireland, in response to the August 1969 riots. Its role was to support the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) and to assert the authority of the British government in Northern Ireland. At the peak of the operation in the 1970s, about 21,000 British troops were deployed, most of them from Britain. As part of the operation, a new locally-recruited regiment was also formed: the Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR). After the 1998 Belfast Agreement, the operation was gradually scaled down and the vast majority of British troops were withdrawn.\n" ]	[ "After the 1998 Belfast Agreement" ]
-5070157491324642736	List of The Fosters episodes	List of the Fosters episodes - wikipedia List of the Fosters episodes This is an old revision of this page , as edited by 69.121. 240.234 ( talk ) at 19 : 17 , 10 August 2017 . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this revision , which may differ significantly from the current revision . Revision as of 19 : 17 , 10 August 2017 by 69.121. 240.234 ( talk ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search The Fosters is an American drama series on Freeform ( then known as ABC Family ) that premiered on June 3 , 2013 . The series follows the lives of Lena Adams ( Sherri Saum ) and Stef Foster ( Teri Polo ) , the Fosters , who are an interracial , lesbian couple living in the Mission Bay area of San Diego , raising Stef 's biological son , Brandon ( David Lambert ) , along with adopted twins , Jesus ( Jake T. Austin / Noah Centineo ) and Mariana ( Cierra Ramirez ) . Lena is a charter school vice principal and Stef is a police officer . Lena decides to take in `` troubled '' teenager Callie ( Maia Mitchell ) and her younger brother Jude ( Hayden Byerly ) , who have endured a series of abusive foster homes . On January 10 , 2017 , Freeform announced that the series was renewed for a fifth season , which began on July 11 , 2017 . As of August 8 , 2017 , 87 episodes of The Fosters have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 3 Webisodes 3.1 The Fosters : Girls United 4 References Series overview Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 1 21 June 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 03 ) March 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) 2 21 June 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) March 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 23 ) 3 20 June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 4 20 June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 5 18 July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) TBA Episodes Season 1 ( 2013 -- 14 ) Main article : The Fosters ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 1 1 `` Pilot '' Timothy Busfield Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige June 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 03 ) 1.42 2 2 `` Consequently '' Timothy Busfield Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige June 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 10 ) 1.70 3 3 `` Hostile Acts '' Melanie Mayron David Ehrman June 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 17 ) 1.25 4 4 `` Quinceañera '' Joanna Kerns Joanna Johnson June 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 24 ) 1.89 5 5 `` The Morning After '' Bethany Rooney Paul Sciarrotta July 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 01 ) 1.78 6 6 `` Saturday '' Norman Buckley Marissa Jo Cerar July 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 08 ) 1.77 7 7 `` The Fallout '' Jeff Melman Story by : Zoila Amelia Galeano Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige July 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 15 ) 1.79 8 8 `` Clean '' Millicent Shelton Story by : David Ehrman & Paul Sciarrotta Teleplay by : David Ehrman July 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 22 ) 1.89 9 9 `` Vigil '' David Paymer Joanna Johnson July 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 29 ) 1.87 10 10 `` I Do '' James Hayman Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige August 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 05 ) 2.07 11 11 `` The Honeymoon '' James Hayman Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 1.92 12 12 `` House and Home '' Martha Mitchell Joanna Johnson January 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) 2.14 13 13 `` Things Unsaid '' Joanna Kerns Marissa Jo Cerar January 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) 1.88 14 14 `` Family Day '' Elodie Keene Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) 1.80 15 15 `` Padre '' Millicent Shelton Story by : Tamara P. Carter Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige February 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 10 ) 1.83 16 16 `` Us Against The World '' Lee Rose Kelly Fullerton February 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 17 ) 1.68 17 17 `` Kids in the Hall '' Michael Grossman Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon February 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) 1.48 18 18 `` Escapes and Reversals '' Melanie Mayron Story by : Joanna Johnson Teleplay by : Thomas Higgins March 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) 1.51 19 19 `` Do n't Let Go '' Zetna Fuentes Story by : Marissa Jo Cerar & Zoila Amelia Galeano Teleplay by : Kelly Fullerton & Marissa Jo Cerar March 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) 1.21 20 20 `` Metropolis '' Martha Mitchell Joanna Johnson March 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 1.20 21 21 `` Adoption Day '' Norman Buckley Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige March 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) 1.29 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) Main article : The Fosters ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 22 1 `` Things Unknown '' Norman Buckley Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige June 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) 1.47 23 2 `` Take Me Out '' Elodie Keene Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon June 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 23 ) 1.45 24 3 `` Play '' Martha Mitchell Thomas Higgins June 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 30 ) 1.37 25 4 `` Say Something '' Zetna Fuentes Kathleen McGhee - Anderson July 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 07 ) 1.42 26 5 `` Truth Be Told '' Ron Lagomarsino Kelly Fullerton July 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 14 ) 1.61 27 6 `` Mother '' Lee Rose Joanna Johnson July 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 21 ) 1.51 28 7 `` The Longest Day '' Nzingha Stewart Marissa Jo Cerar July 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 28 ) 1.44 29 8 `` Girls Reunited '' Daisy Mayer Story by : Joanna Johnson Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige August 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 04 ) 1.38 30 9 `` Leaky Faucets '' Lee Rose Story by : Cristian Martinez Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige August 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 11 ) 1.35 31 10 `` Someone 's Little Sister '' Norman Buckley Joanna Johnson August 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) 1.48 32 11 `` Christmas Past '' Norman Buckley Joanna Johnson December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 1.93 33 12 `` Over Under '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige January 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 19 ) 1.45 34 13 `` Stay '' Elodie Keene Marissa Jo Cerar January 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 26 ) 1.20 35 14 `` Mother Nature '' Martha Mitchell Thomas Higgins February 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 02 ) 1.26 36 15 `` Light of Day '' Ron Lagomarsino Wade Solomon & Megan Lynn February 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) 1.24 37 16 `` If You Only Knew '' Aprill Winney Kelly Fullerton February 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 16 ) 1.28 38 17 `` The Silence She Keeps '' Melanie Mayron Cristian Martinez & Dan Richter February 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 23 ) 1.25 39 18 `` Now Hear This '' Rob Morrow Thomas Higgins March 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 02 ) 1.23 40 19 `` Justify the Means '' Jay Karas Joanna Johnson March 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) 1.14 41 20 `` Not that Kind of Girl '' Lee Rose Story by : Kris Q. Rehl Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) 1.32 42 21 `` The End of the Beginning '' Zetna Fuentes Joanna Johnson and Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige March 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 23 ) 1.45 Season 3 ( 2015 -- 16 ) Main article : The Fosters ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 43 1 `` Wreckage '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) 1.26 44 2 `` Father 's Day '' Aprill Winney Joanna Johnson June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 0.97 45 3 `` Déjà Vu '' Charlie Stratton Thomas Higgins June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) 1.00 46 4 `` More Than Words '' Daisy Mayer Marissa Jo Cerar June 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 29 ) 1.18 47 5 `` Going South '' Elodie Keene Michael MacLennan July 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 06 ) 1.30 48 6 `` It 's My Party '' Kees Van Oostrum Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon July 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 13 ) 1.30 49 7 `` Faith , Hope , Love '' Jann Turner Cristian Martinez & Kris Q. Rehl July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) 1.33 50 8 `` Daughters '' Chandra Wilson Elle Johnson August 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 03 ) 1.23 51 9 `` Idyllwild '' Joanna Johnson Joanna Johnson August 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 10 ) 1.06 52 10 `` Lucky '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige August 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) 1.24 53 11 `` First Impressions '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) 1.05 54 12 `` Mixed Messages '' Rich Newey Thomas Higgins February 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 01 ) 0.79 55 13 `` If and When '' Elodie Keene Anne Meredith February 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 08 ) 0.84 56 14 `` Under Water '' Ron Lagomarsino Joanna Johnson February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) 0.81 57 15 `` Minor Offenses '' Rob Morrow Michael MacLennan February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) 0.79 58 16 `` EQ '' Anne Renton Anne Meredith February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) 0.67 59 17 `` Sixteen '' Elodie Keene Marissa Jo Cerar March 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) 0.84 60 18 `` Rehearsal '' Norman Buckley Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 0.73 61 19 `` The Show '' Bradley Bredeweg Story by : Joanna Johnson Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 0.80 62 20 `` Kingdom Come '' Joanna Johnson Story by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige Teleplay by : Joanna Johnson March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 0.77 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) Main article : The Fosters ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 63 1 `` Potential Energy '' Rob Morrow Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) 0.91 64 2 `` Safe '' Rob Morrow Joanna Johnson June 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 27 ) 1.05 65 3 `` Trust '' Elodie Keene Anne Meredith July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 0.80 66 4 `` Now for Then '' Silas Howard Constance M. Burge July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 0.82 67 5 `` Forty '' Velvet Andrews Smith Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 0.84 68 6 `` Justify '' Kelli Williams Cristian Martinez August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 0.93 69 7 `` Highs and Lows '' Chandra Wilson Kris Q. Rehl August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 0.80 70 8 `` Girl Code '' Aprill Winney Story by : Dan Richter Teleplay by : Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 0.88 71 9 `` New York '' Joanna Johnson Joanna Johnson August 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) 0.88 72 10 `` Collateral Damage '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige August 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 29 ) 0.99 73 11 `` Insult to Injury '' Rob Morrow Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) 0.92 74 12 `` Dream a Little Dream '' Rob Morrow Joanna Johnson February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 0.67 75 13 `` Cruel and Unusual '' Norman Buckley Anne Meredith February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 0.76 76 14 `` Doors and Windows '' Susan Flannery Constance M. Burge February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 0.73 77 15 `` Sex Ed '' Michael Medico Kris Q. Rehl February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) 0.66 78 16 `` The Long Haul '' Bradley Bredeweg Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 0.71 79 17 `` Diamond in the Rough '' Lily Mariye Cristian Martinez March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) 0.69 80 18 `` Dirty Laundry '' Laura Nisbet Peters Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 0.69 81 19 `` Who Knows '' Joanna Johnson Joanna Johnson April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 0.62 82 20 `` Until Tomorrow '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 0.72 Season 5 ( 2017 ) Main article : The Fosters ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 83 1 `` Resist '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) 0.87 84 2 `` Exterminate Her '' Danny Nucci Joanna Johnson July 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 18 ) 0.69 85 3 `` Contact '' Aprill Winney Anne Meredith July 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 25 ) 0.76 86 4 `` Too Fast , Too Furious '' Tate Donovan Cristian Martinez August 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 01 ) 0.66 87 5 `` Telling '' Anne Renton Kris Q. Rehl August 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) 0.69 88 6 `` Welcome to the Jungler '' Kelli Williams Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon August 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 15 ) 0.61 89 7 `` Chasing Waterfalls '' Chandra Wilson Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige August 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) 0.58 90 8 `` Engaged '' Kees Van Oostrum Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon August 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 29 ) 0.58 91 9 `` Prom '' TBA TBA September 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) TBA Webisodes The Fosters : Girls United At the start of the second part of the first season of The Fosters , a five - episode web series called The Fosters : Girls United was confirmed by ABC Family . It stars Maia Mitchell , Daffany Clark , Cherinda Kincherlow , Annamarie Kenoyer , Alicia Sixtos , Hayley Kiyoko , and Angela Gibbs . Girls United premiered on ABC Family 's official YouTube account on February 3 , 2014 . Each episode runs approximately 5 minutes long . No . Title Originally posted 1 `` Run Baby Run '' February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) Gabi goes missing and Girls United counselor , Michelle , calls a meeting to ask if the girls know anything about where she may have run off to . 2 `` Stab in the Back '' February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) The girls discuss who of them can be pregnant . 3 `` Got Your Back '' February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) Callie and Kiara share some mutual secrets . Callie also discovers that Becka harms herself with a knife . 4 `` Scorpion Kings '' February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) Gabi 's father visits the Girls United home for some information about Gabi . 5 `` United We Stand '' February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) Gabi comes back and reveals she went away because she has HIV . References Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez , TV Show About Lesbian Couple Gets Green Light From ABC -- AOL Music Blog '' . Associated Press . Blog.music.aol.com . August 24 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Fosters ' Renewed For Season 5 By Freeform '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Ausiello , Michael ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Fosters , Shadowhunters , Stitchers Return Dates Set at Freeform '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bredeweg , Bradley ( 14 March 2017 ) . `` 20 in season 4 . 18 in season 5 . # TheFosters '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Ausiello , Michael ( 6 March 2017 ) . `` The Fosters , Shadowhunters , Stitchers Return Dates Set at Freeform '' . tvline.com . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Fosters ' EP Unpacks That Heart - Stopping Finale and Dishes on Season 5 '' . ew.com. 12 April 2017 . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( 6 March 2017 ) . `` Freeform Summer Schedule : ' Shadowhunters ' Return and Debut of Cosmo - Inspired Series ' The Bold Type ' '' . variety.com . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Dominates + ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , NHL Hockey , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Longmire ' & More -- Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : `` WWE Raw , '' Stanley Cup Finals Top Charts `` . The Futon Critic . June 18 , 2013 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , Major Crimes ' , ' Longmire ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Warehouse 13 ' & More -- Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' Wins Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Real Housewives of OC ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Leads + ' WWE RAW , ' ' Switched at Birth , ' ' Major Crimes , ' ' Longmire ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Home Run Derby ' Wins Night + ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night + ' Hit the Floor ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' American Pickers ' , ' Fast N Loud ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' T.I. and Tiny ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' & ' Love & Hip Hop ' Tie for Lead + ' Single Ladies ' , ' Archer ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Klondike ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Single Ladies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Leads Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Swamp People ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & Mo '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Swamp People ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Single Ladies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Leads Night + ' Swamp People ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Leads Night + ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : World Cup Soccer Wins Night + ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip - Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night + World Cup Soccer , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' SportsCenter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Home Run Derby Tops Night + ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip - Hop : Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Hit the Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Street Outlaws ' , ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip - Hop : Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Jaws Strikes Back ' , ' Monster Hammerhead ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Football Wins Night , ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Dallas ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Night , ' Love & Hip Hop Hollywood ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Street Outlaws ' , ' Vanderpump Rules ' , ' The Fosters ' , & More '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' & ' Monday Night RAW ' Top Night + ' Black Ink Crew ' , ' Street Outlaws ' & More '' . tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 2.2. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hip - Hop ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Black Ink Crew ' & More '' . tvbythenumbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' Wins NIght , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Vanderpump Rules ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Final Adjusted TV Ratings for Monday 23rd February 2015 '' . SpoilerTV . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Vanderpump Rules ' , ' The Fosters ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Final Adjusted TV Ratings for Monday 9th March 2015 '' . SpoilerTV . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' The Fosters ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hop - Hop ' , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Teen Mom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 6.8. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 6.15. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 6.22. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 6.29. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 7.6. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 7.13. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 7.20. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' UnReal ' & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' She 's Got Game ' , ' Real Housewives of Orange County ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 8.17. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday cable ratings : ' Stevie J & Joseline : Go Hollywood ' lands strong premiere ratings '' . zap2it.com. 26 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' leads , ' WWE Raw ' stumbles '' . zap2it.com. 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.8. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.15. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' reigns supreme , ' Better Call Saul ' falls '' . tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.29. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.7. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.14. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' leads , ' WWE Raw ' falls '' . tvbythenumbers.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.28. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' returns on top '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Monday Night Raw ' leads the night '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.11. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.18. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.15. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.29. 2016 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' and ' Taboo ' tick up '' . Screener . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.7. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.14. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.21. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.28. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.4. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.18. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fosters Episode Guide '' . Zap2It . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philiana Ng . `` ' The Fosters ' Web Series to Launch - The Hollywood Reporter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Fosters_episodes&oldid=794905607 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Polski Edit links This version of the page has been revised . Besides normal editing , the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies , vandalism , or material not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License . About Wikipedia	what is the new episode of the fosters	[ "\n91\n9\n\"Prom\"[98]\nTBA\nTBA\nSeptember 5, 2017 (2017-09-05)\nTBA\n" ]	[ "Prom" ]
-7361157315787197953	List of The Haves and the Have Nots episodes	List of the Haves and the Have Nots episodes - wikipedia List of the Haves and the Have Nots episodes This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 8 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search The Haves and the Have Nots is an American primetime television soap opera created , executive produced , written and directed by Tyler Perry . The premise of the series is loosely based on Perry 's 2011 play The Haves and the Have Nots . The series follows three families and their lifestyles as they intersect with one another in Savannah , Georgia : the rich and powerful Cryer and Harrington families ( dubbed `` The Haves '' ) and the poor and destitute Young family ( dubbed `` The Have Nots '' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2016 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 3 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 16 May 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 28 ) September 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) 20 January 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 07 ) July 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 29 ) 25 January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) September 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) 23 January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) September 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) 5 23 January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` The Big Surprise '' May 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 28 ) 1.77 The Cryer family has prepared a surprise 50th birthday celebration for Jim , but as he arrives , he is stunned when he sees that his latest mistress , Candace , has become friendly with his daughter Amanda and is partaking in the festivities . `` Playing in the Deep End '' May 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 28 ) 1.81 Jim has repeatedly requested that Candace leave the family 's home , but she continues to disobey him by staying with Amanda . `` Beautifully Dysfunctional '' June 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 04 ) 1.47 Candace commits some mischievous acts that put Jim 's career in jeopardy . `` Entering the Race '' June 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 11 ) 1.31 After Jim announces that he plans to run for Governor , Candace holds the affair against Jim and threatens to reveal the news to the media . Hanna is shocked when she discovers an eviction notice on her door . 5 5 `` A Woman 's Pride '' June 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 18 ) 1.32 After her eviction , Hanna goes to Benny with questions regarding possibly adjusting the mortgage on her home . 6 6 `` Angry Sex '' June 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 25 ) 1.82 Jim falls into Candace 's vindictive trap once again and David is irked by the fact that Jim is unable to control himself . 7 7 `` A True Friend '' July 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 02 ) 1.54 Amanda has Wyatt and Jeffrey assist her with the move into her new apartment while Hanna is set up on a blind date by Benny . 8 8 `` The Criminal '' July 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 09 ) 1.56 Benny prepares for his date by asking to borrow a car , but is arrested and charged with drug possession after falling trap to someone 's malicious intent . Amanda seduces her law professor to raise her grade . 9 9 `` The Set Up '' July 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 16 ) 1.61 Katheryn ends up bonding with Hanna over their issues . 10 10 `` Number Nine '' July 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 23 ) 1.80 Katheryn shames Candace directly after Jim reveals his affair . 11 11 `` Not My Daughter '' July 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 30 ) 1.87 Katheryn tells everyone that she is leaving for vacation , but that turns out to be false . 12 12 `` In Recovery '' August 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 06 ) 2.02 Jim and Candace end up in a verbal and physical altercation . 13 13 `` What Are You Doing Here ? '' August 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 13 ) 2.14 Information is discovered by a detective that links Benny and Tony . Veronica continues to work toward answers for Benny 's case . 14 14 `` My Name Is Veronica '' August 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) 2.05 Katheryn gets nervous when her secret almost goes public . 15 15 `` The Truth Will Set You Free '' August 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 27 ) 2.32 After her secret is revealed , Katheryn tells everyone what she really knows about Jim 's secret activities . Jeffrey finally discloses his love for Wyatt . 16 16 `` No More Hiding '' September 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) 2.61 Jeffery comes out to his parents ; Hanna discloses information to Benny about Tony being his father ; Amanda learns about her inheritance ; and Wyatt relapses and has a life - changing accident . Season 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) The fifth episode in Season 2 of The Haves and the Have Nots , `` Why Did n't You Tell Me ? '' was not only a series high episode in ratings , but the most watched television program in all of cable for the night . The episode brought in 3.4 million viewers . Among all OWN programming since the network 's January 2011 debut , only a March 2012 Oprah 's Next Chapter interview with Bobbi Kristina has drawn more viewers ( 3.5 million ) than the February - 4 - 2014 episode of The Haves and the Have Nots . On Tuesday , March 11 , 2014 , however , a season 2 episode of The Haves and the Have Nots -- following a hiatus within the season -- set a record for all of OWN programming , scoring the highest ratings in the station 's history . The record - breaking episode brought in 3.6 million viewers . Additionally , the episode came in at number 1 among all of cable television and number 4 among all shows on television for its airing night . Season 2 episodes No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 17 `` The Black Sedan '' January 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 07 ) 2.77 Amanda is having second thoughts about asking for her inheritance . Inside , Katheryn and Jim are arguing about Wyatt 's accident Hanna is trying to find out any information about Benny . 18 `` Wyatt 's Nightmare '' January 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) 2.55 Wyatt kills a little girl after a hit - and - run , and Benny ends up on life support . Jim is unsure of what to do next once his campaign begins to fall apart . Amanda has an emotional breakdown . 19 `` Family Issues '' January 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 21 ) 2.84 Hanna disagrees with Tony 's suggestion to take Benny off life support . Celine and Katheryn have a confrontation about the former 's shabby treatment of Hanna . 20 `` Unanswered Calls '' January 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 28 ) 2.78 Jeffrey comes to the conclusion that Wyatt is the one who 's at fault for Benny 's condition and Lizzie 's death . 21 5 `` Why Did n't You Tell Me ? '' February 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 04 ) 3.5 Candace talks with Jim to have Benny relocated to a private hospital . 22 6 `` Protecting Wyatt '' February 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 11 ) 3.01 Jim does everything in his power to keep Wyatt from going to jail . Tony confronts Hanna and serves her with court papers . 23 7 `` Amanda 's Revenge '' February 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 18 ) 3.21 Amanda breaks into her professor 's home while his family is asleep . Candace is chosen by Hanna to represent her in court . 24 8 `` Maggie 's Plan '' February 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 25 ) 2.88 As Jim gets ready to announce his campaign for Governor , Wyatt 's behavior and warnings from Candace becomes too much to handle . 25 9 `` March for Justice '' March 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 04 ) 3.04 The judge makes a decision and sides with Tony . Hanna begs Tony on her knees to keep Benny on life support . 26 10 `` Starting the Race '' March 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 11 ) 3.59 Candace tries once again to blackmail Jim and David during their campaign event . Wyatt finally gets arrested . 27 11 `` You 'll Be Sorry '' May 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 27 ) 3.11 Wyatt is arrested . Candace is kidnapped by the Malones . Benny shows signs of brain activity . 28 12 `` The Confession '' June 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 03 ) 2.62 Jim conspires to save his son . Amanda gets a gun . Benny improves . 29 13 `` Donald '' June 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 10 ) 2.42 Jim proclaims his son 's innocence . Quincy pays Hanna a surprise visit in search of Candace . 30 14 `` The Awakening '' June 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 17 ) 2.81 Benny wakes up from his coma . 31 15 `` The Vulnerable '' June 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 24 ) 2.92 Benny prepares for his release from the hospital . Hanna plans to testify against Wyatt . Maggie tries to seduce David . 32 16 `` The Sarandon Hotel '' July 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 01 ) 3.47 After escaping her kidnappers , Candace asks Warlock for help . Jeffrey is seduced by Melissa . 33 17 `` Again and Again '' July 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 08 ) 3.32 David is compromised . Jim is plotting . Candace is panicking . 34 18 `` Something 's Wrong With Amanda '' July 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 15 ) 3.26 Amanda leaves the Cryer estate with Quincy . Candace hides out at Jeffrey 's apartment . Katheryn and Celine get into another confrontation . 35 19 `` Norman Hewens '' July 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 22 ) 2.86 A news report claiming that another person is responsible for the hit - and - run saves Wyatt from jail . Katheryn berates Jim about his evil deeds . Hanna attempts to apologize to Jim for her hand in the tragedy , but he wo n't have it and orders her off his property ; however , Katheryn has a tearful and beautiful reunion with her best friend , and offers Hanna her job back and to begin after Benny is settled in . Katheryn then tells Jim off about his attitude towards Hanna and orders him to keep Celine under control or else . 36 20 `` Checkmate '' July 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 29 ) 3.49 Jim is confronted by Carlos , his illegitimate son with Celine . Katheryn 's celebratory dinner party goes awry when Quincy , Candace 's ex , shows up as Amanda 's date . David and Veronica continue to battle over the fact that Jeffrey is gay . Candace seeks her revenge on Jim . Maggie makes another attempt to sleep with David . Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 37 `` The Power Dance '' January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) 3.22 Jim is being held hostage by Warlock under Candace 's orders . 38 `` The War Room '' January 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 13 ) 2.91 Hanna seeks information about Quincy 's mother so she can get one step closer to finding her grandson . room . 39 `` A Southern Brawl '' January 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 20 ) 2.60 Wyatt gives Celine a taste of reality and he finds out a about his brother Carlos . 40 `` Amanda 's Room '' January 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 27 ) 2.98 Jim gives up and finally gives in to Candace 's demands . 41 5 `` The Press Conference '' February 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 03 ) 2.89 Katheryn gets some devastating news . 42 6 `` A Tragic Day '' February 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) 3.42 Everyone else is assembled at the Cryer mansion . 43 7 `` April 7 , 1979 '' February 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) 3.22 Katheryn tells the story of how she first met Jim . 44 8 `` In Crisis '' February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) 3.28 Katheryn and David try to tell Veronica how wrong she is about Jeffery . 45 9 `` A Talk with Jim '' March 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 03 ) 2.90 Benny is convinced that Candace has changed her ways . 46 10 `` Oscar '' March 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 10 ) 3.02 Hanna comforts Jim after Amanda 's death . 47 11 `` Unglued '' March 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 17 ) 3.02 David is angry at Veronica for telling Quincy to beat up Jeffrey . 48 12 `` Enough is Enough '' March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 3.50 Benny searches for Quincy after he shows up at Hanna 's home . 49 13 `` Two Funerals '' June 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 30 ) 3.29 Veronica starts a fire that destroys her mansion and almost claims David 's life . 50 14 `` In Memoriam '' July 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 07 ) 2.79 Wyatt 's confession to D.A. Sallison sparks controversy . 51 15 `` Nine Lives '' July 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 14 ) 3.17 Hanna finds out that Jim and Katheryn were holding Candace hostage . 52 16 `` The Cougar '' July 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 21 ) 2.85 Hanna covers for Benny after she discovers him in bed with Veronica . 53 17 `` Candace Young , Esq . '' July 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 28 ) 3.01 Candace shows Benny where she works . 54 18 `` Benny Does Battle '' August 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 04 ) 3.17 Quincy is hurt from the accident . 55 19 `` Quincy Jr . '' August 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 11 ) 3.12 Hanna is reunited with Q . 56 20 `` A Home For Q '' August 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 18 ) 3.06 Candace learns that Hanna is seeking custody of Q ; and the Cryers and Harringtons try to convince the D.A. that Wyatt 's taped confession is a misunderstanding . 57 21 `` Candace 's Closing '' August 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 25 ) 3.19 Candace buys property with the money she extorted from Jim ; and Jim is interviewed on TV . 58 22 `` Dianna Winchill '' September 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 01 ) 3.23 While Jim is being interviewed by Dianna Winchill , a surprise guest arrives . Veronica tells Jim that she had planned Wyatt 's attack in prison , leading Jim to attack her and later put a hit on her , Professor Cannon , and Prison Guard Terrell by calling three hitmen and ordering a `` bloodbath . '' 59 23 `` Vetted '' September 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 08 ) 3.28 Hanna grows suspicious of Benny 's involvement with Veronica and how he acquired his new house ; Quincy drives a car through Hanna 's home in spite of revenge ; Candace decides to let her guard down with Oscar . 60 24 `` Sheep 's Clothing '' September 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 15 ) 3.13 Hanna becomes devastated when she learns that Quincy set her house on fire ; Maggie tries to talk David into running for Governor ; Jeffrey gives Wyatt the necessary ammunition to take his parents down . 61 25 `` When The Chickens Come Home '' September 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) 3.71 Hanna and Benny force Candace to tell the truth about everything . Season 4 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 62 `` The Waters Run Deep '' January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) 3.11 Katheryn and Veronica are taken to the police station Candace and Jeffrey disagree on what to do with Quincy 's body when interrupted by a knock on the door . Note : Actress Eva Tamargo who portrays Celine Gonzales leaves the main cast this season , although she is still featured in the opening sequence in the season 4 premiere . 63 `` Paid In Full '' January 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) 2.73 Katheryn has had a lot of time for reflection while cooling her heels behind bars with Veronica . Candace and Jeffery get a visit from police because of a nosy neighbor . 64 `` The Right Medicine '' January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 2.94 Katheryn is taken aback by the photo of Veronica in the arms of another man . Quincy wakes up and begs for Candace 's help . 65 `` An Evil Soul '' January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) 3.02 Katheryn is unshaken by the DA 's attempt to push . Candace 's lies catch up with her . 66 5 `` Immunity '' February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 2.90 Benny agrees to help Candace hide evidence in Quincy 's murder . 67 6 `` Making Millions '' February 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) 2.81 Quincy Jr. passes out on Hanna after getting really sick and is taken to the hospital and placed in ICU . 68 7 `` A Front Row Seat '' February 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 16 ) 2.95 Maggie 's lie to David could cause her to lose him forever ; Katheryn gets out of jail but she ca n't find anyone to help Jim or Veronica . 69 8 `` Unexpected Visitors '' February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 3.07 Candace interrogates the social worker ; Hanna is steaking out at Cryer 's mansion waiting for their return ; Katheryn goes to visit David but little does she know that Wyatt is one step closer to getting his inheritance . 70 9 `` I Choose My Son '' March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) 2.80 Quita and Daylon break into Candace 's house but are caught by Pearl , who calls her son Justin and his police squad to arrest them ; Justin continues to harass Jeffery . 71 10 `` Beg For What You Need '' March 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) 2.64 Candace puts a plan into action to save herself and Benny from War 's rage . Katheryn pleads with Hanna to not end their friendship . Veronica handles the hired assassin hiding in her house in an unexpected manner . 72 11 `` 48 Hours '' March 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) 2.85 Warlock has pushed up Candace 's due date , so she goes to the bank to mortgage the houses and Benny 's tow yard . 73 12 `` My Friend Maggie '' June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) 2.85 Maggie visit 's Veronica 's home and gets the surprise of her life 74 13 `` Criminology 101 '' June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 2.63 Veronica treats David with much malice . 75 14 `` Giving Candy To A Baby '' July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 2.70 After talking with Pearl , Hanna hopes to gain custody of Quincy Jr . 76 15 `` The Apple Tree '' July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 2.64 Katheryn Cryer tries to process difficult news about one of her closest family members 77 16 `` The Heart of A Man '' July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) 2.70 Veronica and Jeffery go to visit Katheryn but Veronica pushes Jeffery to his limit . 78 17 `` An Accident '' July 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) 3.05 Jeffrey begins to implode so he calls Candace and Justin for help . 79 18 `` A Tragic Assumption '' August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 3.02 Jennifer arrives at Katheryn 's house to tell her that Wyatt is alive . 80 19 `` I Am Wolf '' August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 2.89 Jim teams up with a former enemy in his scheme against Candace . 81 20 `` Back In Business '' August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) 2.93 Mitch breaks up the fight between David and Benny ; David gets some shocking information about Mitch . 82 21 `` The Fugitive '' August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 2.95 The police are on the look out for Hanna so they question Candace and Benny . 83 22 `` The Silk Handkerchief '' August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 2.95 Benny learns the truth of how Candace financed his property . Candace finally tells him the truth about War and how she got the money , and what Mitch did but he does n't believe her . 84 23 `` Promises Kept '' September 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) 3.24 Katheryn explodes when she is pushed to the limit . Benny finds out the truth about War by Mitch , who also reveals to Benny who he really is . Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 85 `` A Cup of Tea '' January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) 2.99 Veronica tries to escape the Cryer Mansion . Jeffery is still trying to get a hold of Candace . Benny is still upset because of how Candace Mortgaged his house and the tow yard . 86 `` Waiting for Candace '' January 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 10 ) 2.16 Veronica and Katheryn have a fight . Benny holds hope that Candace will come through with the money . 87 `` It 's Ok to Love '' January 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) 2.68 Veronica is still trying to escape Katheryn 's mansion . Erica called Candace to give her an update on things with David . 88 `` A Mother 's Wisdom '' January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) 2.36 Veronica wants to meet with Candace and Jeffery . Jim helps Katheryn clean up a mess she has created . 89 5 `` Brilliant Lawyers Lurking '' January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) 2.70 Veronica helps Candace and Jeffery out of a precarious predicament . 90 6 `` A Hurricane Offshore '' February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 2.75 Veronica pays Erica a visit Candace encounters Oscar again . Quit'a finds Wyatt 's place and tells him that she 's going to take his money . 91 7 `` Pieces of The Puzzle '' February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 2.58 Veronica lets Jim know that if anything happens to her she has dirt on him . Hanna questions Benny and Candace about what they did to Quincy . 92 8 `` Praying for Light '' February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 2.76 Veronica planted a camera in those flowers she delivered to Erica . Hanna does all she can to keep the peace in her family . 93 9 `` We All Need Forgiveness '' February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) 2.33 Veronica tells Justin to stay away from Jeffery . Candace makes Charles her latest Mark . 94 10 `` Forget The Bubble '' March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) 2.41 Veronica is pushing Jeffery 's buttons . Erica is caught sleeping with David by War . 95 11 `` In Pursuit of Prey '' March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 3.20 Veronica tries to seduce Benny . Warlock looks for Candace , Mitch returns from jail . Katheryn leaves Jim , Wyatt checks himself into rehab of his own volition . 96 12 `` The Fallout From War '' June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 2.68 Veronica goes in a rage after Melissa attempts suicide in her bed . In the aftermath of the shootout it is revealed that Quincy Jr is dead . 97 13 `` My Grandson 's War '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 2.44 Veronica and Katheryn came face - to - face . Katheryn was able to be the friend that Hanna needed in comfort ; Mama Rose inflict a bit of fear into Jim Cryer . 98 14 `` Mad Day '' July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) 2.33 Veronica intervened and proved her skills by representing Benny , Jim taunted Veronica , Hanna found herself at Katheryn 's new rental home . 99 15 `` A Woman Under the Stairs '' July 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 18 ) 2.43 Veronica threatens to reveal Officer Justin 's secret and accuses him of sexually harassing Jeffrey . David and Jim find their sons . Charles reveals to Candace who he really is . 100 16 `` Railroad '' July 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 25 ) 2.43 Veronica visits Melissa at the hospital . Katheryn helps Hanna deal with Benny 's situation . Wyatt gets released from the hospital . Charles beats Candace at her own game . 101 17 `` Elevator Seven '' August 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 01 ) 2.30 Veronica tried to confront Erica and David on the elevator about their relationship . Landon tries to warn Charles about Candace . Jeffrey meets up with Landon . 102 18 `` A Broken Mirror '' August 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) 2.33 Veronica catches Officer Justin in Jeffrey 's hotel room , and records Officer Justin . Jim is trying to find Warlock before Mamma Rose does . 103 19 `` Haunted By The Surname '' August 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 15 ) 2.40 Veronica is confronted by Officer Justin . Candace starts to see Erica for who she truly is . Candace gets some devastating news . 104 20 `` The Enemy Called Trust '' August 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) 2.52 Veronica tells Landon to stay away her son . Jim is shocked to see that his house is on fire . Candace ask Mitch for a favor . Warlock gets caught in a deadly trap . 105 21 `` Kate '' August 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 29 ) 2.64 Veronica makes Melissa clean her blood out of her bed . Jim and Katheryn implode with emotion . Jim confronts Katheryn , and begs her for retribution . 106 22 `` For The Team '' September 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 2.61 Veronica gives Jeffrey and Officer Justin an ultimatum . Candace and Benny are at odds with each other . David tells Jeffrey to stay away from Veronica . 107 23 `` The Veronica Show '' September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 2.58 Veronica does something that puts Officer Justin at rage . Candace struggles with sorrow and the death of Quincy Jr . Jim confronts Candace at The Artesian Hotel . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mary McNamara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Tyler Perry and Oprah Winfrey do n't have it in ' Have - Nots ' -- Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Casting Call Tyler Perry 's `` The Haves And the Have Nots '' `` . Project Casting . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Philiana Ng ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` OWN Sets Premieres for Tyler Perry 's Scripted Series , Greenlights Two Shows '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 5 , 2013 ) . `` OWN Announces New Original Programming for 2013 and Closes Out 2012 With Double - Digit Ratings Gains '' . Zap2It . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger . `` OWN Orders Four Additional Episodes Of Tyler Perry 's THE HAVES AND THE HAVE NOTS '' . We Love Soaps . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 30 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Real Husbands of Hollywood ' , ' Counting Cars ' , ' Backyard Oil ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Wins Night + ' Storage Wars ' , ' American Restoration ' , ' Counting Cars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Wins Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Storage Wars ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' Haves & the Have Nots ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Wins Night + ' Counting Cars ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Storage Wars ' , ' Twisted ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Catfish ' & ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Win Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Perception ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Wins Night + ' The Game ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Catfish ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' , ' Catfish ' & ' Deadliest Catch ' Win Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Catfish ' Wins Night + ' The Game ' , ' Suits ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 24 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Catfish ' Wins Night + ' The Game ' , ' Suits ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Counting Cars ' Wins Night + ' The Game ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Catfish ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Shark Week ' Wins Night , ' The Game ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Suits ' , ' Catfish ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & ' Amish Mafia ' Win Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Game ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' Covert Affairs ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Catfish ' , ' The Game ' , & ' Amish Mafia ' Tie for Top Spot + ' The Legend of Shelby the Swamp Man ' , ' Suits ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' & ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Tie for Top Spot + ' The Game ' , ' Amish Mafia ' , ' The Legend of Shelby the Swamp Man ' , ' Suits ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' Wins Night , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Suits ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Catfish ' , ' Face Off ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Rick Kissell @ ratesrick . `` OWN 's ' Haves and the Have Nots ' Surges to Series Highs '' . Variety . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tyler Perry 's ' Haves and the Have Nots ' Finale Is OWN 's Most - Watched Program Ever '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rick Kissell @ ratesrick ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Haves and Have Nots ' Sets OWN Ratings Record With Its Finale '' . Variety . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Wins Night , ' Moonshiners ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Wins Night + ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Moonshiners ' , ' Justified ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Justified ' , ' Klondike ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night + ' Moonshiners ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom II ' Leads Night + ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves & the Have Nots ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Leads Night + ' Teen Mom II ' , ' Amish Mafia ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' Wins Night , ' Teen Mom 2 ' , ' Justified ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Little Couple ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night + ' The Game ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Bad Girls Club ' , ' True Tori ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Leads Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' The Little Couple ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' & ' Deadliest Catch ' Win Night , ' Fargo ' , ' Royal Pains ' , ' Chasing Life ' , ' Faking It ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : World Cup Soccer Leads Night + ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' The Haves & the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Tyrant ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : World Cup Coverage Wins Night + ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : World Cup Wins Night , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Finding Carter ' , ' Perception ' , ' Tyrant ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' & ' Pretty Little Liars ' Top Night + ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . Tv by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & ' Pretty Little Liars ' Win Night ; ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' , ' Tyrant ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' and ' Deadliest Catch ' Lead Night + ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Counting Cars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' The Real World ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Tops Night + ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' The Curse of Oak Island ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' & ' Fixer Upper ' Win Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' Tops Night + ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Sons of Liberty ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Wins Night , ' Moonshiners ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Tops Night + ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' 19 Kids and Counting ' Wins Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Tops Night + ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Konolojy , Amanda ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : College Basketball & ' Being Mary Jane ' Win NIght , ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' Top Night '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' & ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' Win Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Tops Night + ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' If Loving You is Wrong ' & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Tops Night + ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : Shark Week Wins Night , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Chrisley Knows Best ' , ' Proof ' & More -- Page 428275 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' WWE Tough Enough ' & More -- Page 431285 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Wins Night , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Total Divas ' & More -- Page 434626 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Wins Night , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Ink Master ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More -- Page 439163 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' & ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Win Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Scream : The TV Series ' & More -- Page 443112 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Tops Night + ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Ink Master ' & More -- Page 446955 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaDale . `` '' Haves And Have Nots '' Recap : ' A Home For Q ' `` . Canyon News . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( August 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' & ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Win Night , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Total Divas ' & More -- Page 450198 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Tops Night + ' Ink Master ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More -- Page 453325 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baron , Steve ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night , ' Ink Master ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Total Divas ' , ' Below Deck ' , ' Tyrant ' & More -- Page 456690 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night , US Open Coverage , ' Ink Master ' , ' Counting Cars ' & More -- Page 460485 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : Series Premiere of ' The Bastard Executioner ' & ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Tie For First , ' Ink Master ' & More -- Page 467511 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Tops Night + ' If Loving You is Wrong ' , ' Ink Master ' & More -- Page 470596 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Shannara ' has a so - so premiere for MTV -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' returns on top , ' Shadowhunters ' had solid debut -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' falls , ' Haves and the Have Nots ' holds strong -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The Curse of Oak Island ' stays on top , ' Shadowhunters ' rises -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' premiere soars -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' leads again -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' falls , ' Pretty Little Liars ' rises -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' stays steady -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' falls -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' rises slightly -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' and ' Fixer Upper ' stay steady -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalfe , Mitch ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.28. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.5. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.12. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.19. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.26. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Salem , Mitch ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.2. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.9. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED CHARTS : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.16. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.23. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.30. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.6. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Curse of Oak Island ' wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Taboo ' premieres well , ' Curse of Oak Island ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' reigns supreme '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Articles ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' series finale scores high -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Animal Kingdom ' ticks up , ' WWE Smackdown ' holds steady -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex. `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The Haves and The Have Nots ' holds steady , ' Shooter ' returns down -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Haves_and_the_Have_Nots_episodes&oldid=804407949 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 20 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does season 5 of the haves and the have nots start	[ "\n85\n1\n\"A Cup of Tea\"\nJanuary 3, 2017 (2017-01-03)\n2.99[93]\n" ]	[ "January 3, 2017" ]
-2897166556588380703	Chester Bennington	Chester Bennington - wikipedia Chester Bennington Chester Bennington Bennington performing in June 2014 Chester Charles Bennington ( 1976 - 03 - 20 ) March 20 , 1976 Phoenix , Arizona , U.S. July 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 20 ) ( aged 41 ) Palos Verdes Estates , California , U.S. Cause of death Suicide by hanging Occupation Singer songwriter musician actor Years active 1992 -- 2017 Spouse ( s ) Samantha Olit ( m . 1996 ; div. 2005 ) Talinda Bentley ( m . 2006 ) Children 6 Musical career Genres Alternative metal nu metal hard rock alternative rock electronic rock pop rock post-grunge Instruments Vocals guitar piano Labels Machine Shop Warner Bros . Associated acts Linkin Park Dead by Sunrise Julien - K Grey Daze Kings of Chaos Stone Temple Pilots Signature Chester Charles Bennington ( March 20 , 1976 -- July 20 , 2017 ) was an American singer , songwriter , musician , and actor . He served as lead singer for the bands Linkin Park , Dead by Sunrise , Grey Daze , and Stone Temple Pilots . He was widely regarded as one of the top rock vocalists of the 2000s . Bennington first gained prominence as a vocalist following the release of Linkin Park 's debut album , Hybrid Theory , in 2000 , which became a commercial success . The album was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America in 2005 , making it the best - selling debut album of the decade , as well as one of the few albums ever to hit that many sales . Linkin Park 's following studio albums , from Meteora ( 2003 ) to One More Light ( 2017 ) , continued the band 's success . Linkin Park has sold over 100 million records worldwide . Bennington formed his own band , Dead by Sunrise , as a side project in 2005 . The band 's debut album , Out of Ashes , was released on October 13 , 2009 . He became the lead singer of Stone Temple Pilots in 2013 to release the extended play record High Rise on October 8 , 2013 , via their own record label , Play Pen , but left in 2015 to focus solely on Linkin Park . Hit Parader magazine placed him at number 46 on their list of the `` 100 Metal Vocalists of All Time '' . He also appeared in cameo roles in several films , including Crank , Crank : High Voltage and Saw 3D . On July 20 , 2017 , Bennington was found dead at his home in Palos Verdes Estates , California . His death was ruled as suicide by hanging . Contents 1 Early life 2 Music career 2.1 Early acts 2.2 Linkin Park 2.3 Dead by Sunrise 2.4 Stone Temple Pilots 3 Personal life 3.1 Health and injuries 4 Death 4.1 Memorial and tributes 4.2 Connections to Chris Cornell 's death 5 Musical style and influences 6 Legacy 7 Other works 7.1 Album contributions 7.2 Music producer 7.3 Filmography 8 References 9 External links Early life Chester Charles Bennington was born on March 20 , 1976 , in Phoenix , Arizona . His mother was a nurse , while his father was a police detective who worked on child sexual abuse cases . Bennington took interest in music at a young age , citing the bands Depeche Mode and Stone Temple Pilots as his earliest inspirations , and dreamed of becoming a member of Stone Temple Pilots , which he later achieved when he became their lead singer . Bennington suffered sexual abuse from an older male friend when he was seven years old . He was afraid to ask for help because he did not want people to think he was gay or lying , and the abuse continued until the age of 13 years . His parents divorced when he was 11 years old . The abuse and situation at home affected him so much that he felt the urge to kill people and run away . To comfort himself , he drew pictures and wrote poetry and songs . After the divorce his father gained custody of him . Bennington started abusing alcohol , marijuana , opium , cocaine , meth , and LSD . He was physically bullied in high school . In an interview , he said that he was `` knocked around like a rag doll at school , for being skinny and looking different '' . At the age of 17 years , Bennington moved in with his mother and was banned from leaving the house when his mother discovered his drug activity . He worked at a Burger King before starting his career as a professional musician . Eventually , Bennington was able to overcome his drug addiction and would go on to denounce drug use in future interviews . During one Linkin Park tour , he started drinking heavily . In 2011 , he said he had quit , noting , `` I just do n't want to be that person anymore . '' Years later he revealed the abuser 's identity to his father but chose not to continue the case after he realized the abuser was a victim himself . Music career Early acts Bennington first began singing with a band called Sean Dowdell and His Friends ? They released an eponymous three - track cassette in 1993 . Later , Dowdell and Bennington moved on to form a new band , Grey Daze , a post-grunge band from Phoenix , Arizona . The band recorded three albums : Demo in 1993 , Wake / Me in 1994 , and ... no sun today in 1997 . Bennington left Grey Daze in 1998 , but struggled to find another band . Linkin Park Further information : Linkin Park Bennington performing in 2008 Bennington was frustrated and almost ready to quit his musical career altogether when Jeff Blue , the vice president of artists and repertoire at Zomba Music in Los Angeles , offered him an audition with the future members of Linkin Park . Bennington quit his day job at a digital services firm and took his family to California , where he had a successful audition with Linkin Park , who were then called Xero . He managed to record the song for his audition in a day , missing his own birthday celebration in the process . Bennington and Mike Shinoda , the band 's other vocalist , made significant progress together , but failed to find a record deal . After facing numerous rejections , Blue , now a vice president of artists and repertoire at Warner Bros. , intervened again to help the band sign with Warner Bros. Records . On October 24 , 2000 , Linkin Park released their debut album , Hybrid Theory , through Warner Bros. Records . Bennington and Shinoda wrote the lyrics to Hybrid Theory based on some early material . Shinoda characterized the lyrics as interpretations of universal feelings , emotions , and experiences , and as `` everyday emotions you talk about and think about . '' Bennington later described the songwriting experience to Rolling Stone magazine in early 2002 , `` It 's easy to fall into that thing -- ' poor , poor me ' , that 's where songs like ' Crawling ' come from : I ca n't take myself . But that song is about taking responsibility for your actions . I do n't say ' you ' at any point . It 's about how I 'm the reason that I feel this way . There 's something inside me that pulls me down . '' Bennington primarily served as Linkin Park 's lead vocalist , but occasionally shared the role with Shinoda . All Music Guide described Bennington 's vocals as `` higher - pitched '' and `` emotional '' , in contrast to Shinoda 's hip - hop - style delivery . Both members also worked together to write lyrics for the band 's songs . Dead by Sunrise Further information : Dead by Sunrise Bennington co-founded Dead by Sunrise , an electronic rock band from Los Angeles , California , with Orgy and Julien - K members Amir Derakh and Ryan Shuck in 2005 . Dead by Sunrise made their live debut in May 2008 , performing four songs at the 13th anniversary party for Club Tattoo in Tempe , Arizona . The band released their debut album Out of Ashes on October 13 , 2009 . Stone Temple Pilots Further information : Stone Temple Pilots In February 2013 , Stone Temple Pilots parted ways with long - time lead singer Scott Weiland . The band recruited Bennington to replace Weiland in May 2013 . On May 18 , 2013 , Bennington took the stage at KROQ 's Weenie Roast with the band . The setlist included original Stone Temple Pilots songs , as well as their first single with Bennington on vocals called `` Out of Time '' , which debuted on May 19 and was available for free download via their official website . It was later announced by Chester and the band in an exclusive KROQ interview that he was officially the new frontman of Stone Temple Pilots and discussed the possibility of a new album and tour . The song `` Out of Time '' is featured on their EP High Rise , which was released on October 8 , 2013 . Bennington reflected on joining Stone Temple Pilots , stating , `` Every band has its own kind of vibe . Stone Temple Pilots has this sexier , more classic rock feel to it . Linkin Park is a very modern , very tech - heavy type of band . I grew up listening to these guys . When this opportunity came up , it was just like a no - brainer . '' Bennington stated in interviews that singing lead vocals in Stone Temple Pilots was his lifelong dream . He left the band on good terms due to his commitments with Linkin Park in 2015 . Personal life Bennington performing at the 2009 Sonisphere Festival Bennington had a child , Jaime ( born May 12 , 1996 ) , from his relationship with Elka Brand . In 2006 , he adopted Brand 's other son , Isaiah ( born November 8 , 1997 ) . He married his first wife , Samantha Marie Olit , on October 31 , 1996 . They had one child together , Draven Sebastian ( born April 19 , 2002 ) . Bennington 's relationship with his first wife declined during his early years with Linkin Park , and they divorced in 2005 . In 2006 , he married Talinda Ann Bentley , a former Playboy model with whom he had three children : Tyler Lee Bennington ( born March 16 , 2006 ) and twins Lilly and Lila ( born November 6 , 2011 ) . Bennington and his wife were harassed by a cyberstalker named Devon Townsend ( not to be confused with Canadian musician Devin Townsend ) for almost a year . Townsend was found guilty of tampering with the couple 's email , as well as sending threatening messages , and was later sentenced to two years in prison . Bennington was a tattoo enthusiast . He had done work and promotions with Club Tattoo , a tattoo parlor in Tempe , Arizona . Club Tattoo is owned by Sean Dowdell , Bennington 's friend since high school with whom he played in two bands . Bennington was a fan of the Phoenix Suns , Arizona Cardinals , Arizona Diamondbacks , and Arizona Coyotes . In a January 2011 interview , in response to the 2011 Tucson shooting , Bennington said , `` There 's a non-violent way to express yourself and get your point across -- regardless of what you 're saying or what your point is . In a free society , people have a right to believe whatever they want to believe . That 's their business and they can speak their mind . But nobody , even in a free society , has the right to take another person 's life . Ever . That 's something that we really need to move beyond . Health and injuries Bennington was plagued with poor health during the making of Meteora , and struggled to attend some of the album 's recording sessions . In the summer of 2003 , he began to suffer from extreme abdominal pain and gastrointestinal issues while filming the music video for `` Numb '' in Prague . He was forced to return to the United States for surgery , and filmed the remainder of the music video in Los Angeles . Bennington sustained a wrist injury in October 2007 while attempting to jump off a platform during a show in Melbourne at the Rod Laver Arena . Despite the injury , he continued to perform the entire show with a broken wrist , before heading to the emergency room . He received five stitches . In 2011 , Bennington fell ill again , and Linkin Park was forced to cancel three shows and reschedule two from the A Thousand Suns World Tour . Bennington injured his shoulder during the band 's tour in Asia and was advised by doctors to have immediate surgery , cancelling their final show at Pensacola Beach , Florida , and ending their tour . Bennington injured his ankle in January 2015 during a basketball game . He attempted to cope with the injury and perform with the aid of crutches and a knee scooter . Linkin Park later canceled the remainder of their tour to allow Bennington to undergo surgery and recover . Death Bennington performing in July 2017 , two weeks before his death Wikinews has related news : Linkin Park 's lead singer Chester Bennington dies at 41 Bennington was found dead at his home in Palos Verdes Estates , California ; his housekeeper discovered his body around 9 : 00 a.m. PDT on July 20 , 2017 . His death was ruled as suicide . Mike Shinoda confirmed his death on Twitter , writing , `` Shocked and heartbroken , but it 's true . An official statement will come out as soon as we have one '' . On July 21 , Brian Elias , the chief of operations for the office of the medical examiner - coroner , confirmed that a half - empty bottle of alcohol was found at the scene , but no other drugs were present . The band announced that they had canceled the North American leg of their One More Light Tour following Bennington 's death and that tickets would be refunded . Bennington 's funeral was held at South Coast Botanic Garden in Palos Verdes , California , on July 29 . In addition to his family members and close friends , many musicians who toured or played with Linkin Park were also in attendance . The service also included a full stage for musical tributes . Bennington was cremated . On December 5 , 2017 , Billboard magazine wrote that Bennington 's toxicology report showed `` a trace amount '' of alcohol in the singer 's system at the time of death . Memorial and tributes Bennington filmed an episode of Carpool Karaoke six days before his death . Bennington 's family allowed the episode to be aired on October 12 , 2017 . On August 27 , during the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards ceremony , Jared Leto received media attention for his tribute to Bennington and Chris Cornell . Some of his former bandmates from Dead By Sunrise and Grey Daze united to perform a tribute for Bennington during a concert on September 2 in Las Vegas . Linkin Park also hosted a public tribute for Bennington in Los Angeles on October 27 , titled Linkin Park and Friends : Celebrate Life in Honor of Chester Bennington . The event featured the band 's first performance following his death , along with performances from Blink - 182 , members of System of a Down , Korn , Avenged Sevenfold , Bring Me the Horizon , and Yellowcard , and the singer Kiiara , among others . American rapper Jay - Z paid tribute to Bennington on several occasions by performing Numb / Encore live . Jay - Z and Bennington ( with Linkin Park ) collaborated on the song . Coldplay 's Chris Martin paid tribute to Bennington during the band 's North American tour concert at MetLife Stadium , playing an acoustic version of `` Crawling '' on piano . During the 60th Annual Grammy Awards , American rapper Logic performed the song `` 1 - 800 - 273 - 8255 '' live alongside Alessia Cara and Khalid . Performed as a tribute to both Cornell and Bennington , the song 's title is the phone number of the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline . It was performed after the annual in memoriam tribute , which ended with Bennington . Connections to Chris Cornell 's death Bennington 's death occurred on what would have been Chris Cornell 's 53rd birthday . Cornell was a close friend of Bennington . Cornell 's death was also ruled as suicide , by hanging , two months prior . Bennington commented on Cornell 's death on Instagram by stating , `` I ca n't imagine a world without you in it . '' Shinoda noted that Bennington was very emotional when the band performed `` One More Light '' in his honor on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , where he could not finish singing the song and started getting choked up during both the rehearsal and at the live performance setting . The band was due to record a live performance of their single `` Heavy '' on the show , but decided instead to play `` One More Light '' after hearing the news about Cornell 's death because the song is about the loss of a friend . Bennington sang Leonard Cohen 's song `` Hallelujah '' at Cornell 's funeral . He was also the godfather of Cornell 's son Christopher . Musical style and influences This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2017 ) Althea Legaspi of Rolling Stone wrote : `` Bennington 's voice embodied the anguish and wide - ranging emotions of the lyrics , from capturing life 's vulnerable moments to the fury and catharsis found in his belted screams , which he would often move between at the turn of a dime . '' Talking about his favorite bands and influences , Bennington mentioned Alice in Chains , Arcade Fire , Circle Jerks , Descendents , Deftones , Jane 's Addiction , Metallica , Ministry , Minor Threat , Misfits , The Naked and Famous , Nine Inch Nails , Nirvana , Pearl Jam , Refused , Skinny Puppy , Soundgarden , and A Tribe Called Quest . Bennington also considered himself as `` a huge Madonna fan '' , crediting her for making him grow up wanting to be a musician . Legacy Several publications have commented on the music legacy Bennington left with the bands and projects he worked in . While describing the success of Bennington and Linkin Park , Allmusic 's Andrew Leahey said , `` Although rooted in alternative metal , Linkin Park became one of the most successful acts of the 2000s by welcoming elements of hip - hop , modern rock , and atmospheric electronica into their music ... focusing as much on the vocal interplay between singer Chester Bennington and rapper Mike Shinoda '' . Writing for Billboard , Dan Weiss stated that Bennington `` turned nu - metal universal , '' as he was `` clearly an important conduit for his far - ranging audience '' . The New York Times ' Jon Caramanica commented that Bennington 's ability to `` pair serrated rawness with sleek melody '' separated him from other contemporary singers , and also from the artists he was influenced by . Caramanica noted , `` He was an emo sympathizer in a time when heavy metal was still setting the agenda for mainstream hard rock , and a hip - hop enthusiast who found ways to make hip - hop - informed music that benefited from his very un-hip - hop skill set '' . As Bennington acquired influences from industrial and hardcore punk acts , the journalist believed this was the factor that made Linkin Park survive the `` rise and precipitous fall of the rap - rock era '' , calling the musician `` a rock music polymath '' . Mikael Wood of the Los Angeles Times argued , `` Perhaps more than Linkin Park 's influential sound , Bennington 's real artistic legacy will be the message he put across -- the reassurance he offered from the dark '' . BBC 's Steve Holden called Bennington the `` voice of a generation '' , saying his voice was arguably Linkin Park 's greatest asset . Jonathan McAloon of The Daily Telegraph commented , `` Bennington 's death will have an impact on many millennials because his voice was the sound of their millennium '' . While talking about Linkin Park 's popularity , Corey Apar , of AllMusic , commented , `` Bennington 's oft - tortured vocals became one of the most distinctive in the alternative rock scene '' . Writing for The Guardian , Ben Beaumont - Thomas noted `` Bennington 's decision to sing clearly and openly was , therefore , more radical than he is given credit for , and indeed more socially valuable '' . The journalist continued to discuss Bennington 's impact , commenting , His cleanly articulated tales of emotional struggle gave millions the sense that someone understood them , and the huge sound of his band around him magnified that sense , moving listeners from the psychic space of their bedrooms into an arena of thousands of people who shared their pain . James Hingle echoed this sentiment , writing for Kerrang ! he said that Bennington `` was one of the most honest vocalists out there when it came to his mental health '' . In the same topic , William Goodman from Billboard said Bennington and fellow musicians Chris Cornell and Scott Weiland `` helped define a generation of the hard rock sound , who were tied together artistically and personally '' . The Straits Times ' music correspondent Eddino Abdul Hadi stated Bennington was an inspiration to many artists in the Singapore music scene . Calum Slingerland , editor of the Canadian periodical Exclaim ! , expressed , `` ( H ) is influence has been felt in the worlds of rock , metal , rap , and beyond '' . After Bennington 's death , his wife Talinda Bennington launched a campaign called 320 Changes Direction in honor of her husband to help break the stigma surrounding mental health . Other works In 2005 , Bennington appeared on `` Walking Dead '' , the lead single from turntablist Z - Trip 's debut album Shifting Gears . Bennington also made a surprise guest appearance during Z - Trip 's performance at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in 2005 . He also joined Alice in Chains and performed the song `` Man in the Box '' at KROQ 's Inland Invasion Festival in 2006 . Bennington performed with Kings of Chaos during their six - show 2016 concert tour . Album contributions Year Artist Song Release 2002 Stone Temple Pilots `` Wonderful ( Live ) '' The Family Values 2001 Tour 2002 Chester Bennington `` System '' Queen of the Damned soundtrack Cyclefly `` Karma Killer '' Crave DJ Lethal `` State of the Art '' N / A Handsome Boy Modeling School featuring DJ Q - bert , Grand Wizard Theodore , Jazzy Jay , Lord Finesse , Mike Shinoda , Rahzel & Chester Bennington / Tim Meadows `` Rock N ' Roll ( Could Never Hip Hop Like This ) ( Part 2 ) / Knockers '' White People 2005 Z - Trip `` Walking Dead '' Shifting Gears Mötley Crüe `` Home Sweet Home '' ( remake ) N / A 2006 Chester Bennington `` Morning After ( Julien - K Remix ) '' Underworld : Evolution ( soundtrack ) Mindless Self Indulgence `` What Do They Know ? ( Mindless Self Indulgence Vs. Julien - K & Chester Bennington Remix ) '' Another Mindless Rip Off 2007 Young Buck `` Slow Ya Roll '' Buck the World 2008 / 2010 Chris Cornell `` Hunger Strike ( Live at Projekt Revolution 2008 ) '' Songs from the Underground A Decade Underground Santana featuring Chester Bennington & Ray Manzarek `` Riders on the Storm '' ( The Doors cover ) Guitar Heaven : The Greatest Guitar Classics of All Time Music producer Bennington executive - produced the 2012 debut EP Us -- You for Los Angeles hard rock band Hellflower , which is fronted by his long - time friend and Director of Activities ( D.O.A. ) Church . Filmography Bennington made a cameo appearance in the 2006 film Crank as a customer in a pharmacy . He later appeared as a horse - track spectator in the film 's 2009 sequel , Crank : High Voltage . Bennington also played the role of the ill - fated racist Evan in the 2010 film Saw 3D . He was one of several rock musicians who spoke about the industry on Jared Leto 's 2012 documentary , Artifact . Bennington was working with Church on developing an upcoming television show , Mayor of the World , with executive producer Trip Taylor . Year Title Role Notes 2006 Crank Pharmacy Stoner 2009 Crank : High Voltage Hollywood Park Guy Saw 3D Evan 2012 Artifact Himself References Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park -- Hybrid Theory Review '' . sputnikmusic . September 2 , 2006 . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bucher , Chris ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Chester Bennington Dead : Top Linkin Park Songs & Albums '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warner , Kara ( October 28 , 2010 ) . `` Linkin Park 's Chester Bennington Explains How He Ended Up in ' Saw 3D ' '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chester Bennington 's death has been confirmed '' . Alternative Press . July 21 , 2017 . 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Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanisci , Grace ( May 23 , 2014 ) . `` Stone Temple Pilots fans bash new lead singer , Linkin Park 's Chester Bennington '' . Sound Check . Yahoo ! Music . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Orfanides , Effie ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Chester Bennington 's Kids : 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chester Bennington Profile Archived December 10 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , celebritywonder.com ; retrieved on June 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James , Linkin Park 's Minutes to Midnight Preview : Nu - Metallers Grow Up ( May 7 , 2007 ) , MTV News ; retrieved on June 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Runtagh , Jordan ; Nelson , Jeff ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Linkin Park Frontman Chester Bennington , 41 , Found Dead of Apparent Suicide '' . People . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park singer 's stalker sentenced - USATODAY.com '' . Associated Press . ALBUQUERQUE , NM. : usatoday30.usatoday.com . February 20 , 2008 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chester Bennington Biography Archived January 22 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , www.metal.com ( accessed January 2011 ) Jump up ^ Brink , etnies and Chester Bennington Launch Club Tattoo Collaboration with Exclusive Art Show in NYC ! ( March 21 , 2007 ) ; retrieved on June 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ClubTattoo.com , Press Room Archived June 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. ; retrieved on June 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Twitter / ChesterBe : The Suns are the best . Twitter.com . Retrieved on August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Twitter / ChesterBe : I LOVE the Suns ! ! ! . Twitter.com . Retrieved on August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` STONE TEMPLE PILOTS ' CHESTER BENNINGTON Guests On ' Ferrall on the Bench ' ( Audio ) '' . BlabberMouth . Jump up ^ Fischer , Reed ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Linkin Park 's Chester Bennington Responds to Arizona Shooting '' . New Times Broward - Palm Beach . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Warner Bros. Records , `` The Making of Meteora '' ( 2003 ) ( DVD ) ; released on March 25 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Wiederhorn , Jon ( July 24 , 2003 ) . `` Surgery May Stop Linkin Park Singer From Vomiting While Singing '' . MTV . mtv.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park 's Chester Bennington Doing Fine '' . Linkin Park News . Yahoo ! Music . July 11 , 2003 . Retrieved November 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chester Bennington ( October 17 , 2007 ) . Chester 's Broken Wrist ( The Official Linkin Park YouTube Channel ) ( Adobe Flash ) ( YouTube video ) . Retrieved November 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park 's Chester Bennington is Accident Prone '' . UpVenue . February 25 , 2011 . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Diaz , Julio ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` DeLuna Fest loses Linkin Park '' . Pensacola News Journal . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . 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Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park 's Chester Bennington dies '' . BBC News . July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Shinoda on Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coroner confirms Chester Bennington died by hanging ; Linkin Park cancels tour '' . USA Today . July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park cancels North American tour after Chester Bennington death '' . BBC . July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bitette , Nicole ( July 30 , 2017 ) . `` Linkin Park 's Chester Bennington laid to rest in private funeral ceremony near his home '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ slt133 ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Chester Bennington '' . Find a Grave . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Payne , Chris ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Linkin Park 's Chester Bennington : Toxicology Report Released '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` James Corden : Chester Bennington 's ' Carpool Karaoke ' Is Family 's Decision '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( August 27 , 2017 ) . `` Jared Leto Delivers Heartfelt Tribute to Chester Bennington , Chris Cornell at MTV Video Music Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mack , Emmy ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Chester Bennington 's Former Bandmates Perform An Emotional Acoustic Tribute '' . Music Feed . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisinger , Dale ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Linkin Park 's Chester Bennington Tribute to Include Blink - 182 , Members of Korn , System of a Down '' . Variety . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Linkin Park Plan Public Event to Honor Chester Bennington '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisinger , Dale ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Linkin Park 's Mike Shinoda Says Rick Rubin Convinced the Band to Perform Again '' . Spin . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Coldplay pay touching tribute to Linkin Park 's Chester Bennington '' . Metro. 2017 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Logic , Khalid , & Alessia Cara Perform ' 1 - 800 - 273 - 8255 ' at Grammys '' . Rap - Up . 28 January 2018 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Linkin Park singer dies on his good friend Chris Cornell 's birthday '' . CNN . July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park Performs `` One More Light '' `` , YouTube , May 19 , 2017 , retrieved November 9 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Radio.com ( July 20 , 2017 ) , Chester Bennington 's Bandmate : Linkin Park Singer Was Hit Hard by Chris Cornell 's Suicide , retrieved July 21 , 2017 Jump up ^ Legaspi , Althea ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Flashback : Chester Bennington Sings Adele 's ' Rolling in the Deep ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farrier , David ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Chester Bennington talks Linkin Park 's The Hunting Party '' . 3 News . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oswald , Derek ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Chester Bennington -- ' We 'll Be Playing Some Songs That We Have n't Played Before ... ' '' . AltWire . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Our Time with Chester Bennington '' . Elvis Duran and the Morning Show . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turman , Katherine ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Chester Bennington and Linkin Park : A Musical Legacy of Darkness and Hope '' . Variety . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Connick , Tom ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` How Chester Bennington articulated my generation 's angst '' . Dazed . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park - Biography & History '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Dan ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Chester Bennington Turned Nu - Metal Universal '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caramanica , Jon ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Chester Bennington Brought Rock Ferocity to Linkin Park 's Innovations '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Mikael ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Appreciation Linkin Park 's Chester Bennington was a voice of reassurance from the dark '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chester Bennington : Linkin Park vocalist ' took his own life ' '' . BBC News . July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McAloon , Jonathan ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Why the passing of Linkin Park 's Chester Bennington will break millions of millennial hearts '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Apar , Corey . `` Chester Bennington Bio '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beaumont - Thomas , Ben ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Linkin Park singer Chester Bennington soothed the angst of millions '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hingle , James ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` A Tribute To Chester Bennington '' . Kerrang ! . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goodman , William ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Chester Bennington , Chris Cornell & Scott Weiland : A Legacy of Pained Rock Powerhouses '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hadi , Eddino Abdul ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Recommended by Linkin Park singer Chester Bennington influenced many in the Singapore music scene '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slingerland , Calum ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` The World Reacts to Chester Bennington 's Death '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Don ( May 2 , 2005 ) . `` Live at Coachella ' 05 '' . LA Weekly . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses Take On Aguilera , Chester Bennington Joins Alice In Chains At Inland Invasion '' . MTV . September 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chester rockin with Alice in Chains '' . October 11 , 2006 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LINKIN PARK 's CHESTER BENNINGTON : Do n't Call KINGS OF CHAOS A ' Supergroup ' '' . Blabbermouth.net . December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hellflower '' . American Voodoo Records . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Johnathon ( August 29 , 2006 ) . `` Linkin Park Hits iTunes , New Album Not Quite Ready '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Greenberg , Alexandra ( April 3 , 2009 ) . `` MAYNARD JAMES KEENAN & CHESTER BENNINGTON MAKE CAMEO IN ' CRANK : HIGH VOLTAGE ' '' . Mitch Schneider Organization . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( August 31 , 2010 ) . `` New Saw 3D Image Tortures Linkin Park 's Chester Bennington '' . DreadCentral . Retrieved November 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Mobarak , Jared . `` Artifact '' . Film Stage . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reaper 's Forge '' . Reapersforge.com . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2010 . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ JEN ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` Saw 3D '' . cbennington Blog . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2010 . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . External links Find more aboutChester Benningtonat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Chester Bennington on Twitter Chester Bennington on IMDb Chester Bennington on Grammy Awards Chester Bennington at Find a Grave Linkin Park Brad Delson Rob Bourdon Joe Hahn Dave Farrell Mike Shinoda Chester Bennington Mark Wakefield Kyle Christner Discography Songs Awards and nominations Studio albums Hybrid Theory Meteora Minutes to Midnight A Thousand Suns Living Things The Hunting Party One More Light Remix albums Reanimation Recharged Live albums Live in Texas Road to Revolution : Live at Milton Keynes One More Light Live Compilations A Decade Underground Studio Collection 2000 -- 2012 EPs Hybrid Theory EP Collision Course Songs from the Underground Video albums Frat Party at the Pankake Festival Soundtracks 8 - Bit Rebellion ! Mall Tours Hybrid Theory World Tour Projekt Revolution LP Underground Tour Minutes to Midnight World Tour International Tour A Thousand Suns World Tour 11th Annual Honda Civic Tour Living Things World Tour Carnivores Tour The Hunting Party Tour One More Light World Tour Related articles Machine Shop Records Machine Shop co . Download to Donate Music for Relief 8 - Bit Rebellion ! LP Recharge The Seed Fuse Present : Linkin Park Live at MSG Inside Living Things Mall Dead by Sunrise Fort Minor Stone Temple Pilots In the Chamber with Linkin Park Linkin Park and Friends : Celebrate Life in Honor of Chester Bennington Book Portal Dead by Sunrise Amir Derakh Ryan Shuck Elias Andra Brandon Belsky Anthony `` Fu '' Valcic Chester Bennington Frank Zummo Albums Out of Ashes Singles `` Crawl Back In '' `` Let Down '' `` Fire '' Other Songs `` Inside of Me '' `` Too Late '' Related articles Linkin Park Julien - K Stone Temple Pilots Dean DeLeo Robert DeLeo Eric Kretz Jeff Gutt Scott Weiland Chester Bennington Studio albums Core Purple Tiny Music ... Songs from the Vatican Gift Shop No. 4 Shangri - La Dee Da Stone Temple Pilots ( 2010 ) Stone Temple Pilots ( 2018 ) Extended plays High Rise Compilations Thank You Singles Commercial `` Sex Type Thing '' `` Plush '' `` Creep '' `` Big Empty '' `` Vasoline '' `` Interstate Love Song '' `` Dancing Days '' `` Big Bang Baby '' `` Trippin ' on a Hole in a Paper Heart '' `` Lady Picture Show '' `` Down '' `` Sour Girl '' `` Days of the Week '' `` Hollywood Bitch '' `` Revolution '' `` All in the Suit That You Wear '' `` Between the Lines '' `` Take a Load Off '' `` Cinnamon '' `` Out of Time '' `` Black Heart '' `` Meadow '' Promotional `` Dead & Bloated '' `` Crackerman '' `` Wicked Garden '' `` Unglued '' `` Pretty Penny '' `` Tumble in the Rough '' `` Art School Girl '' `` Heaven & Hot Rods '' `` No Way Out '' `` Wonderful '' Related Discography 2008 Reunion Tour Army of Anyone album Talk Show album Velvet Revolver The Wondergirls Linkin Park Book Arizona portal Biography portal Heavy metal portal BNF : cb141548661 ( data ) GND : 139453784 ISNI : 0000 0001 1493 5593 LCCN : n2005083528 MusicBrainz : 415e30a0 - 116b - 4a4f - 8cbf - 8d0f6406bbab NKC : ola2002152626 VIAF : 73268099 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chester_Bennington&oldid=852425438 '' Categories : 1976 births 2017 deaths 20th - century American singers 21st - century American singers American male singers American heavy metal singers American tenors Dead by Sunrise members Grammy Award winners Julien - K members Linkin Park members Male suicides Musicians from Phoenix , Arizona American musicians who committed suicide Nu metal singers Stone Temple Pilots members Suicides by hanging in California Singers who committed suicide Singers from Arizona Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2018 Articles with hCards Biography with signature Articles to be expanded from July 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Novial Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Rumantsch Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 डोटेली 68 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 22 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the singer of lincoln park die	[ "Chester Charles Bennington (March 20, 1976 – July 20, 2017) was an American singer, songwriter, musician, and actor. He served as lead singer for the bands Linkin Park, Dead by Sunrise, Grey Daze, and Stone Temple Pilots. He was widely regarded as one of the top rock vocalists of the 2000s.\n" ]	[ "July 20, 2017" ]
-6672227231232885190	List of Steven Universe episodes	List of Steven Universe episodes - Wikipedia List of Steven Universe episodes Jump to : navigation , search `` Warp Tour '' redirects here . For the music festival , see Warped Tour . Steven Universe is an American animated television series created by Rebecca Sugar for Cartoon Network . The series revolves around Steven Universe ( voiced by Zach Callison ) , who protects his hometown of Beach City alongside Garnet ( voiced by Estelle ) , Amethyst ( voiced by Michaela Dietz ) and Pearl ( voiced by Deedee Magno Hall ) , three magical alien guardians known as the Crystal Gems . The series was renewed for a fourth and fifth season in March 2016 . As of April 16 , 2018 , 142 episodes of Steven Universe have aired . Episodes have variously been broadcast once a week ( most recently on Monday nights ) , or in blocks of multiple new episodes in the course of a week , which are marketed as `` Stevenbombs '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Pilot ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 1 ( 2013 -- 15 ) 2.3 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.4 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 2.5 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.6 Season 5 ( 2017 -- present ) 3 Internet shorts 3.1 Season 2 shorts 3.2 Season 4 shorts 4 Home media 4.1 Video on demand 4.2 DVD & Blu - ray 5 Notes 6 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Pilot May 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) 52 November 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) April 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 16 ) 26 March 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 13 ) January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) 25 May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) August 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 10 ) 25 August 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 11 ) May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 5 26 May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) This article needs improved plot summaries . ( June 2016 ) The following lists are ordered according to the list on the official website of the series , which reflects the intended watching order of the creators . While similar to the original broadcast order , three episodes from the first season were not broadcast until the second season . Pilot ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Title Directed by Written and storyboarded by Original release date Prod . code `` The Time Thing '' Phil Rynda ( creative ) , Sue Mondt ( art ) , and Genndy Tartakovsky ( timing ) Rebecca Sugar May 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) ( online ) 501 - ? ? ? Upon returning from an intergalactic mission , the Crystal Gems -- Garnet , Amethyst , and Pearl -- have brought a mysterious magical hourglass . Steven Universe , the youngest member of the Crystal Gems , gets his hands on the device and discovers that it has the ability to let him travel back in time in order to make snappy comebacks . However , his actions soon bring about a deadly adversary , with everyone 's lives dependent on Steven being able to make a worthwhile comeback . Season 1 ( 2013 -- 15 ) ( edit ) The supervising director for this season is Ian Jones - Quartey . No . overall No. in season Title Art direction by Written and storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Gem Glow '' Kevin Dart Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu November 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) 1020 - 003 1.86 Steven is disappointed that his favorite ice - cream sandwich brand , Cookie Cat , gets taken off the market . He soon cheers up upon discovering that the Gems managed to get hold of some of the last remaining Cookie Cats , which he comes to believe may be the key to activating his gem . `` Laser Light Cannon '' Kevin Dart Kat Morris and Rebecca Sugar November 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) 1020 - 001 1.86 When a menacing `` Red Eye '' is about to hit Beach City , the only thing that can destroy it is a Laser Light Cannon that once belonged to Steven 's mother , Rose Quartz . Steven and his father , Greg , search through Greg 's storage for the cannon . `` Cheeseburger backpack '' Kevin Dart Ian Jones - Quartey and Rebecca Sugar November 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 11 ) 1020 - 002 1.68 The Crystal Gems go on a mission to place a Moon Goddess statue on top of the ruined Lunar Sea Spire , and Steven tries to prove he can be useful with the help of his new novelty Cheeseburger Backpack . `` Together Breakfast '' Kevin Dart Ian Jones - Quartey , Rebecca Sugar , and Paul Villeco November 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 11 ) 1020 - 004 1.68 Steven 's attempt to get the Gems to share his special breakfast sends him on a journey through their ancient Crystal Temple . 5 5 `` Frybo '' Kevin Dart Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco November 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 18 ) 1020 - 008 1.29 Steven brings a mascot costume to life with a magical gem shard in order help his friend Peedee , but it backfires when the mascot goes rogue . 6 6 `` Cat Fingers '' Kevin Dart Kat Morris , Hilary Florido , Ian Jones - Quartey , and Rebecca Sugar November 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 25 ) 1020 - 005 1.71 Trying to master his shapeshifting abilities , Steven turns his fingers into cats , which get out of control . 7 7 `` Bubble Buddies '' Kevin Dart Kat Morris and Aleth Romanillos December 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 02 ) 1020 - 006 1.61 Steven forms a magic bubble around himself and a girl named Connie to save her from a falling rock , but he has no idea how to make it disappear . 8 8 `` Serious Steven '' Kevin Dart Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 1020 - 007 1.35 While navigating through an ancient Gem maze , Steven tries to prove to the Gems that he can take the mission seriously . 9 9 `` Tiger Millionaire '' Kevin Dart Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco January 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) 1020 - 011 1.57 Steven joins an underground wrestling league with Amethyst , who 's tired of Garnet and Pearl bringing her down . 10 10 `` Steven 's Lion '' Kevin Dart and Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Aleth Romanillos January 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) 1020 - 012 1.51 Steven befriends a magical lion he finds in the desert during a mission . 11 11 `` Arcade Mania '' Kevin Dart Lamar Abrams , Aleth Romanillos , and Luke Weber February 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 17 ) 1020 - 009 1.17 Steven takes the Gems to the Funland Arcade , where Garnet becomes enchanted by a rhythm game . 12 12 `` Giant Woman '' Kevin Dart Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu February 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) 1020 - 010 1.89 Steven encourages Amethyst and Pearl to fuse together into a four - armed `` giant woman '' named Opal ( Aimee Mann ) , but Amethyst and Pearl keep quarrelling . 13 13 `` So Many Birthdays '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco March 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) 1020 - 014 1.17 After learning that the Gems are thousands of years old , Steven throws a party to make up for all the birthdays they 've missed , and he begins to worry about what it means to grow up himself . 14 14 `` Lars and the Cool Kids '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Matt Braly March 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) 1020 - 015 1.50 Steven and Lars hang out with the cool kids ( Jenny Pizza , Buck Dewey , and Sour Cream ) , but their teenage shenanigans get them into magical trouble . 15 15 `` Onion Trade '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams March 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 1020 - 018 1.79 A toy trade between Steven and Onion escalates into epic proportions . 16 16 `` Steven the Sword Fighter '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) 1020 - 013 1.10 Pearl 's attempt to teach Steven the art of sword - fighting using a holographic version of herself goes awry when she gets injured and has to retreat into her gem to heal . 17 17 `` Lion 2 : The Movie '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 1020 - 017 1.57 Steven and Connie try to ride Lion to the movie theater , but Lion instead takes them to a mysterious Gem armory . 18 18 `` Beach Party '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 1020 - 020 1.44 After a battle damages the Fish Stew Pizza sign , the Gems are banned from the restaurant , so Steven throws a cookout on the beachside to mend the relationship between the Pizza family and the Gems . 19 19 `` Rose 's Room '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 1020 - 019 1.55 Steven 's desire for some alone time unlocks a room in the temple that answers his every wish . 20 20 `` Coach Steven '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco August 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 21 ) 1020 - 016 1.85 Against Pearl 's advice , Steven becomes determined to get stronger after watching Garnet and Amethyst fuse into the mighty ( and destructive ) Sugilite ( Nicki Minaj ) . 21 21 `` Joking Victim '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco August 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 28 ) 1020 - 024 1.63 When Lars fakes an injury to take a sick day from work , Steven helps Sadie out at the Big Donut , and they pull a prank on Lars to get back at him . 22 22 `` Steven and the Stevens '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu September 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 04 ) 1020 - 021 2.14 Steven needs a musical partner for an upcoming show , so he uses a time travel device to recruit himself as the perfect bandmate . This episode re-uses the time - travel device from the non-canonical pilot episode . 23 23 `` Monster Buddies '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo September 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 11 ) 1020 - 022 2.07 Steven accidentally releases a captured Gem monster from her bubble and attempts to tame her wild form . 24 24 `` An Indirect Kiss '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco September 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 18 ) 1020 - 023 1.73 Steven tells Connie about his mission with the Gems to heal Amethyst when she cracked her gem . 25 25 `` Mirror Gem '' ( Part 1 ) Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) 1020 - 025 2.34 Steven befriends a magical mirror that can mysteriously communicate with him , and ends up freeing its prisoner : Lapis Lazuli , another mysterious Gem . 26 26 `` Ocean Gem '' ( Part 2 ) Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) 1020 - 026 2.34 Lapis Lazuli disappears after reigniting a past conflict with the three Crystal Gems and takes the ocean with her , leaving Beach City in a panic on the first day of summer . Steven , Connie , Greg , Lion and the Gems go on a mission to confront Lapis and set things right . 27 27 `` House Guest '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) 1026 - 027 2.00 Left temporarily homeless and with a broken leg after the events of the previous episode , Greg stays in Steven 's house while his leg heals and unintentionally interferes with Steven 's healing powers . 28 28 `` Space Race '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu October 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) 1026 - 028 1.99 Steven , Pearl , and Greg visit Greg 's family 's barn and work together to build a spaceship so that Pearl can revisit the wonders of the cosmos , but Pearl gets a little carried away . 29 29 `` Secret Team '' Elle Michalka Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff October 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 16 ) 1026 - 030 2.46 When they accidentally pop a bubble containing gem shards , Steven forms a secret team with Amethyst and Pearl to retrieve the shards before Garnet finds out . After doing so , Steven wants to keep the secret team going . 30 30 `` Island Adventure '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco October 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 23 ) 1026 - 033 1.53 Steven tries to mend Lars and Sadie 's friendship by taking them on vacation to the mysterious Mask Island ; but they become stranded there for several days . 31 31 `` Keep Beach City Weird '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco October 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 30 ) 1026 - 029 1.45 Steven is taken in by Ronaldo 's conspiracy theories about the paranormal occurrences in Beach City . 32 32 `` Fusion Cuisine '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) 1026 - 031 1.46 Steven asks the Gems to fuse together into Alexandrite ( Rita Rani Ahuja ) and pretend to be his mother at a dinner with Connie 's family . 33 33 `` Garnet 's Universe '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu November 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 13 ) 1026 - 036 1.64 When Garnet returns from a mission , Steven imagines a story about what she did all day . 34 34 `` Watermelon Steven '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo November 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 20 ) 1026 - 035 1.83 Steven grows a patch of watermelons shaped like himself , but they soon come to life and attack the people of Beach City and the Crystal Gems . 35 35 `` Lion 3 : Straight to Video '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston , Jeff Liu , and Rebecca Sugar December 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 04 ) 1026 - 032 1.92 Lion keeps lying on Steven 's face while he 's sleeping , leading Steven to discover a pocket dimension in Lion 's mane . 36 36 `` Warp Tour '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco January 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 08 ) 1026 - 037 1.94 Steven becomes uneasy after seeing an unknown object traversing a warp stream , despite the Gems ' attempts to disprove his claims . They learn that the source of the mysterious objects is Peridot , a Gem from the Gem Homeworld checking up on Earth . 37 37 `` Alone Together '' Elle Michalka Hilary Florido , Katie Mitroff , and Rebecca Sugar January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) 1026 - 034 1.67 While practicing how to fuse with the Gems , Steven accidentally fuses with Connie , forming an unprecedented Gem / human fusion named Stevonnie ( AJ Michalka ) . 38 38 `` The Test '' Elle Michalka Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff January 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 22 ) 1026 - 038 1.94 Steven finds out that the Lunar Sea Spire mission from the third episode was meant to be a test of his ability to join the Gems on missions , so he demands a new test . 39 39 `` Future Vision '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo January 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 29 ) 1026 - 039 2.03 Steven learns that Garnet can see into the future and becomes paranoid about the possible dangers around him . 40 40 `` On the Run '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu February 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 05 ) 1026 - 040 2.08 Steven and Amethyst try out life on the road , and Amethyst reveals her origin to Steven : she was created on Earth as part of the original Gem colonization of the planet . 41 41 `` Horror Club '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco February 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 12 ) 1026 - 041 1.67 Steven goes to the lighthouse to watch scary movies with Ronaldo , Lars , and Sadie . 42 42 `` Winter Forecast '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo February 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 19 ) 1026 - 043 2.05 Steven has to take Connie back to her home before a blizzard hits Beach City , and Garnet shows him some future outcomes of this before they leave . 43 43 `` Maximum Capacity '' Elle Michalka Hilary Florido , Katie Mitroff , and Rebecca Sugar February 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 26 ) 1026 - 042 1.97 While cleaning out Greg 's storage unit , he and Amethyst are distracted by watching old episodes of their favorite sitcom Li'l Butler . 44 44 `` Marble Madness '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu March 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 05 ) 1026 - 044 1.92 When droids from space descend towards warp pad zones , Steven and the Gems attempt to find out their purpose . 45 45 `` Rose 's Scabbard '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee , Paul Villeco , and Rebecca Sugar March 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) 1026 - 045 1.22 Pearl takes Steven to a special place that belonged to Rose Quartz after Lion finds the scabbard for Rose 's sword . 46 46 `` Open Book '' Elle Michalka Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff March 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 19 ) 1026 - 046 1.73 When Connie is upset by the ending of her favorite book series , Steven takes her to Rose 's room to attempt to remake the ending . 47 47 `` Shirt Club '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo April 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 16 ) 1026 - 047 1.42 Steven and Buck make T - shirts featuring Steven 's crudely drawn advertisement for Greg 's guitar lessons . 48 48 `` Story for Steven '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu April 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 09 ) 1026 - 048 2.00 Greg tells Steven the story of how he met Rose Quartz . 49 49 `` The Message '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo March 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 10 ) 1026 - 049 1.30 Steven and the Gems need Greg 's help to retrieve a message being transmitted through a Gem artifact called a Wailing Stone . 50 50 `` Political Power '' Elle Michalka Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) 1026 - 050 1.42 After the Gems cause a power outage in Beach City , Steven helps Mayor Dewey control the situation . 51 51 `` The Return '' ( Part 1 ) Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco March 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 12 ) 1026 - 051 1.70 Steven helps evacuate Beach City in the face of an invasion from the Gem Homeworld by Peridot and the warrior Gem Jasper . 52 52 `` Jail Break '' ( Part 2 ) Elle Michalka Joe Johnston , Jeff Liu , and Rebecca Sugar March 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 12 ) 1026 - 052 1.70 Trapped on the Gem Warship , Steven attempts to rescue the Gems , including two mysterious Gems named Ruby and Sapphire , from Peridot and Jasper 's clutches . Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written and storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 53 `` Full Disclosure '' Elle Michalka and Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco March 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 13 ) 1031 - 053 1.52 Steven tries to avoid Connie so he does n't have to tell her about his ordeal with the Homeworld Gems from the previous episodes . 54 `` Joy Ride '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff March 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 26 ) 1031 - 054 1.34 The cool kids take Steven out on a late - night joyride to lift his spirits , and end up discovering Peridot 's escape pod . 55 `` Say Uncle '' Elle Michalka and Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu April 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 02 ) 1031 - 056 1.93 In this non-canon crossover episode , Uncle Grandpa arrives to aid Steven in unlocking the power of his gem . 56 `` Love Letters '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo April 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 23 ) 1031 - 055 1.67 When Jamie the mailman falls in love with Garnet , Steven and Connie must help turn him down gently . 57 5 `` Reformed '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco April 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 30 ) 1031 - 057 1.39 Amethyst keeps trying to find a new form to regenerate into while she , Steven and Garnet chase after a Gem monster loose in the temple . 58 6 `` Sworn to the Sword '' Ian Jones - Quartey ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 1031 - 060 1.98 Connie , wanting to protect Steven , takes swordfighting lessons with Pearl . 59 7 `` Rising Tides , Crashing Skies '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo June 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 16 ) 1031 - 059 1.82 Ronaldo investigates the Crystal Gems in a web documentary for his `` Keep Beach City Weird '' blog . 60 8 `` Keeping It Together '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco June 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 17 ) 1031 - 061 1.80 While the Crystal Gems chase after Peridot in the Kindergarten , Steven and Garnet discover a dark secret while exploring its inner workings . 61 9 `` We Need to Talk '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido , Katie Mitroff , and Rebecca Sugar June 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 18 ) 1031 - 062 1.73 After witnessing Steven and Connie fuse again , Greg explains to them how he learned about fusion from his time with Rose Quartz , hoping to pull it off himself in order to grow closer to her . 62 10 `` Chille Tid '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Lauren Zuke June 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 19 ) 1031 - 063 1.90 Steven is exhausted from searching the ocean for Jasper and Lapis Lazuli 's fusion , Malachite , so Garnet has Pearl and Amethyst stay with him for a slumber party . Steven , discovering that he has the power of astral projection , is rattled by recurring dreams of Lapis . 63 11 `` Cry for Help '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu July 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 13 ) 1031 - 064 1.71 When TV broadcasts are disrupted by a video signal emitted by Peridot from the Gem communication tower , Garnet chooses to fuse with Pearl into Sardonyx to destroy it , which dismays Amethyst . As the tower keeps being fixed , however , Steven and Amethyst are shocked to discover who 's really behind it . Guest star : Alexia Khadime as Sardonyx 64 12 `` Keystone Motel '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee , Paul Villeco , and Rebecca Sugar July 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 14 ) 1031 - 065 1.73 While she accompanies Greg and Steven on a road trip to another state and a visit to a motel , Garnet 's anger over what Pearl did in the previous episode causes her to split into Ruby and Sapphire . 65 13 `` Onion Friend '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff July 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 15 ) 1031 - 067 1.83 During a visit to Onion 's house , Amethyst rekindles her friendship with his mother , Vidalia , while Onion shows Steven around his room . 66 14 `` Historical Friction '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke July 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 16 ) 1031 - 066 1.88 Steven is asked by Jamie to participate in a play funded by Mayor Dewey about Beach City 's founding , with Pearl stepping in to provide a more historically accurate script . 67 15 `` Friend Ship '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu July 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 17 ) 1031 - 068 1.65 After the recent events , Pearl wants to redeem herself by capturing Peridot , who then traps the Crystal Gems in an old , abandoned Gem spaceship . 68 16 `` Nightmare Hospital '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco September 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 10 ) 1031 - 069 1.39 After Connie 's mother confiscates Rose 's sword , Steven and Connie sneak into the hospital where she works to retrieve it from her . 69 17 `` Sadie 's Song '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco September 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 17 ) 1031 - 073 1.50 Steven helps Sadie with an act for the annual Beach - a-Palooza talent show . 70 18 `` Catch and Release '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke September 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) 1031 - 070 1.39 The Crystal Gems finally capture Peridot , but Steven suspects that she has information that the Crystal Gems need to know and attempts to learn what it is , allowing her to live in his bathroom . 71 19 `` When It Rains '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff October 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 01 ) 1031 - 071 1.36 After Steven explains life on Earth to Peridot , and she experiences her first rainstorm , she decides to tell him about her mission : to locate an experimental Gem creation called the Cluster . 72 20 `` Back to the Barn '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) 1031 - 072 1.59 At the barn , when Peridot and Pearl fight over who will lead the construction of a drill that will take the group to the Cluster 's location , Steven suggests they build robots and compete with each other . 73 21 `` Too Far '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke October 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 15 ) 1031 - 074 1.39 Peridot gets carried away with Gem gossip and reveals something about Amethyst , unintentionally offending her . 74 22 `` The Answer '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff January 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 04 ) 1031 - 075 1.38 Garnet tells Steven the story of how Ruby and Sapphire first met and joined the Crystal Gems . 75 23 `` Steven 's Birthday '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) 1031 - 079 1.35 While celebrating his fourteenth birthday with the Gems , Greg , and Connie , Steven takes on a more adult form using his shapeshifting powers . However , this proves harmful to his human half . 76 24 `` It Could 've Been Great '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu January 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) 1031 - 076 1.45 Steven and the Gems travel to an information archive on the Moon to discover the Cluster 's exact location . 77 25 `` Message Received '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco January 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 07 ) 1031 - 077 1.39 Steven becomes devastated and mistrustful of Peridot after she steals a communication device from the Moon Base , which she uses to contact her leader , Yellow Diamond . Guest star : Patti LuPone as Yellow Diamond 78 26 `` Log Date 7 15 2 '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) 1031 - 078 1.34 While Peridot is in turmoil over what she did in the previous episode , Steven listens to her audio diary and learns how she and Garnet learned to get along during their time at the barn , despite their radical differences . Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written and storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 79 `` Super Watermelon Island '' `` In Too Deep : Part 1 '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 1031 - 080 1.69 Using his astral projection ability , Steven discovers that the Watermelon Stevens have formed their own civilization on Mask Island . However , when he sees Malachite on the island as well , the Gems head into action to fight Malachite as Alexandrite , with the Watermelon Stevens helping them . 80 `` Gem Drill '' `` In Too Deep : Part 2 '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 1031 - 081 1.69 With the other Gems stranded on Mask Island and the Cluster beginning to show signs of forming , Steven and Peridot drill deep underground alone in order to stop the Cluster and save Earth . 81 `` Same Old World '' `` In Too Deep : Part 3 '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 1031 - 083 1.40 Lapis Lazuli has nowhere left to go after being freed from her fusion with Jasper , so Steven shows her the locations Earth has to offer to find her a new home . 82 `` Barn Mates '' `` In Too Deep : Part 4 '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke May 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 26 ) 1031 - 082 1.37 Steven tries to help Peridot and Lapis Lazuli resolve their past conflicts and get along at the barn . 83 5 `` Hit the Diamond '' `` In Too Deep : Part 5 '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu June 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 02 ) 1031 - 084 1.55 A dispatch team of five Ruby soldiers arrive from Homeworld in search of the missing Earth mission leader . To protect Peridot , the Crystal Gems ( with Garnet splitting into Ruby and Sapphire again ) attempt to get rid of the gullible Rubies by challenging them to a game of baseball . 84 6 `` Steven Floats '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Paul Villeco July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 1031 - 085 1.55 Upon returning home with the Gems , Steven discovers he has the ability to float in the air . However , after jumping too high , he becomes stuck in the sky ; the Gems spend all night attempting to get him back on the ground . 85 7 `` Drop Beat Dad '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 1031 - 087 1.55 Sour Cream 's estranged biological father Marty returns to Beach City and aids him in hosting a concert , much to the dismay of his stepdad , Yellowtail . 86 8 `` Mr. Greg '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) 1031 - 088 1.55 In this special musical episode , after Greg suddenly comes into a great deal of money , he takes Steven and Pearl on a vacation to Empire City . However , Pearl is having trouble letting go of her resentment of Greg 's relationship with Rose Quartz . 87 9 `` Too Short to Ride '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke July 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 20 ) 1031 - 086 1.41 Steven , Amethyst and Peridot visit Funland for the day , but Peridot becomes resentful when using shapeshifting powers she does n't have seems to be the only way to have fun . 88 10 `` The New Lars '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco July 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 21 ) 1031 - 089 1.53 Steven attempts to improve Lars ' life when he accidentally ends up in Lars 's body due to his astral projection ability . 89 11 `` Beach City Drift '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke July 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) 1031 - 090 1.29 When Steven and Connie run into Kevin , an obnoxious teenager who had harassed Stevonnie in an earlier episode , they fuse again to try to humiliate him by beating him in a car race . 90 12 `` Restaurant Wars '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 1031 - 091 1.51 When Steven accidentally re-ignites an old feud between restaurant owners Mr. Fryman and Kofi Pizza , it is up to Steven and the restaurant owners ' children to try to stop the feud . 91 13 `` Kiki 's Pizza Delivery Service '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Colin Howard and Jeff Liu July 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) 1031 - 092 1.31 Kiki has been having nightmares due to being overworked at Fish Stew Pizza when her sister skips work , so Steven helps by using his astral projection to go into Kiki 's dreams . 92 14 `` Monster Reunion '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco July 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 27 ) 1031 - 093 1.38 When Steven 's healing powers suddenly return , he re-releases the Centipeetle and attempts to heal her . He ca n't fully cure her corruption , but he learns from her about her history as a Homeworld officer abandoned on Earth at the end of the war . 93 15 `` Alone at Sea '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido , Kat Morris , and Rebecca Sugar July 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 28 ) 1031 - 094 1.32 Steven and Greg take Lapis Lazuli on a boat ride to help her recover from her trauma . However , Jasper follows them and confronts Lapis , seeking to fuse into Malachite again . 94 16 `` Greg the Babysitter '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff July 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 29 ) 1031 - 095 1.31 When Steven asks Greg how he started working at the car wash , Greg tells Steven about a day he and Rose spent babysitting Sour Cream for Vidalia . 95 17 `` Gem Hunt '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Colin Howard and Jeff Liu August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 1031 - 096 1.64 Connie goes on her first mission with Steven and Pearl to find a loose Gem monster in the Great North . 96 18 `` Crack the Whip '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 1031 - 097 1.90 When Garnet and Pearl return to the Great North to look for Jasper , Amethyst is put in charge of Steven and Connie . They continue their battle training together and try to have a fun day in Beach City , but are interrupted by the reappearance of Jasper . 97 19 `` Steven vs. Amethyst '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke August 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 03 ) 1031 - 098 1.74 Following the events of the previous episode , Amethyst 's self - esteem has hit rock bottom . With Steven 's rising power , Amethyst begins to suspect that she is now the weakest Gem on the team . This leads Steven and Amethyst to engage in a duel to see who really is the weakest Gem . 98 99 20 21 `` Bismuth '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams , Colin Howard , Jeff Liu , and Katie Mitroff August 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 04 ) 1031 - 099 1031 - 100 2.15 Bismuth , one of the original Crystal Gems , is accidentally freed by Steven from a bubble inside Lion 's mane . She is welcomed back with open arms by Pearl and Garnet , while Amethyst quickly warms up to her company . However , Steven soon notices that Bismuth 's outlook on the rebellion is radically different from the other Gems ' when she shows eagerness to re-ignite the Gem War with an unethical secret weapon . Guest star : Uzo Aduba as Bismuth 100 22 `` Beta '' ( Part 1 ) Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 1031 - 101 1.99 When Amethyst can not stop thinking about losing to Jasper the last time they fought , Steven takes her to visit Peridot and Lapis Lazuli at the barn . Peridot and Lapis show off their attempts at creating art ( which they call `` meepmorp '' ) ; when that fails to cheer Amethyst up , Peridot tries showing her Jasper 's birthplace : a heavily rushed and poorly made Kindergarten in the middle of a desert . 101 23 `` Earthlings '' ( Part 2 ) Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 1031 - 102 1.99 When Steven , Amethyst and Peridot encounter Jasper at the Beta Kindergarten , Amethyst and Steven fuse into Smoky Quartz for a showdown with Jasper . In the heat of battle , Jasper makes a rash decision that results in her meeting a nasty fate . Guest star : Natasha Lyonne as Smoky Quartz 102 24 `` Back to the Moon '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 1031 - 103 1.45 The dispatch team of Rubies have returned to the barn still searching for Jasper . To try to get rid of them once again , Amethyst impersonates Jasper , but things get awry when the Rubies take her and the other Crystal Gems to contact Yellow Diamond at the Moon Base . Along the way , Steven learns a shocking fact about his mother . 103 25 `` Bubbled '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Colin Howard and Jeff Liu August 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 10 ) 1031 - 104 1.57 After being sucked out of the Moon Base 's airlock , Steven , to stay safe , puts himself in a bubble and floats through space . Along the way , Steven runs into a murderous Ruby . Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written and storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 104 `` Kindergarten Kid '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco August 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 11 ) 1040 - 105 1.32 In an episode described as a homage to Warner Bros . ' Road Runner cartoons , Steven and Peridot are determined to catch a fast , elusive Gem monster . 105 `` Know Your Fusion '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke August 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) 1040 - 106 1.35 When Steven and Amethyst introduce Smoky Quartz to Garnet and Pearl , they fuse into Sardonyx and interview Smoky Quartz about what makes them special . Guest stars : Alexia Khadime as Sardonyx and Natasha Lyonne as Smoky Quartz 106 `` Buddy 's Book '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff August 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 18 ) 1040 - 107 1.37 When Connie takes Steven to the Public Library , he discovers an old journal by William Dewey 's first mate Buddy , which chronicles his visits to various Gem locations . 107 `` Mindful Education '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Colin Howard , Jeff Liu , and Takafumi Hori August 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) 1040 - 108 1.33 Steven and Connie continue their combat training , and practice fighting while fused as Stevonnie . However , when overwhelming guilt from both Steven and Connie over past events gets in their way , Garnet helps them find inner peace . 108 5 `` Future Boy Zoltron '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco September 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) 1040 - 109 1.36 After accidentally breaking an old fortune telling machine at Funland , Steven decides to take its place and tell people 's futures . While initially fun , he eventually meets a mysterious man ( voiced by Brian George ) who seems to only have depressing futures . 109 6 `` Last One Out of Beach City '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke September 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) 1040 - 110 1.31 Pearl offers to go with Steven and Amethyst to a rock show , deciding to get in touch with her rebellious side whilst trying to impress a woman who looks similar to Rose . Guest star : Mike Krol as himself 110 7 `` Onion Gang '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 1040 - 111 1.26 Onion brings Steven into the woods to introduce him to his friends and have a fun day . 111 112 8 9 `` Gem Harvest '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Raven M. Molisee , Paul Villeco , Hilary Florido , and Lauren Zuke November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) 1040 - 113 1040 - 114 1.39 When Steven visits Lapis and Peridot at the barn , they get an unexpected visit from Greg 's grumpy cousin Andy . To get to know his uncle and make him feel at home , Steven attempts to host a family dinner with Andy , Greg , and the Gems . Guest star : Dave Willis as Andy 113 10 `` Three Gems and a Baby '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff December 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) 1040 - 115 1.29 Greg tells Steven about his first winter as a baby : when Steven was only a few months old , the Gems were still struggling to understand that Rose Quartz had given up her form to allow Steven to be born and was n't coming back . 114 11 `` Steven 's Dream '' `` Out Of This World : Part 1 '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Jeff Liu and Colin Howard January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) 1040 - 116 1.36 Steven begins to have a strange dream that causes him to cry , which he quickly realizes is related to Pink Diamond . When he asks the Gems to give him information about Pink Diamond , they refuse to give any , so Steven and Greg travel to Korea to find the truth themselves . Guest stars : Dave Willis as Andy and Lisa Hannigan as Blue Diamond 115 12 `` Adventures in Light Distortion '' `` Out Of This World : Part 2 '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) 1040 - 117 1.36 After Greg is abducted by Blue Diamond , Steven and the Gems rush off into space with the Rubies ' ship to rescue him . Faster - than - light travel has unexpected effects on the Gems ' bodies , and in Steven 's haste , he puts himself and the Gems in danger . 116 13 `` Gem Heist '' `` Out Of This World : Part 3 '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) 1040 - 118 1.25 The Gems reach a space station that once belonged to Pink Diamond , and sneak in to rescue Greg , but in order to do so , they must play the roles they were made for , so as not to arouse suspicion . 117 14 `` The Zoo '' `` Out Of This World : Part 4 '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa and Elle Michalka ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) 1040 - 119 1.23 Steven finds Greg in Pink Diamond 's `` Human Zoo '' , and tries to look for a way out . This proves easier said than done as the humans there are guided through a strictly scheduled and regimented life . 118 15 `` That Will Be All '' `` Out Of This World : Part 5 '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa and Elle Michalka ( art ) Colin Howard , Joe Johnston , and Rebecca Sugar February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) 1040 - 120 1.15 While Blue Diamond and Yellow Diamond argue over their diverging ways of coping with Pink Diamond 's death , Steven , Greg and the Crystal Gems attempt to escape the space station before they are discovered . Guest stars : Patti LuPone as Yellow Diamond and Lisa Hannigan as Blue Diamond 119 16 `` The New Crystal Gems '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) 1040 - 121 1.06 Connie tells Steven the story of how she , Peridot , and Lapis attempted to take the Crystal Gems ' places as the protectors of Beach City while he was in space . 120 17 `` Storm in the Room '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Colin Howard and Jeff Liu February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) 1040 - 124 1.02 Steven uses his room in the temple to create a simulated image of Rose Quartz in order to try to experience what it would be like to know his mother . He ends up confronting her with his troubled feelings about her complex legacy and her choice to create him . 121 18 `` Rocknaldo '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke February 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 24 ) 1040 - 122 1.10 Ronaldo decides to join the Crystal Gems . However , once Steven lets him join the team , Ronaldo 's self - centered attitude begins to try Steven 's patience . 122 19 `` Tiger Philanthropist '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff March 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 03 ) 1040 - 123 0.90 When Amethyst quits wrestling at the abandoned warehouse , Steven continues doing so himself as Tiger Philanthropist . However , Steven soon begins to doubt the point of wrestling when the audience does n't take to his new persona . 123 20 `` Room for Ruby '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Lauren Zuke March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) 1040 - 125 0.95 `` Navy '' , one of the Rubies who came to Earth to find Jasper , crashes on Earth and is welcomed in by Steven to be a Crystal Gem . However , Lapis Lazuli does not trust Navy 's overly optimistic nature , knowing of Navy 's previous encounters with the Crystal Gems . 124 21 `` Lion 4 : Alternate Ending '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Elle Michalka ( art ) Hilary Florido and Paul Villeco May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) 1040 - 126 1.01 Steven tries to search for secret messages Rose may have left him about his `` magical destiny '' . Lion eventually leads him to a tape -- but it 's just an alternate version of the message from Rose he 's already seen . 125 22 `` Doug Out '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Elle Michalka ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 1040 - 127 0.96 Connie 's father , Doug , comes to Beach City to investigate a break - in at Funland . He invites Steven and Connie to join him to stake out the amusement park . 126 23 `` The Good Lars '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Elle Michalka ( art ) Colin Howard and Jeff Liu May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) 1040 - 128 0.95 The Cool Kids invite Steven , Lars and Sadie to a potluck . Steven and Sadie encourage Lars to bake a cake for the party , but Lars is insecure about revealing his baking skills . 127 24 `` Are You My Dad ? '' ( Part 1 ) Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Elle Michalka ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Lauren Zuke May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 1040 - 129 1.14 Lars , Sadie , Onion and Jamie have mysteriously disappeared . While investigating the mystery , Steven comes across a new Gem , who keeps asking `` Are you my dad ? '' . 128 25 `` I Am My Mom '' ( Part 2 ) Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Elle Michalka ( art ) Hilary Florido and Paul Villeco May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 1040 - 130 1.14 Steven and the Gems race to rescue all of Steven 's friends from Aquamarine and Topaz , and find out the horrifying truth behind their actions , but as the stakes keep rising , Steven must make the most difficult decision of his life . Season 5 ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written and storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 129 `` Stuck Together '' `` Wanted : Part 1 '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Lauren Zuke May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) 10 ? ? - 133 1.53 Steven and Lars , stuck inside Topaz , try to look for a way to escape the Homeworld - bound ship . Their heartfelt conversation commiserating over their plight earns them Topaz 's sympathy . 130 `` The Trial '' `` Wanted : Part 2 '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Katie Mitroff and Paul Villeco May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) 10 ? ? - 134 1.53 Steven is put on trial before Blue and Yellow Diamond for Rose Quartz 's assassination of Pink Diamond . During the trial , Steven 's attorney ( a Zircon ) analyses the evidence and argues that the public account of Pink Diamond 's death does n't make sense , and suggests that the true facts of the case have been covered up . Guest stars : Amy Sedaris as the Zircons , Lisa Hannigan as Blue Diamond , and Patti LuPone as Yellow Diamond 131 `` Off Colors '' `` Wanted : Part 3 '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Jeff Liu May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) 10 ? ? - 131 1.52 After escaping from the Diamonds , Steven and Lars encounter and befriend the `` off - colors '' , a group of `` defective '' Gems who live in hiding from Gem society . 132 `` Lars ' Head '' `` Wanted : Part 4 '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Jeff Liu and Madeline Queripel May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) 10 ? ? - 132 1.52 After Steven brings Lars back to life with his healing powers , he discovers that Lars now shares the same powers as Lion . When Steven realizes that he can use Lars 's hair to teleport him back to Earth ( via Lion 's mane ) , he and Lars must make a difficult choice . 133 5 `` Dewey Wins '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Jeff Liu December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 10 ? ? - 135 0.85 Connie becomes upset with Steven following his return from Homeworld and refuses to talk to him . Feeling dejected , he decides to help Bill Dewey with his rather hopeless re-election campaign for mayor against Nanefua Pizza . 134 6 `` Gemcation '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Madeline Queripel and Lauren Zuke December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 10 ? ? - 137 0.85 As Steven remains depressed over Connie 's silence , Greg and the Gems misinterpret his sadness and take him to a ranch house for a vacation to cheer him up . The vacation just puts Steven more on edge , until he eventually tells Greg what it is he 's upset about . 135 7 `` Raising the Barn '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Amber Cragg and Hilary Florido December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) 10 ? ? - 136 0.89 When Lapis and Peridot learn what happened to Steven on Homeworld , Lapis wants to flee Earth to avoid getting caught up in another Gem war . However , Peridot wants to stay on Earth to protect it , and has a hard time telling Lapis . 136 8 `` Back to the Kindergarten '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Katie Mitroff and Paul Villeco December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) 10 ? ? - 138 0.89 With Peridot upset over Lapis leaving Earth , Steven and Amethyst decide to help her cheer up by planting flowers at the Kindergarten . 137 9 `` Sadie Killer '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Jeff Liu December 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 29 ) 10 ? ? - 139 0.77 Steven and the Cool Kids start a band , but they have trouble finding their sound . They decide to recruit Sadie , who writes a dark song about her frustrating job at the Big Donut ; but that same job keeps her from actually participating in the band . 138 10 `` Kevin Party '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Amber Cragg and Hilary Florido December 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 29 ) 10 ? ? - 140 0.77 Kevin is throwing a party , and invites Steven only so he can show up as Stevonnie . Steven does n't want to go at first , but changes his mind when Kevin reveals that Connie will be there . When they see each other , Kevin decides to help Steven get his `` ex '' back so they can fuse . 139 11 `` Lars of the Stars '' `` Stranded : Part 1 '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Lauren Zuke January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) 10 ? ? - 141 1.11 Steven and Connie travel through Lion 's mane to visit Lars . When they reach the other side , they discover that Lars and the Off - Color Gems have stolen a spaceship from Emerald ( voiced by Jinkx Monsoon ) and are now on the run from their pursuers . 140 12 `` Jungle Moon '' `` Stranded : Part 2 '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Miki Brewster and Jeff Liu January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) 10 ? ? - 143 1.11 Stevonnie crash - lands in a jungle on an alien moon and , unable to contact Lars , must fend for themself . They discover that the moon houses an abandoned Gem base and orbits a former Gem colony , and have a strange dream involving the Diamonds . 141 13 `` Your Mother and Mine '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Katie Mitroff and Paul Villeco April 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) 10 ? ? - 142 0.77 Steven brings Garnet to meet Lars and his off - color crew . The Off - Colors ' beliefs about Rose Quartz have been skewed by Homeworld propaganda , so Garnet tells them the history of Rose 's rebellion from the Crystal Gems ' perspective . 142 14 `` The Big Show '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Hilary Florido and Amber Cragg April 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) 10 ? ? - 144 0.56 In this documentary - style episode , Steven records the rise of Sadie 's new band , Sadie Killer and the Suspects . The band hires Greg as their manager , who hooks them up with producer Sunshine Justice ( voiced by Joan Jett ) . Complications arise , however , when Sadie worries about her mother getting in the way . 143 15 `` Pool Hopping '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Katie Mitroff , Paul Villeco , and Joe Johnston April 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 23 ) TBA TBD Garnet spends a day trying to behave unpredictably , attempting to train her future vision to account for the unexpected . When she and Steven eventually discover some homeless kittens , Garnet admits how lost and stressed she feels when she does n't know what the future holds . 144 16 `` Letters to Lars '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Colin Howard April 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 30 ) TBA TBD Lars receives a letter from Steven updating him about the current goings - on in Beach City . While the town and its population are changing , the now - former mayor Bill Dewey is having trouble trying to find his place in the new status quo . 145 146 17 18 `` TBA '' TBA TBA May 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 07 ) TBA TBD Internet shorts ( edit ) Season 2 shorts ( edit ) All six digital shorts combined make up one full production code of season 2 ( 1031 - 058 ) . No . Title Written and storyboarded by Original release date `` We Are the Crystal Gems '' Hilary Florido , Joe Johnston , Jeff Liu , and Katie Mitroff July 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 10 ) ( San Diego Comic - Con ) September 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 04 ) ( Cartoon Network 's website ) Young Steven moves in with the three Crystal Gems , as the extended version of the title theme and second opening sequence shows . `` What Are Gems ? '' Hilary Florido July 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 06 ) Pearl teaches Steven about Gems , with some demonstrations from Garnet and Amethyst . `` How Are Gems Made ? '' Hilary Florido October 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 01 ) Amethyst tells Steven how Gems are made . `` Fusion '' Katie Mitroff November 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 02 ) Garnet takes over a dance studio to demonstrate to Steven how fusion works . 5 `` Unboxing '' Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff October 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) Steven creates a video where he receives and unboxes a new Hot Dog duffel bag from the Wacky Sack company . 6 `` Lion Loves to Fit in a Box '' Katie Mitroff November 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 19 ) ( Nordic Cartoon Network YouTube channels ) Lion unsuccessfully attempts to get into various boxes . Season 4 shorts ( edit ) All five of these shorts combined make up one full production code of season 4 ( 1040 - 112 ) . No . Title Written and storyboarded by Original release date `` Cooking with Lion '' Colin Howard October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) Steven and Lion make cheese puff snack sushi for their online cooking show . Lion eats the dish at the end of the episode . `` Gem Karaoke '' Colin Howard October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) Connie records Steven and the Gems singing karaoke . Connie is reluctant to participate , but Steven convinces her to join in for the final verse . `` Steven Reacts '' Jeff Liu October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) Steven films a reaction video to the new episode of Crying Breakfast Friends . The events of the Crying Breakfast Friends episode and Steven 's reactions humorously draw parallels to events in Steven Universe itself and fan reactions . `` Video Chat '' Colin Howard October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) On Connie 's laptop , Steven video chats with Peridot on her tablet . Lapis , however , believes him to be trapped in the tablet . Steven rushes to the barn to explain . 5 `` Steven 's Song Time '' Jeff Liu October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) Steven makes a guitar tutorial for a song he composed . He explains that the song is his way of expressing feelings he has been having trouble talking about . Home Media ( edit ) Video on demand ( edit ) Depending on the customer 's region , Steven Universe is available through various video on demand services such as Hulu , Google Play , iTunes , Amazon Video , and Microsoft Movies & TV . DVD & Blu - Ray ( edit ) Episodes on the Steven Universe DVDs are not always presented in original broadcast order . In the table below , the episodes are listed in the order they appear on the DVD , and are numbered according to the intended watching order . In North America , Warner Home Video initially released single - disc compilation DVDs featuring select episodes from the first season , followed by a ' complete season ' release years later . In Australia , Madman Entertainment followed a similar pattern , and released their ' season ' sets on both Blu - ray and DVD format ; The series has yet to see any Blu - ray releases in the North American market . While the Australian Season DVDs use the intended broadcast order , the American `` Season One '' is re-ordered , omitting ' Shirt Club ' and ' Story For Steven ' but including the Season Two episodes ' Full Disclosure ' and ' Joy Ride ' . The American Season One DVD also includes special features not available in the previous Australian release . American release by Warner Brothers -- DVD Region 1 DVD title Season ( s ) Aspect ratio Episode count Total running time Release date Episodes Gem Glow 16 : 9 12 + Pilot 132 minutes January 13 , 2015 2 ( `` Laser Light Cannon '' ) , 1 ( `` Gem Glow '' ) , 6 ( `` Cat Fingers '' ) , 7 ( `` Bubble Buddies '' ) , 9 ( `` Tiger Millionaire '' ) , 10 ( `` Steven 's Lion '' ) , 15 ( `` Onion Trade '' ) , 12 ( `` Giant Woman '' ) , 14 ( `` Lars and the Cool Kids '' ) , 19 ( `` Rose 's Room '' ) , 18 ( `` Beach Party '' ) & 22 ( `` Steven and the Stevens '' ) Extra : Pilot episode ( `` The Time Thing '' ) The Return 16 : 9 12 132 minutes June 7 , 2016 25 ( `` Mirror Gem '' ) , 26 ( `` Ocean Gem '' ) , 28 ( `` Space Race '' ) , 35 ( `` Lion 3 : Straight to Video '' ) , 36 ( `` Warp Tour '' ) , 37 ( `` Alone Together '' ) , 40 ( `` On the Run '' ) , 44 ( `` Marble Madness '' ) , 45 ( `` Rose 's Scabbard '' ) , 49 ( `` The Message '' ) , 51 ( `` The Return '' ) and 52 ( `` Jail Break '' ) The Complete First Season 1 & 2 16 : 9 52 572 minutes January 30 , 2018 1 ( `` Gem Glow '' ) - 46 ( `` Open Book '' ) & 49 ( `` The Message '' ) - 54 ( `` Joy Ride '' ) . Extras : ' Behind the Music ' , ' Listening Party ' , Music Video Performances ( ' Something Entirely New ' , ' It 's Over , Is n't It ? ' , ' Love Like You ' , ' Here Comes a Thought ' & ' What 's the Use of Feeling ( Blue ) ? ' ) , Song Demos ( ' Be Wherever You Are ' & ' Full Disclosure ' ) & Animatics ( ' Gem Glow ' , ' Full Disclosure ' , ' Steven the Sword Fighter ' , ' Steven and the Stevens ' & ' Island Adventure ' ) Australian release by Madman Entertainment -- DVD Region 4 , Blu - ray region B DVD / BD title Season ( s ) Aspect ratio Episode count Total running time Release date Episodes Gem Glow ( DVD - only ) 16 : 9 12 132 minutes June 5 , 2015 2 ( `` Laser Light Cannon '' ) , 1 ( `` Gem Glow '' ) , 6 ( `` Cat Fingers '' ) , 7 ( `` Bubble Buddies '' ) , 9 ( `` Tiger Millionaire '' ) , 10 ( `` Steven 's Lion '' ) , 15 ( `` Onion Trade '' ) , 12 ( `` Giant Woman '' ) , 14 ( `` Lars and the Cool Kids '' ) , 19 ( `` Rose 's Room '' ) , 18 ( `` Beach Party '' ) and 22 ( `` Steven and the Stevens '' ) Arcade Mania ( DVD - Only ) 16 : 9 12 132 minutes June 7 , 2016 3 ( `` Cheeseburger Backpack '' ) , 4 ( `` Together Breakfast '' ) , 5 ( `` Frybo '' ) , 8 ( `` Serious Steven '' ) , 11 ( `` Arcade Mania '' ) , 16 ( `` Steven The Sword Fighter '' ) , 13 ( `` So Many Birthdays '' ) , 20 ( `` Coach Steven '' ) , 17 ( `` Lion 2 : The Movie '' ) , 35 ( `` Lion 3 : Straight To Video '' ) , 25 ( `` Mirror Gem '' ) and 26 ( `` Ocean Gem '' ) Season 1 16 : 9 52 + Pilot 572 minutes May 4 , 2016 1 ( `` Gem Glow '' ) - 52 ( `` Jail Break '' ) . Extra : Pilot episode ( `` The Time Thing '' ) Season 2 16 : 9 26 286 minutes May 24 , 2017 53 ( `` Full Disclosure '' ) - 78 ( `` Log Date 7 15 2 '' ) Season 3 16 : 9 25 + Shorts 275 minutes September 6 , 2017 79 ( `` Super Watermelon Island '' ) - 103 ( `` Bubbled '' ) Extras : Online Shorts . Season 4 16 : 9 25 + Shorts 275 minutes July 6 , 2018 104 ( `` The Kindergarten Kid '' ) - 118 ( `` I Am My Mom '' ) . Extras : Online shorts Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : These episodes were bumped to air during season 2 in order to facilitate the airing of the final `` arc '' of season 1 as the first uninterrupted week - long `` Stevenbomb . '' Consequently , some sources treat them as part of season 2 , while Cartoon Network 's website lists them as part of Season 1 , as intended . `` Open Book '' aired after `` Full Disclosure '' and both `` Story for Steven '' and `` Shirt Club '' aired after `` Say Uncle '' . Jump up ^ Starting with this episode , a new title sequence is used . Jump up ^ This episode was first shown during the Steven Universe panel at New York Comic Con on October 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on May 21 , 2016 in France . Jump up ^ This episode first aired on May 22 , 2016 in France . Jump up ^ This episode was advertised as the show 's 100th episode , as the Season 2 shorts take up a production code . ^ Jump up to : This episode is double - length . Jump up ^ This episode first aired on August 5 , 2016 in Canada . ^ Jump up to : This episode was first released online on January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The initial app release of the episode misattributed the writing and storyboards to Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke . Jump up ^ This episode was first released online on March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : This episode was first released online on May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ This episode was first released online on May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : This episode was first released on the Cartoon Network App on November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : This episode was first released on the Cartoon Network App on March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Madman counts each double - episode with a single number each , causing the episode count to diverge after ' Bismuth ' . This list uses Cartoon Network 's count for consistency . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Cartoon Network renews ' Steven Universe ' and ' Uncle Grandpa ' through season 5 '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Thurm , Eric ( 12 January 2016 ) . `` Steven Universe censorship undermines Cartoon Network 's LGBTQ progress '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ * `` Steven Universe -- Season 1 '' . Cartoon Network . Turner Broadcasting System . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . `` Steven Universe -- Season 2 '' . Cartoon Network . Turner Broadcasting System . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones - Quartey , Ian ( July 12 , 2015 ) . `` The Intended Order '' . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steven Universe : Art & Origins , pg. 238 , Chris McDonnell , 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Monday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : MNF Trumps Voice in Demos , Viewers '' . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . November 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : DWTS , MNF Lead Viewers , Demos '' . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . November 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Finals '' . Nielsen Media Research . November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : MNF , Voice Lead Demos ; DWTS Tops Viewers '' . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . November 26 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2013 . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : Monday Night Football Tops Both Broadcast , Cable Networks '' . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . December 4 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2013 . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Finals '' . Nielsen Media Research . January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Finals '' . Nielsen Media Research . January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monday Cable Finals ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Finals '' . Nielsen Media Research . February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : The Voice Returns on Top in Viewers , Demos '' . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . February 24 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2014 . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Finals '' . Nielsen Media Research . March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : The Voice , The Bachelor Claim Top Spots '' . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . March 11 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : WWE Raw Wins Night , Fast N ' Loud , Teen Wolf , Bates Motel , Switched at Birth & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Finals '' . Nielsen Media Research . April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Finals '' . Nielsen Media Research . April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Finals '' . Nielsen Media Research . May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings Report : Steven Universe at Halfway '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Broadcast & Cable Finals '' . TV Media Insights . Cross Mediaworks . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( August 29 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Broadcast & Cable Finals '' . TV Media Insights . Cross Mediaworks . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 5 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Black Jesus Wins Night , Project Runway , Braxton Family Values , Gypsy Sisters , Satisfaction & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Thursday Night Football Simulcast Tops Night + Project Runway , Black Jesus , Time Machine , Conan & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Cable Finals '' . Nielsen Media Research . September 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 26 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Thursday Night Football on NFL Network Tops Night + Black Jesus , College Football , Project Runway & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2014 . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 3 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Football & Baseball Win Night , Black Jesus , Project Runway , Pawn Stars & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : NFL on CBS Continues to Dominate the Night '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Football & Baseball Win Night , Project Runway , Black Jesus & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Nationals : NFL Puts CBS on Top , TGIT on ABC Remains Solid '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( November 1 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Nationals : CBS , ABC Share Leadership '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Nationals : NFL Network Proves Competitive with Broadcast Nets '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Nationals : CBS Wins with Big Bang Theory , Series - High for Mom '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2014 . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Nationals : ABC Wins with Fall Finales of TGIT Dramas '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2014 . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Thursday Night Football Tops Night + NBA Basketball , Pawn Stars , Undrafted , Liga MX & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Archer Wins Night , Pawn Stars , The First 48 , Ridiculousness & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Broadcast & Cable Finals '' . Nielsen Media Research . January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : WWE Smackdown & NBA Basketball Win Night , Pawn Stars , Archer , Project Runway All Stars & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Nationals : CBS and ABC Share Leadership , Parenthood Concludes on Positive Note for NBC '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals : February 5 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Tops Night + Thursday Night SmackDown , Pawn Stars & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Vikings Wins Night , Pawn Stars , WWE Smackdown , Impractical Jokers , Archer & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Tops Night + Vikings , Thursday Night SmackDown , Pawn Stars , Archer & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals : March 5 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Monday Cable Originals : March 9 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe -- Season 1 '' . Cartoon Network . Turner Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 28 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NCAA Basketball Wins Night , WWE Smackdown , Vikings , Archer , Dig & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals : April 16 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Lip Sync Battle ' Tops Night + NBA Basketball , Masters Golf Tournament , ' Vikings ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2015 . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : March 10 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : March 11 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Tops Night + Vikings , Thursday Night SmackDown , Archer & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 14 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Friday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : March 13 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals : March 26 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals : April 2 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Top Night + ' Vikings ' , ' Lip Sync Battle ' , ' Pawn Stars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals : April 30 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.15. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.16. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.17. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Smackdown ' Tops Night + ' Braxton Family Values ' , ' Ridiculousness ' , ' Complications ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Alaskan Bush People ' Wins Night , MMA , ' Girl Meets World ' , ' Marriage Boot Camp ' , ' Vice ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Home Run Derby Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' WWE Tough Enough ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Tops Night + ' Suits ' , Copa Oro , ' Wahlburgers ' ' The Game ' , ' Steven Universe ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom II ' Tops Night + ' Lip Sync Battle ' , ' Mountain Men ' , ' Braxton Family Values ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Alaskan Bush People ' Wins Night , ' Treasure Quest : Snake ' , ' Girl Meets World ' , ' Marriage Boot Camp ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom II ' Tops Night + ' Project Runway ' , ' Thursday Night Smackdown ' , ' Pardon the Interruption ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Leads the Night + ' Teen Mom II ' + ' Project Runway ' , ' Thursday Night Smackdown ' , ' College Football ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 9.24. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 10.1. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 10.8. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Final MLB division series scores , plus ' Project Runway , ' ' WWE Smackdown ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.4. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.5. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.6. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.7. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 5.12. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 5.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 27 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 5.26. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 6.2. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Update : 7.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McDonnell , Chris ( 2017 ) . Steven Universe : Art and Origins . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 7.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 7.20. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 7.21. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 7.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Update : 7.25. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.26. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.27. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.28. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.29. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.2. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.3. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.4. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.9. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : Rio Olympics land on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe and Peridot hunt their Road Runner '' . 11 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.11. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.12. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Mountain Men ' and ' Ice Road Truckers ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 2 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.29. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.15. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.22. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.29. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.5. 2018 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe - Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20180321cartoon30/ Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe - Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20180321cartoon31/ Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe Returns April 9 ! '' . Geek Girl Authority . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Matt ( @ mcburnett ) ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Bismuth ( airing Thursday ) is the 100th SU episode because all digital shorts made up an episode ... '' Jump up ^ Cartoon Network Sweden . `` Lejon '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cartoon Network Denmark . `` Løve '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cartoon Network Norway . `` Løve '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Turner Classic all 5 of these shorts will make a full episode of season 4 Movies . `` Zach Callison Filmography '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steven Universe Season 1 ( Blu - Ray ) '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe DVD news : Announcement for Volume 2 : The Return '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ TV News Desk ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` STEVEN UNIVERSE : The Complete First Season DVD Arrives 1 / 30 '' . Broadway World . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe Gem Glow '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe Arcade Mania '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe Season 2 ( Blu - Ray ) '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe Season 3 ( Blu - Ray '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe Season 4 ( Blu - Ray '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2018 . Production code columns Production codes are stamped on numerous model sheets and storyboards that must be searched for , in : Steven Crewniverse . `` Steven Crewniverse Behind - the - Scenes Universe : Archive '' . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . http://www.cartoonnetwork.com/shows/steven-universe/pictures/index.html ( hide ) Steven Universe Characters Steven Garnet Pearl Stevonnie Episodes Season 1 `` Steven the Sword Fighter '' `` Coach Steven '' `` Jail Break '' Season 2 `` Say Uncle '' `` Cry for Help '' `` The Answer '' Season 3 `` Super Watermelon Island '' `` Gem Drill '' `` Mr. Greg '' `` Bismuth '' Season 4 `` Mindful Education '' Season 5 `` Off Colors '' Video games Steven Universe : Attack the Light ! Steven Universe : Save the Light Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Steven_Universe_episodes&oldid=837243225 '' Categories : Cartoon Network - related lists Lists of American children 's animated television series episodes Steven Universe episodes 2010s - related lists Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Français Magyar Português Română Simple English Türkçe 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 16 : 09 . About Wikipedia	when is the new episode of steven universe coming out	[ "\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten and storyboarded by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode \nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n129\n1\n\"Stuck Together\"\n\"Wanted: Part 1\"\nKat Morris (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nLauren Zuke\nMay 29, 2017 (2017-05-29)[nb 13]\n10??-133\n1.53[126]\n\n\nSteven and Lars, stuck inside Topaz, try to look for a way to escape the Homeworld-bound ship. Their heartfelt conversation commiserating over their plight earns them Topaz's sympathy.\n\n\n130\n2\n\"The Trial\"\n\"Wanted: Part 2\"\nJoe Johnston (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nKatie Mitroff and Paul Villeco\nMay 29, 2017 (2017-05-29)\n10??-134\n1.53[126]\n\n\nSteven is put on trial before Blue and Yellow Diamond for Rose Quartz's assassination of Pink Diamond. During the trial, Steven's attorney (a Zircon) analyses the evidence and argues that the public account of Pink Diamond's death doesn't make sense, and suggests that the true facts of the case have been covered up.\nGuest stars: Amy Sedaris as the Zircons, Lisa Hannigan as Blue Diamond, and Patti LuPone as Yellow Diamond\n\n\n131\n3\n\"Off Colors\"\n\"Wanted: Part 3\"\nJoe Johnston (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nLamar Abrams and Jeff Liu\nMay 29, 2017 (2017-05-29)\n10??-131\n1.52[126]\n\n\nAfter escaping from the Diamonds, Steven and Lars encounter and befriend the \"off-colors\", a group of \"defective\" Gems who live in hiding from Gem society.\n\n\n132\n4\n\"Lars' Head\"\n\"Wanted: Part 4\"\nKat Morris (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nJeff Liu and Madeline Queripel\nMay 29, 2017 (2017-05-29)\n10??-132\n1.52[126]\n\n\nAfter Steven brings Lars back to life with his healing powers, he discovers that Lars now shares the same powers as Lion. When Steven realizes that he can use Lars's hair to teleport him back to Earth (via Lion's mane), he and Lars must make a difficult choice.\n\n\n133\n5\n\"Dewey Wins\"\nJoe Johnston (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nLamar Abrams and Jeff Liu\nDecember 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)[nb 14]\n10??-135\n0.85[127]\n\n\nConnie becomes upset with Steven following his return from Homeworld and refuses to talk to him. Feeling dejected, he decides to help Bill Dewey with his rather hopeless re-election campaign for mayor against Nanefua Pizza.\n\n\n134\n6\n\"Gemcation\"\nKat Morris (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nMadeline Queripel and Lauren Zuke\nDecember 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)[nb 14]\n10??-137\n0.85[127]\n\n\nAs Steven remains depressed over Connie's silence, Greg and the Gems misinterpret his sadness and take him to a ranch house for a vacation to cheer him up. The vacation just puts Steven more on edge, until he eventually tells Greg what it is he's upset about.\n\n\n135\n7\n\"Raising the Barn\"\nKat Morris (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nAmber Cragg and Hilary Florido\nDecember 22, 2017 (2017-12-22)[nb 14]\n10??-136\n0.89[128]\n\n\nWhen Lapis and Peridot learn what happened to Steven on Homeworld, Lapis wants to flee Earth to avoid getting caught up in another Gem war. However, Peridot wants to stay on Earth to protect it, and has a hard time telling Lapis.\n\n\n136\n8\n\"Back to the Kindergarten\"\nJoe Johnston (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nKatie Mitroff and Paul Villeco\nDecember 22, 2017 (2017-12-22)[nb 14]\n10??-138\n0.89[128]\n\n\nWith Peridot upset over Lapis leaving Earth, Steven and Amethyst decide to help her cheer up by planting flowers at the Kindergarten.\n\n\n137\n9\n\"Sadie Killer\"\nJoe Johnston (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nLamar Abrams and Jeff Liu\nDecember 29, 2017 (2017-12-29)[nb 14]\n10??-139\n0.77[129]\n\n\nSteven and the Cool Kids start a band, but they have trouble finding their sound. They decide to recruit Sadie, who writes a dark song about her frustrating job at the Big Donut; but that same job keeps her from actually participating in the band.\n\n\n138\n10\n\"Kevin Party\"\nKat Morris (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nAmber Cragg and Hilary Florido\nDecember 29, 2017 (2017-12-29)[nb 14]\n10??-140\n0.77[129]\n\n\nKevin is throwing a party, and invites Steven only so he can show up as Stevonnie. Steven doesn't want to go at first, but changes his mind when Kevin reveals that Connie will be there. When they see each other, Kevin decides to help Steven get his \"ex\" back so they can fuse.\n\n\n139\n11\n\"Lars of the Stars\"\n\"Stranded: Part 1\"\nKat Morris (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nLamar Abrams and Lauren Zuke\nJanuary 5, 2018 (2018-01-05)\n10??-141\n1.11[130]\n\n\nSteven and Connie travel through Lion's mane to visit Lars. When they reach the other side, they discover that Lars and the Off-Color Gems have stolen a spaceship from Emerald (voiced by Jinkx Monsoon) and are now on the run from their pursuers.\n\n\n140\n12\n\"Jungle Moon\"\n\"Stranded: Part 2\"\nJoe Johnston (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nMiki Brewster and Jeff Liu\nJanuary 5, 2018 (2018-01-05)\n10??-143\n1.11[130]\n\n\nStevonnie crash-lands in a jungle on an alien moon and, unable to contact Lars, must fend for themself. They discover that the moon houses an abandoned Gem base and orbits a former Gem colony, and have a strange dream involving the Diamonds.\n\n\n141\n13\n\"Your Mother and Mine\"\nJoe Johnston (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nKatie Mitroff and Paul Villeco\nApril 9, 2018 (2018-04-09)[nb 15]\n10??-142\n0.77[131]\n\n\nSteven brings Garnet to meet Lars and his off-color crew. The Off-Colors' beliefs about Rose Quartz have been skewed by Homeworld propaganda, so Garnet tells them the history of Rose's rebellion from the Crystal Gems' perspective.\n\n\n142\n14\n\"The Big Show\"\nKat Morris (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nHilary Florido and Amber Cragg\nApril 16, 2018 (2018-04-16)[nb 15]\n10??-144\n0.56[132]\n\n\nIn this documentary-style episode, Steven records the rise of Sadie's new band, Sadie Killer and the Suspects. The band hires Greg as their manager, who hooks them up with producer Sunshine Justice (voiced by Joan Jett). Complications arise, however, when Sadie worries about her mother getting in the way.\n\n\n143\n15\n\"Pool Hopping\"[133]\nJoe Johnston (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nKatie Mitroff, Paul Villeco, and Joe Johnston\nApril 23, 2018 (2018-04-23)[134][nb 15]\nTBA\nTBD\n\n\nGarnet spends a day trying to behave unpredictably, attempting to train her future vision to account for the unexpected. When she and Steven eventually discover some homeless kittens, Garnet admits how lost and stressed she feels when she doesn't know what the future holds.\n\n\n144\n16\n\"Letters to Lars\"[135]\nKat Morris (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nLamar Abrams and Colin Howard\nApril 30, 2018 (2018-04-30)[136][nb 15]\nTBA\nTBD\n\n\nLars receives a letter from Steven updating him about the current goings-on in Beach City. While the town and its population are changing, the now-former mayor Bill Dewey is having trouble trying to find his place in the new status quo.\n\n\n145\n\n146\n17\n\n18\n\"TBA\"[nb 7]\nTBA\nTBA\nMay 7, 2018 (2018-05-07)[137]\nTBA\nTBD\n\n" ]	[ "April 30, 2018" ]
-7699947515733067730	Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders	Diagnostic and Statistical manual of mental disorders - wikipedia Diagnostic and Statistical manual of mental disorders The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ) is published by the American Psychiatric Association ( APA ) and offers a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders . It is used , or relied upon , by clinicians , researchers , psychiatric drug regulation agencies , health insurance companies , pharmaceutical companies , the legal system , and policy makers together with alternatives such as the ICD - 10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders , produced by the WHO . The DSM is now in its fifth edition , the DSM - 5 , published on May 18 , 2013 . The DSM evolved from systems for collecting census and psychiatric hospital statistics , and from a United States Army manual . Revisions since its first publication in 1952 have incrementally added to the total number of mental disorders , although also removing those no longer considered to be mental disorders . The International Classification of Diseases ( ICD ) is the other common manual for mental disorders . It is distinguished from the DSM in it covers health as a whole . While the DSM is the most popular diagnostic system for mental disorders in the US , the ICD is used more in Europe and other parts of the world , giving it a far larger reach than the DSM . The DSM - IV - TR ( 4th . ed . ) contains specific codes allowing comparisons between the DSM and the ICD manuals , which may not systematically match because revisions are not simultaneously coordinated . Though recent editions of the DSM and ICD have become similar due to collaborative agreements , each one contains information absent from the other . While the DSM received praise for standardizing psychiatric diagnostic categories and criteria , it also generated controversy and criticism . Critics , including the National Institute of Mental Health , argue the DSM represents an unscientific and subjective system . There are ongoing issues concerning the validity and reliability of the diagnostic categories ; the reliance on superficial symptoms ; the use of artificial dividing lines between categories and from `` normality '' ; possible cultural bias ; and medicalization of human distress . The publication of the DSM , with tightly guarded copyrights , now makes APA over $5 million a year , historically totaling over $100 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Uses and definition 2 History 2.1 DSM - I ( 1952 ) 2.2 DSM - II ( 1968 ) 2.2. 1 Sixth printing of the DSM - II , 1974 2.3 DSM - III ( 1980 ) 2.4 DSM - III - R ( 1987 ) 2.5 DSM - IV ( 1994 ) 2.6 DSM - IV - TR ( 2000 ) 2.6. 1 DSM - IV - TR Categorization 2.6. 2 DSM - IV - TR Multi-axial system 2.6. 3 Sourcebooks 2.7 DSM - 5 ( 2013 ) 2.8 Future revisions and updates ( 2013 and beyond ) 3 Criticism 3.1 Reliability and validity concerns 3.2 Superficial symptoms 3.3 Dividing lines 3.4 Cultural bias 3.5 Medicalization and financial conflicts of interest 3.6 Clients , survivors , and consumer 3.7 DSM - 5 critiques 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Uses and definition ( edit ) Many mental health professionals use the manual to determine and help communicate a patient 's diagnosis after an evaluation ; hospitals , clinics , and insurance companies in the US also often require a DSM diagnosis for all patients treated . The DSM can be used clinically in this way , and to categorize patients using diagnostic criteria for research purposes . Studies done on specific disorders often recruit patients whose symptoms match the criteria listed in the DSM for that disorder . An international survey of psychiatrists in sixty - six countries compared the use of the ICD - 10 and DSM - IV ; it found the former was more often used for clinical diagnosis while the latter was more valued for research . DSM - 5 , and the abbreviations for all previous editions , are registered trademarks owned by the APA . History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The initial impetus for developing a classification of mental disorders in the United States was the need to collect statistical information . The first official attempt was the 1840 census , which used a single category : `` idiocy / insanity '' . Three years later , the American Statistical Association made an official protest to the U.S. House of Representatives , stating that `` the most glaring and remarkable errors are found in the statements respecting nosology , prevalence of insanity , blindness , deafness , and dumbness , among the people of this nation '' , pointing out that in many towns African - Americans were all marked as insane , and calling the statistics essentially useless . The Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane was formed in 1844 , changing its name in 1892 to the American Medico - Psychological Association , and in 1921 to the present American Psychiatric Association ( APA ) . Edward Jarvis and later Francis Amasa Walker helped expand the census , from two volumes in 1870 to twenty - five volumes in 1880 . Frederick H. Wines was appointed to write a 582 - page volume called Report on the Defective , Dependent , and Delinquent Classes of the Population of the United States , As Returned at the Tenth Census ( June 1 , 1880 ) ( published 1888 ) . Wines used seven categories of mental illness : dementia , dipsomania ( uncontrollable craving for alcohol ) , epilepsy , mania , melancholia , monomania and paresis . These categories were also adopted by the Association . In 1917 , together with the National Commission on Mental Hygiene ( now Mental Health America ) , the APA developed a new guide for mental hospitals called the Statistical Manual for the Use of Institutions for the Insane . This included twenty - two diagnoses and would be revised several times by the APA over the years . Along with the New York Academy of Medicine , the APA also provided the psychiatric nomenclature subsection of the US general medical guide , the Standard Classified Nomenclature of Disease , referred to as the Standard . DSM - I ( 1952 ) ( edit ) World War II saw the large - scale involvement of US psychiatrists in the selection , processing , assessment , and treatment of soldiers . This moved the focus away from mental institutions and traditional clinical perspectives . A committee headed by psychiatrist Brigadier General William C. Menninger developed a new classification scheme called Medical 203 , that was issued in 1943 as a War Department Technical Bulletin under the auspices of the Office of the Surgeon General . The foreword to the DSM - I states the US Navy had itself made some minor revisions but `` the Army established a much more sweeping revision , abandoning the basic outline of the Standard and attempting to express present day concepts of mental disturbance . This nomenclature eventually was adopted by all Armed Forces '' , and `` assorted modifications of the Armed Forces nomenclature ( were ) introduced into many clinics and hospitals by psychiatrists returning from military duty . '' The Veterans Administration also adopted a slightly modified version of Medical 203 . In 1949 , the World Health Organization published the sixth revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases ( ICD ) , which included a section on mental disorders for the first time . The foreword to DSM - 1 states this `` categorized mental disorders in rubrics similar to those of the Armed Forces nomenclature . '' An APA Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics was empowered to develop a version specifically for use in the United States , to standardize the diverse and confused usage of different documents . In 1950 , the APA committee undertook a review and consultation . It circulated an adaptation of Medical 203 , the VA system , and the Standard 's Nomenclature to approximately 10 % of APA members . 46 % replied , of which 93 % approved , and after some further revisions ( resulting in its being called DSM - I ) , the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders was approved in 1951 and published in 1952 . The structure and conceptual framework were the same as in Medical 203 , and many passages of text were identical . The manual was 130 pages long and listed 106 mental disorders . These included several categories of `` personality disturbance '' , generally distinguished from `` neurosis '' ( nervousness , egodystonic ) . In 1952 , the APA listed homosexuality in the DSM as a sociopathic personality disturbance . Homosexuality : A Psychoanalytic Study of Male Homosexuals , a large - scale 1962 study of homosexuality by Irving Bieber and other authors , was used to justify inclusion of the disorder as a supposed pathological hidden fear of the opposite sex caused by traumatic parent -- child relationships . This view was very influential in the medical profession . In 1956 , however , the psychologist Evelyn Hooker performed a study comparing the happiness and well - adjusted nature of self - identified homosexual men with heterosexual men and found no difference . Her study stunned the medical community and made her a heroine to many gay men and lesbians , but homosexuality remained in the DSM until May 1974 . DSM - II ( 1968 ) ( edit ) In the 1960s , there were many challenges to the concept of mental illness itself . These challenges came from psychiatrists like Thomas Szasz , who argued mental illness was a myth used to disguise moral conflicts ; from sociologists such as Erving Goffman , who said mental illness was another example of how society labels and controls non-conformists ; from behavioural psychologists who challenged psychiatry 's fundamental reliance on unobservable phenomena ; and from gay rights activists who criticised the APA 's listing of homosexuality as a mental disorder . A study published in Science by Rosenhan received much publicity and was viewed as an attack on the efficacy of psychiatric diagnosis . Although the APA was closely involved in the next significant revision of the mental disorder section of the ICD ( version 8 in 1968 ) , it decided to go ahead with a revision of the DSM . It was published in 1968 , listed 182 disorders , and was 134 pages long . It was quite similar to the DSM - I . The term `` reaction '' was dropped , but the term `` neurosis '' was retained . Both the DSM - I and the DSM - II reflected the predominant psychodynamic psychiatry , although they also included biological perspectives and concepts from Kraepelin 's system of classification . Symptoms were not specified in detail for specific disorders . Many were seen as reflections of broad underlying conflicts or maladaptive reactions to life problems , rooted in a distinction between neurosis and psychosis ( roughly , anxiety / depression broadly in touch with reality , or hallucinations / delusions appearing disconnected from reality ) . Sociological and biological knowledge was incorporated , in a model that did not emphasize a clear boundary between normality and abnormality . The idea that personality disorders did not involve emotional distress was discarded . An influential 1974 paper by Robert Spitzer and Joseph L. Fleiss demonstrated the second edition of the DSM ( DSM - II ) was an unreliable diagnostic tool . They found different practitioners using the DSM - II rarely agreed when diagnosing patients with similar problems . In reviewing previous studies of eighteen major diagnostic categories , Fleiss and Spitzer concluded `` there are no diagnostic categories for which reliability is uniformly high . Reliability appears to be only satisfactory for three categories : mental deficiency , organic brain syndrome ( but not its subtypes ) , and alcoholism . The level of reliability is no better than fair for psychosis and schizophrenia and is poor for the remaining categories '' . Sixth printing of the DSM - II , 1974 ( edit ) As described by Ronald Bayer , a psychiatrist and gay rights activist , specific protests by gay rights activists against the APA began in 1970 , when the organization held its convention in San Francisco . The activists disrupted the conference by interrupting speakers and shouting down and ridiculing psychiatrists who viewed homosexuality as a mental disorder . In 1971 , gay rights activist Frank Kameny worked with the Gay Liberation Front collective to demonstrate against the APA 's convention . At the 1971 conference , Kameny grabbed the microphone and yelled : `` Psychiatry is the enemy incarnate . Psychiatry has waged a relentless war of extermination against us . You may take this as a declaration of war against you . '' This activism occurred in the context of a broader anti-psychiatry movement that had come to the fore in the 1960s and was challenging the legitimacy of psychiatric diagnosis . Anti-psychiatry activists protested at the same APA conventions , with some shared slogans and intellectual foundations . Presented with data from researchers such as Alfred Kinsey and Evelyn Hooker , the sixth printing of the DSM - II , in 1974 , no longer listed homosexuality as a category of disorder . After a vote by the APA trustees in 1973 , and confirmed by the wider APA membership in 1974 , the diagnosis was replaced with the category of `` sexual orientation disturbance '' . DSM - III ( 1980 ) ( edit ) In 1974 , the decision to create a new revision of the DSM was made , and Robert Spitzer was selected as chairman of the task force . The initial impetus was to make the DSM nomenclature consistent with the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems ( ICD ) , published by the World Health Organization . The revision took on a far wider mandate under the influence and control of Spitzer and his chosen committee members . One goal was to improve the uniformity and validity of psychiatric diagnosis in the wake of a number of critiques , including the famous Rosenhan experiment . There was also a need to standardize diagnostic practices within the US and with other countries after research showed psychiatric diagnoses differed between Europe and the US . The establishment of these criteria was an attempt to facilitate the pharmaceutical regulatory process . The criteria adopted for many of the mental disorders were taken from the Research Diagnostic Criteria ( RDC ) and Feighner Criteria , which had just been developed by a group of research - orientated psychiatrists based primarily at Washington University in St. Louis and the New York State Psychiatric Institute . Other criteria , and potential new categories of disorder , were established by consensus during meetings of the committee , as chaired by Spitzer . A key aim was to base categorization on colloquial English descriptive language ( which would be easier to use by federal administrative offices ) , rather than assumptions of cause , although its categorical approach assumed each particular pattern of symptoms in a category reflected a particular underlying pathology ( an approach described as `` neo-Kraepelinian '' ) . The psychodynamic or physiologic view was abandoned , in favor of a regulatory or legislative model . A new `` multiaxial '' system attempted to yield a picture more amenable to a statistical population census , rather than a simple diagnosis . Spitzer argued `` mental disorders are a subset of medical disorders '' but the task force decided on the DSM statement : `` Each of the mental disorders is conceptualized as a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome . '' The personality disorders were placed on axis II along with mental retardation . The first draft of the DSM - III was prepared within a year . It introduced many new categories of disorder , while deleting or changing others . A number of the unpublished documents discussing and justifying the changes have recently come to light . Field trials sponsored by the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health ( NIMH ) were conducted between 1977 and 1979 to test the reliability of the new diagnoses . A controversy emerged regarding deletion of the concept of neurosis , a mainstream of psychoanalytic theory and therapy but seen as vague and unscientific by the DSM task force . Faced with enormous political opposition , the DSM - III was in serious danger of not being approved by the APA Board of Trustees unless `` neurosis '' was included in some capacity ; a political compromise reinserted the term in parentheses after the word `` disorder '' in some cases . Additionally , the diagnosis of ego - dystonic homosexuality replaced the DSM - II category of `` sexual orientation disturbance '' . Finally published in 1980 , the DSM - III was 494 pages and listed 265 diagnostic categories . It rapidly came into widespread international use and has been termed a revolution or transformation in psychiatry . However , Robert Spitzer later criticized his own work on it in an interview with Adam Curtis , saying it led to the medicalization of 20 - 30 percent of the population who may not have had any serious mental problems . When DSM - III was published , the developers made extensive claims about the reliability of the radically new diagnostic system they had devised , which relied on data from special field trials . However , according to a 1994 article by Stuart A. Kirk : Twenty years after the reliability problem became the central focus of DSM - III , there is still not a single multi-site study showing that DSM ( any version ) is routinely used with high reliably by regular mental health clinicians . Nor is there any credible evidence that any version of the manual has greatly increased its reliability beyond the previous version . There are important methodological problems that limit the generalisability of most reliability studies . Each reliability study is constrained by the training and supervision of the interviewers , their motivation and commitment to diagnostic accuracy , their prior skill , the homogeneity of the clinical setting in regard to patient mix and base rates , and the methodological rigor achieved by the investigator ... DSM - III - R. ( 1987 ) ( edit ) In 1987 , the DSM - III - R was published as a revision of the DSM - III , under the direction of Spitzer . Categories were renamed and reorganized , and significant changes in criteria were made . Six categories were deleted while others were added . Controversial diagnoses , such as pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder and masochistic personality disorder , were considered and discarded . `` Ego - dystonic homosexuality '' was also removed and was largely subsumed under `` sexual disorder not otherwise specified '' , which can include `` persistent and marked distress about one 's sexual orientation . '' Altogether , the DSM - III - R contained 292 diagnoses and was 567 pages long . Further efforts were made for the diagnoses to be purely descriptive , although the introductory text stated for at least some disorders , `` particularly the Personality Disorders , the criteria require much more inference on the part of the observer '' ( p. xxiii ) . DSM - IV ( 1994 ) ( edit ) In 1994 , DSM - IV was published , listing 410 disorders in 886 pages . The task force was chaired by Allen Frances . A steering committee of twenty - seven people was introduced , including four psychologists . The steering committee created thirteen work groups of five to sixteen members . Each work group had about twenty advisers . The work groups conducted a three - step process : first , each group conducted an extensive literature review of their diagnoses ; then , they requested data from researchers , conducting analyses to determine which criteria required change , with instructions to be conservative ; finally , they conducted multicenter field trials relating diagnoses to clinical practice . A major change from previous versions was the inclusion of a clinical significance criterion to almost half of all the categories , which required symptoms cause `` clinically significant distress or impairment in social , occupational , or other important areas of functioning '' . Some personality disorder diagnoses were deleted or moved to the appendix . DSM - IV - TR ( 2000 ) ( edit ) A `` text revision '' of the DSM - IV , known as the DSM - IV - TR , was published in 2000 . The diagnostic categories and the vast majority of the specific criteria for diagnosis were unchanged . The text sections giving extra information on each diagnosis were updated , as were some of the diagnostic codes to maintain consistency with the ICD . The DSM - IV - TR was organized into a five - part axial system . The first axis incorporated clinical disorders . The second axis covered personality disorders and intellectual disabilities . The remaining axes covered medical , psychosocial , environmental , and childhood factors functionally necessary to provide diagnostic criteria for health care assessments . The DSM - IV - TR characterizes a mental disorder as `` a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual ( which ) is associated with present distress ... or disability ... or with a significant increased risk of suffering . '' It also notes `` no definition adequately specifies precise boundaries for the concept of ' mental disorder ' ... different situations call for different definitions '' . It states `` there is no assumption that each category of mental disorder is a completely discrete entity with absolute boundaries dividing it from other mental disorders or from no mental disorder '' ( APA , 1994 and 2000 ) . DSM - IV - TR categorization ( edit ) The DSM - IV is a categorical classification system . The categories are prototypes , and a patient with a close approximation to the prototype is said to have that disorder . DSM - IV states , `` there is no assumption each category of mental disorder is a completely discrete entity with absolute boundaries '' but isolated , low - grade and non-criterion ( unlisted for a given disorder ) symptoms are not given importance . Qualifiers are sometimes used , for example mild , moderate or severe forms of a disorder . For nearly half the disorders , symptoms must be sufficient to cause `` clinically significant distress or impairment in social , occupational , or other important areas of functioning '' , although DSM - IV - TR removed the distress criterion from tic disorders and several of the paraphilias due to their egosyntonic nature . Each category of disorder has a numeric code taken from the ICD coding system , used for health service ( including insurance ) administrative purposes . DSM - IV - TR multiaxial system ( edit ) With the advent of the DSM - 5 in 2013 , the APA eliminated the longstanding multiaxial system for mental disorders . Previously , the DSM - IV organized each psychiatric diagnosis into five dimensions ( axes ) relating to different aspects of disorder or disability : Axis I : All psychological diagnostic categories except mental retardation and personality disorder Axis II : Personality disorders and mental retardation Axis III : General medical condition ; acute medical conditions and physical disorders Axis IV : Psychosocial and environmental factors contributing to the disorder Axis V : Global Assessment of Functioning or Child Global Assessment of Functioning ( cGAF ) Mental / Psychiatric / Behavioral / Learning conditions include , but are not limited to : depression , anxiety disorders , bipolar disorder , ADHD , autism spectrum disorders , anorexia nervosa , bulimia nervosa , and schizophrenia . Personality Disorders include , but are not limited to : paranoid personality disorder , schizoid personality disorder , schizotypal personality disorder , borderline personality disorder , antisocial personality disorder , narcissistic personality disorder , histrionic personality disorder , avoidant personality disorder , dependent personality disorder , obsessive - compulsive personality disorder ; and organic intellectual disabilities . Common medical / physical conditions or diseases that may result in and / or exacerbate some of the aforementioned mental / psychiatric conditions OR that may be aggravated by the aforementioned mental / psychiatric conditions include , but are not limited to : brain injuries , terminal diseases , pregnancy , cancer , epilepsy , idiopathic physiological conditions and virtually any other conditions , ailments and / or injuries which may affect the patient 's mental health ... Many Biopsychosocial Assessments incorporate multiple factors that adversely affect the patient 's , client 's and / or subject 's overall well - being and homeostasis . Typical psychosocial influences that are usually listed as having negative impact on life , mentality and health include , but are not limited to : Environmental factors of dysfunction such as those experienced within home , school and work ; Social factors such as issues with drug use ( not diagnosed ) , enabling friends and conflicts with coworkers ; Family complications such as divorce , social service involvement and court ordered placements ; Various stressors such as recent accident , natural disaster and other traumatic occurrences ( i.e. assault , death , abuse ) ; Financial problems such as bankruptcy , job loss and debts ; and service needs such as lack of medical insurance , inability to find adequate treatment and inaccessibility to necessary state and federal programs . Sourcebooks ( edit ) The DSM - IV does not specifically cite its sources , but there are four volumes of `` sourcebooks '' intended to be APA 's documentation of the guideline development process and supporting evidence , including literature reviews , data analyses and field trials . The Sourcebooks have been said to provide important insights into the character and quality of the decisions that led to the production of DSM - IV , and hence the scientific credibility of contemporary psychiatric classification . DSM - 5 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : DSM - 5 The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ) , the DSM - 5 , was approved by the Board of Trustees of the APA on December 1 , 2012 . Published on May 18 , 2013 , the DSM - 5 contains extensively revised diagnoses and , in some cases , broadens diagnostic definitions while narrowing definitions in other cases . The DSM - 5 is the first major edition of the manual in twenty years . A significant change in the fifth edition is the deletion of the subtypes of schizophrenia ( paranoid , disorganized , catatonic , undifferentiated and residual ) . The deletion of the subsets of autistic spectrum disorder ( namely , Asperger 's syndrome , classic autism , Rett syndrome , childhood disintegrative disorder and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified ) was also implemented , with specifiers with regard to intensity ( mild , moderate and severe ) . Severity is based on social communication impairments and restricted , repetitive patterns of behaviour , with three levels : 1 ( requiring support ) , 2 ( requiring substantial support ) and 3 ( requiring very substantial support ) . During the revision process , the APA website periodically listed several sections of the DSM - 5 for review and discussion . Future revisions and updates ( 2013 and beyond ) ( edit ) Beginning with the fifth edition , it is intended diagnostic guidelines revisions will be added more often to keep up with research in the field . It is notable the DSM - 5 is identified with Arabic rather than Roman numerals . Beginning with DSM - 5 , the American Psychiatric Association will use decimals to identify incremental updates ( e.g. , DSM - 5.1 , DSM - 5.2 ) and whole numbers for new editions ( e.g. , DSM - 5 , DSM - 6 ) , similar to the scheme used for software versioning . Criticism ( edit ) Reliability and validity concerns ( edit ) The revisions of the DSM from the 3rd Edition forward have been mainly concerned with diagnostic reliability -- the degree to which different diagnosticians agree on a diagnosis . It was argued ( Henrik Walter ) that a science of psychiatry can only advance if diagnosis is reliable . If clinicians and researchers frequently disagree about the diagnosis of a patient , then research into the causes and effective treatments of those disorders can not advance . Hence , diagnostic reliability was a major concern of DSM - III . When the diagnostic reliability problem was thought to be solved , subsequent editions of the DSM were concerned mainly with `` tweaking '' the diagnostic criteria . Unfortunately , neither the issue of reliability or validity was settled . However , most psychiatric education post DSM - III focused on issues of treatment -- especially drug treatment -- and less on diagnostic concerns . In fact , Thomas R. Insel , M.D. , Director of the NIMH , stated in 2013 that the agency would no longer fund research projects that rely exclusively on DSM criteria due to its lack of validity . Field trials of DSM - 5 brought the debate of reliability back into the limelight as some disorders showed poor reliability . For example , major depressive disorder , a common mental illness , had a poor reliability kappa statistic of 0.28 , indicating that clinicians frequently disagreed on this diagnosis in the same patients . The most reliable diagnosis was major neurocognitive disorder with a kappa of 0.78 . Superficial symptoms ( edit ) By design , the DSM is primarily concerned with the signs and symptoms of mental disorders , rather than the underlying causes . It claims to collect them together based on statistical or clinical patterns . As such , it has been compared to a naturalist 's field guide to birds , with similar advantages and disadvantages . The lack of a causative or explanatory basis , however , is not specific to the DSM , but rather reflects a general lack of pathophysiological understanding of psychiatric disorders . As DSM - III chief architect Robert Spitzer and DSM - IV editor Michael First outlined in 2005 , `` little progress has been made toward understanding the pathophysiological processes and cause of mental disorders . If anything , the research has shown the situation is even more complex than initially imagined , and we believe not enough is known to structure the classification of psychiatric disorders according to etiology . '' The DSM 's focus on superficial symptoms is claimed to be largely a result of necessity ( assuming such a manual is nevertheless produced ) , since there is no agreement on a more explanatory classification system . Reviewers note , however , that this approach is undermining research , including in genetics , because it results in the grouping of individuals who have very little in common except superficial criteria as per DSM or ICD diagnosis . Despite the lack of consensus on underlying causation , advocates for specific psychopathological paradigms have nonetheless faulted the current diagnostic scheme for not incorporating evidence - based models or findings from other areas of science . A recent example is evolutionary psychologists ' criticism that the DSM does not differentiate between genuine cognitive malfunctions and those induced by psychological adaptations , a key distinction within evolutionary psychology but one that is widely challenged within general psychology . Another example is the strong operationalist viewpoint , which contends that reliance on operational definitions , as purported by the DSM , necessitates that intuitive concepts like depression be replaced by specific measurable concepts before they are scientifically meaningful . One critic states of psychologists that `` Instead of replacing ' metaphysical ' terms such as ' desire ' and ' purpose ' , they used it to legitimize them by giving them operational definitions ... the initial , quite radical operationalist ideas eventually came to serve as little more than a ' reassurance fetish ' ( Koch 1992 ) for mainstream methodological practice . '' A 2013 review published in the European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience states `` that psychiatry targets the phenomena of consciousness , which , unlike somatic symptoms and signs , can not be grasped on the analogy with material thing - like objects . '' As an example of the problem of the superficial characterization of psychiatric signs and symptoms , the authors gave the example of a patient saying they `` feel depressed , sad , or down '' , showing that such a statement could indicate various underlying experiences : `` not only depressed mood but also , for instance , irritation , anger , loss of meaning , varieties of fatigue , ambivalence , ruminations of different kinds , hyper - reflectivity , thought pressure , psychological anxiety , varieties of depersonalization , and even voices with negative content , and so forth . '' The structured interview comes with `` danger of over confidence in the face value of the answers , as if a simple ' yes ' or ' no ' truly confirmed or denied the diagnostic criterion at issue . '' The authors gave an example : A patient who was being administered the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM - IV Axis I Disorders denied thought insertion , but during a `` conversational , phenomenological interview '' , a semi-structured interview tailored to the patient , the same patient admitted to experiencing thought insertion , along with a delusional elaboration . The authors suggested 2 reasons for this discrepancy : either the patient did not `` recognize his own experience in the rather blunt , implicitly either / or formulation of the structured - interview question '' , or the experience did not `` fully articulate itself '' until the patient started talking about his experiences . Dividing lines ( edit ) Despite caveats in the introduction to the DSM , it has long been argued that its system of classification makes unjustified categorical distinctions between disorders and uses arbitrary cut - offs between normal and abnormal . A 2009 psychiatric review noted that attempts to demonstrate natural boundaries between related DSM syndromes , or between a common DSM syndrome and normality , have failed . Some argue that rather than a categorical approach , a fully dimensional , spectrum or complaint - oriented approach would better reflect the evidence . In addition , it is argued that the current approach based on exceeding a threshold of symptoms does not adequately take into account the context in which a person is living , and to what extent there is internal disorder of an individual versus a psychological response to adverse situations . The DSM does include a step ( `` Axis IV '' ) for outlining `` Psychosocial and environmental factors contributing to the disorder '' once someone is diagnosed with that particular disorder . Because an individual 's degree of impairment is often not correlated with symptom counts and can stem from various individual and social factors , the DSM 's standard of distress or disability can often produce false positives . On the other hand , individuals who do not meet symptom counts may nevertheless experience comparable distress or disability in their life . Cultural bias ( edit ) Some psychiatrists argue that current diagnostic standards rely on an exaggerated interpretation of neurophysiological findings and so understate the scientific importance of social - psychological variables . Advocating a more culturally sensitive approach to psychology , critics such as Carl Bell and Marcello Maviglia contend that the cultural and ethnic diversity of individuals is often discounted by researchers and service providers . In addition , current diagnostic guidelines have been criticized as having a fundamentally Euro - American outlook . Although these guidelines have been widely implemented , opponents argue that even when a diagnostic criterion set is accepted across different cultures , it does not necessarily indicate that the underlying constructs have any validity within those cultures ; even reliable application can only demonstrate consistency , not legitimacy . Cross-cultural psychiatrist Arthur Kleinman contends that the Western bias is ironically illustrated in the introduction of cultural factors to the DSM - IV : the fact that disorders or concepts from non-Western or non-mainstream cultures are described as `` culture - bound '' , whereas standard psychiatric diagnoses are given no cultural qualification whatsoever , is to Kleinman revelatory of an underlying assumption that Western cultural phenomena are universal . Kleinman 's negative view toward the culture - bound syndrome is largely shared by other cross-cultural critics , common responses included both disappointment over the large number of documented non-Western mental disorders still left out , and frustration that even those included were often misinterpreted or misrepresented . Many mainstream psychiatrists have also been dissatisfied with these new culture - bound diagnoses , although not for the same reasons . Robert Spitzer , a lead architect of the DSM - III , has held the opinion that the addition of cultural formulations was an attempt to placate cultural critics , and that they lack any scientific motivation or support . Spitzer also posits that the new culture - bound diagnoses are rarely used in practice , maintaining that the standard diagnoses apply regardless of the culture involved . In general , the mainstream psychiatric opinion remains that if a diagnostic category is valid , cross-cultural factors are either irrelevant or are only significant to specific symptom presentations . One of the results was the development of the Azibo Nosology by Daudi Ajani Ya Azibo as an alternative to the DSM to treat African and African American patients . Medicalization and financial conflicts of interest ( edit ) It has also been alleged that the way the categories of the DSM are structured , as well as the substantial expansion of the number of categories , are representative of an increasing medicalization of human nature , which may be attributed to disease mongering by psychiatrists and pharmaceutical companies , the power and influence of the latter having grown dramatically in recent decades . Of the authors who selected and defined the DSM - IV psychiatric disorders , roughly half have had financial relationships with the pharmaceutical industry at one time , raising the prospect of a direct conflict of interest . The same article concludes that the connections between panel members and the drug companies were particularly strong in those diagnoses where drugs are the first line of treatment , such as schizophrenia and mood disorders , where 100 % of the panel members had financial ties with the pharmaceutical industry . In 2005 , then APA President Steven Sharfstein released a statement in which he conceded that psychiatrists had `` allowed the biopsychosocial model to become the bio-bio - bio model '' . However , although the number of identified diagnoses has increased by more than 300 % ( from 106 in DSM - I to 365 in DSM - IV - TR ) , psychiatrists such as Zimmerman and Spitzer argue it almost entirely represents greater specification of the forms of pathology , thereby allowing better grouping of more similar patients . However , William Glasser refers to the DSM as `` phony diagnostic categories '' , arguing that `` it was developed to help psychiatrists -- to help them make money '' . In addition , the publishing of the DSM , with tightly guarded copyrights , has in itself earned over $100 million for the APA . Clients , survivors , and consumer ( edit ) A client is a person who accesses psychiatric services and may have been given a diagnosis from the DSM , while a survivor self - identifies as a person who has endured a psychiatric intervention and the mental health system ( which may have involved involuntary commitment and involuntary treatment ) . A term adopted by many users of psychiatric services is `` consumer . '' This term was chosen to eliminate the `` patient '' label and restore the person to an active role as a user or consumer of services . Some individuals are relieved to find that they have a recognized condition that they can apply a name to and this has led to many people self - diagnosing . Others , however , question the accuracy of the diagnosis , or feel they have been given a `` label '' that invites social stigma and discrimination ( the terms `` mentalism '' and `` sanism '' have been used to describe such discriminatory treatment ) . Diagnoses can become internalized and affect an individual 's self - identity , and some psychotherapists have found that the healing process can be inhibited and symptoms can worsen as a result . Some members of the psychiatric survivors movement ( more broadly the consumer / survivor / ex-patient movement ) actively campaign against their diagnoses , or the assumed implications , and / or against the DSM system in general . Additionally , it has been noted that the DSM often uses definitions and terminology that are inconsistent with a recovery model , and such content can erroneously imply excess psychopathology ( e.g. multiple `` comorbid '' diagnoses ) or chronicity . DSM - 5 critiques ( edit ) This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( March 2017 ) Psychiatrist Allen Frances has been critical of proposed revisions to the DSM - 5 . In a 2012 New York Times editorial , Frances warned that if this DSM version is issued unamended by the APA , `` it will medicalize normality and result in a glut of unnecessary and harmful drug prescription . '' In a December 2 , 2012 blog post in Psychology Today , Frances provides his `` ... list of DSM 5 's ten most potentially harmful changes '' : Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder , for temper tantrums Major Depressive Disorder , includes normal grief Minor Neurocognitive Disorder , for normal forgetting in old age Adult Attention Deficit Disorder , encouraging psychiatric prescriptions of stimulants Binge Eating Disorder , for excessive eating Autism , defining the disorder more specifically , possibly leading to decreased rates of diagnosis and the disruption of school services First time drug users will be lumped in with addicts Behavioral Addictions , making a `` ... mental disorder of everything we like to do a lot . '' Generalized Anxiety Disorder , includes everyday worries Post-traumatic stress disorder , changes `` ... opened the gate even further to the already existing problem of misdiagnosis of PTSD in forensic settings . '' Frances and others have published debates on what they see as the six most essential questions in psychiatric diagnosis : are they more like theoretical constructs or more like diseases how to reach an agreed definition whether the DSM - 5 should take a cautious or conservative approach the role of practical rather than scientific considerations the issue of use by clinicians or researchers whether an entirely different diagnostic system is required . In 2011 , psychologist Brent Robbins co-authored a national letter for the Society for Humanistic Psychology that has brought thousands into the public debate about the DSM . Over 15,000 individuals and mental health professionals have signed a petition in support of the letter . Thirteen other American Psychological Association divisions have endorsed the petition . Robbins has noted that under the new guidelines , certain responses to grief could be labeled as pathological disorders , instead of being recognized as being normal human experiences . See also ( edit ) Chinese Classification and Diagnostic Criteria of Mental Disorders Classification of mental disorders Diagnostic classification and rating scales used in psychiatry DSM - IV Codes Global Assessment of Functioning ( GAF ) Scale International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems ( ICD ) Kraepelinian dichotomy Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual Relational disorder ( proposed DSM - 5 new diagnosis ) Research Domain Criteria ( RDoC ) , a framework being developed by the National Institute of Mental Health Rosenhan experiment Structured Clinical Interview for DSM - IV ( SCID ) Homosexuality in DSM References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The ICD - 10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders : `` Blue Book `` ( Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines ) und `` Green Book `` ( Diagnostic criteria for research ) Jump up ^ In Appendix G : `` ICD - 9 - CM Codes for Selected General Medical Conditions and Medication - Induced Disorders '' Jump up ^ American Psychological Association ( 2009 ) . `` ICD VS . 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( 1997 ) Troublesome Disguises : Underdiagnosed Psychiatric Syndromes Blackwell Science Ltd Jump up ^ Atwell Irene ; Azibo Daudi A ( 1991 ) . `` Diagnosing personality disorder in Africans ( Blacks ) using the Azibo nosology : Two case studies '' . Journal of Black Psychology . 17 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 22 . doi : 10.1177 / 00957984910172002 . Jump up ^ Azibo , Daudi Ajani ya ( November 2014 ) . `` The Azibo Nosology II : Epexegesis and 25th Anniversary Update : 55 Culture - focused Mental Disorders Suffered by African Descent People '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Pan African Studies . 7 ( 5 ) : 32 -- 176 . Jump up ^ Zulu , Itibari M. `` The Azibo Nosology : An Interview with Daudi Ajani ya Azibo '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Pan African Studies . 7 ( 5 ) : 209 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Healy D ( 2006 ) The Latest Mania : Selling Bipolar Disorder Archived 2009 - 02 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . PLoS Med 3 ( 4 ) : e185 . ^ Jump up to : Cosgrove , Lisa , Krimsky , Sheldon , Vijayaraghavan , Manisha , Schneider , Lisa , Financial Ties between DSM - IV Panel Members and the Pharmaceutical Industry Jump up ^ Sharfstein , SS . ( 2005 ) `` Big Pharma and American Psychiatry : The Good , the Bad , and the Ugly '' Psychiatric News August 19 , 2005 Volume 40 Number 16 Jump up ^ `` ( Susan Bowman , 2006 ) '' . The National Psychologist. 2006 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Halpern , L , Trachtman , H. and Duckworth , K. `` From Within : A Consumer Perspective on Psychiatric Hospitals , '' in Textbook of Hospital Psychiatry , S. Sharfstein , F. Dickerson and J. Oldham eds . American Psychiatric Publishing , 2009 , pp. 237 - 244 . Jump up ^ Sanism in Theory and Practice May 9 / 10 , 2011 . Richard Ingram , Centre for the Study of Gender , Social Inequities and Mental Health . Simon Fraser University , Canada Jump up ^ `` How Using the Dsm Causes Damage : A Client 's Report '' Journal of Humanistic Psychology , Vol. 41 , No. 4 , 36 - 56 ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Michael T. Compton ( 2007 ) Recovery : Patients , Families , Communities Conference Report , Medscape Psychiatry & Mental Health , October 11 -- 14 , 2007 Jump up ^ Frances , Allen ( 11 May 2012 ) . `` Diagnosing the D.S.M. '' New York Times ( New York ed . ) . p . A19 . ^ Jump up to : Frances , Allen J. ( December 2 , 2012 ) . `` DSM 5 Is Guide Not Bible -- Ignore Its Ten Worst Changes : APA approval of DSM - 5 is a sad day for psychiatry '' . Psychology Today . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Phillips , James ; Frances , Allen ; Cerullo , Michael A ; Chardavoyne , John ; Decker , Hannah S ; First , Michael B ; Ghaemi , Nassir ; Greenberg , Gary ; et al. ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` The Six Most Essential Questions in Psychiatric Diagnosis : A Pluralogue . Part 1 : Conceptual and Definitional Issues in Psychiatric Diagnosis '' ( PDF ) . Philosophy , Ethics , and Humanities in Medicine . BioMed Central . 7 ( 3 ) : 1 -- 51 . doi : 10.1186 / 1747 - 5341 - 7 - 3 . ISSN 1747 - 5341 . PMC 3305603 . PMID 22243994 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Professor co-authors letter about America 's mental health manual '' . Point Park University . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Professor co-authors letter about America 's mental health manual '' . Point Park University . December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Allday , Erin ( November 26 , 2011 ) . `` Revision of psychiatric manual under fire '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Further reading ( edit ) American Psychiatric Association ( 2000 ) . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fourth Edition : DSM - IV - TR ® . American Psychiatric Pub . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89042 - 025 - 6 . Robert L. Spitzer ( 2002 ) . Dsm - Iv - Tr Casebook : A Learning Companion to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . American Psychiatric Pub . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58562 - 059 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Official DSM - 5 development website Diagnostic Criteria from DSM - IV - TR Cooper , Rachel ( 2017 ) : Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ) . ISKO Encyclopedia of Knowledge Organization The Multiaxial System of Diagnosis in DSM - IV Criteria hide DSM personality disorders DSM - III - R only Sadistic Self - defeating ( masochistic ) DSM - IV only Personality disorder not otherwise specified Appendix B ( proposed ) Depressive Negativistic ( passive -- aggressive ) DSM - 5 ( Categorical model ) Cluster A ( odd ) Paranoid Schizoid Schizotypal Cluster B ( dramatic ) Antisocial Borderline Histrionic Narcissistic Cluster C ( anxious ) Avoidant Dependent Obsessive - compulsive DSM - 5 Alternative hybrid categorical and dimensional model in Section III included to stimulate further research hide Medical classification Topographical codes Terminologia TA TH TE SNOMED T axis MeSH A axis Diagnostic codes general : ICD 11 ( not yet released ; in development ) 10 9 ICPC - 2 DRC NANDA Read codes SNOMED D axis specialized : ICD - O ICSD ICHD ILDS DSM IV 5 BPA CCMD - 3 Procedural codes HCPCS ( CPT , Level 2 ) ICD 10 PCS 9 - CM Volume 3 ICHI NIC SNOMED P axis OPS - 301 Read codes / OPCS - 4 CCAM LOINC Pharmaceutical codes ATC NDC SNOMED C axis DIN Outcomes codes NOC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders&oldid=844938192 '' Categories : Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders American Psychiatric Association Medical manuals Medical statistics Psychiatric assessment Psychiatric classification systems Psychiatric diagnosis Psychopathology Publications established in 1952 Statistical data coding Data coding framework Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Pages with missing ISBNs Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles needing more detailed references Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2014 Articles needing POV - check from March 2017 Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar مازِرونی Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2018 , at 06 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first edition of the dsm published	[ "In 1949, the World Health Organization published the sixth revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD), which included a section on mental disorders for the first time. The foreword to DSM-1 states this \"categorized mental disorders in rubrics similar to those of the Armed Forces nomenclature.\" An APA Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics was empowered to develop a version specifically for use in the United States, to standardize the diverse and confused usage of different documents. In 1950, the APA committee undertook a review and consultation. It circulated an adaptation of Medical 203, the VA system, and the Standard's Nomenclature to approximately 10% of APA members. 46% replied, of which 93% approved, and after some further revisions (resulting in its being called DSM-I), the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders was approved in 1951 and published in 1952. The structure and conceptual framework were the same as in Medical 203, and many passages of text were identical.[16] The manual was 130 pages long and listed 106 mental disorders.[17] These included several categories of \"personality disturbance\", generally distinguished from \"neurosis\" (nervousness, egodystonic).[18]" ]	[ "1952" ]
4533367179553532672	Prophet, seer, and revelator	Prophet , seer , and revelator - wikipedia Prophet , seer , and revelator Jump to : navigation , search Prophet , seer , and revelator is an ecclesiastical title used in the Latter Day Saint movement . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) is the largest denomination of the movement , and it currently applies the terms to the members of the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles . In the past , it has also been applied to the Presiding Patriarch of the church and the Assistant President of the Church . Other sects and denominations of the movement also use these terms . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the phrase 2 Meanings of the terms 3 Current usage within The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Origin of the phrase ( edit ) The phrase `` prophet , seer , and revelator '' is derived from a number of revelations received by the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement , Joseph Smith . The first revelation received by Smith after the organization of the Church of Christ on April 6 , 1830 , declared that `` there shall be a record kept among you ; and in it ( Smith ) shalt be called a seer , a translator , a prophet , an apostle of Jesus Christ , an elder of the church through the will of God the Father , and the grace of your Lord Jesus Christ '' . In 1835 , Smith further clarified the role of the President of the Church , `` to preside over the whole church , and ... to be a seer , a revelator , a translator , and a prophet '' . In 1841 , Smith recorded a revelation that again restated these roles : `` I give unto you my servant Joseph to be a presiding elder over all my church , to be a translator , a revelator , a seer , and prophet . '' In 1836 , at the dedication of the Kirtland Temple , approximately one year after Smith organized the church 's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , he instructed that the members of the First Presidency and the apostles should also be accepted by the church as prophets , seers , and revelators : I made a short address , and called upon the several quorums , and all the congregation of Saints , to acknowledge the Presidency as Prophets and Seers and uphold them by their prayers ... I then called upon the quorums and congregation of Saints , to acknowledge the Twelve , who were present , as Prophets , Seers , Revelators , and special witnesses to all the nations of the earth holding the keys of the kingdom , to unlock it , or cause it to be done among them , and uphold them by their prayers . Later , Smith further confirmed that people other than the President of the Church may hold these titles . For example , in 1841 , a revelation described the role of Smith 's brother Hyrum Smith as Assistant President of the Church : `` And from this time forth I appoint unto him that he may be a prophet , and a seer , and a revelator unto my church , as well as my servant Joseph '' . Meanings of the terms ( edit ) The words prophet , seer , and revelator have separate and distinct meanings within the Latter Day Saint movement . LDS Church apostle John A. Widtsoe described the meanings of the terms and the differences between them : A prophet is a teacher . That is the essential meaning of the word . He teaches the body of truth , the gospel , revealed by the Lord to man ; and under inspiration explains it to the understanding of the people . He is an expounder of truth . Moreover , he shows that the way to human happiness is through obedience to God 's law . He calls to repentance those who wander away from the truth . He becomes a warrior for the consummation of the Lord 's purposes with respect to the human family . The purpose of his life is to uphold the Lord 's plan of salvation . All this he does by close communion with the Lord , until he is `` full of power by the spirit of the Lord . '' ( Micah 3 : 8 ; see also D&C 20 : 26 ; 34 : 10 ; 43 : 16 ) The teacher must learn before he can teach . Therefore in ancient and modern times there have been schools of the prophets , in which the mysteries of the kingdom have been taught to men who would go out to teach the gospel and to fight the battles of the Lord . These `` prophets '' need not be called to an office ; they go out as teachers of truth , always and everywhere . A prophet also receives revelations from the Lord . These may be explanations of truths already received , or new truths not formerly possessed by man . Such revelations are always confined to the official position held . The lower will not receive revelations for the higher office . In the course of time the word `` prophet '' has come to mean , perhaps chiefly , a man who receives revelations , and directions from the Lord . The principal business of a prophet has mistakenly been thought to foretell coming events , to utter prophecies , which is only one of the several prophetic functions . In the sense that a prophet is a man who receives revelations from the Lord , the titles `` seer and revelator '' merely amplify the larger and inclusive meaning of the title `` prophet . '' Clearly , however , there is much wisdom in the specific statement of the functions of the prophet as seer and revelator , as is done in the conferences of the Church . A seer is one who sees with spiritual eyes . He perceives the meaning of that which seems obscure to others ; therefore he is an interpreter and clarifier of eternal truth . He foresees the future from the past and the present . This he does by the power of the Lord operating through him directly , or indirectly with the aid of divine instruments such as the Urim and Thummim . In short , he is one who sees , who walks in the Lord 's light with open eyes . ( Book of Mormon , Mosiah 8 : 15 - 17 ) A revelator makes known , with the Lord 's help , something before unknown . It may be new or forgotten truth , or a new or forgotten application of known truth to man 's need . Always , the revelator deals with truth , certain truth ( D&C 100 : 11 ) and always it comes with the divine stamp of approval . Revelation may be received in various ways , but it always presupposes that the revelator has so lived and conducted himself as to be in tune or harmony with the divine spirit of revelation , the spirit of truth , and therefore capable of receiving divine messages . In summary : A prophet is a teacher of known truth ; a seer is a perceiver of hidden truth , a revelator is a bearer of new truth . In the widest sense , the one most commonly used , the title , prophet , includes the other titles and makes of the prophet , a teacher , perceiver , and bearer of truth . Current usage within the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( edit ) At the biannual general conference of the LDS Church , the name of the President of the Church is presented to the members as `` prophet , seer , and revelator and President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints '' . Members are invited to vote to sustain the president in these roles , and the signalling for any opposing votes is also allowed . Additionally , the counselors in the First Presidency and the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles are sustained by the membership as `` prophets , seers , and revelators '' . Until October 1979 , the Presiding Patriarch of the church was also sustained as a `` prophet , seer , and revelator '' . Apostles who are not members of the Quorum of the Twelve or the First Presidency and other general authorities , ( e.g. , members of the Quorums of the Seventy and Presiding Bishopric ) are not sustained as prophets , seers , and revelators . The procedure of sustaining is repeated in local congregations of the LDS Church several times per year at stake , district , ward , or branch conferences . These procedures are mandated by the theology of the LDS Church , which dictates governance by the `` common consent '' of the membership . See also ( edit ) Book : LDS Church Presidents Latter - day Saints portal Thomas S. Monson Prophet : Latter - day Saint concept of prophets Revelation : Latter Day Saint concept of revelation Revelation ( Latter Day Saints ) Seer stone ( Latter Day Saints ) Urim and Thummim : Latter Day Saint movement We Thank Thee , O God , for a Prophet Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Doctrine and Covenants 21 : 1 . Jump up ^ Doctrine and Covenants 107 : 91 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Doctrine and Covenants 124 : 125 . Jump up ^ Joseph Smith ( B.H. Roberts ( ed . ) 1902 ) , History of the Church , 2 : 417 ( March 27 , 1836 ) . Jump up ^ Doctrine and Covenants 124 : 94 . Jump up ^ John A. Widtsoe , ( 1960 ) . Evidences and Reconciliations , Salt Lake City : Bookcraft , 256 -- 58 . ^ Jump up to : See , e.g. , `` The Sustaining of Church Officers '' , April 2015 General Conference . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , `` The Sustaining of Church Officers '' , Ensign , May 1979 , p. 20 ; compare with `` The Sustaining of Church Officers '' , Ensign , November 1979 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ See Doctrine and Covenants 20 : 65 . References ( edit ) John A. Widtsoe , ( 1960 ) . Evidences and Reconciliations , Salt Lake City : Bookcraft , 256 - 58 . `` Gospel Topics : Prophets '' , lds.org External links ( edit ) `` Prophet , Seer , and Revelator '' , josephsmith.net James E. Faust , `` Continuing Revelation '' , Ensign , August 1996 , p. 2 . Jeffrey R. Holland , `` Prophets , Seers , and Revelators '' , Ensign , November 2004 , p. 6 . Harold B. Lee , `` The President -- Prophet , Seer , and Revelator '' , Ensign , August 1972 , p. 35 . Dennis B. Neuenschwander , `` Living Prophets , Seers , and Revelators '' , Ensign , November 2000 , p. 40 . Book of Mormon , Mosiah 8 : 13 -- 18 ( hide ) Priesthood of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Aaronic priesthood offices Deacon Teacher Priest Bishop Melchizedek priesthood offices Elder Seventy High priest Patriarch Apostle Priesthood quorums and bodies Quorum First Presidency Quorum of the Twelve Apostles Quorums of the Seventy Presiding Bishopric Council on the Disposition of the Tithes Common Council of the Church Council of the Church High council Disciplinary council Priesthood callings President of the Church President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles Prophet , seer , and revelator General authority Presiding Bishop Temple president Mission president Stake president Church Historian and Recorder High councilor Branch president Defunct priesthood callings and bodies Assistant President of the Church Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles Council of Fifty Regional representative of the Twelve Presiding Patriarch Patriarch emeritus Book LDS Church portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prophet,_seer,_and_revelator&oldid=775244484 '' Categories : Leadership positions in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Latter Day Saint hierarchy Prophets in Mormonism Ecclesiastical titles Prophecy Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Português Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2017 , at 16 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is a prophet seer and revelator lds	[ "Prophet, seer, and revelator is an ecclesiastical title used in the Latter Day Saint movement. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is the largest denomination of the movement, and it currently applies the terms to the members of the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. In the past, it has also been applied to the Presiding Patriarch of the church and the Assistant President of the Church. Other sects and denominations of the movement also use these terms." ]	[ "ecclesiastical title used in the Latter Day Saint movement" ]
-3494964271156027823	Geography of the Philippines	Geography of the Philippines - wikipedia Geography of the Philippines Jump to : navigation , search Geography of the Philippines Continent Asia Region Southeast Asia Coordinates 13 ° 00'N 122 ° 00'E Area Ranked 64th Total 343,448 km ( 132,606 sq mi ) Land 99.38 % Water 0.62 % Coastline 36,289 km ( 22,549 mi ) Borders None Highest point Mount Apo 3,143 metres ( 10,312 ft ) Lowest point Galathea Depth 10,540 metres ( 34,580 ft ) ( sea level ) Longest river Cagayan River Largest lake Laguna de Bay The Philippines is an archipelago that consists of 7,641 islands with a total land area of 343,448 square kilometers ( 132,606 sq mi ) . The 11 largest islands contain 95 % of the total land area . The largest of these islands is Luzon at about 105,000 square kilometers ( 40,541 sq mi ) . The next largest island is Mindanao at about 95,000 square kilometers ( 36,680 sq mi ) . The archipelago is around 800 kilometers ( 500 mi ) from the Asian mainland and is located between Taiwan and Borneo . The Philippine archipelago is divided into three island groups : Luzon , Visayas , and Mindanao . The Luzon islands include Luzon itself , Palawan , Mindoro , Marinduque , Masbate , Romblon , Catanduanes , Batanes and Polilio . The Visayas is the group of islands in the central Philippines , the largest of which are : Panay , Negros , Cebu , Bohol , Leyte , Samar , Siquijor , Biliran and Guimaras . The Mindanao islands include Mindanao itself , Dinagat , Siargao , Camiguin , Samal , plus the Sulu Archipelago , composed primarily of Basilan , Sulu , and Tawi - Tawi . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical geography 1.1 Topography 1.1. 1 Luzon 1.1. 2 Visayas 1.1. 3 Mindanao 2 Administrative geography 2.1 Regions 2.2 Provinces 2.2. 1 Landlocked and island provinces 3 Climate 4 Statistics 4.1 CIA Statistics 4.2 Largest cities and towns 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Physical Geography ( edit ) Territorial limits of the Philippines The Philippine archipelago lies in Southeast Asia in a position that has led to its becoming a cultural crossroads - a place where Malays , Hindus , Arabs , Chinese , Spaniards , Americans , and others had interacted to forge a unique cultural and racial blend . The archipelago numbers some 7,641 islands , and the nation claims an exclusive economic zone ( EEZ ) of 200 nautical miles ( 370 km ) from its shores . The Philippines occupies an area that stretches for 1,850 kilometers ( 1,150 mi ) from about the fifth to the twentieth parallels north latitude . The total land area is 343,448 square kilometers ( 132,606 sq mi ) . Only approximately 1,000 of its islands are populated , and fewer than one - half of these are larger than 2.5 square kilometers ( 1 sq mi ) . Eleven islands make up 95 percent of the Philippine landmass , and two of these -- Luzon and Mindanao -- measure 105,000 square kilometers ( 40,541 sq mi ) and 95,000 square kilometers ( 36,680 sq mi ) , respectively . They , together with the cluster of islands in Visayas in between them , represent the three principal regions of the archipelago that are identified by the three stars on the Philippine flag . The Philippines is broken up by the sea , which gives it one of the longest coastlines of any nation in the world . Off the coast of eastern Mindanao is the Philippine Trench , which descends to a depth of 10,430 meters ( 34,220 ft ) . The Philippines is part of a western Pacific arc system characterized by active volcanoes . Among the most notable peaks are Mount Mayon near Legazpi City , Taal Volcano south of Manila , and Mount Apo in Mindanao . All of the Philippine islands are prone to earthquakes . The northern Luzon highlands , or Cordillera Central , rise to between 2,500 meters ( 8,200 ft ) and 2,750 meters ( 9,020 ft ) , and , together with the Sierra Madre in the northeastern portion of Luzon and the mountains of Mindanao , boast rain forests that provide refuge for numerous upland tribal groups . The rain forests also offer prime habitat for more than 500 species of birds , including the Philippine eagle ( or monkey - eating eagle ) , some 1,100 species of orchids , and some 8,500 species of flowering plants . The country 's most extensive river systems are the Pulangi River , which flows into the Mindanao River ( Rio Grande de Mindanao ) ; the Agusan , in Mindanao which flows north into the Mindanao Sea ; the Cagayan in northern Luzon ; and the Pampanga , which flows south from east Central Luzon into Manila Bay . Laguna de Bay , east of Manila Bay , is the largest freshwater lake in the Philippines . Several rivers have been harnessed for hydroelectric power . To protect the country 's biological resources , the government has taken a first step of preparing a Biodiversity Action Plan to address conservation of threatened species . Topography ( edit ) Major volcanoes in the Philippines The islands are volcanic in origin , being part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , and are mostly mountainous . The highest point in the country is the peak of Mount Apo in Mindanao , which is 2,954 meters ( 9,692 ft ) above sea level . The second highest point can be found on Luzon at Mount Pulog , a peak 2,842 meters ( 9,324 ft ) above sea level . The Philippine Archipelago is geologically part of the Philippine Mobile Belt located between the Philippine Sea Plate , the South China Sea Basin of the Eurasian Plate , and the Sunda Plate . The Philippine Trench ( also called the Mindanao Trench ) is a submarine trench 1,320 kilometers ( 820 mi ) in length found directly east of the Philippine Mobile Belt and is the result of a collision of tectonic plates . The Philippine Sea Plate is subducting under the Philippine Mobile Belt at the rate of about 16 centimeters ( 6.3 in ) per year . Its deepest point , the Galathea Depth , has a depth of 10,540 meters ( 34,580 ft ) . The Philippine Fault System consists of a series of seismic faults that produce several earthquakes per year , most of which are not felt . Many volcanoes in the country are active , the most recent eruption being that of Mount Pinatubo on Luzon in 1991 . Mount Mayon is another of the active volcanoes and has the world 's most perfectly shaped cone . Mayon has a violent history of 47 eruptions since 1616 and another violent eruption is currently feared . Taal Volcano , also located on Luzon , is one of the Decade Volcanoes . Most of the islands used to be covered by tropical rainforests . However , illegal logging has reduced forest cover to less than 10 % of the total land area . 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Major geographic features of the Philippines Batanes group of islands Babuyan group of islands Cordillera mountains Cagayan valley 5 Sierra Madre mountains 6 Caraballo mountains 7 Zambales mountains 8 Central Luzon plain 9 Sierra Madre ( southern tip ) 10 Polillo group of islands 11 Bicol peninsula 12 Mindoro island 13 Romblon group of islands 14 Masbate island 15 Samar island 16 Palawan group of islands 17 Panay island 18 Negros island 19 Cebu island 20 Bohol island 21 Leyte island 22 Zamboanga peninsula 23 Bukidnon - Lanao plateau 24 Davao - Agusan Trough 25 Diwata mountains 26 Cotabato Basin 27 Central Mindanao highlands 28 Pacific Cordillera mountains 29 Tiruray highlands 30 Sulu archipelago Luzon ( edit ) Luzon in satellite image The La Paz San Dunes in Laoag , part of the Ilocos coastline Pasil Valley in Kalinga of the Cordillera Central The Sierra Madre Mountains viewed from Gabaldon The plains of Central Luzon , showing the Manila Bay with Mount Arayat in the background The Zambales Mountains as viewed from San Narciso Laguna de Bay at Cardona , with the Banahaw volcano complex in the distance Mayon Volcano overlooking the city of Legazpi . The Batanes and Babuyan islands The Batanes and Babuyan Islands are situated on the northernmost extremity of the Philippines at Luzon Strait facing Taiwan . It contains the northernmost point of land , the islet of Y'Ami in the Batanes Islands , separated from Taiwan by the Bashi Channel ( c. 80.4672 kilometers ( 50.0000 mi ) wide ) . Western Luzon This region stretches from Mairaira Point in Pagudpud , Ilocos Norte in the north to Cochinos Point in Mariveles , Bataan in the south . The terrain ranges from coastal plains to rugged mountains bordered by the South China Sea in the west and the Cordillera Central and Zambales mountain ranges in the east . Western Luzon is known for its beaches , surf spots and historic towns . Cagayan Valley Nestled between the Cordilleras in the east and the Sierra Madre mountain ranges in the west is the Cagayan Valley , also the name of the administrative region which it covers . Through its center runs the country 's longest river , the Cagayan , flowing in a northward direction before emptying its waters in the Luzon Strait at the town of Aparri . Further information : Cagayan Valley Cordilleras and Caraballos The Cordilleras and Caraballos , together with the Sierra Madre Range , form the main mountain system in Northern Luzon . The Cordilleras consists of 2 , sometimes 3 , mountain ranges that are found in northwestern central Luzon . The first , called Caraballo del Sur , forms the nucleus of the system and has its highest peaks in the border between the provinces of Abra , Ilocos Norte and Cagayan . Caraballo Occidentalles , is further divided into 2 ranges , the Cordillera Norte and Cordillera Central . They line the central portions of the Cordillera Administrative Region . Further information : Cordillera Central The Caraballos ( Caraballo de Baler ) start where the Sierra Madre and the Cordilleras meet . They are found south of Cagayan Valley , northeast of the Central Luzon Plains . Sierra Madre Mountains Lying in the eastern portion of Luzon is the longest mountain range in the Philippines , the Sierra Madre , stretching from Quezon province in the south to Cagayan in the north . 80 percent of the mountain range is tropical rainforest , which is diminishing from rampant illegal logging activity . The range serves as the eastern wall of Luzon Island that protects inhabitants from tropical cyclones usually coming from the Pacific Ocean . Central Luzon Plains The largest plain of the nation is situated in the Central Luzon region and produces most of the national rice supply , earning itself the nickname `` Rice Bowl of the Philippines '' . The plains encompass the provinces of Bulacan , Nueva Ecija , Pampanga , Tarlac and Pangasinan . Manila - Katagalugan plains South of the Central Luzon plains lies the largest inland freshwater lake in Southeast Asia , the Laguna de Bay . To the east of the lake is a plain that stretches westward to the Manila Bay . Large rivers from bays and mountain springs traverse the plain . In the northern part of the region , that is , Manila and Rizal , most of the plain had been converted into cities and towns , and are thus industrialized . Lying east of the lake is the southern terminus of the Sierra Madre mountain range at northern Quezon province . To the southwest of the Laguna de Bay is the nation 's third largest lake , the Taal , bordered to the north by the Tagaytay Ridge , a ridge stretching from southern Cavite to northern Batangas provinces . Bondoc Peninsula The Bondoc Peninsula is located in the southeastern part of Quezon Province . Further information : Bondoc Peninsula Bicol peninsula Southeast of Laguna de Bay lies the Bicol Peninsula , connected to mainland Luzon by the isthmus of Tayabas . The predominantly flat landscape features several solitary peaks , usually active volcanoes , which include Iriga , Mayon and Bulusan . The peninsula has an irregular coastline that features large bays and gulfs , which include the Lamon Bay , San Miguel Bay , Lagonoy Gulf , and Albay Gulf to the north , and the Tayabas Bay , Ragay Gulf and Sorsogon Bay to the south . Mindoro island Mindoro coastal plains Mindoro 's coastal plains are characterized by rice and corn fields , rivers , beaches , and extensive open space areas . Most of the population is concentrated on the northern and eastern coast of this island where the city of Calapan and Puerto Galera are located . Mindoro highlands The Mindoro mountain range begins with Mount Halcon and is further divided into 3 . The northwest ends at Calavite Point and is a landmark for ships . The east originates from Lake Naujan and the west follows the Mindoro Strait . Palawan Kalayaan islands ( Spratly Islands ) The Kalayaan Islands are located to the west of Palawan . Kalayaan is a Filipino word meaning `` freedom '' . Further information : Spratly islands Visayas ( edit ) Catbalogan plains This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2016 ) Panay - Negros - Cebu area This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2016 ) Mindanao ( edit ) Eastern Pacific Cordillera The eastern coast of Mindanao features a long mountain range , the Eastern Pacific Cordillera , which stretches from Bilar Point at Surigao in the north to Cape San Agustin at Davao in the south . Forming its northern portion are the Diwata Mountains ( also spelled Diuata ) , separated from the south by low passes situated at the middle . To the east of the range are narrow strips of lowland that feature several inlets and bays , the most prominent of which include the Lianga and Bislig bays . Davao - Agusan Trough To the west of the Pacific Cordillera lies an extensive lowland , the Davao - Agusan Trough . Its northern portion includes the Agusan Valley which forms the lower river basin of the Agusan River . The river flows in a northward direction and empties into the Iligan Bay . Draining the southern portion of the lowland are several other rivers , which include the Tagum , flowing southward to the Davao Gulf . Central Mindanao highlands Situated west of the Davao - Agusan Trough is a complex series of mountain ranges called the Central Mindanao Highlands ( also known as the Central Cordillera ) . From these mountains form the headwaters of several rivers which include the Rio Grande de Mindanao , Pulangi , Maridagao and Tagoloan rivers . Several tall mountains , such as Mount Apo , the country 's highest are found within the range . Bukidnon - Lanao plateaus The north - central portion of Mindanao is dominated by an extensive highland region , the Bukidnon - Lanao Plateau , which includes the Kitanglad and Kalatungan mountain ranges . Within the plateau lies the country 's second largest lake , Lake Lanao situated at an elevation of 2,296 feet , drained by the Agus River flowing northward to its river mouth at Iligan Bay . Cotabato Basin South of the Bukidnon - Lanao Plateau lies a large depression , the Cotabato Basin , which forms the lower river basin of the country 's second largest river system , the Rio Grande de Cagayan ( also known as the Mindanao River ) . Surrounded by three mountain ranges , the basin 's only opening to the sea is to the northwest at Illana Bay , where the Mindanao River empties into the ocean . To the southeast of the main basin are two large valleys , the Koronadal and Allah valleys . Tiruray highlands Situated south and west of the Cotabato Basin are a moderately high mountain range , the Tiruray Highlands , which block off the Basin from the southern coastline . South of the highlands are narrow strips of coastlines . Zamboanga peninsula At the northwestern tip of Mindanao is the generally mountainous Zamboanga Peninsula . The chain of mountain ranges in this region is called Zamboanga Cordilleras , with the highest elevation at Mount Dapi , which is 2,617 meters ( 8,586 ft ) high . The southern coastline is irregular , featuring two smaller peninsulas , the Sibuguey and Baganian , extending southward to the Moro Gulf . Outlying islands of Mindanao Dinagat and Siargao islands To the north of the Diwata Mountains at northeast Mindanao lie Siargao island and the Dinagat group of islands . Sulu archipelago Southwest of the Zamboanga Peninsula is the Sulu Archipelago , a chain of islands which comprise the smaller archipelago provinces of Basilan , Sulu , and Tawi - Tawi . Administrative Geography ( edit ) Further information : Administrative divisions of the Philippines The Philippines is divided into a hierarchy of local government units ( LGUs ) with the 81 provinces and 38 independent cities as the primary unit . Provinces are further subdivided into component cities and municipalities , both of which consist of barangays , the smallest local government unit . Regions ( edit ) There are 17 regions comprising the Philippines . Each region , with the exception of the National Capital Region , is further subdivided into component provinces . The National Capital Region is divided into four special districts . Most government offices establish regional offices in a city to serve the constituent provinces . Such cities are designated as `` regional centers '' . The regions themselves do not possess a separate local government , with the exception of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao . Further information : Regions of the Philippines Provinces ( edit ) Forming the regions , with the exception of the National Capital , are the 81 provinces . Each province has a capital city or municipality . Further information : Provinces of the Philippines § List of provinces Landlocked and island provinces ( edit ) Of the 81 provinces of the Philippines , 15 are landlocked , and 16 are island provinces . Landlocked provinces Province Region Island Apayao CAR Luzon Abra CAR Luzon Kalinga CAR Luzon Mountain Province CAR Luzon Ifugao CAR Luzon Benguet CAR Luzon Nueva Vizcaya II Luzon Quirino II Luzon Nueva Ecija III Luzon Tarlac III Luzon Laguna IV - A Luzon Rizal IV - A Luzon Bukidnon X Mindanao North Cotabato XII Mindanao Agusan del Sur XIII Mindanao These provinces have coastlines on Laguna de Bay , a large lake . Since lakes do not allow access to seaborne trade , they are considered to be landlocked . Island provinces Province Region Island group Batanes II Luzon Marinduque IV - B Luzon Romblon IV - B Luzon Palawan IV - B Luzon Catanduanes V Luzon Masbate V Luzon Guimaras VI Visayas Cebu VII Visayas Bohol VII Visayas Siquijor VII Visayas Biliran VIII Visayas Camiguin X Mindanao Dinagat Islands XIII Mindanao Basilan ARMM Mindanao Sulu ARMM Mindanao Tawi - Tawi ARMM Mindanao Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of the Philippines Philippines map of Köppen climate classification . The Philippines has a tropical climate dominated by a rainy season and a dry season , although certain locations have no dry season ( meaning , all months have an average rainfall of above 60 mm ) and certain higher - altitude areas can have a subtropical climate . The summer monsoon brings heavy rains to most of the archipelago from May to October , whereas the winter monsoon brings relatively cooler and drier air from December to February . Manila and most of the lowland areas are hot and dusty from March to May . Even at this time , however , temperatures rarely rise above 37 ° C ( 98.6 ° F ) . Mean annual sea - level temperatures rarely fall below 27 ° C ( 80.6 ° F ) . Annual rainfall measures as much as 5,000 millimeters ( 196.9 in ) in the mountainous east coast section of the country , but less than 1,000 millimeters ( 39.4 in ) in some of the sheltered valleys . Monsoon rains , although hard and drenching , are not normally associated with high winds and waves . But the Philippines sit astride the typhoon belt , and it suffers an annual onslaught of dangerous storms from July through October . These are especially hazardous for northern and eastern Luzon and the Bicol and Eastern Visayas regions , but Manila gets devastated periodically as well . In the last decade , the Philippines has been hit severely by natural disasters . In 2005 alone , Central Luzon was hit by both a drought , which sharply curtailed hydroelectric power , and by a typhoon that flooded practically all of low - lying Manila 's streets . Still more damaging was the 1990 earthquake that devastated a wide area in Luzon , including Baguio and other northern areas . The city of Cebu and nearby areas were struck by a typhoon that killed more than a hundred people , sank vessels , destroyed part of the sugar crop , and cut off water and electricity for several days . The Philippines is prone to about 6 - 9 storms which make landfall each year , on average . The 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption also damaged much of Central Luzon , the lahar burying towns and farmland , and the ashes affecting global temperatures . Building construction is undertaken with natural disasters in mind . Most rural housing has consisted of nipa huts that are easily damaged but are inexpensive and easy to replace . Most urban buildings are steel and concrete structures designed ( not always successfully ) to resist both typhoons and earthquakes . Damage is still significant , however , and many people are displaced each year by typhoons , earthquakes , and other natural disasters . In 1987 alone the Department of Social Welfare and Development helped 2.4 million victims of natural disasters . Statistics ( edit ) CIA statistics ( edit ) Unless otherwise indicated , the information below is taken from CIA Factbook information for the Philippines . Area Total : 300,000 square kilometres ( 115,831 sq mi ) Land : 298,170 square kilometres ( 115,124 sq mi ) Water : 1,830 square kilometres ( 707 sq mi ) Coastline 36,289 kilometres ( 22,549 mi ) Maritime claims ( measured from claimed archipelagic baselines ) Continental shelf : to depth of exploitation Exclusive economic zone : 200 nautical miles ( 370 km ) Territorial sea : irregular polygon extending up to 100 nautical miles ( 190 km ; 120 mi ) from coastline as defined by 1898 treaty ; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal - shaped area in South China Sea up to 285 nautical miles ( 528 km ; 328 mi ) in breadth . Lingayen Gulf Balabac Strait Basilan Strait Cebu Strait Guimaras Strait Baler Bay Mindoro Strait San Bernardino Strait San Juanico Strait South China Sea Surigao Strait Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Philippine Sea ( Pacific Ocean ) Samar Sea Sibuyan Sea Sulu Sea Visayan Sea Celebes Sea Tablas Strait Tañon Strait Balintang Channel Davao Gulf Lagonoy Gulf Leyte Gulf Panay Gulf Ragay Gulf Manila Bay Luzon Strait Butuan Bay Iligan Bay Illana Bay Lamon Bay Macajalar Bay San Miguel Bay Moro Gulf Sarangani Bay Sibuguey Bay Honda Bay Jintotolo Channel Tayabas Bay Verde Island Passage Canigao Channel Babuyan Channel Polillo Strait Linapacan Strait Tapiantana Channel Asid Gulf Oceans and Seas in the Philippines Natural resources Timber , petroleum , nickel , cobalt , silver , gold , salt , and copper . Land use Arable land : 19 % Permanent crops : 16.67 % Other : 64.33 % ( 2005 ) Irrigated land 15,500 square kilometers ( 5,985 sq mi ) ( 2003 ) Natural hazards The Philippines sit astride typhoon belt and are usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six cyclonic storms per year ; landslides ; active volcanoes ; destructive earthquakes ; tsunamis . Environment - current issues Uncontrolled deforestation in watershed areas ; soil erosion ; air and water pollution in Manila ; increasing pollution of coastal mangrove swamps which are important fish breeding grounds ; severe water pollution that caused the death of one of the country 's major rivers , though there are ongoing efforts at resuscitation . Also Typhoon Haiyan in November 2013 caused major problems . Environment - international agreements Party to : Biodiversity , Climate Change , Endangered Species , Hazardous Wastes , Law of the Sea , Marine Dumping , Nuclear Test Ban , Ozone Layer Protection , Tropical Timber 83 , Tropical Timber 94 , Wetlands , Whaling Signed , but not ratified : Climate Change - Kyoto Protocol , Desertification Subnational enclaves and exclaves In political geography , an enclave is a territory or part of a territory lying wholly within the boundaries of another , and an exclave is one which is politically attached to a larger piece but not actually contiguous with it . Many entities are both enclaves and exclaves , but the two are not synonymous . Exclaves which are not enclaves Caloocan City is divided in two by Valenzuela City and Quezon City . In Cotabato province , the municipality of President Roxas is divided in two by Antipas municipality . Pene - enclaves / exclaves and inaccessible districts In SoCCSKSarGen , Sarangani province is divided by General Santos City or Sarangani Bay . In Zamboanga Peninsula : Isabela City is part of this region ( although it is the capital of the ARMM province of Basilan ) , but it is separated from it by Basilan Strait . Zamboanga del Sur -- Zamboanga City , a chartered city , is unofficially part of this province but is separated from it by Zamboanga Sibugay . Subnational quadripoint A quadripoint is a point on the Earth that touches four distinct regions . Such points are often called `` four corners '' , from the corners of the four regions meeting there . Four provinces in Mindanao meet at a point at the summit of Mount Apo : Bukidnon of Northern Mindanao Region , Davao del Norte and Davao del Sur of Davao Region , and Cotabato Province of Soccsksargen More than four Four distinct geographic divisions converging at a single point is not uncommon in the Philippines , and there are other points of convergence between five or more divisions that can be found . Count Cities / municipalities Location 5 Tagkawayan Labo San Lorenzo Ruiz San Vicente Del Gallego Camarines Norte , Camarines Sur , Quezon 5 Cadiz Sagay Silay Talisay Calatrava Negros Occidental 5 Batuan Bilar Carmen Dimiao Valencia Bohol 5 Alicia Dagohoy Pilar San Miguel Ubay Bohol 5 Baungon Lantapan Sumilao Talakag Malaybalay Bukidnon 5 Aleosan Carmen Kabacan Pikit Pagagawan Cotabato , Maguindanao 5 Tibiao Barbaza Madalag Libacao Jamindan Antique , Aklan , Capiz 6 Basey Marabut Balangkayan Llorente Balangiga Lawaan Eastern Samar , Samar 8 Ligao Legazpi Tabaco Guinobatan Camalig Daraga Malilipot Santo Domingo Albay ( Mayon Volcano crater ) Mayon shared by 8 cities / towns Geographic center This article appears to contradict the article Extreme points of the Philippines . Please see discussion on the linked talk page . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The island province of Marinduque prides itself as being the geographic center of the Philippines . The Marinduque governor has stated that their claim to be the Geographical Center of the Philippines has received notice and support from the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority ( NAMRIA ) . The Luzon Datum of 1911 in Marinduque is used as point number one for all map makers in the country . The boundaries of the Philippine archipelago are described in Article III of the Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) , as comprising an irregular polygon . A box enclosing that polygon would have corners at 20 ° N 116 ° E , 20 ° N 127 ° E , 4.75 ° N 127 ° E , 4.75 ° N 116 ° E. The center of this box would lie at 121.5 E , 12.375 N. That point lies roughly in the center of the Tablas Strait between the islands of Tablas and Mindoro . Republic Act No. 9522 , `` An Act to Define the Baselines of the Territorial Sea of the Philippines '' , describes an irregular polygon which fits within a box with its center at 121 ° 44'47.45 `` E 12 ° 46'6.1252 '' N , a point also roughly in the center of the Tablas Strait . The CIA Factbook locates the Philippines at 13 ° N 122 ° E . The extreme points under Philippine control as of 2010 are : Direction Location Coordinates Latitude ( N ) Longitude ( E ) North Amianan Island , Batanes 21o7'18.41 '' 121o56'48.79 '' East Pusan Point , Davao Oriental 7o17'19.80 '' 126o36'18.26 '' South Frances Reef , Tawi - Tawi 4o24'53.84 '' 119o14'50.71 '' West Thitu Island , Kalayaan , Palawan 11 ° 3'10.19 '' 114 ° 16'54.66 '' Pusan Point is the easternmost incorporated territory of the Philippines , but the Benham Plateau is the easternmost unincorporated territory of the Philippines . Thitu island is the westernmost of all the Spratly Island features controlled by the Philippines as of December 2009 . The center of a box enclosing these points would be located at 12 ° 46'6.13 `` N , 120 ° 26'36.46 '' E. That point is located in the Mindoro Strait , about 12 kilometres ( 7.5 mi ) NNE of Apo Island , in Sablayan , Occidental Mindoro . Further information : Extreme points of the Philippines Largest cities and towns ( edit ) Further information : List of Philippine cities and municipalities by population The following is a list of the most populous cities in the country , with their population according to the 2010 census . Component cities and municipalities of Metro Manila , Metro Cebu and Metro Davao are taken as one to show the extent of urbanization . Largest cities in the Philippines PSA Census August 2015 Rank Name Region Pop . Rank Name Region Pop . Quezon City Manila Quezon City National Capital Region 2,936,116 11 Parañaque National Capital Region 665,822 Davao City Caloocan Manila National Capital Region 1,780,148 12 Dasmariñas Calabarzon 659,019 Davao City Davao Region 1,632,991 13 Valenzuela National Capital Region 620,422 Caloocan National Capital Region 1,583,978 14 Bacoor Calabarzon 600,609 5 Cebu City Central Visayas 922,611 15 General Santos Soccsksargen 594,446 6 Zamboanga City Zamboanga Peninsula 861,799 16 Las Piñas National Capital Region 588,894 7 Taguig National Capital Region 804,915 17 Makati National Capital Region 582,602 8 Antipolo Calabarzon 776,386 18 San Jose del Monte Central Luzon 574,089 9 Pasig National Capital Region 755,300 19 Bacolod Western Visayas 561,875 10 Cagayan de Oro Northern Mindanao 675,950 20 Muntinlupa National Capital Region 504,509 See also ( edit ) Island groups of the Philippines List of islands of the Philippines List of headlands of the Philippines List of mountains in the Philippines List of Ultras of the Philippines List of volcanoes in the Philippines List of active volcanoes in the Philippines List of potentially active volcanoes in the Philippines List of inactive volcanoes in the Philippines List of bays of the Philippines List of lakes of the Philippines List of rivers of the Philippines Extreme points of the Philippines Territories claimed by the Philippines References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ . Jump up ^ https://www.gov.ph/about-the-philippines Jump up ^ `` Philippines Mountain Ultra-Prominence '' . peaklist.org . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ ( 2011 - 04 - 06 ) . `` The World Factbook -- Philippines '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved on 2011 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Namria discovers 400 to 500 new islands in PHL archipelago '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Philippines '' . Republic of the Philippines , National Government Portal . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Namria discovers 400 to 500 new islands in PHL archipelago '' . GMA News . GMA News . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wernstedt , Frederick L. ; Spencer , Joseph Earl ( 1978 ) . The Philippine Island World : A Physical , Cultural , and Regional Geography . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 32 -- 37 . ISBN 9780520035133 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hinz , Erhard ( 1985 ) . Human Helminthiases in the Philippines the Epidemiological and Geomedical Situation . Berlin , Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg . pp. 129 -- 131 . ISBN 9783642708411 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Philippines : Geography Archived January 11 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , CIA World Factbook . Jump up ^ Cezar Tigno , Resuscitating the Pasig River , Asian Development Bank , April 2009 . Jump up ^ Regional Tourism Stakeholders to meet in Marinduque , Marinduque.gov Jump up ^ STATE OF THE PROVINCE ADDRESS of Gov. JOSE ANTONIO N. CARRION , GOVERNOR OF MARINDUQUE , July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Luzon Datum of 1911 , Marinduque.gov Jump up ^ Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain , The Avalon project . Jump up ^ Republic Act No. 9522 , An Act to Define the Baselines of the Territorial Sea of the Philippines , as amended by Section 1 of Republic Act No. 5446 , The LawPhil project . External links ( edit ) Government Portal of the Republic of the Philippines Geography of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Climate of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Philippines articles History Timeline Prehistory ( Pre-900 ) Archaic Era ( 900 -- 1521 ) Colonial era ( 1521 -- 1946 ) Spanish period ( 1521 -- 1898 ) American period ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Postcolonial era ( 1946 -- 1986 ) Third Republic ( 1946 -- 65 ) Marcos dictatorship ( 1965 -- 86 ) Contemporary history ( 1986 -- present ) By topic Archaeology Demographic Discoveries Economic history Inventions Military Geography Bays Biosphere reserves Climate Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Extreme points Island groups islands Lakes Landmarks Mountains National parks Protected areas Ramsar sites Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife World Heritage Sites Politics Government Executive President Executive Office Cabinet Civil service National Police Legislature Congress Senate Senate President President pro tem House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Supreme Court Judiciary Court of Appeals Law Constitution Philippine legal codes Human rights Intelligence National Bureau of Investigation National Counter-Terrorism Action Group National Intelligence Coordinating Agency Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency Uniformed Armed Forces of the Philippines Philippine Air Force Philippine Army Philippine Navy Philippine Marine Corps Philippine Coast Guard Administrative divisions Elections Foreign relations Political parties Economy Agriculture Business process outsourcing Central Bank Energy Fiscal policy National debt Labor Peso Stock Exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Science and technology Water and Sanitation Society Corruption Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Income inequality Languages Poverty Provinces by HDI Refugees Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Cultural Properties Dance Fashion and clothing Festivals Historical Markers Literature Media Music Mythology Public holidays Psychology Sexuality Sports Traditional games Value system Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Arnis Flag Name Narra Philippine eagle Sampaguita Book Philippines portal Coordinates : 13 ° 00 ′ 00 '' N 122 ° 00 ′ 00 '' E / 13.000 ° N 122.000 ° E / 13.000 ; 122.000 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_the_Philippines&oldid=831222522 '' Categories : Geography of the Philippines Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles to be expanded from January 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from January 2016 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Articles contradicting other articles Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2009 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu বাংলা Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Tagalog Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 13 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	land mass found in the north of the philippines	[ "The Batanes and Babuyan Islands are situated on the northernmost extremity of the Philippines at Luzon Strait facing Taiwan. It contains the northernmost point of land, the islet of Y'Ami in the Batanes Islands, separated from Taiwan by the Bashi Channel (c.80.4672 kilometers (50.0000 mi) wide)." ]	[ "The Batanes and Babuyan Islands" ]
-3080873197387949421	America's Next Top Model (cycle 23)	America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 23 ) - wikipedia America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 23 ) Jump to : navigation , search America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 23 ) Cycle 23 Cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 15 Release Original network VH1 Original release December 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 12 ) -- March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) Additional information Judges Rita Ora Ashley Graham Drew Elliott Law Roach No. of contestants 14 Winner India Gants Cycle chronology ← Previous Cycle 22 Season summary The twenty - third cycle of America 's Next Top Model premiered on December 12 , 2016 on VH1 , as a result of the revival of the series following its cancellation by The CW . As opposed to the past three cycles , this cycle followed the series ' original format of an all - female contest . The cycle was presented by British singer Rita Ora , who took over from former model and businesswoman Tyra Banks . The judging panel was fully revamped , consisting of model Ashley Graham , Paper magazine chief creative officer Drew Elliott , and celebrity stylist Law Roach , replacing the previous panel consisting of Banks , fashion publicist Kelly Cutrone , and runway coach J. Alexander . Banks still served as the series ' executive producer . The winner of the competition was 20 year - old India Gants from Seattle , Washington . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prizes 2 Contestants 3 Episode summaries 3.1 Business , Brand , Boss 3.2 Lights , Camera , Catwalk 3.3 Make Your Mark 3.4 Major Key Alert 3.5 Avant Garde 3.6 Out For The Count 3.7 X Marks The Spot 3.8 The Glamorous Life 3.9 The Comeback 3.10 Platform Power 3.11 Celebrity Life 3.12 And Action ! 3.13 Behind The Scenes , Beyond The Flash 3.14 Brand Like A Boss 3.15 The Final Countdown 4 Summaries 4.1 Call - out order 4.2 Photo shoot guide 4.3 Makeovers 5 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Prizes ( edit ) A fashion spread in Paper magazine . A talent contract with VH1 . A US $100,000 contract with Rimmel London cosmetics . Contestants ( edit ) ( Ages stated are at start of contest . ) Name Age Hometown Finish Place Justine Biticon 18 Panorama City , California Episode 2 14 Cherish Waters 25 Los Angeles , California Episode 3 13 Giah Hardeman 21 Bryan - College Station , Texas Episode 5 12 Krislian Rodriguez 25 Los Angeles , California Episode 6 11 Kyle McCoy 23 Darien , Connecticut Episode 7 10 Binta Dibba 25 Seattle , Washington Episode 8 9 Marissa Hopkins 18 Houston , Texas Episode 9 8 Paige Mobley 22 Birmingham , Michigan Episode 10 7 Tash Wells 26 San Jose , California Episode 11 6 Cody Wells 26 San Jose , California Episode 12 5 Courtney Nelson 25 San Francisco , California Episode 14 Cory Anne Roberts 19 Los Angeles , California Episode 15 Tatiana Price 21 Queens , New York India Gants 20 Seattle , Washington Episode summaries ( edit ) Business , brand , boss ( edit ) Original air date : December 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 12 ) Twenty - eight semi-finalists partook in their first photo shoot and went on go - sees for Philipp Plein and LaQuan Smith . The contestants then had one - on - one interviews with the judges , and the episode concluded with the selection of the fourteen finalists . Featured photographer : Massimo Campana Special guests : Philipp Plein , LaQuan Smith Lights , camera , catwalk ( edit ) Original air date : December 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 19 ) The contestants received runway training from model and former Canada 's Next Top Model judge Stacey McKenzie . Later , the models were introduced to Zendaya , and took part in a runway challenge at the Marquee Nightclub , at the end of which they had to dive into the crowd for their first photo shoot . At elimination , Justine became the first contestant to leave the competition . Featured photographer : Pieter Henket Special guests : Stacey McKenzie , Zendaya Make your mark ( edit ) Original air date : December 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 26 ) The contestants received makeovers and had their photos taken by Ellen von Unwerth during a nude photo shoot in groups . At elimination , Cherish became the second contestant to leave the competition . Featured photographer : Ellen von Unwerth Special guests : Sally Hershberger Major key alert ( edit ) Original air date : January 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 02 ) The remaining contestants met DJ Khaled for a challenge in teams where they had to film each other wearing Rita Ora 's Tezenis lingerie , and Courtney was chosen as the challenge winner . The models were later introduced to the editorial director of Paper magazine , Mickey Boardman , and had to create social media stories using three images from a vip party for their next photo shoot . At elimination , Tash became the third contestant to leave the competition . Special guests : Mickey Boardman , DJ Khaled , Jasmine Saunders Avant garde ( edit ) Original air date : January 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 09 ) The contestants had a challenge regarding their personal style , which was won by Tatiana , and later had an avant - garde couture photo shoot wearing designs by Nicola Formichetti at a local supermarket . At elimination , Giah became the fourth contestant to leave the competition . Featured photographer : Jack Waterlot Special guests : Nicola Formichetti Out for the count ( edit ) Original air date : January 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) The challenge this week , which was won by Paige , was to pose while jumping on a trampoline . The contestants later took part in a photo shoot where they had to pose as boxers alongside model Chanel Iman . At elimination , Krislian became the fifth contestant to leave the competition . Featured photographer : Massimo Campana , Pieter Henket Special guests : Chanel Iman X marks the spot ( edit ) Original air date : January 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) The contestants had a lesson with choreographer Chris Grant , and later had a dance - themed challenge , which was won by Tatiana . At the photo shoot , the contestants had to star in a music video directed by Director X . At elimination , Kyle became the sixth contestant to leave the competition . Featured director : Director X Special guests : Stacey McKenzie , Chris Grant The glamorous life ( edit ) Original air date : January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) The contestants had a luxury photo shoot with Jason Derulo on a private jet , and at panel , Binta became the next contestant to be eliminated . Featured photographer : Douglas Friedman Special guests : Jason Derulo , Philipp Plein The comeback ( edit ) Original air date : February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) The remaining seven contestants had to perform in music video against the formerly eliminated models , with one of them re-entering the competition immediately following the week 's elimination , effectively replacing that week 's eliminated contestant . The judges eliminated Marissa and determined that Tash would return to the competition . ( show ) Comeback results No Model 7 Cherish 6 Kyle 5 Justine Binta Krislian Giah Tash Featured director : Drew Elliott Special guests : French Montana , Tanisha Scott , Nefertari Green , Christian Cowan Platform power ( edit ) Original air date : February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) The contestants were challenged to create a public service announcement inspired by the Amber Rose SlutWalk Festival , where Cory Anne , Courtney and Tatiana were chosen as the winners . They were later photographed in a shoot where they had to embody several celebrity icons . At panel , Paige became the next contestant to leave the competition . Featured photographer : Vijat Mohindra Special guests : Amber Rose , Stacey McKenzie Celebrity life ( edit ) Original air date : February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) The remaining contestants had a challenge , won by Courtney , in which they were photographed by paparazzi in the street . On set , the models were photographed in a mock - cover and beauty shoot for Paper magazine . At elimination , Tash became the next contestant to leave the competition . Featured photographer : Vijat Mohindra Special guest : Mickey Boardman And action ! ( edit ) Original air date : February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) The contestants had an acting challenge with Adrienne C. Moore , where Courtney was chosen as the winner . They later had a motion beauty shoot before meeting the judges for the next elimination , where Cody became the next contestant to leave the competition . Featured director : Drew Elliott Special guest : Susan Batson , Adrienne C. Moore Behind the scenes , beyond the flash ( edit ) Original air date : February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) This episode recapped the entire cycle , and showed previously unaired footage for the first time . Brand like a boss ( edit ) Original air date : March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) This week 's challenge was a makeup challenge . The challenge was won by Cory Anne . The photoshoot this week was a commercial shoot for Rimmel London . At elimination , Courtney was eliminated before the finals . Featured director : Steven Murashige Special guest : Elena Ora , Kathy Jeung The final countdown ( edit ) Original air date : March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) The final three shoot their Paper Magazine spread and then walk for a runway show for The Blonds . Tyra appeared as the guest judge for the finale . Cory Anne was eliminated first leaving India and Tatiana as the final two . India became the 23rd winner of America 's Next Top Model . Featured photographer : Charlotte Rutherford Special guest : Tyra Banks , Tinashe , Tim Stack , David & Philippe Blond , Stacy Mackenzie , Mickey Boardman Summaries ( edit ) Call - out order ( edit ) Place Episode 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 Courtney Cody Courtney Krislian Cory Anne Cory Anne India Tatiana India India Tash Cody India India India Giah Courtney Cory Anne Binta Cody Cody Paige India Paige India Courtney Tatiana Tatiana Justine Giah Marissa Paige India Tatiana Cory Anne Cody Cody Cody Tatiana Cory Anne Cory Anne Cory Anne India Marissa India Tatiana Tatiana Marissa Tatiana Marissa Cory Anne Courtney Cory Anne Tatiana Courtney 5 Tash Tatiana Cody Giah Courtney Courtney Cody Paige Tatiana Tatiana Courtney Cody 6 Tatiana India Tash India Binta Paige Binta Cory Anne Courtney Cory Anne Tash 7 Kyle Paige Kyle Courtney Paige Binta Courtney Courtney Marissa Paige 8 Binta Binta Tatiana Marissa Marissa India Marissa Binta 9 Cory Anne Tash Paige Kyle Krislian Kyle Kyle 10 Cherish Kyle Binta Cody Kyle Krislian 11 Paige Cherish Giah Cory Anne Giah 12 Krislian Krislian Krislian Tash 13 Marissa Cory Anne Cherish 14 Cody Justine The contestant was eliminated from the competition The contestant won the competition In Episode 9 , Tash returned to the competition . Episode 13 was the recap episode . Photo shoot guide ( edit ) Episode 1 photo shoot : Comp cards ( casting ) Episode 2 photo shoot : Crowd surfing Episode 3 photo shoot : Nude in groups Episode 4 photo shoot : Social media stories for Paper magazine Episode 5 photo shoot : Avant - garde designs in a supermarket Episode 6 photo shoot : Sports club with Chanel Iman Episode 7 video shoot : Gypsy sport fashion in Harlem Episode 8 photo shoot : Luxury jet - setters with Jason Derulo Episode 9 video shoot : Dance battles with French Montana Episode 10 photo shoot : Celebrity impersonations Episode 11 photo shoot : Paper magazine covers Episode 12 beauty video : Beauty transformations with face painting Episode 14 commercial : Rimmel in the streets of London Episode 15 photo shoot : Paper magazine editorial spread Makeovers ( edit ) Binta -- No makeover Cherish -- Dyed fire - engine red Cody -- Long blonde ombre weave Cory Anne -- Long chestnut curls Courtney -- Marilyn Monroe inspired cut Giah -- Blonde shoulder - length bob India -- Dyed lavender and pink Krislian -- Straightened with bangs Kyle -- Two - tone pompadour ( hairstyle ) Marissa -- Relaxed with added volume Paige -- Shoulder cut with blunt bangs Tash -- High - top fade Tatiana -- Long wavy weave Ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in cycle Episode Air date Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rating / share VH1 + MTV Viewers ( m ) Ref . 290 `` Business , Brand , Boss '' December 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 12 ) 1.30 0.65 1.7 291 `` Lights , Camera , Catwalk '' December 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 19 ) 1.19 0.55 N / A 292 `` Make Your Mark '' December 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 26 ) 1.15 0.55 1.45 293 `` Major Key Alert '' January 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 02 ) 1.17 0.56 1.65 294 5 `` Avant Garde '' January 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 09 ) 1.13 0.52 1.41 295 6 `` Out For The Count '' January 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) 1.04 0.49 1.55 296 7 `` X Marks The Spot '' January 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) 1.30 0.62 1.66 297 8 `` The Glamorous Life '' January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) 1.01 0.46 1.47 298 9 `` The Comeback '' February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) 0.54 0.23 0.85 299 10 `` Platform Power '' February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 0.71 0.30 0.97 300 11 `` Celebrity Life '' February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 0.64 0.28 N / A 301 12 `` And Action ! '' February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 0.63 0.29 N / A 302 13 `` Behind The Scenes , Beyond The Flash '' N / A 303 14 `` Brand Like A Boss '' March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) 0.65 0.30 N / A 304 15 `` The Final Countdown '' March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) 0.86 0.36 N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bellino , Damian ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` The reinvented America 's Next Top Model cycle 23 will premiere on December 12th '' . VH1 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rosa , Christopher ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Here is why we 're so excited about the new America 's Next Top Model judges '' . VH1 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Urquhart - White , Alaina ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Why is n't Tyra Banks hosting ' America 's Next Top Model ' cycle 23 ? The new cast will continue where she left off '' . Bustle . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model TV series cast members '' . VH1 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Schedule for America 's Next Top Model '' . VH1 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' Ratings '' . Variety . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Ratings : VH1 's `` America 's Next Top Model '' Premiere Tops Last CW Opener `` . headlineplanet.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.12. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings : `` America 's Next Top Model '' Holds Up Well Despite Reduced Lead - In `` . headlineplanet.com . December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.19. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings : VH1 's `` America 's Next Top Model '' Holds Steady In Week Three `` . headlineplanet.com . December 28 , 2016 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.26. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings : VH1 's `` America 's Next Top Model '' Rises In Week Four `` . headlineplanet.com . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.2. 2017 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.9. 2017 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.16. 2017 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.23. 2017 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.30. 2017 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.1. 2017 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.8. 2017 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.15. 2017 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.22. 2017 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.1. 2017 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.8. 2017 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website America 's Next Top Model Cycles 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 All - Stars ( 17 ) British Invasion ( 18 ) College Edition ( 19 ) Guys & Girls 20 21 22 23 Contestants Winners Adrianne Curry Yoanna House Eva Pigford Naima Mora Nicole Linkletter Danielle Evans CariDee English Jaslene Gonzalez Saleisha Stowers Whitney Thompson McKey Sullivan Teyona Anderson Nicole Fox Krista White Ann Ward Brittani Kline Lisa D'Amato Sophie Sumner Laura James Jourdan Miller Keith Carlos Nyle DiMarco India Gants Finalists Elyse Sewell Mercedes Scelba - Shorte Yaya DaCosta Bre Scullark Jade Cole Melrose Bickerstaff Eugena Washington Natasha Galkina Renee DeWitt Chantal Jones Anya Kop Fatima Siad Analeigh Tipton Allison Harvard Laura Kirkpatrick Leila Goldkuhl Other alumni Toccara Jones Kim Stolz Cassandra Whitehead Anchal Joseph Heather Kuzmich Lisa Jackson Dominique Reighard Isis King Celia Ammerman Natalie Pack Jane Randall Esther Petrack AzMarie Livingston Jasmia Robinson Chantelle Young Related series Modelville ( 2008 ) Stylista ( 2008 ) True Beauty ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Next_Top_Model_(cycle_23)&oldid=799729728 '' Categories : America 's Next Top Model 2016 American television seasons 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Русский ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 14 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the america's next top model 2017	[ "The winner of the competition was 20 year-old India Gants from Seattle, Washington." ]	[ "India Gants" ]
-8195352247220514128	Bobby Anderson (actor)	Bobby Anderson ( actor ) - wikipedia Bobby Anderson ( actor ) Jump to : navigation , search Bobby Anderson Bobby Anderson ( left ) with young Mary and Violet in It 's a Wonderful life ( 1946 ) Robert James Anderson ( 1933 - 03 - 06 ) March 6 , 1933 Hollywood , California , U.S. June 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 06 ) ( aged 75 ) Palm Springs , California , U.S. Cause of death Cancer Other names Bobbie Anderson Bob Anderson Robert J. Anderson Occupation Actor / Television producer Years active 1940 -- 1996 Spouse ( s ) Victoria Anderson ( ? - June 6 , 2008 ; his death ) Children 6 Robert James Anderson ( March 6 , 1933 -- June 6 , 2008 ) was an American actor and television producer , most famous for his role as the young George Bailey in It 's a Wonderful Life . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Partial filmography 3 References 4 External links Life and career ( edit ) Bobby Anderson was born in Hollywood , to a showbiz family . He was the son of Eugene Randolph Anderson , an assistant director and production manager , and Marie Augusta Fleischer , and his brothers and cousins were editors and production managers in their own right . He was also the nephew , by marriage , of directors William Beaudine and James Flood , both of whom were married to Anderson 's mother 's sisters . Anderson 's film career as an actor was brief . He appeared in the TV show Spin and Marty , and he made his last film in 1956 . Anderson enlisted in the Navy during the Korean War , serving as a photographer on aircraft carriers . After his time in the Navy , he went on to work behind the scenes in assistant directing , then later production with Disney , Warner Bros. , Universal , HBO , United Artists , Columbia , and 20th Century Fox on such films and TV shows as The Apartment , Hawaii , The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter , Code Red , Police Story , and Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! . He also worked as a line producer and production consultant for films such as Passenger 57 , Demolition Man and Heat . He died of cancer at age 75 at his home in Palm Springs , California . He is survived by his wife Victoria ; sons John , Robert , and Joseph ; daughters Kathleen , Debora , and Heidi ; and 11 grandchildren . Partial filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1940 The Grapes of Wrath Hungry Boy Film debut 1940 Maryland Lee Danfield - Age 7 1940 Young People Jerry Dakin 1943 Mystery of the 13th Guest Harold as a Child Uncredited 1943 Tender Comrade Boy Uncredited 1945 A Tree Grows in Brooklyn Augie 1945 The Strange Affair of Uncle Harry Child Uncredited 1945 Colorado Pioneers Parish Boy Uncredited 1946 Gentleman Joe Palooka Young Boy Uncredited 1946 It 's a Wonderful Life Little George Uncredited 1947 The Fabulous Texan Boy Uncredited 1947 The Bishop 's Wife Defense Captain Uncredited 1948 Ruthless Horace Vendig as Child 1948 Silver River Boy Uncredited 1949 Kidnapped Ransome - Cabin Boy 1949 Samson and Delilah Boy Uncredited 1951 A Place in the Sun Eagle Scout Uncredited 1953 Born to the Saddle Ricky Summers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Schaden , Chuck ( Spring 2009 ) . `` Necrology for 2008 '' . Nostalgia Digest . 35 ( 2 ) : 55 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Yahoo ! News Archived June 8 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Bob Anderson , 75 , Child Actor , Is Dead '' . New York Times . June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Robert Anderson on IMDb United States Navy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobby_Anderson_(actor)&oldid=817606579 '' Categories : 1933 births 2008 deaths 20th - century American male actors American male child actors American naval personnel of the Korean War Deaths from cancer in California Male actors from Los Angeles United States Navy sailors Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 13 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played young george bailey in it's a wonderful life	[ "Robert James Anderson (March 6, 1933 – June 6, 2008) was an American actor and television producer, most famous for his role as the young George Bailey in It's a Wonderful Life." ]	[ "Robert James Anderson" ]
1369658820465489923	Perro de Presa Canario	Perro de Presa Canario - wikipedia Perro de Presa Canario Jump to : navigation , search Perro de Presa Canario Perro de Presa Canario Other names Canary Mastiff Canary Catch Dog Canarian Molosser Presa Canario Dogo Canario Common nicknames Presa Origin Canary Islands ( Spain ) ( hide ) Classification / standards FCI Group 2 , Section 2.1 Molossian : Mastiff type # 346 standard AKC FSS The AKC Foundation Stock Service ( FSS ) is an optional recording service for purebred dogs that are not yet eligible for AKC registration . UKC Guardian Dog standard Notes The breed is recognized , by the FCI , on a definitive basis and eligible for the CACIB from 6 July 2011 . Domestic dog ( Canis lupus familiaris ) The Perro de Presa Canario , A.K.A. the Canary Mastiff , is a large Molosser - type dog breed originally bred for working livestock . The name of the breed is Spanish , means `` Canarian catch dog '' , and is often shortened to `` Presa Canario '' or simply `` Presa '' . The breed is sometimes also called Dogo Canario , meaning `` Canarian Molosser '' . It is the animal symbol of the island of Gran Canaria . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearance 2 History 3 Coat and color 4 Temperament 5 Health 6 Lifespan 7 Basis for the name and standard 8 Attacks against people 9 Legal restrictions on ownership 10 See also 11 Footnotes 12 External links Appearance ( edit ) A portrait showing the breed 's distinctive head With natural ears First introduced to the world outside of Spain 's Canary Islands by the American anthropologist Dr. Carl Semencic in an article for Dog World Magazine and in his books on the subject of rare breeds of dogs , the Presa Canario or `` Canary Dog '' is a large - size dog with a thick and muscular body . The head is broad , massive , square , and powerful brachycephalic shape . Proper head and good expression are part of the breed standard , and are manifest in the best breed specimens . The ears are normally cropped , both to create a more formidable expression and to prevent damage while working with cattle . If cropped , the ears stand erect . In countries where ear - cropping is banned , the ears are close fitting to the head ; they hang down and should be pendant or `` rose '' shaped . The upper lip is pendulous , although not excessively . Seen from the front , the upper and lower lips come together to form an inverted V . The flews are slightly divergent . The inside of the lips is a dark colour . Males have a standard desirable height range of 23 to 26 inches ( 58 to 66 cm ) at the withers , with a minimum weight at maturity of 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) and a maximum weight of 65 kilograms ( 143 lb ) . Females have a standard desirable height between 22 to 25 inches ( 56 to 64 cm ) at the withers , with a minimum weight at maturity of 85 pounds ( 39 kg ) and a maximum weight of 120 pounds ( 55 kg ) . The breed is also characterized by a sloping topline ( with the rear being slightly higher than the shoulders ) . Another characteristic of the breed is the shape of the paws ( cat foot ) and the catlike movement of the animal . The body is mesomorphic , that is , slightly longer than the dog is tall , contributing to the feline movement . History ( edit ) The historian Agustín Millares Torres , in his `` General History of the Canary Islands '' , said the derivation of large dogs that in these islands were ( incomplete ) . According to his research , these dogs took part in the myths , funeral customs and even gastronomy of the natives ( Guanches ) of the islands . Demons appeared to these people as big fleecy dogs , known as `` Tibicenas '' in Gran Canaria and `` Irnene '' on the island of La Palma . In the funerary cults , the dogs appear mummified beside their owners guides to the afterlife . The dogs were also consumed in small amounts , as has been proven in archaeological discoveries . Perro de Presa Canario body In the aftermath of conquest , the presence of these dogs of molosser morphology on the islands is well documented , especially in the cedularios of the councils of Fuerteventura and Tenerife . The first quote after conquest dates from 1501 , which allowed the puerqueros ( pig farmers ) have `` one of the larges . '' In many periods , these dogs were used to kill the wild dogs that attacked cattle . Success was credited by the presentation of the skins of the heads . In others periods , many of these dogs were ordered to be killed for the damage they did to cattle . At one point , residents were given the opportunity to kill loose and wild dogs without punishment . In other occasions the dogs were ordered to be bound . And still other times , due to the damage caused by these dogs , their possession was banned for anyone who was not a farmer or a hunter . All this occurred between the 16th and 18th centuries . In addition to the traditional role of cattledog , the Perros de Presa have been used for dog fighting . Until the 1950s it remained common practice in all the islands . There exists ample testimony from former fans . The owners agree if witnessed the fight in silence or could incite the animals . No spectator could touch or bother the dogs in combat . The most widespread method was to place the animals within a circle marked on the ground , face to face . The fight began when the collars were removed . These were not organized public events . Instead , they emerged sporadically at the challenge of the owners . However , practically the whole neighborhood participated in the show once it became aware of a fight . The fights were banned in the mid-1940s , but lasted for another decade . From this moment , due to tightening by the Francoist authority for the eradication of dogfighting , the Presa Canario is relegated to counted breeders that fortunately kept the breed preventing its total disappearance . Coat and color ( edit ) Silver Fawn Red Fawn Fawn Red Brindle Brown Brindle Fawn Brindle Reverse Brindle Verdino The coat is short with no undercoating and slightly coarse to the touch . The coat comes in all shades of fawn and brindle . The acceptance of the black coat is a point of contention among fanciers , as it is allowed by the AKC - FSS , UKC and UPPCC standards , but not by the FCI or FCI standards . White is allowed up to 20 percent and is most commonly found on the chest and feet , and occasionally on a blaze on the muzzle . The breed standard requires black pigmentation and dogs should have a black mask that does not extend above the eyes . The breed is known for its minimal shedding . Temperament ( edit ) Presas require early socialization and obedience training . In some situations , the Presa can be aggressive toward other dogs and suspicious of strangers . Health ( edit ) As a large breed , the Presa Canario can be susceptible to hip dysplasia . Other reported health problems include dilated cardiomyopathy - heart problems and mast - cell tumours - cancer patellar luxation and patellar evulsions , skin cysts , epilepsy , osteochondrodysplasias , demodectic mange and cryptorchidism and Canine leishmaniasis . The latter condition is described empirically as highly likely to affect dogs in areas of Spain and academically described as having increased over 22 years prior to 2006 , with risk being highest for dogs that were older , large , lived outside , and lived at the meso - Mediterranean level . Lifespan ( edit ) The average lifespan for the Presa Canario is between 8 and 12 years . Basis for the name and standard ( edit ) The Presa Canario has a legislative basis in Spain in the form of recognition by a Real Decreto ( Royal Decree ) of the Ministro de Agricultura , Pesca y Alimentación ( Minister of Agriculture Fishing and Nutrition ) , which was published in the Official Gazette of the Spanish Government ( ( BOE -- Boletin Oficial del Estado ) ) . The original ( Real Decreto 558 / 2001 ) can be read on the site of the Spanish Government Gazette . In the decree , the breed is referred to as `` Presa Canario '' . A breed standard is attached in the Royal Decree and it includes having a black coat and specifies a maximum weight . Any other name or standard is not recognized by Spanish law . In Spain there are two main organizations which are legally recognized by the Minister of Agriculture , Fishing and Nutrition ( according to the requirements set by the ( Real Decreto 558 / 2001 ) ) : the ( RSCE ) and the ( FCE ) . The term `` legally recognized '' means that these organizations have the power to inscribe the litters into the official Book of Origins of Spain ( LOE -- Libro de Orígenes Español ) . The FCE recognizes the breed according to Spanish law , and uses the Presa Canario name and standard , as set by the ( Real Decreto 558 / 2001 ) . ( An official document ) of the Spanish Government has been issued and sent to the RSCE to warn it and to invite it to modify its regulations . Another recent legal source that identifies the breed is the ( Real Decreto 1557 / 2005 ) . This decree also states the breed name as `` Presa Canario '' and gives the legislative power of official association recognition to the local governments . Attacks against people ( edit ) In January 2001 , Diane Whipple , a 33 - year - old woman in San Francisco , California , was killed by two Perro de Presa Canario mix dogs owned by her neighbors , attorneys who had acquired the dogs on behalf of a client who had trained them for fighting . The incident and its background were recounted in the book Hella Nation by Evan Wright , also referenced in the book Night Broken by Patricia Briggs . In August 2006 , Shawna Willey , a 30 - year - old woman in Coral Springs , Florida , was killed by her own Presa Canario . In March 2012 , a 21 - year - old man in Sacramento , California , had finished lifting weights in his garage and stepped outside to cool off , and was then attacked by two large Presa Canarios ( a 120 lb male and an 80 lb pregnant female ) . Each dog grabbed one of his arms and together they pulled him to the ground . The driver of a passing car witnessed the attack and hit one of the dogs with the car . The victim then jumped onto the car , which sped him away to escape the attack . In August 2012 , Rebecca Carey , a 23 - year - old woman in Decatur , Georgia , was killed by dogs that she was caring for in her home . Two were pit bulls , one was a boxer mix , and two were Presas . In April 2013 , a 5 - year - old girl in White Plains , Maryland , was attacked and critically injured by family - owned dogs at her home . Police suspected at least two of the three dogs at the home , an English bulldog and two Presa Canarios , were involved in the attack . In May 2013 , Clifford Clarke , a 79 - year - old man was attacked , mauled , and killed in Liverpool , England , by a Presa Canario Bull Mastiff mix , which had not been fed for 45 hours . In February 2014 , a woman near Znojmo in the Czech republic was attacked by a 60 kilograms ( 130 lb ) Akita and Perro de Presa mix . Police intervened and shot the dog , and the woman survived . In March 2017 , a woman in Glendale , Wisconsin , was attacked and injured , suffering more puncture wounds and requiring eleven staples to close a wound to the head . A neighbour intervened and managed to knock the dog off of the woman . In April 2017 , a 40 - year - old woman in Madrid , Spain , was killed by her own Presa Canario . It was initially thought the cause of the death was pallets falling over her , but the autopsy performed determined the actual cause was the dog 's attack . Legal restrictions on ownership ( edit ) Importation and sale of the breed is prohibited in Australia and New Zealand . See also ( edit ) List of animals and plants symbols of the Canary Islands Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CIRCULAR 57 / 2011 '' ( PDF ) . FCI General Assembly , Paris . 2011 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Ley 7 / 1991 , de 30 de abril , de símbolos de la naturaleza para las Islas Canarias Jump up ^ Santana , Clemente Reyes . `` El Perro de Presa Canario '' . ElPresa.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` FCI - St. N ° 346 / 12.08. 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Fédération Cynologique Internationale . Retrieved 25 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` UKC Standard : Perro de Presa Canario '' . UKC. 1 January 2003 . Retrieved 25 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historia del perro de Presa Canario ( Dogo Canario ) '' dogoscanarios.com Jump up ^ `` Historia del perro de Presa Canario ( Dogo Canario ) '' dogoscanarios.com Jump up ^ `` Historia del perro de Presa Canario ( Dogo Canario ) '' dogoscanarios.com Jump up ^ Aguiro , Sergio . `` Authentic Perro de Presa Canario '' . ElPresa.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Perro de Presa Canario FAQ '' . United Perro de Presa Canario Club . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Perro de Presa Canario '' . Canada 's Guide to Dogs . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Parasite Infection ( Leishmaniasis ) in Dogs '' . Pet MD . Jump up ^ `` LEISHMANIA '' . Dogs at Large . Jump up ^ Martín - Sánchez , Dr Joaquina . `` Canine Leishmaniasis in Southeastern Spain '' . Universidad de Granada , Granada , Spain . Jump up ^ `` Perro de Presa Canario '' . http://www.vetstreet.com/ . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Evan Wright , Hella Nation , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Murder conviction of woman in dog - mauling case could be reinstated . '' . Advocate. 2 June 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Dennis , Brady ( 22 August 2006 ) . `` Attraction to exotic dogs was fatal '' . St Petersburg Times . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Two exotic breed dogs attack Sacramento man '' , KXTV , March 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia woman who rescued animals killed in dog attack '' . Foxnews.com. 2012 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Suzy Khimm and Annie Gowen , Charles County Girl Critically Injured in a Dog Attack , Washington Post , April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Siddle , John ( 2014 - 06 - 03 ) . `` ' Eaten alive ' : Duo jailed for 12 months after their dog killed Liverpool pensioner Clifford Clarke '' . Liverpool Echo . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-merseyside-27679092 . Jump up ^ http://www.novinky.cz/krimi/327244-sedesatikilovy-pes-napadl-na-znojemsku-svou-majitelku.html Jump up ^ http://fox6now.com/2017/03/07/my-hero-attacked-by-dog-in-glendale-woman-says-she-wouldnt-be-here-if-not-for-neighbor/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Muere una mujer en Madrid por los mordiscos de su perro '' . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Customs ( Prohibited Imports ) Regulation 1956 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Another dog added to banned list '' . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dogo Canario . Perro de Presa Canario at DMOZ Dogs originating in Spain Hounds Andalusian Hound Andalusian Hound Maneto Canarian Hound Ibizan Hound Sabueso Cántabro Sabueso Español Spanish Galgo Xarnego Gun dogs Burgalese Pointer Cantabrian Water Dog Ca Mè Mallorquí Pachón Navarro Perdigueiro Galego Spanish Water Dog Pastoral dogs Basque Shepherd Dog Can de Chira Carea Castellano Manchego Carea Leonés Catalan Sheepdog Galician Palleiro Garafian Shepherd Great Pyrenees Majorca Shepherd Dog Perro Majorero Pyrenean Mastiff Pyrenean Shepherd Spanish Mastiff Molossers Alano Español Ca de Bou Enkarterriko Billano Perro de Presa Canario Terriers Gos Rater Valencià Little Villein of Las Encartaciones Majorca Ratter Murcian Ratter Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz Toy breeds Bichon Frisé Other Hierran Wolfdog Extinct Old Spanish Pointer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perro_de_Presa_Canario&oldid=799502048 '' Categories : Molossers Dog breeds originating in the Canary Islands Dog fighting breeds Catch dog breeds Rare dog breeds Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use dmy dates from March 2014 Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from February 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2012 Articles with DMOZ links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Frysk Italiano ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 03 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what breed of dog is a presa canario	[ "The Perro de Presa Canario, A.K.A. the Canary Mastiff, is a large Molosser-type dog breed originally bred for working livestock. The name of the breed is Spanish, means \"Canarian catch dog\", and is often shortened to \"Presa Canario\" or simply \"Presa\". The breed is sometimes also called Dogo Canario, meaning \"Canarian Molosser\". It is the animal symbol of the island of Gran Canaria.[2]" ]	[ "Mastiff" ]
675286854417607013	Gwen Stacy	Gwen Stacy - wikipedia Gwen Stacy Jump to : navigation , search For the alternate - universe superhero version , see Spider - Woman ( Gwen Stacy ) . For the comic - book series starring the alternate - universe superhero version , see Spider - Gwen . For the Christian metalcore band , see Gwen Stacy ( band ) . Gwen Stacy Gwen Stacy on the cover to The Spectacular Spider - Man , Vol. 2 , # 23 ( March 2005 ) . Art by Greg Land . Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance The Amazing Spider - Man # 31 ( December 1965 ) Created by Stan Lee Steve Ditko In - story information Full name Gwendolyn Maxine Stacy Supporting character of Spider - Man Ultimate Spider - Man Dead Girl Notable aliases Spider - Gwen Gwendolyne Maxine `` Gwen '' Stacy is a fictional character who appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics , usually as a supporting character in those featuring Spider - Man . A college student , she was a long - term romantic interest for Peter Parker before she was murdered by the Green Goblin ( Norman Osborn ) . Spider - Man writers and fans often debate whether Peter 's `` one true love '' is Gwen Stacy , or Mary Jane Watson ( Peter 's later girlfriend and wife ) . Stories published long after her death indicate that Gwen still holds a special place in his heart . The character has been portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard in the 2007 film Spider - Man 3 and by Emma Stone in the 2012 reboot film The Amazing Spider - Man and its sequel The Amazing Spider - Man 2 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Early history 2.2 Death 2.3 Clones 2.4 `` Sins Past '' 2.5 Dead No More : The Clone Conspiracy 3 Other versions 3.1 `` Age of Apocalypse '' 3.2 Gwenpool 3.3 `` House of M '' 3.4 Marvel Adventures 3.5 Marvel Zombies Return 3.6 Powerless 3.7 Spider - Gwen 3.8 Spider - Punk 3.9 Spider - Man : Fairy Tales 3.10 Spider - Man Loves Mary Jane 3.11 Spider - Man Unlimited 3.12 Ultimate Marvel 3.13 What If 4 In other media 4.1 Television 4.2 Film 4.2. 1 Sam Raimi series 4.2. 2 Marc Webb series 4.3 Video games 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Publication history ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2013 ) Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko , Gwen Stacy first appeared in The Amazing Spider - Man # 31 ( December 1965 ) . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) In her initial appearances , Peter Parker meets Gwen while both are studying as undergraduates at Empire State University , but with Aunt May in the hospital , Peter is troubled and ignores her advances . Furious , she dates both Flash Thompson and Harry Osborn . Gradually , however , a romance develops ; Gwen , a science major , seems to appreciate Peter 's intellectual personality . Their relationship begins almost immediately after Peter stops going out with Mary Jane , whom he starts seeing as shallow and self - absorbed . Later issues introduced Gwen 's father , ( police ) Captain George Stacy . Though her father is both fond of Peter and supportive of his alter - ego Spider - Man , he ultimately only strains his relationship with Gwen after he is killed by falling debris during a battle involving Spider - Man and Doctor Octopus . Gwen blames Spider - Man for his death , and leaves for Europe to cope with her loss . She wants Peter to ask her to marry him and convince her to stay , but his guilt stops him from proposing . Gwen 's feelings for Peter eventually prompt her to return to New York , and their relationship is rekindled . According to Lee , who scripted all of the stories featuring Gwen Stacy up to this point , the original intent was for Gwen Stacy to be Spider - Man 's central love interest , `` but no matter how we ( i.e. Lee and his artist / co-plotter collaborators ) wrote it , Mary Jane always seemed more interesting ! '' Death ( edit ) Main article : The Night Gwen Stacy Died Gerry Conway and Roy Thomas succeeded Stan Lee as writer and editor , respectively , of The Amazing Spider - Man . Together with inker John Romita , Sr. , they came to the decision to have Gwen Stacy killed off . It was Romita who first suggested the idea , during a plotting session with Conway when Romita was still penciller on The Amazing Spider - Man . Conway later said his contribution to the decision was motivated by a desire to bring Mary Jane Watson to the forefront , as he shared Lee 's feeling that she was a more interesting character than Gwen Stacy : `` ( Mary Jane ) had n't lost the edge that made her an interesting character . Gwen did n't have an edge . She was just a nice person . '' The Green Goblin kidnaps and throws Gwen Stacy off the George Washington Bridge in The Amazing Spider - Man # 121 ( June 1973 ) . Both the decision to kill Gwen and the method in which Marvel implemented it remain controversial among fans because some believe that Peter himself was the one who caused her death . The death became a pivotal point in both Spider - Man 's history and in American comic books in general . Many point to Gwen 's death as the end of the Silver Age of Comics . Before her death , except possibly as part of an origin story , superheroes did not fail so catastrophically ; nor did the hero 's loved ones die so suddenly and without warning . In his book The Physics of Superheroes , physicist James Kakalios writes that , consistent with Newton 's laws of motion , the sudden stop would have killed Gwen Stacy . The comic book Civil War : Casualties of War : Captain America / Iron Man ( 2007 ) concurred that the proximate cause of death was the sudden stop during a high - speed fall . An issue of Peter Parker / Spider - Man revisits the issue , and further confirms Gwen died of a broken neck due to the use of the webbing . On the other hand , in the 1987 edition of The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe , Gwen 's death is attributed to the fall , not to Spider - Man 's webbing . Within the Marvel Comics , Gwen Stacy 's death has enormous repercussions . Mary Jane Watson feels the loss of Gwen deeply and becomes a more mature , compassionate person . Gwen 's death also draws Peter and Mary Jane into a closer friendship , and eventually to romance . Miles Warren , one of Gwen 's professors , was secretly in love with her . Following her death , Warren goes insane and adopts the persona of the Jackal . In the fourth and final issue of the miniseries Marvels ( April 1994 ) , photographer Phil Sheldon befriends Gwen Stacy , who has absolved Spider - Man of any blame for her father 's death . Gwen 's simple faith in heroes convinces Sheldon of the purpose of the `` Marvels '' ( i.e. , superheroes ) -- to protect innocents such as Gwen . He resolves to write a book to praise the heroes and what they should mean to humanity . When the Green Goblin kidnaps Gwen and holds her hostage to bait Spider - Man , Sheldon frantically follows the resulting chase in a taxi and witnesses her death . While it is reported that she died from the shock of the fall Sheldon thinks it looks like something else . Sheldon 's faith in the Marvels is shattered . Clones ( edit ) Following the publication of The Amazing Spider - Man # 121 , Stan Lee ( who had since become Marvel 's publisher ) was frequently criticized by fans during his public appearances for killing off Gwen Stacy . Lee , who had also found the character 's death objectionable , insisted that Conway write a story bringing her back . Conway strongly objected since he felt any sort of resurrection would break the plausibility of the stories , but ultimately gave in under the condition that after reviving Gwen , he could write her out of the book as soon as he wanted . He decided that cloning would be the best means to bring the character back . In the resulting story , set approximately two years after Gwen Stacy 's death , `` Gwen '' reappears , perfectly healthy but with no memory of the time since her death . This story , published in Amazing Spider - Man # 144 ( May 1975 ) , initiated the original Clone Saga . At the end of that story , Gwen 's clone , a creation of Spider - Man villain the Jackal , leaves to find a new life for herself , coming to accept that she is not really the same person who had a relationship with Peter Parker . In the 1988 crossover `` The Evolutionary War '' , the High Evolutionary , who had once been Miles Warren 's teacher , captures Gwen 's clone . He is dismayed to learn that Miles Warren has perfected the art of cloning and thus lies to the New Men that it was nothing more than a genetic construct created by a virus that he injected into his apprentice , Joyce Delaney . During the second `` Clone Saga '' , Gwen Stacy 's clone , now married to a clone of Professor Warren named Warren Miles , sees a copy of Peter Parker 's book of Spider - Man photos , Webs , and remembers ( to an extent ) her real history . She returns to New York City . During this storyline , she again disappears from Spider - Man 's life . It was revealed the Gwen Stacy clone introduced in Amazing Spider - Man # 144 was in fact the second Gwen clone Miles Warren created and has been living in London under the name Joyce Delaney . This clone is murdered by the Gwen Stacy clone known as Abby - L . Another Gwen clone appears in The Amazing Spider - Man # 399 ( March 1995 ) . This clone believes she is the real Gwen . She dies from clone degeneration in Spider - Man # 56 ( March 1995 ) , the next issue of the story arc . A further Gwen clone appears in the `` Sibling Rivalry '' crossover storyline between Superior Spider - Man Team - Up and Scarlet Spider . She joins the Jackal ( alongside Carrion and a regular Miles Warren clone ) in capturing Superior Spider - Man and Kaine . She is sympathetic towards `` Peter '' and Kaine , but at the same time utterly loyal to the Jackal . When the Spiders break free , Superior Spider - Man disarms and attempts to kill her , but is stopped by Kaine . When the Jackal 's lab is engulfed in flames , Kaine offers to save her , but she refuses , and is seemingly consumed by the fire . `` Sins Past '' ( edit ) The story arc `` Sins Past '' by J. Michael Straczynski in The Amazing Spider - Man # 509 -- 514 ( August 2004 -- January 2005 ) reveals Norman Osborn , the Green Goblin 's alter ego , fathered twins , a boy and a girl , with Gwen Stacy , to whom she gave birth while in France shortly before her death . She vowed she would raise them with Peter ( despite the fact that he was not aware of Gwen 's infidelity ) and refused to allow Norman access to them . Seeing her as a threat to his potential heirs , the Green Goblin killed Gwen . Norman Osborn then raised Gwen 's two children , a boy and a girl named Gabriel and Sarah . Straczynski later stated he originally wanted to make Peter Parker the father of Gwen 's kids but the editors vetoed the idea . They felt it would age Peter Parker too much if he had two adult children . The whole creative and editorial team then decided Norman Osborn would be the father . In an e-mail to the comic book website Newsarama , Straczynski claimed he regretted the version of `` Sins Past '' that went to press , and he had hoped to `` retcon '' it out of continuity during the events of the then - recent `` One More Day '' storyline : `` I wanted to retcon the Gwen twins out of continuity , which was something I always assumed I could do at the end of my run . I was n't allowed to do this , and yes , it pissed me off . '' In the original plans for `` One More Day '' , the story would have ended with Gwen Stacy being resurrected by Mephisto 's reality - warping spell along with Harry Osborn , but it was eventually decided to let her remain dead . Her son , Gabriel , has reappeared in subsequent stories . Dead no more : the clone Conspiracy ( edit ) In the Clone Conspiracy storyline , a flashback revealed that Gwen Stacy was conscious during Spider - Man and Green Goblin 's battle on the bridge and as she was falling to her death . She overheard Green Goblin and Spider - Man 's conversation . This caused her to discover Peter is Spider - Man and was angered by Peter keeping this secret and his involvement in her father 's death . In the present , Gwen is supposedly revived by the Jackal with his clones . The Jackal claims that this one is not a clone but the real Gwen who was harvested from her remains and still remembers everything in her life , including her death . The Jackal offers Gwen the opportunity to be his business partner as he tries to change the world with his new technology . Gwen is hesitant about this new life at first but accepts it when the Jackal shows that he has reanimated the clone of her father , who is much better than he was before he died . When Spider - Man arrives at the incorporation and discovers the Jackal 's experiments , he is surprised by Gwen 's presence and notes that unlike the other people he revived , who are with clones by the Jackal , Gwen does not trigger his spider - sense , making him wonder if she was the real one , but he is attacked by the `` reborn '' Doctor Octopus before he can question the issue further . After the Jackal breaks up the fight and shows Spider - Man around the New U , George Stacy clone recognizes something off about Gwen 's face and points his gun at her . It was revealed that the Gwen clone was actually her Earth - 65 counterpart Spider - Woman that assists Spider - Man in escaping . The real Gwen is kidnapped by Kaine and taken to Parker Industries to be studied . Kaine reveals that he and Spider - Woman came to this world to assist Spider - Man was because they saw that apparently Spider - Man allying with the Jackal 's offer on other worlds results in a global disaster . Rhino and Electro are sent to retrieve Gwen after attacking the staff , but Gwen tells them to take Kaine with him too because the condition could help with Jackal 's experiments . Anna Maria Marconi also volunteers to come with because she has studied both Kaine and the drug . When Spider - Man is taken to Haven , he catches up with Gwen in the household in the facility , where she tries to convince him to support New U Technologies . Peter still has a hard time believing she was the real Gwen given his other experiences with clones . Gwen tries justifying her existence by telling Peter her memories , including how she overheard the Green Goblin talking to Spider - Man confront before her death . Peter thinks she died hating him , but Gwen said that she did not hate him , but rather died feeling betrayed . Peter again still has doubts towards Gwen not being a clone , she tries kissing him with no avail that only pushes him to put the mask back on . Gwen witnesses Jackal order the villains clone to kill Spider - Man and wants to help . When Doctor Octopus pulls a switch which activates the Carrion Virus in all of the revived and causes them to start rapidly decaying , including Gwen and George . After her father deteriorates in Gwen 's arms , she assists Spider - Man by helping him get to the lab . When the villains clone get to the lab doors , Gwen locks Spider - Man inside the lab and sacrifices herself towards the villains to give Spider - Man more time . Following the Carrion Virus being thwarted , Spider - Man and Anna check the building and see that Gwen has been reduced to dust . Other versions ( edit ) `` Age of Apocalypse '' ( edit ) In the two - issue mini-series X-Universe , which details what happened to the rest of the Marvel Universe during the `` Age of Apocalypse '' storyline , the Green Goblin never killed Gwen Stacy . Instead she became the bodyguard of Donald Blake , who , in this reality , had never become the Mighty Thor . Sometime later in the mainstream universe in X-Man # 37 , the Age of Apocalypse version of Gwen is pulled from her reality to the mainstream Earth 's George Washington Bridge , much to Spider - Man 's shock . Gwenpool ( edit ) Main article : Gwenpool Due to the popularity of Spider - Gwen , in June 2015 Marvel published variant covers for 20 of their current series , which saw Gwen Stacy re-imagined as other Marvel characters , such as Doctor Strange , Groot and Wolverine . One of those variants , for `` Deadpool 's Secret Secret Wars # 2 '' , featured an amalgam of Gwen Stacy and Deadpool dubbed `` Gwenpool '' , which turned out to be especially popular with the fans . As the result , Marvel produced two stories featuring Gwenpool as a character , a backup story in the series `` Howard the Duck '' , and a one - shot `` Gwenpool Holiday Special # 1 '' . A retcon in the Howard the Duck # 1 backup it was revealed her name is actually `` Gwen Poole '' , not Gwen Stacy , or even an alternate version of Gwen Stacy . Following the publication of the one - shot , an ongoing series titled The Unbelievable Gwenpool by the same creative team was announced , starting in April 2016 . `` House of M '' ( edit ) In the reality seen in the `` House of M '' storyline , in which the Scarlet Witch alters reality to make mutants the ruling class over humans , Gwen was never killed . Instead , she married Peter Parker , and the couple had a young son . She had become a scientist , a savvy businesswoman , and a peace activist -- and had a decidedly hostile relationship with chemical weapon developer Norman Osborn . Mary Jane Watson , a popular actress in this reality , played Gwen Stacy in the film adaptation of Spider - Man 's life story . Gwen and her father read textual accounts of their deaths in the main universe , though they believe this simply to be the morbid imaginings of Peter Parker , who is suffering from mental health issues . Marvel Adventures ( edit ) Gwen Stacy first appeared in Marvel Adventures Spider - Man # 53 as a new student of Midtown High . She had transferred from her previous school after the Torino Gang , a powerful New York mob , began harassing her in an attempt to keep her father , police captain George Stacy , from arresting members of their gang . However , the Torinos continued to harass Gwen at Midtown , prompting Spider - Man to help the police take down the gang . Like her father , Gwen believes Spider - Man is a hero . She subsequently began participating in a `` Spider - Man Appreciation Society '' designed to foster better public opinion of Spider - Man . Gwen is also attracted to Spider - Man 's alter ego Peter Parker ; although she openly flirted with him , Peter began dating a different girl , Sophia `` Chat '' Sanduval , which made Gwen very unhappy . Later , Gwen was brainwashed by Emma Frost into believing she was dating Peter . Gwen 's brainwashing wore off ( or was undone by Emma ) , but Gwen now believes her relationship with Peter ended when he chose Chat over her , causing her to treat Chat very coldly . She has since warmed to Chat , however . Recently , Gwen began a close friendship with Carter Torino who is the grandson of the head of the Torino Gang . Their relationship is complicated by the fact Gwen 's father is still trying to take down Carter 's criminal family . Marvel Zombies return ( edit ) In the limited series , Marvel Zombies Return , Gwen of ' Earth Z ' is still a college student out with her friends Mary Jane and Harry Osborn . The zombified Spider - Man travels to this earth and , despite his best intentions , turns the Sinister Six . They then slay and partly consume Gwen and her friends . To stop the spread of the virus , Spider - Man obliterates the bodies . Powerless ( edit ) In the Powerless mini-series , Gwen Stacy again appears as the girlfriend of Peter Parker . Norman Osborn again kidnaps and attempts to kill her as a part of a plan to intimidate Peter . In a twist , the powerless Peter ( with a limb crippled from a spider bite ) manages to save Gwen from falling to her death . Spider - Gwen ( edit ) Gwen Stacy as Spider - Woman ( nicknamed `` The White Widow '' by cosplayers ) in an alternate universe . Named `` Spider - Gwen '' by the fans and authors . Main article : Spider - Woman ( Gwen Stacy ) In the alternate reality designated Earth - 65 , Gwen Stacy is the one bitten by the radioactive spider , and becomes a superhero going by the name of Spider - Woman . She is also a member of a band fronted by Mary Jane Watson , simply called the Mary Janes . Shortly after Gwen begins fighting crime , Peter Parker attempts to exact revenge on those who bullied him , becoming this universe 's version of the Lizard . Gwen subdues him , but Peter dies towards the end of the battle due to the chemical he used . Spider - Woman is blamed for his death , causing an outcry for her arrest , led by J. Jonah Jameson . Her father , who is also a police chief in this world , begins a hunt for her . This follows Gwen into college , where she is still a member of the Mary Janes . At a gig of theirs , an assassin is sent after Gwen 's father , who is in the audience . Gwen defeats the assassin , the audience and band clearing out during the battle . While they are alone , Captain Stacy holds Spider - Woman at gun point , with Gwen taking off her mask to reveal who she is . Shocked upon learning Spider - Woman 's identity , he tells her to run before he changes his mind . In the distance , the Captain Britain from Earth - 833 , called Spider - UK , is watching , saying that Gwen will `` do quite nicely . '' Gwen is recruited by Spider - UK to team up with other Spider - Totems across the multiverse , and next appears on Earth - 616 with Old Man Spider - Man of Earth - 4 and Spider - Man of Earth - 70105 ( who in that reality is Bruce Banner ) to rescue Kaine , who was under attack by the Inheritors . Marvel - 616 Peter is hesitant to put Gwen in action and she is told by the others of how he failed to save her in his world . However he does recruit her for a mission and they both agree to look out for each other . Gwen is sent to recruit an alternate version of Peter Parker who is driven insane after he failed to save the Gwen Stacy in his dimension , killed the Green Goblin , and became the Hobgoblin . She tells him that he can become the man he once was if he joins them , but they are attacked by the Inheritors . Hobgoblin sacrifices himself to save Gwen . After the events of Spider - Verse , Gwen returns to her home of Earth - 65 where she continues her career as Spider - Woman in her own solo series , Spider - Gwen . She first saves George Stacy from mercenary Aleksei Sytsevich who was sent by Wilson Fisk and his lawyer Matt Murdock to target him . Then she begins a hunt for the Vulture who has been terrorizing the city in her absence . She appears as one of the main characters in the Secret Wars Spider - Verse event with Spider - Ham , Spider - Girl , Spider - UK , Spider - Man Noir , and Spider - Man India in a Battleworld called Archania ruled by Norman Osborn . They eventually form a team called the Web Warriors where they help other Spider - Men and Women in various dimensions . A child version of her also appears in Giant Size Little Marvel Avengers vs X-Men as a new kid that Tony Stark tries to ask out on a date . She rejects him because he 's a kid with a goatee and mustache . Another version of her is a member of Arcadia's 's A-Force . On Earth - 8 , she is married to Miles Morales and they have two children with Spider Powers . Spider - punk ( edit ) In an issue of Web Warriors , Spider - Punk mentions that the Gwen Stacy in his dimension was a musical icon . Spider - Man : fairy Tales ( edit ) Issue # 1 of Spider - Man : Fairy Tales follows the fairy tale of Little Red Riding Hood , reimagined with Mary Jane Watson as the titular character . Gwen Stacy has been previously killed by the wolf . Issue # 4 is an adaption of Cinderella with Gwen as Princess Gwendolyn . She falls in love with the masked `` Prince of Arachne , '' who is revealed to be Peter Parker , servant to Sir Osborn , but is killed during a fight between Osborn and Parker . Spider - Man Loves Mary Jane ( edit ) Gwen Stacy first appears at the end of Spider - Man Loves Mary Jane # 5 . She is the new girl at school and quickly becomes close friends with Peter Parker . In Spider - Man Loves Mary Jane # 9 , Peter and Gwen take their relationship to the next level by sharing a tender kiss , much to the dismay of Mary Jane . They date for a time , though Gwen breaks up with Peter when she learns Mary Jane is the girl he truly loves . MJ , attempting to fix this , breaks up with Peter and reunites with Harry . Peter can not commit to Gwen . She is unwilling to accept him as a friend and not a boyfriend . Spider - Man Unlimited ( edit ) In the fourth issue of the comic book based on the Spider - Man Unlimited animated series , Spidey encounters a Counter-Earth version of Gwen Stacy . She helps him escape a hidden paradise known as `` The Haven '' . Ultimate Marvel ( edit ) Gwen Stacy in Ultimate Spider - Man . In the Ultimate Marvel continuity , Gwen Stacy first appears in Ultimate Spider - Man # 14 ( December 2001 ) as a teenage girl at Peter 's high school . In this continuity , Gwen , whose rendition by artist Mark Bagley was inspired by an early - career Madonna , has amber eyes , wears punk - style clothing , and harbors a rebellious personality . In her first appearance she gives a rousing speech on ' super powers ' ; in the next issue she pulls a knife on Kong , a classmate who was bullying Peter . She is suspended from school temporarily . Gwen becomes friends with Peter , which leads Mary Jane Watson to believe Gwen is vying for his affections . Gwen is later taken in by Aunt May after her father , police captain John Stacy , is killed by a burglar wearing a Spider - Man costume . Her estranged mother does not want to take her in . Her living in the Parker house creates more tension between Peter and Mary Jane , and leads to their temporary break - up . Peter 's relationship with Gwen is further complicated by her hatred of Spider - Man , whom she blames for her father 's death . When Peter finds his friend Eddie Brock , Gwen confides in him about her feelings of isolation . Eddie then tries to kiss her . Gwen is shocked . When she eventually learns Peter is Spider - Man , the angry Gwen pulls her father 's gun on him . Fortunately , he manages to convince her he is not to blame for her father 's death . Gwen runs off but returns , explaining she is just really mad at everything at the moment . She would n't have really shot him , a fact Peter already knew because his spider sense did n't go off despite Gwen 's wrath . Gwen then agrees to keep his secret . Gwen Stacy dies in Ultimate Spider - Man # 62 . Before her death , she made peace with Mary Jane and assured her she never had romantic feelings for Peter . She considered him just as a friend . She is killed by Carnage , a vampiric monster made by the splicing of genetic material from Peter Parker , his father , and Dr. Curt Connors . Although Peter is not in the area when she dies , he still feels some responsibility for her death , as he allowed Dr. Connors to use his genetic material for experimentation . His guilt makes him decide to retire as Spider - Man for a while . Eventually , he takes up his hero identity when his responsibility for the innocent becomes too great to overlook . At the end of the arc , there was an issue that dealt with Gwen 's death . Flash Thompson makes an off - color remark about Gwen 's passing . It infuriates MJ to the point where she physically attacks Flash . It is revealed Flash had a crush on Gwen all along . A girl seeming to be Gwen Stacy appears in Ultimate Spider - Man # 98 . Says Ultimate artist Mark Bagley , `` Gwen 's return is integral to the Clone storyline and is basically a way to rock Peter 's world ... again . '' In this issue `` Gwen '' appears to have no memory of her `` death '' and believes she was in a hospital , from which she has escaped . In issue # 100 , after a raft of revelations , the stress of the situation enrages `` Gwen '' . She transforms into what appears to be Carnage before leaping out the window . In the next issue , `` Richard Parker '' claims `` Gwen '' should not have met Peter at all , and was merely an experiment in stem cell research . This Gwen / Carnage fights with the Fantastic Four , Nick Fury , and the Spider - Slayer drones , until she is knocked unconscious by a beam of light , and taken into custody . In issue # 113 , Norman Osborn as the Green Goblin causes a massive prison break from the Triskelion . An inmate appearing to be ' Gwen ' walks out amidst the chaos , disappearing in the shadows . It has been revealed the creature posing as Gwen Stacy is still the original Ultimate Carnage Spider - Man faced earlier in its run . After `` devouring '' Gwen , this incarnation of Carnage has gone on to mimic her `` essence '' and now believes itself to be Gwen Stacy . During the `` War of the Symbiotes '' storyline , Gwen / Carnage 's back story in the Triskelion is revealed . It is shown Gwen has been taking some form of therapy with Tony Stark . However , when the Green Goblin broke out of the Triskelion , Gwen escaped and went to Peter Parker 's house in a confused and terrified state , with Carnage 's face on her body . During an exchange between Peter and Gwen , Eddie Brock attempts to attack Aunt May and retake his symbiote . In a rage , Spider - Man engages Venom on a nearby rooftop . During the fight , Gwen is shown to be able to use her symbiote to fight off Eddie but Eddie reabsorbs his symbiote along with the Carnage symbiote rendering Gwen Stacy an average girl . After SHIELD intervenes , SHIELD Director Danvers states Gwen will remain in S.H.I.E.L.D. custody . Peter and May argue for her to come back to live with them , with Tony Stark supporting the Parkers . In Ultimate Spider - Man # 129 , the Parkers are now helping to rebuild Gwen 's life . Her ghastly experience with the Carnage symbiote also causes her to develop a death anxiety she gradually controls . Six months after the `` Ultimatum '' storyline , in Ultimate Comics Spider - Man # 1 , Gwen is living with the Parkers again and seems to be dating Peter . However , circumstances involving the Chameleon made Gwen realize she made a mistake dating Peter . She breaks up with him , but still lives with the Parkers due to Gwen and Aunt May has become close in a surrogate mother - daughter fashion . After Peter 's death , Gwen and May re-located in France , but returned to New York after hearing about the re-emergence of a new Spider - Man . Afterwards , they meet the Peter Parker of the Earth - 616 continuity after he was accidentally and briefly sent to the Ultimate universe , with Gwen being intrigued to learn about her counterpart ( although she is not informed that her other self dead , Gwen also `` neglecting '' to tell Peter that she had died and revived ) , as she also attempts to tell Mary Jane about the other Peter 's arrival in their world . When Green Goblin escapes custody after S.H.I.E.L.D. was shut down , he arrives at the front yard of Aunt May 's house and confronts the new Spider - Man . Gwen and Aunt May are inside watching the television where the battle of the new Spider - Man and Green Goblin was being broadcast . Soon , Spider - Man emerges to aid the new Spider - Man in the fight , to the surprise of Gwen and Aunt May . Green Goblin flees at his arrival and the two Spider - Men depart . Gwen is unsure of the identity of the original Spider - Man , however , Aunt May assures her that his motives show that it him . Later , Gwen and Aunt May walk over to Mary Jane 's house and overhear Peter 's unknown resurrection . Gwen sprints over and joyfully reunites with him . After the two Spider - Men defeat Green Goblin , Peter tells Gwen that he intends to go on a quest to find out the truth of his mystery resurrection . Early in the series , Ultimate Spider - Man # 25 ( October 2002 ) paid homage to Gwen Stacy 's death in the Earth - 616 continuity , although Gwen herself was not involved . The Green Goblin tossed Mary Jane off the Queensboro Bridge . Spider - Man caught her leg with his webbing , just as with Gwen . The issue ended with a cliffhanger : when Spider - Man pulled Mary Jane up , she appeared to be either unconscious or dead . The cliffhanger was resolved in the next issue when Mary Jane awoke in # 26 , uninjured . What if ( edit ) In `` What if Gwen Stacy had lived ? '' , Peter saves Gwen by jumping after her rather than catching her with a web - line . In doing this , he cushions her from the impact as they hit the water and subsequently gives her CPR . After regaining consciousness , Gwen sees him without his mask . After explaining himself to her , Peter proposes to Gwen . She accepts . Meanwhile , the Green Goblin mails to J. Jonah Jameson proof of Spider - Man 's real identity . On the day of Peter 's wedding to Gwen , Jonah has published the expose and uses it to acquire a warrant for Peter 's arrest . Peter escapes from the police moments after his wedding to Gwen , but the issue ends with Peter on the run from the law and pondering his uncertain future . As the issue ends , Gwen departs with Joe ' Robbie ' Robertson , who promises Gwen they will do whatever they can to help Peter and quits the Bugle . In `` What If Spider - Man Had Kept His Six Arms ? '' , Spider - Man ( whose six - arms mutation was permanent here ) is able to prevent Gwen Stacy 's death . At the very end of Peter David 's one - shot `` What If : The Other , '' Peter Parker ( now calling himself `` Poison '' ) uses part of the Venom symbiote attached to him in the resurrection of Gwen Stacy . She takes the appearance of Carnage . In other media ( edit ) Gwen Stacy in The Spectacular Spider - Man . Bryce Dallas Howard as Gwen Stacy in Spider - Man 3 . Emma Stone as Gwen Stacy in The Amazing Spider - Man . Television ( edit ) Gwen Stacy was deliberately excluded from the 1990s Spider - Man animated series as the creators felt they could neither allow her to live nor deliberately include a character who was going to die . An alternate version of the character did appear in the series finale , voiced by Mary Kay Bergman . The fiancée of Spider - Man 's high - tech armored counterpart in this parallel universe , the primary version of Spider - Man meets Gwen for the first time . Gwen plays a role in help defeating Spider - Carnage . Gwen Stacy appears as a central character in The Spectacular Spider - Man , voiced by Lacey Chabert . Depicted as a teenager , this version is friends with Peter Parker and Harry Osborn and is the daughter of George Stacy . She has hidden romantic feelings for Peter , being hurt several times when he expressed interest in other girls . Throughout season one , she becomes concerned when Harry become addicted to Gobulin Green . At the end of season one , she kisses Peter , leaving them in an awkward standing in season two . Despite their feeling for each other , Peter begins dating Liz Allan and she dates Harry . In the series finale , `` Final Curtain '' , she and Peter acknowledge how they feel about each other , and agree to break up with Harry and Liz . However , after Norman Osborn 's apparent death , Gwen stays in a relationship with Harry because she would be the only one to care for him . A variation of Spider - Gwen , native to Miles Morales ' dimension shows up in the final part of Return to the Spider - verse in Ultimate Spider - Man vs. the Sinister Six , voiced by Dove Cameron . This version does n't have Spider powers and instead relies on tech stolen from her father 's robot program to become Spider - Woman , with the help of her world 's Aunt May after Miles was transported to the alternate dimension early in the season . She is a big help in the final battle against Peter Parker 's villainous counterpart Wolf - Spider . Gwen also stated she was a friend of her dimension 's Peter Parker before his death . Gwen Stacy as Spider - Gwen appears in the 2017 series Spider - Man , voiced by Laura Bailey . This version is one of Peter 's classmates at Horizon High and specializes in DNA formulas . She was inspired to pursue science by her uncle , Raymond Warren , later revealed to be the villainous Jackal . Film ( edit ) Sam raimi series ( edit ) Gwen Stacy is portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard in Spider - Man 3 . She is a potential new love interest for Peter Parker , serving as an unintended rival to Mary Jane Watson . Gwen is a classmate and lab partner of Peter Parker and Spider - Man rescues her early in the film from a construction crane accident . She kisses an upside - down Spider - Man in similar fashion to how Mary Jane did in Spider - Man which causes Mary Jane to become angry and hurt . As Peter is at the top of Dr. Connors 's quantum mechanics class , he tutors her . She considers Peter a genius and is very fond of him . She is also friends with Eddie Brock as he took pictures of her so Gwen could be a model . Brock 's relationship is short - lived , as Peter , under the influence of the symbiote , steals her from Eddie . He dances with her at the same jazz club where Mary Jane works , but Gwen realizes Peter is doing this to make Mary Jane jealous . Gwen , upset about this , approaches Mary Jane , apologizes , and storms out of the club , leaving Peter behind . She is later present at Harry Osborn 's funeral . Bryce Dallas Howard said she would love to be a part of any continuation of the film franchise , while acknowledging her character 's opportunity may have passed , especially after Spider - Man 3 ended with Peter and Mary Jane once again in each other 's arms . In May 2007 , actor James Cromwell , who played Captain Stacy in the film stated he thought the natural progression for the character would be for both to die early in Spider - Man 4 , mirroring the comics . Howard said a death would not have bothered her . The film was ultimately unmade , although Stacy was in the draft . Marc webb series ( edit ) Emma Stone portrays Gwen Stacy in The Amazing Spider - Man as Peter Parker 's love interest . She works as an assistant at Dr. Curt Connors 's laboratory at Oscorp , where Peter is bitten by a genetically - engineered spider . She subsequently develops a crush on him , and he soon lets her in on his secret identity as Spider - Man . Gwen plays an important role in the Lizard 's defeat , by helping Peter develop an antidote for the serum that mutates people into reptilian hybrids through cross-species genetics , using her own scientific background . Unfortunately , her father is killed by the Lizard before Peter can defeat the villain . George begs Peter to keep Gwen out of his dangerous life . Peter honors that vow without telling Gwen immediately ; this affronts Gwen until she realizes what her father did , and subsequently forgives Peter . However , when Peter later wonders if he should keep that promise , she just smiles . Emma Stone reprises her role as Gwen Stacy in The Amazing Spider - Man 2 . Gwen continues to work at Oscorp , which is owned by Harry Osborn , Peter 's best friend . By now , Peter and Gwen have decided to keep their relationship platonic , but Peter 's romantic feelings for her are rekindled when she tells him that she is going to England to study at Oxford University . When Oscorp employee Max Dillon suffers an industrial accident and becomes the villain Electro , Gwen starts asking questions ; Donald Menken , a high ranking and mutinous Oscorp board member , decides that she is a threat , fires her and targets her for elimination . When Electro attacks the city 's electricity supply , Gwen and Spider - Man work together to stop him . Just then , the Green Goblin kidnaps Gwen and holds her hostage atop of the power plant 's clock tower , intent on drawing Spider - Man out . The Green Goblin throws Gwen through the tower 's glass rooftop , but Spider - Man saves her by shooting a web for her to grab onto . The web eventually breaks , however , and Gwen falls to the ground far below . Spider - Man catches her with another web an instant too late , as her head hits the concrete floor , killing her instantly . Gwen 's death sends Peter into a deep depression , and he decides to give up being Spider - Man . Five months later , he watches a video of Gwen 's graduation speech , in which she tells her class that hope is what makes life worth living , even in the darkest of times . Inspired , Peter decides to once again become Spider - Man . In both films , Kari Coleman , Charlie DePew , Skyler Gisondo and Jacob Rodier portray the Stacy family : Helen Stacy ( Gwen 's mom ) , Philip Stacy , Howard Stacy , and Simon Stacy ( Gwen 's younger brothers ) respectively . Video games ( edit ) Gwen Stacy is briefly mentioned in Spider - Man : Edge of Time . When a futuristic version of Peter Parker reveals his plans to Spider - Man 2099 , he mentions he can save the lives of Uncle Ben , Gwen Stacy , George Stacy and countless others . Gwen Stacy appears in The Amazing Spider - Man voiced by Kari Wahlgren . Gwen Stacy makes her debut as a playable character in the Lego game Lego Marvel Super Heroes , voiced again by Kari Wahlgren . Gwen Stacy / Spider - Gwen is a playable character in Kabam 's Android / iOS mobile game , Marvel : Contest of Champions . See also ( edit ) The Night Gwen Stacy Died Spider - Man supporting characters References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gwen Stacy 's full first name was given in Amazing Spider - Man # 62 as `` Gwendolyn '' and in # 90 as `` Gwendolyne . '' Both issues were written by Stan Lee . ^ Jump up to : Gwen Stacy states her full name as `` Gwen Maxine Stacy '' in Ultimate Spider - Man # 127 . Jump up ^ Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . This monumental issue saw the first appearances of Peter 's upcoming love interest Gwen Stacy , prospective best friend , Harry Osborn , and even the future super villain known as the Jackal . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sanderson , Peter ( 2007 ) . The Marvel Comics Guide to New York City . New York City : Pocket Books . pp. 30 -- 33 . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 3141 - 6 . Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man # 90 Jump up ^ Manning `` 1970s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 55 : `` Captain George Stacy had always believed in Spider - Man and had given him the benefit of the doubt whenever possible . So in Spider - Man 's world , there was a good chance that he would be destined to die . '' Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man # 98 Jump up ^ Fisch , Sholly ( September 1987 ) . `` The Wedding of the Year '' . Marvel Age ( 54 ) . Marvel Comics . pp. 12 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Roy ( August 2011 ) . `` Stan Lee 's Amazing Marvel Interview ! '' . Alter Ego . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 104 ) : 30 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Roy ( August 2011 ) . `` Stan Lee 's Amazing Marvel Interview ! '' . Alter Ego . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 104 ) : 32 . ^ Jump up to : Conway , Gerry ( June 1995 ) . `` Foreword '' . Spider - Man : Clone Genesis . Marvel Comics . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 7851 - 0158 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Veronese , Keith ( October 2010 ) . `` Spider - Man : The Beginnings of the Clone Saga '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 44 ) : 69 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Karen ( October 2010 ) . `` Gwen , the Goblin , and the Spider - Fans '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 44 ) : 21 . Jump up ^ Blumberg , Arnold T. ( Fall 2003 ) . `` ' The Night Gwen Stacy Died : ' The End of Innocence and the Birth of the Bronze Age '' . Reconstruction. 3 ( 4 ) . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Peter ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2008 ) . `` 1970s '' . Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History . Dorling Kindersley . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0756641238 . In June ( 1973 ) , Marvel embarked on a story that would have far - reaching effects . The Amazing Spider - Man artist John Romita , Sr. suggested killing off Spider - Man 's beloved Gwen Stacy in order to shake up the book 's status quo . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Manning `` 1970s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 68 : `` This story by writer Gerry Conway and penciler Gil Kane would go down in history as one of the most memorable events of Spider - Man 's life . '' Jump up ^ David , Peter ; Greenberger , Robert ( 2010 ) . The Spider - Man Vault : A Museum - in - a-Book with Rare Collectibles Spun from Marvel 's Web . Running Press . p. 49 . ISBN 0762437723 . The idea of beloved supporting characters meeting their deaths may be standard operating procedure now but in 1973 it was unprecedented ... Gwen 's death took villainy and victimhood to an entirely new level . Jump up ^ Inventing Tomorrow ( University of Minnesota Institute of Technology magazine ) , Spring 2002 : `` Jim Kakalios enlists the aid of costumed crimefighters to teach critical thinking in an imaginative freshman seminar '' by Paul Sorenson Archived 2006 - 06 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - man # 129 Jump up ^ Marvels # 4 Jump up ^ `` SpiderFan.org - Comics : Giant - Size Spider - Man # 5 '' . www.spiderfan.org . Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 149 Jump up ^ Spider - Island Deadly Foes # 1 Jump up ^ Superior Spider - Man Team - Up # 2 Jump up ^ Scarlet Spider ( Vol. 2 ) # 20 Jump up ^ SBC.com ( no date ) : All the Rage ( column ) -- `` Do n't Panic '' , by Blair Marnell & John Voulieris Archived 2005 - 05 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ J. Michael Straczynski rebuttal to OMD Archived 2010 - 08 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : The Clone Conspiracy # 1 Jump up ^ The Clone Conspiracy # 2 Jump up ^ The Clone Conspiracy # 3 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man vol. 4 # 23 Jump up ^ The Clone Conspiracy # 4 Jump up ^ The Clone Conspiracy # 5 Jump up ^ `` GWEN TAKES OVER '' . Marvel. 14 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` And Finally ... Has Marvel Noticed That Gwenpool Is A Thing Now ? R '' . Bleeding Cool . Jump up ^ `` MARVEL ANNOUNCES `` GWENPOOL HOLIDAY SPECIAL , '' `` HOWARD THE DUCK '' BACKUP STORIES `` . Comicbookresources . September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel announces new Gwenpool series '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spider - Man : House of M # 1 - 3 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Marvel Adventures Spider - Man # 55 . Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Spider - Man Marvel Adventures # 2 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Marvel Adventures Spider - Man # 54 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Man Marvel Adventures # 1 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Man Marvel Adventures # 6 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Man Marvel Adventures # 5 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ `` Marvel Zombies Return '' # 1 ( 2009 ) . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Edge of Spider - Verse # 2 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man vol. 3 # 9 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man Vol. 3 # 11 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Verse Team - Up # 2 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Gwen # 1 Jump up ^ Spider - Gwen # 2 Jump up ^ Spider - Gwen # 18 Jump up ^ Web Warriors # 7 Jump up ^ Spider - Man Unlimited Vol. 2 # 4 Jump up ^ Brucie , Dylan ( March 2007 ) . `` Ultimate Spider - Man '' . Wizard Xtra ! . p. 110 . Jump up ^ In an interview in Wizard Magazine # 180 ( 2006 ) , Mark Bagley remarked there were some `` coloring issues '' in Gwen 's first appearances . He did not intend her eyes to be yellow . Jump up ^ `` '' . Wizard Universe . Archived January 22 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Spider - Man Pictures Full Size '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Ultimate Comics : Spider - Man # 11 Jump up ^ Ultimate Comics : Spider - Man # 13 Jump up ^ Spider - Men # 3 Jump up ^ Spider - Men # 4 Jump up ^ Miles Morales : Ultimate Spider - Man # 3 Jump up ^ Miles Morales : Ultimate Spider - Man # 4 Jump up ^ Miles Morales : Ultimate Spider - Man # 6 Jump up ^ Miles Morales : Ultimate Spider - Man # 7 Jump up ^ What If ? # 24 Jump up ^ What If ? Volume 2 # 42 Jump up ^ What If : The Other Jump up ^ Rey , Leo ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` SPIDER - MAN 2017 CARTOON WILL FEATURE VENOM , SPIDER - GWEN , AND MILES MORALES '' . Nerdspan . Jump up ^ Entertainment , Marvel ( 14 July 2017 ) . `` The # MarvelAnimation panel is underway , and the cast of `` Marvel 's # SpiderMan '' has just been announced ! 1 / 3pic.twitter.com/3zSAuFjAMA `` . External links ( edit ) Gwen Stacy in Marvel Comics Database The Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators Physics of Superheroes 1 - Death of Gwen Stacy Spiderfan.org -- Gwen Stacy `` The template below ( Marvel Comics characters ( S ) ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Marvel Comics characters ( S ) Heroes Sage Sasquatch Satana Scarlet Spider Ben Reilly Kaine Parker Scarlet Witch Sentry ( Robert Reynolds ) Sersi Shaman Shuri Sif Silk Siryn Shadowcat Shang - Chi Shanna the She - Devil Shatterstar She - Hulk She - Hulk ( Lyra ) Silver Sable Silver Surfer Skaar Slapstick Songbird Snowbird Speedball Spider - Girl Spider - Ham Spider - Man Spider - Man 2099 Spider - Man ( Miles Morales ) Spider - Man Noir Spider - Woman Jessica Drew Julia Carpenter Mattie Franklin Gwen Stacy Spitfire Squirrel Girl Star Brand Starfox Starhawk Star - Lord Chase Stein Stepford Cuckoos Stingray Storm Straw Man Strong Guy Hope Summers Rachel Summers Sunfire Sunspot Surge Swordsman Kevin Sydney Villains Sabertooth Sandman Sauron Scorpion Selene Sebastian Shaw Sentinel Shadow King Shuma - Gorath Shocker Silver Samurai Silvermane Sin Songbird Spider - Slayer Alistair Smythe Spiral Zeke Stane Stilt - Man Stryfe William Stryker Super-Adaptoid Super-Skrull Surtur Supporting characters Erik Selvig Jasper Sitwell Trevor Slattery George Stacy Gwen Stacy Howard Stark Stick Spider - Man Stan Lee Steve Ditko Spider - Man family By secret identity Spider - Man Scarlet Spider Spider - Woman Steel Spider Silk By public identity Peter Parker Ben Reilly Julia Carpenter Kaine Parker Mattie Franklin Anya Corazon Supporting characters Liz Allan Black Cat Betty Brant Billy Connors Martha Connors Carlie Cooper Jean DeWolff Glory Grant J. Jonah Jameson John Jameson Ashley Kafka Ned Leeds Madame Web Anna Maria Marconi Max Modell Harry Osborn Ben Parker May Parker Richard and Mary Parker Prowler Puma Randy Robertson Robbie Robertson Rocket Racer Silver Sable Sophia `` Chat '' Sanduval George Stacy Gwen Stacy Flash Thompson Ben Urich Mary Jane Watson Debra Whitman Will o ' the Wisp Antagonists Central rogues gallery Carnage Chameleon Doctor Octopus Electro Green Goblin Norman Osborn Hobgoblin Roderick Kingsley Jason Macendale Phil Urich Hydro - Man Jackal Kingpin Kraven the Hunter Lizard Morbius , the Living Vampire Mysterio Rhino Sandman Scorpion Shocker Sinister Six Venom Eddie Brock Vulture Recurring antagonists Beetle Abner Jenkins Janice Lincoln Big Wheel Boomerang Burglar Calypso Cyclone Demogoblin Enforcers Fancy Dan Montana Ox Grizzly Hammerhead Human Fly Jack O ' Lantern Jason Macendale Kangaroo Lady Octopus Living Brain Man - Wolf Menace Mendel Stromm Mister Negative Molten Man Morlun Moses Magnum Ringer Speed Demon Alistair Smythe Spencer Smythe Spider - Slayer list Silvermane Spot Stegron Swarm Tinkerer Tombstone Walrus Alternative versions Spider - Man Spider - Man 2099 Spider - Girl Spider - Gwen Spider - Ham Spider - Man Noir Ultimate Spider - Man Miles Morales Alternative versions of Mary Jane Watson Alternative versions of the Green Goblin Alternative versions of Venom Locations Midtown High School Daily Bugle Empire State University Oscorp Parker Industries Alchemax Comic books The Amazing Spider - Man issues Storylines In other media In film In television In video games In literature ‎ novels book series Toys Spider - Man ( 2010 toy line ) Spider - Man Classics Spider - Man and Friends Lego Spider - Man Spider - Man ( pinball ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( pinball ) Related topics Powers and equipment Goblin Slingers Symbiotes Category Symbiote family and hosts Alternative versions of Venom Alternative versions of Spider - Man Symbiotes Venom / She - Venom Carnage Scream Hybrid Toxin Anti-Venom Venom hosts Peter Parker Eddie Brock Mac Gargan Flash Thompson ( Agent Venom ) Carnage hosts Cletus Kasady Silver Surfer ( Carnage Cosmic ) Ben Reilly ( Spider - Carnage ) Karl Malus ( Superior Carnage ) Enemies Crime Master Jack O'Lantern The Jury Life Foundation Mercurio the 4 - D Man Pyre Savage Six Sin - Eater Spider - Man Publications Venom ( Lethal Protector Separation Anxiety All titles ) `` Maximum Carnage '' `` Planet of the Symbiotes '' True Believers Related media Spider - Man : The Venom Saga Spider - Man and Venom : Maximum Carnage ( 1994 ) Venom / Spider - Man : Separation Anxiety ( 1995 ) Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) Ultimate Spider - Man Series Ultimate Spider - Man Ultimate Comics : Spider - Man Creators Brian Michael Bendis ( writer ) Mark Bagley ( artist ) Original characters Kenny McFarlane Miles Morales as Spider - Man Story arcs and crossovers Original Series Story Arcs Second Series Story Arcs `` Ultimate Clone Saga '' Ultimate Marvel Team - Up Ultimate Six Ultimate Power Ultimatum Ultimate Comics : Doomsday Ultimate Comics : Fallout Spider - Men Other media Video game Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions TV series episodes `` For Your Eye Only '' Spider - Man Lives : A Miles Morales Story The Spectacular Spider - Man Episodes `` Survival of the Fittest '' `` Interactions '' `` Natural Selection '' `` Market Forces '' `` Competition '' `` The Invisible Hand '' `` Catalysts '' `` Reaction '' `` The Uncertainty Principle '' Related Characters Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gwen_Stacy&oldid=804911986 '' Categories : Characters created by Stan Lee Characters created by Steve Ditko Comics characters introduced in 1965 Female characters in comics Fictional characters from New York City Fictional models Fictional victims of kidnapping Spider - Man characters Superhero film characters Teenage characters in film Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Pages using infobox comics character with unsupported parameters Character pop Converted comics character infoboxes Articles to be expanded from July 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Comics articles needing issue citations Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tagalog 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 21 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who came first in the comics gwen stacy or mary jane	[ "Gwendolyne Maxine \"Gwen\" Stacy[1][2] is a fictional character who appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually as a supporting character in those featuring Spider-Man. A college student, she was a long-term romantic interest for Peter Parker before she was murdered by the Green Goblin (Norman Osborn). Spider-Man writers and fans often debate whether Peter's \"one true love\" is Gwen Stacy, or Mary Jane Watson (Peter's later girlfriend and wife). Stories published long after her death indicate that Gwen still holds a special place in his heart." ]	[ "Gwen Stacy" ]
3436711510049191558	Ruth Bader Ginsburg	Ruth Bader Ginsburg - wikipedia Ruth Bader Ginsburg Ruth Bader Ginsburg Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Incumbent Assumed office August 10 , 1993 Appointed by Bill Clinton Preceded by Byron White Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit In office June 30 , 1980 -- August 9 , 1993 Appointed by Jimmy Carter Preceded by Harold Leventhal Succeeded by David Tatel Personal details Joan Ruth Bader ( 1933 - 03 - 15 ) March 15 , 1933 ( age 85 ) New York City , New York , U.S. Political party Democratic Spouse ( s ) Martin Ginsburg ( m . 1954 ; d . 2010 ) Children Jane Carol Ginsburg James Steven Ginsburg Education Cornell University ( AB ) Harvard University Columbia University ( JD ) Signature Ruth Bader Ginsburg ( / ˈbeɪdər ˈɡɪnzbɜːrɡ / ; born Joan Ruth Bader , March 15 , 1933 ) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . Ginsburg was appointed by President Bill Clinton and took the oath of office on August 10 , 1993 . She is the second female justice ( after Sandra Day O'Connor ) of four to be confirmed to the court ( along with Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan , who are still serving ) . Following O'Connor's retirement , and until Sotomayor joined the court , Ginsburg was the only female justice on the Supreme Court . During that time , Ginsburg became more forceful with her dissents , which were noted by legal observers and in popular culture . She is generally viewed as belonging to the liberal wing of the court . Ginsburg has authored notable majority opinions , including United States v. Virginia , Olmstead v. L.C. , and Friends of the Earth , Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services , Inc . Ginsburg was born in Brooklyn , New York , to Russian Jewish immigrants . Her older sister died when she was a baby , and her mother , one of her biggest sources of encouragement , died shortly before Ginsburg graduated from high school . She then earned her bachelor 's degree at Cornell University , and became a wife and mother before starting law school at Harvard , where she was one of the few women in her class . Ginsburg transferred to Columbia Law School , where she graduated tied for first in her class . Following law school , Ginsburg turned to academia . She was a professor at Rutgers School of Law and Columbia Law School , teaching civil procedure as one of the few women in her field . Ginsburg spent a considerable part of her legal career as an advocate for the advancement of gender equality and women 's rights , winning multiple victories arguing before the Supreme Court . She advocated as a volunteer lawyer for the American Civil Liberties Union and was a member of its board of directors and one of its general counsels in the 1970s . In 1980 , President Jimmy Carter appointed her to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , where she served until her appointment to the Supreme Court . Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Early career 2.1 Academia 2.2 Litigation and advocacy 3 Judicial career 3.1 U.S. Court of Appeals 3.2 Supreme Court 3.2. 1 Nomination and confirmation 3.2. 2 Supreme Court jurisprudence 3.2. 2.1 Abortion 3.2. 2.2 Gender discrimination 3.2. 2.3 Search and seizure 3.2. 2.4 International law 3.3 Notable cases 3.4 Other activities 4 Personal life 4.1 Health 5 Future plans 6 Recognition 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Early Life and education ( edit ) Joan Ruth Bader was born on March 15 , 1933 in Brooklyn , New York , the second daughter of Celia ( née Amster ) and Nathan Bader , who lived in the Flatbush neighborhood . Her father was a Jewish emigrant from Odessa ( Ukraine ) , then in the Russian Empire , and her mother was born in New York , to Austrian Jewish parents . The Baders ' older daughter Marylin died of meningitis at age six , when Ruth was 14 months old . The family called Joan Ruth `` Kiki '' , a nickname Marylin had given her for being `` a kicky baby '' . When `` Kiki '' started school , Celia discovered that her daughter 's class had several other girls named Joan , so Celia suggested that the teacher call her daughter `` Ruth '' to avoid confusion . Although not devout , the Bader family belonged to East Midwood Jewish Center , a Conservative synagogue , where Ruth learned tenets of the Jewish faith and gained familiarity with the Hebrew language . At age 13 , Ruth acted as the `` camp rabbi '' at a Jewish summer program at Camp Che - Na - Wah in Minerva , New York . Celia took an active role in her daughter 's education , often taking her to the library . Celia had been a good student in her youth , graduating from high school at age 15 , yet she could not further her own education because her family instead chose to send her brother to college . Celia wanted her daughter to get more education , which she thought would allow Ruth to become a high school history teacher . Ruth attended James Madison High School , whose law program later dedicated a courtroom in her honor . Celia struggled with cancer throughout Ruth 's high school years and died the day before Ruth 's high school graduation . Bader attended Cornell University in Ithaca , New York , where she was a member of Alpha Epsilon Phi . While at Cornell , she met Martin D. Ginsburg at age 17 . She graduated from Cornell with a bachelor of arts degree in government on June 23 , 1954 . She was a member of Phi Beta Kappa and the highest - ranking female student in her graduating class . Bader married Ginsburg a month after her graduation from Cornell . She and Martin moved to Fort Sill , Oklahoma , where he was stationed as a Reserve Officers ' Training Corps officer in the Army Reserve after his call - up to active duty . At age 21 , she worked for the Social Security Administration office in Oklahoma , where she was demoted after becoming pregnant with her first child . She gave birth to a daughter in 1955 . In the fall of 1956 , Ginsburg enrolled at Harvard Law School , where she was one of only nine women in a class of about 500 men . The Dean of Harvard Law reportedly asked the female law students , including Ginsburg , `` How do you justify taking a spot from a qualified man ? '' When her husband took a job in New York City , Ginsburg transferred to Columbia Law School and became the first woman to be on two major law reviews : the Harvard Law Review and Columbia Law Review . In 1959 , she earned her juris doctor at Columbia and tied for first in her class . Early career ( edit ) At the start of her legal career , Ginsburg encountered difficulty in finding employment . In 1960 , Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter rejected Ginsburg for a clerkship position due to her gender . She was rejected despite a strong recommendation from Albert Martin Sacks , who was a professor and later dean of Harvard Law School . Columbia Law Professor Gerald Gunther also pushed for Judge Edmund L. Palmieri of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York to hire Ginsburg as a law clerk , threatening to never recommend another Columbia student to Palmieri if he did not give Ginsburg the opportunity and guaranteeing to provide the judge with a replacement clerk should Ginsburg not succeed . Later that year , Ginsburg began her clerkship for Judge Palmieri , and she held the position for two years . Academia ( edit ) From 1961 to 1963 , Ginsburg was a research associate and then an associate director of the Columbia Law School Project on International Procedure ; she learned Swedish to co-author a book with Anders Bruzelius on civil procedure in Sweden . Ginsburg conducted extensive research for her book at Lund University in Sweden . Ginsburg 's time in Sweden also influenced her thinking on gender equality . She was inspired when she observed the changes in Sweden , where women were 20 to 25 percent of all law students ; one of the judges whom Ginsburg watched for her research was eight months pregnant and still working . Her first position as a professor was at Rutgers School of Law in 1963 . The appointment was not without its drawbacks ; Ginsburg was informed she would be paid less than her male colleagues because she had a husband with a well - paid job . At the time Ginsburg entered academia , she was one of fewer than 20 female law professors in the United States . She was a professor of law , mainly civil procedure , at Rutgers from 1963 to 1972 , receiving tenure from the school in 1969 . In 1970 , she co-founded the Women 's Rights Law Reporter , the first law journal in the U.S. to focus exclusively on women 's rights . From 1972 to 1980 , she taught at Columbia , where she became the first tenured woman and co-authored the first law school casebook on sex discrimination . She also spent a year as a fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University from 1977 to 1978 . Litigation and advocacy ( edit ) Ginsburg in 1977 , photographed by Lynn Gilbert . In 1972 , Ginsburg co-founded the Women 's Rights Project at the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) and , in 1973 , she became the ACLU 's general counsel . The Women 's Rights Project and related ACLU projects participated in over 300 gender discrimination cases by 1974 . As the director of the ACLU 's Women 's Rights Project , she argued six gender discrimination cases before the Supreme Court between 1973 and 1976 , winning five . Rather than asking the court to end all gender discrimination at once , Ginsburg charted a strategic course , taking aim at specific discriminatory statutes and building on each successive victory . She chose plaintiffs carefully , at times picking male plaintiffs to demonstrate that gender discrimination was harmful to both men and women . The laws Ginsburg targeted included those that on the surface appeared beneficial to women , but in fact reinforced the notion that women needed to be dependent on men . Her strategic advocacy extended to word choice , favoring the use of `` gender '' instead of `` sex '' , after her secretary suggested the word `` sex '' would serve as a distraction to judges . She attained a reputation as a skilled oral advocate and her work led directly to the end of gender discrimination in many areas of the law . Ginsburg volunteered to write the brief for Reed v. Reed , 404 U.S. 71 ( 1971 ) , in which the Supreme Court extended the protections of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to women . She argued and won Frontiero v. Richardson , 411 U.S. 677 ( 1973 ) , which challenged a statute making it more difficult for a female service member to claim an increased housing allowance for her husband than for a male service member seeking the same allowance for his wife . Ginsburg argued that the statute treated women as inferior , and the Supreme Court ruled 8 -- 1 in her favor . The court again ruled in Ginsburg 's favor in Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld , 420 U.S. 636 ( 1975 ) , where Ginsburg represented a widower denied survivor benefits under Social Security , which permitted widows but not widowers to collect special benefits while caring for minor children . She argued that the statute discriminated against male survivors of workers by denying them the same protection as their female counterparts . Ginsburg filed an amicus brief and sat with counsel at oral argument for Craig v. Boren , 429 U.S. 190 ( 1976 ) , which challenged an Oklahoma statute that set different minimum drinking ages for men and women . For the first time , the court imposed what is known as intermediate scrutiny on laws discriminating based on gender , a heightened standard of Constitutional review . Her last case as a lawyer before the Supreme Court was 1978 's Duren v. Missouri , 439 U.S. 357 ( 1979 ) , which challenged the validity of voluntary jury duty for women , on the ground that participation in jury duty was a citizen 's vital governmental service and therefore should not be optional for women . At the end of Ginsburg 's oral argument , then - Associate Justice William Rehnquist asked Ginsburg , `` You wo n't settle for putting Susan B. Anthony on the new dollar , then ? '' Ginsburg said she considered responding , `` We wo n't settle for tokens '' , but instead opted not to answer the question . Legal scholars and advocates credit Ginsburg 's body of work with making significant legal advances for women under the Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution . Taken together , Ginsburg 's legal victories discouraged legislatures from treating women and men differently under the law . She continued to work on the ACLU 's Women 's Rights Project until her appointment to the Federal Bench in 1980 . Later , colleague Antonin Scalia praised Ginsburg 's skills as an advocate , `` she became the leading ( and very successful ) litigator on behalf of women 's rights -- the Thurgood Marshall of that cause , so to speak '' . Judicial career ( edit ) U.S. Court of Appeals ( edit ) Ginsburg was nominated by President Jimmy Carter on April 14 , 1980 , to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated by Judge Harold Leventhal after his death . She was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 18 , 1980 , and received her commission later that day . Her service terminated on August 9 , 1993 , due to her elevation to the United States Supreme Court . During her time as a judge on the DC Circuit , Ginsburg often found consensus with her colleagues including conservatives Robert H. Bork and Antonin Scalia . Her time on the court earned her a reputation as a `` cautious jurist '' and a moderate . David S. Tatel replaced her after Ginsburg 's appointment to the Supreme Court . Supreme Court ( edit ) Nomination and confirmation ( edit ) Ginsburg officially accepts the nomination from President Bill Clinton on June 14 , 1993 . President Bill Clinton nominated her as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court on June 14 , 1993 , to fill the seat vacated by retiring Justice Byron White . Ginsburg was recommended to Clinton by then - U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno after a suggestion by Utah Republican Senator Orrin Hatch . At the time of her nomination , Ginsburg was viewed as a moderate . Clinton was reportedly looking to increase the court 's diversity , which Ginsburg did as the first Jewish justice since the 1969 resignation of Justice Abe Fortas , the first - ever female Jewish justice , and the second female justice . She eventually became the longest - serving Jewish justice ever . The American Bar Association 's Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary rated Ginsburg as `` well qualified '' , its highest possible rating for a prospective justice . During her subsequent testimony before the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee as part of the confirmation hearings , she refused to answer questions about her view on the constitutionality of some issues such as the death penalty as it was an issue that she might have to vote on if it came before the court . Chief Justice William Rehnquist swears - in Ginsburg as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court as President Clinton watches . At the same time , Ginsburg did answer questions about some potentially controversial issues . For instance , she affirmed her belief in a constitutional right to privacy and explained at some length her personal judicial philosophy and thoughts regarding gender equality . Ginsburg was more forthright in discussing her views on topics about which she had previously written . The United States Senate confirmed her by a 96 to 3 vote on August 3 , 1993 , she received her commission on August 5 , 1993 , and she took her judicial oath on August 10 , 1993 . Ginsburg 's name was later invoked during the confirmation process of John Roberts . Ginsburg herself was not the first nominee to avoid answering certain specific questions before Congress , and as a young lawyer in 1981 Roberts had advised against Supreme Court nominees giving specific responses . Nevertheless , some conservative commentators and Senators invoked the phrase `` Ginsburg precedent '' to defend his demurrers . In a September 28 , 2005 speech at Wake Forest University , Ginsburg said that Roberts ' refusal to answer questions during his Senate confirmation hearings on some cases was `` unquestionably right '' . Supreme Court Jurisprudence ( edit ) Ginsburg characterizes her performance on the court as a cautious approach to adjudication . She argued in a speech shortly before her nomination to the court that `` ( m ) easured motions seem to me right , in the main , for constitutional as well as common law adjudication . Doctrinal limbs too swiftly shaped , experience teaches , may prove unstable . '' Legal scholar Cass Sunstein has characterized Ginsburg as a `` rational minimalist '' , a jurist who seeks to build cautiously on precedent rather than pushing the Constitution towards her own vision . From left to right : Sandra Day O'Connor ; Sonia Sotomayor ; Ginsburg ; and Elena Kagan . ( October 1 , 2010 ) . The retirement of Justice Sandra Day O'Connor in 2006 left Ginsburg as the only woman on the court . Linda Greenhouse of The New York Times referred to the subsequent 2006 -- 2007 term of the court as `` the time when Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg found her voice , and used it '' . The term also marked the first time in Ginsburg 's history with the court where she read multiple dissents from the bench , a tactic employed to signal more intense disagreement with the majority . With the retirement of Justice John Paul Stevens , Ginsburg became the senior member of what is sometimes referred to as the court 's `` liberal wing '' . When the court splits 5 -- 4 along ideological lines and the liberal justices are in the minority , Ginsburg often has the authority to assign authorship of the dissenting opinion because of her seniority . Ginsburg has been a proponent of the liberal dissenters speaking `` with one voice '' and , where practicable , presenting a unified approach to which all of the dissenting justices can agree . Abortion ( edit ) Ginsburg discussed her views on abortion and sexual equality in a 2009 New York Times interview , in which she said about abortion that `` ( t ) he basic thing is that the government has no business making that choice for a woman '' . Although Ginsburg has consistently supported abortion rights and joined in the court 's opinion striking down Nebraska 's partial - birth abortion law in Stenberg v. Carhart 530 U.S. 914 ( 2000 ) , on the 40th anniversary of the court 's ruling in Roe v. Wade 410 U.S. 113 ( 1973 ) , she criticized the decision in Roe as terminating a nascent democratic movement to liberalize abortion laws which might have built a more durable consensus in support of abortion rights . Ginsburg was in the minority for Gonzales v. Carhart , 550 U.S. 124 ( 2007 ) , a 5 -- 4 decision upholding restrictions on partial birth abortion . In her dissent , Ginsburg opposed the majority 's decision to defer to legislative findings that the procedure was not safe for women . Ginsburg focused her ire on the way Congress reached its findings and with the veracity of the findings . Joining the majority for Whole Woman 's Health v. Hellerstedt , 579 U.S. 15 - 274 ( 2016 ) , a case which struck down parts of a 2013 Texas law regulating abortion providers , Ginsburg also authored a short concurring opinion which was even more critical of the legislation at issue . She asserted the legislation was not aimed at protecting women 's health , as Texas had claimed , but rather to impede women 's access to abortions . Gender discrimination ( edit ) Ginsburg authored the court 's opinion in United States v. Virginia , 518 U.S. 515 ( 1996 ) , which struck down the Virginia Military Institute 's ( VMI ) male - only admissions policy as violating the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . VMI was a prestigious , state - run , military - inspired institution that did not admit women . For Ginsburg , a state actor such as VMI could not use gender to deny women the opportunity to attend VMI with its unique educational methods . Ginsburg emphasized that the government must show an `` exceedingly persuasive justification '' to use a classification based on sex . Commissioned portrait of Ginsburg in 2000 Ginsburg dissented in the court 's decision on Ledbetter v. Goodyear , 550 U.S. 618 ( 2007 ) , a case where plaintiff Lilly Ledbetter filed a lawsuit against her employer claiming pay discrimination based on her gender under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . In a 5 -- 4 decision , the majority interpreted the statute of limitations as starting to run at the time of every pay period , even if a woman did not know she was being paid less than her male colleague until later . Ginsburg found the result absurd , pointing out that women often do not know they are being paid less , and therefore it was unfair to expect them to act at the time of each paycheck . She also called attention to the reluctance women may have in male - dominated fields to making waves by filing lawsuits over small amounts , choosing instead to wait until the disparity accumulates . As part of her dissent , Ginsburg called on Congress to amend Title VII to undo the court 's decision with legislation . Following the election of President Barack Obama in 2008 , the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act , making it easier for employees to win pay discrimination claims , became law . Ginsburg was credited with helping to inspire the law . Search and seizure ( edit ) Although Ginsburg did not author the majority opinion , she was credited with influencing her colleagues on the case Safford Unified School District v. Redding , 557 U.S. 364 ( 2009 ) . The court ruled that a school went too far in ordering a 13 - year - old female student to strip to her bra and underpants so that female officials could search for drugs . In an interview published prior to the court 's decision , Ginsburg shared her view that some of her colleagues did not fully appreciate the effect of a strip search on a 13 - year - old girl . As she pointed out , `` They have never been a 13 - year - old girl . '' In an 8 -- 1 decision , the court agreed that the school 's search went too far and violated the Fourth Amendment and allowed the student 's lawsuit against the school to go forward . Only Ginsburg and Stevens would have allowed the student to sue individual school officials as well . In Herring v. United States , 555 U.S. 135 ( 2009 ) , Ginsburg dissented to the court 's decision not to suppress evidence due to a police officer 's failure to update a computer system . In contrast to Roberts ' emphasis on suppression as a means to deter police misconduct , Ginsburg took a more robust view on the use of suppression as a remedy for a violation of a defendant 's Fourth Amendment rights . Ginsburg viewed suppression as a way to prevent the government from profiting from mistakes , and therefore as a remedy to preserve judicial integrity and respect civil rights . She also rejected Roberts ' assertion that suppression would not deter mistakes , contending making police pay a high price for mistakes would encourage them to take greater care . International Law ( edit ) Ginsburg has also advocated the use of foreign law and norms to shape U.S. law in judicial opinions ; this was a view that was not shared by some of her conservative colleagues . Ginsburg supports using of foreign interpretations of law for the persuasive value and possible wisdom , not as precedent which the court is bound to follow . Ginsburg has expressed the view that looking to international law is well - ingrained in tradition in American law , counting John Henry Wigmore and President John Adams as internationalists . Ginsburg 's own reliance on international law dates back to her time as an attorney ; during her first argument before the court , 1971 's Reed v. Reed , she cited two German cases . In her concurring opinion in Grutter v. Bollinger 539 U.S. 306 ( 2003 ) , a decision upholding Michigan Law School 's affirmative action admissions policy , Ginsburg noted there was accord between the notion that affirmative action admissions policies would have an end point and agrees with international treaties designed to combat racial and gender based discrimination . Notable cases ( edit ) United States v. Virginia , 518 U.S. 515 ( 1996 ) Court Opinion United States v. O'Hagan , 521 U.S. 642 ( 1997 ) Court Opinion Olmstead v. L.C. , 527 U.S. 581 ( 1999 ) Court Opinion Friends of the Earth , Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services , Inc. , 528 U.S. 167 ( 2000 ) Court Opinion Bush v. Gore , 531 U.S. 98 ( 2000 ) Dissenting Eldred v. Ashcroft , 537 U.S. 186 ( 2003 ) Court Opinion Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp. , 544 U.S. 280 ( 2005 ) Court Opinion Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. , 550 U.S. 618 ( 2007 ) Dissenting Gonzales v. Carhart , 550 U.S. 124 ( 2007 ) Dissenting Ricci v. DeStefano , 557 U.S. 557 ( 2009 ) Dissenting National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius 567 U.S. 519 ( 2012 ) Court Opinion Burwell v. Hobby Lobby , 573 U.S. ___ ( 2014 ) Dissenting Other activities ( edit ) Portrait of Ginsburg At his request , Ginsburg administered Vice President Al Gore 's oath of office to a second term during the second presidential inauguration of Bill Clinton on January 20 , 1997 . She was the third woman to administer an inaugural oath of office . Ginsburg is believed to be the first Supreme Court justice to officiate a same sex - wedding , performing the August 31 , 2013 , ceremony of Kennedy Center President Michael Kaiser and John Roberts , a government economist . Earlier that summer , the court had bolstered same - sex marriage rights in two separate cases . Ginsburg believed the issue being settled led same - sex couples to ask her to officiate as there was no longer the fear of compromising rulings on the issue . The Supreme Court bar formerly inscribed its certificates `` in the year of our Lord '' , which some Orthodox Jews opposed , and asked Ginsburg to object to . She did so , and due to her objection , Supreme Court bar members have since been given other choices of how to inscribe the year on their certificates . Despite their ideological differences , Ginsburg considered Scalia her closest colleague on the court . The two justices often dined and attended the opera together . In her spare time , Ginsburg has appeared in several operas in non-speaking supernumerary roles such as Die Fledermaus ( 2003 ) and Ariadne auf Naxos ( 1994 with Scalia , and 2009 ) , and spoke lines penned by herself in The Daughter of the Regiment ( 2016 ) . In January 2012 , Ginsburg went to Egypt for four days of discussions with judges , law school faculty , law school students , and legal experts . In an interview with Alhayat TV , she stated that the first requirement of a new constitution should be that it would `` safeguard basic fundamental human rights like our First Amendment '' . Asked if Egypt should model its new constitution on those of other nations , she said Egypt should be `` aided by all Constitution - writing that has gone on since the end of World War II '' , she cited the U.S. Constitution and Constitution of South Africa as documents she might look to if drafting a new constitution . She said the U.S. was fortunate to have a constitution authored by `` very wise '' men but pointed out that in the 1780s , no women were able to participate directly in the process , and slavery still existed in the U.S. During three separate interviews that were conducted in July 2016 , Ginsburg criticized presumptive Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump , telling The New York Times and the Associated Press that she did not want to think about the possibility of a Trump presidency . She joked that she might consider moving to New Zealand . She later apologized for commenting on the presumptive Republican nominee , calling her remarks `` ill advised '' . Ginsburg 's first book , My Own Words published by Simon & Schuster , was released October 4 , 2016 . The book debuted on the New York Times Best Seller List for hardcover nonfiction at No. 12 . While promoting her book in October 2016 during an interview with Katie Couric , Ginsburg responded to a question about Colin Kaepernick choosing not to stand for the National Anthem at sporting events calling the protest `` really dumb '' . She later apologized for her criticism calling her earlier comments `` inappropriately dismissive and harsh '' and noting she had not been familiar with the incident and should have declined to respond to the question . In 2018 , Ginsburg expressed her support for the # MeToo movement , which encourages women to speak up about their experiences with sexual harassment . She told an audience : `` It 's about time . For so long women were silent , thinking there was nothing you could do about it , but now the law is on the side of women , or men , who encounter harassment and that 's a good thing . '' She also reflected on her own experiences with gender discrimination and sexual harassment , including a time when a chemistry professor at Cornell unsuccessfully attempted to trade her exam answers for sex . Personal Life ( edit ) A few days after Bader graduated from Cornell , she married Martin D. Ginsburg , who later became an internationally prominent tax lawyer . Upon her accession to the D.C. Circuit , the couple moved from New York to Washington , D.C. , where her husband became professor of law at Georgetown University Law Center . Their daughter Jane Ginsburg ( b . 1955 ) is a professor at Columbia Law School . Their son James Steven Ginsburg ( b . 1965 ) is the founder and president of Cedille Records , a classical - music recording company based in Chicago , Illinois . Ginsburg is a grandmother of four . After the birth of their daughter , her husband was diagnosed with testicular cancer . During this period , Ginsburg attended class and took notes for both of them , typed her husband 's dictated papers and cared for their daughter and her sick husband -- all while making the Harvard Law Review . They celebrated their 56th wedding anniversary on June 23 , 2010 . Martin Ginsburg died of complications from metastatic cancer on June 27 , 2010 . They spoke publicly of being in a shared earning / shared parenting marriage including in a speech Martin Ginsburg wrote and had intended to give before his death that Ruth Bader Ginsburg delivered posthumously . Although Bader was raised in a Jewish home , she became non-observant when she was excluded from the minyan for mourners after the death of her mother . There was a `` house full of women '' , but Bader , as a woman , was excluded . Orthodox Judaism requires that 10 Jewish men ( over the age of 13 ) be present for a minyan , and women are excluded from being counted . She notes that her attitude might be different , following her attendance at a bat mitzvah ceremony in a more liberal stream of Judaism where the rabbi and cantor were both women . In March 2015 , Ginsburg and Rabbi Lauren Holtzblatt released `` The Heroic and Visionary Women of Passover '' , an essay highlighting the roles of five key women in the saga : `` These women had a vision leading out of the darkness shrouding their world . They were women of action , prepared to defy authority to make their vision a reality bathed in the light of the day . '' In addition , she decorates her chambers with an artist 's rendering of the Hebrew phrase from Deuteronomy , `` Zedek , zedek , tirdof '' , ( `` Justice , justice shall you pursue '' ) as a reminder of her heritage and professional responsibility . Ginsburg has a collection of lace jabots from around the world . She stated in 2014 that she has a particular jabot that she wears when issuing her dissents ( black with gold embroidery and faceted stones ) as well as another she wears when issuing majority opinions ( crocheted yellow and cream with crystals ) , which was a gift from her law clerks . Her favorite jabot ( woven with white beads ) is from Cape Town , South Africa . Health ( edit ) In 1999 , Ginsburg was diagnosed with colon cancer ; she underwent surgery that was followed by chemotherapy and radiation therapy . During the process , she did not miss a day on the bench . Ginsburg was physically weakened by the cancer treatment , and she began working with a personal trainer . Since 1999 , Bryant Johnson , a former Army reservist attached to the Special Forces , has trained Ginsburg twice weekly in the justices - only gym at the Supreme Court . In spite of her small stature , Ginsburg saw her physical fitness improve since her first bout with cancer ; she was able to complete 20 full push - ups in a session before her 80th birthday . On February 5 , 2009 , she again underwent surgery , this time for pancreatic cancer . Ginsburg had a tumor that was discovered at an early stage . She was released from a New York City hospital on February 13 and returned to the bench when the Supreme Court went back into session on February 23 , 2009 . On September 24 , 2009 , Ginsburg was hospitalized in Washington DC for lightheadedness following an outpatient treatment for iron deficiency and was released the following day . On November 26 , 2014 , she had a stent placed in her right coronary artery after experiencing discomfort while exercising in the Supreme Court gym with her personal trainer . Future plans ( edit ) When John Paul Stevens retired in 2010 , Ginsburg became the oldest justice on the court at age 77 . Despite rumors that she would retire because of advancing age , poor health , and the death of her husband , she denied she was planning to step down . In an August 2010 interview , Ginsburg stated that her work on the court was helping her cope with the death of her husband . She also suggested that she would serve at least until a painting that used to hang in her office was returned to her in 2012 . She also expressed a wish to emulate Justice Louis Brandeis ' service of nearly 23 years , which she achieved in April 2016 . She stated she has a new `` model '' to emulate in former colleague Justice John Paul Stevens , who retired at age 90 after nearly 35 years on the bench . During the Obama presidency , some progressive lawyers and activists called for Ginsburg to retire so that Obama would be able to appoint a like - minded successor , particularly while the Democratic Party held control of the U.S. Senate . They pointed to Ginsburg 's age and past health issues as factors making her longevity uncertain . Ginsburg rejected these pleas . She affirmed her wish to remain a justice as long as she was mentally sharp enough to perform her duties . Moreover , Ginsburg opined that the political climate would prevent Obama from appointing a jurist like herself . Recognition ( edit ) Ginsburg has been named one of 100 Most Powerful Women ( 2009 ) , one of Glamour magazine 's ' Women of the Year 2012 , ' and one of Time magazine 's 100 most influential people ( 2015 ) . She has been awarded honorary Doctor of Laws degrees by Willamette University ( 2009 ) , Princeton University ( 2010 ) , and Harvard University ( 2011 ) . In 2013 , a painting featuring the four female justices to have served as justices on the Supreme Court ( Ginsburg , Sandra Day O'Connor , Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan ) was unveiled at the Smithsonian 's National Portrait Gallery in Washington , D.C. According to the Smithsonian at the time , the painting was on loan to the museum for three years . Researchers at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History gave a species of praying mantis the name Ilomantis ginsburgae after Ginsburg . The name was given because the neck plate of the Ilomantis ginsburgae bears a resemblance to a jabot , which Ginsburg is known for wearing . Moreover , the new species was identified based upon the female insect 's genitalia instead of based upon the male of the species . The researchers noted that the name was a nod to Ginsburg 's fight for gender equality . In popular culture ( edit ) Ginsburg has been referred to as a `` pop culture icon '' . Ginsburg 's profile began to rise after O'Connor's retirement in 2006 left Ginsburg as the only serving female justice . Her increasingly fiery dissents particularly in Shelby County v. Holder 570 U.S. 2 ( 2013 ) led to the creation of the Notorious R.B.G. Tumblr and meme comparing the justice to rapper The Notorious B.I.G. The creator of the Notorious R.B.G. Tumblr , then - law student Shana Knizhnik , teamed up with MSNBC reporter Irin Carmon to turn the blog into a book titled Notorious RBG : The Life and Times of Ruth Bader Ginsburg . Released in October 2015 , the book became a New York Times bestseller . Additionally , Ginsburg 's pop culture appeal has inspired nail art , Halloween costumes , a bobblehead doll , tattoos , t - shirts , coffee mugs , and a children 's coloring book among other things . She appears in both a comic opera and a workout book . Ginsburg has admitted to having a `` large supply '' of Notorious R.B.G. t - shirts , which she distributes as gifts . Since 2015 , Ginsburg has been portrayed by Kate McKinnon on Saturday Night Live . McKinnon has repeatedly reprised the role , including during a Weekend Update sketch that aired from the 2016 Republican National Convention in Cleveland . The segments typically feature McKinnon - as - Ginsburg lobbing insults she calls `` Ginsburns '' and doing a celebratory dance . Filmmakers Betsy West and Julie Cohen created a documentary about Ginsburg , titled RBG , for CNN Films , which premiered at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival . In the film Deadpool 2 ( 2018 ) , a photo of her is shown as Deadpool considers her for his X-Force , a team of superheroes . Another film , On the Basis of Sex , focusing on Ginsburg 's career struggles fighting for equal rights , is set for a later 2018 release ; its screenplay was named to the Black List of best unproduced screenplays of 2014 . English actress Felicity Jones will portray Ginsburg in the film , with Armie Hammer as her husband Marty . See also ( edit ) Bill Clinton U.S. Supreme Court candidates Demographics of the U.S. Supreme Court List of Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court List of law clerks of the U.S. Supreme Court List of U.S. Supreme Court cases during the Rehnquist Court List of U.S. Supreme Court cases during the Roberts Court List of U.S. Supreme Court Justices by time in office List of Jewish United States Supreme Court justices Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to Ginsburg , Justice William O. Douglas hired the first female Supreme Court clerk in 1944 , and the second female law clerk was not hired until 1966 . Jump up ^ Ginsburg listed Dorothy Kenyon and Pauli Murray as co-authors on the brief in recognition of their contributions to feminist legal argument . Jump up ^ Janet Benshoof , the president of the Center for Reproductive Law and Policy , made a similar comparison between Ginsburg and Marshall in 1993 . Jump up ^ The three negative votes came from Don Nickles ( R - Oklahoma ) , Bob Smith ( R - New Hampshire ) and Jesse Helms ( R - North Carolina ) , while Donald W. Riegle Jr . ( D - Michigan ) did not vote . Jump up ^ Felix Frankfurter was the first nominee to answer questions before Congress in 1939 . The issue of how much nominees are expected to answer arose during hearings for O'Connor and Scalia . Jump up ^ Ginsburg remained the only female justice on the court until Sotomayor was sworn in on August 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The 2018 case of Sessions v. Dimaya marked the first time Ginsurg was able to assign a majority opinion , when Justice Neil Gorsuch voted with the liberal wing . Ginsburg assigned the opinion to Justice Elena Kagan . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ginsburg , Ruth Bader ; Harnett , Mary ; Williams , Wendy W. ( 2016 ) . My Own Words . New York , NY : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1501145247 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg -- Academy of Achievement '' . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stated in RBG , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Book Discussion on Sisters in Law '' Presenter : Linda Hirshman , author . Politics and Prose Bookstore . BookTV , Washington . September 3 , 2015 . 27 minutes in ; retrieved September 12 , 2015 C - Span website Archived March 5 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Burton , Danielle ( October 1 , 2007 ) . `` 10 Things You Did n't Know About Ruth Bader Ginsburg '' . US News & World Report . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Margolick , David ( June 25 , 1993 ) . `` Trial by Adversity Shapes Jurist 's Outlook '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg '' . The Oyez Project . Chicago - Kent College of Law . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Galanes , Philip ( November 14 , 2015 ) . `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Gloria Steinem on the Unending Fight for Women 's Rights '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Scanlon , Jennifer ( 1999 ) . Significant contemporary American feminists : a biographical sourcebook . Greenwood Press . p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 0313301254 . OCLC 237329773 . ^ Jump up to : Hensley , Thomas R. ; Hale , Kathleen ; Snook , Carl ( 2006 ) . The Rehnquist Court : Justices , Rulings , and Legacy . ABC - CLIO Supreme Court Handbooks ( hardcover ed . ) . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . p. 92 . ISBN 1576072002 . LCCN 2006011011 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A Conversation with Ruth Bader Ginsburg at Harvard Law School '' . Harvard Law School . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ginsburg , Ruth Bader ( 2004 ) . `` The Changing Complexion of Harvard Law School '' ( PDF ) . Harvard Women 's Law Journal . 27 : 303 . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anas , Brittany ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg at CU - Boulder : Gay marriage likely to come before Supreme Court within a year '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Toobin , Jeffrey ( 2007 ) . The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court , New York , Doubleday , p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 0385516402 ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Cynthia L. ( Summer 2008 ) . `` Women Supreme Court Clerks Striving for `` Commonplace '' '' ( PDF ) . Perspectives. 17 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 22 . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief Biography of Justice Ginsburg '' . Columbia Law School . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Adam ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` Kagan Says Her Path to Supreme Court Was Made Smoother by Ginsburg 's '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Neil A. ( June 15 , 1993 ) . `` The Supreme Court : Woman in the News ; Rejected as a Clerk , Chosen as a Justice : Ruth Joan Bader Ginsburg '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( August 30 , 2006 ) . `` Women Suddenly Scarce Among Justices ' Clerks '' . The New York Times ( registration required ) . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Syckle , Katie Van ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` This Is Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg 's # MeToo Story '' . The Cut . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ginsburg , Ruth Bader ; Bruzelius , Anders ( 1965 ) . Civil Procedure in Sweden . Martinus Nijhoff . OCLC 3303361 . Jump up ^ Riesenfeld , Stefan A. ( June 1967 ) . `` Reviewed Works : Civil Procedure in Sweden by Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Anders Bruzelius ; Civil Procedure in Italy by Mauro Cappelletti , Joseph M. Perillo '' . Columbia Law Review . 67 ( 6 ) : 1176 -- 78 . doi : 10.2307 / 1121050 . JSTOR 1121050 . Jump up ^ Bayer , Linda N. ( 2000 ) . Ruth Bader Ginsburg ( Women of Achievement ) . Philadelphia . Chelsea House . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0791052877 . ^ Jump up to : Hill Kay , Herma ( 2004 ) . `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Professor of Law '' . Colum . L. Rev. 104 ( 2 ) : 2 -- 20 . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ginsburg , Ruth Bader - Federal Judicial Center '' . www.fjc.gov . ^ Jump up to : Toobin , Jeffrey ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` Heavyweight : How Ruth Bader Ginsburg has moved the Supreme Court '' . New Yorker . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About the Reporter '' . Women 's Rights Law Reporter . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2008 . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Founded in 1970 by now - Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg and feminist activists , legal workers , and law students ... Jump up ^ Magill , M. Elizabeth ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` At the U.S. Supreme Court : A Conversation with Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg '' . Stanford Law School . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pullman , Sandra ( March 7 , 2006 ) . `` Tribute : The Legacy of Ruth Bader Ginsburg and WRP Staff '' Archived March 19 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... ACLU.org ; retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Decisions & Women 's Rights -- Milestones to Equality Breaking New Ground -- Reed v. Reed , 404 U.S. 71 ( 1971 ) '' . The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kerber , Linda K. ( August 1 , 1993 ) . `` Judge Ginsburg 's Gift '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Wendy W. ( 2013 ) . `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg 's Equal Protection Clause : 1970 -- 80 '' . Columbia Journal of Gender and Law . 25 : 41 -- 49 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Millhiser , Ian ( August 30 , 2011 ) . `` Justice Ginsburg : If I Were Nominated Today , My Women 's Rights Work For The ACLU Would Probably Disqualify Me '' . ThinkProgress . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Von Drehle , David ( July 19 , 1993 ) . `` Redefining Fair With a Simple Careful Assault -- Step - by - Step Strategy Produced Strides for Equal Protection '' . The Washington Post ; retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Scalia , Antonin ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` The 100 Most Influential People : Ruth Bader Ginsburg '' . Time . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Judges of the D.C. Circuit Courts '' . Historical Society of the District of Columbia Circuit . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fulwood III , Sam ( August 4 , 1993 ) . `` Ginsburg Confirmed as 2nd Woman on Supreme Court '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Drehle , David Von ( July 18 , 1993 ) . `` Conventional Roles Hid a Revolutionary Intellect '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Ruth ; Schmidt , Susan ( June 22 , 1986 ) . `` Scalia Tenacious After Staking Out a Position '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Richter , Paul ( June 15 , 1993 ) . `` Clinton Picks Moderate Judge Ruth Ginsburg for High Court : Judiciary : President calls the former women 's rights activist a healer and consensus builder . Her nomination is expected to win easy Senate approval '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beaupre Gillespie , Becky ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` My Chicago Law Moment : 50 Years Later , Federal Appellate Judge David Tatel , ' 66 , Still Thinks About the Concepts He Learned as a 1L '' . www.law.uchicago.edu . University of Chicago Law School . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Orrin Hatch ( 2003 ) , Square Peg : Confessions of a Citizen Senator , Basic Books , p. 180 , ISBN 0465028675 Jump up ^ Rudin , Ken ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` The ' Jewish Seat ' On The Supreme Court '' . NPR . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael J. Pomante II ; Scot Schraufnagel ( April 6 , 2018 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Barack Obama Administration . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . pp. 166 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5381 - 1152 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg On Dissent , The Holocaust And Fame -- The Forward '' . Forward.com . February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Comiskey , Michael ( June 1994 ) . `` The Usefulness of Senate Confirmation Hearings for Judicial Nominees : The Case of Ruth Bader Ginsburg '' . PS : Political Science & Politics . American Political Science Association . 27 ( 2 ) : 224 -- 27 . JSTOR 420276 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Neil A. ( July 22 , 1993 ) . `` The Supreme Court ; Ginsburg Deflects Pressure to Talk on Death Penalty '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bennard , Kristina Silja ( August 2005 ) , The Confirmation Hearings of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg : Answering Questions While Maintaining Judicial Impartiality ( PDF ) , Washington , D.C. : American Constitution Society , retrieved June 10 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Project Vote Smart '' . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Members of the Supreme Court of the United States '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Stolberg , Sheryl Gay ( September 5 , 2005 ) . `` Roberts Rx : Speak Up , but Shut Up '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bench Memos : Ginsburg on Roberts Hearings '' . National Review . September 29 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2007 . Retrieved September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Neil A. ( July 21 , 1993 ) . `` The Supreme Court : Ginsburg Promises Judicial Restraint If She Joins Court '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Supreme Court : In Her Own Words : Ruth Bader Ginsburg '' . The New York Times . June 15 , 1993 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sunstein , Cass R. ( 2009 ) . `` A Constitution of Many Minds : Why the Founding Document Does n't Mean What It Meant Before '' . www.questia.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Ginsburg : Court Needs Another Woman '' . USA Today . ABCNews.go.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris , Paul ( August 8 , 2009 ) . `` Sonia Sotomayor sworn in as first Hispanic supreme court judge '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Greenhouse , Linda ( May 31 , 2007 ) . `` In dissent , Ginsburg finds her voice at Supreme Court '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bravin , Jess ( May 2 , 2014 ) . `` For Now , Justice Ginsburg 's ' Pathmarking ' Does n't Include Retirement '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bisupic , Joan ( July 4 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Supreme Court 's Ginsburg vows to resist pressure to retire '' . Reuters . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stern , Mark Joseph ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` A Milestone for Ruth Bader Ginsburg '' . Slate . Retrieved September 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bazelon , Emily ( July 7 , 2009 ) . `` The Place of Women on the Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pusey , Allen . `` Ginsburg : Court should have avoided broad - based decision in Roe v. Wade '' , ABA Journal , May 13 , 2013 Archived March 6 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hirshman , Linda ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` How Ruth Bader Ginsburg just won the next abortion fight '' . Washington Post . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Green , Emma ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Why Ruth Bader Ginsburg Came Out Hard Against TRAP Laws When No Other Justice Would '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones Merritt , Deborah ; Lieberman , David M. ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg ' s Jurisprudence of Opportunity and Equality '' . Colum . L. Rev. 104 . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan ( June 27 , 1996 ) . `` Supreme Court Invalidates Exclusion of Women by VMI '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( May 30 , 2007 ) . `` Over Ginsburg 's Dissent , Court Limits Bias Suits '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Toobin , Jeffrey ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` Will Ginsburg 's Ledbetter Play Work Twice ? '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Vogue , Ariane ; Simon , Jeff ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg : Down with ' Notorious R.B.G. ' '' . CNN . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wolf , Richard ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` Ginsburg 's dedication undimmed after 20 years on court '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Adam ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` Supreme Court Says Child 's Rights Violated by Strip Search '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan ( October 5 , 2009 ) . `` Ginsburg : Court needs another woman '' . usatoday30.usatoday.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Tribe , Laurence ; Matz , Joshua ( June 3 , 2014 ) . Uncertain Justice : The Roberts Court and the Constitution . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0805099096 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( April 11 , 2009 ) . `` Ginsburg Shares Views on Influence of Foreign Law on Her Court , and Vice Versa '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Anker , Deborah E. ( 2013 ) . `` Grutter v. Bollinger : Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg 's Legitimization of the Role of Comparative and International Law in U.S. Jurisprudence '' ( PDF ) . Harvard Law Review . 127 : 425 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Judith , Resnik ( 2013 ) . `` Opening the Door : Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Law 's Boundaries , and the Gender of Opportunities '' . Faculty Scholarship Series : 83 . Jump up ^ `` Swearing - In Ceremony for President William J. Clinton '' . Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fabian , Jordan ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Sotomayor to Swear In VP Biden '' . ABC News . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Ginsburg officiates at same - sex wedding '' . Fox News Channel . September 1 , 2013 . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Robert ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Ginsburg to officiate same - sex wedding '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Greg ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg Officiates Same - Sex Marriage '' . NPR . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg says she will serve as long as she has ' steam ' - American Politics - Jerusalem Post '' . Jpost.com . February 2 , 2018 . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan ( December 25 , 2007 ) . `` Ginsburg , Scalia Strike a Balance '' USA Today . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Amatulli , Jenna ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` The Glorious Ruth Bader Ginsburg Was in an Opera this Weekend '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg Visits Egypt '' ( Press release ) . U.S. Embassy Cairo . January 28 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2012 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Justice Ginsburg Expresses Admiration for Egyptian Revolution and Democratic Transition '' ( Press release ) . U.S. Embassy Cairo . February 1 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ de Vogue , Ariane ( February 3 , 2012 ) . `` Ginsburg Likes S. Africa as Model for Egypt '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg , No Fan of Donald Trump , Critiques Latest Term '' . The New York Times . July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Pete ; Merod , Anna ; Frumin , Aliyah ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Did Ginsburg Go Too Far in Criticism of Trump ? '' . NBC News . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth Ginsburg Apologizes for Criticizing Trump '' . The New York Times . July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` My Own Words '' . Jump up ^ Cowles , Gregory ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` The Story Behind This Week 's Best Sellers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg Regrets Speaking on Colin Kaepernick '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg apologizes for criticizing anthem protests '' . ESPN . October 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Vogue , Ariane ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg apologizes to Colin Kaepernick after criticizing anthem protest '' . CNN . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Totenberg , Nina ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg Reflects On The # MeToo Movement : ' It 's About Time ' '' . NPR . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Collins , Gail ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` The Unsinkable R.B.G. : Ruth Bader Ginsburg Has No Interest in Retiring '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Husband of Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg dies '' . The Washington Post . June 27 , 2010 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lithwick , Dahlia . `` The Mother of All Grizzlies '' . Slate . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ginsburg Is Latest Justice to Reflect on Faith , The Washington Post , January 15 , 2008 Jump up ^ Justice Ginsburg has released a new feminist take on the Passover narrative , The Washington Post , March 18 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Remarks by Ruth Bader Ginsburg '' . Ushmm.org . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . April 22 , 2004 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justice Ginsburg Exhibits Her Famous Collar Collection Watch the video '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : MAKERS Team ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg Owns a ' Dissenting Collar ' '' . MAKERS . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Garry , Stephanie ( February 6 , 2009 ) . `` For Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Hopeful Signs in Grim News about Pancreatic Cancer '' Archived January 20 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Marimow , Ann E. ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` Personal trainer Bryant Johnson 's clients include two Supreme Court justices '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carmon , Irin ; Knizhnik , Shana ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg Chooses Working Out Over Dinner with the President '' . Yahoo.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Richard ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Ginsburg 's dedication undimmed after 20 years on court '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sherman , Mark ( February 6 , 2009 ) . `` Ginsburg could lead to Obama appointment '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . Retrieved September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Supreme Court Press Release ( February 5 , 2009 ) . `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg Undergoes Surgery for Pancreatic Cancer '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( February 23 , 2009 ) . `` Ginsburg rejoins Supreme Court weeks after cancer surgery '' . CNN . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ De Vogue , Ariane ( February 23 , 2009 ) . `` Justice Ginsburg Returns to the Bench '' . ABC News . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cook , Theresa ( March 3 , 2009 ) . `` Justice Ginsburg Treated for Pancreatic Cancer '' . ABC News . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vicini , James ( September 24 , 2009 ) . `` Supreme Court Justice Ginsburg Taken to Hospital '' . This Blue Marble . Reuters . Retrieved September 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Ginsburg Is Recovering After Heart Surgery to Place a Stent '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McCue , Dan ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Justice Ginsburg Has Heart Surgery '' . Courthouse News Service . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sherman , Mark ( August 3 , 2010 ) . `` Ginsburg says no plans to leave Supreme Court '' . Boston Globe . Associated Press . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ de Vogue , Ariana ( February 4 , 2010 ) . `` White House Prepares for Possibility of 2 Supreme Court Vacancies '' . ABC . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` At Supreme Court , no one rushes into retirement '' . USA Today . July 13 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Biskupic , Joan . Exclusive : Supreme Court 's Ginsburg vows to resist pressure to retire Archived October 17 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , Reuters , July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Jonathan ( November 29 , 2013 ) . `` Yes , Stephen Breyer and Ruth Bader Ginsburg should still retire '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Michael ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg should do all liberals a favor and retire now '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chemerinsky , Erwin ( March 15 , 2014 ) . `` Much depends on Ginsburg '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( July 2 , 2011 ) . `` Justice Ginsburg not leaving court ' anytime soon ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Amy ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg 's Retirement Dissent '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Most Powerful Women '' . Forbes . August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Debra Cassens ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Ginsburg Named One of Glamour Magazine 's ' Women of the Year 2012 ' '' . ABA Journal . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Nancy ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` How We Pick the TIME 100 '' . MSN . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WUCL Welcomes Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg to Campus '' . Willamette University . August 25 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dienst , Karin ( June 1 , 2010 ) . `` Princeton awards five honorary degrees '' . Princeton University . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ireland , Corydon ; Koch , Katie ; Powell , Alvin ; Walsh , Colleen ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` Harvard awards 9 honorary degrees '' . Harvard Gazette . Harvard University . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Reilly , Mollie ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` The Women Of The Supreme Court Now Have The Badass Portrait They Deserve '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Justices '' . National Portrait Gallery , Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Camila , Domonoske ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Insect Named For Ruth Bader Ginsburg Is Step Toward Equality Of The 6 - Legged Sexes '' . NPR . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brannoch , Sydney ; Svenson , Gavin ( May 2016 ) . `` Leveraging female genitalic characters for generic and species delimitation in Nilomantis Werner , 1907 and Ilomantis Giglio - Tos , 1915 ( Mantodea , Nilomantinae ) '' . Insect Systematics & Evolution. 47 ( 3 ) : 209 . doi : 10.1163 / 1876312X - 47032141 . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Paul ( November 28 , 2014 ) . `` Why the Supreme Court should be the biggest issue of the 2016 campaign '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alman , Ashley ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` This Badass Tattoo Takes Ruth Bader Ginsburg Fandom To New Levels '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lithwick , Dahlia ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Justice LOLZ Grumpycat Notorious R.B.G. '' Slate . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bazelon , Emily ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` Notorious RBG : The Life and Times of Ruth Bader Ginsburg ' '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carmon , Irin ; Knizhnik , Shana ( October 27 , 2015 ) . Notorious RBG : The Life and Times of Ruth Bader Ginsburg . Dey Street Books . ISBN 978 - 0062415837 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Eileen ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` How An 81 - Year - Old Supreme Court Justice Became An Unlikely Pop Culture Icon '' . Business Insider . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Leary , Tom F. ( February 16 , 2016 ) . The Ruth Bader Ginsburg Coloring Book : A Tribute to the Always Colorful and Often Inspiring Life of the Supreme Court Justice Known as RBG . S.l. : Gumdrop Press . ISBN 978 - 0692644782 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Ruth Bader Ginsburg became a meme -- and why that 's so surprising '' . Press Herald . June 3 , 2018 . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Zeke J. ( October 19 , 2014 ) . `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg Says She Has Quite a Large Supply of Notorious RBG Shirts '' . TIME.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lavender , Paige ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ruth Bader Ginsburg ' Brings The Sass On SNL '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mallenbaum , Carly ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Kate McKinnon showed up as Ruth Bader Ginsburg at the RNC '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Vogue , Ariane ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Ginsburg on Kaepernick protests : ' I think it 's dumb and disrespectful ' '' . CNN . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Ashley ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Kate McKinnon 's Ruth Bader Ginsburg Back to Own Donald Trump '' . TIME.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Getlen , Larry ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` SNL Cast Evaluation : Kate McKinnon Is the Show 's Undisputed MVP '' . Decider . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg Wows Celebrity - Packed Crowd at Sundance Film Festival '' . HWD . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ninja Supreme Court Justice : Ruth Bader Ginsburg Has Fun With Fame '' . May 9 , 2018 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Bloom , David ; Yamato , Jen ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` Blacklist 2014 : Full List -- Update '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Felicity Jones to Star as Ruth Bader Ginsburg in Biopic ' On the Basis of Sex ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Bayer , Linda N. Ruth Bader Ginsburg . Philadelphia : Chelsea House Publishers , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0791052877 OCLC 42771306 Campbell , Amy Leigh , and Ruth Bader Ginsburg . Raising the Bar : Ruth Bader Ginsburg and the ACLU Women 's Rights Project . Princeton , NJ : Xlibris Corporation , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 1413427417 OCLC 56980906 Clinton , Bill . My Life . New York : Vintage Books , 2005 . pp. 524 -- 25 , 941 . ISBN 978 - 1400043934 OCLC 233703142 Garner , Bryan A. Garner on Language and Writing . Chicago : American Bar Association , 2009 . Forward by Ruth Bader Ginsburg . ISBN 978 - 1590315880 OCLC 310224965 Moritz College of Law . 2009 . `` The Jurisprudence of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg : A Discussion of Fifteen Years on the U.S. Supreme Court : Symposium '' . Ohio State Law Journal . 70 , no . 4 : 797 -- 1126 . ISSN 0048 - 1572 OCLC 676694369 Ginsburg , Ruth Bader , et al. Essays in Honor of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg . Cambridge , MA : Harvard Law School , 2013 . OCLC 839314921 Carmon , Irin , and Shana Knizhnik . Notorious RBG : The Life and Times of Ruth Bader Ginsburg . New York , Dey Street , William Morrow Publishers , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 0062415837 OCLC 913957624 Dodson , Scott . The Legacy of Ruth Bader Ginsburg . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 1107062467 OCLC 897881843 Hirshman , Linda R. Sisters in Law : How Sandra Day O'Connor and Ruth Bader Ginsburg Went to the Supreme Court and Changed the World . New York : HarperCollins , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 0062238481 OCLC 907678612 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutRuth Bader Ginsburgat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Ruth Bader Ginsburg at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges , a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center . Ruth Bader Ginsburg papers at the Library of Congress OCLC 70984211 Ruth Bader Ginsburg at Ballotpedia Issue positions and quotes at OnTheIssues Voices on Antisemitism : Interview with Ruth Bader Ginsburg from the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum Ruth Bader Ginsburg , video produced by Makers : Women Who Make America Appearances on C - SPAN Supreme Court Associate Justice Nomination Hearings on Ruth Bader Ginsburg in July 1993 United States Government Publishing Office Legal offices Preceded by Harold Leventhal Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit 1980 -- 1993 Succeeded by David Tatel Preceded by Byron White Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States 1993 -- present Incumbent Current U.S. order of precedence ( ceremonial ) Preceded by Clarence Thomas as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court Order of precedence of the United States as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court Succeeded by Stephen Breyer as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court Inductees to the National Women 's Hall of Fame 1970 -- 1979 1973 Jane Addams Marian Anderson Susan B. Anthony Clara Barton Mary McLeod Bethune Elizabeth Blackwell Pearl S. Buck Rachel Carson Mary Cassatt Emily Dickinson Amelia Earhart Alice Hamilton Helen Hayes Helen Keller Eleanor Roosevelt Florence Sabin Margaret Chase Smith Elizabeth Cady Stanton Helen Brooke Taussig Harriet Tubman 1976 Abigail Adams Margaret Mead Mildred `` Babe '' Didrikson Zaharias 1979 Dorothea Dix Juliette Gordon Low Alice Paul Elizabeth Bayley Seton 1980 -- 1989 1981 Margaret Sanger Sojourner Truth 1982 Carrie Chapman Catt Frances Perkins Belva Lockwood Lucretia Mott 1984 Mary `` Mother '' Harris Jones Bessie Smith 1986 Barbara McClintock Lucy Stone Harriet Beecher Stowe 1988 Gwendolyn Brooks Willa Cather Sally Ride Ida B. Wells - Barnett 1990 -- 1999 1990 Margaret Bourke - White Barbara Jordan Billie Jean King Florence B. Seibert 1991 Gertrude Belle Elion 1993 Ethel Percy Andrus Antoinette Blackwell Emily Blackwell Shirley Chisholm Jacqueline Cochran Ruth Colvin Marian Wright Edelman Alice Evans Betty Friedan Ella Grasso Martha Wright Griffiths Fannie Lou Hamer Dorothy Height Dolores Huerta Mary Jacobi Mae Jemison Mary Lyon Mary Mahoney Wilma Mankiller Constance Baker Motley Georgia O'Keeffe Annie Oakley Rosa Parks Esther Peterson Jeannette Rankin Ellen Swallow Richards Elaine Roulet Katherine Siva Saubel Gloria Steinem Helen Stephens Lillian Wald Madam C.J. Walker Faye Wattleton Rosalyn S. 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Hallaren Oveta Culp Hobby Wilhelmina Cole Holladay Anne Morrow Lindbergh Maria Goeppert Mayer Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose Maria Tallchief Edith Wharton 1998 Madeleine Albright Maya Angelou Nellie Bly Lydia Moss Bradley Mary Steichen Calderone Mary Ann Shadd Cary Joan Ganz Cooney Gerty Cori Sarah Grimké Julia Ward Howe Shirley Ann Jackson Shannon Lucid Katharine Dexter McCormick Rozanne L. Ridgway Edith Nourse Rogers Felice Schwartz Eunice Kennedy Shriver Beverly Sills Florence Wald Angelina Grimké Weld Chien - Shiung Wu 2000 -- 2009 2000 Faye Glenn Abdellah Emma Smith DeVoe Marjory Stoneman Douglas Mary Dyer Sylvia A. Earle Crystal Eastman Jeanne Holm Leontine T. Kelly Frances Oldham Kelsey Kate Mullany Janet Reno Anna Howard Shaw Sophia Smith Ida Tarbell Wilma L. Vaught Mary Edwards Walker Annie Dodge Wauneka Eudora Welty Frances E. Willard 2001 Dorothy H. Andersen Lucille Ball Rosalynn Carter Lydia Maria Child Bessie Coleman Dorothy Day Marian de Forest Althea Gibson Beatrice A. Hicks Barbara Holdridge Harriet Williams Russell Strong Emily Howell Warner Victoria Woodhull 2002 Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis Ruth Bader Ginsburg Katharine Graham Bertha Holt Mary Engle Pennington Mercy Otis Warren 2003 Linda G. Alvarado Donna de Varona Gertrude Ederle Martha Matilda Harper Patricia Roberts Harris Stephanie L. Kwolek Dorothea Lange Mildred Robbins Leet Patsy Takemoto Mink Sacagawea Anne Sullivan Sheila E. Widnall 2005 Florence Ellinwood Allen Ruth Fulton Benedict Betty Bumpers Hillary Clinton Rita Rossi Colwell Mother Marianne Cope Maya Y. Lin Patricia A. Locke Blanche Stuart Scott Mary Burnett Talbert 2007 Eleanor K. Baum Julia Child Martha Coffin Pelham Wright Swanee Hunt Winona LaDuke Elisabeth Kübler - Ross Judith L. Pipher Catherine Filene Shouse Henrietta Szold 2009 Louise Bourgeois Mildred Cohn Karen DeCrow Susan Kelly - Dreiss Allie B. 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Circuit ( 1980 -- 1993 ) ; by calendar year 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 1991 1993 Supreme Court of the United States ( August 10 , 1993 -- present ) ; by term 1993 1994 1995 2001 2017 2018 Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice Jay J. Rutledge Ellsworth J. Marshall Taney S.P. Chase Waite Fuller E. White Taft Hughes Stone Vinson Warren Burger Rehnquist J. Roberts Seat 1 J. Rutledge T. Johnson Paterson Livingston Thompson Nelson Hunt Blatchford E. White Van Devanter Black Powell Kennedy Kavanaugh Seat 2 Cushing Story Woodbury Curtis Clifford Gray Holmes Cardozo Frankfurter Goldberg Fortas Blackmun Breyer Seat 3 Wilson Washington Baldwin Grier Strong Woods L. Lamar H. Jackson Peckham Lurton McReynolds Byrnes W. Rutledge Minton Brennan Souter Sotomayor Seat 4 Blair S. Chase Duvall Barbour Daniel Miller Brown Moody J. Lamar Brandeis Douglas Stevens Kagan Seat 5 Iredell Moore W. 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Alito 2009 -- 2010 : J.P. Stevens A. Scalia A. Kennedy C. Thomas R.B. Ginsburg S. Breyer S. Alito S. Sotomayor 2010 -- 2016 : A. Scalia A. Kennedy C. Thomas R.B. Ginsburg S. Breyer S. Alito S. Sotomayor E. Kagan 2017 -- 2018 : A. Kennedy C. Thomas R.B. Ginsburg S. Breyer S. Alito S. Sotomayor E. Kagan N. Gorsuch 2018 -- present : C. Thomas R.B. Ginsburg S. Breyer S. Alito S. Sotomayor E. Kagan N. Gorsuch B. Kavanaugh WorldCat Identities BIBSYS : 1459181431528 CiNii : DA02008455 GND : 137177283 ISNI : 0000 0000 8158 0991 LCCN : n50029918 NARA : 10582948 NKC : jo2017965662 SNAC : w6db86dw SUDOC : 104526513 VIAF : 262011391 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg&oldid=866135062 '' Categories : 1933 births 20th - century American judges 21st - century American judges Activists from New York ( state ) American Civil Liberties Union people American feminists American legal scholars American people of Russian - Jewish descent American women judges American women lawyers Colorectal cancer survivors Columbia Law School alumni Columbia University faculty Constitutional court women judges Cornell University alumni Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Harvard Law School alumni Jewish feminists Jewish scholars Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was appointed to the supreme court in 1993	[ "Ruth Bader Ginsburg (/ˈbeɪdər ˈɡɪnzbɜːrɡ/; born Joan Ruth Bader, March 15, 1933)[1] is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Ginsburg was appointed by President Bill Clinton and took the oath of office on August 10, 1993. She is the second female justice (after Sandra Day O'Connor) of four to be confirmed to the court (along with Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan, who are still serving). Following O'Connor's retirement, and until Sotomayor joined the court, Ginsburg was the only female justice on the Supreme Court. During that time, Ginsburg became more forceful with her dissents, which were noted by legal observers and in popular culture. She is generally viewed as belonging to the liberal wing of the court. Ginsburg has authored notable majority opinions, including United States v. Virginia, Olmstead v. L.C., and Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.\n" ]	[ "Ruth Bader Ginsburg (/ˈbeɪdər ˈɡɪnzbɜːrɡ/; born Joan Ruth Bader" ]
-7165555372009319362	George III of the United Kingdom	George III of the United Kingdom - wikipedia George III of the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search `` George III '' redirects here . For other uses , see George III ( disambiguation ) . George III Coronation portrait by Allan Ramsay , 1762 King of Great Britain and Ireland Elector of Hanover ( more ... ) Reign 25 October 1760 -- 29 January 1820 Coronation 22 September 1761 Predecessor George II Successor George IV Regent George , Prince Regent ( 1811 -- 20 ) Prime Ministers See list ( show ) Duke of Newcastle Earl of Bute George Grenville Marquess of Rockingham Earl of Chatham Duke of Grafton Lord North Earl of Shelburne Duke of Portland William Pitt the Younger Henry Addington Lord Grenville Spencer Perceval Earl of Liverpool 4 June 1738 ( N.S. ) Norfolk House , St. James 's Square , London 29 January 1820 ( 1820 - 01 - 29 ) ( aged 81 ) Windsor Castle , Windsor , Berkshire Burial 16 February 1820 St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle Spouse Charlotte of Mecklenburg - Strelitz ( m . 1761 ; d . 1818 ) Issue George IV Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany William IV Charlotte , Princess Royal Prince Edward , Duke of Kent and Strathearn Princess Augusta Princess Elizabeth Ernest Augustus , King of Hanover Prince Augustus Frederick , Duke of Sussex Prince Adolphus , Duke of Cambridge Princess Mary , Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh Princess Sophia Prince Octavius Prince Alfred Princess Amelia Full name George William Frederick House Hanover Father Frederick , Prince of Wales Mother Augusta of Saxe - Gotha Signature George III ( George William Frederick ; 4 June 1738 -- 29 January 1820 ) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two countries on 1 January 1801 , after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death . He was concurrently Duke and prince - elector of Brunswick - Lüneburg ( `` Hanover '' ) in the Holy Roman Empire before becoming King of Hanover on 12 October 1814 . He was the third British monarch of the House of Hanover , but unlike his two predecessors , he was born in Britain , spoke English as his first language , and never visited Hanover . His life and with it his reign , which were longer than any other British monarch before him , were marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdoms , much of the rest of Europe , and places farther afield in Africa , the Americas and Asia . Early in his reign , Great Britain defeated France in the Seven Years ' War , becoming the dominant European power in North America and India . However , many of Britain 's American colonies were soon lost in the American War of Independence . Further wars against revolutionary and Napoleonic France from 1793 concluded in the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 . In the later part of his life , George III had recurrent , and eventually permanent , mental illness . Although it has since been suggested that he had the blood disease porphyria , the cause of his illness remains unknown . After a final relapse in 1810 , a regency was established , and George III 's eldest son , George , Prince of Wales , ruled as Prince Regent . On George III 's death , the Prince Regent succeeded his father as George IV . Historical analysis of George III 's life has gone through a `` kaleidoscope of changing views '' that have depended heavily on the prejudices of his biographers and the sources available to them . Until it was reassessed in the second half of the 20th century , his reputation in the United States was one of a tyrant ; and in Britain he became `` the scapegoat for the failure of imperialism '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Marriage 3 Early reign 4 American War of Independence 5 Constitutional struggle 6 William Pitt 7 French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 8 Later life 9 Legacy 10 Titles , styles and arms 10.1 Titles and styles 10.2 Arms 11 Issue 12 Ancestry 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 15.1 Bibliography 16 Further reading 17 External links Early life George ( right ) with his brother Prince Edward , Duke of York and Albany , and their tutor , Francis Ayscough , later Dean of Bristol , c. 1749 George was born in London at Norfolk House . He was the grandson of King George II , and the eldest son of Frederick , Prince of Wales , and Augusta of Saxe - Gotha . As Prince George was born two months prematurely and he was thought unlikely to survive , he was baptised the same day by Thomas Secker , who was both Rector of St James 's and Bishop of Oxford . One month later , he was publicly baptised at Norfolk House , again by Secker . His godparents were the King of Sweden ( for whom Lord Baltimore stood proxy ) , his uncle the Duke of Saxe - Gotha ( for whom Lord Carnarvon stood proxy ) and his great - aunt the Queen of Prussia ( for whom Lady Charlotte Edwin stood proxy ) . George grew into a healthy but reserved and shy child . The family moved to Leicester Square , where George and his younger brother Prince Edward , Duke of York and Albany , were educated together by private tutors . Family letters show that he could read and write in both English and German , as well as comment on political events of the time , by the age of eight . He was the first British monarch to study science systematically . Apart from chemistry and physics , his lessons included astronomy , mathematics , French , Latin , history , music , geography , commerce , agriculture and constitutional law , along with sporting and social accomplishments such as dancing , fencing , and riding . His religious education was wholly Anglican . At age 10 George took part in a family production of Joseph Addison 's play Cato and said in the new prologue : `` What , tho ' a boy ! It may with truth be said , A boy in England born , in England bred '' . Historian Romney Sedgwick argued that these lines appear `` to be the source of the only historical phrase with which he is associated '' . George 's grandfather , King George II , disliked the Prince of Wales , and took little interest in his grandchildren . However , in 1751 the Prince of Wales died unexpectedly from a lung injury , and George became heir apparent to the throne . He inherited one of his father 's titles and became the Duke of Edinburgh . Now more interested in his grandson , three weeks later the King created George Prince of Wales ( the title is not automatically acquired ) . Pastel portrait of George as Prince of Wales by Jean - Étienne Liotard , 1754 In the spring of 1756 , as George approached his eighteenth birthday , the King offered him a grand establishment at St James 's Palace , but George refused the offer , guided by his mother and her confidant , Lord Bute , who would later serve as Prime Minister . George 's mother , now the Dowager Princess of Wales , preferred to keep George at home where she could imbue him with her strict moral values . Marriage In 1759 , George was smitten with Lady Sarah Lennox , sister of the Duke of Richmond , but Lord Bute advised against the match and George abandoned his thoughts of marriage . `` I am born for the happiness or misery of a great nation , '' he wrote , `` and consequently must often act contrary to my passions . '' Nevertheless , attempts by the King to marry George to Princess Sophie Caroline of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel were resisted by him and his mother ; Sophie married the Margrave of Bayreuth instead . The following year , at the age of 22 , George succeeded to the throne when his grandfather , George II , died suddenly on 25 October 1760 , two weeks before his 77th birthday . The search for a suitable wife intensified . On 8 September 1761 in the Chapel Royal , St James 's Palace , the King married Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg - Strelitz , whom he met on their wedding day . A fortnight later on 22 September both were crowned at Westminster Abbey . George remarkably never took a mistress ( in contrast with his grandfather and his sons ) , and the couple enjoyed a genuinely happy marriage until his mental illness struck . They had 15 children -- nine sons and six daughters . In 1762 , George purchased Buckingham House ( on the site now occupied by Buckingham Palace ) for use as a family retreat . His other residences were Kew and Windsor Castle . St James 's Palace was retained for official use . He did not travel extensively , and spent his entire life in southern England . In the 1790s , the King and his family took holidays at Weymouth , Dorset , which he thus popularised as one of the first seaside resorts in England . Early reign Further information : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War George , in his accession speech to Parliament , proclaimed : `` Born and educated in this country , I glory in the name of Britain '' . He inserted this phrase into the speech , written by Lord Hardwicke , in order to demonstrate his desire to distance himself from his German forebears , who were perceived as caring more for Hanover than for Britain . Although his accession was at first welcomed by politicians of all parties , the first years of his reign were marked by political instability , largely generated as a result of disagreements over the Seven Years ' War . George was also perceived as favouring Tory ministers , which led to his denunciation by the Whigs as an autocrat . On his accession , the Crown lands produced relatively little income ; most revenue was generated through taxes and excise duties . George surrendered the Crown Estate to Parliamentary control in return for a civil list annuity for the support of his household and the expenses of civil government . Claims that he used the income to reward supporters with bribes and gifts are disputed by historians who say such claims `` rest on nothing but falsehoods put out by disgruntled opposition '' . Debts amounting to over £ 3 million over the course of George 's reign were paid by Parliament , and the civil list annuity was increased from time to time . He aided the Royal Academy of Arts with large grants from his private funds , and may have donated more than half of his personal income to charity . Of his art collection , the two most notable purchases are Johannes Vermeer 's Lady at the Virginals and a set of Canalettos , but it is as a collector of books that he is best remembered . The King 's Library was open and available to scholars and was the foundation of a new national library . George III by Allan Ramsay , 1762 In May 1762 , the incumbent Whig government of the Duke of Newcastle was replaced with one led by the Scottish Tory Lord Bute . Bute 's opponents worked against him by spreading the calumny that he was having an affair with the King 's mother , and by exploiting anti-Scottish prejudices amongst the English . John Wilkes , a Member of Parliament , published The North Briton , which was both inflammatory and defamatory in its condemnation of Bute and the government . Wilkes was eventually arrested for seditious libel but he fled to France to escape punishment ; he was expelled from the House of Commons , and found guilty in absentia of blasphemy and libel . In 1763 , after concluding the Peace of Paris which ended the war , Lord Bute resigned , allowing the Whigs under George Grenville to return to power . Later that year , the Royal Proclamation of 1763 placed a limit upon the westward expansion of the American colonies . The Proclamation aimed to divert colonial expansion to the north ( to Nova Scotia ) and to the south ( Florida ) . The Proclamation Line did not bother the majority of settled farmers , but it was unpopular with a vocal minority and ultimately contributed to conflict between the colonists and the British government . With the American colonists generally unburdened by British taxes , the government thought it appropriate for them to pay towards the defence of the colonies against native uprisings and the possibility of French incursions . The central issue for the colonists was not the amount of taxes but whether Parliament could levy a tax without American approval , for there were no American seats in Parliament . The Americans protested that like all Englishmen they had rights to `` no taxation without representation '' . In 1765 , Grenville introduced the Stamp Act , which levied a stamp duty on every document in the British colonies in North America . Since newspapers were printed on stamped paper , those most affected by the introduction of the duty were the most effective at producing propaganda opposing the tax . Meanwhile , the King had become exasperated at Grenville 's attempts to reduce the King 's prerogatives , and tried , unsuccessfully , to persuade William Pitt the Elder to accept the office of Prime Minister . After a brief illness , which may have presaged his illnesses to come , George settled on Lord Rockingham to form a ministry , and dismissed Grenville . Lord Rockingham , with the support of Pitt and the King , repealed Grenville 's unpopular Stamp Act , but his government was weak and he was replaced in 1766 by Pitt , whom George created Earl of Chatham . The actions of Lord Chatham and George III in repealing the Act were so popular in America that statues of them both were erected in New York City . Lord Chatham fell ill in 1767 , and the Duke of Grafton took over the government , although he did not formally become Prime Minister until 1768 . That year , John Wilkes returned to England , stood as a candidate in the general election , and came top of the poll in the Middlesex constituency . Wilkes was again expelled from Parliament . Wilkes was re-elected and expelled twice more , before the House of Commons resolved that his candidature was invalid and declared the runner - up as the victor . Grafton 's government disintegrated in 1770 , allowing the Tories led by Lord North to return to power . Portrait by Johann Zoffany , 1771 George was deeply devout and spent hours in prayer , but his piety was not shared by his brothers . George was appalled by what he saw as their loose morals . In 1770 , his brother Prince Henry , Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn , was exposed as an adulterer , and the following year Cumberland married a young widow , Anne Horton . The King considered her inappropriate as a royal bride : she was from a lower social class and German law barred any children of the couple from the Hanoverian succession . George insisted on a new law that essentially forbade members of the Royal Family from legally marrying without the consent of the Sovereign . The subsequent bill was unpopular in Parliament , including among George 's own ministers , but passed as the Royal Marriages Act 1772 . Shortly afterward , another of George 's brothers , Prince William Henry , Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh , revealed he had been secretly married to Maria , Countess Waldegrave , the illegitimate daughter of Sir Edward Walpole . The news confirmed George 's opinion that he had been right to introduce the law : Maria was related to his political opponents . Neither lady was ever received at court . Lord North 's government was chiefly concerned with discontent in America . To assuage American opinion most of the custom duties were withdrawn , except for the tea duty , which in George 's words was `` one tax to keep up the right ( to levy taxes ) '' . In 1773 , the tea ships moored in Boston Harbor were boarded by colonists and the tea thrown overboard , an event that became known as the Boston Tea Party . In Britain , opinion hardened against the colonists , with Chatham now agreeing with North that the destruction of the tea was `` certainly criminal '' . With the clear support of Parliament , Lord North introduced measures , which were called the Intolerable Acts by the colonists : the Port of Boston was shut down and the charter of Massachusetts was altered so that the upper house of the legislature was appointed by the Crown instead of elected by the lower house . Up to this point , in the words of Professor Peter Thomas , George 's `` hopes were centred on a political solution , and he always bowed to his cabinet 's opinions even when sceptical of their success . The detailed evidence of the years from 1763 to 1775 tends to exonerate George III from any real responsibility for the American Revolution . '' Though the Americans characterised George as a tyrant , in these years he acted as a constitutional monarch supporting the initiatives of his ministers . American war of independence Main articles : American Revolution and American Revolutionary War The American War of Independence was the culmination of the civil and political American Revolution resulting from the American Enlightenment . Brought to a head over the lack of American representation in Parliament , which was seen as a denial of their rights as Englishmen and often popularly focused on direct taxes levied by Parliament on the colonies without their consent , the colonists resisted the imposition of direct rule after the Boston Tea Party . Creating self - governing provinces , they circumvented the British ruling apparatus in each colony by 1774 . Armed conflict between British regulars and colonial militiamen broke out at the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775 . After petitions to the Crown for intervention with Parliament were ignored , the rebel leaders were declared traitors by the Crown and a year of fighting ensued . The colonies declared their independence in July 1776 , listing grievances against the British king and legislature while asking the support of the populace . Among George 's other offences , the Declaration charged , `` He has abdicated Government here ... He has plundered our seas , ravaged our Coasts , burnt our towns , and destroyed the lives of our people . '' The gilded equestrian statue of George III in New York was pulled down . The British captured the city in 1776 , but lost Boston , and the grand strategic plan of invading from Canada and cutting off New England failed with the surrender of the British Lieutenant - General John Burgoyne at the Battle of Saratoga . George III is often accused of obstinately trying to keep Great Britain at war with the revolutionaries in America , despite the opinions of his own ministers . In the words of the Victorian author George Trevelyan , the King was determined `` never to acknowledge the independence of the Americans , and to punish their contumacy by the indefinite prolongation of a war which promised to be eternal . '' The King wanted to `` keep the rebels harassed , anxious , and poor , until the day when , by a natural and inevitable process , discontent and disappointment were converted into penitence and remorse '' . However , more recent historians defend George by saying in the context of the times no king would willingly surrender such a large territory , and his conduct was far less ruthless than contemporary monarchs in Europe . After Saratoga , both Parliament and the British people were in favour of the war ; recruitment ran at high levels and although political opponents were vocal , they remained a small minority . With the setbacks in America , Prime Minister Lord North asked to transfer power to Lord Chatham , whom he thought more capable , but George refused to do so ; he suggested instead that Chatham serve as a subordinate minister in Lord North 's administration , but Chatham refused to cooperate . He died later in the same year . In early 1778 , France ( Britain 's chief rival ) signed a treaty of alliance with the United States and the conflict escalated . The United States and France were soon joined by Spain and the Dutch Republic , while Britain had no major allies of its own . Lord Gower and Lord Weymouth both resigned from the government . Lord North again requested that he also be allowed to resign , but he stayed in office at George III 's insistence . Opposition to the costly war was increasing , and in June 1780 contributed to disturbances in London known as the Gordon Riots . As late as the Siege of Charleston in 1780 , Loyalists could still believe in their eventual victory , as British troops inflicted heavy defeats on the Continental forces at the Battle of Camden and the Battle of Guilford Court House . In late 1781 , the news of Lord Cornwallis 's surrender at the Siege of Yorktown reached London ; Lord North 's parliamentary support ebbed away and he resigned the following year . The King drafted an abdication notice , which was never delivered , finally accepted the defeat in North America , and authorised peace negotiations . The Treaties of Paris , by which Britain recognised the independence of the American states and returned Florida to Spain , were signed in 1782 and 1783 . When John Adams was appointed American Minister to London in 1785 , George had become resigned to the new relationship between his country and the former colonies . He told Adams , `` I was the last to consent to the separation ; but the separation having been made and having become inevitable , I have always said , as I say now , that I would be the first to meet the friendship of the United States as an independent power . '' Constitutional struggle With the collapse of Lord North 's ministry in 1782 , the Whig Lord Rockingham became Prime Minister for the second time , but died within months . The King then appointed Lord Shelburne to replace him . Charles James Fox , however , refused to serve under Shelburne , and demanded the appointment of the Duke of Portland . In 1783 , the House of Commons forced Shelburne from office and his government was replaced by the Fox -- North Coalition . The Duke of Portland became Prime Minister , with Fox and Lord North , as Foreign Secretary and Home Secretary respectively . In A new way to pay the National Debt ( 1786 ) , James Gillray caricatured King George III and Queen Charlotte awash with treasury funds to cover royal debts , with Pitt handing him another money bag . The King disliked Fox intensely , for his politics as well as his character ; he thought Fox was unprincipled and a bad influence on the Prince of Wales . George III was distressed at having to appoint ministers not of his liking , but the Portland ministry quickly built up a majority in the House of Commons , and could not be displaced easily . He was further dismayed when the government introduced the India Bill , which proposed to reform the government of India by transferring political power from the East India Company to Parliamentary commissioners . Although the King actually favoured greater control over the Company , the proposed commissioners were all political allies of Fox . Immediately after the House of Commons passed it , George authorised Lord Temple to inform the House of Lords that he would regard any peer who voted for the bill as his enemy . The bill was rejected by the Lords ; three days later , the Portland ministry was dismissed , and William Pitt the Younger was appointed Prime Minister , with Temple as his Secretary of State . On 17 December 1783 , Parliament voted in favour of a motion condemning the influence of the monarch in parliamentary voting as a `` high crime '' and Temple was forced to resign . Temple 's departure destabilised the government , and three months later the government lost its majority and Parliament was dissolved ; the subsequent election gave Pitt a firm mandate . William Pitt The Three Youngest Daughters of King George III by John Singleton Copley , c. 1785 Gold guinea of George III , 1789 For George III , Pitt 's appointment was a great victory . It proved that he was able to appoint Prime Ministers on the basis of his own interpretation of the public mood without having to follow the choice of the current majority in the House of Commons . Throughout Pitt 's ministry , George supported many of Pitt 's political aims and created new peers at an unprecedented rate to increase the number of Pitt 's supporters in the House of Lords . During and after Pitt 's ministry , George III was extremely popular in Britain . The British people admired him for his piety , and for remaining faithful to his wife . He was fond of his children , and was devastated at the death of two of his sons in infancy in 1782 and 1783 respectively . Nevertheless , he set his children a strict regimen . They were expected to attend rigorous lessons from seven in the morning , and to lead lives of religious observance and virtue . When his children strayed from George 's own principles of righteousness , as his sons did as young adults , he was dismayed and disappointed . By this time George 's health was deteriorating . He had a mental illness , characterised by acute mania , which was possibly a symptom of the genetic disease porphyria , although this has been questioned . A study of samples of the King 's hair published in 2005 revealed high levels of arsenic , a possible trigger for the disease . The source of the arsenic is not known , but it could have been a component of medicines or cosmetics . The King may have had a brief episode of disease in 1765 , but a longer episode began in the summer of 1788 . At the end of the parliamentary session , he went to Cheltenham Spa to recuperate . It was the furthest he had ever been from London -- just short of 100 miles ( 150 km ) -- but his condition worsened . In November he became seriously deranged , sometimes speaking for many hours without pause , causing him to foam at the mouth and making his voice hoarse . His doctors were largely at a loss to explain his illness , and spurious stories about his condition spread , such as the claim that he shook hands with a tree in the mistaken belief that it was the King of Prussia . Treatment for mental illness was primitive by modern standards , and the King 's doctors , who included Francis Willis , treated the King by forcibly restraining him until he was calm , or applying caustic poultices to draw out `` evil humours '' . In the reconvened Parliament , Fox and Pitt wrangled over the terms of a regency during the King 's incapacity . While both agreed that it would be most reasonable for George III 's eldest son and heir apparent , the Prince of Wales , to act as regent , to Pitt 's consternation Fox suggested that it was the Prince of Wales 's absolute right to act on his ill father 's behalf with full powers . Pitt , fearing he would be removed from office if the Prince of Wales were empowered , argued that it was for Parliament to nominate a regent , and wanted to restrict the regent 's authority . In February 1789 , the Regency Bill , authorising the Prince of Wales to act as regent , was introduced and passed in the House of Commons , but before the House of Lords could pass the bill , George III recovered . French revolutionary and Napoleonic wars Portrait by Sir William Beechey , 1799 / 1800 Caricature by James Gillray of George holding Napoleon in the palm of his hand , 1803 After George 's recovery , his popularity , and that of Pitt , continued to increase at the expense of Fox and the Prince of Wales . His humane and understanding treatment of two insane assailants , Margaret Nicholson in 1786 and John Frith in 1790 , contributed to his popularity . James Hadfield 's failed attempt to shoot the King in the Drury Lane Theatre on 15 May 1800 was not political in origin but motivated by the apocalyptic delusions of Hadfield and Bannister Truelock . George seemed unperturbed by the incident , so much so that he fell asleep in the interval . The French Revolution of 1789 , in which the French monarchy had been overthrown , worried many British landowners . France declared war on Great Britain in 1793 ; in the war attempt , George allowed Pitt to increase taxes , raise armies , and suspend the right of habeas corpus . The First Coalition to oppose revolutionary France , which included Austria , Prussia , and Spain , broke up in 1795 when Prussia and Spain made separate peace with France . The Second Coalition , which included Austria , Russia , and the Ottoman Empire , was defeated in 1800 . Only Great Britain was left fighting Napoleon Bonaparte , the First Consul of the French Republic . A brief lull in hostilities allowed Pitt to concentrate effort on Ireland , where there had been an uprising and attempted French landing in 1798 . In 1800 , the British and Irish Parliaments passed an Act of Union that took effect on 1 January 1801 and united Great Britain and Ireland into a single state , known as the `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland '' . George used the opportunity to drop the title `` king of France '' , which English and British Sovereigns had maintained since the reign of Edward III . It was suggested that George adopt the title `` Emperor of the British Isles '' , but he refused . As part of his Irish policy , Pitt planned to remove certain legal disabilities that applied to Roman Catholics . George III claimed that to emancipate Catholics would be to violate his coronation oath , in which Sovereigns promise to maintain Protestantism . Faced with opposition to his religious reform policies from both the King and the British public , Pitt threatened to resign . At about the same time , the King had a relapse of his previous illness , which he blamed on worry over the Catholic question . On 14 March 1801 , Pitt was formally replaced by the Speaker of the House of Commons , Henry Addington . Addington opposed emancipation , instituted annual accounts , abolished income tax and began a programme of disarmament . In October 1801 , he made peace with the French , and in 1802 signed the Treaty of Amiens . George did not consider the peace with France as real ; in his view it was an `` experiment '' . In 1803 , the war resumed but public opinion distrusted Addington to lead the nation in war , and instead favoured Pitt . An invasion of England by Napoleon seemed imminent , and a massive volunteer movement arose to defend England against the French . George 's review of 27,000 volunteers in Hyde Park , London , on 26 and 28 October 1803 and at the height of the invasion scare , attracted an estimated 500,000 spectators on each day . The Times said , `` The enthusiasm of the multitude was beyond all expression . '' A courtier wrote on 13 November that , `` The King is really prepared to take the field in case of attack , his beds are ready and he can move at half an hour 's warning '' . George wrote to his friend Bishop Hurd , `` We are here in daily expectation that Bonaparte will attempt his threatened invasion ... Should his troops effect a landing , I shall certainly put myself at the head of mine , and my other armed subjects , to repel them . '' After Admiral Lord Nelson 's famous naval victory at the Battle of Trafalgar , the possibility of invasion was extinguished . In A Kick at the Broad - Bottoms ! ( 1807 ) , James Gillray caricatured George 's dismissal of the Ministry of All the Talents . In 1804 , George 's recurrent illness returned ; after his recovery , Addington resigned and Pitt regained power . Pitt sought to appoint Fox to his ministry , but George III refused . Lord Grenville perceived an injustice to Fox , and refused to join the new ministry . Pitt concentrated on forming a coalition with Austria , Russia , and Sweden . This Third Coalition , however , met the same fate as the First and Second Coalitions , collapsing in 1805 . The setbacks in Europe took a toll on Pitt 's health and he died in 1806 , reopening the question of who should serve in the ministry . Lord Grenville became Prime Minister , and his `` Ministry of All the Talents '' included Fox . The King was conciliatory towards Fox , after being forced to capitulate over his appointment . After Fox 's death in September 1806 , the King and ministry were in open conflict . To boost recruitment , the ministry proposed a measure in February 1807 whereby Roman Catholics would be allowed to serve in all ranks of the Armed Forces . George instructed them not only to drop the measure , but also to agree never to set up such a measure again . The ministers agreed to drop the measure then pending , but refused to bind themselves in the future . They were dismissed and replaced by the Duke of Portland as the nominal Prime Minister , with actual power being held by the Chancellor of the Exchequer , Spencer Perceval . Parliament was dissolved , and the subsequent election gave the ministry a strong majority in the House of Commons . George III made no further major political decisions during his reign ; the replacement of the Duke of Portland by Perceval in 1809 was of little actual significance . Later life Engraving by Henry Meyer of George III in later life In late 1810 , at the height of his popularity , already virtually blind with cataracts and in pain from rheumatism , George became dangerously ill . In his view the malady had been triggered by stress over the death of his youngest and favourite daughter , Princess Amelia . The Princess 's nurse reported that `` the scenes of distress and crying every day ... were melancholy beyond description . '' He accepted the need for the Regency Act of 1811 , and the Prince of Wales acted as Regent for the remainder of George III 's life . Despite signs of a recovery in May 1811 , by the end of the year George had become permanently insane and lived in seclusion at Windsor Castle until his death . Prime Minister Spencer Perceval was assassinated in 1812 and was replaced by Lord Liverpool . Liverpool oversaw British victory in the Napoleonic Wars . The subsequent Congress of Vienna led to significant territorial gains for Hanover , which was upgraded from an electorate to a kingdom . Meanwhile , George 's health deteriorated . He developed dementia , and became completely blind and increasingly deaf . He was incapable of knowing or understanding either that he was declared King of Hanover in 1814 , or that his wife died in 1818 . At Christmas 1819 , he spoke nonsense for 58 hours , and for the last few weeks of his life was unable to walk . He died at Windsor Castle at 8 : 38 pm on 29 January 1820 , six days after the death of his fourth son , the Duke of Kent . His favourite son , Frederick , Duke of York , was with him . George III was buried on 16 February in St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle . George was succeeded by two of his sons George IV and William IV , who both died without surviving legitimate children , leaving the throne to the only legitimate child of the Duke of Kent , Victoria , the last monarch of the House of Hanover . Legacy George III lived for 81 years and 239 days and reigned for 59 years and 96 days : both his life and his reign were longer than those of any of his predecessors . Only Victoria and Elizabeth II have since lived and reigned longer . Extract from Observations on the Transit of Venus , a manuscript notebook from the collections of George III , showing George , Charlotte and those attending them . George III was dubbed `` Farmer George '' by satirists , at first to mock his interest in mundane matters rather than politics , but later to contrast his homely thrift with his son 's grandiosity and to portray him as a man of the people . Under George III , the British Agricultural Revolution reached its peak and great advances were made in fields such as science and industry . There was unprecedented growth in the rural population , which in turn provided much of the workforce for the concurrent Industrial Revolution . George 's collection of mathematical and scientific instruments is now housed in the Science Museum , London . He had the King 's Observatory built in Richmond - upon - Thames for his own observations of the 1769 transit of Venus . When William Herschel discovered Uranus in 1781 , he at first named it Georgium Sidus ( George 's Star ) after the King , who later funded the construction and maintenance of Herschel 's 1785 40 - foot telescope , which was the biggest ever built at the time . George III hoped that `` the tongue of malice may not paint my intentions in those colours she admires , nor the sycophant extoll me beyond what I deserve '' , but in the popular mind George III has been both demonised and praised . While very popular at the start of his reign , by the mid-1770s George had lost the loyalty of revolutionary American colonists , though it has been estimated that as many as half of the colonists remained loyal . The grievances in the United States Declaration of Independence were presented as `` repeated injuries and usurpations '' that he had committed to establish an `` absolute Tyranny '' over the colonies . The Declaration 's wording has contributed to the American public 's perception of George as a tyrant . Contemporary accounts of George III 's life fall into two camps : one demonstrating `` attitudes dominant in the latter part of the reign , when the King had become a revered symbol of national resistance to French ideas and French power '' , while the other `` derived their views of the King from the bitter partisan strife of the first two decades of the reign , and they expressed in their works the views of the opposition '' . Building on the latter of these two assessments , British historians of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , such as Trevelyan and Erskine May , promoted hostile interpretations of George III 's life . However , in the mid-twentieth century the work of Lewis Namier , who thought George was `` much maligned '' , started a re-evaluation of the man and his reign . Scholars of the later twentieth century , such as Butterfield and Pares , and Macalpine and Hunter , are inclined to treat George sympathetically , seeing him as a victim of circumstance and illness . Butterfield rejected the arguments of his Victorian predecessors with withering disdain : `` Erskine May must be a good example of the way in which an historian may fall into error through an excess of brilliance . His capacity for synthesis , and his ability to dovetail the various parts of the evidence ... carried him into a more profound and complicated elaboration of error than some of his more pedestrian predecessors ... he inserted a doctrinal element into his history which , granted his original aberrations , was calculated to project the lines of his error , carrying his work still further from centrality or truth . '' In pursuing war with the American colonists , George III believed he was defending the right of an elected Parliament to levy taxes , rather than seeking to expand his own power or prerogatives . In the opinion of modern scholars , during the long reign of George III the monarchy continued to lose its political power , and grew as the embodiment of national morality . Titles , styles and arms Titles and styles 4 June 1738 -- 31 March 1751 : His Royal Highness Prince George 31 March 1751 -- 20 April 1751 : His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh 20 April 1751 -- 25 October 1760 : His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales 25 October 1760 -- 29 January 1820 : His Majesty The King In Great Britain , George III used the official style `` George the Third , by the Grace of God , King of Great Britain , France , and Ireland , Defender of the Faith , and so forth '' . In 1801 , when Great Britain united with Ireland , he dropped the title of king of France , which had been used for every English monarch since Edward III 's claim to the French throne in the medieval period . His style became `` George the Third , by the Grace of God , of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland King , Defender of the Faith . '' In Germany , he was `` Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg , Archtreasurer and Prince - elector of the Holy Roman Empire '' until the end of the empire in 1806 . He then continued as duke until the Congress of Vienna declared him `` King of Hanover '' in 1814 . Arms Before his succession , George was granted the royal arms differenced by a label of five points Azure , the centre point bearing a fleur - de-lis Or on 27 July 1749 . Upon his father 's death , and along with the dukedom of Edinburgh and the position of heir - apparent , he inherited his difference of a plain label of three points Argent . In an additional difference , the crown of Charlemagne was not usually depicted on the arms of the heir , only on the Sovereign 's . From his succession until 1800 , George bore the royal arms : Quarterly , I Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or ( for England ) impaling Or a lion rampant within a tressure flory - counter-flory Gules ( for Scotland ) ; II Azure three fleurs - de-lys Or ( for France ) ; III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent ( for Ireland ) ; IV tierced per pale and per chevron ( for Hanover ) , I Gules two lions passant guardant Or ( for Brunswick ) , II Or a semy of hearts Gules a lion rampant Azure ( for Lüneburg ) , III Gules a horse courant Argent ( for Saxony ) , overall an escutcheon Gules charged with the crown of Charlemagne Or ( for the dignity of Archtreasurer of the Holy Roman Empire ) . Following the Acts of Union 1800 , the royal arms were amended , dropping the French quartering . They became : Quarterly , I and IV England ; II Scotland ; III Ireland ; overall an escutcheon of Hanover surmounted by an electoral bonnet . In 1816 , after the Electorate of Hanover became a kingdom , the electoral bonnet was changed to a crown . Coat of arms from 1749 to 1751 Coat of arms from 1751 to 1760 as Prince of Wales Coat of arms used from 1760 to 1801 as King of Great Britain Coat of arms used from 1801 to 1816 as King of the United Kingdom Coat of arms used from 1816 until death , also as King of Hanover Issue See also : Descendants of George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg - Strelitz British Royalty House of Hanover George III George IV Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany William IV Charlotte , Queen of Württemberg Prince Edward , Duke of Kent and Strathearn Princess Augusta Sophia Elizabeth , Landgravine of Hesse - Homburg Ernest Augustus , King of Hanover Prince Augustus Frederick , Duke of Sussex Prince Adolphus , Duke of Cambridge Princess Mary , Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh Princess Sophia Prince Octavius Prince Alfred Princess Amelia Grandchildren Charlotte , Princess Leopold of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Princess Charlotte of Clarence Princess Elizabeth of Clarence Victoria George V of Hanover Prince George , Duke of Cambridge Augusta , Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg - Strelitz Princess Mary Adelaide , Duchess of Teck Great - grandchildren Ernest Augustus , Crown Prince of Hanover Princess Frederica , Baroness von Pawel - Rammingen Princess Marie of Hanover Great - great - grandchildren Marie Louise , Margravine of Baden Prince George William of Hanover Alexandra , Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg - Schwerin Princess Olga of Hanover Prince Christian of Hanover Ernest Augustus , Duke of Brunswick Great - great - great - grandchildren Ernest Augustus , Hereditary Prince of Brunswick Prince George William of Hanover Frederica , Queen of the Hellenes Name Birth Death Notes George IV 12 August 1762 26 June 1830 Prince of Wales 1762 -- 1820 ; married 1795 , Princess Caroline of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel ; had one daughter : Princess Charlotte Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany 16 August 1763 5 January 1827 Married 1791 , Princess Frederica of Prussia ; no issue William IV 21 August 1765 20 June 1837 Duke of Clarence and St Andrews ; married 1818 , Princess Adelaide of Saxe - Meiningen ; no surviving legitimate issue , but had illegitimate children with Dorothea Jordan ; descendants include David Cameron , the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Charlotte , Princess Royal 29 September 1766 6 October 1828 Married 1797 , King Frederick of Württemberg ; no surviving issue Prince Edward , Duke of Kent and Strathearn 2 November 1767 23 January 1820 Married 1818 , Princess Victoria of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld ; Queen Victoria was his daughter ; descendants include Elizabeth II , Felipe VI of Spain , Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden , Harald V of Norway and Margrethe II of Denmark . Princess Augusta Sophia 8 November 1768 22 September 1840 Never married , no issue Princess Elizabeth 22 May 1770 10 January 1840 Married 1818 , Frederick , Landgrave of Hesse - Homburg ; no issue Ernest Augustus , King of Hanover 5 June 1771 18 November 1851 Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale 1799 -- 1851 ; married 1815 , Princess Friederike of Mecklenburg - Strelitz ; had issue ; descendants include Constantine II of Greece and Felipe VI of Spain . Prince Augustus Frederick , Duke of Sussex 27 January 1773 21 April 1843 ( 1 ) Married in contravention of the Royal Marriages Act 1772 , Lady Augusta Murray ; had issue ; marriage annulled 1794 ( 2 ) Married 1831 , Lady Cecilia Buggin ( later Duchess of Inverness in her own right ) ; no issue Prince Adolphus , Duke of Cambridge 24 February 1774 8 July 1850 Married 1818 , Princess Augusta of Hesse - Cassel ; had issue ; descendants include Elizabeth II Princess Mary , Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh 25 April 1776 30 April 1857 Married 1816 , Prince William Frederick , Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh ; no issue Princess Sophia 3 November 1777 27 May 1848 Never married Prince Octavius 23 February 1779 3 May 1783 Died in childhood Prince Alfred 22 September 1780 20 August 1782 Died in childhood Princess Amelia 7 August 1783 2 November 1810 Never married , no issue Ancestry ( show ) Ancestors of George III of the United Kingdom 16 . Ernest Augustus , Elector of Brunswick - Lüneburg 8 . George I of Great Britain 17 . Sophia , Princess Palatine of the Rhine 4 . George II of Great Britain 18 . George William , Duke of Brunswick - Lüneburg 9 . Sophia Dorothea of Celle 19 . Éléonore Desmier d'Olbreuse 2 . Frederick , Prince of Wales 20 . Albert II , Margrave of Brandenburg - Ansbach 10 . John Frederick , Margrave of Brandenburg - Ansbach 21 . Countess Sophia Margaret of Oettingen - Oettingen 5 . Caroline of Ansbach 22 . John George I , Duke of Saxe - Eisenach 11 . Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe - Eisenach 23 . Countess Johanetta of Sayn - Wittgenstein 1 . George III of the United Kingdom 24 . Ernest I , Duke of Saxe - Gotha 12 . Frederick I , Duke of Saxe - Gotha - Altenburg 25 . Princess Elisabeth Sophie of Saxe - Altenburg 6 . Frederick II , Duke of Saxe - Gotha - Altenburg 26 . Augustus , Duke of Saxe - Weissenfels ( = 30 ) 13 . Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe - Weissenfels 27 . Anna Maria of Mecklenburg - Schwerin ( = 31 ) 3 . Princess Augusta of Saxe - Gotha 28 . John VI , Prince of Anhalt - Zerbst 14 . Karl , Prince of Anhalt - Zerbst 29 . Sophie Augusta of Holstein - Gottorp 7 . Princess Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt - Zerbst 30 . Augustus , Duke of Saxe - Weissenfels ( = 26 ) 15 . Sophia of Saxe - Weissenfels 31 . Anna Maria of Mecklenburg - Schwerin ( = 27 ) See also Cultural depictions of George III of the United Kingdom The Madness of George III , a 1991 play by Alan Bennett , originally starring Nigel Hawthorne as George III The Madness of King George , a 1994 film based on the play by Nicholas Hytner , starring Hawthorne as George III List of mentally ill monarchs Notes Jump up ^ King of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 onwards , following the Acts of Union 1800 . Jump up ^ King of Hanover from 12 October 1814 onwards . ^ Jump up to : 24 May in the Old Style Julian calendar in use in Great Britain until 1752 . Jump up ^ George was falsely said to have married a Quakeress named Hannah Lightfoot on 17 April 1759 , prior to his marriage to Charlotte , and to have had at least one child by her . However , Lightfoot had married Isaac Axford in 1753 , and had died in or before 1759 , so there could have been no legal marriage or children . The jury at the 1866 trial of Lavinia Ryves , the daughter of imposter Olivia Serres who pretended to be `` Princess Olive of Cumberland '' , unanimously found that a supposed marriage certificate produced by Ryves was a forgery . Jump up ^ For example , the letters of Horace Walpole written at the time of the accession defended George but Walpole 's later memoirs were hostile . Jump up ^ An American taxpayer would pay a maximum of sixpence a year , compared to an average of twenty - five shillings ( 50 times as much ) in England . In 1763 , the total revenue from America amounted to about £ 1 800 , while the estimated annual cost of the military in America was put at £ 225 000 . By 1767 , it had risen to £ 400 000 . References ^ Jump up to : `` George III '' . Official website of the British monarchy . Royal Household . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Brooke , p. 314 ; Fraser , p. 277 Jump up ^ Butterfield , p. 9 Jump up ^ Brooke , p. 269 Jump up ^ Hibbert , p. 8 Jump up ^ `` No. 7712 '' . The London Gazette. 20 June 1738 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Brooke , pp. 23 -- 41 Jump up ^ Brooke , pp. 42 -- 44 , 55 ^ Jump up to : Cannon , John ( September 2004 ) . `` George III ( 1738 -- 1820 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . ( Subscription required ) Jump up ^ Sedgwick , pp. ix -- x Jump up ^ Hibbert , pp. 3 -- 15 Jump up ^ Brooke , pp. 51 -- 52 ; Hibbert , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Bullion , John L. ( 2004 ) . `` Augusta , princess of Wales ( 1719 -- 1772 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 46829 . Retrieved 17 September 2008 ( Subscription required ) Jump up ^ Ayling , p. 33 Jump up ^ Ayling , p. 54 ; Brooke , pp. 71 -- 72 Jump up ^ Ayling , pp. 36 -- 37 ; Brooke , p. 49 ; Hibbert , p. 31 Jump up ^ Benjamin , p. 62 Jump up ^ Documents relating to the case . The National Archives . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Ayling , pp. 85 -- 87 Jump up ^ Ayling , p. 378 ; Cannon and Griffiths , p. 518 Jump up ^ Watson , p. 549 Jump up ^ Brooke , p. 612 Jump up ^ Brooke , p. 156 ; Simms and Riotte , p. 58 Jump up ^ Butterfield , pp. 22 , 115 -- 117 , 129 -- 130 Jump up ^ Hibbert , p. 86 ; Watson , pp. 67 -- 79 Jump up ^ The Crown Estate ( 2004 ) . `` Our history '' . Archived from the original on 24 March 2015 . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Kelso , Paul ( 6 March 2000 ) . `` The royal family and the public purse '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Watson , p. 88 ; this view is also shared by Brooke ( see for example p. 99 ) . Jump up ^ Medley , p. 501 Jump up ^ Ayling , p. 194 ; Brooke , pp. xv , 214 , 301 Jump up ^ Brooke , p. 215 Jump up ^ Ayling , p. 195 Jump up ^ Ayling , pp. 196 -- 198 Jump up ^ Brooke , p. 145 ; Carretta , pp. 59 , 64 ff. ; Watson , p. 93 Jump up ^ Brooke , pp. 146 -- 147 Jump up ^ Watson , pp. 183 -- 184 Jump up ^ Cannon and Griffiths , p. 505 ; Hibbert , p. 122 Jump up ^ Cannon and Griffiths , p. 505 Jump up ^ Black , p. 82 Jump up ^ Watson , pp. 184 -- 185 Jump up ^ Ayling , pp. 122 -- 133 ; Hibbert , pp. 107 -- 109 ; Watson , pp. 106 -- 111 Jump up ^ Ayling , pp. 122 -- 133 ; Hibbert , pp. 111 -- 113 Jump up ^ Ayling , p. 137 ; Hibbert , p. 124 Jump up ^ Ayling , pp. 154 -- 160 ; Brooke , pp. 147 -- 151 Jump up ^ Ayling , pp. 167 -- 168 ; Hibbert , p. 140 Jump up ^ Brooke , p. 260 ; Fraser , p. 277 Jump up ^ Brooke , pp. 272 -- 282 ; Cannon and Griffiths , p. 498 Jump up ^ Hibbert , p. 141 Jump up ^ Hibbert , p. 143 Jump up ^ Watson , p. 197 Jump up ^ Thomas , p. 31 Jump up ^ Ayling , p. 121 Jump up ^ Carretta , pp. 97 , 98 , 367 Jump up ^ O'Shaughnessy , ch 1 Jump up ^ Trevelyan , vol. 1 p. 4 Jump up ^ Trevelyan , vol. 1 p. 5 ^ Jump up to : Cannon and Griffiths , pp. 510 -- 511 Jump up ^ Brooke , p. 183 Jump up ^ Brooke , pp. 180 -- 182 , 192 , 223 Jump up ^ Hibbert , pp. 156 -- 157 Jump up ^ Ayling , pp. 275 -- 276 Jump up ^ Ayling , p. 284 Jump up ^ The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army ( 1994 ) p. 129 Jump up ^ Brooke , p. 221 Jump up ^ U.S. Department of State , Treaty of Paris , 1783 , retrieved 5 July 2013 Jump up ^ Adams , C.F. ( editor ) ( 1850 -- 56 ) , The works of John Adams , second president of the United States , vol . VIII , pp. 255 -- 257 , quoted in Ayling , p. 323 and Hibbert , p. 165 Jump up ^ e.g. Ayling , p. 281 Jump up ^ Hibbert , p. 243 ; Pares , p. 120 Jump up ^ Brooke , pp. 250 -- 251 Jump up ^ Watson , pp. 272 -- 279 Jump up ^ Brooke , p. 316 ; Carretta , pp. 262 , 297 Jump up ^ Brooke , p. 259 Jump up ^ Ayling , p. 218 Jump up ^ Ayling , p. 220 Jump up ^ Ayling , pp. 222 -- 230 , 366 -- 376 Jump up ^ Röhl , John C.G. ; Warren , Martin ; Hunt , David ( 1998 ) . Purple Secret : Genes , `` Madness '' and the Royal Houses of Europe . London : Bantam Press . ISBN 0 - 593 - 04148 - 8 . Jump up ^ Peters , Timothy J. ; Wilkinson , D. ( 2010 ) . `` King George III and porphyria : a clinical re-examination of the historical evidence '' . History of Psychiatry . 21 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 19 . PMID 21877427 . doi : 10.1177 / 0957154X09102616 . Jump up ^ Rentoumi , v. ; Peters , T. ; Conlin , J. ; Gerrard , P. ( 2017 ) . `` The acute mania of King George III : A computational linguistic analysis '' . PLoS ONE . 3 ( 12 ) . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0171626 . Jump up ^ Cox , Timothy M. ; Jack , N. ; Lofthouse , S. ; Watling , J. ; Haines , J. ; Warren , M.J. ( 2005 ) . `` King George III and porphyria : an elemental hypothesis and investigation '' . The Lancet . 366 ( 9482 ) : 332 -- 335 . PMID 16039338 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 05 ) 66991 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ayling , pp. 329 -- 335 ; Brooke , pp. 322 -- 328 ; Fraser , pp. 281 -- 282 ; Hibbert , pp. 262 -- 267 Jump up ^ Ayling , pp. 334 -- 343 ; Brooke , p. 332 ; Fraser , p. 282 Jump up ^ Ayling , pp. 338 -- 342 ; Hibbert , p. 273 Jump up ^ Ayling , p. 345 Jump up ^ Ayling , pp. 349 -- 350 ; Carretta , p. 285 ; Fraser , p. 282 ; Hibbert , pp. 301 -- 302 ; Watson , p. 323 Jump up ^ Carretta , p. 275 Jump up ^ Ayling , pp. 181 -- 182 ; Fraser , p. 282 Jump up ^ Ayling , pp. 395 -- 396 ; Watson , pp. 360 -- 377 Jump up ^ Ayling , pp. 408 -- 409 ^ Jump up to : Weir , p. 286 Jump up ^ Ayling , p. 411 Jump up ^ Hibbert , p. 313 Jump up ^ Ayling , p. 414 ; Brooke , p. 374 ; Hibbert , p. 315 Jump up ^ Watson , pp. 402 -- 409 Jump up ^ Ayling , p. 423 Jump up ^ Colley , p. 225 Jump up ^ The Times , 27 October 1803 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Brooke , p. 597 Jump up ^ Letter of 30 November 1803 , quoted in Wheeler and Broadley , p. xiii Jump up ^ `` Nelson , Trafalgar , and those who served '' . National Archives . Retrieved 31 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Pares , p. 139 Jump up ^ Ayling , pp. 441 -- 442 Jump up ^ Brooke , p. 381 ; Carretta , p. 340 Jump up ^ Hibbert , p. 396 Jump up ^ Hibbert , p. 394 Jump up ^ Brooke , p. 383 ; Hibbert , pp. 397 -- 398 Jump up ^ Fraser , p. 285 ; Hibbert , pp. 399 -- 402 Jump up ^ Ayling , pp. 453 -- 455 ; Brooke , pp. 384 -- 385 ; Hibbert , p. 405 Jump up ^ Hibbert , p. 408 Jump up ^ Letter from Duke of York to George IV , quoted in Brooke , p. 386 Jump up ^ `` Royal Burials in the Chapel since 1805 '' . St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle . Dean and Canons of Windsor . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Brooke , p. 387 Jump up ^ Carretta , pp. 92 -- 93 , 267 -- 273 , 302 -- 305 , 317 Jump up ^ Watson , pp. 10 -- 11 Jump up ^ Brooke , p. 90 Jump up ^ Carretta , pp. 99 -- 101 , 123 -- 126 Jump up ^ Ayling , p. 247 Jump up ^ Reitan , p. viii Jump up ^ Reitan , pp. xii -- xiii Jump up ^ Macalpine , Ida ; Hunter , Richard A. ( 1991 ) ( 1969 ) . George III and the Mad - Business . Pimlico . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7126 - 5279 - 7 . Jump up ^ Butterfield , p. 152 Jump up ^ Brooke , pp. 175 -- 176 Jump up ^ The London Gazette consistently refers to the young prince as `` His Royal Highness Prince George '' `` No. 8734 '' . The London Gazette. 5 April 1748 . p. 3 . `` No. 8735 '' . The London Gazette. 9 April 1748 . p. 2 . `` No. 8860 '' . The London Gazette. 20 June 1749 . p. 2 . `` No. 8898 '' . The London Gazette. 31 October 1749 . p. 3 . `` No. 8902 '' . The London Gazette. 17 November 1749 . p. 3 . `` No. 8963 '' . The London Gazette. 16 June 1750 . p. 1 . `` No. 8971 '' . The London Gazette. 14 July 1750 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Brooke , p. 390 Jump up ^ Velde , François ( 19 April 2008 ) . `` Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family '' . Heraldica . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ See , for example , Berry , William ( 1810 ) . An introduction to heraldry containing the rudiments of the science . pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Pinches , John Harvey ; Pinches , Rosemary ( 1974 ) . The Royal Heraldry of England . Heraldry Today . Slough , Buckinghamshire : Hollen Street Press . pp. 215 -- 216 . ISBN 0 - 900455 - 25 - X . Jump up ^ `` No. 15324 '' . The London Gazette. 30 December 1800 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` No. 17149 '' . The London Gazette. 29 June 1816 . p. 1 . Bibliography Ayling , Stanley ( 1972 ) . George the Third . London : Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 211412 - 7 . Benjamin , Lewis Saul ( 1907 ) . Farmer George . Pitman and Sons . Black , Jeremy ( 2006 ) . George III : America 's Last King . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11732 - 9 . Brooke , John ( 1972 ) . King George III . London : Constable . ISBN 0 - 09 - 456110 - 9 . Butterfield , Herbert ( 1957 ) . George III and the Historians . London : Collins . Cannon , John ( 2004 ) . `` George III ( 1738 -- 1820 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Cannon , John ; Griffiths , Ralph ( 1988 ) . The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822786 - 8 . Carretta , Vincent ( 1990 ) . George III and the Satirists from Hogarth to Byron . Athens , Georgia : The University of Georgia Press . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 1146 - 4 . Colley , Linda ( 1994 ) . Britons : Forging the Nation 1707 -- 1837 . Yale University Press . Fraser , Antonia ( 1975 ) . The Lives of the Kings and Queen of England . London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson . ISBN 0 - 297 - 76911 - 1 . Hibbert , Christopher ( 1999 ) . George III : A Personal History . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 025737 - 3 . Medley , Dudley Julius ( 1902 ) . A Student 's Manual of English Constitutional History . O'Shaughnessy , Andrew Jackson ( 2014 ) . The Men Who Lost America : British Leadership , the American Revolution , and the Fate of the Empire . Pares , Richard ( 1953 ) . King George III and the Politicians . Oxford University Press . Reitan , E.A. ( editor ) ( 1964 ) . George III , Tyrant Or Constitutional Monarch ? . Boston : D.C. Heath and Company . A compilation of essays encompassing the major assessments of George III up to 1964 . Röhl , John C.G. ; Warren , Martin ; Hunt , David ( 1998 ) . Purple Secret : Genes , `` Madness '' and the Royal Houses of Europe . London : Bantam Press . ISBN 0 - 593 - 04148 - 8 . Sedgwick , Romney ( ed. ; 1903 ) . Letters from George III to Lord Bute , 1756 -- 1766 . Macmillan . Simms , Brendan ; Riotte , Torsten ( 2007 ) . The Hanoverian Dimension in British History , 1714 -- 1837 . Cambridge University Press . Thomas , Peter D.G. ( 1985 ) . `` George III and the American Revolution '' . History . 70 ( 228 ) : 16 -- 31 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 229X. 1985. tb02477. x . Trevelyan , George ( 1912 ) . George the Third and Charles Fox : The Concluding Part of the American Revolution . New York : Longmans , Green . Watson , J. Steven ( 1960 ) . The Reign of George III , 1760 -- 1815 . London : Oxford University Press . Weir , Alison ( 1996 ) . Britain 's Royal Families : The Complete Genealogy , Revised edition . London : Random House . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 7448 - 9 . Wheeler , H.F.B. ; Broadley , A.M. ( 1908 ) . Napoleon and the Invasion of England . Volume I. London : John Lane The Bodley Head . Further reading Black , Jeremy ( Fall 1996 ) . `` Could the British Have Won the American War of Independence ? '' Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research . 74 ( 299 ) : 145 -- 154 . online 90 - minute video lecture given at Ohio State in 2006 ; requires Real Player Ditchfield , G.M. ( 2002 ) . George III : An Essay in Monarchy . Basingstoke : Palgrave . ISBN 0 - 333 - 91962 - 9 . Hecht , J. Jean ( 1966 ) . `` The Reign of George III in Recent Historiography '' . In : Elizabeth Chapin Furber , ed . Changing views on British history : essays on historical writing since 1939 , pp. 206 -- 234 . Harvard University Press . Macalpine , Ida ; Hunter , Richard ( 1966 ) . `` The ' insanity ' of King George III : a classic case of porphyria '' . Br . Med. J. 1 ( 5479 ) : 65 -- 71 . PMC 1843211 . PMID 5323262 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 1.5479. 65 . Macalpine , I. ; Hunter , R. ; Rimington , C. ( 1968 ) . `` Porphyria in the Royal Houses of Stuart , Hanover , and Prussia '' ( PDF ) . British Medical Journal . 1 ( 5583 ) : 7 -- 18 . PMC 1984936 . PMID 4866084 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 1.5583. 7 . Namier , Lewis B. ( 1955 ) . `` King George III : A Study in Personality '' in Personalities and Power . London : Hamish Hamilton . O'Shaughnessy , Andrew Jackson ( Spring 2004 ) . `` ' If Others Will Not Be Active , I Must Drive ' : George III and the American Revolution '' . Early American Studies . 2 ( 1 ) : iii , 1 -- 46 . doi : 10.1353 / eam. 2007.0037 . Robertson , Charles Grant ( 1911 ) . England under the Hanoverians . London : Methuen . Smith , Robert A. ( 1984 ) . `` Reinterpreting the Reign of George III '' . In : Richard Schlatter , ed . Recent Views on British History : Essays on Historical Writing since 1966 , pp. 197 -- 254 . Rutgers University Press . External links Find more aboutGeorge III of the United Kingdomat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity `` Archival material relating to George III of the United Kingdom '' . UK National Archives . Portraits of King George III at the National Portrait Gallery , London Georgian Papers Programme George III papers , including references to madhouses and insanity from the Historic Psychiatry Collection , Menninger Archives , Kansas Historical Society ( show ) Titles and Succession George III of the United Kingdom House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of Welf Born : 4 June 1738 Died : 29 January 1820 Regnal titles Preceded by George II King of Great Britain and Ireland 25 October 1760 -- 31 December 1800 Acts of Union 1800 Elector of Hanover Duke of Brunswick - Lüneburg Archtreasurer of the Holy Roman Empire 25 October 1760 -- 6 August 1806 End of the Holy Roman Empire Titles abandoned 12 October 1814 Acts of Union 1800 King of the United Kingdom 1 January 1801 -- 29 January 1820 Succeeded by George IV Congress of Vienna King of Hanover 12 October 1814 -- 29 January 1820 British royalty Preceded by Frederick Prince of Wales 1751 -- 1760 Vacant Title next held by George later King George IV Peerage of Great Britain Preceded by Prince Frederick Duke of Edinburgh 1st creation 1751 -- 1760 Merged in the Crown Titles in pretence Preceded by George II -- TITULAR -- King of France 25 October 1760 -- 31 December 1800 Title abandoned Notes and references 1 . The Times , Friday , 4 November 1814 , p. 3 , col. C Articles and topics related to George III of the United Kingdom English , Scottish and British monarchs Monarchs of England before 1603 Monarchs of Scotland before 1603 Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar the Peaceful Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Sweyn Edmund II Cnut Harold I Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold II Edgar Ætheling William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I and Philip Elizabeth I Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Donald III Duncan II Donald III Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I Alexander II Alexander III Margaret of Norway First Interregnum John Balliol Second Interregnum Robert I David II Edward Balliol Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns in 1603 James I & VI Charles I Commonwealth Charles II James II & VII William III & II and Mary II Anne British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707 Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics . Kingdom of Great Britain History Union of 1707 Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War Jacobitism Jacobite risings War of Jenkins ' Ear French and Indian War Boston Massacre American Revolutionary War Anglo - Dutch War ( 1780 -- 1784 ) French Revolutionary Wars Union of 1801 Royal Houses Stuart Anne Hanover George I George II George III Politics Parliament House of Lords House of Commons List of Parliaments Acts of Parliament : 1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Elections : 1708 1710 1713 1715 1722 1727 1734 1741 1747 1754 1761 1768 1774 1780 1784 1790 1796 Monarchy Peers Privy Council Prime Minister List Whigs Tories Whig Junto Patriot Whigs Kit - Cat Club Geography Great Britain Architecture Queen Anne Georgian Other East India Company British Empire Longitude prize Window tax Proclamation of Rebellion South Sea Company Speenhamland system Symbols Flag Coat of arms History of Great Britain category Dukes of Edinburgh Frederick ( 1726 -- 1751 ) George ( 1751 -- 1760 ) Dukes of Gloucester and Edinburgh ( 1764 -- 1834 ) Alfred ( 1866 -- 1900 ) Philip ( 1947 -- present ) British princes The generations indicate descent from George I , who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family . 1st generation King George II 2nd generation Frederick , Prince of Wales Prince George William Prince William , Duke of Cumberland 3rd generation King George III Prince Edward , Duke of York and Albany Prince William Henry , Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh Prince Henry , Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn Prince Frederick 4th generation King George IV Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany King William IV Prince Edward , Duke of Kent and Strathearn King Ernest Augustus of Hanover Prince Augustus Frederick , Duke of Sussex Prince Adolphus , Duke of Cambridge Prince Octavius Prince Alfred Prince William Frederick , Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 5th generation Albert , Prince Consort King George V of Hanover Prince George , Duke of Cambridge 6th generation King Edward VII Prince Alfred , Duke of Edinburgh and Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Prince Leopold , Duke of Albany Ernest Augustus , Crown Prince of Hanover 7th generation Prince Albert Victor , Duke of Clarence and Avondale King George V Prince Alexander John of Wales Alfred , Hereditary Prince of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Prince Arthur of Connaught Prince Charles Edward , Duke of Albany and of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Prince George William of Hanover Prince Christian of Hanover Prince Ernest Augustus , Duke of Brunswick 8th generation King Edward VIII King George VI Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester Prince George , Duke of Kent Prince John Alastair , 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Johann Leopold , Hereditary Prince of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Prince Hubertus of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover Prince George William of Hanover 9th generation Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh Prince William of Gloucester Prince Richard , Duke of Gloucester Prince Edward , Duke of Kent Prince Michael of Kent 10th generation Charles , Prince of Wales Prince Andrew , Duke of York Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex 11th generation Prince William , Duke of Cambridge Prince Henry of Wales James , Viscount Severn 12th generation Prince George of Cambridge Not a British prince by birth , but created Prince Consort . Not a British prince by birth , but created a Prince of the United Kingdom . Status debatable ; see his article . Princes of Wales Edward ( 1301 -- 1307 ) Edward ( 1343 -- 1376 ) Richard ( 1376 -- 1377 ) Henry ( 1399 -- 1413 ) Edward ( 1454 -- 1471 ) Richard ( 1460 ; disputed ) Edward ( 1471 -- 1483 ) Edward ( 1483 -- 1484 ) Arthur ( 1489 -- 1502 ) Henry ( 1504 -- 1509 ) Edward ( 1537 -- 1547 ) Henry ( 1610 -- 1612 ) Charles ( 1616 -- 1625 ) Charles ( 1641 -- 1649 ) James ( 1688 ) George ( 1714 -- 1727 ) Frederick ( 1729 -- 1751 ) George ( 1751 -- 1760 ) George ( 1762 -- 1820 ) Albert Edward ( 1841 -- 1901 ) George ( 1901 -- 1910 ) Edward ( 1910 -- 1936 ) Charles ( 1958 -- present ) See also : Principality of Wales Rulers of Hanover Electors of Hanover Ernest Augustus ( Elector - designate ) George I Louis * George II * George III * Kings of Hanover George III * George IV * William IV * Ernest Augustus George V * also British monarch VIAF : 49264990 LCCN : n79061402 ISNI : 0000 0001 0898 6255 GND : 118716913 SELIBR : 207225 SUDOC : 030884039 BNF : cb12159008k ( data ) BIBSYS : 98047628 ULAN : 500009904 NLA : 35118717 NKC : jn20000700822 RKD : 30950 IATH : w6bv7dnp Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=807051029 '' Categories : George III of the United Kingdom 1738 births 1820 deaths 18th - century monarchs in Europe 19th - century monarchs in Europe 18th - century British people 19th - century British monarchs Blind people from England Blind royalty and nobility British people of the American Revolution Burials at St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle Deafblind people Dukes of Bremen and Verden Dukes of Edinburgh Dukes of Saxe - Lauenburg Electors of Hanover English people with disabilities English pretenders to the French throne Kings of Hanover Knights of the Garter Monarchs of Great Britain Monarchs of the United Kingdom People from Westminster Princes of Wales Protestant monarchs Regency era Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use British English from October 2012 Use dmy dates from July 2017 Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Polski Português Română Русский Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 15 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was known as the mad king of england	[ "In the later part of his life, George III had recurrent, and eventually permanent, mental illness. Although it has since been suggested that he had the blood disease porphyria, the cause of his illness remains unknown. After a final relapse in 1810, a regency was established, and George III's eldest son, George, Prince of Wales, ruled as Prince Regent. On George III's death, the Prince Regent succeeded his father as George IV." ]	[ "George III" ]
2848932545724252862	Wake Forest University	Wake Forest University - wikipedia Wake Forest University Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Lake Forest College . Wake Forest University Former names Wake Forest Manual Labor Institute ( 1834 -- 1839 ) Wake Forest College ( 1839 -- 1967 ) Motto Pro humanitate Motto in English For Humanity Type Private Established February 3 , 1834 ( 1834 - 02 - 03 ) Academic affiliations NAICU ORAU Endowment $1.141 billion ( 2016 ) President Nathan Hatch Academic staff 690 Students 7,968 ( 2016 - 17 ) Undergraduates 4,955 ( 2016 - 17 ) Postgraduates 3,013 ( 2016 - 17 ) Location Winston - Salem , North Carolina , United States Campus Suburban 340 acres ( 1.4 km ) Colors Old Gold and Black Nickname Demon Deacons Sporting affiliations NCAA Division I FBS -- ACC Mascot The Demon Deacon Website www.wfu.edu Wake Forest University is a private , independent , nonprofit , nonsectarian , coeducational research university in Winston - Salem , North Carolina , founded in 1834 . The university received its name from its original location in Wake Forest , north of Raleigh , North Carolina , the state capital . The Reynolda Campus , the university 's main campus , has been located north of downtown Winston - Salem since the university moved there in 1956 . The Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center campus has two locations , the older one located near the Ardmore neighborhood in central Winston - Salem , and the newer campus at Wake Forest Innovation Quarter downtown . The university also occupies lab space at Biotech Plaza at Innovation Quarter , and at the Center for Nanotechnology and Molecular Materials . The University 's Graduate School of Management maintains a presence on the main campus in Winston - Salem and in Charlotte , North Carolina . In the 2016 U.S. News & World Report America 's Best Colleges report , Wake Forest ranked tied for 5th in terms of `` Best Undergraduate Teaching '' in the U.S. , tied for 27th overall among national universities , and tied for 333rd overall among global universities . Wake Forest has produced 15 Rhodes Scholars , including 13 since 1986 , four Marshall Scholars , 15 Truman Scholars and 92 Fulbright recipients since 1993 . Notable people of Wake Forest University include author Maya Angelou , mathematician Phillip Griffiths , Senators Richard Burr and Kay Hagan , athletes Chris Paul , Tim Duncan , Muggsy Bogues , Brian Piccolo and Arnold Palmer , and CEO Charlie Ergen . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Wake Forest College 1.2 Move to Winston Salem 1.3 Desegregation 1.4 Presidential activities 2 Admissions 2.1 Profile 2.2 Test - optional policy 2.3 Scholarships 3 Academics 3.1 Undergraduate 3.1. 1 Faculty 3.1. 2 Study abroad 3.2 Graduate and Professional Schools 3.2. 1 Wake Forest Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 3.2. 2 Wake Forest School of Law 3.2. 3 Wake Forest School of Medicine 3.2. 4 School of Business 3.2. 5 Wake Forest School of Divinity 3.3 Rankings 4 Student life 4.1 Fraternities and sororities 4.2 Physical activity options 4.3 Dining facilities 4.4 Student media 4.5 Undergraduate student housing 4.6 Student union 4.7 Student government 4.8 Personal and career development 4.9 Arts 5 Athletics 5.1 Football 5.1. 1 2006 season 5.1. 2 2007 season 5.2 2016 season 5.3 Men 's basketball 5.4 Women 's basketball 5.5 Women 's field hockey 5.6 Golf 5.7 Soccer 5.8 Baseball 5.9 Tennis 5.10 Screamin ' Demons 6 Student organizations 6.1 Debate team 6.2 Volunteer Service Corps 6.3 A cappella groups 6.4 Army ROTC 7 Diversity and inclusion 7.1 Recognition 8 Technology 9 University campuses 9.1 Reynolda campus 9.2 Bowman Gray campus 9.3 Wake Downtown campus 9.4 Charlotte campus 10 Affiliated properties 10.1 Lawrence Joel Veterans Memorial Coliseum 10.2 Overseas 10.2. 1 Casa Artom in Venice 10.2. 2 Flow House in Vienna 10.2. 3 Worrell House in London 10.2. 4 Casa Dingledine Conference Center in Managua , Nicaragua 10.3 Reynolda House Museum of American Art 10.4 Reynolda Gardens 10.5 Reynolda Village 10.6 Graylyn International Conference Center 10.7 University Corporate Center 10.8 WFDD 10.9 Wake Forest Innovation Quarter 10.10 Wake Forest University Press 11 Notable alumni 12 Movies or documentaries filmed at the University 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) During the Baptist State Convention of 1833 at Cartledge Creek Baptist Church in Rockingham , North Carolina , establishment of Wake Forest Institute ( later Wake Forest University ) was ratified . Wake Forest University was founded after the North Carolina Baptist State Convention purchased a 600 - acre ( 2.4 km ) plantation from Dr. Calvin Jones in an area north of Raleigh ( Wake County ) called the `` Forest of Wake . '' The new school , designed to teach both Baptist ministers and laymen , opened on February 3 , 1834 , as the Wake Forest Manual Labor Institute , named because students and staff were required to spend half of each day doing manual labor on the plantation . Dr. Samuel Wait , a Baptist minister , was selected as the `` principal , '' later president , of the institute . Wake Forest College ( edit ) Wait Chapel located on the Hearn Plaza ( or the ' Upper Quad ' ) . In 1838 , it was renamed Wake Forest College , and the manual labor system was abandoned . The town that grew up around the college came to be called the town of Wake Forest . In 1862 , during the American Civil War , the school closed due to the loss of most students and some faculty to service in the Confederate States Army . The college re-opened in 1866 and prospered over the next four decades under the leadership of presidents Washington Manly Wingate , Thomas H. Pritchard , and Charles Taylor . In 1894 , the School of Law was established , followed by the School of Medicine in 1902 . The university held its first summer session in 1921 . Lea Laboratory was built in 1887 - 1888 , and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 . The leading college figure in the early 20th century was Dr. William L. Poteat , a gifted biologist and the first layman to be elected president in the college 's history . `` Dr. Billy '' continued to promote growth , hired many outstanding professors , and expanded the science curriculum . He also stirred upheaval among North Carolina Baptists with his strong support of teaching the theory of evolution but eventually won formal support from the Baptist State Convention for academic freedom at the college . Move to Winston Salem ( edit ) The Benson University Center The School of Medicine moved to Winston - Salem ( then North Carolina 's second - largest city ) in 1941 under the supervision of Dean Coy Cornelius Carpenter , who guided the school through the transition from a two - year to a four - year program . The school then became the Bowman Gray School of Medicine . The following year , 1942 , Wake Forest admitted its first female undergraduate students , after World War II dramatically depleted the pool of male students . In 1946 , as a result of large gifts from the Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation , the entire college agreed to move to Winston - Salem , a move that was completed for the beginning of the fall 1956 term , under the leadership of Dr. Harold W. Tribble . Charles and Mary Babcock ( daughter of R.J. Reynolds ) donated to the college about 350 acres ( 1.4 km ) of fields and woods at `` Reynolda , '' their estate . From 1952 to 1956 , fourteen new buildings were constructed on the new campus . These buildings were constructed in Georgian style . The old campus in Wake Forest was sold to the Baptist State Convention to establish the Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary . Desegregation ( edit ) On April 27 , 1962 , Wake Forest 's Board of Trustees voted to accept Edward Reynolds , a native of the African nation of Ghana , as the first black full - time undergraduate at the school . This made Wake Forest the first major private university in the South to desegregate . Reynolds , a transfer student from Shaw University , later became the first black graduate of the university in 1964 , when he earned a bachelor 's degree in history . Later , he went on to earn master 's degrees at Ohio University and Yale Divinity School , and a Ph. D. in African History from the University of London . He became a professor of history at the University of California , San Diego and author of several history books . A graduate studies program was inaugurated in 1961 , and in 1967 the school became the fully accredited Wake Forest University . The Babcock Graduate School of Management , now known as the School of Business , was established in 1969 . The James R. Scales Fine Arts Center opened in 1979 . In 1986 , Wake Forest gained autonomy from the Baptist State Convention of North Carolina and established a fraternal relationship with it . The Middleton House and its surrounding 5 acres ( 2.0 ha ) was deeded by gift to Wake Forest by Philip Hanes and his wife Charlotte in 1992 . The donation was completed in 2011 . The thirteenth president of Wake Forest is Nathan O. Hatch , former provost at the University of Notre Dame . Hatch was officially installed as president on October 20 , 2005 . He assumed office on July 1 , 2005 , succeeding Thomas K. Hearn , Jr. , who had retired after 22 years in office . On September 16 , 2015 , Wake Forest announced plans to offer undergraduate classes downtown in Innovation Quarter in Winston - Salem . On March 18 , 2016 , Wake Forest announced programs in biomedical sciences and engineering at its new Wake Downtown campus , opening in January 2017 . Wake Downtown is in a former R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company plant , next to the second campus of the school of medicine which opened in July 2016 . Presidential activities ( edit ) On March 17 , 1978 , President Jimmy Carter made a major National Security address in Wait Chapel . Twice the school has hosted presidential debates . The first , between then - Vice President George H.W. Bush and Governor Michael Dukakis on September 25 , 1988 . The second matched then - Governor George W. Bush against Vice President Al Gore on October 11 , 2000 . Both debates were hosted in Wait Chapel . Admissions ( edit ) Profile ( edit ) Admission to Wake Forest is rated as `` most selective '' by U.S. News & World Report . Admission statistics for the class of 2021 are as follows : 13,000 applications were received . Representing 55 % of the incoming class of 1350 freshmen , 750 members of the new class were enrolled through the early decision process -- a 15 % rise in applications than the previous year . Acceptance to Wake Forest has been offered to 25 % of those who applied through the regular decision process . 54 % of the class is composed of women . 34 % are students of color . 22 % come from North Carolina while 7 % are international applicants . In order , the top eight states represented in the admitted class are North Carolina , Florida , New Jersey , Georgia , New York , California and Virginia . ( with at least one admit from all fifty states ) . Students residing in 48 different countries have been offered admission . 61 % of admitted applicants who attend schools that calculate class rank are in the top 5 % of their class , with 87 % within the top 10 % . Test - optional policy ( edit ) In May 2008 , Wake Forest made college entrance exams optional for undergraduate admissions , becoming the first national university ranked in the top 30 by the U.S. News & World Report to adopt a test - optional policy . Being test - optional means Wake Forest 's admissions process does not require applicants to submit their SAT or ACT scores , and students can decide if they want their standardized test scores to be considered . Scholarships ( edit ) In addition to need - based financial aid programs , Wake Forest offers more than 50 merit - based scholarships , including the following full - tuition scholarships : Reynolds , Carswell , Stamps , and Gordon . These scholarships are highly competitive and are awarded on the basis of academic distinction , leadership , community service , artistic talent , and a variety of other unique contributions and characteristics . Academics ( edit ) Wake Forest has produced 15 Rhodes Scholars , including 13 since 1986 , four Marshall Scholars , 15 Truman Scholars and 62 Fulbright recipients since 1993 . A formal lounge area used for studying inside Reynolda Hall overlooking the Magnolia Quad ( Manchester Plaza ) . Undergraduate ( edit ) Wake Forest 's undergraduate education consists of a liberal arts curriculum in Wake Forest College and classes in the School of Business . The university offers 40 majors and 57 interdisciplinary minors across various fields of study . Students initially declare a major the second semester of their sophomore year . In order to graduate , a Wake Forest student must finish three requirements for 120 hours of credit : a core set of classes , a course of study related to a major , and electives . The core set of classes includes basic requirements ( a first - year seminar , a writing seminar , health and PE classes , and foreign language literature ) and divisional requirements ( at least two classes in each of the humanities , social sciences and math / natural sciences and at least one in the fine arts and literatures ) . Wake Forest also offers an `` Open Curriculum '' option , in which a small number of students , approved by a committee , may design a course of study with an adviser that follows a liberal arts framework but does not necessarily fulfill all the core degree requirements . In order to attend the School of Business , students must make a special application to its program , which offers an accountancy program whereby a student earns a BS and an MS in Accountancy and qualifies to sit for the CPA exam after five years of combined undergraduate and graduate study . The School of Business also offers undergraduate programs leading to degrees in business and enterprise management , finance and mathematical business . Wake Forest supports a number of centers and institutes , which are designed to encourage interdisciplinary curriculum and programming . Currently , there are three institutes ( Humanities , Pro Humanitate , and Eudaimonia ) and eleven centers ( including Nanotechnology and Molecular Materials ; Enterprise Research and Education ; Translational Science ; Bioethics , Health and Society ; BB&T Center for the Study of Capitalism ; Energy , Environment and Sustainability ; Molecular Communication and Signaling ; and Interdisciplinary Performance and the Liberal Arts ) . Faculty ( edit ) Including the professional schools , the university has 1,996 faculty members , of whom 84.5 percent are full - time employees . Ninety - three percent of undergraduate faculty have doctorates or other terminal degrees in their field . Wake Forest ranked tied for 10th best undergraduate teaching in the U.S. by U.S. News & World Report in its 2016 report , and the school maintains a faculty - to - student ratio of 1 to 11 . Notable faculty include : Dr. Anthony Atala , the director of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine , is considered a national pioneer in organ growth . His work has been lauded as the No. 1 Science Story of the Year by Discover Magazine in 2007 and the fifth - biggest breakthrough in medicine for 2011 by Time . Poet , author and civil rights activist Maya Angelou , Reynolds Professor of American Studies , taught at the university from 1982 to 2014 . Among her many awards , she was honored with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2010 . David Carroll , professor of physics and director of the Center for Nanotechnology and Molecular Materials , is known for his research in nanoengineered cancer therapies , green technology , photovoltaics and lighting innovations . Melissa Harris - Perry , Presidential Endowed Professor of Politics and International Affairs , former host of the eponymous MSNBC current affairs and political commentary television program and current Editor - at - Large of ELLE.com . President Nathan O. Hatch is a nationally known religious historian . His book , The Democratization of American Christianity , was named one of the `` Five Best : Books on Religion in Politics '' by the Wall Street Journal . He also serves as the Chair of the NCAA Division I Board . Rogan Kersh , provost and professor of politics and international affairs , is a frequent television and radio commentator on U.S. political issues who was named a Fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration in 2008 . Filmmaker Peter Gilbert , producer and director of photography on the Oscar - nominated documentary Hoop Dreams , is a professor of practice with the Documentary Film Program . David Faber ( printmaker ) , professor of art and printmaking , is a nationally recognized printmaker whose works are housed permanently at five of the country 's leading museums . Study abroad ( edit ) According to the Institute of International Education 's 2012 Open Doors Report , Wake Forest ranked third in the country for undergraduate participation in study - abroad programs among doctoral research universities . According to the IIE 's methodology , 72 percent of Wake Forest undergraduates received credit for studying abroad in the 2010 -- 2011 academic year , with students spending anywhere from a few weeks to a summer to a full academic year visiting countries around the world . In January 2013 , the university received the IIE 's Heiskell Award for Study Abroad for its emphasis on providing foreign - based educational opportunities to first - generation college students . Wake Forest offers more than 400 semester - , summer - and year - long study abroad programs in 200 cities in more than 70 countries worldwide through Wake Forest - sponsored programs and through Affiliate programs ( approved non-Wake Forest programs ) . Wake Forest programs options include : University - owned houses : Each semester or summer session , a resident professor leads a group of students to one of three University - owned study abroad houses and offers two courses in his or her respective disciplines . Resident professors are chosen from a wide variety of academic departments . The university houses are : Casa Artom in Venice , Italy ; Flow House in Vienna , Austria ; and Worrell House in London , England . Other University - sponsored semester study abroad programs take place in Santiago , Chile ; Dijon , France ; Cambridge , England ; Salamanca , Spain ; and Hirakata , Japan . Wait Chapel at night . Graduate and professional Schools ( edit ) In addition to the Undergraduate College , Wake Forest University is home to the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and four professional schools . Wake Forest graduate School of Arts and sciences ( edit ) The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences offers 25 programs of graduate - level study as well as 11 certificates . Degree programs include 11 areas of PhD study in the sciences , as well as 24 master 's degrees in the arts and sciences . The school also offers nine joint degree programs in conjunction with the other professional schools and the undergraduate college . Wake Forest School of Law ( edit ) Main article : Wake Forest University School of Law The Wake Forest University School of Law is a private American Bar Association ( ABA ) accredited law school and is a member of the Association of American Law Schools ( AALS ) . The school was established in 1894 . U.S. News & World Report consistently ranks the school among the Top Tier Law Schools in the nation . The current dean is Suzanne Reynolds . Wake Forest University School of Law has a faculty of 52 Resident Faculty Members and 40 Extended Faculty Members . Wake Forest Law offers the following degrees : the JD , the JD / MDiv , the JD / MA in Religion , the JD / MA in Bioethics , the Master of Studies in Law , the Master of Laws in American Law , the SJD and the JD / MBA in conjunction with the university 's Schools of Business . Class sizes are limited to sections of 40 in the first year , with legal writing classes limited to sections of 20 . Wake Forest School of Medicine ( edit ) Main article : Wake Forest University School of Medicine The Wake Forest School of Medicine has one campus on the Bowman Gray Campus in the Ardmore neighborhood of Winston - Salem , North Carolina , and a second campus downtown which opened in July 2016 . Founded in 1902 , the School of Medicine directs the education of about 1,800 students and fellows , including physicians , basic scientists and allied clinical professionals each year . It is clinically affiliated with Wake Forest Baptist Health and Wake Forest Community Physicians and , with its research program , forms the integrated academic medical center , Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center . In addition to M.D. , Ph. D. and M.S. degrees ( including an M.S. for physician assistants ) , the School of Medicine has five joint - degree programs , nurse anesthesia and medical technology teaching programs , and is the clinical site for 10 Forsyth Technical Community College programs . In its 2016 edition , U.S. News & World Report ranked it tied for 52nd best in research and tied for 74th in primary care . The nurse anesthesia program is ranked 10th nationally . The School of Medicine ranks among the top third of American medical schools in total funding from the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) . In the 2012 fiscal year , the school was awarded nearly $185 million in research funding from federal and state agencies , industry and other sources . School of Business ( edit ) Main article : Wake Forest University School of Business The Wake Forest School of Business was founded in 1969 as the Babcock School of Management , and the School now houses both graduate and undergraduate programs in the new Farrell Hall facility on the main Wake Forest campus . The School also maintains a campus in Charlotte , N.C. , which houses an MBA program for working professionals . The School of Business offers six Master programs and four joint - degree programs , including full - time and part - time Master of Business Administration , Master of Science in Accountancy and Master of Arts in Management . The School offers a Bachelor of Science ( BS ) degree program for undergraduates . This is a four - year degree with majors in accountancy , business and enterprise management , finance , and mathematical business . Wake Forest School of Divinity ( edit ) Main article : Wake Forest University School of Divinity The School of Divinity , accredited by the Association of Theological Schools , offers a Master of Divinity degree as well as dual - degree programs in bioethics , counseling and law . The school also offers a certificate in Spirituality and Health in association with the Wake Forest School of Medicine . Gail O'Day was appointed in 2010 as dean of the school and professor of New Testament and preaching . The school has 18 faculty members , five adjunct faculty and 12 associated faculty from other university departments . According to its mission statement , the school is `` Christian by tradition , Baptist in heritage , and ecumenical in outlook . '' Planning for the school began in April 1989 . In May 1996 , Bill J. Leonard was appointed the school 's first dean , and in March 1998 , the school selected its 14 - member board of visitors . The first faculty members were named in April 1998 , and additional faculty were hired that October . In August 1999 , the first 24 students enrolled in the program . The university 's first Master of Divinity degrees were conferred May 20 , 2002 . In 2012 , the school established the Food , Faith , and Religious Leadership Initiative to equip religious leaders with the knowledge , skills , and pastoral habits necessary to guide congregations and other faith - based organizations around food issues . Rankings ( edit ) University rankings National ARWU 120 - 137 Forbes 61 U.S. News & World Report 27 Washington Monthly 91 Global ARWU 401 - 500 QS 401 - 410 Times 201 - 250 U.S. News & World Report 333 USNWR graduate school rankings Law 36 Medicine : Primary Care 74 Medicine : Research 53 USNWR departmental rankings Biological Sciences 115 Chemistry 117 Nursing -- Anesthesia 10 Physician Assistant 9 Physics 123 In the 2016 U.S. News & World Report America 's Best Colleges report , Wake Forest ranked tied for 10th in terms of `` Best Undergraduate Teaching '' , tied for 27th overall among national universities , tied for 333rd overall among global universities , with the School of Law tied for 40th in the country , and the School of Medicine tied for 52nd best in research and tied for 74th best in primary care . The part - time MBA program was ranked by U.S. News in 2016 as tied for 19th best in the U.S. , while the nursing anesthesia program was tied for 10th . In the 2014 BusinessWeek Undergraduate Business Schools Rankings , the School of Business ranked 11th overall and achieved the No. 1 rank for the sixth consecutive year in Academic Quality . In 2012 , students in the MSA program achieved the No. 1 pass rate and the highest average score in the nation on the Certified Public Accountant Exam among candidates from nearly 800 colleges and universities . Wake Forest MSA students have earned the No. 1 CPA pass rate ranking ten times since 1997 . According to the Institute of International Education 's 2012 Open Doors Report , Wake Forest ranked third in the country for undergraduate participation in study - abroad programs among doctoral research universities . Student Life ( edit ) Fraternities and sororities ( edit ) With 28 chapters , fraternity and sorority membership consists of around 45 % of the student population . Wake Forest requires that all new members of fraternities and sororities complete at least one semester of full - time studies , so the primary recruiting time is during the spring semester . Most fraternities and sororities have lounges in campus residence halls , with surrounding rooms being reserved for the chapter . One fraternity , Delta Kappa Epsilon , has a residence off campus . All fraternities and sororities at Wake Forest belong to one of three councils -- the Interfraternity Council , the National Pan-Hellenic Council and the Panhellenic Council . Each of these councils has an executive board that provides resources and programming to its member organizations . Fraternities on campus : Alpha Epsilon Pi , Alpha Phi Alpha , Alpha Sigma Phi , Chi Psi , Delta Kappa Epsilon , Kappa Alpha Order , Kappa Alpha Psi , Kappa Sigma , Lambda Chi Alpha , Omega Psi Phi , Pi Kappa Alpha , Sigma Alpha Epsilon , Sigma Chi , Sigma Nu , Sigma Phi Epsilon , Sigma Pi , and Theta Chi . Sororities on campus : Alpha Delta Pi , Alpha Kappa Alpha , Chi Omega , Delta Delta Delta , Delta Sigma Theta , Delta Xi Phi , Delta Zeta , Kappa Alpha Theta , Kappa Beta Gamma , Kappa Delta , and Kappa Kappa Gamma . Professional or Academic Fraternities and Sororities on campus : Alpha Kappa Psi , Alpha Phi Omega , and Kappa Kappa Psi . Wake Forest is also home to the Sigma Delta chapter of Order of Omega , an honor society for members of Greek organizations . Members are selected from the top 3 % of Greeks on campus based on high standards in the areas of scholarship , leadership , and involvement within their respective organization and within the fraternity / sorority , campus and local communities . In the mid-2010s , fraternities at Wake Forest have come under scrutiny for claims of sexual assault , racism , and violence . Physical activity options ( edit ) Wake Forest offers a vast array of fitness and recreation activities for its student body . The University offers classes in Yoga , Pilates , High - Intensity Interval Training ( HIIT ) , Zumba , BodyPump , and indoor cycling . Wake Forest students field 36 club sport teams that compete against other colleges and universities at the regional and national level . Intramural Sports are also extremely popular with over half the student body participating in 18 different sports . The University 's fitness and recreation center , Reynolds Gym , is the oldest gym in the ACC . Reynolds Gym is currently undergoing an extensive renovation that will be completed in March 2018 . The project includes the addition of the Sutton Center which opened in January 2016 . Dining facilities ( edit ) Wake Forest undergraduate students living on campus are required to sign up for a meal plan in coordination with the Office of Residence Life and Housing and ARAMARK . Meal Plans consist of Meal Swipes and Food Dollars . Meal Swipes are accepted in the Fresh Food Company ( also known as `` The Pit '' ) and the Magnolia Room . Students may purchase food and snacks at all other on - campus retail locations using their Food Dollars , Deacon Dollars , and other methods of payment . The Fresh Food Company ( `` The Pit '' ) -- Renovated in 2005 , it is known as `` The Pit '' because of its location in the basement of Reynolda Hall . Students have access to all - you - care - to - eat dining for breakfast , lunch , and dinner . A take - out dining option also exists . The Magnolia Room -- Open Monday through Friday for lunch . Every Thursday evening , it offers a `` Premium Dinner '' with two seatings . Benson Food Court -- Features national and local venues , including Chick - fil - A and Moe 's Southwest Grill . Shorty 's Restaurant & Bar -- Located adjacent to the Food Court , it is open for lunch , dinner and late night and offers Americana cuisine . Starbucks -- Located in the Z. Smith Reynolds Library . Subway and Provisions on Demand convenience store -- Located on Hearn Plaza in Davis Hall . Convenience Stores -- In addition to the Benson Center Sundry and the P.O.D. , stores are located in Worrell Hall and in the North Campus Apartment area . Student media ( edit ) WAKE Radio was founded by a student group in 1985 after WFDD terminated a long - standing position of student broadcast assistants . The organization currently maintains an Internet radio station that broadcasts shows ranging from political and sports talk to indie music . The Student was founded in 2004 and is a website created and run by students to help integrate the student body with academic activities and social events around campus and the Winston - Salem area . The Old Gold & Black ( OGB ) is Wake Forest University 's weekly school newspaper . The paper takes its name from the university 's official colors . It was established in 1916 and has been produced by a group of student editors , reporters and photographers every year since then . Notable alumni include Al Hunt , current Managing Editor for Bloomberg News in Washington DC , W.J. Cash who authored The Mind of the South , and Wayne King who won a Pulitzer Prize for his coverage of The 12th Street Riot in Detroit in 1967 . Wake Forest Review is an independent student newspaper providing news and commentary `` from a libertarian and conservative perspective . '' Wake TV is the university television channel . It features weekly television content like Wake TV News and Entertainment Wakely . Past students have also collaborated with ESPNU to create media packages featuring Wake Forest athletes . The Howler is the annual yearbook . 3 to 4 Ounces is the official literary magazine on campus , publishing a collection of student prose , poetry and art through a blind application process each semester . It is also the longest - running media outlet on campus , as it began in 1882 as The Student when the school was still known as Wake Forest College . Undergraduate student Housing ( edit ) Wake Forest maintains a commitment to the residential college experience by guaranteeing undergraduate students on - campus housing for four years . As of 2010 , students were required to live on campus for their first three years as a full - time enrolled student . As of the 2013 -- 2014 academic year , Residence Life is divided into 15 communities which are staffed by a graduate hall director and a staff of RAs ( resident advisers ) who facilitate community building and assume administrative responsibilities . All student housing has air conditioning , closets , wired / wireless internet access , cable television connections , and free unlimited washer / dryer usage . Every residence hall is equipped with at least one communal lounge area ( with a big - screen television , sometimes a ping - pong table , pianos , etc . ) and kitchen area . The three main community areas for the 2013 -- 2014 academic year are : South Campus ( First Year Student Housing ) : Babcock Hall , Bostwick Hall , Johnson Hall , Luter Hall , Collins Hall , South Hall , Angelou Hall Quad Area ( Upperclass Student Housing ) : Kitchin Hall , Davis Hall , Poteat / Huffman Halls , Taylor / Efird Halls North Area ( Upperclass Student Housing ) : Magnolia Hall , Dogwood Hall , Polo Hall , Martin Hall , Palmer Hall , Piccolo Hall , North Campus Apartments , Student Apartments , Polo Road houses area . The office of Residence Life & Housing boasts 119 undergraduate RAs , and 15 graduate hall directors . Along with student staff , the RL&H office supports two major residential student organizations : the Resident Student Association and the National Residence Hall Honorary . Student Union ( edit ) The event - planning arm of Wake Forest is undergraduate student - run organization known as Student Union . Student Union events include Homecoming , Family Weekend , Special Lectures , Concerts , the Coffeehouse music series and other weekly events such as movie screenings and Tuesday Trivia nights . Its signature event is the annual `` Shag on the Mag '' where a big tent covers Manchester Quad ( formerly the Magnolia Quad ) during Springfest and students shag dance to a live band . It started in 2005 under then Springfest chairman Joseph Bumgarner . Student Government ( edit ) Founded in 1923 , Wake Forest Student Government ( known as SG ) works under a semi-Presidential system . Four executive officers ( student body president , speaker of the House , secretary and treasurer ) are elected each spring . The President appoints a chief of staff . The executive officers coordinate with the Cabinet , formed by the co-chairs of the six standing committees . The Executive Committee & Cabinet work with members of the General Assembly to pass legislation and advocate on behalf of students . The Senate , which acts as a student legislature , is made up of about 48 senators , chosen in fall and spring elections each year . The legislators are assigned to one of six committees focused on an area of student needs . The Student Trustee is an ex-officio member of Student Government and acts as a liaison between the Board of Trustees and Student Government . Personal and Career development ( edit ) In 2009 , President Nathan Hatch outlined in his strategic plan a campus culture in which personal and career development would become an integral component of the undergraduate student experience . Later that year , he created a cabinet - level position and appointed Andy Chan as the Vice President for Personal & Career Development . Chan 's work has included hosting a national conference in 2012 ( `` Rethinking Success : From the Liberal Arts to Careers in the 21st Century '' ) featuring Condoleezza Rice , and issuing `` A Roadmap for Transforming the College - To - Career Experience '' in 2013 . Wake Forest quadrupled the size of the staff , integrated personal and career development into freshman orientation , and added `` College to Career '' courses . Arts ( edit ) Every student takes at least one course in the arts ( art history , studio art , theatre , dance , music performance and music in liberal arts ) before graduating . In 2011 -- 2012 , more than 500 Wake Forest students were directly involved in performances on campus , and 110 public exhibitions in theatre , music dance and visual arts held in Scales Fine Arts Center in 2012 -- 2013 . The university 's home , Winston - Salem , calls itself the `` City of Arts & Innovation . '' Students also can take advantage of a number of other art - related opportunities : The WFU Art Collections consist of nine independent collections with more than 1,600 works located in 35 on - and off - campus locations . Every four years , selected students make an art - buying trip to New York City to add to the collections . Students are within walking distance of the Reynolda House Museum of American Art , the Wake Forest Museum of Anthropology , the Charlotte and Philip Hanes Art Gallery and START , the student art gallery . The Theatre Department , which allows students to participate from their first year , supports interdisciplinary exploration of its plays through the Interdisciplinary Performance and the Liberal Arts Center ( IPLACe ) , which connects the performing arts and other academic departments . The student - run Reynolda Film Festival is a free weeklong series of film screenings and workshops featuring a keynote address by a well - known and respected representative of the film industry . The Secrest Artists Series offers the Wake Forest community several free opportunities each year to hear world - class concerts . Athletics ( edit ) Main article : Wake Forest Demon Deacons `` Rolling the Quad '' is a WFU tradition that is done after major victories in athletic competition . Wake Forest University Mascot Demon Deacon Originally , Wake Forest 's athletic teams were known as the Fighting Baptists , due to its association with the Baptist Convention ( from which it later separated itself ) . However , in 1923 , after a particularly impressive win against the Duke Blue Devils , a newspaper reporter wrote that the Deacons `` fought like Demons '' , giving rise to the current team name , the `` Demon Deacons . '' Wake Forest has won a total of nine national championships in five different sports . Wake Forest is sometimes referred to as being a part of `` Tobacco Road '' or `` The Big Four , '' terms that refer to the four North Carolina schools that compete heatedly against each other within the ACC ; these include Duke , North Carolina , and North Carolina State , as well as Wake Forest . The Demon Deacons participate in the NCAA 's Division I ( in the Bowl Subdivision for football ) and in the Atlantic Coast Conference . The Athletics Director is Ron Wellman . Football ( edit ) Main article : Wake Forest Demon Deacons football See also : 2015 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team 2006 season ( edit ) Main article : 2006 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team See also : The 5th Quarter Wake Forest 's football team was ranked in the Top 25 in the nation by the AP Poll during most of the 2006 season . They won the 2006 ACC Atlantic Division Title and went on to defeat the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets 9 -- 6 on December 2 in the ACC Championship Game in Jacksonville , Florida . The win sent Wake Forest to the Orange Bowl to play the Big East champion Louisville Cardinals , where they lost 24 -- 13 . However , this made Wake Forest the smallest school to ever compete in the Bowl Championship Series . Of all schools that play Division I FBS football , only Rice and Tulsa have smaller undergraduate enrollments , and Wake has the smallest undergraduate enrollment of any school in the BCS conferences . For his part in the record - setting season , coach Jim Grobe was unanimously selected ACC Coach of the Year , and handily won the AP Coach of the Year award several weeks later . Coach Grobe signed a ten - year contract in 2003 . The 2006 team and its emotional leader Jon Abbate would become the subjects of the 2011 feature film The 5th Quarter . 2007 season ( edit ) Main article : 2007 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team Wake Forest followed its success in 2006 with another excellent year and finished the regular season with a record of 8 wins and 4 losses . During the season , the Demon Deacons were briefly ranked in the Top 25 . Their success throughout the year earned Wake Forest an invitation to the Meineke Car Care Bowl in Charlotte , North Carolina . Played on December 29 in the Bank of America stadium ( home of the Carolina Panthers ) the Demon Deacons defeated the Connecticut Huskies 24 -- 10 . Wake Forest 's Former head coach , Jim Grobe , continued to garner national attention as an outstanding college football coach . Though he was offered coaching positions at other schools , Grobe chose to remain with the Deacons , citing a desire to remain at an institution that successfully balances high - level academics with a major athletic program . 2016 season ( edit ) Main article : 2016 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team Under head coach Dave Clawson , the Demon Deacons finished the regular season ( 7 - 6 ) and ( 3 - 5 ) in ACC play . After the season , the Demon Deacons was invited to the Military Bowl in Annapolis , Maryland . Played on December 27 , at Navy -- Marine Corps Memorial Stadium , where the Demon Deacons defeated the Temple Owls 34 - 26 to win the 2016 Military Bowl championship . Wake Forest plays its home football games at BB&T Field ( formerly Groves Stadium ) . Men 's basketball ( edit ) Main article : Wake Forest Demon Deacons men 's basketball Wake Forest is generally regarded as a competitive program in men 's basketball , frequently qualifying for the NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship ( 23 times in the school 's history ) . They reached the Final Four once , in 1962 . The school 's famous basketball alumni include Billy Packer , a guard on the 1962 Final Four team who became far more famous as a basketball broadcaster ; Tyrone Curtis `` Muggsy '' Bogues , the shortest player ever to play in the NBA ; Randolph Childress , for his MVP performance in the 1995 ACC Tournament ; Washington Wizards swingman Josh Howard ; Miami Heat forward James Johnson ; Chris Paul of the Houston Rockets , 2006 NBA Rookie of the Year Award , 9 - time NBA All - star ; and two - time league MVP , Five - time NBA Champion and three - time NBA Finals MVP Tim Duncan , and Minnesota Timberwolves starting point guard and 2015 NBA all - star Jeff Teague . Lawrence Joel Veterans Memorial Coliseum is the home venue for the Demon Deacons basketball team . Skip Prosser , Wake Forest University 's men 's basketball coach since 2001 , died in Winston - Salem on July 26 , 2007 . One of Prosser 's assistant coaches , Dino Gaudio , was named to replace him . On April 13 , 2010 , Jeff Bzdelik was hired , taking the place of the recently fired Gaudio . Despite no post-season success ( 0 wins in 3 ACC Tournament attempts ) and an 11 -- 42 record against ACC competition over the first three years of his tenure , Athletic Director Ron Wellman announced that Bzdelik would return for a fourth season as coach . On March 20 , 2014 , Jeff Bzdelik resigned his position as head coach . On April 4 , 2014 , Wake Forest hired former NCAA Champion and NBA player Danny Manning as its new head coach . Women 's basketball ( edit ) Main article : Wake Forest Demon Deacons women 's basketball In 2012 , Jen Hoover took over as coach from Mike Petersen , the program 's all - time winningest coach . Hoover ( then Jenny Mitchell ) is the program 's all - time leading scorer and rebounder , was a three - time All - ACC selection and was a member of the ACC 's 50th Anniversary Team in 2002 . Hoover was part of the program 's only NCAA Tournament appearance in 1988 , when Wake Forest beat Villanova and lost to Tennessee . Wake Forest has appeared in the Women 's NIT four times , all under Petersen . The Demon Deacons play their home games at Lawrence Joel Veterans Memorial Coliseum . Women 's field Hockey ( edit ) Recent athletic honors include three consecutive NCAA Field Hockey national championships in 2002 , 2003 , and 2004 under Head Coach Jennifer Averill . In 2005 , the Deacs were defeated in the semifinal round by Duke University , and in the 2006 championship game by the University of Maryland . Golf ( edit ) Wake Forest has had several successful golf teams , winning national championships in 1974 , 1975 , and 1986 . Several well - known players include Jay Haas , Billy Andrade , Gary Hallberg , Robert Wrenn , Scott Hoch , Bill Haas , and majors champions Arnold Palmer , Lanny Wadkins , Darren Clarke , Curtis Strange , and Webb Simpson . Soccer ( edit ) Main articles : Wake Forest Demon Deacons men 's soccer and Wake Forest Demon Deacons women 's soccer Wake Forest is a consistent national title contender in men 's soccer . In recent years several players from the program have played professionally in Major League Soccer , including Brian Carroll , Will Hesmer , Justin Moose , Michael Parkhurst , Pat Phelan , James Riley , Scott Sealy , Matt Taylor , and Wells Thompson . In 2006 the team advanced to the final four of the NCAA tournament where they were defeated in a penalty kick shootout by UC Santa Barbara . They captured the 2007 NCAA Men 's Soccer Championship defeating Ohio State 2 -- 1 , with the winning goal scored by Zack Schilawski . The Demon Deacons returned to the final four of the 2009 Division I Men 's College Cup , losing to Virginia 2 -- 1 in overtime in the semifinals . Baseball ( edit ) Main article : Wake Forest Demon Deacons baseball Wake Forest won the 1955 College World Series in baseball . In 2009 , the team began playing on Ernie Shore Field , in Winston - Salem , NC , moving to this field from their former home at Gene Hooks Stadium on campus . In 2017 , eight players were selected in the 2017 MLB Draft , the most in the school 's history . Tennis ( edit ) Noah Rubin Noah Rubin played for Wake Forest ; he had won the 2014 boys singles championship at Wimbledon , and the US 2014 boys ' national championships in singles and doubles . In 2014 - 15 for Wake Forest he was an All - American and the runner - up in the 2015 NCAA singles championship . On May 22 , 2018 , the Wake Forest Men 's Tennis team won its first ever NCAA National Championship . This feat was accomplished on their home courts , as they defeated the Ohio State Men 's Tennis team 4 - 2 . Wake Forest had been ranked as the number one team for most of the season leading up to the tournament . Screamin ' Demons ( edit ) Student attendance of Wake Forest Football and Basketball games is high , in part due to the program known as `` Screamin ' Demons . '' At the beginning of each respective athletic season students on the Reynolda Campus can sign up for the program whereby they pay $40 for each year ; in addition to the best seats at the games , this gets students a football shirt in the fall and a tie - dye T - shirt in the spring along with a card that serves as an automatic pass to the sporting events . They lose this privilege if they miss two of the games . Through the planning of Sports Marketing and the Screamin ' Demons program , basketball game seats in the students section are difficult to attain without participating in the Screamin ' Demons program . The arena can seat only 2,250 of the 4,500 undergraduate students at Wake Forest . At least 150 seats are always set aside for non-Screamin Demons , who sit behind the 2,100 member group . Student organizations ( edit ) There are over 160 chartered student organizations of all sorts . Student sports organizations are highly visible on campus . Special interest organizations range from the academic , such the Model United Nations team , to the artistic , such as the handbell choir . In spring of 2006 , the Mock Trial team was notable in qualifying for the national tournament while only in its 2nd year in operation . Religious organizations are also numerous . Both the College Republicans and College Democrats have active chapters at the university . Historic student organizations such as the Philomathesians , an artistic literary magazine , are also present . Students are entertained by numerous performing groups , including The Lilting Banshees Comedy Troupe , The Living Parables Christian Drama Troupe , and The Anthony Aston Players . The Office of Student Development , led by Michael Gerald Ford , son of Gerald R. Ford , oversees all student organizations . Student Development also organizes leadership oriented student activities such as CHARGE ( Formerly called LEAD ) , a semester long course in campus leadership . Debate team ( edit ) The Wake Forest Debate team has won the National Debate Tournament in 1997 and 2008 , made the finals in 2006 and 2009 and has had five semifinal teams : 1955 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , and 2017 . Wake Forest has had two winners of the `` National Coach of the Year '' award : Ross Smith ( 1997 ) and Al Louden ( 1988 ) . The award is named for Smith . Notable Debate alumni include : Daveed Gartenstein - Ross , the director of the Center for the Study of Terrorist Radicalization at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies ; Larry Penley , the former president of Colorado State University ; John Graham , the former regulatory czar for George W. Bush ; and Franklin Shirley and Martha Swain Wood , both former mayors of Winston - Salem , N.C. In 2010 , Wake Forest became the first top - tier debate team in the country to go `` open source '' and share all its evidence and arguments online through a wiki accessible to other debaters . Volunteer Service Corps ( edit ) The Volunteer Service Corps ( VSC ) is one of the most popular student organizations . It coordinates volunteering in both the local and international / national setting via service projects and trips . The organization has annual service trips to Russia , Vietnam , and Latin America . In light of the disaster caused by Hurricane Katrina , VSC sent 30 Wake Students on a Wake Alternative Spring Break in the Spring of 2006 . A cappella groups ( edit ) Wake Forest has a number of a cappella groups that produce recordings and have performances on and off campus . They include : Chi Rho -- all - male Christian group Innuendo -- co-ed group Plead the Fifth -- all - male secular group Minor Variation -- all - female Christian group Demon Divas -- all - female group Army ROTC ( edit ) Wake Forest University offers an Army ROTC program . In 2006 the Army ROTC program was awarded the MacArthur Award by the United States Army for having the best medium - sized ROTC battalion in the nation . There are about sixty cadets in the program , and about half of each military science class finishes Leadership Development Advanced Camp ( LDAC ) as a `` Distinguished Military Graduate , '' the top 20 % of ROTC graduates . The minimum service commitment of a contracted cadet who graduates from ROTC is four years active duty and four years of inactive reserve duty after that . Alternatively , a cadet can choose to forgo active duty service and serve eight straight years in the active Reserve or National Guard . Other alternative service plans are available for those who intend to be an Army doctor , lawyer , or chaplain with source of commissioning via ROTC . At Wake Forest contracted ROTC cadets are given full scholarship , a monthly stipend , and book money by the US Army . The university extends the scholarship with free room and board . The program also serves students from Winston - Salem State University and Salem College . Diversity and Inclusion ( edit ) On April 27 , 1962 , the Board of Trustees voted to end racial segregation at Wake Forest , which became the South 's first major private university to integrate . In the fall of 1962 , Ghana native Ed Reynolds became the first full - time black undergraduate student to enroll . In 2012 -- 2013 , Wake Forest 's celebration , `` Faces of Courage , '' marked the 50th anniversary of Wake Forest 's decision to integrate and how it shaped the university . Wake Forest 's undergraduate minority enrollment in 2014 -- 2015 was 25 percent . The university has an official `` Statement of Principle on Diversity . '' Other diversity milestones : Japanese student Konsukie Akiyama became the first Asian graduate in 1909 . The first women undergraduates were admitted in 1942 . James G. Jones became the first American Indian graduate in 1958 . On Feb. 23 , 1960 , 10 Wake Forest students joined 11 students from Winston - Salem State Teachers College ( now Winston - Salem State University ) for a sit - in at Woolworth 's lunch counter in downtown Winston - Salem . The students ' non-violent protest , along with other protests in Winston - Salem , led to the desegregation of the city 's restaurants and lunch counters on May 23 of that year . Martin Luther King , Jr. spoke in Wait Chapel on the Wake Forest campus on Oct. 11 , 1962 . Herman Eure ( biology ) and Dolly McPherson ( English ) became the first black tenure - track professors in 1974 . The Office of Minority Affairs was formed in 1978 and later became the Office of Multicultural Affairs . Wake Forest also added an Office of Diversity & Inclusion , an LGBTQ Center and a Women 's Center . In 1982 , poet / actress / author Maya Angelou was hired as Reynolds Professor of American Studies . In 2002 , Wake Forest added a cultural diversity requirement to its curriculum , mandating all undergraduates take one of 74 courses to educate them on cultural diversity . Wake Forest appointed its first ( part - time ) Muslim chaplain in 2010 . In 2011 , the first associate chaplain for Jewish Life was named . Recognition ( edit ) Wake Forest 's Associate Provost for Diversity and Inclusion Barbee Oakes was named one of the `` 25 Women Making a Difference '' in 2012 Diverse Issues in Higher Education , recognizing her for commitment to initiatives that promote pluralism and foster community . Wake Forest was among 40 schools across the country awarded the 2012 Higher Education Excellence in Diversity Award by Insight into Diversity magazine . Technology ( edit ) Wake Forest has received praise for its efforts in the field of technology . In 2003 , The Princeton Review listed it as the number - two `` Most Connected Campus '' in the United States . The university 's Information Systems ( IS ) department offers a program that issues new Lenovo ThinkPad laptop computers to all undergraduate students and faculty . High speed wireless ( and wired ) Internet access is provided across campus . Campus - wide access is provided for a variety of collaborative tools , including WebEx , Google Apps for Higher Education ( used for WFU email , calendaring and documents ) and Sakai . Wake Forest is a founding member of WinstonNet , a non-profit organization of educational and municipal institutions in Winston - Salem , NC that among other things provides a gigabit ethernet based regional point of presence ( or , rPOP ) for the North Carolina Research and Education Network . The university is a member of the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research ( ICPSR ) , providing access to a large library of data files , and of EDUCAUSE , a national consortium of colleges and universities concerned with computing issues . University Campuses ( edit ) Reynolda campus ( edit ) Z. Smith Reynolds Library The Reynolda Campus is the main campus for Wake Forest University , housing the undergraduate colleges , three of the four graduate schools , and half the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences . The core of Reynolda campus is the two interlinked quads , separated by the main administrative building / main dining facility , Reynolda Hall , into North and South Campus . North Campus consists of the T.K. Hearn Plaza , better known as `` the quad , '' which holds the six upperclassmen residential buildings , the US Post Office , Subway restaurant , book / office supply store , clothing / athletic store , and Wait Chapel . Wait Chapel serves multiple functions . Its auditorium serves as an area for prayer , ceremonies , concerts , and certain guest speakers . The classrooms at Wait Chapel house the offices and classrooms for the Divinity School and the Religion Department . South Campus is the home of Manchester Quad ( formerly known as the Magnolia Quad or Mag quad ) . It holds freshman housing , most of the classroom buildings , the Benson Center , and the Z. Smith Reynolds Library . Bowman Gray campus ( edit ) Located in the Ardmore neighborhood near downtown Winston - Salem , the Bowman Gray Campus is home to Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center , which includes its teaching and research arm , Wake Forest School of Medicine , and its clinical enterprise , Wake Forest Baptist Health . With about 13,000 employees , the Medical Center is the largest employer in the Piedmont Triad Region , operating as an integrated health care system . Wake downtown campus ( edit ) 275 students attended classes on January 10 , 2017 , the first day of 18 undergraduate classes in such areas as engineering and biomedical sciences at Wake Downtown in Wake Forest Innovation Quarter . Charlotte campus ( edit ) The School of Business established a satellite campus in Charlotte , N.C. , in 1995 , and in January 2012 , it moved into a 30,000 - square - foot , award - winning facility on North College Street in Uptown . The Charlotte Center is home to U.S. News & World Report ' s No. 1 ranked part - time MBA program for working professionals in North Carolina . It offers two part - time MBA programs ( Evening and Saturday ) , continuing legal education courses , continuing professional education courses , executive education , Lunch & Learn and speaker events . Certificate programs offered at the Charlotte Center include business management for nonprofits , sustainability , financial planning and negotiations . The Center also hosts corporate retreats and serves as an educational and gathering space for students and alumni in the greater Charlotte area . The university began offering a small set of general summer school classes at the Charlotte campus in the summer of 2014 . Affiliated properties ( edit ) Lawrence Joel Veterans Memorial Coliseum ( edit ) Main article : Lawrence Joel Veterans Memorial Coliseum Wake Forest purchased the Coliseum and 33 surrounding acres from the City of Winston - Salem on Aug. 1 , 2013 . The Coliseum , which seats 14,407 , has been the home of Wake Forest 's men 's and women 's basketball teams since it opened in 1989 . Overseas ( edit ) The university owns a number of international properties : Casa Artom in Venice ( edit ) Casa Artom on the Canal Grande in Venice In 1974 , Wake Forest purchased the building that formerly housed the American Consulate in Venice and named it Casa Artom in honor of Dr. Camillo Artom , a professor at the Baptist Medical Center until 1969 . Casa Artom is a two - story building facing the Grand Canal . It is flanked by the Palazzo Venier dei Leoni , which houses the Peggy Guggenheim art collection , and the 15th century home Ca'Dario . Each fall and spring semester , a group of Wake Forest students and a resident professor live and study together here . Flow House in Vienna ( edit ) In 1998 , Wake Forest purchased a three - story villa in Vienna . The acquisition was made possible through the donation of Vic and Roddy Flow of Winston - Salem , and the house was named in their honor . Built in 1898 , the house was formerly the office of the U.S. Consulate . Flow House is situated in a northwest section of Vienna that is known for its embassies , diplomatic residences , and distinguished private homes . Each fall and spring semester , a group of Wake Forest students and a resident professor live and study together here . Worrell House in London ( edit ) In 1977 , Wake Forest acquired a large , brick home in Hampstead for its London program . The house , a gift from Eugene and Ann Worrell , was named in their honor . Formerly known as Morven House , the building served as the home and studio of landscape painter Charles Edward Johnson . Hampstead is primarily a residential neighborhood and home to Hampstead Heath , Regent 's Park , Primrose Hill and the Keats House . Each fall and spring semester , a group of Wake Forest undergraduate students and a resident professor live and study together here . Wake Forest law students also spend a summer session here along with a resident law professor . Casa Dingledine Conference Center in Managua , Nicaragua ( edit ) In 2008 , Karyn and Tom Dingledine provided a donation that enabled Wake Forest to purchase Casa Dingledine -- a 6,600 - square - foot conference center on five acres of land with a view of Lake Managua . The facility provides a venue for the exchange of ideas between and among not only Wake Forest constituents , but also the University 's Nicaraguan partners , other academic institutions and corporate entities . The Center is critical to the mission of the Nicaragua Nexus , which is to accomplish the Wake Forest motto of Pro Humanitate by working with Nicaraguans to enhance their quality of life through collaborative partnerships with local and international organizations in Nicaragua , while providing transformational experiences for students and faculty . Casa Dingledine was dedicated in February 2011 . Reynolda House Museum of American art ( edit ) Main article : Reynolda House Museum of American Art Reynolda House Museum of American Art is the centerpiece of the Reynolda Estate , from which the University 's Reynolda Campus takes its name . The residence was constructed in 1917 by Katharine Smith Reynolds and her husband , Richard Joshua Reynolds , founder of the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company . It was converted to an art museum in 1967 and has been affiliated with Wake Forest University since 2002 . Reynolda House displays American art ranging from the colonial period to the present , including well - known artists such as Mary Cassatt , Frederic Church , Jacob Lawrence , Georgia O'Keeffe , and Gilbert Stuart . Wake Forest students regularly get involved at Reynolda House through internships , volunteer opportunities , and academic research . In 2010 , Reynolda House and Wake Forest partnered on a first - year student orientation project using the museum 's masterpiece by Frederic Church , The Andes of Ecuador , as the focal point of the summer academic experience . General admission to the museum is free to students and University employees . Reynolda Gardens ( edit ) Main article : Reynolda Gardens The 129 acres that comprise Reynolda Gardens of Wake Forest University were once at the center of Reynolda , the early 20th - century estate of Mr. and Mrs. R.J. Reynolds and included a lake , a golf course , formal gardens , greenhouses , and woods . Although many changes have occurred to the landscape over the past century , this preserve serves as a learning center for topics related to horticulture , environmental sciences , and landscape history . Wake Forest students and faculty engage in research throughout the preserve . The public is invited to participate in a wide variety of learning experiences , including classes , workshops , summer camps , and special events . Reynolda Village ( edit ) Main article : Reynolda Village Adjacent to the Wake Forest campus , Reynolda Village is home to stores , restaurants , services and offices . Now owned and operated by Wake Forest University , the buildings were originally part of the 1,067 - acre estate of the R.J. Reynolds family . These buildings were modeled after an English Village and included dairy barns , a cattle shed , school , post office , smokehouse , blacksmith shop , carriage house , central power and heating plant as well as cottages to house the family 's chauffeur and stenographer , the village 's school master and the farm 's head dairyman and horticulturist . It now has a wide range of shops specializing in home furnishings and designer fashions , as well as art galleries , fitness studios , and a full - service day spa . The Reynolda Historical district , including Reynolda Village , serves as an educational , cultural , and community complex for the Winston - Salem community . Graylyn International Conference Center ( edit ) Wake Forest University owns and manages one of the premier meeting destinations in the southeast . Graylyn was built as a private estate for Bowman Gray , Sr. , and his family in 1932 . The Gray family lived in the home until 1946 when it was donated to the Bowman Gray School of Medicine . In 1972 , it was donated to Wake Forest University where it was used for many things over the years , including graduate student housing . University corporate Center ( edit ) Built as the world headquarters for Reynolds Tobacco Company , RJR Nabisco donated the more than 500,000 - square - foot building to Wake Forest University in 1987 . Now known as the University Corporate Center , the building is located off Reynolds Blvd . near campus and is currently home to the following University offices : Information Systems , Finance Systems , Procurement Services , and Financial & Accounting Services . Aon Consulting , BB&T and Pepsi are also tenants . WFDD ( edit ) Main article : WFDD WFDD is an NPR - affiliate which was founded in 1946 . The station has a signal strength of 36,000 watts and broadcasts to 32 counties in North Carolina and Virginia . The station has been broadcast on 88.5 FM since 1967 . Wake Forest Innovation Quarter ( edit ) Main article : Wake Forest Innovation Quarter The opening of Wake Forest Biotech Place in February 2012 marked a milestone in development of Wake Forest Innovation Quarter , based in downtown Winston - Salem and formerly known as Piedmont Triad Research Park . Operated by Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center , Wake Forest Biotech Place is a 242,000 - square - foot multipurpose biotechnology research and innovation center space that is now home to several School of Medicine departments doing pioneering research , as well as private companies . In December 2012 , Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center formally launched its new commercialization enterprise , Wake Forest Innovations . Located in the Innovation Quarter , Wake Forest Innovations brings together technology asset management functions with resources to support scholarship , invest in the innovative potential of its academic and clinical communities and help translate ideas and discoveries into commercial products and services for both the Medical Center and Wake Forest University . In January 2017 , undergraduate programs began at Wake Downtown . Wake Forest University Press ( edit ) Main article : Wake Forest University Press Wake Forest is the home of Wake Forest University Press . Established in 1976 by Irish scholar Dillon Johnston , with the support of Provost Edwin Wilson and President James Ralph Scales , the press is the premier publisher of Irish poetry in North America . Among the poets published are Ciaran Carson , Thomas Kinsella , Michael Longley , Medbh McGuckian , John Montague , Eilean Ni Chuilleanain and Irish language poet Nuala Ni Dhomhnaill . Notable alumni ( edit ) Main article : List of Wake Forest University people Aravind Swamy , Indian Actor & Businessman Marc Blucas , actor . Muggsy Bogues , NBA basketball player ( ret . ) Richard Burr , United States Senator Charlie Crist , US House of Representatives of the State of Florida 's 13th district James DuBose , award - winning television producer , entertainment industry executive and Rising Star Award receipint Tim Duncan , NBA Player ( ret . ) Bob Ehrlich , former Governor , Maryland ( Wake Forest law school graduate , Princeton alumnus ) Michael Maxey , President of Roanoke College . Undergraduate degree in history and masters degree in counselor education from WFU . Kay Hagan , former US Senator , D - NC ( a graduate of Florida State University and Wake Forest Law School ) Melissa Harris - Perry Notable attendees include legendary golfer Arnold Palmer ; NBA player Chris Paul ; actor Carroll O'Connor ; U.S. Senator Jesse Helms ; David Chase ( creator of The Sopranos ) Movies or documentaries filmed at the University ( edit ) A Union In Wait Junebug The 5th Quarter The Longest Ride See also ( edit ) ACC portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ As of June 30 , 2016 . `` U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year ( FY ) 2016 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2015 to FY 2016 '' ( PDF ) . National Association of College and University Business Officers and Commonfund Institute . 2017 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2017 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Common Data Set 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Wake Forest Office of Institutional Research . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Quick Facts '' . Wake Forest University . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wikimapia -- Let 's describe the whole world ! '' . Retrieved 16 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Identity Standards Colors and Paper Stock '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. News Best Colleges Rankings - Wake Forest University '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winning Institutions Search The Rhodes Scholarships '' . The Rhodes Trust . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : WFU News Service ( 2011 - 11 - 20 ) . `` Turner named Rhodes Scholar '' . Wake Forest University . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 21 . He is the 12th Wake Forest student to be named a Rhodes Scholar in the past 25 years ^ Jump up to : Walker , Cheryl ( 30 November 2010 ) . `` Senior wins Marshall Scholarship '' . Wake Forest Office of Communications and External Relations . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet Our Scholars By Year truman.gov '' . The Harry S. Truman Scholarship Foundation . Archived from the original on 3 June 2013 . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fulbright U.S. Student Program '' . Institute of International Education . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.ncmarkers.com/Markers.aspx?MarkerId=K-42 Jump up ^ `` History of Wake Forest University '' . Wfu.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Winston - Salem Journal '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Retrieved 16 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Undergraduate Schools : Bulletin of Wake Forest University 2007 -- 2008 Jump up ^ `` Faces of Courage '' . Wake Forest University . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Brinson , Linda Carter ( Spring 2013 ) . `` Edward Reynolds : The Courage to Change a Campus '' . Wake Forest Magazine ( Volume 60 , Number 2 ) . Wake Forest University . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` address given by Bill Leonard , dean of the Divinity School , at the spring 2007 convocation '' . Jump up ^ `` Hearn says Wake Forest remains committed to its Baptist heritage '' . Archived from the original on 2002 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Laura A.W. Phillips ( May 2000 ) . `` Middleton House '' ( pdf ) . National Register of Historic Places -- Nomination and Inventory . North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Historic home is donated to Wake , '' Winston - Salem Journal , February 1 , 2011 ; December 11 , 2012 Jump up ^ Hinton , John ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` WFU announces plans for undergraduate classes in Wake Forest Innovation Quarter '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniel , Fran ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` WFU to offer biomedical sciences and engineering programs at the Innovation Quarter '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Craver , Richard ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` $100 million investment to bring Wake Forest Baptist 's educational facilities downtown '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hennessey , Michael ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Wake Forest Baptist completes new medical education building '' . WGHP . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Address at Wake Forest University '' . Jump up ^ `` Wake Forest University '' . U.S. News & World Report . 2015 . Jump up ^ http://fromtheforest.admissions.wfu.edu/ Jump up ^ `` Wake Forest U. Joins the Ranks of Test - Optional Colleges '' . The Chronicle of Higher Education . 2008 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 5 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Forest Makes Test Scores Optional for Applicants '' . U.S. News & World Report . 2008 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 5 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WFU -- Admissions -- Student Financial Aid -- Merit - Based Scholarships -- Introduction '' . Wake Forest University . 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Wake Forest University School of Divinity . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Master of Divinity / Master of Arts in Bioethics '' . Wake Forest University School of Divinity . Archived from the original on 10 March 2013 . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Master of Divinity / Master of Counseling Dual Degree '' . Wake Forest University School of Divinity . Archived from the original on 10 September 2011 . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Law / Master of Divinity Dual Degree '' . Wake Forest University School of Divinity . Archived from the original on 10 September 2011 . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Certificate of Spirituality and Health '' . Wake Forest University School of Divinity . Archived from the original on 10 September 2011 . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New divinity school dean named '' . Wake Forest University Office of Communications and External Relations . 2010 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . 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Jump up ^ `` Wake Forest AKPsi -- Home '' . Wakeakpsi.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` OrgSync Organization Template '' . Campuslifeleadership18642.orgsync.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Forest University Athletic Bands Kappa Kappa Psi '' . wfbands.wfu.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Order of OMEGA : Sigma Delta Chapter '' . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2006 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 27 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` White frat party is latest wound to students of color at Wake Forest '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Reports of Hazing Increase at Wake Forest University , Kappa Sigma Fraternity Loses Charter '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Forest sexual assault : infrequent or under reported ? '' . Old Gold & Black . 10 October 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://campusrec.studentlife.wfu.edu/fitness/group-fitness-classes/ Jump up ^ http://campusrec.studentlife.wfu.edu/club/ Jump up ^ http://campusrec.studentlife.wfu.edu/intramural/fall/ Jump up ^ http://campusrec.studentlife.wfu.edu/facilities/ Jump up ^ `` Meal Plans -- Wake Forest Residence Life & Housing '' . Rlh.wfu.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Whitehead , Lloyd ( 2010 - 08 - 26 ) . `` The Pit Parents Wake Forest University '' . Parents.wfu.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to CampusDish at Wake Forest University ! '' . Campusdish.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to CampusDish at Wake Forest University ! '' . Campusdish.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Forest Radio History '' . WakeForestRadio.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` A look back at WFDD 's storied history Old Gold & Black '' . 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The university also occupies lab space at Biotech Plaza at Innovation Quarter, and at the Center for Nanotechnology and Molecular Materials. The University's Graduate School of Management maintains a presence on the main campus in Winston-Salem and in Charlotte, North Carolina." ]	[ "1956" ]
-7258953133816218045	Battle of France	Battle of France - wikipedia Battle of France Jump to : navigation , search Battle of France Part of the Western Front of the Second World War Clockwise from top left : German Panzer IV tanks passing through a town in France ; German soldiers marching past the Arc de Triomphe after the surrender of Paris , 14 June 1940 ; column of French Renault R35 tanks at Sedan , Ardennes ; British and French prisoners at Veules - les - Roses ; French soldiers on review within the Maginot Line fortifications . Date 10 May -- 25 June 1940 ( 46 days ) Location France , Low Countries Result Decisive German victory German Occupation of northern France Creation of the Axis puppet state Vichy regime in Southern France Creation of Free France Beginning of guerrilla warfare by French Resistance cells Japanese occupation of French Indochina Territorial changes Parts of France placed under German and Italian military occupation Belligerents Germany Italy ( from 10 June ) France French colonial empire Belgium United Kingdom Canada Netherlands Luxembourg Poland Czechoslovakia Commanders and leaders Walther von Brauchitsch Gerd von Rundstedt Fedor von Bock Wilhelm von Leeb Albert Kesselring Hugo Sperrle Heinz Guderian Umberto di Savoia Maurice Gamelin ( until 17 May ) Alphonse Georges ( until 17 May ) Maxime Weygand ( from 17 May ) Leopold III ( POW ) Lord Gort Henri Winkelman ( POW ) Władysław Sikorski Jan Kratochvíl Units involved Axis armies ( show ) Army Group B 18th Army 6th Army Army Group A 4th Army 12th Army 16th Army Army Group C 1st Army 7th Army From 10 June in Alps : Army Group West 1st Army 4th Army Allied armies ( show ) 1st Army Group Seventh Army Belgian Army British Expeditionary Force Polish Army in France First Army Ninth Army Second Army 2nd Army Group Third Army Fourth Army Fifth Army 3rd Army Group Eighth Army Dutch Army From 10 June in the Alps : Sixth Army Strength Germany : 141 divisions 7,378 guns 2,445 tanks 5,638 aircraft 3,350,000 troops Alps on 20 June 300,000 Italians Allies : 144 divisions 13,974 guns 3,383 -- 4,071 French tanks < 2,935 aircraft 3,300,000 troops Alps on 20 June ~ 150,000 French Casualties and losses Germany : 27,074 dead 111,034 wounded , 18,384 missing , 1,129 aircrew killed ( c. 27,000 dead ) 1,236 aircraft lost 795 -- 822 tanks destroyed 157,621 total casualties Italy : 6,055 Total : 163,676 casualties 360,000 dead or wounded , 1,900,000 captured 2,233 aircraft lost 4,071 French tanks Total : 2,260,000 casualties Campaigns of World War II Europe Poland Phoney War Winter War Denmark & Norway France & Benelux Britain Balkans Eastern Front Finland Western Front ( 1944 -- 45 ) Pacific War China Pacific Ocean South - East Asia South West Pacific Japan Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa Horn of Africa Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Yugoslavia Iraq Syria -- Lebanon Iran Italy Dodecanese Southern France Other campaigns Atlantic Arctic Strategic bombing America French West Africa Madagascar Contemporaneous wars Chinese Civil War USSR -- Japan Border Wars French -- Thai Ecuadorian -- Peruvian War Ili Rebellion Western Front of World War II prelude 1939 Phoney War Saar The Heligoland Bight 1940 Luxembourg The Netherlands The Hague Rotterdam Zeeland Rotterdam Blitz Belgium Fort Eben - Emael Hannut Gembloux La Lys France Sedan Montcornet Arras Lille Boulogne Calais Abbeville Paula Dunkirk Dunkirk evacuation Italian Invasion of France Saumur Britain Kanalkampf Adlertag The Hardest Day Battle of Britain Day Sea Lion 1942 -- 1943 Cerberus and Donnerkeil St Nazaire Raid Dieppe Raid 1944 -- 1945 Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Arnhem Hürtgen Forest Aachen Queen Scheldt Bulge Nordwind Bodenplatte Colmar Pocket Atlantic Pockets Invasion of Germany strategic campaigns The Blitz Defence of the Reich Raids on the Atlantic Wall Battle of Atlantic Battle of France Battle of France Royal Marine Ardennes Sedan Montcornet Saumur Maginot Line Weygand Plan Montcornet Arras Boulogne Calais Dunkirk Wormhoudt Dynamo Abbeville Lille Paula Alps Fall Rot Cycle Ariel Fall Braun Battle of the Netherlands Maastricht The Hague Rotterdam Zeeland The Grebbeberg Afsluitdijk Rotterdam Blitz Battle of Belgium Fort Eben - Emael KW Line Dyle Plan Hannut Gembloux Canal Lys Invasion of Luxembourg Schuster Line The Battle of France , also known as the Fall of France , was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries during the Second World War . In six weeks from 10 May 1940 , German forces defeated Allied forces by mobile operations and conquered France , Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands , bringing land operations on the Western Front to an end until 6 June 1944 . Italy entered the war on 10 June 1940 and attempted an invasion of France . The German plan for the invasion consisted of two main operations . In Fall Gelb ( Case Yellow ) , German armoured units pushed through the Ardennes and then along the Somme valley , cutting off and surrounding the Allied units that had advanced into Belgium , to meet the expected German invasion . When British , Belgian and French forces were pushed back to the sea by the mobile and well - organised German operation , the British evacuated the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) and several French divisions from Dunkirk in Operation Dynamo . After the withdrawal of the BEF , the German forces began Fall Rot ( Case Red ) on 5 June . The sixty remaining French divisions made a determined resistance but were unable to overcome the German air superiority and armoured mobility . German tanks outflanked the Maginot Line and pushed deep into France . German forces occupied Paris unopposed on 14 June after a chaotic period of flight of the French government that led to a collapse of the French army . German commanders met with French officials on 18 June with the goal of forcing the new French government to accept an armistice that amounted to surrender . On 22 June , the Second Armistice at Compiègne was signed by France and Germany , which resulted in a division of France . The neutral Vichy government led by Marshal Philippe Pétain superseded the Third Republic and Germany occupied the north and west . Italy took control of a small occupation zone in the south - east , and the Vichy regime was left in control of unoccupied territory in the south known as the zone libre . The Germans occupied the zone under Fall Anton in November 1942 , until the Allied liberation in the summer of 1944 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Maginot Line 1.2 German invasion of Poland 1.3 Phoney War 2 German strategy 2.1 Fall Gelb ( Case Yellow ) 2.2 Manstein Plan 2.3 Mechelen incident 2.3. 1 Adoption of the Manstein Plan 3 Allied strategy 3.1 Escaut Plan / Plan E 3.2 Dyle Plan / Plan D 3.2. 1 Breda variant 3.3 Allied intelligence 4 Prelude 4.1 German Army 4.1. 1 Communications 4.1. 2 Tactics 4.2 Luftwaffe 4.2. 1 Flak 4.3 Allies 4.3. 1 Armies 4.3. 2 Deployment 4.4 Air forces 4.4. 1 Anti-aircraft defence 5 Battle 5.1 Northern front 5.1. 1 Invasion of the Netherlands 5.1. 2 Invasion of Belgium 5.1. 3 Battles of Hannut and Gembloux 5.2 Central front 5.2. 1 Ardennes 5.2. 2 Battle of Sedan 5.2. 3 Collapse on the Meuse 5.2. 4 Low morale of French Leaders 5.2. 5 Failed Allied counter-attacks 5.2. 6 Germans reach the Channel 5.3 Weygand Plan 5.4 BEF and the Channel ports 5.4. 1 Siege of Calais 5.4. 2 Halt orders 5.4. 3 Operation Dynamo 6 Fall Rot 6.1 Weygand line 6.2 Collapse of the Maginot line 6.3 Second BEF evacuation 6.4 Armistice 7 Aftermath 7.1 Analysis 7.2 Occupation 7.3 Casualties 7.4 Popular reaction in Germany 7.5 Eyewitness accounts 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Footnotes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Background Maginot line During the 1930s , the French had built the Maginot Line , fortifications along the border with Germany . The line was intended to deter a German invasion across the Franco - German border and funnel an attack into Belgium , which could then be met by the best divisions of the French Army . A war would take place outside of French territory avoiding a repeat of the First World War . The main section of the Maginot Line ran from the Swiss border and ended at Longwy . The area immediately to the north was covered by the heavily wooded Ardennes region . General Philippe Pétain declared the Ardennes to be `` impenetrable '' as long as `` special provisions '' were taken . If so , he believed that any enemy force emerging from the forest would be vulnerable to a pincer attack and destroyed . The French commander - in - chief , Maurice Gamelin also believed the area to be safe from attack , noting that it `` never favoured large operations '' . French war games held in 1938 , with the scenario of a German armoured attack through the Ardennes , left the military with the impression that the region was still largely impenetrable and that this , along with the obstacle of the Meuse River , would allow the French time to bring up troops into the area to counter an attack . German invasion of Poland Main article : Invasion of Poland In 1939 , Britain and France offered military support to Poland in the likely case of a German invasion . In the dawn of 1 September 1939 , the German Invasion of Poland began . France and the United Kingdom declared war on 3 September , after an ultimatum for German forces to immediately withdraw their forces from Poland was met without reply . Following this , Australia ( 3 September ) , New Zealand ( 3 September ) , South Africa ( 6 September ) and Canada ( 10 September ) declared war on Germany . British and French commitments to Poland were met politically but they had adopted a long - war strategy and mobilised for defensive land operations against Germany , while a trade blockade was imposed and the pre-war re-armament was accelerated , ready for an eventual invasion of Germany . Phoney War Main articles : Saar Offensive and Phoney War French soldier in the German village of Lauterbach in Saarland On 7 September , in accordance with their alliance with Poland , France began the Saar Offensive with an advance from the Maginot Line 5 km ( 3.1 mi ) into the Saar . France had mobilised 98 divisions ( all but 28 of them reserve or fortress formations ) and 2,500 tanks against a German force consisting of 43 divisions ( 32 of them reserves ) and no tanks . The French advanced until they met the then thin and undermanned Siegfried Line . On 17 September , the French supreme commander , Maurice Gamelin gave the order to withdraw French troops to their starting positions ; the last of them left Germany on 17 October . Following the Saar Offensive , a period of inaction called the Phoney War ( the French Drôle de guerre , joke war or the German Sitzkrieg , sitting war ) set in between the belligerents . Adolf Hitler had hoped that France and Britain would acquiesce in the conquest of Poland and quickly make peace . On 6 October , he made a peace offer to both Western powers . German strategy Fall Gelb ( Case Yellow ) On 9 October , Hitler issued a new `` Führer - Directive Number 6 '' ( Führer - Anweisung N ° 6 ) . Hitler recognised the necessity of military campaigns to defeat the Western European nations , preliminary to the conquest of territory in Eastern Europe , to avoid a two - front war but these intentions were absent from Directive N ° 6 . The plan was based on the seemingly more realistic assumption that German military strength would have to be built up for several years . For the moment only limited objectives could be envisaged and were aimed at improving Germany 's ability to survive a long war in the west . Hitler ordered a conquest of the Low Countries to be executed at the shortest possible notice to forestall the French and prevent Allied air power from threatening the vital German Ruhr Area . It would also provide the basis for a long - term air and sea campaign against Britain . There was no mention in the Führer - Directive of any immediate consecutive attack to conquer the whole of France , although the directive read that as much as possible of the border areas in northern France should be occupied . On 10 October 1939 , Britain refused Hitler 's offer of peace and on 12 October , France did the same . Colonel - General Franz Halder ( Chief of the General Staff of OKH ) , presented the first plan for Fall Gelb ( Case Yellow ) on 19 October . This was the pre-war codename of plans for a campaign in the Low Countries : the Aufmarschanweisung N ° 1 , Fall Gelb ( Deployment Instruction No. 1 , Case Yellow ) . Halder 's plan has been compared to the Schlieffen Plan , the name given to the German strategy of 1914 in the First World War . It was similar in that both plans entailed an advance through the middle of Belgium . Aufmarschanweisung N ° 1 envisioned a frontal attack , sacrificing a projected half million German soldiers to attain the limited goal of throwing the Allies back to the River Somme . Germany 's strength for 1940 would then be spent ; only in 1942 could the main attack against France begin . When Hitler raised objections to the plan and instead advocated for a decisive armoured breakthrough as had happened in the invasion of Poland , Halder and Brauchitsch attempted to dissuade him , arguing that while the fast - moving mechanised tactics were all well and good against a `` shoddy '' Eastern European army , they would not work against a first - rate military like the French . Hitler was disappointed with Halder 's plan and initially reacted by deciding that the German army should attack early , ready or not , in the hope that Allied unreadiness might bring about an easy victory . Hitler proposed beginning the invasion on 25 October 1939 but accepted that the date was probably unrealistic . On 29 October , Halder presented another plan , Aufmarschanweisung N ° 2 , Fall Gelb , featuring a secondary attack on the Netherlands . On 5 November , Hitler informed Walther von Brauchitsch that he intended the invasion to begin on 12 November . Brauchitsch replied that the military had yet to recover from the Polish campaign and offered to resign ; this was refused but two days later Hitler postponed the attack , giving poor weather as the reason for the delay . More postponements followed , as commanders persuaded Hitler to delay the attack for a few days or weeks , to remedy some critical defect in the preparations or to wait for better weather . Hitler also tried to alter the plan , which he found unsatisfactory ; his weak understanding of how poorly prepared Germany was for war and how it would cope with losses of armoured vehicles were not fully considered . Though Poland had been quickly defeated , many armoured vehicles had been lost and were hard to replace . This eventually resulted in a dispersion of the German effort ; although the main attack would remain in central Belgium , secondary attacks would be undertaken on the flanks . Hitler made such a suggestion on 11 November , pressing for an early attack on unprepared targets . Hitler was not alone in disliking Halder 's plan . General Gerd von Rundstedt , the commander of Army Group A , also disagreed with it . Rundstedt recognised that it did not adhere to the classic principles of the Bewegungskrieg ( manoeuvre warfare ) that had guided German strategy since the 19th century . A breakthrough would have to be accomplished that would result in the encirclement and destruction of the main body of Allied forces . The most practical place to achieve this would be in the region of Sedan , which lay in the sector of Rundstedt 's Army Group . On 21 October , Rundstedt agreed with his chief of staff , Generalleutnant Erich von Manstein , that an alternative operational plan had to be arranged that would reflect these basic ideas , by making Army Group A as strong as possible at the expense of Army Group B to the north . Manstein plan Main article : Manstein Plan Clockwise : The evolution of German plans for Fall Gelb , the invasion of the Low Countries While Manstein was formulating new plans in Koblenz , Generalleutnant Heinz Guderian , commander of the XIX Army Corps , was lodged in a nearby hotel . Manstein was initially considering a move north from Sedan , directly in the rear of the main Allied mobile forces in Belgium . When Guderian was invited to contribute to the plan during informal discussions , he proposed a radical and novel idea . Most of the Panzerwaffe should be concentrated at Sedan . This concentration of armour should advance to the west to the English Channel , without waiting for the main body of infantry divisions . This might lead to a strategic collapse of the enemy , avoiding the relatively high number of casualties normally caused by a Kesselschlacht ( cauldron battle ) . Such a risky independent use of armour had been widely discussed in Germany before the war but Oberkommando des Heeres ( OKH , the German General Staff ) , doubted such an operation could work . Manstein 's general operational ideas won immediate support from Guderian , who understood the terrain , having experienced the conditions with the German Army in 1914 and 1918 . Manstein wrote his first memorandum outlining the alternative plan on 31 October . In it he avoided mentioning Guderian and played down the strategic part of the armoured units , to avoid unnecessary resistance . Six more memoranda followed between 31 October 1939 and 12 January 1940 , each becoming more radical . All were rejected by OKH and nothing of their content reached Hitler . Mechelen Incident Main article : Mechelen incident On 10 January 1940 , a German aircraft carrying a staff officer with the Luftwaffe plans for an offensive through central Belgium to the North Sea , force - landed near Mechelen in Belgium . The documents were captured but Allied intelligence doubted that they were genuine . In the full moon period in April 1940 , another Allied alert was called for a possible attack on the Low Countries or Holland , an offensive through the Low Countries to outflank the Maginot Line from the north , an attack on the Maginot Line or an invasion through Switzerland . None of the contingencies anticipated the German attack through the Ardennes but after the loss of the Luftwaffe plans , the Germans assumed that the Allied appreciation of German intentions would have been reinforced . Aufmarschanweisung N ° 3 , Fall Gelb an amendment to the plan on 30 January , was only a revision of details but on 24 February , the main German effort was switched south to the Ardennes . Twenty divisions ( including seven panzer and three motorised divisions ) were transferred from Heeresgruppe B opposite Holland and Belgium to Heeresgruppe A facing the Ardennes . French military intelligence uncovered a transfer of German divisions from the Saar to the north of the Moselle but failed to detect the redeployment from the Dutch frontier to the Eiffel -- Moselle area . Adoption of the Manstein plan On 27 January , Manstein was sacked as Chief of Staff of Army Group A and appointed commander of an army corps in East Prussia . To silence Manstein , Halder had instigated his transfer to Stettin on 9 February . Manstein 's staff brought his case to Hitler , who had independently suggested an attack at Sedan , against the advice of OKH . On 2 February , Hitler was told of Manstein 's plan and on 17 February , Hitler summoned Manstein , generals Rudolf Schmundt ( Chief of Personnel of the German army ) and Alfred Jodl , the Chief of Operations at Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ( OKW , German armed forces high command ) , to attend a conference . The next day , Hitler ordered Manstein 's thinking to be adopted , because it offered the possibility of decisive victory . Hitler recognised the breakthrough at Sedan only in tactical terms , whereas Manstein saw it as a means to an end . He envisaged an operation to the English Channel and the encirclement of the Allied armies in Belgium ; if the plan succeeded , it could have a strategic effect . Halder then went through an `` astonishing change of opinion '' , accepting that the Schwerpunkt should be at Sedan . He , however , had no intention of allowing an independent strategic penetration by the seven Panzer divisions of Army Group A. Much to the dismay of Guderian , this element was absent from the new plan , Aufmarschanweisung N ° 4 , Fall Gelb , issued on 24 February . Halder was criticised in the same way he had attacked Manstein , when he first proposed his attack plan . The bulk of the German officer corps was appalled and called Halder the `` gravedigger of the Panzer force '' . Even when adapted to more conventional methods , the new plan provoked a storm of protest from the majority of German generals . They thought it utterly irresponsible to create a concentration of forces in a position impossible adequately to supply , along routes that could be cut easily by the French . If the Allies did not react as expected , the German offensive could end in catastrophe . Their objections were ignored and Halder argued that , as Germany 's strategic position seemed hopeless anyway , even the slightest chance of decisive victory should be grasped . Shortly before the invasion , Hitler , who had spoken to forces on the Western Front and who was encouraged by the success in Norway , confidently predicted the campaign would take only six weeks . Personally , he was most excited over the planned glider attack on Fort Eben - Emael . Allied strategy Escaut plan / plan E. See also : French war planning 1920 -- 1940 On 3 September 1939 , French military strategy had been settled , taking in analyses of geography , resources and manpower . The French Army would defend on the right and advance into Belgium on the left , to fight forward of the French frontier . The extent of the forward move was dependent on events , which had been complicated when Belgium ended the Franco - Belgian Accord of 1920 , after the German Remilitarization of the Rhineland ( 7 March 1936 ) . As a neutral , the Belgian state was reluctant to co-operate openly with France but did communicate information about Belgian defences . By May 1940 , there had been an exchange of the general nature of French and Belgian defence plans but little co-ordination against a German offensive to the west , through Luxembourg and eastern Belgium . The French expected Germany to breach Belgian neutrality first , providing a pretext for French intervention or that the Belgians would request support when an invasion was imminent . Most of the French mobile forces were assembled along the Belgian border , ready to forestall the Germans . An early appeal for help might give the French time to reach the German -- Belgian frontier but if not , there were three feasible defensive lines further back . A possible line existed from Givet to Namur , across the Gembloux Gap ( la trouée de Gembloux ) , Wavre , Louvain and along the Dyle river to Antwerp , which was 70 -- 80 km ( 43 -- 50 mi ) shorter than the alternatives . A second possibility was a line from the French border to Condé , Tournai , along the Escaut ( Scheldt ) to Ghent and thence to Zeebrugge on the North Sea coast , possibly further along the Scheldt ( Escaut ) to Antwerp , which became the Escaut Plan / Plan E. The third possibility was along field defences of the French border from Luxembourg to Dunkirk . For the first fortnight of the war , Gamelin favoured Plan E , because of the example of the fast German advances in Poland . Gamelin and the other French commanders doubted that they could move any further forward before the Germans arrived . In late September , Gamelin issued a directive to Général d'armée Gaston Billotte , commander of the 1st Army Group , ... assuring the integrity of the national territory and defending without withdrawing the position of resistance organised along the frontier ... -- Gamelin giving the 1st Army Group permission to enter Belgium , to deploy along the Escaut according to Plan E. On 24 October , Gamelin directed that an advance beyond the Escaut was only feasible if the French moved fast enough to forestall the Germans . Dyle plan / plan D. By late 1939 , the Belgians had improved their defences along the Albert Canal and increased the readiness of the army ; Gamelin and Grand Quartier Général ( GQG ) began to consider the possibility of advancing further than the Escaut . By November , GQG had decided that a defence along the Dyle Line was feasible , despite the doubts of General Alphonse Georges , commander of the North - Eastern Front about reaching the Dyle before the Germans . The British had been lukewarm about an advance into Belgium but Gamelin talked them round and on 9 November , the Dyle Plan was adopted . On 17 November , a session of the Supreme War Council deemed it essential to occupy the Dyle Line and Gamelin issued a directive that day detailing a line from Givet to Namur , the Gembloux Gap , Wavre , Louvain and Antwerp . For the next four months , the Dutch and Belgian armies laboured over their defences , the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) expanded and the French army received more equipment and training . Gamelin also considered a move towards Breda in the Netherlands ; if the Allies prevented a German occupation of Holland , the ten divisions of the Dutch army would join the Allied armies , control of the North Sea would be enhanced and the Germans denied bases for attacks on Britain . By May 1940 , the 1st Army Group was responsible for the defence of France from the Channel coast to the west end of the Maginot Line . The Seventh Army ( Général d'armée Henri Giraud ) , BEF ( General Lord Gort ) , First Army ( Général d'armée Georges Maurice Jean Blanchard ) and Ninth Army ( Général d'armée André Corap ) were ready to advance to the Dyle Line , by pivoting on the right ( southern ) Second Army . The Seventh Army would take over west of Antwerp , ready to move into Holland and the Belgians were expected to delay a German advance , then retire from the Albert Canal to the Dyle , from Antwerp to Louvain . On the Belgian right , the BEF was to defend about 20 km ( 12 mi ) of the Dyle from Louvain to Wavre with nine divisions and the First Army on the right of the BEF was to hold 35 km ( 22 mi ) with ten divisions from Wavre across the Gembloux Gap to Namur . The gap from the Dyle to Namur north of the Sambre , with Maastricht and Mons on either side , had few natural obstacles and was a traditional route of invasion , leading straight to Paris . The Ninth Army would take post south of Namur , along the Meuse to the left ( northern ) flank of the Second Army . The Second Army was the right ( eastern ) flank army of the 1st Army Group , holding the line from Pont à Bar 6 km ( 3.7 mi ) west of Sedan to Longuyon . GQG considered that the Second and Ninth armies had the easiest task of the army group , dug in on the west bank of the Meuse on ground that was easily defended and behind the Ardennes , a considerable obstacle , the traversing of which would give plenty of warning of a German attack in the centre of the French front . After the transfer from the strategic reserve of the Seventh Army to the 1st Army Group , seven divisions remained behind the Second and Ninth armies and more could be moved from behind the Maginot Line . All but one division were either side of the junction of the two armies , GQG being more concerned about a possible German attack past the north end of the Maginot Line and then south - east through the Stenay Gap , for which the divisions behind the Second Army were well placed . Breda variant If the Allies could control the Scheldt Estuary , supplies could be transported to Antwerp by ship and contact established with the Dutch army along the river . On 8 November , Gamelin directed that a German invasion of the Netherlands must not be allowed to progress around the west of Antwerp and gain the south bank of the Scheldt . The left flank of the 1st Army Group was reinforced by the Seventh Army , containing some of the best and most mobile French divisions , which moved from the general reserve by December . The role of the army was to occupy the south bank of the Scheldt and be ready to move into Holland and protect the estuary by holding the north bank along the Beveland Peninsula ( now the Walcheren -- Zuid - Beveland -- Noord - Beveland peninsula ) in the Holland Hypothesis . On 12 March 1940 , Gamelin discounted dissenting opinion at GQG and decided that the Seventh Army would advance as far as Breda , to link with the Dutch . Georges was told that the role of the Seventh Army on the left flank of the Dyle manoeuvre would be linked to it and Georges notified Billotte that if it were ordered to cross into the Netherlands , the left flank of the army group was to advance to Tilburg if possible and certainly to Breda . The Seventh Army was to take post between the Belgian and Dutch armies by passing the Belgians along the Albert Canal and then turning east , a distance of 175 km ( 109 mi ) , when the German armies were only 90 km ( 56 mi ) distant from Breda . On 16 April , Gamelin also made provision for a German invasion of the Netherlands but not Belgium , by changing the deployment area to be reached by the Seventh Army ; the Escaut Plan would only be followed if the Germans forestalled the French move into Belgium . Allied intelligence In the winter of 1939 -- 40 , the Belgian consul - general in Cologne had anticipated the angle of advance that Manstein was planning . Through intelligence reports , the Belgians deduced that German forces were concentrating along the Belgian and Luxembourg frontiers . The Belgians were convinced that the Germans would thrust through the hilly and heavily forested Ardennes to the English Channel to cut off the Allied field armies in Belgium and north - eastern France . The Belgians also anticipated that the Germans would try to land Fallschirmjäger ( paratroops ) and glider forces to capture Belgian fortifications but their warnings were not heeded by the French nor British . In March 1940 , Swiss intelligence detected six or seven Panzer divisions on the German - Luxembourg - Belgian border and more motorised divisions were detected in the area . French intelligence were informed through aerial reconnaissance that the Germans were constructing pontoon bridges about halfway over the Our River on the Luxembourg - German border . On 30 April , the French military attaché in Bern warned that the centre of the German assault would come on the Meuse at Sedan , sometime between 8 and 10 May . These reports had little effect on Gamelin , as did similar reports from neutral sources such as the Vatican and a French sighting of a 100 km ( 62 mi ) - long line of German armoured vehicles on the Luxembourg border trailing back inside Germany . Prelude German Army See also : Order of battle for the Battle of France Germany had mobilised 4,200,000 men of the Heer , 1,000,000 of the Luftwaffe , 180,000 of the Kriegsmarine , and 100,000 of the Waffen - SS . When consideration is made for those in Poland , Denmark and Norway , the Army had 3,000,000 men available for the offensive on 10 May 1940 . These manpower reserves were formed into 157 divisions . Of these , 135 were earmarked for the offensive , including 42 reserve divisions . The German forces in the west in May and June deployed some 2,439 tanks and 7,378 guns . In 1939 -- 40 , 45 percent of the army was at least 40 years old , and 50 percent of all the soldiers had just a few weeks ' training . The German Army was far from fully motorised ; just 10 percent of their army was motorised in 1940 and could muster only 120,000 vehicles , compared to the 300,000 of the French Army . The British had the most enviable contingent of motorised forces . Most of the German logistical transport consisted of horse - drawn vehicles . Only 50 percent of the German divisions available in 1940 were combat ready , often being more poorly equipped than their equivalents in the British and French Armies , or even as well as the German Army of 1914 . In the spring of 1940 , the German Army was semi-modern . A small number of the best - equipped and `` elite divisions were offset by many second and third rate divisions '' . The German Army was divided into various groups . Army Group A , commanded by Gerd von Rundstedt , was composed of 45 ⁄ divisions , including seven armoured and was to execute the decisive movement through the Allied defences in the Ardennes . The manoeuvre carried out by the Germans is sometimes referred to as a `` Sichelschnitt '' , the German translation of the phrase `` sickle cut '' coined by Winston Churchill after the events to describe it but never the official name of the operation . It involved three armies ( the 4th , 12th and 16th ) and had three Panzer corps . The XV , had been allocated to the 4th Army but the XXXXI ( Reinhardt ) and the XIX ( Guderian ) were united with the XIV Army Corps of two motorised infantry divisions on a special independent operational level in Panzergruppe Kleist ( officially known as XXII Corps ) . Army Group B ( Fedor von Bock ) , composed of 29 ⁄ divisions including three armoured , was to advance through the Low Countries and lure the northern units of the Allied armies into a pocket . It consisted of the 6th and 18th Armies . Army Group C ( Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb ) , composed of 18 divisions , was charged with preventing a flanking movement from the east and with launching small holding attacks against the Maginot Line and the upper Rhine . It consisted of the 1st and 7th Armies . Communications Wireless proved essential to German success in the battle . German tanks had radio receivers that allowed them to be directed by platoon command tanks , which had voice communication with other units . Wireless allowed tactical control and far quicker improvisation than the opponent . Some commanders regarded the ability to communicate to be the primary method of combat and radio drills were considered to be more important than gunnery . Radio allowed German commanders to co-ordinate their formations , bringing them together for a mass firepower effect in attack or defence . The French numerical advantage in heavy weapons and equipment , which was often deployed in `` penny - packets '' ( dispersed as individual support weapons ) was offset . Most French tanks also lacked radio , orders between infantry units were typically passed by telephone or verbally . The German communications system permitted a degree of communication between air and ground forces . Attached to Panzer divisions were the Fliegerleittruppen ( tactical air control troops ) in wheeled vehicles . There were too few Sd. Kfz. 251 command vehicles for all of the army but the theory allowed the army in some circumstances to call Luftwaffe units to support an attack . It is said the participants in the dash to the English Channel carried out by the XIX Panzer Corps never had to wait more than 15 -- 20 minutes for the Luftwaffe to appear over a target after they had called . Fliegerkorps VIII , equipped with Junkers Ju 87 dive - bombers ( Stukas ) , was to support the dash to the Channel if Army Group A broke through the Ardennes and kept a Ju 87 and a fighter group on call . On average , they could arrive to support armoured units within 45 -- 75 minutes of orders being issued . Tactics The classic characteristic of what is commonly known as `` blitzkrieg '' is a highly mobile form of infantry and armour , working in combined arms . ( German armed forces , June 1942 ) The main tactic of the German land forces was combined arms combat . German operational tactics relied on highly mobile offensive units , with balanced numbers of well - trained artillery , infantry , engineer and tank formations , all integrated into Panzer divisions . They relied on excellent communication systems , which enabled them to break into a position and exploit it before the enemy could react . Panzer divisions could carry out reconnaissance missions , advance to contact , defend and attack vital positions or weak spots . This ground would then be held by infantry and artillery as pivot points for further attacks . Although their tanks were not designed for tank - versus - tank combat , they could take ground and draw the enemy armour on to the division 's anti-tank lines . This conserved the tanks to achieve the next stage of the offensive . The units ' logistics were self - contained , allowing for three or four days of combat . The Panzer divisions would be supported by motorised and infantry divisions . German tank battalions ( Panzer - Abteilungen ) were , in theory , mainly equipped with the Panzerkampfwagen III and Panzerkampfwagen IV tanks . However , due to a shortage of these types , the positions were actually in majority filled with the light Panzerkampfwagen II and even lighter Panzerkampfwagen I . The German Army lacked a formidable heavy combat tank like the French Char B1 . In armament and armour , French tanks were the stronger designs and more numerous ( although the German vehicles were faster and more mechanically reliable ) . But while the German Army was outnumbered in artillery and tanks , it possessed some critical advantages over its opponents . The newer German Panzers had a crew of five men : a commander , gunner - aimer , loader , driver and mechanic . Having a trained individual for each task allowed each man to dedicate himself to his own mission and it made for a highly efficient combat team . The French had fewer members , with the commander double - tasked with loading the main gun , distracting him from his main duties in observation and tactical deployment . It made for a far less efficient system . Even within infantry formations , the Germans enjoyed an advantage through the doctrine of Auftragstaktik ( mission command tactics ) , by which officers were expected to use their initiative to achieve their commanders ' intentions , and were given control of the necessary supporting arms . Luftwaffe The Luftwaffe divided its forces into two groups . In total , 1,815 combat , 487 transport and 50 glider aircraft were deployed to support Army Group B , while a further 3,286 combat aircraft were deployed to support Army Groups A and C. The combined Allied total was 2,935 aircraft , about half the number of the German force ; the Luftwaffe was ( at the time ) the most experienced , well - equipped and well - trained air force in the world . The Luftwaffe could provide close support with dive - bombers and medium bombers but was a broadly based force intended to support national strategy and could carry out operational , tactical and strategic bombing operations . While Allied air forces in 1940 were tied to the support of the army , the Luftwaffe deployed its resources in a more general , operational way . It switched from air superiority missions , to medium - range interdiction , to strategic bombing , to close air support duties depending on the need of the ground forces . It was not a Panzer spearhead arm , since in 1939 fewer than 15 percent of Luftwaffe aircraft were designed for close support as this was not its main role . Flak It is generally supposed that the Germans also had an advantage in anti-aircraft guns ( Fliegerabwehrkanone ( Flak ) ) . The totals of 2,600 88 mm ( 3.46 in ) heavy Flak guns and 6,700 37 mm ( 1.46 in ) and 20 mm ( 0.79 in ) light Flak seems to refer to the German armed forces total inventory , including the anti-aircraft defence of Germany and the equipment of training units . ( A 9,300 - gun Flak component with the field army would have involved more troops than the British Expeditionary Force . ) The armies which invaded the west had 85 heavy and 18 light batteries belonging to the Luftwaffe , 48 companies of light Flak integral to divisions of the army and 20 companies of light Flak allocated as army troops , a reserve in the hands of HQs above corps level : altogether about 700 88 mm ( 3.46 in ) and 180 37 mm ( 1.46 in ) guns manned by Luftwaffe ground units and 816 20 mm ( 0.79 in ) guns manned by the army . Allies France had spent a higher percentage of its GNP from 1918 to 1935 on its military than other great powers and the government had added a large rearmament effort in 1936 . A declining birthrate during the period of the First World War and Great Depression and the large number of men who died in World War I , led to the hollow years , when France would have a shortage of men relative to its population , which was barely half that of Germany . France mobilised about one - third of the male population between the ages of 20 and 45 , bringing the strength of its armed forces to 5,000,000 . Only 2,240,000 of these served in army units in the north . The British contributed a total strength of 897,000 men in 1939 , rising to 1,650,000 by June 1940 . In May , it numbered only 500,000 men , including reserves . Dutch and Belgian manpower reserves amounted to 400,000 and 650,000 , respectively . Armies Newly arrived British troops of the 2nd BEF move up to the front , June 1940 The French raised 117 divisions , of which 104 ( including 11 in reserve ) were for the defence of the north . The British contributed 13 divisions in the BEF , three of which were untrained and poorly - armed labour divisions . Twenty - two Belgian , ten Dutch and two Polish divisions were also part of the Allied order of battle . British artillery strength amounted to 1,280 guns , Belgium fielded 1,338 guns , the Dutch 656 guns and France 10,700 guns , giving an Allied total of about 14,000 guns , 45 percent more than the German total . The French army was also more motorised than its opponent , which still relied on horses . Although the Belgians , British and Dutch had few tanks , the French had 3,254 tanks , larger than the German tank fleet . The French Army was of mixed quality . It had in its order of battle some formidable units . The light and heavy armoured divisions ( DLM and DCR ) were new and not thoroughly trained . B Divisions were composed of reservists , above 30 years old and ill - equipped . A serious qualitative deficiency was a lack of anti-aircraft artillery , mobile anti-tank artillery and radio communication systems , despite the efforts of Gamelin to produce mobile artillery units . Only 0.15 percent of military spending between 1923 and 1939 had been on radios and other communications equipment ; to maintain signals security , Gamelin used telephones and couriers to communicate with field units . French tactical deployment and the use of mobile units at the operational level of war was also inferior to that of the Germans . The French had 3,254 tanks on the north - eastern front on 10 May , against 2,439 German tanks . Much of the armour was distributed for infantry support , each army having been assigned a tank brigade ( groupement ) of about ninety light infantry tanks but with so many tanks available the French could still concentrate a considerable number of light , medium and heavy tanks in armoured divisions , which in theory were as powerful as German panzer divisions . Only heavy French tanks generally carried wireless and the ones fitted were unreliable , which hampered communication and made tactical manoeuvre more difficult compared to German units . In 1940 , French military theorists still mainly considered tanks as infantry support vehicles and French tanks were slow ( except for the SOMUA S35 ) compared to German tanks , enabling German tanks to offset their disadvantages by out - manoeuvring French tanks . At various points in the campaign , the French were not able to achieve the same tempo as German armoured units . The state of training was also unbalanced , with the majority of personnel trained only to man static fortifications . Minimal training for mobile action was carried out between September 1939 and May 1940 . Deployment Men of the 1st Royal Welch Fusiliers fire Boys anti-tank rifles near Etaples , February 1940 The French army was composed of three Army Groups . The 2nd and 3rd Army Groups defended the Maginot Line to the east ; the 1st Army Group under Gaston Billotte was situated in the west and would execute the movement forward into the Low Countries . Initially positioned on the left flank near the coast , the Seventh Army , reinforced by a Divisions Légères Méchanique ( DLM ) , was intended to move to the Netherlands via Antwerp . Next to the south were the motorised divisions of the BEF , which would advance to the Dyle Line and position itself to the right of the Belgian army , from Leuven ( Louvain ) to Wavre . The First Army , reinforced by two light mechanised divisions and with a Division Cuirassée de Réserve ( DCR , Reserve Armoured Division ) in reserve , would defend the Gembloux Gap between Wavre and Namur . The southernmost army involved in the move forward into Belgium was the French Ninth Army , which had to cover the Meuse sector between Namur to the north of Sedan . Lord Gort , commander of the BEF , expected that he would have two or three weeks to prepare for the Germans to advance 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) to the Dyle but the Germans arrived in four days . The Second Army was expected to form the `` hinge '' of the movement and remain entrenched . It was to face the elite German armoured divisions in their attack at Sedan . It was given low priority for manpower , anti-aircraft and anti-tank weapons and air support , consisting of five divisions , two were over-age reservist `` Serie B '' divisions and the 3rd North African Division . Considering their training and equipment , they had to cover a long front and formed a weak point of the French defence system . This stemmed from the French High Command 's belief that the Ardennes forest was impassable to tanks , even though intelligence from the Belgian army and from their own intelligence services warned them of long armour and transport columns crossing the Ardennes and being stuck in a huge traffic - jam for some time . French war games in 1937 and 1938 had shown that the Germans could penetrate the Ardennes and Corap called it `` idiocy '' to think that the enemy could not get through . Gamelin ignored the evidence , as it was not in line with his strategy . Air forces Curtiss H - 75A1 of the 3rd flight of Groupe de Chasse II / 5 Armée de l'Air , June 1940 In the air , the Allies were outnumbered . The Armée de l'Air had 1,562 aircraft , and RAF Fighter Command committed 680 machines , while RAF Bomber Command could contribute some 392 aircraft to operations . Some of the Allied types were approaching obsolescence , such as the Fairey Battle . In the fighter force , only the British Hawker Hurricane and the French Dewoitine D. 520 could cope with the German Messerschmitt Bf 109 , the D. 520 having better manoeuvrability although being slightly slower . On 10 May 1940 , only 36 D. 520s had been dispatched , all to one squadron . In fighter aircraft , the Allies had the numerical advantage ; 836 German Bf 109s against 81 Belgian , 261 British and 764 French fighters of various types . The French and British also had larger aircraft reserves . In early June 1940 , the French aviation industry had reached a considerable output , with an estimated reserve of nearly 2,000 aircraft . A chronic lack of spare parts crippled this fleet . Only 29 percent ( 599 ) of the aircraft were serviceable , of which 170 were bombers . Low serviceability meant the Germans had a clear numerical superiority in medium bomber aircraft , with six times as many as the French . Despite its disadvantages the Armée de l'Air performed far better than expected , destroying 916 enemy aircraft in air - to - air combat during the Battle of France , for a kill ratio of 2.35 : 1 , with almost a third of those kills accomplished by French pilots flying the US built Curtiss Hawk 75 , which accounted for 12.6 percent of the French single - seat fighter force . Anti-aircraft defence Belgian anti-aircraft gun , circa 1940 In addition to 580 13 mm ( 0.5 in ) machine guns assigned to civilian defence , the French Army had 1,152 25 mm ( 0.98 in ) anti-aircraft guns , with 200 20 mm ( 0.79 in ) auto - cannons in the process of delivery and 688 75 mm ( 2.95 in ) guns and 24 90 mm ( 3.54 in ) guns , the latter having problems with barrel wear . There were also 40 First World War - vintage 105 mm ( 4.1 in ) anti-aircraft guns available . The BEF had 10 regiments of QF 3.7 - inch heavy anti-aircraft guns , the most advanced in the world and 7 ⁄ regiments of Bofors 40 mm light anti-aircraft guns , about 300 heavy and 350 light anti-aircraft guns . The Belgians had two heavy anti-aircraft regiments and were introducing Bofors 40 mm light anti-aircraft guns for divisional anti-aircraft troops . The Dutch had 84 75 mm ( 2.95 in ) , 39 elderly 60 mm ( 2.36 in ) , seven 100 mm ( 3.9 in ) , 232 20 mm ( 0.79 in ) 40 mm ( 1.57 in ) anti-aircraft guns and several hundred First World War - vintage Spandau M. 25 machine guns on anti-aircraft mountings . Battle Northern front At 21 : 00 the code word `` Danzig '' was relayed to all army divisions . The secrecy of the operation was so high that many officers , due to the constant delays , were away from their units when the order to initiate was sent . Fall Gelb began on the evening of 9 May , when German forces occupied Luxembourg virtually unopposed . Army Group B launched its feint offensive during the night into the Netherlands and Belgium and on the morning of 10 May , Fallschirmjäger ( paratroopers ) from the 7th Flieger Division and 22nd Luftlande Division ( Kurt Student ) executed surprise landings at The Hague , on the road to Rotterdam and against the Belgian Fort Eben - Emael to facilitate Army Group B 's advance . The French command reacted immediately , sending the 1st Army Group north in accordance with Plan D . This move committed their best forces , diminishing their fighting power by the partial disorganisation it caused and their mobility by depleting their fuel stocks . By the time the French Seventh Army crossed the Dutch border , they found the Dutch already in full retreat and withdrew into Belgium to protect Antwerp . Invasion of the Netherlands Main article : Battle of the Netherlands The Luftwaffe was guaranteed air superiority over the Netherlands by greater numbers ; 247 medium bombers , 147 fighters , 424 Junkers Ju 52 transports , and 12 Heinkel He 59 seaplanes being involved in operations over the Netherlands . The Dutch Air Force , ( Militaire Luchtvaartafdeling , ML ) , had a strength of 144 combat aircraft , half of which were destroyed on the first day . The remainder of the ML was dispersed and accounted for only a handful of Luftwaffe aircraft shot down . In total the ML flew a mere 332 sorties , losing 110 aircraft . The German 18th Army secured all the strategically vital bridges during the Battle of Rotterdam , which penetrated Fortress Holland and bypassed the New Water Line from the south . An operation organised separately by the Luftwaffe , the Battle for The Hague , failed . The airfields surrounding the city ( Ypenburg , Ockenburg and Valkenburg ) were captured in a costly victory , with many transport aircraft lost and the Dutch army re-captured the airfields by the end of the day . Some 96 aircraft in all were lost to Dutch shell fire . The Luftwaffe 's Transportgruppen operations had cost 125 Ju 52s destroyed and 47 damaged , representing 50 percent of the fleet 's strength . The airborne operation had cost the German paratroopers 4,000 men , of whom 1,200 were prisoners of war , out of 8,000 , that were evacuated to Britain , a loss of 20 percent of NCOs and men and 42 percent of their officers . Rotterdam city centre after the bombing The French Seventh Army failed to block the German armoured reinforcements from the 9th Panzer Division , which reached Rotterdam on 13 May . That same day in the east , following the Battle of the Grebbeberg , in which a Dutch counter-offensive to contain a German breach failed , the Dutch retreated from the Grebbe line to the New Water Line . The Dutch Army , still largely intact , surrendered in the evening of 14 May after the Bombing of Rotterdam by the Luftwaffe . Heinkel He 111 medium bombers of Kampfgeschwader 54 ( Bomber Wing 54 ) destroyed the centre of the city , an act which has remained controversial . The Dutch Army considered its strategic situation to have become hopeless and feared further destruction of Dutch cities . The capitulation document was signed on 15 May . Dutch forces continued fighting in the Battle of Zeeland ( where the French army had entered ) and in the colonies while Queen Wilhelmina established a government in exile in Britain . Dutch casualties amounted to 2,157 army , 75 air force and 125 Navy personnel ; 2,559 civilians were also killed . Invasion of Belgium Main article : Battle of Belgium An abandoned Belgian T - 13 tank destroyer is inspected by German soldiers The Germans were able to establish air superiority in Belgium . Having completed thorough photographic reconnaissance , they destroyed 83 of the 179 aircraft of the Aeronautique Militaire within the first 24 hours of the invasion . The Belgians flew 77 operational missions but this contributed little to the air campaign . As a result , the Luftwaffe was assured air superiority over the Low Countries . Because Army Group B 's composition had been so weakened compared to the earlier plans , the feint offensive by the 6th Army was in danger of stalling immediately , since the Belgian defences on the Albert Canal position were very strong . The main approach route was blocked by Fort Eben - Emael , a large fortress then generally considered the most modern in Europe , which controlled the junction of the Meuse and the Albert Canal . Delay might endanger the outcome of the entire campaign , because it was essential that the main body of Allied troops be engaged before Army Group A established bridgeheads . To overcome this difficulty , the Germans resorted to unconventional means in the Battle of Fort Eben - Emael . In the early hours of 10 May , DFS 230 gliders landed on top of the fort and unloaded assault teams that disabled the main gun cupolas with hollow charges . The bridges over the canal were seized by German paratroopers . The Belgians launched considerable counterattacks which were broken up by the Luftwaffe . Shocked by a breach in its defences just where they had seemed the strongest , the Belgian Supreme Command withdrew its divisions to the KW - line five days earlier than planned . Similar operations against the bridges in the Netherlands , at Maastricht , failed . All were blown up by the Dutch and only one railway bridge was taken . This stalled the German armour on Dutch territory for a time . The BEF and the French First Army were not yet entrenched , and the news of the defeat on the Belgian border was unwelcome . The Allies had been convinced Belgian resistance would have given them several weeks to prepare a defensive line at the Gembloux Gap . When General Erich Hoepner 's XVI Panzerkorps , consisting of 3rd Panzer Division and 4th Panzer Division , was launched over the newly captured bridges in the direction of the Gembloux Gap , this seemed to confirm the expectations of the French Supreme Command that the German central point of attack would be at that point . Gembloux was located between Wavre and Namur , on flat , ideal tank terrain . It was also an unfortified part of the Allied line . To gain time to dig in there , René Prioux , commanding the Cavalry Corps of the French First Army , sent the 2nd DLM and 3rd DLM towards the German armour at Hannut , east of Gembloux . They would provide a screen to delay the Germans and allow sufficient time for the First Army to dig in . Battles of Hannut and Gembloux Two SOMUA S35s The Battle of Hannut , from 12 -- 13 May , was the largest tank battle yet fought , with about 1,500 armoured fighting vehicles involved . The French disabled about 160 German tanks for 91 Hotchkiss H35 and 30 Somua S35 tanks destroyed or captured . ( The Germans controlled the battlefield after a French withdrawal and recovered many of their knocked - out tanks , the German net loss amounting to 20 tanks of the 3rd Panzer Division and 29 of the 4th Panzer Division ) . Prioux had achieved his mission in stalling the Panzers and allowing the First Army to settle , was a strategic victory for the French . Hoepner had succeeded in diverting the First Army from Sedan , which was his most important mission but failed to destroy or forestall it . The French escaped encirclement and gave invaluable support to the BEF in Dunkirk two weeks later . On 14 May , having been stalled at Hannut , Hoepner tried to break the French line again , against orders , leading to The Battle of the Gembloux Gap . This was the only time in the campaign when German armour frontally attacked a strongly held fortified position . The attempt was repelled by the 1st Moroccan Infantry Division , costing the 4th Panzer Division another 42 tanks , 26 of which were irreparable but the French defensive success was made irrelevant by events further south . Central front Ardennes The German advance until noon , 16 May 1940 The advance of Army Group A was to be delayed by Belgian motorised infantry and French mechanised cavalry divisions ( DLC , Divisions Légères de Cavalerie ) advancing into the Ardennes . The main resistance came from the Belgian 1st Chasseurs Ardennais , the 1st Cavalry Division reinforced by engineers and the French 5e Division Légère de Cavalerie ( 5th DLC ) . The Belgian troops blocked roads , held up the 1st Panzer Division at Bodange for about eight hours then retired northwards too quickly for the French who had not arrived and their barriers proved ineffective when not defended ; German engineers were not disturbed as they dismantled the obstacles . They had insufficient anti-tank capacity to block the surprisingly large number of German tanks they encountered and quickly gave way , withdrawing behind the Meuse . The German advance was hampered by the number of vehicles trying to force their way along the poor road network . Panzergruppe Kleist had more than 41,140 vehicles , which had only four march routes through the Ardennes . French reconnaissance aircrews had reported German armoured convoys by the night of 10 / 11 May but this was assumed to be secondary to the main attack in Belgium . On the next night , a reconnaissance pilot reported that he had seen long vehicle columns moving without lights and another pilot sent to check reported the same and that many of the vehicles were tanks . Later that day photographic reconnaissance and pilot reports were of tanks and bridging equipment and on 13 May Panzergruppe Kleist caused a traffic jam about 250 km ( 160 mi ) long from the Meuse to the Rhine on one route . While the German columns were sitting targets , the French bomber force attacked the Germans in northern Belgium during the Battle of Maastricht and had failed with heavy losses . In two days , the bomber force had been reduced from 135 to 72 . On 11 May , Gamelin had ordered reserve divisions to begin reinforcing the Meuse sector . Because of the danger the Luftwaffe posed , movement over the rail network was limited to night - time , slowing the reinforcement but the French felt no sense of urgency as they believed the build - up of German divisions would be correspondingly slow ; the French Army did not conduct river crossings unless assured of heavy artillery support . While they were aware that the German tank and infantry formations were strong , they were confident in their strong fortifications and artillery superiority . The capabilities of the French units in the area were dubious ; in particular , their artillery was designed for fighting infantry and they were short of both anti-aircraft and anti-tank guns . The German advance forces reached the Meuse line late in the afternoon of 12 May . To allow each of the three armies of Army Group A to cross , three bridgeheads were to be established , at Sedan in the south , Monthermé to the north - west and Dinant further north . The first German units to arrive hardly had local numerical superiority ; the German artillery had an average of 12 rounds per gun . ( The French artillery was also rationed to 30 rounds per gun per day . ) Battle of Sedan Main articles : Battle of Sedan ( 1940 ) and Luftwaffe Organization At Sedan , the Meuse Line consisted of a strong defensive belt 6 km ( 3.7 mi ) deep , laid out according to the modern principles of zone defence , on slopes overlooking the Meuse valley and strengthened by 103 pillboxes , manned by the 147th Fortress Infantry Regiment . Deeper positions were held by the 55th Infantry Division , a grade `` B '' reserve division . On the morning of 13 May , the 71st Infantry Division was inserted to the east of Sedan , allowing 55th Infantry Division to narrow its front by a third and deepen its position to over 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) . The division had a superiority in artillery to the German units present . On 13 May , Panzergruppe Kleist forced three crossings near Sedan , executed by the 1st Panzer Division , 2nd Panzer Division and 10th Panzer Division , reinforced by the elite Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland . Instead of slowly massing artillery as the French expected , the Germans concentrated most of their air power ( as they lacked artillery ) , to smash a hole in a narrow sector of the French lines by carpet bombing and by dive bombing . Guderian had been promised extraordinarily heavy air support during a continual eight - hour air attack , from 08 : 00 am until dusk . The Luftwaffe executed the heaviest air bombardment the world had yet witnessed and the most intense by the Germans during the war . Two Sturzkampfgeschwader ( dive bomber wings ) attacked , flying 300 sorties against French positions . A total of 3,940 sorties were flown by nine Kampfgeschwader ( Bomber Wings ) . Some of the forward pillboxes were undamaged and the garrisons repulsed the crossing attempts of the 2nd Panzer Division and 10th Panzer Division . The morale of the troops of the 55th Infantry Division further back was broken by the air attacks and French gunners had fled . The German infantry , at a cost of a few hundred casualties , penetrated up to 8 km ( 5.0 mi ) into the French defensive zone by midnight . Even by then most of the infantry had not crossed , much of the success being due to the actions of just six platoons , mainly assault engineers . The disorder that had begun at Sedan spread down the French lines . At 19 : 00 on 13 May , troops of the 295th Regiment of the 55th Infantry Division , holding the last prepared defensive line at the Bulson ridge 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) behind the river , was panicked by alarmist rumours that German tanks were already behind them and fled , creating a gap in the French defences , before any tanks had crossed the river . This `` Panic of Bulson '' also involved the divisional artillery . The Germans had not attacked their position , and would not do so until 12 hours later , at 07 : 20 on 14 May . Recognising the gravity of the defeat at Sedan , General Gaston - Henri Billotte , commander of the 1st Army Group , whose right flank pivoted on Sedan , urged that the bridges across the Meuse be destroyed by air attack , convinced that `` over them will pass either victory or defeat ! '' . That day , every available Allied light bomber was employed in an attempt to destroy the three bridges but lost about 44 percent of the Allied bomber strength for no result . Collapse on the Meuse Rommel in 1940 . Both Rommel and Guderian ignored the OKW directives to halt after breaking out of the Meuse bridgeheads . The decision proved crucial to the German success . Guderian had indicated on 12 May that he wanted to enlarge the bridgehead to at least 20 km ( 12 mi ) . His superior , General Ewald von Kleist , ordered him , on behalf of Hitler , to limit his moves to a maximum of 8 km ( 5.0 mi ) before consolidation . At 11 : 45 on 14 May , Rundstedt confirmed this order , which implied that the tank units should now start to dig in . Guderian was able to get Kleist to agree on a form of words for a `` reconnaissance in force '' , by threatening to resign and behind - the - scenes intrigues . Guderian continued the advance , despite the halt order . In the original Manstein Plan , as Guderian had suggested , secondary attacks would be carried out to the south - east , in the rear of the Maginot Line , to confuse the French command and occupy ground where French counter-offensive forces would assemble . This element had been removed by Halder but Guderian sent the 10th Panzer Division and Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland south over the Stonne plateau . The commander of the French Second Army , General Charles Huntziger , intended to carry out a counter-attack at the same spot by the 3e Division Cuirassée ( 3e DCR , 3rd Armoured Division ) to eliminate the bridgehead and both sides attacked and counter-attacked from 15 -- 17 May . Huntzinger considered this at least a defensive success and limited his efforts to protecting the flank . Success in the Battle of Stonne and the recapture of Bulson would have enabled the French to defend the high ground overlooking Sedan and bombard the bridgehead with observed artillery - fire , even if they could not take it ; Stonne changed hands 17 times and fell to the Germans for the last time on the evening of 17 May . Guderian turned the 1st Panzer Division and the 2nd Panzer Division westwards on 14 May , which advanced swiftly down the Somme valley towards the English Channel . On 15 May , Guderian 's motorised infantry fought their way through the reinforcements of the new French Sixth Army in their assembly area west of Sedan , undercutting the southern flank of the French Ninth Army . The Ninth Army collapsed and surrendered en masse . The 102nd Fortress Division , its flanks unsupported , was surrounded and destroyed on 15 May at the Monthermé bridgehead by the 6th Panzer Division and 8th Panzer Division without air support . The French Second Army had also been seriously damaged and the Ninth Army was giving way because they did not have time to dig in ; Erwin Rommel having broken through within 24 hours of its conception . The 7th Panzer Division raced ahead , Rommel refusing to allow the division rest and advancing by day and night . The division advanced 30 mi ( 48 km ) in 24 hours . The German advance up to 21 May 1940 Rommel lost contact with General Hermann Hoth , having disobeyed orders by not waiting for the French to establish a new line of defence . The 7th Panzer Division continued to advance north - west to Avesnes - sur - Helpe , just ahead of the 1st and 2nd Panzer divisions . The French 5th Motorised Infantry Division had bivouacked in the path of the German division , with its vehicles neatly lined up along the roadsides and the 7th Panzer Division dashed through them . The slow speed , overloaded crews and lack of battlefield communications undid the French . The 5th Panzer Division joined in the fight . The French inflicted many losses on the division but could not cope with the speed of the German mobile units , which closed fast and destroyed the French armour at close range . The remaining elements of the 1st DCR , resting after losing all but 16 of its tanks in Belgium , were also engaged and defeated , the 1st DCR retiring with three operational tanks for a German loss of 50 out of 500 tanks . By 17 May , Rommel claimed to have taken 10,000 prisoners and suffered only 36 losses . Guderian was delighted with the fast advance , and encouraged XIX Korps to head for the channel , continuing until fuel was exhausted . Hitler worried that the German advance was moving too fast . Halder recorded in his diary on 17 May that `` Führer is terribly nervous . Frightened by his own success , he is afraid to take any chance and so would pull the reins on us ... ( he ) keeps worrying about the south flank . He rages and screams that we are on the way to ruin the whole campaign . '' Through deception and different interpretations of orders to stop from Hitler and Kleist , the front line commanders ignored Hitler 's attempts to stop the westward advance to Abbeville . Low morale of French leaders Winston Churchill visited France several times during the battle to help bolster French resistance . The French High Command , already contemplatively ponderous and sluggish from its firm espousal of the broad strategy of `` methodological warfare '' , however , was reeling from the shock of the sudden offensive and was now stung by a sense of defeatism . On the morning of 15 May , French Prime Minister Paul Reynaud telephoned the new British Prime Minister , Winston Churchill and said `` We have been defeated . We are beaten ; we have lost the battle . '' Churchill , attempting to offer some comfort to Reynaud , reminded the Prime Minister of all the times the Germans had broken through the Allied lines in the First World War only to be stopped . Reynaud was , however , inconsolable . Churchill flew to Paris on 16 May . He immediately recognised the gravity of the situation when he observed that the French government was already burning its archives and was preparing for an evacuation of the capital . In a sombre meeting with the French commanders , Churchill asked General Gamelin , `` Où est la masse de manoeuvre ? '' ( `` Where is the strategic reserve ? '' ) that had saved Paris in the First World War . `` Aucune '' ( `` There is none '' ) Gamelin replied . After the war , Gamelin claimed his response was `` There is no longer any . '' Churchill later described hearing this as the single most shocking moment in his life . Churchill asked Gamelin where and when the general proposed to launch a counterattack against the flanks of the German bulge . Gamelin simply replied `` inferiority of numbers , inferiority of equipment , inferiority of methods '' . Failed Allied counter-attacks Some of the best Allied units in the north had seen little fighting . Had they been kept in reserve they might have been used in a decisive counter-strike . Pre-war General Staff Studies had asserted the main reserves were to be kept on French soil to resist an invasion of the Low Countries and deliver a counterattack or `` re-establish the integrity of the original front '' . Despite having a numerically superior armoured force , the French failed to use it properly , or to deliver an attack on the vulnerable German bulge . The Germans combined their fighting vehicles in divisions and used them at the point of main effort . The bulk of French armour was scattered along the front in tiny formations . Most of the French reserve divisions had by now been committed . The 1st DCr had been wiped out when it had run out of fuel and the 3rd DCr had failed to take its opportunity to destroy the German bridgeheads at Sedan . The only armoured division still in reserve , 2nd DCr , was to attack on 16 May west of Saint - Quentin , Aisne . The division commander could locate only seven of its 12 companies , which were scattered along a 49 mi × 37 mi ( 79 km × 60 km ) front . The formation was overrun by the 8th Panzer Division while still forming up and was destroyed as a fighting unit . The 4th DCr ( de Gaulle ) , attempted to launch an attack from the south at Montcornet , where Guderian had his Korps headquarters and the 1st Panzer Division had its rear service areas . During the Battle of Montcornet Germans hastily improvised a defence while Guderian rushed up the 10th Panzer Division to threaten de Gaulle 's flank . This flank pressure and dive - bombing by Fliegerkorps VIII ( General Wolfram von Richthofen ) broke up the attack . French losses on 17 May amounted to 32 tanks and armoured vehicles but the French had `` inflicted loss on the Germans '' . On 19 May , after receiving reinforcements , de Gaulle attacked again and was repulsed with the loss of 80 of 155 vehicles . Fliegerkorps VIII attacked French units massing on the German flanks and prevented most counter-attacks from starting . The defeat of the 4th DCr and the disintegration of the French Ninth Army was caused mainly by the fliegerkorps . The 4th DCr had achieved a measure of success but the attacks on 17 and 19 May had only local effect . Germans reach the Channel On 19 May , General Edmund Ironside , the British Chief of the Imperial General Staff ( CIGS ) , conferred with General Lord Gort , commander of the BEF , at his headquarters near Lens . He urged Gort to save the BEF by attacking south - west toward Amiens . Gort replied that seven of his nine divisions were already engaged on the Scheldt River and he had only two divisions left to mount such an attack . Ironside then asked Gort under whose command he was acting . Gort replied that this was General Billotte , the commander of the French 1st Army Group but that Billotte had issued no orders for eight days . Ironside confronted Billotte , whose own headquarters was nearby and found him apparently incapable of taking action . He returned to Britain concerned that the BEF was doomed and ordered urgent anti-invasion measures . The German land forces could not remain inactive any longer , since it would allow the Allies to reorganise their defence or escape . On 19 May , Guderian was permitted to start moving again and smashed through the weak 12th ( Eastern ) Division and the 23rd ( Northumbrian ) Division ( Territorial divisions ) on the Somme river . The German units occupied Amiens and secured the westernmost bridge over the river at Abbeville . This move isolated the British , French , Dutch and Belgian forces in the north from their supplies . On 20 May , a reconnaissance unit from the 2nd Panzer Division reached Noyelles - sur - Mer , 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) to the west of their positions on 17 May . From Noyelles , they were able to see the Somme estuary and the English Channel . A huge pocket , containing the Allied 1st Army Group ( the Belgian , British , and French First , Seventh and Ninth armies ) , was created . Fliegerkorps VIII covered the dash to the channel coast . Heralded as the finest hour of the Ju 87 ( Stuka ) , these units responded via an extremely efficient communications system to requests for support , which blasted a path for the army . The Ju 87s were particularly effective at breaking up attacks along the flanks of the German forces , breaking fortified positions and disrupting supply routes . Radio - equipped forward liaison officers could call upon the Stukas and direct them to attack Allied positions along the axis of advance . In some cases , the Luftwaffe responded to requests within 10 to 20 minutes . Oberstleutnant Hans Seidemann the Fliegerkorps vIII Chief of Staff , said that `` never again was such a smoothly functioning system for discussing and planning joint operations achieved '' . Closer examination reveals the army had to wait 45 -- 75 minutes for Ju 87 units and ten minutes for Henschel Hs 123s . Weygand plan Main article : Battle of Arras Situation from 21 May -- 4 June 1940 On the morning of 20 May , Gamelin ordered the armies trapped in Belgium and northern France to fight their way south and link up with French forces attacking northwards from the Somme river . On the evening of 19 May , the French Prime Minister , Paul Reynaud had sacked Gamelin and replaced him with Maxime Weygand , who claimed his first mission as Commander - in - Chief would be to get a good night 's sleep . Gamelin 's orders were cancelled and Weygand took several days during the crisis , to make courtesy visits in Paris . Weygand proposed a counter-offensive by the armies trapped in the north combined with an attack by French forces on the Somme front , the new French 3rd Army Group ( General Antoine - Marie - Benoît Besson ) . The corridor through which Panzergruppe von Kleist had advanced to the coast was narrow and to the north were the three DLMs and the BEF ; to the south was the 4th DCR . Allied delays caused by the French change of command gave the German infantry divisions time to follow up and reinforce the panzer corridor and the tanks had pushed further along the channel coast . Weygand flew into the pocket on 21 May and met Billotte , the commander of the 1st Army Group and King Leopold III of Belgium . Leopold announced that the Belgian Army could not conduct offensive operations as it lacked tanks and aircraft and that unoccupied Belgium had enough food for only two weeks . Leopold did not expect the BEF to endanger itself to keep contact with the Belgian Army but warned that if it persisted with the southern offensive , the Belgian army would collapse . Leopold suggested the establishment of a beach - head covering Dunkirk and the Belgian channel ports . Gort doubted that the French could prevail and on 23 May , Billotte , the only Allied commander in the north briefed on the Weygand plan , was killed in a road accident , leaving the 1st Army Group leaderless for three days . That day , the British decided to evacuate from the Channel ports . Only two local offensives , by the British and French in the north at Arras on 21 May and by the French from Cambrai in the south on 22 May , took place . Frankforce ( Major - General Harold Franklyn ) consisting of two divisions , had moved into the Arras area but Franklyn was not aware of a French push north toward Cambrai and the French were ignorant of a British attack towards Arras . Franklyn assumed he was to relieve the Allied garrison at Arras and to cut German communications in the vicinity and was reluctant to commit the 5th Infantry Division , 50th ( Northumbrian ) Infantry Division , with the 3rd DLM from the French First Army providing flank protection , in a limited objective attack . Only two British infantry battalions and two battalions of the 1st Army Tank Brigade , with 58 Matilda I and 16 Matilda II tanks and an attached motorcycle battalion took part in the main attack . The Battle of Arras achieved surprise and initial success against overstretched German forces but failed in its objective . Radio communication between tanks and infantry was poor and there was little combined arms co-ordination as practised by the Germans . German defences ( including 88 mm ( 3.46 in ) FlaK guns and 105 mm ( 4.1 in ) field guns ) eventually stopped the attack . The French knocked out many German tanks as they retired , but the Luftwaffe broke up the counter-attacks and 60 British tanks were lost . The southern attack at Cambrai also failed , because V Corps had been too disorganised after the fighting in Belgium to make a serious effort . OKH panicked at the thought of hundreds of Allied tanks smashing the best forces but Rommel wanted to continue the pursuit . Early on 22 May , OKH recovered and ordered the XIX Panzerkorps to press north from Abbeville to the Channel ports : the 1st Panzer Division to Calais , the 2nd Panzer Division to Boulogne and the 10th Panzer Division to Dunkirk ( later , the 1st and 10th Panzer divisions roles were reversed ) . South of the German salient , limited French attacks on 23 March near Peronne and Amiens . French and British troops fought the Battle of Abbeville from 27 May to 4 June but failed to eliminate the German bridgehead south of the Somme . BEF and the Channel ports Siege of Calais Main articles : Siege of Calais , Battle of Dunkirk , Dunkirk evacuation , and Siege of Calais ( 1940 ) Calais in ruins In the early hours of 23 May , Gort ordered a retreat from Arras . By now , he had no faith in the Weygand plan , nor in Weygand 's proposal at least to try to hold a pocket on the Flemish coast , a so - called Réduit de Flandres . Gort knew that the ports needed to supply such a foothold were already being threatened . That same day , the 2nd Panzer Division had assaulted Boulogne . The British garrison there surrendered on 25 May , although 4,286 men were evacuated by Royal Navy ships . The RAF also provided air cover , denying the Luftwaffe an opportunity to attack the shipping . The 10th Panzer Division ( Ferdinand Schaal ) attacked Calais on 24 May . British reinforcements ( the 3rd Royal Tank Regiment , equipped with cruiser tanks , and the 30th Motor Brigade ) had been hastily landed 24 hours before the Germans attacked . The defenders held on to the port as long as possible , aware that an early capitulation would free up German forces to advance on Dunkirk . The British and French held the town despite the best efforts of Schaal 's division to break through . Frustrated , Guderian ordered that , if Calais had not fallen by 14 : 00 on 26 May , he would withdraw the 10th Panzer Division and ask the Luftwaffe to destroy the town . Eventually , the French and British ran out of ammunition and the Germans were able to break into the fortified city at around 13 : 30 on 26 May , 30 minutes before Schaal 's deadline was up . Despite the French surrender of the main fortifications , the British held the docks until the morning of 27 May . Around 440 men were evacuated . The siege lasted for four crucial days . However , the delaying action came at a price . Some 60 percent of Allied personnel were killed or wounded . Halt orders Matilda II photographed in Britain ( H9218 ) Frieser wrote that the Franco - British counter-attack at Arras had a disproportionate effect on the Germans because the German higher commanders were apprehensive about flank security . Kleist , the commander of Panzergruppe von Kleist perceived a `` serious threat '' and informed Halder that he had to wait until the crisis was resolved before continuing . Colonel - General Günther von Kluge , the 4th Army commander ordered the tanks to halt , with the support of Rundstedt . On 22 May , when the attack had been repulsed , Rundstedt ordered that the situation at Arras must be restored before Panzergruppe von Kleist moved on Boulogne and Calais . At OKW , the panic was worse and Hitler contacted Army Group A on 22 May , to order that all mobile units were to operate either side of Arras and infantry units were to operate to the east . The crisis among the higher staffs of the German army was not apparent at the front and Halder formed the same conclusion as Guderian , that the real threat was that the Allies would retreat to the channel coast too quickly and a race for the channel ports began . Guderian ordered the 2nd Panzer Division to capture Boulogne , the 1st Panzer Division to take Calais and the 10th Panzer division to seize Dunkirk . Most of the BEF and the French First Army were still 62 miles ( 100 km ) from the coast but despite delays , British troops were sent from England to Boulogne and Calais just in time to forestall the XIX Corps panzer divisions on 22 May . Frieser wrote that had the panzers advanced at the same speed on 21 May as they had on 20 May , before the halt order stopped their advance for 24 hours , Boulogne and Calais would have fallen . ( Without a halt at Montcornet on 15 May and the second halt on 21 May after the Battle of Arras , the final halt order of 24 May would have been irrelevant , because Dunkirk would have already been captured by the 10th Panzer Division . ) Operation Dynamo Main article : Operation Dynamo Feature film re-enactment of British troops retreating from Dunkirk Feature film re-enactment of French troops embarking on a British ship at Dunkirk The British launched Operation Dynamo , which evacuated the encircled British , French and Belgian troops from the northern pocket in Belgium and Pas - de-Calais , beginning on 26 May . About 28,000 men were evacuated on the first day . The French First Army -- the bulk of which remained in Lille -- mounted a long defence of the city owing to Weygand 's failure to pull it back along with other French forces to the coast . The 50,000 men involved finally capitulated on 31 May . While the First Army was mounting its sacrificial defence at Lille , it drew German forces away from Dunkirk , allowing 70,000 Allied soldiers to escape . Total Allied evacuation rates stood at 165,000 on 31 May . The Allied position was complicated by Belgian King Leopold III 's surrender on 27 May , which was postponed until 28 May . The gap left by the Belgian Army stretched from Ypres to Dixmude . Nevertheless , a collapse was prevented and 139,732 British and 139,097 French soldiers were evacuated . Between 31 May and 4 June , some 20,000 British and 98,000 French were saved . Still , some 30 -- 40,000 French soldiers of the rearguard remained to be captured . The overall total evacuated was 338,226 , including 215,000 British . During the Dunkirk battle , the Luftwaffe did its best to prevent the evacuation . It flew 1,882 bombing and 1,997 fighter sorties . British losses totalled 6 percent of their total losses during the French campaign , including 60 precious fighter pilots . The Luftwaffe failed in its task of preventing the evacuation , but inflicted serious losses on the Allied forces . A total of 89 merchantmen ( of 126,518 grt ) were lost ; the navy lost 29 of its 40 destroyers sunk or seriously damaged . The Germans lost around 100 aircraft confirmed destroyed , and the RAF 106 fighters . Other sources put Luftwaffe losses in the Dunkirk area at 240 . Confusion still reigned . After the evacuation at Dunkirk , and while Paris was enduring a short - lived siege , part of the 1st Canadian Infantry Division was sent to Brittany , but was withdrawn after the French capitulation . The British 1st Armoured Division under General Evans , without its infantry , which had earlier been diverted to the defence of Calais , arrived in France in June 1940 . It was joined by the former labour battalion of the 51st ( Highland ) Division and was forced to fight a rearguard action . At the end of the campaign , Erwin Rommel praised the staunch resistance of British forces , despite being under - equipped and without ammunition for much of the fighting . Fall Rot Main article : Fall Rot The German offensive to the Seine River between 4 and 12 June By the end of May 1940 , the best and most modern French armies had been sent north and lost in the resulting encirclement ; the French had also lost much of their heavy weaponry and their best armoured formations . Overall , the Allies had lost 61 divisions in Fall Gelb . Weygand was faced with the prospect of defending a long front ( stretching from Sedan to the channel ) , with a greatly depleted French Army now lacking significant Allied support . Weygand had only 64 French divisions and the 51st ( Highland ) Infantry Division available . Weygand lacked the reserves to counter a breakthrough or to replace frontline troops , should they become exhausted from a prolonged battle on a front of 965 km ( 600 mi ) . The Germans had 142 divisions to use and air supremacy except over the English Channel . War refugees on a French road The French also had to deal with millions of civilian refugees fleeing the war in what became known as L'Exode ( the Exodus ) ; automobiles and horse - drawn carts carrying possessions clogged roads . As the government had not foreseen such a rapid military collapse , there were few plans to cope . Between six and ten million French fled , sometimes so quickly that they left uneaten meals on tables , even while officials stated that there was no need to panic and that civilians should stay . The population of Chartres declined from 23,000 to 800 and Lille from 200,000 to 20,000 , while cities in the south such as Pau and Bordeaux rapidly grew in size . While Italy declared war on France and Britain on 10 June , it was not prepared for war and made little impact during the last two weeks of fighting in the Italian invasion of France . Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was aware of this and sought to profit from German successes . Mussolini felt the conflict would soon end and he reportedly said to the Army 's Chief - of - Staff , Marshal Badoglio , `` I only need a few thousand dead so that I can sit at the peace conference as a man who has fought . '' The Army of the Alps ( General René Olry ) defeated the Italian invasion . Weygand line French prisoners are marched into internment . The Germans renewed their offensive on 5 June on the Somme . During the next three weeks , far from the easy advance the Wehrmacht expected , they encountered strong resistance from a rejuvenated French Army . It had fallen back on its interior lines of supply and communications , and had closer access to repair shops , supply dumps and stores . Moreover , 112,000 evacuated French soldiers were repatriated via the Normandy and Brittany ports . It was some substitute for the lost divisions in Flanders . The French were also able to make good a significant amount of their armoured losses and raised the 1st and 2nd DCR ( heavy armoured divisions ) . De Gaulle 's division -- the 4th DCR -- also had its losses replaced . Morale rose and was very high by the end of May 1940 . Most French soldiers that knew about the defeats , and were now joining the line , only knew of German success by hearsay . Surviving French officers had increased tactical experience against German mobile units ; increased confidence in their weapons after seeing their artillery , which the Wehrmacht post-battle analysis recognised as technically very good , and their tanks perform better in combat than the German armour . The French tanks were now known to have heavier armour and armament . Between 23 and 28 May , they reconstituted the French Seventh and Tenth armies . Weygand decided on hedgehog tactics , which were to implement defence in depth operations and use delaying tactics , to inflict maximum attrition on German units . He employed units in towns and small villages , as well as major towns and cities and fortified them 360 ° along their perimeter . Behind this , the new infantry , armoured and half - mechanised divisions formed up , ready to counter-attack and relieve the surrounded units , which were ordered to hold out at all costs . Army Group B attacked either side of Paris . Of its 47 divisions it had the majority of the mobile units . In fact , after 48 hours into the offensive , the Germans had not made any major breakthroughs . The Germans had been `` stopped in their tracks '' . On the Aisne , the XVI Panzerkorps employed over 1,000 AFVs , two Panzer divisions and a motorised division against the French . The assault was crude , and Hoepner soon lost 80 out of 500 AFVs in the first attack . The German 4th Army succeeded in capturing bridgeheads over the Somme river , but the Germans struggled to get over the Aisne . Weygand had organised a defence in depth and frustrated the crossing . At Amiens , the Germans were repeatedly driven back by powerful French artillery concentrations and came to recognise improved French tactics . The German Army relied on the Luftwaffe to provide decisive assistance in silencing French guns , enabling the German infantry to inch forward . German progress was made only late on the third day of operations , finally forcing crossings ; the French Air Force attempted to bomb them but failed . German sources acknowledged the battle was `` hard and costly in lives , the enemy putting up severe resistance , particularly in the woods and tree lines continuing the fight when our troops had pushed passed the point of resistance '' . South of Abbeville , the French Tenth Army under General Robert Altmayer had its front broken and it was forced to retreat to Rouen and south along the Seine river . The rapid German advances were the sign of a weakening enemy . Rommel and his 7th Panzer Division headed west over the Seine river through Normandy and captured the port of Cherbourg on 18 June . On the way to Cherbourg , Rommel forced the surrender of the British 51st ( Highland ) Division on 12 June . In close - quarter combat , the Luftwaffe was struggling to have an impact . However , in an operational sense , they helped disperse French armour . The German spearheads were overextended and vulnerable to counter strokes , but the concentration of the Luftwaffe denied the French the ability to concentrate , and the fear of air attack negated their mass and mobile use by Weygand . German troops in Paris On 10 June , the French government declared Paris an open city . The German 18th Army now deployed against Paris . The French resisted the approaches to the capital strongly , but the line was broken in several places . Weygand now asserted it would not take long for the French Army to disintegrate . On 13 June , Churchill attended a meeting of the Anglo - French Supreme War Council at Tours . He suggested a Franco - British Union . It was rejected . On 14 June , Paris fell . Those Parisians who stayed in the city found that in most cases the Germans were extremely well mannered . The situation in the air had also worsened , the Luftwaffe established air supremacy ( as opposed to air superiority ) as the French air arm was on the verge of collapse . The French Air Force ( Armée de l'Air ) had only just begun to make the majority of bomber sorties ; between 5 and 9 June ( during Operation Paula ) , over 1,815 missions , of which 518 were by bombers , were flown . The number of sorties flown declined as losses were now becoming impossible to replace . The RAF attempted to divert the attention of the Luftwaffe with 660 sorties flown against targets over the Dunkirk area , but losses were heavy ; on 21 June alone , 37 Bristol Blenheims were destroyed . After 9 June , French aerial resistance virtually ceased ; some surviving aircraft withdrew to French North Africa . The Luftwaffe now `` ran riot '' . Its attacks were focused on the direct and indirect support of the German Army . The Luftwaffe subjected lines of resistance to ferocious assault , which then quickly collapsed under armoured attack . Collapse of the Maginot line The Maginot Line Meanwhile , to the east , Army Group C was to help Army Group A encircle and capture the French forces on the Maginot line . The goal of the operation was to envelop the Metz region , with its fortifications , to prevent a French counteroffensive from the Alsace region against the German line on the Somme . Guderian 's XIX Korps was to advance to the French border with Switzerland and trap the French forces in the Vosges Mountains while the XVI Korps attacked the Maginot Line from the west , into its vulnerable rear to take the cities of Verdun , Toul and Metz . The French , meanwhile , had moved the French 2nd Army Group from the Alsace and Lorraine to the ' Weygand line ' on the Somme , leaving only small forces guarding the Maginot line . After Army Group B had begun its offensive against Paris and into Normandy , Army Group A began its advance into the rear of the Maginot line . On 15 June , Army Group C launched Operation Tiger , a frontal assault across the Rhine and into France . German attempts to break open or into the Maginot line prior to Tiger had failed . One assault lasted for eight hours on the extreme north of the line , costing the Germans 46 dead and 251 wounded , while just two French were killed ( one at Ferme - Chappy and one at Fermont fortress ) . On 15 June , the last well - equipped French forces , including the French Fourth Army , were preparing to leave as the Germans struck . The French now holding the line were skeletal . The Germans greatly outnumbered the French . They could call upon the I Armeekorps of seven divisions and 1,000 artillery pieces , although most were First World War vintage , and could not penetrate the thick armour of the fortresses . Only 88 mm ( 3.5 in ) guns could do the job , and 16 were allocated to the operation . To bolster this , 150 mm ( 5.9 in ) and eight railway batteries were also employed . The Luftwaffe deployed the Fliegerkorps V to give air support . The battle was difficult and slow progress was made against strong French resistance . However , each fortress was overcome one by one . One fortress ( Schoenenbourg ) fired 15,802 75 mm ( 3.0 in ) rounds at attacking German infantry . It was the most heavily shelled of all the French positions . Nevertheless , its armour protected it from fatal damage . The same day Tiger was launched , Operation Kleiner Bär began . Five assault divisions of the VII Armeekorps crossed the Rhine into the Colmar area with a view to advancing to the Vosges Mountains . It had 400 artillery pieces bolstered by heavy artillery and mortars . They drove the French 104th Division and 105th Division back into the Vosges Mountains on 17 June . However , on the same day , Guderian 's XIX Korps reached the Swiss border and the Maginot defences were cut off from the rest of France . Most units surrendered on 25 June , and the Germans claimed to have taken 500,000 prisoners . Some main fortresses continued the fight , despite appeals for surrender . The last only capitulated on 10 July , after a request from Georges , and only then under protest . Of the 58 major fortifications on the Maginot Line , just 10 were captured by the Wehrmacht in battle . British troops on their way to the port at Brest during the evacuation from France , June 1940 Second BEF evacuation See also : Operation Cycle and Operation Ariel The evacuation of the second BEF took place during Operation Ariel between 15 and 25 June . The Luftwaffe , with complete domination of the French skies , was determined to prevent more Allied evacuations after the Dunkirk débâcle . I Fliegerkorps was assigned to the Normandy and Brittany sectors . On 9 and 10 June , the port of Cherbourg was subject to 15 tonnes of German bombs , while Le Havre received 10 bombing attacks that sank 2949 GRT of escaping Allied shipping . On 17 June , Junkers Ju 88s -- mainly from Kampfgeschwader 30 -- sank a `` 10,000 tonne ship '' which was the 16,243 GRT liner RMS Lancastria off St Nazaire , killing some 4,000 Allied personnel ( nearly doubling the British killed in the battle of France ) . Nevertheless , the Luftwaffe failed to prevent the evacuation of some 190,000 -- 200,000 Allied personnel . Armistice Main article : Armistice with France ( Second Compiègne ) On 21 June 1940 , near Compiègne in France , Hitler ( hand on hip ) staring at Marshal Foch 's statue before starting the negotiations for the armistice , to be signed the next day by Keitel , Hitler being absent . Glade of the Armistice was later destroyed together with all commemorative monuments ( except Foch 's statue ) by the Germans . Discouraged by his cabinet 's hostile reaction to a British proposal to unite France and Britain to avoid defeat , and believing that his ministers no longer supported him , Reynaud resigned on 16 June . He was succeeded by Marshal of France Philippe Pétain , who delivered a radio address to the French people announcing his intention to ask for an armistice with Germany . When Hitler received word from the French government that they wished to negotiate an armistice , he selected the Forest of Compiègne as the site for the negotiations . Compiègne had been the site of the 1918 Armistice , which ended the First World War with a humiliating defeat for Germany ; Hitler viewed the choice of location as a supreme moment of revenge for Germany over France . On 21 June 1940 , Hitler visited the site to start the negotiations which took place in the very same railway carriage in which the 1918 Armistice was signed ( it had just been removed from a museum building and placed on the precise spot where it was located in 1918 ) . Hitler sat in the same chair in which Marshal Ferdinand Foch had sat when he faced the defeated German representatives . After listening to the reading of the preamble , Hitler left the carriage in a calculated gesture of disdain for the French delegates , and negotiations were turned over to Wilhelm Keitel , the Chief of Staff of OKW . The armistice was signed on the next day at 18 : 36 ( French time ) , by General Keitel for Germany and Huntziger for France . The armistice and cease - fire went into effect , two days and six hours later , at 00 : 35 on 25 June , once the Franco - Italian Armistice had also been signed , at 18 : 35 on 24 June , near Rome . Aftermath Analysis In 2000 , Ernest May wrote that Hitler had a better insight into the French and British governments than vice versa and knew that they would not go to war over Austria and Czechoslovakia , because he concentrated on politics rather than the state and national interest . From 1937 to 1940 , Hitler stated his views on events , their importance and his intentions , then defended them against contrary opinion from the likes of former Chief of the General Staff Ludwig Beck and Ernst von Weizsäcker . Hitler sometimes concealed aspects of his thinking but he was unusually frank about priority and his assumptions . May referred to Wheeler - Bennett ( 1964 ) : Except in cases where he had pledged his word , Hitler always meant what he said . -- Wheeler - Bennett May asserted that in Paris , London and other capitals , there was an inability to believe that someone might want another world war . He wrote that , given public reluctance to contemplate another war and a need to reach consensus about Germany , the rulers of France and Britain were reticent ( to take a stand against German aggression ) , which limited dissent at the cost of enabling assumptions that suited their convenience . In France , Édouard Daladier withheld information until the last moment , and then presented the Munich Agreement to the French cabinet as a fait accompli in September 1938 , thus avoiding discussions over whether Britain would follow France into war or if the military balance was really in Germany 's favour or how significant it was . The decision for war in September 1939 and the plan devised in the winter of 1939 -- 1940 by Daladier for war with the USSR followed the same pattern . Hitler miscalculated Franco - British reactions to the invasion of Poland in September 1939 , because he had not realised that a shift in public opinion had occurred in mid-1939 . May asserted that the French and British could have defeated Germany in 1938 with Czechoslovakia as an ally and also in late 1939 , when German forces in the West were incapable of preventing a French occupation of the Ruhr , which would have forced capitulation or a futile German resistance in a war of attrition . France did not invade Germany in 1939 , because it wanted British lives to be at risk too and because of hopes that a blockade might force a German surrender without a bloodbath . The French and British also believed that they were militarily superior and guaranteed victory . The run of victories enjoyed by Hitler from 1938 -- 1940 could only be understood in the context of defeat being inconceivable to French and British leaders . May wrote that , when Hitler demanded a plan to invade France in September 1939 , the German officer corps thought that it was foolhardy and discussed a coup d'état , only backing down when doubtful of the loyalty of the soldiers to them . With the deadline for the attack on France being postponed so often , OKH had time to revise Fall Gelb ( Case Yellow ) for an invasion over the Belgian Plain several times . In January 1940 , Hitler came close to ordering the invasion but was prevented by bad weather . Until the Mechelen Incident in January forced a fundamental revision of Fall Gelb , the main effort ( schwerpunkt ) of the German army in Belgium would have been confronted by first - rate French and British forces , equipped with more and better tanks and with a great advantage in artillery . After the Mechelen Incident , OKH devised an alternative and hugely risky plan to make the invasion of Belgium a decoy , with the main effort switched to the Ardennes , to cross the Meuse and reach the Channel coast . May wrote that although the alternative plan was called the Manstein Plan , Guderian , Manstein , Rundstedt , Halder and Hitler had been equally important in its creation . War games held by Generalmajor ( Major - General ) Kurt von Tippelskirch , the chief of army intelligence and Oberst Ulrich Liss of Fremde Heere West ( FHW , Foreign Armies West ) , tested the concept of an offensive through the Ardennes . Liss thought that swift reactions could not be expected from the `` systematic French or the ponderous English '' and used French and British methods , which made no provision for surprise and reacted slowly , when one was sprung . The results of the war games persuaded Halder that the Ardennes scheme could work , even though he and many other commanders still expected it to fail . May wrote that without the reassurance of intelligence analysis and the results of the war games , the possibility of Germany adopting the last version of Fall Gelb would have been remote . The French Dyle - Breda variant of the Allied deployment plan was based on an accurate prediction of the German intentions , until the delays caused by the winter weather and shock of the Mechelen Incident led to the radical revision of Fall Gelb . The French sought to assure the British that they would act to prevent the Luftwaffe using bases in the Netherlands and the Meuse valley and to encourage the Belgian and Dutch governments . The politico - strategic aspects of the plan ossified French thinking and the Phoney War led to demands for Allied offensives in Scandinavia or the Balkans and the plan to start a war with the USSR . It was thought that changes to the Dyle - Breda variant might lead to forces being taken from the Western Front . French and British intelligence sources were better than the German equivalents , which suffered from too many competing agencies , but intelligence analysis was not as well integrated into Allied planning and decision - making . Information was delivered to operations officers but there was no mechanism like the German practice of allowing intelligence officers to comment on planning assumptions about opponents and allies . The insularity of the French and British intelligence agencies meant that had they been asked if Germany would continue with a plan to attack across the Belgian plain after the Mechelen Incident , they would not have been able to point out how risky the Dyle - Breda variant was . May wrote that the wartime performance of the Allied intelligence services was abysmal . Daily and weekly evaluations had no analysis of fanciful predictions about German intentions and a May 1940 report from Switzerland , that the Germans would attack through the Ardennes , was marked as a German spoof . More items were obtained about invasions of Switzerland or the Balkans , while German behaviour consistent with an Ardennes attack , such as the dumping of supplies and communications equipment on the Luxembourg border and the concentration of Luftwaffe air reconnaissance around Sedan and Charleville - Mézières was overlooked . According to May , French and British rulers were at fault for tolerating poor performance by the intelligence agencies and the fact that the Germans could achieve surprise in May 1940 showed that even with Hitler , the process of executive judgement in Germany had worked better than in France and Britain . May referred to Marc Bloch in Strange Defeat ( 1940 ) , that the German victory was a `` triumph of intellect '' , which depended on Hitler 's `` methodical opportunism '' . May further asserted that , despite Allied mistakes , the Germans could not have succeeded but for outrageous good luck . German commanders wrote during the campaign and after that often only a small difference had separated success from failure . Prioux thought that a counter-offensive could still have worked up to 19 May but , by then , Belgian refugees were crowded on the roads needed for redeployment and the French transport units , that had performed well in the advance into Belgium , failed for lack of plans to move them back . Gamelin had said `` It is all a question of hours . '' but the decision to sack Gamelin and appoint Weygand , caused a two - day delay . Occupation Main articles : German military administration in occupied France during World War II , Vichy France , and Free France Hitler tours Paris with architect Albert Speer ( left ) and sculptor Arno Breker ( right ) , 23 June 1940 . France was divided into a German occupation zone in the north and west and a `` free zone '' ( zone libre ) in the south . Both zones were nominally under the sovereignty of the French rump state headed by Pétain that replaced the French Third Republic ; this rump state is often referred to as Vichy France . In response to the formation of a new political structure in France mandated by the Nazi government of Germany , De Gaulle , who had been made an Undersecretary of National Defence by Reynaud in London at the time of the armistice , delivered his Appeal of 18 June . With this speech , De Gaulle refused to recognise Pétain 's Vichy government as legitimate and began the task of organising the Free French Forces . The British doubted Admiral François Darlan 's promise not to allow the French fleet at Toulon to fall into German hands by the wording of the armistice conditions . They feared the Germans would seize the French Navy 's fleet , docked at ports in Vichy France and North Africa and use them in an invasion of Britain ( Operation Sea Lion ) . Within a month , the Royal Navy attacked the French naval forces stationed in North Africa in the Attack on Mers - el - Kébir . The British Chiefs of Staff Committee had concluded in May 1940 that if France collapsed , `` we do not think we could continue the war with any chance of success '' without `` full economic and financial support '' from the United States . Churchill 's desire for American aid led in September to the Destroyers for Bases agreement that began the wartime Anglo - American partnership . The occupation of the various French zones continued until November 1942 , when the Allies began Operation Torch , the invasion of Western North Africa . To safeguard southern France , the Germans enacted Case Anton and occupied Vichy France . In June 1944 , the Western Allies launched Operation Overlord , followed by the smaller but less opposed Operation Dragoon on the French Mediterranean coast on 15 August . This threatened to cut off German troops in western and central France , and most began to retire toward Germany . ( The fortified French Atlantic U-boat bases remained as pockets until the German capitulation . ) On 24 August 1944 , Paris was liberated , and by September 1944 most of the country was in Allied hands . The Free French provisional government declared the re-establishment of a provisional French Republic to ensure continuity with the defunct Third Republic . It set about raising new troops to participate in the advance to the Rhine and the Western Allied invasion of Germany by using the French Forces of the Interior as military cadres and manpower pools of experienced fighters to allow a very large and rapid expansion of the French Liberation Army ( Armée française de la Libération ) . It was well equipped and well supplied despite the economic disruption brought by the occupation thanks to Lend - Lease and grew from 500,000 men in the summer of 1944 to over 1,300,000 by V-E day , making it the fourth largest Allied army in Europe . The 2e Division Blindée ( 2nd Armoured Division ) , part of the Free French forces that had participated in the Normandy Campaign and had liberated Paris , went on to liberate Strasbourg on 23 November 1944 , fulfilling the Oath of Kufra made by General Leclerc almost four years earlier . The unit under his command , barely above company size when it had captured the Italian fort , had grown into an armoured division . The I Corps was the spearhead of the Free French First Army that had landed in Provence as a part of Operation Dragoon . Its leading unit , the 1re Division Blindée , was the first Western Allied unit to reach the Rhône ( 25 August ) , the Rhine ( 19 November ) and the Danube ( 21 April 1945 ) . On 22 April , it captured the Sigmaringen enclave in Baden - Württemberg , where the last Vichy regime exiles were hosted by the Germans in one of the ancestral castles of the Hohenzollern dynasty . By the end of the war , some 580,000 French citizens had died ( 40,000 of these by the western Allied forces during the bombardments of the first 48 hours of Operation Overlord ) . Military deaths were 92,000 in 1939 -- 40 . Some 58,000 were killed in action from 1940 to 1945 fighting in the Free French forces . Some 40,000 malgré - nous ( `` against our will '' , citizens of the re-annexed Alsace - Lorraine province drafted into the Wehrmacht ) became casualties . Civilian casualties amounted to around 150,000 ( 60,000 by aerial bombing , 60,000 in the resistance and 30,000 murdered by German occupation forces ) . Prisoners of war and deportee totals were around 1,900,000 . Of these , around 240,000 died in captivity . An estimated 40,000 were prisoners of war , 100,000 racial deportees , 60,000 political prisoners and 40,000 died as slave labourers . Casualties A German Military Medic providing first aid to a wounded soldier German casualties are hard to determine but commonly accepted figures are : 27,074 killed , 111,034 wounded and 18,384 missing . German dead may have been as high as 45,000 men , due to additional non-combat causes , wounded who died and missing who were confirmed dead . The battle for France had cost the Luftwaffe 28 percent of its front line strength , some 1,236 -- 1,428 aircraft were destroyed ( 1,129 to enemy action , 299 in accidents ) . A further 323 -- 488 were damaged ( 225 to enemy action , 263 in accidents ) , making 36 percent of the Luftwaffe strength lost or damaged . Luftwaffe casualties amounted to 6,653 men , including 4,417 aircrew ; of these 1,129 were killed and 1,930 were reported missing or captured , many of whom were liberated from French prison camps upon the French capitulation . Italian casualties amounted to 631 or 642 men killed , 2,631 wounded and 616 reported missing . A further 2,151 men suffered from frostbite during the campaign . The official Italian numbers were compiled for a report on 18 July 1940 , when many of the fallen still lay under snow and it is probable that most of the Italian missing were dead . Units operating in more difficult terrain had higher ratios of missing to killed but probably most of the missing had died . According to the French Defence Historical Service , 85,310 French military personnel were killed ( including 5,400 Maghrebis ) , 12,000 missing , 120,000 wounded and 1,540,000 prisoners ( including 67,400 Maghrebis ) . Some recent French research indicates that the number of killed was between 55,000 and 85,000 , a statement of the French Defence Historical Service tending to the lower end . In August 1940 , 1,540,000 prisoners were taken into Germany , where roughly 940,000 remained until 1945 , when they were liberated by advancing Allied forces . At least 3,000 Senegalese Tirailleurs were murdered after being taken prisoner . While in German captivity , 24,600 French prisoners died ; 71,000 escaped ; 220,000 were released by various agreements between the Vichy government and Germany ; several hundred thousand were paroled because of disability and / or sickness . Air losses are estimated at 1,274 aircraft destroyed during the campaign . French tank losses amount to 1,749 tanks ( 43 per cent of tanks engaged ) , of which 1,669 were lost to gunfire , 45 to mines and 35 to aircraft . However , the tank losses are amplified by the large numbers that were abandoned or scuttled and subsequently captured . Britain had fewer than 10,000 killed in action ( including the Lancastria disaster ) , for a total casualty figure of 68,111 men ; about 64,000 vehicles destroyed or abandoned and 2,472 guns destroyed or abandoned . RAF losses in the campaign from 10 May -- 22 June , amounted to 931 aircraft and 1,526 casualties . The British also lost 243 ships to Luftwaffe bombing in Dynamo , including 8 destroyers and 8 troopships . Belgian losses were 6,093 killed and wounded ; some 2,000 prisoners of war died in captivity and more than 500 were missing . Those captured amounted to 200,000 men . Belgian wounded amounted to 15,850 . They also lost 112 aircraft . Polish losses were around 5,500 killed and wounded ; nearly 13,000 troops of the 2nd Infantry Division were interned in Switzerland for the duration of the war , and 16,000 were taken prisoner . Popular reaction in Germany Hitler had expected a million Germans to die in conquering France ; instead , his goal was accomplished in just six weeks with only 27,000 Germans killed , 18,400 missing and 111,000 wounded , little more than a third of the German casualties in the Battle of Verdun during World War I . The unexpectedly swift victory resulted in a wave of euphoria among the German population and a strong upsurge in war - fever . Hitler 's popularity reached its peak with the celebration of the French capitulation on 6 July 1940 . If an increase in feeling for Adolf Hitler was still possible , it has become reality with the day of the return to Berlin `` , commented one report from the provinces . `` In the face of such greatness , '' ran another , `` all pettiness and grumbling are silenced . '' Even opponents to the regime found it hard to resist the victory mood . Workers in the armaments factories pressed to be allowed to join the army . People thought final victory was around the corner . Only Britain stood in the way . For perhaps the only time during the Third Reich there was genuine war - fever among the population . -- Kershaw On 19 July , during the 1940 Field Marshal Ceremony at the Kroll Opera House in Berlin , Hitler promoted 12 generals to the rank of field marshal . Walther von Brauchitsch , Commander in Chief of the Army Wilhelm Keitel , Chief of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ( OKW ) Gerd von Rundstedt , Commander in chief of Army Group A Fedor von Bock , Commander in chief of Army Group B Wilhelm von Leeb , Commander in chief of Army Group C Günther von Kluge , Commander of the 4th Army Wilhelm List , Commander of the 12th Army Erwin von Witzleben , Commander of the 1st Army Walther von Reichenau , Commander of the 6th Army Albert Kesselring , Commander of Luftflotte 2 ( Air Fleet 2 ) Erhard Milch , Inspector General of the Luftwaffe Hugo Sperrle , Commander of the Luftflotte 3 ( Air Fleet 3 ) This number of promotions to what had previously been the highest rank in the Wehrmacht ( Hermann Göring , Commander in chief of the Luftwaffe and already a Field Marshal , was elevated to the new rank of Reichsmarschall ) was unprecedented . In the First World War , Kaiser Wilhelm II had promoted only five generals to Field Marshal . Eyewitness accounts From Lemberg to Bordeaux ( ' Von Lemberg bis Bordeaux ' ) , written by Leo Leixner , a journalist and war correspondent , is an eye - witness account of the battles that led to the fall of Poland and France . In August 1939 , Leixner joined the Wehrmacht as a war reporter , was promoted to sergeant , and in 1941 published his recollections . The book was originally issued by Franz Eher Nachfolger , the central publishing house of the Nazi Party . Tanks Break Through ! ( Panzerjäger Brechen Durch ! ) , written by Alfred - Ingemar Berndt , a journalist and close associate of propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels , is an eye - witness account of the battles that led to the fall of France . When the 1940 attack was in the offing , Berndt joined the Wehrmacht , was sergeant in an anti-tank division , and afterward published his recollections . The book was originally issued by Franz Eher Nachfolger , the central publishing house of the Nazi Party , in 1940 . See also British Expeditionary Force order of battle ( 1940 ) Historiography of the Battle of France Military history of France during World War II Western Front ( World War II ) Notes Jump up ^ Hooton uses the Bundesarchiv , Militärarchiv in Freiburg . Luftwaffe strength included gliders and transports used in the assaults on the Netherlands and Belgium . Jump up ^ Hooton used the National Archives in London for RAF records , including `` Air 24 / 679 Operational Record Book : The RAF in France 1939 -- 1940 '' , `` Air 22 / 32 Air Ministry Daily Strength Returns '' , `` Air 24 / 21 Advanced Air Striking Force Operations Record '' and `` Air 24 / 507 Fighter Command Operations Record '' . For the Armée de l'Air Hooton used `` Service Historique de Armée de l'Air ( SHAA ) , Vincennes '' . Jump up ^ The final count of the German dead is possibly as high as 49,000 men when including the losses suffered by the Kriegsmarine , because of additional non-combat causes , the wounded who died of their injuries and the missing who were confirmed as dead . This higher figure has not been used in the overall casualty figure Jump up ^ Steven Zaloga wrote , `` Of the 2,439 panzers originally committed 822 , or about 34 percent , were total losses after five weeks of fighting ... Detailed figures for the number of mechanical breakdowns are not available and are not relevant as in the French case , since , as the victors , the Wehrmacht could recover damaged or broken - down tanks and put them back into service '' . Jump up ^ Official Italian report on 18 July 1940 : Italian casualties amounted to 631 or 642 men killed , 2,631 wounded and 616 reported missing . A further 2,151 men suffered from frostbite during the campaign . Jump up ^ Steven Zaloga notes that `` According to a postwar French Army study , overall French tank losses in 1940 amounted to 1,749 tanks lost out of 4,071 engaged , of which 1,669 were lost to gunfire , 45 to mines and 35 to aircraft . This amounts to about 43 percent . French losses were substantially amplified by the large numbers of tanks that were abandoned or scuttled by their crews '' . Jump up ^ On 26 February 1945 , Hitler claimed he had let the BEF escape as a `` sporting '' gesture , in the hope Churchill would come to terms . Few historians accept Hitler 's word in light of Directive No. 13 , which called for `` the annihilation of French , British and Belgian forces in the Dunkirk pocket '' . Footnotes ^ Jump up to : Maier and Falla 1991 , p. 279 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton 2007 , pp. 47 -- 48 ^ Jump up to : Zaloga 2011 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Hooton 2007 , pp. 47 -- 48 ^ Jump up to : Frieser ( 1995 ) , p. 400 . ^ Jump up to : L'Histoire , No. 352 , April 2010 France 1940 : Autopsie d'une défaite , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Shepperd ( 1990 ) , p. 88 ^ Jump up to : Hooton 2010 , p. 73 . ^ Jump up to : Murray 1983 , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : Healy 2007 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2011 , p. 76 . ^ Jump up to : Sica 2012 , p. 374 . ^ Jump up to : Porch 2004 , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Rochat 2008 , para. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton 2007 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2003 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Roth 2010 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Kaufmann & Kaufmann 2007 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2003 , pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Baliszewski , 2004 , no page Jump up ^ Viscount Halifax to Sir N. Henderson ( Berlin ) Cited in the British Blue book Jump up ^ `` Britain and France declare war on Germany '' . The History Channel . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Indiana University . `` Chronology 1939 '' . indiana.edu . ^ Jump up to : Shirer 1990 , p. 715 ^ Jump up to : Frieser 2005 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Frieser 1995 , p. 32 Jump up ^ Frieser 2005 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ `` Directive No. 6 Full Text '' . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 717 . Jump up ^ Frieser 1995 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Megargee , 2000 , p. 76 . ^ Jump up to : Shirer 1990 , p. 718 Jump up ^ Frieser 1995 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Atkin , 1990 , pp. 42 -- 43 Jump up ^ Frieser 2005 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Frieser 2005 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Frieser 1995 , p. 79 ^ Jump up to : Frieser ( 2005 ) , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Frieser 2005 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Frieser 1995 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Frieser 1995 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Hinsley 1979 , pp. 114 , 128 , 130 . Jump up ^ Frieser 2005 , pp. 65 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Bond 1990 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Melvin 2010 , pp. 148 , 154 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Frieser 2005 , pp. 88 , 94 -- 95 , 113 , 116 ^ Jump up to : Beevor , Antony ( 2013 ) . The Second World War . p. 97 . Jump up ^ Doughty 2014a , pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Doughty 2014a , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Doughty 2014a , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Doughty 2014a , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Doughty 2014a , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Doughty 2014a , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Doughty 2014a , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Bond 1990 , pp. 36 , 46 . Jump up ^ Atkin , 1990 , p. 53 Jump up ^ Frieser 2005 , pp. 35 -- 37 Jump up ^ Frieser 2005 , p. 29 Jump up ^ DiNardo and Bay 1988 , pp. 131 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Frieser 2005 , pp. 29 -- 30 Jump up ^ Frieser 2005 , pp. 71 , 101 . Jump up ^ Dear and Foot 2005 , p. 323 . ^ Jump up to : Healy 2007 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Corum 1995 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Dear and Foot 2005 , p. 861 . Jump up ^ Citino 1999 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Corum 1992 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ French 2001 , pp. 16 -- 24 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton 2007 p. 47 . Jump up ^ Buckley , 1998 , pp. 126 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Corum 1995 , p. 54 . ^ Jump up to : Harvey 1990 , p. 449 . ^ Jump up to : Dear and Foot 2005 , p. 316 . Jump up ^ Frieser , 2005 , p. 35 Jump up ^ Frieser 2005 , pp. 36 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : Christofferson and Christofferson , 2006 , pp. 18 -- 19 Jump up ^ Blatt 1998 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Tooze 2006 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Corum 1992 , pp. 204 -- 05 . Jump up ^ Jackson , 2003 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Atkin , 1990 , p. 58 Jump up ^ Citino , 2005 , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Frieser 2005 , pp. 90 , 153 . Jump up ^ Schuker , 2014 , pp. 111 -- 12 Jump up ^ Taylor 1974 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Harvey 1990 , p. 448 . Jump up ^ Hooton 2007 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Facon , 1996 , pp. 54 -- 62 Jump up ^ Belgium , 1941 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Ellis 1953 , pp. 359 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Weinberg p. 122 . Jump up ^ Hooton 2007 , pp. 49 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Evans 2000 , pp. 33 -- 38 Jump up ^ Hooton 2007 , pp. 48 -- 49 , 52 ^ Jump up to : Hooton 1994 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ L. de Jong , 1971 nopp Jump up ^ Hooton 2007 , pp. 244 -- , 50 , 52 Jump up ^ Shirer , 1990 , p. 723 Jump up ^ Evans 2000 , p. 38 Jump up ^ Hooton , 2007 , p. 48 Jump up ^ Dunstan 2005 , pp. 31 -- 32 Jump up ^ Dunstan 2005 , pp. 45 -- 54 Jump up ^ Gunsburg 1992 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Gunsburg 1992 , pp. 209 -- 10 , 218 Jump up ^ Pierre Genotte , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Gunsburg 1992 , p. 207 -- 44 , 236 -- 37 , 241 . Jump up ^ Frieser 2005 , pp. 246 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Healy 2007 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Gunsberg 2000 , pp. 97 -- 140 , 242 , 249 . Jump up ^ Frieser 2005 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Frieser 2005 , pp. 137 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Jackson 1974 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Mansoor 1988 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Citino 1999 , p. 250 . ^ Jump up to : Frieser 1995 , p. 192 Jump up ^ Mansoor 1988 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Hooton 2007 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Frieser 1995 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Weal , p. 46 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton 2007 , p. 65 Jump up ^ Frieser 1995 , pp. 216 , 244 . Jump up ^ Krause & Cody 2006 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Weal p. 22 . Jump up ^ Frieser 1995 , p. 258 ^ Jump up to : Strawson , 2003 , p. 108 Jump up ^ Frieser 1995 , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Healy 2007 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Taylor and Horne 1974 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Evans 2000 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Citino 2002 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Evans 2000 , pp. 70 , 72 . Jump up ^ Frieser 2005 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Krause and Phillips 2006 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Healy 2007 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Frieser 2005 , pp. 269 , 273 . Jump up ^ Evans 2000 , pp. 66 -- 67 , 69 , 72 . Jump up ^ Krause & Phillips 2006 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Evans 2000 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 720 Jump up ^ L'Aurore , 21 November 1949 , nopp Jump up ^ Churchill , 1949 , pp. 42 -- 49 Jump up ^ Blatt 1998 , p. 326 . Jump up ^ Frieser 2005 , pp. 262 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Evans 2000 , pp. 75 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Corum 1997 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Frieser 2005 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Neave 2003 , pp. 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Bond 1990 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Sheppard , 1990 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Weal 1997 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Corum 1997 , pp. 277 -- 80 , 73 Jump up ^ Hooton 2010 , pp. 67 , 70 . ^ Jump up to : Gardiner 2000 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Bond 1990 , pp. 66 , 69 Jump up ^ Frieser 2005 , pp. 278 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Ellis , 1953 , p. 105 Jump up ^ Bond 1990 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Ellis 2004 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Frieser 2005 , pp. 283 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Bond 1990 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Frieser 2005 , pp. 360 , 286 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Healy 2007 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Gardner 2000 , pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Sebag - Montefiore 2006 , pp. 234 , 236 -- 37 Jump up ^ Longden 2008 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Longden 2008 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Sebag - Montefoire 2006 , pp. 238 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Longden 2008 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Frieser 2005 , p. 287 . Jump up ^ Frieser 2005 , pp. 287 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Bond 1990 , pp. 89 -- 98 , 106 -- 07 , 115 Jump up ^ Maier and Falla 2000 , p. 293 . Jump up ^ Hooton 2007 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Murray 1983 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Chappell 1985 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Harman 1980 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Bond 1990 , p. 105 . ^ Jump up to : Healy 2007 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Jackson , 2001 , pp. 119 -- 20 Jump up ^ Taylor 1974 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ De Waal 1990 , p. 244 . ^ Jump up to : Frieser , 2005 , p. 317 Jump up ^ Alexander 2007 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Alexander 2007 , pp. 225 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Alexander 2007 , pp. 227 , 231 , 238 . Jump up ^ Alexander 2007 , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Alexander 2007 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Maier and Falla 2000 , p. 297 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander 2007 , p. 249 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander 2007 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Alexander 2007 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 738 . Jump up ^ Maier and Falla 2000 , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Maier and Falla 2000 , p. 301 . Jump up ^ Berlin Diary . William L. Shirer. 1941 Jump up ^ Hooton 2007 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Hooton 2007 , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Romanych and Rupp 2010 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Romanych and Rupp 2010 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Romanych and Rupp 2010 , pp. 56 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Romanych and Rupp 2010 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Romanych and Rupp 2010 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Hooton 2007 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Evans 2000 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Taylor 1974 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Dear and Foot 2005 , p. 326 . Jump up ^ May 2000 , p. 453 . Jump up ^ May 2000 , pp. 453 -- 54 . Jump up ^ May 2000 , pp. 454 -- 55 . Jump up ^ May 2000 , pp. 455 -- 56 . Jump up ^ May 2000 , pp. 456 -- 57 . Jump up ^ May 2000 , pp. 457 -- 58 . Jump up ^ May 2000 , pp. 458 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Dear and Foot 2005 , pp. 336 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Dear and Foot 2005 , p. 317 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , 1993 , pp. 248 , 250 -- 51 Jump up ^ Dear and Foot 2005 , p. 635 . Jump up ^ Dear and Foot 2005 , p. 634 . Jump up ^ Imlay and Toft , 2007 , p. 227 Jump up ^ Dear and Foot 2005 , p. 321 . Jump up ^ de La Gorce 1988 , p. 496 . Jump up ^ servicehistorique ( 20 November , 2017 ) `` Combat losses amounted in reality to 58,829 deaths , excluding marine however , whose deaths were registered under different procedures . '' Jump up ^ Scheck , 2005 , p. 58 Jump up ^ Durand 1981 p. 21 Jump up ^ Hooton , 2007 , p. 90 ^ Jump up to : Holmes 2005 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Keegan 2005 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Dear and Foot 2005 , p. 96 . ^ Jump up to : Ellis 1993 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Hooton , 2007 , p. 52 Jump up ^ Jacobson , 2015 , nopp Jump up ^ Atkin , 1990 , pp. 233 -- 234 Jump up ^ Neitzel and Welzer , 2012 , pp. 193 , 216 Jump up ^ Kershaw , 2002 , p. 407 Jump up ^ Deighton 2008 , pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Ellis 1993 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ From Lemberg to Bordeaux in the Library of Congress Catalog Jump up ^ Tanks Break Through on Google books Jump up ^ Tanks Break Through in Library of Congress Catalog References Books Atkin , Ronald ( 1990 ) . Pillar of Fire : Dunkirk 1940 . Edinburgh : Birlinn . ISBN 1 - 84158 - 078 - 3 . Belgium : The Official Account of What Happened 1939 -- 1940 ( Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs ) ( in French ) . London : Ministère des Affaires Étrangères de la Belge. 1941 . OCLC 4025429 . LCOC 42016037 . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . Blatt , Joel , ed. ( 1997 ) . The French Defeat of 1940 : Reassessments . Providence , RI : Berghahn . ISBN 1 - 57181 - 109 - 5 . Bloch , Marc ( 1968 ) ( 1946 ) . Strange Defeat : A Statement of Evidence Written in 1940 . New York , NY : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31911 - 3 . Bond , Brian ( 1990 ) . Britain , France and Belgium , 1939 -- 1940 . London : Brassey 's . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037700 - 9 . Buckley , John ( 1998 ) . Air Power in the Age of Total War . UCL Press . ISBN 1 - 85728 - 589 - 1 . Chappel , Michael `` Mike '' ( 1985 ) . The Canadian Army at War . Men at Arms . Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85045 - 600 - 4 . Christofferson , Thomas R. ; Christofferson , Michael S. ( 2006 ) . France during World War II : From Defeat to Liberation . 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Modern War Studies . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0541 - X . -- -- -- ( 1997 ) . The Luftwaffe : Creating the Operational Air War , 1918 -- 1940 . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0836 - 2 . De La Gorce , Paul - Marie ( 1988 ) . L'aventure coloniale de la France -- L'Empire écartelé , 1936 -- 1946 ( The French Colonial Adventure ) ( in French ) . Paris : Denoël . ISBN 978 - 2 - 207 - 23520 - 1 . De Waal , Frans ( 1990 ) . Peacemaking Among Primates . New York : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 65921 - X . Dear , Ian ; Foot , M. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Companion to World War II . London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860446 - 7 . Deighton , Len ( 2008 ) . Fighter : The True Story of the Battle of Britain ( illus . ed . ) . Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84595 - 106 - 1 . Doughty , R.A. ( 2014 ) ( 1985 ) . The Seeds of Disaster : The Development of French Army Doctrine , 1919 -- 39 ( Stackpole , Mechanicsburg , PA ed . ) . Hamden , CT : Archon Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 1460 - 0 . Dunstan , Simon . Fort Eben Emael : The Key to Hitler 's victory in the West . Osprey , Oxford . 2005 . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 821 - 9 Durand , Yves ( 1981 ) . La Captivité , Histoire des prisonniers de guerre francais 1939 -- 1945 ( The Captivity : History of the French War Prisoners ) ( in French ) ( 2nd revue et corrigée ed . ) . Paris . OCLC 417568776 . Ellis , John ( 1993 ) . The World War II Data Book . Aurum Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85410 - 254 - 6 . Ellis , Major L.F. ( 2004 ) ( 1st . pub . HMSO 1954 ) . Butler , J.R.M. , ed . The War in France and Flanders 1939 -- 1940 . History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series . Naval & Military Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84574 - 056 - 6 . Evans , Martin Marix ( 2000 ) . The Fall of France : Act of Daring . Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 969 - 7 . French , David ( 2001 ) . Raising Churchill 's Army : The British Army and the War against Germany , 1919 -- 1945 . London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 924630 - 4 . Frieser , Karl - Heinz ( 1995 ) . Blitzkrieg - Legende : Der Westfeldzug 1940 , Operationen des Zweiten Weltkrieges ( The Blitzkrieg Myth : The Western Campaign in 1940 , Operations of the Second World War ) ( in German ) . München : R. Oldenbourg . ISBN 3 - 486 - 56124 - 3 . Frieser , Karl - Heinz ( 2005 ) . The Blitzkrieg Legend : The 1940 Campaign in the West ( trans . J.T. Greenwood ed . ) . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 294 - 2 . Gardner , W.J.R. ( 2000 ) . The evacuation from Dunkirk : Operation Dynamo , 26 May -- 4 June 1940 . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 8150 - 4 . Harman , Nicholas ( 1980 ) . Dunkirk : The Necessary Myth . London : Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 0 - 340 - 24299 - X . Healy , Mark ( 2008 ) . Prigent , John , ed . Panzerwaffe : The Campaigns in the West 1940 . I. London : Ian Allen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7110 - 3240 - 8 . Hinsley , F.H. ; et al. ( 1979 ) . British Intelligence in the Second World War : Its Influence on Strategy and Operations . I. London : HMSO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 11 - 630933 - 4 . Hooton , E.R. ( 1994 ) . Phoenix Triumphant : The Rise and Rise of the Luftwaffe . London : Brockhampton Press . ISBN 1 - 86019 - 964 - X . -- -- -- ( 2007 ) . Luftwaffe at War ; Blitzkrieg in the West . London : Chervron / Ian Allen . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85780 - 272 - 6 . Imlay , Talbot C. ; Duffy Toft , Monica ( 2007 ) . The Fog of Peace and War Planning : Military and Strategic Planning Under Uncertainty . Cass : Strategy and History . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 21088 - 6 . Jackson , Robert ( 1974 ) . Air War Over France , 1939 -- 1940 . London : Ian Allen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7110 - 0510 - 5 . Jackson , Julian ( 2003 ) . The Fall of France : The Nazi Invasion of 1940 . 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London : Constable . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84529 - 520 - 2 . Maier , K. ; et al. ( 1991 ) . Die Errichtung der Hegemonie auf dem europäischen Kontinent ( Germany 's Initial Conquests in Europe ) . Germany and the Second World War . II ( trans . ed . ) . London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822885 - 6 . Martin , J. ; Martin , P. ( 2001 ) . Ils étaient là : l'armée de l'Air septembre 39 -- juin 40 ( They Were There : The Air Force September 39 -- June 40 ) ( in French ) . Aero - Editions . ISBN 2 - 9514567 - 2 - 7 . May , Ernest R. ( 2000 ) . Strange Victory : Hitler 's Conquest of France . London : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85043 - 329 - 3 . Melvin , Mungo ( 2010 ) . Manstein : Hitler 's Most Controversial General . W&N . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84561 - 4 . Murray , Williamson ( 1983 ) . Strategy for Defeat : The Luftwaffe 1933 -- 1945 ( online ed . ) . Maxwell Air Force Base , AL : Air University Press ( US National Government Publication ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4294 - 9235 - 5 . 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Leadership in International Relations : The Balance of Power and the Origins of World War II . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10690 - 1 . Romanych , M. ; Rupp , M. ( 2010 ) . Maginot Line 1940 : Battles on the French Frontier . Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 499 - 2 . Schuker , Stephen A. ( 2014 ) . `` Seeking a Scapegoat : Intelligence and Grand Strategy in France '' . In Haslam , J. ; Urbach , K. Secret Intelligence in the European States System , 1918 -- 1989 . Stanford : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 8891 - 5 . Sebag - Montefiore , Hugh ( 2006 ) . Dunkirk : Fight to the Last Man . New York : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 91082 - 3 . Sheppard , Alan ( 1990 ) . France , 1940 : Blitzkrieg in the West . Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85045 - 958 - 6 . Shirer , William L. ( 1990 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 72868 - 7 . Strawson , John ( 2003 ) . Hitler as Military Commander . Military Classics . Barnsley : Pen & Sword . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85052 - 956 - 2 . Taylor , A.J.P. ; Mayer , S.L. , eds. ( 1974 ) . A History of World War Two . London : Octopus Books . ISBN 0 - 7064 - 0399 - 1 . Tooze , Adam ( 2006 ) . The Wages of Destruction : The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy . Allen Lane . ISBN 0 - 7139 - 9566 - 1 . Weal , John ( 1997 ) . Junkers Ju 87 Stukageschwader 1937 -- 41 . Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 636 - 1 . Weinberg , Gerhard ( 1994 ) . A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II . London : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 44317 - 3 . Winchester , Charles ( 1998 ) . Ostfront : Hitler 's War on Russia 1941 -- 45 . Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 066 - 7 . Zaloga , Steven J. ( 2011 ) . Panzer IV vs Char B1 bis : France 1940 . Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84908 - 378 - 2 . Journals Alexander , Martin ( 2007 ) . `` After Dunkirk : The French Army 's Performance Against ' Case Red ' , 25 May to 25 June 1940 '' . War in History . 14 ( 2 ) : 219 -- 64 . doi : 10.1177 / 0968344507075873 . ISSN 1477 - 0385 . Baliszewski , Dariusz ( 19 September 2004 ) . `` Most honoru '' . Wprost ( in Polish ) ( 1138 ) . ISSN 0209 - 1747 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2007 . Retrieved 24 March 2005 . Corum , James ( January 1995 ) . `` The Luftwaffe 's Army Support Doctrine , 1918 -- 1941 '' . The Journal of Military History . 59 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 76 . doi : 10.2307 / 2944364 . ISSN 1543 - 7795 . Di Nardo , R.L. ; Bay , Austin ( January 1988 ) . `` Horse - Drawn Transport in the German Army '' . Journal of Contemporary History . 23 ( 1 ) : 129 -- 42 . ISSN 0022 - 0094 . Facon , Patrick ( March 1996 ) . `` Slowing Down Blitzkrieg : A Curtiss Fighter Ace in the Battle of France '' . Air Fan International . Publitek . ISSN 1083 - 2548 . Gunsburg , Jeffery A. ( April 1992 ) . `` The Battle of the Belgian Plain , 12 -- 14 May 1940 : The First Great Tank Battle '' . The Journal of Military History . 56 ( 2 ) : 207 -- 44 . doi : 10.2307 / 1985797 . ISSN 0899 - 3718 . JSTOR 1985797 . -- -- -- ( Jan 2000 ) . `` The Battle of Gembloux , 14 -- 15 May 1940 : The ' Blitzkrieg ' Checked '' . The Journal of Military History . 64 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 140 . doi : 10.2307 / 120789 . JSTOR 120789 . Harvey , D. ( October 1990 ) . `` The French Armée de l'Air in May -- June 1940 : A Failure of Conception '' . Journal of Contemporary History . 25 ( 4 ) : 447 -- 65 . ISSN 0022 - 0094 . Mansoor , Peter R. ( June 1988 ) . Childress , P.W. , ed . PB - 100 - 88 - 6 . `` The Second Battle of Sedan , May 1940 '' . Military Review . Fort Leavenworth , KS : United States Army Combined Arms Center . LXVIII ( 6 ) : 64 -- 75 . ISSN 0026 - 4148 . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . Sica , Emanuele ( 2012 ) . `` June 1940 : The Italian Army and the Battle of the Alps '' . Canadian Journal of History / Annales canadiennes d'histoire . Saskatoon , SK : University of Toronto Press . 47 : 355 -- 78 . ISSN 0008 - 4107 . Rochat , Giorgio ( 1 January 2008 ) . Translator : Anne Pilloud . `` La campagne italienne de juin 1940 dans les Alpes occidentales '' . Revue historique des armées . Vincennes : Service historique de la défense. 250 : 77 -- 84 . ISSN 0035 - 3299 . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Websites Jacobson , Douglas . `` Article 9 : Polish Army in France '' . Douglas W. Jacobson . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Further reading Doughty , R.A. ( 2014 ) ( 1990 ) . The Breaking Point : Sedan and the Fall of France , 1940 . Stackpole Military History ( Stackpole , Mechanicsburg , PA ed . ) . Hamden , CN : Archon Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 1459 - 4 . External links `` WW2 : Fall of France Campaign '' ( Flash animation ) . History . BBC . Brooke , Alan ( 1946 ) . Despatch on Operations of the British Expeditionary Force in From 12th June , 1940 to 19th June , 1940 ( PDF ) . London : War Office . In `` No. 37573 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 22 May 1946 . pp. 2433 -- 2439 . The Battle of France . Facts in Review . Calvin. 1940 . ( Official Nazi propaganda account of the Battle of France ) Goossens , Allert M.A. `` The invasion of Holland in May 1940 '' . NL . Gort , John ( 10 October 1941 ) . `` Viscount Gort 's Despatch on Operations of the British Expeditionary Force in France and Belgium , 1939 -- 1940 '' . Supplement to the London Gazette , Number 35305 . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was france invaded by germany in ww2	[ "The Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries during the Second World War. In six weeks from 10 May 1940, German forces defeated Allied forces by mobile operations and conquered France, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, bringing land operations on the Western Front to an end until 6 June 1944. Italy entered the war on 10 June 1940 and attempted an invasion of France." ]	[ "10 May 1940" ]
4482253697299594061	Timeline of online dating services	Timeline of online dating services - wikipedia Timeline of online dating services Jump to : navigation , search This is a timeline of online dating services that also includes broader events related to technology - assisted dating ( not just online dating ) . Where there are similar services , only major ones or `` the first of its kind '' are listed . Full timeline ( edit ) Year ( month and date ) Event Venue 1960 Personal advertisements first appear in British newspapers . Newspaper 1959 Happy Families Planning Services launches . Started by Jim Harvey and Phil Fialer as a class project at Stanford . Used a questionnaire and an IBM 650 to match 49 men and 49 women . 1963 Ed Lewis at Iowa State University uses a questionnaire and an IBM computer `` to optimize the meeting potential at dances '' . 1964 St. James Computer Dating Service ( later to become Com - Pat ) launches . Joan Ball started the first commercially run computer generated matchmaking company . The first set of matchups was run in 1964 . 1965 Operation Match ( part of Compatibility Research Inc . ) launches . Started by Jeff Tarr and Vaughan Morrill at Harvard . Used a questionnaire and an IBM 1401 to match students . There was a $3 fee for submitting a questionnaire . `` By the fall of sixty - five , six months after the launch , some ninety thousand Operation Match questionnaires had been received , amounting to $270,000 in gross profits , about $1.8 million in today 's dollars . '' In the 1960s there still was no stigma about computer - assisted matching . 1965 Eros ( Contact Inc . ) launches . Started by David Dewan at MIT . Used a dating questinnaire and Honeywell 200 . `` In one distribution of questionnaires , he drew eleven thousand responses at $4 each , or $44,000 in gross profits , about $250,000 in today 's dollars . '' 1965 The New York Review of Books personals column makes a comeback . Slater writes : Classifieds made a comeback in America in the 1960s and 1970s , encouraged by the era 's inclination toward individualism and social exhibitionism . `` Everybody was letting it all hang out in other ways , '' said Raymond Shapiro , a business manager for the New York Review of Books , `` so suddenly it was okay to display oneself in print . It was very important to be ' self - aware . ' So you 'd get ads like : ' Astrologer , 27 , psychology student , desires to establish non-superficial friendship with sensitive , choicelessly aware persons who are non-self - oriented , deep , and wish to unearth real , personness relationships . ' '' Magazine 1968 Data - Mate launches . Questionnaire - based matching service started at MIT . 1970s , early Phase II is founded . A `` computer - dating company '' started by James Schur . Cherry Blossoms ' mail - order bride catalog launches . Slater calls Cherry Blossoms `` one of the oldest mail - order bride agencies '' . Started by John Broussard . 1976 Great Expectations is founded . Video dating service started by Jeffrey Ullman . The service achieved some notability , but it never overcame stigma . There were also apparently other video dating services like Teledate and Introvision , but it 's nearly impossible to find anything about them online . 1980s messageries roses ( pink chat rooms ) are launches . Chat rooms for dating ( using the Minitel network ) started by Marc Simoncini . France . Rumours of Kingston upon Thames used a Fox pro database Computer Matching System developed in house by Elwyn Jones to generate lists for mailing based on client preferences . Today some 33 years later Elwyn Jones has produced his own online contact service which also uses a similar but much more comprehensive system . This is found at https://www.friends2lovers.co.uk 1984 Matchmaker Electronic Pen - Pal Network launches . A bulletin board system for romance started by Jon Boede and Scott Smith . Matchmaker grew to 14 local BBSs throughout the US . Eventually people lost interest as BBSs lost out to the World Wide Web , and Matchmaker was superseded by Matchmaker.com . Scanna International launches . Mail - order bride service focusing on Russia and Eastern Europe . 1995 Match.com launches . Started by Gary Kremen . JDate 2000 eHarmony launches . Online dating service for long - term relationships . Ashley Madison is founded . 2003 Proxidating launches . Dating service that used Bluetooth to `` alert users when a person with a matching profile was within fifty feet '' . OkCupid launches . Web 2006 Badoo launches dating - focused social networking service 2006 SeekingArrangement launches . A sugar daddy / sugar baby site in the US . 2007 Skout launches . A `` location - based social networking and dating application and website '' . 2007 Crazy Blind Date launches . Blind dating service started by Sam Yagan . 2008 GenePartner launches matching service based on `` DNA compatibility '' . 2009 Grindr ( initial launch ) App 2011 LikeBright launches . Online dating site by Nick Soman . By 2014 the site shut down . Web 2012 ( ? ) Highlight launches . Slater calls it a `` location - based dating app '' . App 2012 Tinder launches . App 2014 ( December ) Bumble , a location - based mobile app that permits only women to start a chat with their matches , launches . 2015 Ashley Madison hack Personal information of Ashley Madison users stolen and released ; see Ashley Madison data breach for more . 2015 ( November 19 ) Match Group , which owns and operates several online dating web sites including OkCupid , Tinder , PlentyOfFish , and Match.com , goes public . See also ( edit ) Comparison of online dating websites References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Slater , Dan . A Million First Dates . Jump up ^ Hicks , Marie ( 2016 ) . `` Computer Love : Replicating Social Order Through Early Computer Dating Systems '' . Ada : A Jornal of Gender , New Media and Technology . ISSN 2325 - 0496 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Krakauer writes about his experiences here . Jump up ^ Ullman , Jeff . `` Jeff Ullman '' . LinkedIn . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Great Expectations ( video dating ) December 1975 -- January 1997 ( 21 years 2 months ) Created , served as CEO , and primary international media spokesperson for ' Great Expectations ' , which we built into the world 's largest introduction service for singles ( aka , ' video dating ' ) . Jump up ^ Wallace , Amy ( January 16 , 1994 ) . `` Love God From Hell : The Man Who Brought You Videodating Hates to Date , Loves to Taunt and Has Himself Been Unlucky in Love . Would You Buy a Relationship From Jeffrey Ullman ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Dan Slater references this article . Jump up ^ Slater , Dan . Jump up ^ Michael Arrington ( July 22 , 2008 ) . `` Ok , We Have Our First DNA - Based Dating Service : GenePartner '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Taylor Soper ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Matchmaking platform LikeBright raising $1 M to help singles land a 2nd date '' . GeekWire . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Taylor Soper ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Matchmaking platform LikeBright morphs into Reveal , a new anonymous chat app '' . GeekWire . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bumble is a dating app where women take lead '' . Thestar . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_online_dating_services&oldid=840808222 '' Categories : Online dating services Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 08 : 40 . About Wikipedia	when did the first online dating service start	[ "\n\nYear (month and date)\nEvent\nVenue\n\n\n1960\nPersonal advertisements first appear in British newspapers.\nNewspaper\n\n\n1959\nHappy Families Planning Services launches. Started by Jim Harvey and Phil Fialer as a class project at Stanford. Used a questionnaire and an IBM 650 to match 49 men and 49 women.\n\n\n\n1963\nEd Lewis at Iowa State University uses a questionnaire and an IBM computer \"to optimize the meeting potential at dances\".[1]\n\n\n\n1964\nSt. James Computer Dating Service (later to become Com-Pat) launches. Joan Ball started the first commercially run computer generated matchmaking company. The first set of matchups was run in 1964.[2]\n\n\n\n1965\nOperation Match (part of Compatibility Research Inc.) launches. Started by Jeff Tarr and Vaughan Morrill at Harvard. Used a questionnaire and an IBM 1401 to match students. There was a $3 fee for submitting a questionnaire. \"By the fall of sixty-five, six months after the launch, some ninety thousand Operation Match questionnaires had been received, amounting to $270,000 in gross profits, about $1.8 million in today's dollars.\"[1] In the 1960s there still was no stigma about computer-assisted matching.\n\n\n\n1965\nEros (Contact Inc.) launches. Started by David Dewan at MIT. Used a dating questinnaire and Honeywell 200. \"In one distribution of questionnaires, he drew eleven thousand responses at $4 each, or $44,000 in gross profits, about $250,000 in today's dollars.\"[1]\n\n\n\n1965\nThe New York Review of Books personals column makes a comeback. Slater writes:\n\nClassifieds made a comeback in America in the 1960s and 1970s, encouraged by the era's inclination toward individualism and social exhibitionism. \"Everybody was letting it all hang out in other ways,\" said Raymond Shapiro, a business manager for the New York Review of Books, \"so suddenly it was okay to display oneself in print. It was very important to be 'self-aware.' So you'd get ads like: 'Astrologer, 27, psychology student, desires to establish non-superficial friendship with sensitive, choicelessly aware persons who are non-self-oriented, deep, and wish to unearth real, personness relationships.' \"[1]\n\n\nMagazine\n\n\n1968\nData-Mate launches. Questionnaire-based matching service started at MIT.[3]\n\n\n\n1970s, early\nPhase II is founded. A \"computer-dating company\" started by James Schur.[1]\n\n\n\n1974\nCherry Blossoms' mail-order bride catalog launches. Slater calls Cherry Blossoms \"one of the oldest mail-order bride agencies\". Started by John Broussard.\n\n\n\n1976\nGreat Expectations is founded. Video dating service started by Jeffrey Ullman.[4][5] The service achieved some notability, but it never overcame stigma. There were also apparently other video dating services like Teledate and Introvision, but it's nearly impossible to find anything about them online.\n\n\n\n1980s\nmessageries roses (pink chat rooms) are launches. Chat rooms for dating (using the Minitel network) started by Marc Simoncini. France.\nRumours of Kingston upon Thames used a Fox pro database Computer Matching System developed in house by Elwyn Jones to generate lists for mailing based on client preferences. Today some 33 years later Elwyn Jones has produced his own online contact service which also uses a similar but much more comprehensive system. This is found at https://www.friends2lovers.co.uk\n\n\n\n\n1984[6]\nMatchmaker Electronic Pen-Pal Network launches. A bulletin board system for romance started by Jon Boede and Scott Smith. Matchmaker grew to 14 local BBSs throughout the US. Eventually people lost interest as BBSs lost out to the World Wide Web, and Matchmaker was superseded by Matchmaker.com.\n\n\n\n1989\nScanna International launches. Mail-order bride service focusing on Russia and Eastern Europe.\n\n\n\n1995\nMatch.com launches. Started by Gary Kremen.\n\n\n\n1997\nJDate\n\n\n\n2000\neHarmony launches. Online dating service for long-term relationships.\n\n\n\n2002\nAshley Madison is founded.\n\n\n\n2003\nProxidating launches. Dating service that used Bluetooth to \"alert users when a person with a matching profile was within fifty feet\".[1]\n\n\n\n2004\nOkCupid launches.\nWeb\n\n\n2006\nBadoo launches dating-focused social networking service\n\n\n\n2006\nSeekingArrangement launches. A sugar daddy/sugar baby site in the US.\n\n\n\n2007\nSkout launches. A \"location-based social networking and dating application and website\".\n\n\n\n2007\nCrazy Blind Date launches. Blind dating service started by Sam Yagan.\n\n\n\n2008\nGenePartner launches matching service based on \"DNA compatibility\".[7]\n\n\n\n2009\nGrindr (initial launch)\nApp\n\n\n2011\nLikeBright launches. Online dating site by Nick Soman.[8] By 2014 the site shut down.[9]\nWeb\n\n\n2012(?)\nHighlight launches. Slater calls it a \"location-based dating app\".\nApp\n\n\n2012\nTinder launches.\nApp\n\n\n2014 (December)\nBumble, a location-based mobile app that permits only women to start a chat with their matches, launches.[10]\n\n\n\n2015\nAshley Madison hack Personal information of Ashley Madison users stolen and released; see Ashley Madison data breach for more.\n\n\n\n2015 (November 19)\nMatch Group, which owns and operates several online dating web sites including OkCupid, Tinder, PlentyOfFish, and Match.com, goes public.\n\n\n" ]	[ "1984" ]
-6795365895148551326	When I Was Your Man	When I Was Your Man - wikipedia When I Was Your Man Jump to : navigation , search `` When I Was Your Man '' Single by Bruno Mars from the album Unorthodox Jukebox Released January 15 , 2013 Format CD digital download Recorded 2011 Genre Pop Length 3 : 34 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Bruno Mars Philip Lawrence Ari Levine Andrew Wyatt Producer ( s ) The Smeezingtons Bruno Mars singles chronology `` Locked Out of Heaven '' ( 2012 ) `` When I Was Your Man '' ( 2013 ) `` Treasure '' ( 2013 ) `` Locked Out of Heaven '' ( 2012 ) `` When I Was Your Man '' ( 2013 ) `` Treasure '' ( 2013 ) Music video `` When I Was Your Man '' on YouTube `` When I Was Your Man '' is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Bruno Mars for his second studio album , Unorthodox Jukebox ( 2012 ) . Atlantic Records released the song as the third promotional single and as the second official single , taken from the album , to mainstream radio in the United States on January 15 , 2013 . `` When I Was Your Man '' was written by Bruno Mars , Philip Lawrence , Ari Levine and Andrew Wyatt ; with Mars , Lawrence and Levine credited for composing the song as well . The pop song is an emotional piano ballad with lyrics describing the heartbreak and regret Mars felt from letting his lover get away , and his expressed hope that her new man will give her all the love and attention that he failed to provide . It features Mars singing and a piano accompaniment as the sole instrumentation . `` When I Was Your Man '' received mostly positive reviews from music critics , who generally praised Mars ' vocal prowess ; calling it a `` vulnerable and emotional ballad '' . The song won `` Favorite Hit '' at the 2013 Premios Juventud and was nominated for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards . `` When I Was Your Man '' topped the US Billboard Hot 100 singles chart , and reached the top ten on the singles chart of Australia , Canada , Denmark , France , Ireland , Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , South Korea and the United Kingdom . It was certified quadruple - platinum in Australia and in the US ; while in Canada , it was certified six times platinum . `` When I Was Your Man '' was the worlds eighth best selling digital single of 2013 , with sales of 8.3 million copies ; joining an elite group of the best - selling singles worldwide . Cameron Duddy and Mars directed the ballad 's accompanying music video . It portrays Mars as a `` lonely balladeer '' who sits at his piano donned in a pair of sunglasses while setting a half - full glass of whiskey atop it . Critics resoundingly complimented the simplicity of the video 's production . The song has been covered by artists , including Mike Ward , who released a studio version of the song after he performed it on The Voice UK . Ward 's cover peaked at number 60 in the UK Singles Chart . `` When I Was Your Man '' was also added to the soundtrack of the Brazilian soap opera Amor à Vida . Mars performed the song on the Moonshine Jungle Tour ( 2013 -- 14 ) and at the 24K Magic World Tour ( 2017 -- 18 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and production 2 Composition and lyrics 3 Release 4 Reception 4.1 Critical 4.2 Awards and recognition 5 Chart performance 5.1 North America 5.2 International 6 Live performances 7 Cover versions and usage in media 8 Music video 8.1 Development and synopsis 8.2 Reception 9 Track listing 10 Credits and personnel 11 Charts 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Other versions 11.3 Year - end charts 12 Certifications 13 Release history 13.1 Promotional release 13.2 Single release 14 References 15 External links Writing and production ( edit ) While working on the album , Mars said : `` I 'm never singing another ballad again , '' but that came from the gut -- it 's the most honest , real thing I 've ever sung , '' he says . `` When there are no safe bets , that 's when I feel my blood move . '' He also shared how important the lyrics to this song are for him when he posted a photograph of Unorthodox Jukebox 's artwork via his Twitter account . `` Soon you guys will hear a song I wrote called When I Was Your Man . I 've never been this nervous . Ca n't explain it , '' he tweeted . Philip Lawrence explained the inspiration of the song : `` I think Bruno and I are both huge fans of older music , like Billy Joel and Elton John . We always loved those moments where you can sit at the piano and emote . Those intimate moments when an artist is so naked and vulnerable ; you ca n't help but be drawn to it . We always wanted to find a stripped down song like that , which is how that song came to be . The subject matter was real life ; Bruno had experienced that , so we tried to say it in the best and catchiest way we could . '' `` When I Was Your Man '' was mixed at Larrabee Sound Studios in Hollywood by Manny Marroquin . Bruno Mars played the piano , while the recording was done by Ari Levine at Daptone Studios in Brooklyn , New York and Levcon Studios in Los Angeles , California . Charlez Moniz was responsible for providing additional engineering to the recording , while David Kutch mastered it at Mastering Palace . Composition and lyrics ( edit ) `` When I Was Your Man '' A 20 - second sample of `` When I Was Your Man '' , where Mars sings about a lost love , while piano is playing on the background . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` When I Was Your Man '' was written by Andrew Wyatt , Bruno Mars , Philip Lawrence and Ari Levine , while production was handled by the latter three production - team The Smeezingtons . Having chord progressions Am - C - Dm - G - G7 - C ( verse ) and F-G-C ( chorus ) , the song is written in the key of C Major , with Mars ' vocals range from the low note of G3 to the high note of C5 . The pop piano ballad finds Mars singing about a pre-fame heartbreak as he regrets letting his woman get away . It starts with a rolling piano riff ; unto a nearly scat `` vocal cadence '' : `` Same bed but it feels just a little bit bigger now / Our song on the radio but it do n't sound the same '' , as he laments the `` single state '' he created for himself . Next , he sings of his failings ; to do right by his woman , `` I shoulda bought you flowers / And held your hand / Shoulda gave you all my hours / When I had the chance '' . Its title phrase re-emerges in the final chorus , juxtaposed by Bruno from all the things he `` shoulda '' done , into things he hopes his ex 's new man will do ; concluding : `` Do all of the things I should have done / When I was your man '' . In an interview to Rolling Stone , Mars revealed , while reluctant , that he wrote the song for his girlfriend , model Jessica Caban , when he was worried about losing her . In contrast with the song , Mars and Caban stayed together ; remaining a couple as of 2014 . Mars also said , in the interview , that he finds it difficult to perform the song ; saying : `` You 're bringing up all these old emotions again , '' and that : `` It 's just like bleeding ! '' For Andrew Unterberger of Pop Dust , the song `` starts out dangerously close to ' Drops of Jupiter ' territory , but luckily , there are no fried chicken or soy latte lyrics to be found here . '' He also noted that , `` ' When I Was Your Man ' goes minimal with the musical accompaniment , featuring just Bruno and his piano , sounding halfway between an Alicia Keys ballad and Prince 's ' How Come U Do n't Call Me Anymore ? ' . '' Andy Gill of The Independent called it a `` McCartney-esque piano ballad . '' Melinda Newman of HitFix thought that the song `` sounds like a cross between Stevie Wonder and Elton John , '' also seeing `` a touch of Michael Jackson '' in his delivery . Sam Lansky of Idolator agreed , writing that `` while evoking Elton John , the track sounds like it was recorded live in a piano bar , with audible background noise , like the spooling of film on a projector . '' Robert Copsey of Digital Spy said that Mars lists everything he should have done for the one he loved before she broke up with him . Release ( edit ) `` When I Was Your Man '' was released as the third and final promotional single taken from Unorthodox Jukebox , on December 3 , 2012 . Later , it was reported by Mars that `` Young Girls '' was scheduled to be the second single from the album . However , a week later , while performing `` When I Was Your Man '' on a TV show , he announced that it would be the second official single from the album . To confirm the news , Mediabase also published that the song will be soon released to radio stations . `` When I Was Your Man '' was released as the second single from Unorthodox Jukebox . Atlantic Records serviced the song to mainstream radio in the United States on January 15 , 2013 . The single was released on the United Kingdom on February 10 , 2013 via digital download by Atlantic Records . On March 8 , 2013 , Warner Music Group sent the song to mainstream radio in Italy . It was released as a CD single in Germany , Austria , and Switzerland on April 5 , 2013 . Reception ( edit ) Critical ( edit ) The song has received generally positive reviews from most music critics . Sam Lanksy of Idolator gave the song a favorable review , calling it `` an emotional ballad that shows off Mars ' sweet vocals . '' Lansky also praised it , naming it `` another exceptional offering from Unorthodox Jukebox , which is shaping up to be one of the year 's best pop releases . '' Andrew Unterberger of Pop Dust gave the song a rating of 3.5 out of 5 stars , commenting that ' When I Was Your Man ' is `` a much more satisfying , less ostentatious ballad than ' Young Girls ' -- though maybe the lyrics are a little too clichéd to result in a classic soul ballad the way Bruno seems to be going for . '' However , he praised Mars , which according to him , `` nobody puts a song like this over quite like him , and when he hits the big high note on the song 's bridge , it 's about as striking a moment as you 're likely to hear on a pop record this year . It might be a little too perfect to be as devastating as a song like ' Someone Like You ' , but it might be a big hit just the same , and it 's guaranteed to absolutely slay in a live set . '' Melissa Maerz of Entertainment Weekly was positive , writing that `` Old - school charm still gets Mars the furthest , and the best thing here is the classic torch song ' When I Was Your Man ' , which finds him at the piano listing all the ways he wronged an ex . ' Caused a good , strong woman like you to walk out my life , ' he cries in his Sinatra - smooth tenor , oozing charm . Maybe he 's a jerk . But he 's the jerk that girl 's going home with tonight . '' Jon Caramanica of The New York Times commented that `` The piano tells it all on this song , which is one of the most certain on the album . '' Later , he stated , `` If this is n't the beginning of the Billy Joel comeback , people should lose their jobs . '' Jason Lipshut of Billboard wrote that `` it will make for a killer lighters - in - the - air moment in concert . Although it 's not quite an Alicia Keys-esque powerhouse , ' When I Was Your Man ' smartly allows Mars to momentarily remove his fedora and bare his soul . '' The Arizona Republic 's Ed Masley viewed `` When I Was Your Man '' as one of Unorthodox Jukebox best tracks and described it as `` stripped - down soul '' . Jim Farber of New York Daily News wrote that in the ballad , `` he matches his bravura performance to a tune stirring enough to inspire aspiring stars on the ' X Factor / Idol ' axis for years to come . '' Melinda Newman of HitFix called it a `` beautiful piano ballad , '' writing that `` There 's not a lot of embellishment , there are no samples and there is not a wasted note . '' Sandy Cohen of The Huffington Post wrote that `` Mars is at his best on the bare piano ballad ' When I Was Your Man ' . '' Andrew Chan of Slant Magazine gave a mixed review for the song , writing that `` his melody and lyrics end up sounding as slight as they did before -- an embarrassment for an artist who 's staked so much of his image on sturdy , old - fashioned songcraft . '' Digital Spy 's Robert Copsey preferred `` Locked Out of Heaven '' to `` When I Was Your Man '' , despite being `` a kind gesture and all '' . Awards and recognition ( edit ) `` When I Was Your Man '' won `` Favorite Hit '' at the 2013 Premios Juventud and was nominated for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards , and for Favorite Song at the 2014 People 's Choice Awards . The ballad was nominated for Break - Up Song at the 2013 Teen Choice Awards . The song was one of the several winners of the 2014 ASCAP Pop Music Awards for Most Performed Song . It was the fourth most played song on radio , the eighth most played on Top 40 and the eighth most played on Adult Contemporary radios , according to Nielsen SoundScan Mediabase ranked the song as the 15th most played on Top 40 radio stations in 2013 . In the UK , `` When I Was Your Man '' was the tenth pop track most played in 2013 . Chart performance ( edit ) North america ( edit ) `` When I Was Your Man '' was released on iTunes as a promotional single , leading the song to debut at number 69 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . His performance on The Voice re-entered the song at number 62 . `` When I Was Your Man '' entered the top 10 the week of February 13 , 2013 , charting at number 9 , becoming Mars ' 10th top 10 single . At that time , `` Locked Out of Heaven '' was at number 2 , and thus Mars became the first male artist to place two titles as a lead act in the Hot 100 's top 10 simultaneously since `` Grenade '' and `` Just the Way You Are '' doubled up for eight consecutive weeks . On February 27 , 2013 , the song jumped from number 8 to number 3 on the Hot 100 with `` Airplay Gainer '' honors for a seventh week in a row , tying it with Rihanna 's `` Rude Boy '' ( 2010 ) , T - Pain 's `` Buy U a Drank ( Shawty Snappin ' ) , '' featuring Yung Joc ( 2007 ) , and Beyonce 's `` Baby Boy , '' featuring Sean Paul ( 2003 ) , for the longest streak dating to the award 's 1985 launch . The song reached number 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , in its 16th week after being discounted to 69 cents on the iTunes music store , making it Mars ' slowest - peaking single . It also became the second number 1 song in the chart 's to feature exclusively piano and vocals . Mars , Adele and John Legend are the only who have been able to achieve this feat . With `` When I Was Your Man '' topping the Hot 100 , Mars reached the same mark as Diddy , Ludacris , Prince and Lionel Richie . Elvis Presley was the only male who reached five leaders more quickly than Mars . It stayed at number one for one week , before being replaced by P ! nk 's `` Just Give Me a Reason . '' On the Radio Songs chart , `` When I Was Your Man '' peaked at number one , becoming Mars ' fifth number 1 on the Radio Songs . Among men , Mars ties 50 Cent and trails only Usher ( seven No. 1s ) , Ludacris and Kanye West ( six ) since the chart 's 1990 start . Mariah Carey leads with 11 Radio Songs No. 1s . On the Mainstream Top 40 chart , `` When I Was Your Man '' peaked at number 1 , giving Mars the highest total among solo males of number one songs ( six ) on the chart ( only Katy Perry and Rihanna lead all acts with eleven number one 's each ) . After a year , Justin Timberlake 's `` Not a Bad Thing '' passed Mars for most number one songs on the Mainstream Top 40 . The song reached its one million downloads in the United States on February 27 , 2013 . It became the ninth best - selling song of 2013 in the US with 3,928,000 downloads sold . As of January 2014 , it has sold over 4,123,000 downloads in the US . On the Canadian Hot 100 chart , the song was a success by peaking at number 3 on March 23 , 2013 , and by having spent 32 weeks on the chart . `` When I Was Your Man '' topped the Canadian CHR / Top 40 and Hot AC charts . It was kept from the top spot on Canada AC . It was certified four times platinum by the Music Canada , indicating shipment of 320,000 copies . International ( edit ) `` When I Was Your Man '' peaked at number 2 , in the United Kingdom . The song was certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , denoting sales of 600,000 copies . On the Danish Singles Chart , `` When I Was Your Man '' debuted at number 23 on February 15 , 2013 . The song reached a high point of number 4 on March 8 , 2013 , and on March 22 , 2013 , it was certified double - platinum by the IFPI Denmark , indicating streams of 3,600,000 . `` When I Was Your Man '' entered the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 26 on January 1 , 2013 . After three weeks the song jumped in the top ten , to number 4 , remaining for two non-consecutive weeks , becoming its highest peak . The single has received a double - platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand , denoting sales of 30,000 copies . In Australia , the song debuted at number 44 on the ARIA Charts week of December 23 , 2012 . Later , it jumped to number 21 . In its third week , it dropped to number 29 , however , in its fourth week , the song climbed to number 18 , becoming his eighth top - twenty single in Australia . In its fifth week , the song gave a huge climb to number 6 , becoming his sixth top - ten single in Australia . In South Korea , the song peaked at number 7 on the `` International Download Chart '' . In 2012 , the single sold 38,178 copies and in 2013 it was able to sell 258,106 . Overall , the single sold 296,284 copies in both years . Worldwide , it was the eighth best selling digital single of 2013 with sales of 8.3 million copies As of January 2016 , the song has sold 8 , 9 million copies worldwide . Live performances ( edit ) `` When I Was Your Man '' was performed live for the first time on the season three finale of US The Voice . Mars performed the song with two piano players and no stage production except for blue lighting . Unlike , most performers he did not sing with a contestant from the show . Rap - Up considered that Mars `` rocked the stage '' during his performance , while EW 's Hillary Bussis found the crowd to `` go crazy '' because of his lyrics or persuading Mars `` to ditch those Cee Lo shades '' . He also performed the song on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on January 10 , 2013 . The performance had Mars with piano accompaniment . Kyle McGovern of Spin wrote that `` he swells and contracts with every new regret and heartbroken epiphany . '' McGovern also stated , `` Mars might still be locked out of heaven , but it sounds like he 's getting closer to the angels . '' `` When I Was Your Man '' was performed at The Jonathan Ross Show after an interview , on March 3 , 2013 . The song was performed at season five the finale of Let 's Dance for Comic Relief , on March 9 , 2013 . On April 3 , 2014 , Mars performed the song live on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . Carl Williott called the performance `` flawless '' . It was sung on the show Vivement Dimanche , on April 7 , 2013 . On May 26 , 2013 , the single was performed at the Radio 1 's Big Weekend . It was the twelfth song of his second and third worldwide tours , The Moonshine Jungle Tour ( 2013 - 2015 ) and 24K Magic World Tour ( 2017 - 2018 ) , respectively . Cover versions and usage in Media ( edit ) In 2013 , The Voice UK contestant Mike Ward performed the song during the competition . A studio version of his performance was released and peaked at number 60 in the UK Singles Chart . Country singer Thomas Rhett recorded a cover of the song as a ' thank - you ' to fans . The song was released for sale on February 3 , 2015 and it debuted at No. 27 on the Hot Country Songs chart and despite failing to reach the Billboard Hot 100 , it peaked inside of the Bubbling Under Hot 100 , which acts as an extension of the former chart , peaking at number 7 there . `` When I Was Your Man '' was included on the soundtrack of the Brazilian soap opera Amor à Vida . Music video ( edit ) Development and synopsis ( edit ) The music video of the song was directed by Cameron Duddy and Mars , and was released February 5 , 2013 . The video portrays the taping of a TV special , in which Mars is playing a lonely balladeer on the ivories while sitting in front of a piano with sunglasses donned and a half - full glass of whiskey atop his instrument , wearing a suit with a carnation boutonnière , while he keeps reminding himself of what he could have done to keep his lover . The video is based on 70 's vibe and retro effects . The set and the idea of the video is similar to one used for `` Love in the Key of C '' , a 1997 Belinda Carlisle minor hit . Reception ( edit ) Rolling Stone , called the video `` powerful '' and a found `` the final crescendo reaching a breaking point of true sorrow '' . Chris Payne , from Billboard called the music video `` somber '' . Nicole Sia of Spin praised `` the song 's visual '' . According to Lansky of Idolator , `` the clip , which is basically just Mars ... sitting and singing at the piano ... works '' . He continued , `` While he certainly could have gone for something a little more high - concept , the clip 's elegant framing just draws attention to ... the song '' . Track listing ( edit ) Promotional CD single `` When I Was Your Man '' -- 3 : 34 Official CD single `` When I Was Your Man '' -- 3 : 36 `` Locked Out of Heaven '' ( Cazzette 's Answering Machine Mix ) -- 5 : 04 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Recording Recorded at : Daptone Studios in Brooklyn , New York and Levcon Studios in Los Angeles , California ; mixed at Larrabee Sound Studios in North Hollywood , California . Personnel Bruno Mars -- lead vocals , songwriting , piano Philip Lawrence -- songwriting Andrew Wyatt -- songwriting The Smeezingtons -- production Ari Levine -- songwriting , recording Charles Moniz -- additional engineer Manny Marroquin -- mixing David Kutch -- mastering Credits adapted from the liner notes of Unorthodox Jukebox , Atlantic Records Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 - 2014 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 13 Brazil ( Crowley Broadcast Analysis ) 9 Brazil Hot Pop Songs Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 13 France ( SNEP ) 9 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 23 Iceland ( RÚV ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 13 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 60 Lebanon ( The Official Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 7 Mexico Top Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 6 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 8 Portugal ( Billboard ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 10 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) South Africa ( EMA ) 7 South Korea International Singles ( Gaon ) 7 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 22 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 16 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 12 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 19 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Venezuela Pop / Rock General ( Record Report ) Other versions ( edit ) Mike Ward version Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 60 Thomas Rhett version Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 7 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 27 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 - 2014 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 33 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 32 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 13 Germany ( Media Control AG ) 89 Ireland ( IRMA ) 18 Italy ( FIMI ) 51 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 31 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 52 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 50 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 14 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 14 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 4 × Platinum 320,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 15,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 75,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 150,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) 2 × Platinum 120,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 6,000,000 Venezuela ( APFV ) Platinum 10,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 2 × Platinum 3,600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Promotional release ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . Worldwide December 3 , 2012 Digital download ( iTunes countdown single ) Atlantic Single release ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . United States January 15 , 2013 Mainstream radio Atlantic United Kingdom February 10 , 2013 Digital download Italy March 8 , 2013 Mainstream radio Warner Germany April 5 , 2013 CD single Atlantic Austria Switzerland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Diehl , Matt ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` Bruno Mars and Diplo Hit Paris Strip Club for ' Unorthodox ' Inspiration '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' When I Was Your Man ' - Bruno Mars Latest News '' . Bruno Mars . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ LeDonne , Rob ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Philip Lawrence : Bruno Mars ' Right Hand Man Goes Solo '' . American Songwriter . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Unorthodox Jukebox ( CD booklet ) . Bruno Mars . United States : Atlantic Records . 2012 . 533064 - 2 . 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Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' . VG - lista . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs - Peak '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201324 into search . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2013 - 05 - 21 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Rock General '' . Record Report ( in Spanish ) . R.R. Digital C.A. 2013 - 04 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` End Of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2013 '' . ARIA . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` JAAROVERZICHTEN 2013 : Singles '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop ( NL ) . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RAPPORTS ANNUELS 2013 : Singles '' ( in French ) . Ultratop ( WA ) . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 : Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Gobal Media . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles Jahrescharts 2013 '' ( in German ) . VIVA . Viacom International Media Networks . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 '' . IRMA . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I singoli più venduti del 2013 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` JAAROVERZICHTEN 2013 : Singles '' ( in Dutch ) . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2013 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2013 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2016 . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2013 '' . hitparade.ch . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lane , Daniel ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles Of 2013 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 - Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 - Adult Contemporany Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 - Adult Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2013 Singles '' . ARIA Charts . Australia : Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2013 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Bruno Mars ; ' When I Was Your Man ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` Photos de Certificados Musicales Amprofon '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Bruno Mars ; ' When I Was Your Man ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Enter When I Was Your Man in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ APFV ( November 30 , 2013 ) . `` Certificaciones De Venezuela Del 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . APFV . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer - Bruno Mars - When I Was Your Man '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics When I Was Your Man ( Audio ) on YouTube ( hide ) Bruno Mars songs Discography Videography Awards and nominations Songs written Doo - Wops & Hooligans `` Just the Way You Are '' `` Grenade '' `` The Lazy Song '' `` Talking to the Moon '' `` Marry You '' `` Count On Me '' Unorthodox Jukebox `` Locked Out of Heaven '' `` When I Was Your Man '' `` Treasure '' `` Gorilla '' `` Young Girls '' 24K Magic `` 24K Magic '' `` That 's What I Like '' `` Versace on the Floor '' `` Chunky '' `` Finesse '' Featured singles `` Nothin ' on You '' `` Billionaire '' `` Lighters '' `` Young , Wild & Free '' `` Mirror '' `` Bubble Butt '' `` Uptown Funk '' Other singles `` It Will Rain '' Promotional singles `` Liquor Store Blues '' `` Moonshine '' Other songs `` Runaway Baby '' Book Template Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_I_Was_Your_Man&oldid=828651175 '' Categories : 2010s ballads 2012 songs 2013 singles 2013 songs Atlantic Records singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Bruno Mars songs Song recordings produced by The Smeezingtons Songs written by Andrew Wyatt Songs written by Ari Levine Songs written by Bruno Mars Songs written by Philip Lawrence ( songwriter ) Pop ballads Torch songs Soul ballads Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Русский Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 March 2018 , at 22 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings the song when i was your man	[ "\"When I Was Your Man\" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Bruno Mars for his second studio album, Unorthodox Jukebox (2012). Atlantic Records released the song as the third promotional single and as the second official single, taken from the album, to mainstream radio in the United States on January 15, 2013. \"When I Was Your Man\" was written by Bruno Mars, Philip Lawrence, Ari Levine and Andrew Wyatt; with Mars, Lawrence and Levine credited for composing the song as well." ]	[ "Bruno Mars" ]
3192419018685498544	(I've Had) The Time of My Life	( I 've Had ) the Time of My Life - wikipedia ( I 've Had ) the Time of My Life Jump to : navigation , search `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Single by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes from the album Dirty Dancing B - side `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia Released September 1987 Format 7 '' single 12 '' maxi cassette CD single Recorded Length 4 : 47 ( LP and single version ) 6 : 46 ( extended version ) Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) John DeNicola Donald Markowitz Franke Previte Producer ( s ) Michael Lloyd Music video `` ( I 've Had ) The Time Of My Life '' on YouTube Alternative cover 7 '' - U.S. `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' is a 1987 song composed by Franke Previte , John DeNicola , and Donald Markowitz . It was recorded by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes , and used as the theme song for the 1987 film Dirty Dancing . The song has won a number of awards , including an Academy Award for `` Best Original Song '' , a Golden Globe Award for `` Best Original Song '' , and a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Music video 3 Chart performance 4 Awards 5 Cover versions and samples 6 Formats and track listings 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Certifications 8 See also 9 References History ( edit ) Singer - songwriter Previte was the lead singer of the band Franke and the Knockouts . He had success with the song `` Sweetheart '' in 1981 , but by 1986 was without a recording contract . In late 1986 or early 1987 , producer and head of Millennium Records , Jimmy Ienner , asked Previte about writing some music for `` a little movie called Dirty Dancing '' . Previte initially turned the request down because he was still trying to get a record deal , but Ienner was persistent , and got Previte to write several songs for the film , including `` Hungry Eyes '' , later recorded by singer Eric Carmen , which also became a top 10 hit . Previte wrote the lyrics , and the music was written by John DeNicola and Don Markowitz . After getting further approval , Previte created a demo of the song , performing on it himself , along with singer Rachele Cappelli . The demo showcased how the harmonies were to be used , employing a `` cold open '' , or a slow build - up of the song to its finale . This demo was n't used in the final cut of the film − the more polished version with Warnes and Medley was . However , because the Warnes / Medley track was not ready by the time the finale was filmed ( it was shot first , due to the tight budget ) , Previte and Capelli 's much lighter and more youthful version was used as a backing track , so that the actors , Patrick Swayze and Jennifer Grey , and the dancers , could have something to dance to ( Swayze had later remarked it was his favorite version , even including all the subsequent remakes ) . The demo version finally appeared on the 1998 CD reissue of Previte 's 1981 album Franke and the Knockouts , but is only listed as `` Bonus Track '' . The song was initially intended for Donna Summer and Joe Esposito , but they turned it down . Bill Medley was approached by Jimmy Ienner repeatedly over two months to do the recording , but he also turned it down because his daughter McKenna was due to be born , and he had promised his wife he would be there . After the birth of his daughter , Medley was approached again , because Jennifer Warnes had indicated she would record the song if she could do the duet with Medley . Medley then agreed to record the track . With the release of the film it became a worldwide hit , and is one of the most frequently played songs on radio . A song by Lionel Richie was initially planned to be used as the finale of Dirty Dancing , but choreographer Kenny Ortega and his assistant Miranda Garrison ( who also played Vivian in the film ) selected `` The Time of My Life '' instead . Music video ( edit ) A music video was produced for this song in October 1987 . The video features several couples dancing like in the movie , and it also featured clips from it . Chart performance ( edit ) In the United States , the single topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart in November 1987 for one week and also reached number one on the Adult Contemporary for four weeks . In the United Kingdom the song had two chart outings : in November 1987 , after the film 's initial release , the song peaked at No. 6 ; in January 1991 , after the film was shown on mainstream television , the song reached No. 8 . Awards ( edit ) Academy Award for Best Original Song , 1987 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals , 1988 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , 1988 ASCAP `` Most Performed Songs from Motion Pictures '' and `` ASCAP Songwriter Of The Year '' for its writer . In 2004 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey placed it # 86 among the top tunes in American cinema . Cover versions and samples ( edit ) In 2003 , the top 11 contestants of the first season of Canadian Idol performed it as a group number during the season finale . The song was covered in 2004 by Carmen & Piero and their version features on Best of Mundart and Duets . Taylor Hicks and Katharine McPhee performed a version as their final duet during the fifth - season finale of American Idol in 2006 . The song was covered in 2006 by British glamour model Katie Price and her then - husband , pop singer Peter Andre . The track is included on their 2006 album of duets A Whole New World . In 2007 , the song was performed by British girl group Girls Aloud on their concert The Greatest Hits Tour ( Girls Aloud ) The 2007 compilation Over The Rainbow featured a cover of the song by Jermaine Jackson and R&B / dance music singer Jocelyn Brown . Barry Manilow covered the song on his 2008 album of cover songs , The Greatest Songs of the Eighties . The song appeared on the Fox series Glee in the second - season episode `` Special Education '' . It was sung by Quinn ( Dianna Agron ) & Sam ( Chord Overstreet ) as the opening ballad at Sectionals . It is also featured on the soundtrack Glee : The Music , Volume 4 . Sam Milby and Toni Gonzaga covered this song on their 2009 album Love Duets . In 2009 , Namibian singer Nianell and South African singer Dozi included a version on their duet covers album It Takes Two . In 2010 , The Black Eyed Peas sampled the chorus in their song , `` The Time ( Dirty Bit ) '' ( from the album The Beginning ) , with the line `` Yes , I swear it 's the truth '' changed to `` And I swear this is true '' . The song 's original recording is a regular staple at live shows of the Norwegian electro rock band , Datarock , and is frequently performed as a sing - along by band and audience . In 2011 , Kris Lawrence and Kyla record their version for the show Time of My Life as the show 's theme song . The song has also been used as a commercial jingle for Sandals Resorts . German jazz - metal band Panzerballett covered this song in their 2012 album Tank Goodness . This song was covered by the Strictly Come Dancing band and singers , led by David Arch , in 2012 , as the backing for gymnast Louis Smith and professional dancer Flavia Cacace 's salsa in week 3 and the first part of the final . In the Major Crimes episode `` There 's No Place Like Home '' , a suspect 's alibi was that he was doing the song karaoke . The Major Crimes squad watched his performance for a minute but quickly shut it off when the suspect started dancing . At the end of the episode , the credits were played over a scene of the man singing and dancing to the song with a partner rather than the regular black screen . In 2014 , the song was recorded by Kerry Ellis and Joe McElderry for Ellis ' self - titled album . In 2015 , on the 21th season of U.S reality / competition show Dancing with the Stars wildlife expert Bindi Irwin and her dance partner Derek Hough danced the rumba to it on week 6 and got the highest score of the night . In 2016 , Jodie Sweetin and Macy Gray covered the song in the third episode of Fuller House `` Funner House '' while Candace Cameron Bure and Andrea Barber danced to `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' in the same episode . In 2016 , The Netherlands LuckyTV released a video that lip - synched the second Clinton - Trump presidential debate to the song so that it looked like Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton were singing a duet . The video later went viral on YouTube , with approximately 777,000 views in the first day . British rock band The Darkness play the song after their gigs are finished . In 2017 , during the credits of the Bob 's Burgers episode `` Thelma & Louise Except Thelma is Linda '' , Teddy ( Larry Murphy ) and Bob ( H. Jon Benjamin ) sing it . Formats and track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( 4 : 47 ) `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia ( 2 : 52 ) 12 '' maxi and CD single `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( 4 : 47 ) `` In the Still of the Night '' by The Five Satins ( 2 : 59 ) `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia ( 2 : 53 ) `` Overload '' by Zappacosta ( 3 : 39 ) Cassette `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( 4 : 47 ) `` In the Still of the Night '' by The Five Satins ( 2 : 59 ) `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia ( 2 : 53 ) `` Overload '' by Zappacosta ( 3 : 39 ) Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 12 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 17 Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 5 Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 48 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 40 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart 28 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart Dutch Top 40 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Date Sales certified Australia Gold 50,000 Canada Gold January 12 , 1988 50,000 Netherlands Platinum 60,000 U.S. Gold February 24 , 1989 500,000 See also ( edit ) The Time ( Dirty Bit ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1987 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1987 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1980s List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 1988 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 136 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Robert Dye ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` The Times In His Life : A Q&A With Franke Previte '' . American Songwriter . ^ Jump up to : `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes '' . Song Facts . Jump up ^ Bill Medley ( April 24 , 2014 ) . The Time of My Life : A Righteous Brother 's Memoir . Da Capo Press . pp. 138 -- 139 . ISBN 978 - 0306823169 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 167 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 359 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` John DeNicola Bio '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Best of Mundart and Duets , track listings and charts Lescharts.com ( Retrieved July 25 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Sam Milby and Toni Gonzaga -- I 've had the time of my life Cover https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRABcfKRnLQ Jump up ^ `` Retrieved 7 January 2014 '' . Kalahari.com. 2011 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Kerry Ellis by Kerry Ellis on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Spata , Christopher ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` Watch Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton Sing ' Time of My Life ' During the Presidential Debate '' . Complex . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ernst , Douglas ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump , Hillary Clinton ' ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life ' debate video goes viral '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . ^ Jump up to : Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie ( Retrieved April 7 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Bill Medley : Artist Chart History '' Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Medley -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Bill Medley . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Medley -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Bill Medley . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( 1990 issue ) , UK Singles Chart . Chartstats.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 1988 Australian Singles Chart . aria.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 1988 Austrian Singles Chart Austriancharts.at . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Belgian Flanders Singles Chart '' ( in Dutch ) . ultratop.be . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Single top 100 over 1988 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . cria.ca . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Canada certifications Archived 2009 - 04 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... cria.ca . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dutch certifications . nvpi.nl . Retrieved December 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ U.S. certifications Archived 2015 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... riaa.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Bill Medley Albums Damn Near Righteous Singles `` Statue of a Fool '' `` Do n't Know Much '' `` I Still Do '' `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Portal : R&B and Soul Music Jennifer Warnes Studio albums Jennifer Jennifer Warnes Shot Through the Heart Famous Blue Raincoat The Hunter The Well Singles `` Easy to Be Hard '' `` Right Time of the Night '' `` Do n't Make Me Over '' `` It Goes Like It Goes '' `` Up Where We Belong '' `` All the Right Moves '' `` First We Take Manhattan '' `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Compilations Best of Jennifer Warnes Love Lifts Us Up : A Collection 1968 - 83 Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and Lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and Lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and Lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and Lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(I%27ve_Had)_The_Time_of_My_Life&oldid=800206733 '' Categories : 1987 singles 1992 singles Bill Medley songs Jennifer Warnes songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Dutch Top 40 number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs Songs from Dirty Dancing Vocal duets 1987 songs Songs written by Franke Previte Songs written by John DeNicola Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Русский Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 02 : 33 . 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About Wikipedia	who sang time of my life in dirty dancing	[ "\"(I've Had) The Time of My Life\" is a 1987 song composed by Franke Previte, John DeNicola, and Donald Markowitz.[1] It was recorded by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes, and used as the theme song for the 1987 film Dirty Dancing.[1] The song has won a number of awards, including an Academy Award for \"Best Original Song\", a Golden Globe Award for \"Best Original Song\", and a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.", "\"(I've Had) The Time of My Life\" is a 1987 song composed by Franke Previte, John DeNicola, and Donald Markowitz.[1] It was recorded by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes, and used as the theme song for the 1987 film Dirty Dancing.[1] The song has won a number of awards, including an Academy Award for \"Best Original Song\", a Golden Globe Award for \"Best Original Song\", and a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals." ]	[ "Bill Medley", "Jennifer Warnes" ]
3137731898448079492	Star Trek: Discovery	Star Trek : Discovery - wikipedia Star Trek : Discovery Jump to : navigation , search Star Trek : Discovery Genre Science fiction Adventure Drama Created by Bryan Fuller Alex Kurtzman Based on Star Trek by Gene Roddenberry Starring Sonequa Martin - Green Doug Jones Shazad Latif Anthony Rapp Mary Wiseman Jason Isaacs Composer ( s ) Jeff Russo Alexander Courage ( original theme ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 8 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bryan Fuller David Semel ( 1x01 ) Eugene Roddenberry Trevor Roth Akiva Goldsman Heather Kadin Gretchen J. Berg Aaron Harberts Alex Kurtzman Producer ( s ) Geoffrey Hemwall April Nocifora Aaron Baiers Jill Danton Nicholas Meyer ( consulting ) Craig Sweeny ( consulting ) Location ( s ) Toronto Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Colin Hoult Production company ( s ) Secret Hideout Roddenberry Entertainment Living Dead Guy Productions CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution Budget US $8 -- 8.5 million per episode Release Original network CBS ( 1x01 ) CBS All Access Original release September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Preceded by Star Trek : Enterprise Related shows Star Trek TV series External links Star Trek : Discovery - CBS.com www.cbs.com/shows/star-trek-discovery/ Star Trek : Discovery is an American television series created for CBS All Access by Bryan Fuller and Alex Kurtzman . It is the first series developed specifically for that service , and the first Star Trek series since Star Trek : Enterprise concluded in 2005 . Set roughly a decade before the events of the original Star Trek series and separate from the timeline of the concurrently produced feature films , Discovery explores the Federation -- Klingon war while following the crew of the USS Discovery . Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts serve as showrunners on the series , with producing support from Akiva Goldsman . Sonequa Martin - Green stars as Michael Burnham , a science specialist on the USS Discovery . Doug Jones , Shazad Latif , Anthony Rapp , Mary Wiseman , and Jason Isaacs also star . The new series was announced in November 2015 , with Fuller joining as showrunner and wanting to make an anthology series . CBS asked him to make a single , serialized show first , with the prequel to the original series idea further developed . After further disagreements with CBS and struggles with other commitments , Fuller left the series in October 2016 , replaced as showrunner by Berg and Harberts . Star Trek : Discovery premiered on September 19 , 2017 , at ArcLight Hollywood , before debuting on CBS and All Access on September 24 . The rest of the 15 - episode first season are streaming weekly on All Access . The series ' release led to record subscriptions for All Access , and positive reviews from critics who highlighted Martin - Green 's performance . A second season was ordered in October 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Design 4.5 Filming 4.6 Visual effects 4.7 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings and viewership 6.2 Critical response 7 Other media 7.1 After Trek 7.2 Publishing 7.2. 1 Novels 7.2. 2 Comics 7.3 Star Trek Timelines 8 References 8.1 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links Premise ( edit ) Set roughly ten years before the events of Star Trek : The Original Series , the show sees the united Klingon houses in a war with the United Federation of Planets that involves the crew of the USS Discovery . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Star Trek : Discovery characters Sonequa Martin - Green as Michael Burnham : A Science Specialist on USS Discovery . Burnham was First Officer of the USS Shenzhou , where she was referred to as `` Number One '' to honor the character of the same name portrayed by Majel Barrett in the original Star Trek pilot `` The Cage '' . Burnham is a human who was raised following Vulcan culture and traditions by Sarek , and was not made a starship captain , like the protagonists of previous Star Trek series , `` to see a character from a different perspective on the starship -- one who has different dynamic relationships with a captain , with subordinates , it gave us richer context '' . Fuller deliberately gave the character a traditionally male name , which he had done with the female leads of his previous series . Doug Jones as Saru : First Officer of the USS Discovery , Saru was previously Science Officer of the USS Shenzhou . Saru is the first Kelpien to enter Starfleet . Kelpiens , a new species created for Discovery , were hunted as prey on their home planet and thus evolved the ability to sense the coming of death , giving them a reputation for cowardice . Jones based Saru 's walk on that of a supermodel , out of necessity thanks to the boots he had to wear to portray the character 's hooved feet , forcing Jones to walk on the balls of his feet . The producers compared Saru to the characters Spock and Data from previous series . Shazad Latif as Ash Tyler : Chief of Security of the USS Discovery , Lieutenant Tyler was previously held as a prisoner of war by the Klingons . Latif was originally cast in the role of Kol . Latif noted that Tyler 's PTSD would be explored in the show as he attempts to return to his Starfleet life , calling Tyler `` a very complex and painful and deep character . '' The character explores these issues with different characters , including Lorca due to their shared military background , and Burnham with whom `` there 's a chemistry , a relationship '' . Anthony Rapp as Paul Stamets : A science officer specializing in astromycology ( the study of fungi in space ) . The character is inspired by a real - life mycologist of the same name . He is the first openly gay character in a Star Trek series , and the showrunners `` wanted to roll out that character 's sexuality the way people would roll out their sexuality in life . '' Rapp noted that Hikaru Sulu was portrayed as gay in the film Star Trek Beyond , calling that `` a nice nod . But in this case , we actually get to see me with my partner in conversation , in our living quarters , you get to see our relationship over time , treated as any other relationship would be treated '' . Mary Wiseman as Sylvia Tilly : A cadet in her final year at Starfleet Academy , assigned to the Discovery . She works under Stamets aboard the Discovery , where she becomes roommates with Burnham . The character was included to represent people `` at the very bottom of this ladder '' of the Starfleet hierarchy . She is `` the most optimistic ... has the biggest heart '' , and showrunner Aaron Harberts described her as `` sort of the soul of our show . '' Jason Isaacs as Gabriel Lorca : Captain of the Discovery , a `` brilliant military tactician '' . Isaacs described the character as `` probably more f-d up than any of '' the previously seen Star Trek captains . He plays the character with a slight southern U.S. accent , and had initially wanted to ad - lib a catchphrase for the character feeling that all Star Trek captains should have one , coming up with `` git'r done '' which the writers turned down due to it being widely used and trademarked by Larry the Cable Guy . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : Discovery ( season 1 ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Vulcan Hello '' David Semel Story by : Bryan Fuller & Alex Kurtzman Teleplay by : Akiva Goldsman & Bryan Fuller September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) `` Battle at the Binary Stars '' Adam Kane Story by : Bryan Fuller Teleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) `` Context Is for Kings '' Akiva Goldsman Story by : Bryan Fuller & Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts Teleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts & Craig Sweeny October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) `` The Butcher 's Knife Cares Not for the Lamb 's Cry '' Olatunde Osunsanmi Jesse Alexander & Aron Eli Coleite October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 5 `` Choose Your Pain '' Lee Rose Story by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts & Kemp Powers Teleplay by : Kemp Powers October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 6 `` Lethe '' Douglas Aarniokoski Joe Menosky & Ted Sullivan October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 7 `` Magic to Make the Sanest Man Go Mad '' David M. Barrett Aron Eli Coleite & Jesse Alexander October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 8 `` Si Vis Pacem , Para Bellum '' John S. Scott Kirsten Beyer November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 9 `` Into the Forest I Go '' TBA TBA November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) Jump up ^ The first episode had a special premiere on CBS alongside its release on CBS All Access . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On November 2 , 2015 , CBS announced a new Star Trek television series to premiere in January 2017 , `` on the heels '' of the original series ' 50th anniversary in 2016 . It is the first Star Trek series since Star Trek : Enterprise concluded in 2005 , and the first show to be developed specifically for the CBS All Access on demand service . Alex Kurtzman , co-writer of the films Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness , and Heather Kadin were set as executive producers on the series , which is `` not related '' to the 2016 film Star Trek Beyond . The January 2017 date was the earliest that CBS could release a new Star Trek series after an agreement the company made when it split with Viacom in 2005 . Showtime , Netflix , and Amazon Video all offered `` a lot of money '' for the rights to release the series , but after heavily investing in the new All Access service , CBS believed that a returning Star Trek could be `` the franchise that really puts All Access on the map '' and could earn more money in the long run . In January 2016 , CBS president Glenn Geller revealed that he and the CBS network were not involved in the production of the series , saying , `` It really is for All Access . While the network will be broadcasting the pilot , I actually ca n't answer any creative questions about it . '' The next month , Bryan Fuller , who began his career writing for the series Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and Star Trek : Voyager , was announced as the new series ' showrunner and co-creator alongside Kurtzman . Nicholas Meyer , writer and director of Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan and Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country , also joined the series as a writer and consulting producer . In March , Rod Roddenberry , the son of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry , and Trevor Roth of Roddenberry Entertainment also joined the series , as executive producers . Fuller said that working with people previously involved with Star Trek was `` really about making sure that we maintain authenticity '' , and said that Meyer -- who is widely considered to have made the best Star Trek film in The Wrath of Khan -- brings `` a clarity and a cleanliness to the storytelling . An ability to ground science - fiction in a relatable way , and also making sure that we 're telling character stories . '' Fuller had publicly called for Star Trek to return to television for years , particularly because of its impact on minority groups , as he explained , `` I could n't stop thinking about how many black people were inspired by seeing Nichelle Nichols on the bridge of a ship . I could n't stop thinking about how many Asian people were inspired by seeing George Takei and feeling that gave them hope for their place in the future . I wanted to be part of that representation for a new era . '' When Fuller first met with CBS about the series , the company did not have a plan for what the new show would be . He proposed an anthology series with each season being a standalone , serialized show set in a different era , beginning with a prequel to the original series , then stories set during the original series , during Star Trek : The Next Generation , and then `` beyond to a time in Trek that 's never been seen before '' . Fuller compared this to what American Horror Story did for horror , and described the proposal as a platform for `` a universe of Trek shows '' . CBS instead suggested a single serialized show to see how that performed first , and he began further developing the concept of a prequel to the original series . Fuller announced in June 2016 that the first season would consist of 13 episodes , though he would prefer to produce 10 episodes a season . A month later , Fuller announced the series ' title to be Star Trek : Discovery , and revealed that it would be set in the `` Prime Timeline '' ( which includes the previous Star Trek series , but not the modern reboot films ) to keep the concurrent series and films separate , so `` we do n't have to track anything ( happening in the films ) and they do n't have to track what we 're doing '' . Also in July , CBS Studios International licensed the series to Netflix for release outside the United States and Canada , a `` blockbuster '' deal that paid for the show 's entire budget ( around US $6 -- 7 million per episode ) . During pre-production on the series , Fuller and CBS continued to disagree on the direction of the show , which was starting to overrun its per - episode budget , and was falling behind schedule due to Fuller supervising all aspects of the series as well as another new show , American Gods . This caused frustration among CBS executives who felt Fuller should be focused on having Discovery ready for release by the January 2017 premiere date . By August 2016 , Fuller had hired Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts , who he had worked with on Pushing Daisies , to serve as co-showrunners with him . A month later , he and Kurtzman asked CBS to delay the series ' release so they could meet the high expectations for it , and the studio pushed the series premiere back to May 2017 . '' At the end of October , CBS asked Fuller to step down as showrunner , and announced a restructuring of the production : Berg and Harberts were made sole showrunners , working from a broad story arc and overall mythology established by Fuller ; Kurtzman and Fuller would continue as executive producers , but with Fuller moving his attention fully to American Gods ; and Akiva Goldsman would join the series in a supporting producer role , similar to the role he held on Fringe alongside Kurtzman . CBS reiterated that they were `` extremely happy with ( Fuller 's ) creative direction '' for the series , though some elements of the series that came directly from Fuller were dropped , including some designs and `` more heavily allegorical and complex story '' points . Fuller later confirmed that he was no longer involved with the series , but expressed interest in returning for future seasons . With production set to finally begin in January , `` a lot of careful deliberation ( was ) continuing to go into making Discovery special , from the choice of directors , to set design , to the special effects . '' Ted Sullivan also joined the series to serve as supervising writing producer . At CBS 's 2017 upfront presentation , CBS Interactive president Marc DeBevoise confirmed a `` fall '' release date for the series , and announced that the episode order for the first season had been expanded to 15 episodes . In June , CBS announced a new premiere date of September 24 , 2017 , with the season airing through November 2017 , and then beginning again in January 2018 . This break gave more time to complete post-production on the second half of the season . Also that month , Kurtzman said that he and Fuller had discussed future seasons before the latter 's departure , and promised that `` what 's there in terms of story and certainly in terms of set - up , character , big ideas , the big movement of the season , that 's all stuff that Bryan and I talked about '' and would not be altered . Goldsman said in August that the producers wanted `` a hybridized ( anthology ) approach . I do n't think we 're looking for an endless , continuing nine or 10 year story . We 're looking at arcs which will have characters that we know and characters that we do n't know . '' Kurtzman added that the success of Discovery could lead to other new Star Trek series that could potentially use the anthology format . By the end of August , Berg and Harberts had developed a `` road map '' for a second season , and `` the beginnings of one '' for a third . It was also revealed that an average episode of the first season had ultimately cost US $8 -- 8.5 million each , making it one of the most expensive television series ever and exceeding the original Netflix deal , though CBS still considered the series to be paid for already due to the number of new All Access subscribers that the show was expected to draw . After the series ' premiere , Kurtzman said that the producers wanted to avoid announcing release dates and having to delay those for any future seasons , due to the external pressure that caused with the first season , but that he hoped a second season would be available in early 2019 . The second season was officially ordered a month later in October 2017 . Writing ( edit ) `` The defining factor of Roddenberry 's vision is the optimistic view of the future ... Once you lose that , you lose the essence of what Star Trek is . That being said ... Star Trek has always been a mirror to the time it reflected and ( the topical question now ) is how do you preserve and protect what Starfleet is in the weight of a challenge like war and the things that have to be done in war . '' -- Executive producer Alex Kurtzman on the balance between classic Star Trek and new elements in Discovery The series ' writers are based in Los Angeles , and include `` fans who all have very different relationships to Trek , '' which Kurtzman said is `` a healthy thing and it 's a good thing '' . Fuller wanted to differentiate the series from the previous 700 + episodes of Star Trek by taking advantage of the streaming format of All Access and telling a single story arc across the entire first season . He and Kurtzman developed this story from `` so many elements of Star Trek '' , taking certain episodes of the original series and using their `` DNA '' to find `` the spirit of what Star Trek offers , both in terms of high - concept science fiction storytelling and really wonderful metaphors for the human condition '' . Berg said that the series ' writers `` are so in love with '' The Original Series , The Next Generation , and the family aspect of those series , while Harberts added that Meyer 's Star Trek films were an especial influence on Discovery because `` his storytelling is complex and intellectual and yet there 's a lot of room for character voices '' . The titular ship was named after Discovery One from 2001 : A Space Odyssey , NASA 's Space Shuttle Discovery , and `` the sense of discovery ... what ( that ) means to Star Trek audiences who have been promised a future by Gene Roddenberry where we come together as a planet and seek new worlds and new alien races to explore and understand and collaborate with '' . Fuller saw the series as a bridge between Enterprise and the original series -- which are set around 150 years apart -- but set much closer to the latter to allow the series to `` play with all the iconography of those ships and those uniforms '' . In May 2017 , Sullivan described the series as `` a genuine prequel '' to the original series , with Goldsman later adding that there were many classic Star Trek elements that fans among the writers wished to include in the series , but could n't because they were included in the original series as something being discovered by Starfleet for the first time then . The choice to feature a single serlialized story throughout the first season was inspired by the general change in television to tell more realistic and serialized stories rather than the `` new destination - based adventure each week '' format mostly used in previous Star Trek series . Fuller had been one of several writers during the 1990s pushing for Deep Space Nine and Voyager to move towards this style . Also inspired by modern , `` peak television '' series such as Game of Thrones was a willingness to kill off major characters for dramatic reasons , though the writers wanted to avoid doing so gratuitously or for `` shock value '' . Fuller said the series could `` push the content envelope since it wo n't be constrained by broadcast standards '' , but `` it 's still Star Trek . It will probably be slightly more graphic content ... I imagine we 're going to shoot scenes a couple of ways and see what feels more authentic in the editing room . '' Harberts ultimately described the series as a `` hard PG - 13 '' , saying the series could include `` some violent things or ( a ) tiny bit of language '' but they still wanted the show to be for families and to `` honor what the franchise is . '' On using time travel in the series , a plot device used in at least two episodes of every previous live - action Star Trek season , Fuller said that it had not yet been used for any episode by the end of August 2016 , and , `` You never know when you want to pull out that device but I am not anticipating an over-reliance on time travel to tell this season 's stories . '' The series ' writers also chose to ignore Gene Roddenberry 's longstanding rule that Starfleet crew members not have any significant conflict with one another or be depicted negatively ( a rule that Roddenberry himself did not always strictly follow ) . Harberts explained , `` We 're trying to do stories that are complicated , with characters with strong points of view and strong passions . People have to make mistakes -- mistakes are still going to be made in the future . We 're still going to argue in the future ... the thing we 're taking from Roddenberry is how we solve those conflicts . '' Because of the show 's position as a prequel to the original series , the producers felt it was more important for Discovery to build towards Roddenberry 's ideals , and to show that `` you ca n't simply be accepting and tolerant without working for it , and so this show is about that struggle . '' Casting ( edit ) Sonequa Martin - Green portrays the series ' protagonist , Michael Burnham By June 2016 , Fuller had met with several actors , and said that `` we want to carry on what Star Trek does best , which is being progressive . So it 's fascinating to look at all of these roles through a colorblind prism and a gender - blind prism '' . A month later , Kadin clarified that the series would feature minority , female , and LGBTQ characters . In August , Fuller said the series would feature `` about seven '' lead characters , and would star a lieutenant commander , rather than a starship captain like previous Star Trek series , to be played by a non-white actress . He said the series would also include more alien characters than other Star Trek series , and would feature at least one openly gay character . Fuller , who is gay himself , had been determined to see this happen since receiving hate mail while working on Voyager when a character on that show was rumored to be coming out as gay . By this time , Fuller had discussed the series ' casting with Mae Jemison , the first black woman in space ( who made a cameo appearance in an episode of The Next Generation ) . Fuller anticipated casting announcements in October 2016 , but none had been made by the end of that month . The majority of the series main characters were believed to have been cast by then , but no actress had been cast for the series ' lead role . This was a source of `` some internal stress '' at CBS . Several African American and Latina actresses were being looked at for the role , with CBS `` not seeking a huge star and ( preferring ) a fresh face for the part . '' In October , the cast was believed to include `` a female admiral , a male Klingon captain , a male admiral , a male adviser and a British male doctor '' , with one of those male leads played by an openly gay actor . The next month , Doug Jones and Anthony Rapp were revealed to be cast , as Science Officers Saru and Stamets , respectively . The former is a Kelpien , an alien race created for the series , while the latter is the first Star Trek character to be conceived and announced as gay . Sonequa Martin - Green was cast in the lead role in December , which was officially confirmed in April 2017 , with the character 's name revealed to be Michael Burnham . Also in December , Shazad Latif was cast as the Klingon Kol . In March 2017 , Jason Isaacs was cast as Captain Lorca of the USS Discovery , and Mary Wiseman joined as Tilly , a cadet . At the end of April , Latif was revealed to have been recast to the role of Starfleet Lieutenant Tyler . Design ( edit ) Mark Worthington and Todd Cherniawsky served as initial production designers for the series ; Gersha Phillips and Suttirat Anne Larlarb designed the costumes ; veteran Star Trek designer John Eaves designed starships , along with Scott Schneider ; and Glenn Hetrick and Neville Page of Alchemy Studios provided prosthetics , props , and armor . Page previously served as the concept and creature designer on the three `` Kelvin Timeline '' Star Trek films . The series also employed seven art directors , over nine illustrators , more than thirty - five set designers , and over four hundred and fifty painters , carpenters , sculptors , model makers , welders , set dressers , and prop builders . Fuller said on the general approach to design on the show , `` we 're producing the show in 2016 . We have to update the style of the effects , the style of the sets , the style of the makeup ... all of the other series have been produced ( at a time that ) is n't as sophisticated as we are now with what we can do production-wise , we 're going to be reestablishing an entire look for the series '' and for Star Trek moving forward . Fuller had wanted the series ' uniforms to reflect the primary colors of the original series , but this was discarded after his departure . However , Fuller 's designs for the Klingons , which he `` really , really wanted '' to redesign , were retained . 3D Systems ' `` cutting edge '' 3D printing techniques were widely used in the making of the series . For the prosthetics , Page and Hetrick took detailed laser scans of the actors so they could simulate make - up and prosthetics in a virtual environment before creating the practical version . Fabric for the Starfleet uniforms seen in the series were custom - dyed in Switzerland ; the costumes were cut and assembled in Toronto by Phillips and her department . The main uniforms seen in the series are a navy blue specifically mixed for the show , with gold or silver embellishments depending on the division of the officer . Medical officers wear a `` hospital white '' variant , also custom - dyed in Switzerland , while the captain 's uniform is the standard navy blue but with additional gold piping on the shoulders . Starfleet insignia badges were molded from silicon bronze , and then polished and plated by a jeweler to create custom colors for the series , based on the division of the officer wearing the uniform : gold for command , silver for sciences and medical , and copper for operations . Props such as tricorders and hand scanners , communicators , and phasers were produced with 3D printing and heavily inspired by their designs in the original Star Trek series . The design of the USS Discovery is based on an unused Ralph McQuarrie design for the USS Enterprise from the unproduced film Star Trek : Planet of the Titans , which Fuller had noted in July 2016 was `` to a point that we ca n't legally comment on it until ( our legal team ) figures out some things '' . McQuarrie 's designs were based on the concepts created by Ken Adam to feature a vessel with a flattened secondary hull . Fuller wanted `` something distinct about what our Star Trek was going to look '' like , and after seeing McQuarrie 's design `` saw sort of harder lines of a ship and started talking about race cars and Lamborghinis in the ' 70s and James Bond cars and started working on the designs , taking those inspirations and coming up with something completely unique to us . '' The design for the Discovery went through several revisions and refinements before the final version was approved in December 2016 . The sickbay on the Discovery was inspired by that of the Enterprise from the original series . Other Federation starships created for the show include the USS Shenzhou and the USS Europa . Sets for the Discovery 's interiors were described as a `` tangle of corridors and rooms '' , and were designed to match with the exterior design of the ship , so `` the rooms ( could believably ) fit inside the house '' , but there was some artistic license taken in places . The graphics used for the Starfleet computer systems were designed to be believably more advanced than modern technology , but to also `` honor the look and feel '' of the designs used in previous series . The initial colors allowed for the graphics were mostly restricted to blues , with the intention of these becoming more colorful the closer the series gets to the time period of the original series . Filming ( edit ) Star Trek : Discovery is filmed at Pinewood Toronto Studios , with Vincenzo Natali serving as producing director for the series . Some of the series ' sets took over six weeks to create , and new sets were being built up until the end of production of the season . Discovery took advantage of multiple soundstages at the studio , including the largest soundstage in North America . Some episodes for the show were filmed solely on existing sets , making them bottle episodes , though Harberts said the series would not do anything `` as bottle - y as ' everyone is stuck in the mess hall ! ' '' For the visual scope of the series , Kurtzman felt that the show had to `` justify being on a premium cable service '' . The showrunners were particularly inspired by Star Trek : The Motion Picture and its `` wider scope '' , with Harberts explaining that the series is shot in a 2 : 1 aspect ratio which `` just lends itself to a very lyrical way of telling the story . '' He added that some of the series ' visuals were influenced by the modern Star Trek films from J.J. Abrams . Some of these influences , per Goldsman , are `` the ability to be creative cinematically ... the intimate discourse , the humanistic storytelling with the giant canvas that is Star Trek . A more kinetic camera , a more dynamic way of existing , a much greater use of practical sets so when you 're running down a corridor , you 're running down a corridor . A sense of rhythm ... there is a sense of litheness , a kind of fluidity in the characterizations . '' The producers worked closely with pilot director David Semel to make the series look as cinematic as possible , including filming the bridge of Starfleet 's ships in such a way as `` not to shoot in a sort of proscenium box ... to be able to get the camera into spaces where , you know , to shoot it in interesting ways , which is a combination of choreographing a scene to motivate the camera moving , and also lighting . '' The cinematographers for the series wanted to emphasize on set sourcing , with lighting built in wherever it would naturally appear to help create a more realistic feel , and distance the series from the `` stage '' feel of the original series . The lighting could also be controlled to create completely different situations , such as the lighting of a Starfleet red alert . Harberts said that the cinematographers wanted the series to have a `` Rembrandt texture '' . Visual effects ( edit ) Visual effects producers were hired to begin work on the series during the initial writing period , with Fuller explaining that the series would require such things as `` digital augmentation on certain alien species '' and `` the transporter beams '' . He said , `` We 're trying to cultivate distinct looks for all of those things that are unique to our version of Star Trek and carry through the themes we love seeing in fifty years of Star Trek , but doing a slightly different approach . '' Pixomondo is the primary visual effects vendor for the series , with Spin VFX also working on the show . Kurtzman noted that the series utilizes multiple CG environments which take several months to properly render . The shuttle bay of the Discovery is completely computer - generated , with actors performing in front of a green screen for scenes in that environment ; using the digital set is more expensive than any other set created for the series , including the practically - built ones . Music ( edit ) The first teaser for the series featured music composed by Fil Eisler , which he `` threw together as an audition '' within three weeks . Before production on the series began , Charles Henri Avelange had also composed and recorded music for the series , which he described as `` a showcase for CBS '' . In July 2017 , Jeff Russo was announced as composer for the series . Russo recorded the series ' score with a 60 - piece orchestra . The show 's main theme incorporates elements from the original Star Trek theme . Release ( edit ) The first episode of Star Trek : Discovery aired in a `` preview broadcast '' on CBS in the United States on September 24 , as well as being made available with the second episode on CBS All Access . Subsequent first - run episodes , making up the first chapter of the season , will be streamed weekly on All Access through November 12 . The second chapter will begin streaming January 2018 . CBS Studios International licensed the series to Bell Media for broadcast in Canada , and to Netflix for another 188 countries . In Canada , the premiere was simulcast with CBS on September 24 , 2017 , on both the CTV Television Network and on the specialty channel Space before being streamed on CraveTV ; it was also broadcast in French on the specialty channel Z . Subsequent episodes will be released through Space , Z , and CraveTV , with Space airing each episode 30 minutes before it 's streamed on All Access . In the other countries , Netflix will release each episode of the series for streaming within 24 hours of its U.S. debut . This agreement also saw Bell Media and Netflix acquire all previous Star Trek series to stream in their entirety , and to broadcast on Bell Media television channels . Marketing ( edit ) The first full trailer for the series was released in May 2017 . Forbes 's Merrill Barr noted that the trailer was a good sign for many who believed the series would never be released following the many production setbacks and delays , saying , `` Having a legitimate trailer that can be watched over and over again brings signs of hope , particularly for fans that have been waiting over a year for this moment . Star Trek : Discovery is real , and now we have proof . '' Chris Harnick of E ! News described the trailer as `` gorgeous '' and `` truly cinematic '' , and because of the appearances of Sarek and the Klingons in the footage , `` this is the Star Trek you know and love . '' Aja Romano at Vox called the trailer 's visuals `` sumptuous '' and `` modern , but still very much in keeping with the aesthetic of previous Trek series '' . She continued , `` What gets short shrift in this trailer is the series ' overarching plot ... In any case , seeing the Klingons in all their combative glory feels a bit like coming home for Trek fans . '' Also in May , McFarlane Toys signed a toy license deal with CBS to produce `` figures , role play weapons and accessories '' for Discovery . CBS Consumer Products senior vice president Veronica Hart explained that McFarlane was chosen as the first licensee for the series because of its `` commitment to quality and dedication to fans '' . The deal will also see the company `` create merchandise from the entire Star Trek universe , ranging from the classic Star Trek : The Original Series to its popular movie franchise . '' The first merchandise produced under the deal are set for release in mid-2018 . Reception ( edit ) Ratings and viewership ( edit ) According to Nielsen Media Research , the CBS broadcast of the first episode was watched by a `` decent '' audience of 9.5 million viewers . The premiere of the series led to record subscriptions for All Access , with the service having its biggest day of signups , as well as its biggest week and month of signups thanks to the series . According to `` app analytics specialist '' App Annie , the premiere of the series also caused the number of downloads of the All Access mobile app to more than double , with revenue from the app for CBS doubling compared to the average in - app revenue during the previous 30 days . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 83 % approval rating for the first season , with an average rating of 7.13 / 10 based on 51 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Although it takes an episode to achieve liftoff , Star Trek : Discovery delivers a solid franchise installment for the next generation -- boldly led by the charismatic Sonequa Martin - Green . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 72 out of 100 based on 20 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Other Media ( edit ) After Trek ( edit ) Main article : After Trek By July 2016 , CBS was working on an aftershow companion series to Discovery similar in format to AMC 's Talking Dead , a companion to The Walking Dead . The show would air live after each episode of Discovery , and would feature `` guests , celebrity Trekkies , former Star Trek actors , along with cast members and crew '' from Discovery . The companion series was confirmed in 2017 , with the title After Trek and host Matt Mira . It is produced by Embassy Row in association with Roddenberry Entertainment . Publishing ( edit ) In September 2016 , Discovery writer Kirsten Beyer announced that CBS was working with IDW and Simon & Schuster to produce more content revolving around the setting of the series , starting with at least one novel and a comic series tied to the television show . Beyer , the writer of many Star Trek : Voyager novels , explained that she would work with fellow Star Trek novelist David Mack and Star Trek comic writer Mike Johnson to ensure that all three media `` are coming from the same place '' . The release of the books and comics was set to coincide with the series ' premiere . Mack described writing around the continuity of Discovery as `` tricky to get right '' , as the time period `` is light on detail and almost unique within the Star Trek continuity . That made it a challenge to represent that era faithfully while also staying true to the new elements being introduced '' in the new series . In August 2017 , Beyer explained the series ' writers ' intentions for the additional content , saying , `` We want to be able to take the story opportunities that we 're just frankly not going to have time to cover in the show , and go as deep into those into the various formats as we can . It 's not that you have to read these stories to understand everything , but the story will be incredibly enhanced if you do . '' Regarding whether this content would be considered canonical , Beyer said that the stories of the comics and novels are briefed back to the show 's writing staff so `` the stories we created get integrated into their brains '' , but she also said , `` Because of the collaborative nature of this process , we 're able to go farther , take bigger risks . The danger is that , in the future , somebody will come upon with an amazing story idea that would be incompatible with what we 've already established and just like always , the series is going to take priority . But the hope is that we can carve out these places that are safe and that we can continue to protect because as much as possible we want this to be one integrated universe ... we 're doing what we can to make sure these stories all fit together moving forward . '' Novels ( edit ) The first tie - in to the show is Desperate Hours , a prequel set a year before Discovery and a year after `` The Cage '' . Written by Mack , the novel was released on September 26 , and follows Burnham as she serves aboard the Shenzhou . Fuller had asked for a book to be written based on that premise , and Mack had worked with the Discovery writers to stay `` in the loop throughout the season with all the scripts and the story development . There were a few false starts , but eventually it allowed us to collaboratively create this story '' . Mack hinted that the USS Enterprise could also appear in the novel . The second Discovery novel is being written by Dayton Ward , is set 10 years before the show , and is intended to be released in early 2018 . Comics ( edit ) In July 2017 , IDW announced the first tie - in comic series , also titled Star Trek : Discovery , to be written by Johnson and Beyer with art by Tony Shasteen , who previously worked with Johnson on the comic Star Trek : Boldly Go . IDW described the comic as `` Klingon - centric '' , and set the first issue for release on October 25 . Johnson compared working with Beyer on the comic to his work on the Star Trek : Countdown comic , a tie - in to the 2009 Star Trek film that he wrote with Kurtzman and Roberto Orci , saying that her position as a staff writer on the Discovery show `` means we have all the inside access that we need . So the story in the comic will really matter and not just feel like a one - off . It is actually able to expand the story you guys are going to see in the show itself . '' In August , it was clarified that the first comic would be a four - issue miniseries focused on T'Kuvma and his followers , and that IDW intended to create a series of comic miniseries based on different aspects of the series to create `` targeted stories on some different subjects '' . Johnson stated that they were `` building out the characters in the Klingon world with these comics , and we ca n't wait to show you . '' He added that discussions were being held regarding the subject of the next miniseries . IDW editor Sarah Gaydos said , `` The access we 're getting to the show to create these comics that are integral to fleshing out the backstories of the characters is unheard of , and I do a lot of licensed comics . '' Star Trek Timelines ( edit ) In late 2017 , `` hours '' of Discovery - based content will be added to the role playing video game Star Trek Timelines , including Michael Burnham and Saru as new crew members for the game and new ships from the show , both Federation and otherwise . A month long `` Mega-Event '' based on the series will also take place . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Major details revealed about new TV show '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Star Trek : Discovery will be set in the ' Prime Universe ' ( so in the timeline of the original shows , not the J.J. Abrams reboot films ) , about a decade before Captain Kirk 's five - year mission . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery producer explains why the Klingons changed '' . Entertainment Weekly . 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Archived from the original on December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Discovery ' : Shazad Latif Cast As Klingon Commanding Officer Kol '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duchak , John ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` '' Star Trek : Discovery '' to Begin Shooting on January 24th `` . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CAFTCAD Celebrates Costumes 2016 '' ( PDF ) . CAFTCAD . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DISCOVERY 's USS Shenzhou is a ' Walker - Class ' Starship '' . TrekCore.com . August 1 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Recap : Fan Expo Canada 's DISCOVERY Production Panel '' . TrekCore.com . September 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Hetrick '' . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Iocovino , Kayla ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : Klingon ' Torchbearer ' Revealed + Gentle Giant Announces ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Collectibles '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wright , Matt ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` STLV17 : Designers Explain Why ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Klingons Are Bald And More '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Matt ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : See The Federation and Starfleet Costumes and Props From ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reeves - Stevens & Reeves - Stevens 1997 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ McQuarrie , Stice & Scoleri 2007 , pp. 124 -- 129 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery 's Ship Design Still Evolving '' . IGN . San Francisco : IGN Entertainment Inc . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Iocovino , Kayla ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Concept Art Details Klingon And Federation Ships '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Korporaal , Angie ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Designers Reveal Look and Colors Will Evolve To Be More Like TOS '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery showrunners explain show 's delays '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` EXCLUSIVE : Eaglemoss ' Ben Robinson on DISCOVERY Model Plans and Future OFFICIAL STARSHIPS Releases '' . TrekCore.com . August 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( April 30 , 2016 ) . `` Surging Hollywood Shoots Forces Hunt for New Toronto Soundstages '' . The Hollywood Reporter . United States : Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zalben , Alexander ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` 23 Secrets We Learned on the Star Trek : Discovery Set '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Allessandro , Anthony ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` How ' Star Trek : Discovery ' EPs Kept Bryan Fuller 's Vision Alive After His Departure From Show -- TCA '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Akiva Goldsman On Influence Of JJ Abrams Films On ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Calling All Artists ! '' . Spin VFX . May 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2 '' . After Trek . Season 1 . Episode 2 . October 1 , 2017 . CBS All Access . Jump up ^ Evans , Charles . `` Possible Star Trek : Discovery Theme Released '' . Red Shirts Always Die . United States : Fansided . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Extends STAR TREK : DISCOVERY Fall Schedule to November 12 ; New Episode Titles Revealed '' . TrekCore.com . October 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cassius ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery to Air Weekly on Cable TV in Canada '' . ncc-1031.com . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Star Trek : Discovery will air weekly at 8 : 00pm Eastern / 5pm Pacific every Sunday Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery '' . CBS.com . New York City : CBS Corporation . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . New Episodes Sundays 8 : 30pm ET / 5 : 30pm PT Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Watch First Trailer for CBS All Access ' ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barr , Merrill ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Gets Actual Trailer Confirming Existence '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery First Look Is Finally Here & It Is Gorgeous '' . E ! News . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Aja ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek Discovery 's first trailer brings a new ship , new characters , and old conflicts '' . Vox . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hutchins , Rpbert ( May 21 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Consumer Products taps McFarlane Toys for Star Trek Discovery toy lines '' . Licensing.biz . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick , Porter ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : Star Trek : Discovery Has Decent Premiere on CBS '' . Screener . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick , Porter ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Family Feud , ' ' 60 Minutes ' and NFL adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . Screener . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek Discovery Fuels Record Sign - Ups for CBS All Access '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Almost Doubled CBS All Access Mobile Subscription Revenue ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : A ' Talking Dead ' - Style STAR TREK ALL ACCESS Aftershow May Be In The Works '' . Deadline.com . July 13 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' : Live After - Show Gets New Name ; Matt Mira Set As Host '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( September 3 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery Will Have Books and Comics Coming Out at the Same Time as the Show '' . io9 . United States : Univision Communications . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Britt , Ryan ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Star Trek ' Canon Feels Like Homework '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Drew , Brian ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` STLV17 : Covers and Details Unveiled For First ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Comic and Novel '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery Comic Book Tie - In Officially Announced '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andosca , Joe ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : IDW Panel Reveals Details On ' Star Trek : Discovery ' And ' Boldly Go ' Comics '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery coming to STAR TREK TIMELINES '' . Disruptor Beam . August 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Sources ( edit ) McQuarrie , Ralph ; Stice , Same ; Scoleri , John David ( 2007 ) . The Art of Ralph McQuarrie . Santa Clara , California : Dreams & Visions Press . ISBN 0979158001 . Reeves - Stevens , Judith ; Reeves - Stevens , Garfield ( 1997 ) . Star Trek : Phase II : The Lost Series ( 2nd ed . ) . New York City : Pocket Books . ISBN 0671568396 . Further reading ( edit ) Star Trek Discovery : Official Collector 's Edition . Bankside , London , England , United Kingdom : Titan Books . November 14 , 2017 . ISBN 1785861905 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutStar Trek : Discoveryat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Star Trek : Discovery on IMDb Star Trek : Discovery at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Star Trek : Discovery Characters Michael Burnham Episodes Season 1 `` The Vulcan Hello '' `` Battle at the Binary Stars '' `` Context Is for Kings '' Other After Trek Star Trek Outline Timeline Canon Television series The Original Series episodes The Animated Series episodes The Next Generation episodes Deep Space Nine episodes Voyager episodes Enterprise episodes Discovery episodes Feature films The Original Series The Motion Picture The Wrath of Khan The Search for Spock The Voyage Home The Final Frontier The Undiscovered Country The Next Generation Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis `` Reboot '' films Star Trek Into Darkness Beyond Setting Characters A -- F G -- M N -- S T -- Z Concepts Games Kobayashi Maru Law Prime Directive Materials Dilithium Sexuality Pon farr Stardate Maquis Locations Galactic quadrant Mirror Universe Planets A -- B C -- F G -- L M -- Q R -- S T -- Z Cultures and species Andorian Bajoran Borg Breen Cardassian Dominion Ferengi Rules of Acquisition Gorn Kazon Klingon language Orion Romulan Species 8472 United Federation of Planets Starfleet Academy Section 31 Tribble Vidiians Vulcan nerve pinch salute Xindi Technology Communicator Deflector shields Holodeck Hypospray Impulse drive LCARS Medicine Replicator Spacecraft Deep Space Nine Defiant Earth Spacedock Enterprise Shuttlecraft Voyager Starships ordered by class Transporter Tricorder Uniforms Warp drive Weapons Bat'leth Production List of staff Gene Roddenberry Norway Corporation Composers and music musical theme `` Where no man has gone before '' `` Beam me up , Scotty '' Redshirt Unmade projects The God Thing Planet of the Titans Phase II Spin - off fiction Games Literature Comics Novels Reference books Stage A Klingon Christmas Carol Klingon opera Documentaries Trekkies Mind Meld Trekkies 2 How William Shatner Changed the World Beyond the Final Frontier The Captains Trek Nation To Be Takei For the Love of Spock Cultural influence Comparison to Star Wars Crossovers Fandom productions expanded universe Kirk and Uhura 's kiss Kirk / Spock Memory Alpha The Exhibition The Experience Book Portal CBS All Access original programming Current Big Brother : Over the Top ( since 2016 ) The Good Fight ( since 2017 ) Star Trek : Discovery ( since 2017 ) Bryan Fuller TV series created Dead Like Me ( 2003 -- 04 ) Wonderfalls ( 2004 ) Pushing Daisies ( 2007 -- 09 ) Hannibal ( 2013 -- 15 ) American Gods ( 2017 -- present ) Star Trek : Discovery ( 2017 -- present ) TV pilots created Mockingbird Lane ( 2012 ) Films written Carrie ( 2002 ) Alex Kurtzman Films directed People Like Us ( 2012 ) The Mummy ( 2017 ) Television series created Fringe ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 -- present ) Sleepy Hollow ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Star Trek : Discovery ( 2017 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Trek:_Discovery&oldid=809060783 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2017 American television series debuts American LGBT - related television shows American science fiction television series CBS All Access shows CBS network shows English - language television programs Prequel television series Star Trek : Discovery Star Trek television series Television programs based on works by Gene Roddenberry Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series produced in Toronto Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 22 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the next episode of star trek discovery coming out	[ "The first episode of Star Trek: Discovery aired in a \"preview broadcast\" on CBS in the United States on September 24, as well as being made available with the second episode on CBS All Access. Subsequent first-run episodes, making up the first chapter of the season, will be streamed weekly on All Access through November 12. The second chapter will begin streaming January 2018.[24][25][94]" ]	[ "January 2018" ]
-382674780389664693	Pro Football Hall of Fame Game	Pro Football Hall of Fame game - wikipedia Pro Football Hall of Fame game Jump to : navigation , search Pro Football Hall of Fame Game Fawcett Stadium before the start of the 2006 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game Recent and upcoming games 2016 season Cancelled ( Planned : Green Bay Packers vs Indianapolis Colts ) 2017 season Dallas Cowboys vs Arizona Cardinals The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game is an annual National Football League exhibition game that is held the weekend of the Pro Football Hall of Fame 's induction ceremonies . The game is played at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium , which is located adjacent to the Hall of Fame building in Canton , Ohio . It is traditionally the first game in the NFL 's preseason , marking the end of the NFL 's six - month offseason . Contents ( hide ) 1 Team selection 1.1 Expansion clubs 1.2 Scheduling 2 Television and radio 3 Game history 4 Standings 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Team selection ( edit ) The two teams that play in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game are typically selected by the league in advance of the remainder of the preseason schedule . The participants are usually announced around the time that the new Hall of Fame members are announced , which coincides with Super Bowl week . Often if a particularly notable player will be entering the Hall of Fame that year a team they were strongly associated with may be selected to play in the game to help maximize attendance and publicity of the game itself . Since 1971 , the opponents for each game have traditionally included one AFC team and one NFC team . In 2009 , as recognition of the 50th anniversary of the American Football League , the game paired two AFC teams who were part of the `` original eight '' franchises of the AFL , the Tennessee Titans ( dressed as their previous incarnation , the Houston Oilers ) and the Buffalo Bills , whose owner , Ralph Wilson , was inducted into the Hall that year . An all - NFC matchup was scheduled for 2011 , but it was canceled due to the 2011 NFL lockout ; the following year , another intra-conference matchup of two NFC teams took its place . Since 2012 , both competing teams in the game has had at least one prominent alumnus being inducted into the Hall that year . Because this game and the Hall of Fame 's induction ceremonies are scheduled on the weekend before the league 's regular four - week exhibition season begins , both teams end up playing five exhibition games instead of the normal four , and unlike the Canadian Football League , the league does not remove an exhibition game from another week . Expansion clubs ( edit ) The last four expansion teams to have been added to the league each played in the Hall of Fame Game as their first game . In 1995 , expansion clubs Jacksonville and Carolina played one another , and in 2002 , Houston was one of the participants . When the Cleveland Browns returned to the league with a rebooted roster in 1999 , they too played in the Hall of Fame Game . ( The Baltimore Ravens , while officially considered as being established in 1996 , did not play in the Hall of Fame Game that year , nor have they played at any time in their existence . ) Scheduling ( edit ) Prior to the AFL - NFL merger , the Hall of Fame Game was played in August or September , in some cases at the end of the preseason . In 1970 , it was moved to the beginning of the preseason . Prior to 2002 , it was not uncommon for the game to be played in July . Since 2002 , when the league permanently moved the start of the season to the weekend after Labor Day , the game has always been played in early August . The 2011 game was originally scheduled between the St. Louis Rams and the Chicago Bears , but the game was canceled due to an ongoing labor dispute that had disrupted nearly all league activity during the 2011 offseason . The two clubs had set a deadline of July 22 to ratify a resolution in enough time to prepare for the game . The league and players did not ratify the agreement until July 25 , forcing cancellation of the game . The 2016 edition , which was scheduled to be played between the Green Bay Packers and the Indianapolis Colts , was canceled due to unsafe playing conditions . Mike Silver of NFL.com reported that on the morning of game day , the logos at midfield and the end zones had been painted using paint which was not intended for use on artificial turf . When it was apparent the paint was n't drying fast enough , the field was heated to speed up the drying process , but this caused the turf 's rubber to melt . These issues led to unfavorable play conditions . The affected areas were described as being slick and `` like cement , '' making it impossible to get decent footing . Stadium officials attempted to address this by applying a solvent , reportedly paint thinner , to the turf . A Packers employee noticed a label warning that this substance could result in burns when exposed to skin , and alerted others to the discovery . When officially cancelling the game , both the league and the Players Association cited safety concerns . Both teams were told at 6 : 40 p.m. -- an hour and 20 minutes before kickoff -- that the game was going to be canceled . However , fans in the stadium only learned of the pending cancellation via social media . No official announcement was made until just before the scheduled 8 p.m. kickoff . On December 28 , 2016 , the NFL announced that the 2017 edition of the game would be played on Thursday , August 3 , 2017 . The scheduling change makes the Hall of Fame Game the first event of the Hall of Fame Weekend . On February 23 , 2017 , it was announced the 2017 edition will be played between the Dallas Cowboys and the Arizona Cardinals . Television and radio ( edit ) Unlike the majority of NFL preseason games , which air on local networks , the Hall of Fame Game airs nationwide . From 1999 to 2005 , the game was held on Monday night , televised as part of ABC 's Monday Night Football package . It had previously been held typically on Saturday afternoons , except from 1963 to 1965 on Sunday afternoons , televised as part of ABC 's Wide World of Sports package ( still using the MNF crew ) . In 1998 , the game was put in the MNF package , and played on a Saturday night , which served as a test run for the move to Monday night . Starting in 2006 , it was moved to Sunday night , coinciding with the new NBC Sunday Night Football television package . The 2007 game was telecast on NFL Network as NBC was intending to televise the China Bowl game in Beijing , China ( a game which was postponed to 2009 and later canceled ) . The Hall of Fame Game has since bounced between both networks . The 2012 game aired on NFL Network due to NBC 's coverage of the Summer Olympics . After a two - year absence , the game returned to NBC in 2013 and remained on the network until 2015 . The 2016 game was scheduled to air on ESPN as it was to be played two days into the 2016 Summer Olympics but the game was canceled due to field conditions , it returned to NBC in 2017 and will remain on the network until 2019 . Westwood One owns national radio rights ; it is the only preseason game to air on a nationwide network . Each team 's radio network is also allowed to broadcast the games ( albeit usually with fewer affiliates since exhibition games are traditionally much lower priority to non-sports and non-flagship stations ) . In 2007 and 2008 , the game was broadcast live in both Ireland and the United Kingdom by Sky Sports . It was not shown in 2009 because of a dispute between Sky Sports and the NFL over TV rights . ESPN America ( formerly North American Sports Network ) broadcasts the game in the rest of Europe . From 1998 to 2005 , the Global Television Network aired the game in Canada , simulcasting ABC ; upon the move to Sunday night in 2006 , the CTV Television Network aired the game until 2010 . With CTV airing the 2012 Summer Olympics , TSN broadcast the Hall of Fame Game in 2012 . Azteca 7 aired Spanish - language coverage of the Hall of Fame Game in Mexico from 1998 to 2005 ; the Game moved to Canal 5 in 2006 and aired on that station until 2010 . Due to the cancellation of the 2011 Hall of Fame Game and Televisa 's Summer Olympics coverage , the Hall of Fame Game moved to Televisa Deportes in 2012 and then to Galavision in 2013 . Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium is part of the Cleveland market , and is also within 75 miles of numerous other television markets in northeast Ohio and western Pennsylvania . As such , the NBC affiliates ( and before them , the ABC affiliates ) are within league requirements to blackout the game in the rare event the game does not sell out . Because the stadium only holds 22,375 fans ( less than half the NFL 's minimum requirements for its stadiums ) and the Hall of Fame induction ceremonies bring large numbers of outside fans to Canton , the game has , to date , always sold out ( several NFL teams , as well as the Super Bowl , have similarly enjoyed long sellout streaks ) . Game history ( edit ) Date Away team Away score Home team Home score Recap August 11 , 1962 New York Giants 21 St. Louis Cardinals 21 Recap September 8 , 1963 Cleveland Browns 7 Pittsburgh Steelers 16 Recap September 6 , 1964 Baltimore Colts 48 Pittsburgh Steelers 17 Recap September 12 , 1965 Detroit Lions Washington Redskins 20 Recap August 5 , 1967 Cleveland Browns 13 Philadelphia Eagles 28 Recap August 3 , 1968 Dallas Cowboys 24 Chicago Bears 30 Recap September 13 , 1969 Green Bay Packers 38 Atlanta Falcons 24 Recap August 8 , 1970 New Orleans Saints 14 Minnesota Vikings 13 Recap July 31 , 1971 Houston Oilers 6 Los Angeles Rams 17 Recap July 29 , 1972 Kansas City Chiefs 23 New York Giants 17 Recap July 28 , 1973 San Francisco 49ers 20 New England Patriots 7 Recap July 27 , 1974 Buffalo Bills 13 St. Louis Cardinals 21 Recap August 2 , 1975 Washington Redskins 17 Cincinnati Bengals 9 Recap July 24 , 1976 Denver Broncos 10 Detroit Lions 7 Recap July 30 , 1977 Chicago Bears 20 New York Jets 6 Recap July 29 , 1978 Miami Dolphins Philadelphia Eagles 17 Recap July 28 , 1979 Dallas Cowboys 13 Oakland Raiders 20 Recap August 2 , 1980 San Diego Chargers 0 Green Bay Packers 0 Recap August 1 , 1981 Atlanta Falcons 10 Cleveland Browns 24 Recap August 7 , 1982 Baltimore Colts 14 Minnesota Vikings 30 Recap July 30 , 1983 New Orleans Saints 14 Pittsburgh Steelers 27 Recap July 28 , 1984 Seattle Seahawks 38 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 Recap August 3 , 1985 New York Giants 21 Houston Oilers 20 Recap August 2 , 1986 New England Patriots 21 St. Louis Cardinals 16 Recap August 8 , 1987 San Francisco 49ers 20 Kansas City Chiefs 7 Recap July 30 , 1988 Cincinnati Bengals 14 Los Angeles Rams 7 Recap August 5 , 1989 Washington Redskins 31 Buffalo Bills 6 Recap August 4 , 1990 Cleveland Browns 0 Chicago Bears 13 Recap July 27 , 1991 Detroit Lions 14 Denver Broncos Recap August 1 , 1992 New York Jets 41 Philadelphia Eagles 14 Recap July 31 , 1993 Green Bay Packers Los Angeles Raiders 19 Recap July 30 , 1994 San Diego Chargers 17 Atlanta Falcons 21 Recap July 29 , 1995 Carolina Panthers 20 Jacksonville Jaguars 14 Recap July 27 , 1996 Indianapolis Colts 10 New Orleans Saints Recap July 26 , 1997 Minnesota Vikings 28 Seattle Seahawks 26 Recap August 1 , 1998 Pittsburgh Steelers 6 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 30 Recap August 9 , 1999 Dallas Cowboys 17 Cleveland Browns 20 Recap July 31 , 2000 New England Patriots 20 San Francisco 49ers 0 Recap August 6 , 2001 St. Louis Rams 17 Miami Dolphins 10 Recap August 5 , 2002 Houston Texans 17 New York Giants 34 Recap August 4 , 2003 Kansas City Chiefs 9 Green Bay Packers 0 Recap August 9 , 2004 Denver Broncos 17 Washington Redskins 20 Recap August 8 , 2005 Chicago Bears 27 Miami Dolphins 24 Recap August 6 , 2006 Oakland Raiders 16 Philadelphia Eagles 10 Recap August 5 , 2007 New Orleans Saints 7 Pittsburgh Steelers 20 Recap August 3 , 2008 Indianapolis Colts 16 Washington Redskins 30 Recap August 9 , 2009 Buffalo Bills 18 Tennessee Titans 21 Recap August 8 , 2010 Dallas Cowboys 16 Cincinnati Bengals 7 Recap August 7 , 2011 Canceled due to 2011 NFL lockout Ref . August 5 , 2012 Arizona Cardinals 10 New Orleans Saints 17 Recap August 4 , 2013 Miami Dolphins 20 Dallas Cowboys 24 Recap August 3 , 2014 New York Giants 17 Buffalo Bills 13 Recap August 9 , 2015 Pittsburgh Steelers Minnesota Vikings 14 Recap August 7 , 2016 Canceled due to poor field conditions Ref . August 3 , 2017 Dallas Cowboys 20 Arizona Cardinals 18 Recap Standings ( edit ) Team PCT Last appearance Washington Redskins 5 0 0 1.000 2008 Chicago Bears 0 0 1.000 2005 Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders 0 0 1.000 2006 Carolina Panthers 0 0 1.000 1995 Minnesota Vikings 0 . 750 2015 Pittsburgh Steelers 0 . 500 2015 New England Patriots 0 . 667 2000 San Francisco 49ers 0 . 667 2000 Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams 0 . 667 Kansas City Chiefs 0 . 667 2003 New York Giants . 625 2014 Dallas Cowboys 0 . 500 2017 Indianapolis / Baltimore Colts 0 . 500 2008 Philadelphia Eagles 0 . 500 2006 New York Jets 0 . 500 Seattle Seahawks 0 . 500 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 . 500 1998 Cleveland Browns 0 . 400 1999 New Orleans Saints 0 . 400 2012 Green Bay Packers . 375 2003 Cincinnati Bengals 0 . 333 Atlanta Falcons 0 . 333 1994 Denver Broncos 0 . 333 Detroit Lions 0 . 333 1991 Tennessee Titans / Houston Oilers 0 . 333 2009 Arizona / St. Louis Cardinals . 300 2017 Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers 0 . 250 1994 Baltimore Ravens 0 0 0 -- N / A Houston Texans 0 0 . 000 2002 Jacksonville Jaguars 0 0 . 000 1995 Buffalo Bills 0 0 . 000 2014 Miami Dolphins 0 0 . 000 2013 Most appearances -- 6 : Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1963 , 1964 , 1983 , 1998 , 2007 , and 2015 ) and Dallas Cowboys ( 1968 , 1979 , 1999 , 2010 , 2013 , and 2017 ) Most wins -- 5 : Washington Redskins ( 1965 , 1975 , 1989 , 2004 , and 2008 ) Longest active drought without Hall of Fame Game appearance -- 26 seasons : Detroit Lions ( last appearance -- 1991 ) ; 25 seasons : New York Jets ( last appearance -- 1992 ) ; 23 seasons : Atlanta Falcons and Los Angeles Chargers ( last appearance -- 1994 ) ; 22 seasons : Carolina Panthers and Jacksonville Jaguars ( last appearance -- 1995 ) Active teams to have never made a Hall of Fame Game appearance -- Baltimore Ravens Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Game ended with 5 : 29 remaining in the fourth quarter due to severe lightning . Jump up ^ Game ended with 5 : 49 remaining in the third quarter due to severe lightning . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Individual Tickets & Festival Fan Packages '' . Profootballhof.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Silver , Mike ( 2016 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Hall of Fame Game cancellation : NFL made the right decision '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Demovsky , Rob ( August 7 , 2016 ) . `` Poor field conditions force cancellation of Hall of Fame game '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame Game fiasco : How the wrong paint , melted rubber , and caustic paint thinner nixed Packers - Colts '' . Acme Packing Company ( SBNation ) . Vox Media . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Doyel , Gregg ( 2016 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Doyel : NFL fans deserve better '' . The Indianapolis Star . Jump up ^ `` Annual Hall of Fame Game moved to Thursday night '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Sunday Night Football '' Debuts `` . NBC Sports History Page . 2006 NFL Record and Fact Book . p. 401 . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . `` AFC - NFC Hall of Fame Game '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Pro Football Hall of Fame American Football League Legacy Game Pro Football Dallas Cowboys Hall of Fame Game 2017 National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame_Game&oldid=794168609 '' Categories : Pro Football Hall of Fame Game 1962 establishments in Ohio American football in Ohio Annual sporting events in the United States National Football League competitions National Football League exhibition season Pro Football Hall of Fame Recurring sporting events established in 1962 Sports in Canton , Ohio Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2017 , at 08 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who's playing in the 2017 nfl hall of fame game	[ "On December 28, 2016, the NFL announced that the 2017 edition of the game would be played on Thursday, August 3, 2017. The scheduling change makes the Hall of Fame Game the first event of the Hall of Fame Weekend. On February 23, 2017, it was announced the 2017 edition will be played between the Dallas Cowboys and the Arizona Cardinals.[6]", "On December 28, 2016, the NFL announced that the 2017 edition of the game would be played on Thursday, August 3, 2017. The scheduling change makes the Hall of Fame Game the first event of the Hall of Fame Weekend. On February 23, 2017, it was announced the 2017 edition will be played between the Dallas Cowboys and the Arizona Cardinals.[6]" ]	[ "the Dallas Cowboys", "the Arizona Cardinals" ]
-8973355812935264726	Bank holiday	Bank holiday - wikipedia Bank holiday type of public holiday in certain countries , closing many banks , schools and workplaces This article is about public holidays in the United Kingdom and Ireland . For bank holidays elsewhere and all other uses , see Bank holiday ( disambiguation ) . A bank holiday is a public holiday in the United Kingdom , some Commonwealth countries , Hong Kong and the Republic of Ireland . There is no automatic right to time off on these days , although banks close and the majority of the working population is granted time off work or extra pay for working on these days , depending on their contract . The first official bank holidays were the four days named in the Bank Holidays Act 1871 , but today the term is also commonly used for Good Friday and Christmas Day which were already public holidays under common law and therefore not official bank holidays in England , Wales , Northern Ireland and Scotland . Contents 1 History 2 In the United Kingdom 2.1 Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 2.2 Royal proclamation 2.3 In Scotland 2.4 Campaigns for extra bank holidays 2.5 Proposed move of May Day Bank Holiday ( England and Wales ) 2.6 1968 Emergency Bank Holiday 2.7 UK Bank Holiday sales 2.7. 1 Boxing Day 3 List of current holidays in the United Kingdom , Ireland and the Isle of Man 4 In Australia 5 In Hong Kong 6 In India 7 In Ireland 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Until 1834 , the Bank of England observed about 33 saints ' days and religious festivals as holidays , but in that year this was reduced to four : 1 May ( May Day ) , 1 November ( All Saints ' Day ) , Good Friday and Christmas Day . In 1871 , the first legislation relating to bank holidays was passed when Liberal politician and banker Sir John Lubbock introduced the Bank Holidays Act 1871 , which specified the days in the table below . Under the Act , no person was compelled to make any payment or to do any act upon a bank holiday which he would not be compelled to do or make on Christmas Day or Good Friday , and the making of a payment or the doing of an act on the following day was equivalent to doing it on the holiday . People were so grateful that some called the first Bank Holidays St Lubbock 's Days for a while . Scotland was treated separately because of its separate traditions : for example , New Year is a more important holiday there . Bank holidays 1871 England , Wales and Ireland Scotland New Year 's Day Easter Monday Good Friday Whit Monday First Monday in May First Monday in August First Monday in August Boxing Day / St Stephen 's Day Christmas Day The Act did not include Good Friday and Christmas Day as bank holidays in England , Wales , or Ireland because they were already recognised as common law holidays : they had been customary holidays since time immemorial . In 1903 , the Bank Holiday ( Ireland ) Act added 17 March , Saint Patrick 's Day , as a bank holiday for Ireland only . New Year 's Day did not become a bank holiday in England until 1 January 1974 . In the United Kingdom ( edit ) Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 ( edit ) Commencing in 1965 , experimentally , the August Bank Holiday weekend was observed at the end of August `` to give a lead in extending British holidays over a longer summer period '' . Each year 's date was announced in Parliament on an ad - hoc basis , to the despair of the calendar and diary publishing trade . The rule seems to have been to select the weekend of the last Saturday in August , so that in 1968 and 1969 Bank Holiday Monday actually fell in September . A century after the 1871 Act , the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 , which currently regulates bank holidays in the UK , was passed . The majority of the current bank holidays were specified in the 1971 Act : however New Year 's Day and May Day were not introduced throughout the whole of the UK until 1974 and 1978 respectively . The date of the August bank holiday was changed from the first Monday in August to the last Monday in August , and the Whitsun bank holiday ( Whit Monday ) was replaced by the Late Spring Bank Holiday , fixed as the last Monday in May . In 1978 the first Monday in May in the rest of the UK , and the final Monday of May in Scotland , were designated as bank holidays . In January 2007 , the St Andrew 's Day Bank Holiday ( Scotland ) Act 2007 was given royal assent , making 30 November ( or the nearest Monday if a weekend ) a bank holiday in Scotland . Royal proclamation ( edit ) Under the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 , bank holidays are proclaimed each year by the legal device of a royal proclamation . Royal proclamation is also used to move bank holidays that would otherwise fall on a weekend . In this way , public holidays are not ' lost ' in years when they coincide with weekends . These deferred bank holiday days are termed a ' bank holiday in lieu ' of the typical anniversary date . In the legislation they are known as ' substitute days ' . The movement of the St Andrew 's Day Scottish holiday to the nearest Monday when 30 November is a weekend day is statutory and does not require a proclamation . In Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Public and bank holidays in Scotland A number of differences apply in Scotland relative to the rest of the United Kingdom . For example , Easter Monday is not a bank holiday . Also , although they share the same name , the Summer Bank Holiday falls on the first Monday of August in Scotland , as opposed to the last Monday in England , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Despite this , it is custom and practice to follow the rest of the UK and banks close on the last Monday and not the first . Bank holidays do not , however , assume the same importance in Scotland as they do elsewhere . Whereas they have effectively become public holidays elsewhere in the United Kingdom , in Scotland there remains a tradition of public holidays based on local tradition and determined by local authorities ( for example , the Glasgow Fair and the Dundee Fortnight ) . In 1996 , Scottish banks made the business decision to harmonise their own holidays with the rest of the United Kingdom , with the result that ' bank holidays ' in Scotland are neither public holidays nor the days on which banks are closed . Campaigns for extra bank holidays ( edit ) The number of holidays in the UK is relatively small compared to many other European countries . However , direct comparison is inaccurate since the ' substitute day ' scheme of deferment does not apply in most European countries , where holidays that coincide with a weekend ( 29 % of fixed - date holidays ) are ' lost ' . In fact , the average number of non-weekend holidays in such countries is only marginally higher ( and in some cases lower ) than the UK . Worth mentioning is that public holidays in Europe which fall on Thursday or Tuesday typically become `` puente '' or `` bridge '' four - day or even six - day extended holiday weekends as people tend to use one or two days from their holiday entitlement to take off Monday and / or Friday . There have been calls for more bank holidays . Among the most notable dates absent from the existing list are the feast days of patron saints ; 23 April ( St George 's Day and widely regarded as the birthday of William Shakespeare ) in England and 1 March ( St David 's Day ) in Wales are not currently recognised. 17 March ( St Patrick 's Day ) is a public holiday in Northern Ireland and , since 2008 , 30 November ( St Andrew 's Day ) is a bank holiday in Scotland . St Piran 's Day ( patron saint of Cornwall ) on 5 March is already given as an unofficial day off to many government and other workers in the county , and there are renewed calls for the government to recognise this as an official bank holiday there . Proposed move of May Day bank holiday ( England and Wales ) ( edit ) After the election of the Coalition Government in May 2010 , the Department of Culture , Media and Sport launched a pre-consultation in 2011 which included the suggestion of moving the May Day Bank Holiday to October , to be a `` UK Day '' or `` Trafalgar Day '' ( 21 October ) or to St David 's Day and St George 's Day . It is suggested that a move from the May bank holiday to a St Piran 's Day bank holiday in Cornwall , on 5 March , would benefit the Cornish economy by £ 20 -- 35 million . 1968 emergency bank holiday ( edit ) During the sterling crisis of 1968 , Prime Minister Harold Wilson convened a meeting of the privy council in the early hours of 14 March to declare 15 March a non-statutory bank holiday . This allowed the UK government to close the London gold market to stem the losses being suffered by the British pound . It was this meeting that triggered the resignation of Foreign Secretary George Brown . UK bank holiday sales ( edit ) In the UK every bank holiday retailers display large sales to entice people to shop on their bank holiday days off . Sales can reach up to 70 % off across certain stores . Customers will normally wait for these sales to purchase their home electronics and furniture . The sales are on every year but the bank holiday sales dates can change from year to year . In the UK Argos , Currys and Amazon are the largest retailers that not only have the biggest sales but also see the most revenue over these days . Boxing Day ( edit ) Boxing Day is a holiday celebrated in Britain , Australia , New Zealand , Canada and other Commonwealth countries . Boxing Day originated in England in the middle of the nineteenth century under Queen Victoria . For years in which the holiday falls on a weekend , the celebration is moved to make sure workers still get a day off ( except in Canada , where it remains 26 Dec . ) In the UK it is classed as a Bank Holiday . List of current holidays in the United Kingdom , Ireland and the Isle of Man ( edit ) See also : Public holidays in the United Kingdom , Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland , and Public holidays in the Isle of Man Current bank and public holidays Date Name England and Wales ( 8 ) Scotland ( 9 ) Northern Ireland ( 10 ) Republic of Ireland ( 9 ) Isle of Man ( 10 ) 1 January New Year 's Day Y Y Y Y Y 2 January 2 January Y 17 March St Patrick 's Day Y Y The Friday before Easter Sunday Good Friday Y Y Y Y The Monday after Easter Sunday Easter Monday Y Y Y Y First Monday in May Early May Bank Holiday Y Y Y Y Y Last Monday in May Spring Bank Holiday / Late May Bank Holiday Y Y Y Y First Monday in June June Bank Holiday Y First Friday in June TT Bank Holiday Y 5 July Tynwald Day Y 12 July The Twelfth ( Battle of the Boyne ) Y First Monday in August Summer Bank Holiday Y Y Last Monday in August Late Summer Bank Holiday / August Bank Holiday Y Y Y Last Monday in October October Bank Holiday Y 30 November St Andrew 's Day Y 25 December Christmas Day Y Y Y Y Y 26 December Boxing Day / St Stephen 's Day Y Y Y Y Y In 1995 the May Bank Holiday was moved to 8 May for the 50th anniversary of VE Day In the past , additional one - off bank holidays have included : ( i ) Wednesday 14 November 1973 , to celebrate the Wedding of Princess Anne and Captain Mark Phillips at Westminster Abbey ; ( ii ) Tuesday 7 June 1977 , to celebrate The Queen 's Silver Jubilee ; ( iii ) Wednesday 29 July 1981 , to celebrate the Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer at St. Paul 's Cathedral ; ( iv ) Friday 31 December 1999 , to enable people to prepare for the festivities to mark the arrival of the new millennium ; ( v ) Monday 3 June 2002 to celebrate The Queen 's Golden Jubilee ( Spring Bank Holiday was moved to Tuesday 4 June 2002 ) ; ( vi ) Friday 29 April 2011 , to celebrate the Wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton ; ( vii ) Tuesday 5 June 2012 , to celebrate The Queen 's Diamond Jubilee Notes ^ Jump up to : When the stated date falls on a Saturday or Sunday , the following Monday is normally designated a public holiday instead . When Christmas Day falls on a Saturday ( and thus 26 December on a Sunday ) , Monday 27 December and Tuesday 28 December are the designated substitute public holidays . Jump up ^ In 1995 this holiday was moved to 8 May -- to commemorate the 50th anniversary of VE Day . Jump up ^ In 2011 an additional public holiday was declared to ensure that most people would have a chance to celebrate the Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton , making a four - day weekend as May day was on the following Monday . `` Royal Wedding : Prince William and Kate set date '' . BBC . 23 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 24 November 2010 . Retrieved 23 November 2010 . Jump up ^ In 2002 this holiday was moved to 4 June . This caused it to follow an extra bank holiday on 3 June , making a four - day weekend to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II . Jump up ^ In 2012 this holiday was moved to 4 June . It was then followed by an extra holiday on 5 June , making a four - day weekend to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II . Jump up ^ House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 3 June 1998 , Hansard , 3 June 1998 , retrieved 28 January 2012 . In Australia ( edit ) See also : Public holidays in Australia § Other holidays Public holidays are not generally known as `` bank holidays '' in Australia , although in the state of Victoria , where all statutory holidays , their substitutes , and Saturdays are legally defined as `` bank holidays '' . In two other states there are two particular public holidays , for specific occupations only , which are officially known as `` Bank Holiday '' : in New South Wales has a `` Bank Holiday '' on the first Monday in August -- for bank employees only . in Tasmania , Easter Tuesday is a holiday for bank and government employees only . In Hong Kong ( edit ) Main article : Public holidays in Hong Kong In Hong Kong , the term `` bank holiday '' is used colloquially to refer to public holidays . In India ( edit ) Main article : Bank holidays in India In India , 15 of the public holidays are bank holidays . In Ireland ( edit ) Main article : Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland In Ireland , `` bank holiday '' is a colloquial term , sometimes used incorrectly for what are officially `` public holidays '' . A bank holiday in Ireland are only days in which Bank employees are off , e.g. Good Friday is a Bank Holiday , but not a Public Holiday . See also ( edit ) List of holidays by country References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UK Bank Holidays '' . GOV.uk. 14 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 14 August 2018 . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UK bank holidays -- GOV.UK '' . gov.uk. 17 March 2014 . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Anon ( 22 May 2007 ) . `` Bank Holiday Fact File '' ( PDF ) . TUC press release . TUC . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 June 2013 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Bank Holidays '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 320 . Jump up ^ Olmert , Michael ( 1996 ) . Milton 's Teeth and Ovid 's Umbrella : Curiouser & Curiouser Adventures in History , p. 170 . Simon & Schuster , New York . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80164 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Holidays ( Ireland ) Bill '' . Hansard , the Official Report of debates in Parliament . UK Parliament . Archived from the original on 24 February 2010 . Retrieved 26 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Holiday on the Last Monday in August '' . The Times Digital Archive. 5 March 1964 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 Dilemma on Diary Dates '' . The Times Digital Archive. 27 January 1967 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Holiday Dates For 1967 And 1968 '' . The Times Digital Archive. 4 June 1965 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 Bank Holidays '' . The Times Digital Archive. 22 March 1967 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Ready , Nigel P. ; Brooke , Richard ( 2002 ) , Brooke 's notary ( 12 ed . ) , Sweet & Maxwell , p. 479 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 421 - 67280 - 2 Jump up ^ Scrope , Henry ; Barnett , Daniel ( 2008 ) , Employment Law Handbook ( 4 ed . ) , Henry Scrope , p. 135 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85328 - 674 - 2 Jump up ^ McWhirter , Norris ; Stowe , Moira F. ( 1980 ) , The Guinness book of answers : a handbook of general knowledge ( 3 ed . ) , Guinness Superlatives , p. 7 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85112 - 202 - 1 Jump up ^ Morrow , Thomas . `` Bank Holidays a history '' . Bank Holidays a history by Thomas Morrow . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Great Britain Parliament House of Lords European Union Committee ( 2007 ) , Modernising European Union labour law : has the UK anything to gain ? , report with evidence , 22nd report of session 2006 -- 07 , The Stationery Office , p. 100 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 10 - 485171 - 5 Jump up ^ Union leaders are campaigning for an extra bank holiday BBC News 27 October 2004 Jump up ^ Schoenbaum , S. ( 1987 ) . William Shakespeare : A Compact Documentary Life . Oxford University Press . pp. 24 -- 26 ... Jump up ^ `` Renewed call for St Piran holiday '' . BBC News . 5 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Gledhill , Ruth ( 5 March 2009 ) . `` Cornwall workers given an unofficial day off for St Pirans Day '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 31 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pre-Consultation on moving the May Day Bank Holiday '' . GOV.uk. 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cornish National Holiday worth £ 35m '' . Western Morning News . 23 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statesman who bottled out : ' Tired and Emotional : The Life of Lord George Brown ' '' . The Independent . 9 May 1993 . ^ Jump up to : Bank holidays and British Summer Time , Directgov , 8 February 2012 , retrieved 15 April 2012 Jump up ^ Bank holidays , NIDirect , 6 April 2012 , retrieved 15 April 2012 Jump up ^ Public holidays , Citizens Information Board , retrieved 15 April 2012 Jump up ^ `` Bank Holidays '' . Government of the Isle of Man . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ http://touchstoneblog.org.uk/2010/11/royal-wedding-give-workers-a-day-off-to-toast-will-and-kate/ Jump up ^ https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/uk/2002 Jump up ^ `` Public Holidays Act 1993 ( Vic ) s . 9 '' ( PDF ) . Victorian Legislation and Parliamentary Documents . Parliament of Victoria . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . External links ( edit ) Text of the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk Annual leave and public holidays ( Ireland ) Calendar of all legal Public and Bank Holidays worldwide , until 2050 FirstCaribbean International Bank : Bank Holidays in the Caribbean region Bank Holidays 2016 in India List of Bank Holidays and other significant days for the UK Bank Holiday dates for the UK , Scotland and Northern Ireland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_holiday&oldid=856775566 '' Categories : Public holidays in the United Kingdom British culture Irish culture Holidays Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Articles with short description EngvarB from March 2017 Use dmy dates from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Svenska தமிழ் 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 13 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was new year's day made a bank holiday	[ "In 1903, the Bank Holiday (Ireland) Act added 17 March, Saint Patrick's Day, as a bank holiday for Ireland only.[6] New Year's Day did not become a bank holiday in England until 1 January 1974.\n" ]	[ "1 January 1974" ]
5973197659376661937	Heliocentrism	Heliocentrism - wikipedia Heliocentrism Jump to : navigation , search `` Heliocentric '' redirects here . For the albums , see Heliocentric ( Paul Weller album ) and Heliocentric ( The Ocean Collective album ) . For heliocentric orbit , see Heliocentric orbit . Andreas Cellarius 's illustration of the Copernican system , from the Harmonia Macrocosmica ( 1708 ) . Heliocentrism is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System . Historically , Heliocentrism was opposed to geocentrism , which placed the Earth at the center . The notion that the Earth revolves around the Sun had been proposed as early as the 3rd century BC by Aristarchus of Samos , but at least in the medieval world , Aristarchus 's Heliocentrism attracted little attention -- possibly because of the loss of scientific works of the Hellenistic Era . It was not until the 16th century that a geometric mathematical model of a heliocentric system was presented , by the Renaissance mathematician , astronomer , and Catholic cleric Nicolaus Copernicus , leading to the Copernican Revolution . In the following century , Johannes Kepler elaborated upon and expanded this model to include elliptical orbits , and Galileo Galilei presented supporting observations made using a telescope . With the observations of William Herschel , Friedrich Bessel , and other astronomers , it was realized that the sun , while near the Barycenter of the solar system , was not at any center of the universe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient and medieval astronomy 1.1 Classical Antiquity 1.1. 1 Pythagoreans 1.1. 2 Aristarchus of Samos 1.1. 3 Seleucus of Seleucia 1.1. 4 Late Antiquity 1.2 Medieval Islamic world 1.3 Later medieval period 2 Renaissance - era astronomy 2.1 European astronomy before Copernicus 2.2 Copernican heliocentrism 3 Reception in Early Modern Europe 3.1 Circulation of Commentariolus ( before 1515 ) 3.2 Publication of de Revolutionibus ( 1543 ) 3.3 Tycho Brahe 's geo - heliocentric system c. 1587 3.4 Galileo Galilei 3.4. 1 Publication of Starry messenger ( 1610 ) 3.4. 2 Publication of Letter to the Grand Duchess ( 1615 ) 3.4. 3 1616 ban against Copernicanism 3.4. 4 Publication of Epitome astronomia Copernicanae ( 1617 -- 1621 ) 3.4. 5 Publication of Dialogue concerning the two chief world systems 3.5 Age of Reason 3.6 Reception in Judaism 4 The view of modern science 4.1 Modern use of geocentric and heliocentric 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links 8 References Ancient and medieval astronomy ( edit ) A hypothetical geocentric model of the solar system ( upper panel ) in comparison to the heliocentric model ( lower panel ) . While the sphericity of the Earth was widely recognized in Greco - Roman astronomy from at least the 3rd century BC , the Earth 's daily rotation and yearly orbit around the Sun was never universally accepted until the Copernican Revolution . While a moving Earth was proposed at least from the 4th century BC in Pythagoreanism , and a fully developed heliocentric model was developed by Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BC , these ideas were not successful in replacing the view of a static spherical Earth , and from the 2nd century AD the predominant model , which would be inherited by medieval astronomy , was the geocentric model described in Ptolemy 's Almagest . The Ptolemaic system was a sophisticated astronomical system that managed to calculate the positions for the planets to a fair degree of accuracy . Ptolemy himself , in his Almagest , points out that any model for describing the motions of the planets is merely a mathematical device , and since there is no actual way to know which is true , the simplest model that gets the right numbers should be used . However , he rejected the idea of a spinning earth as absurd as he believed it would create huge winds . His planetary hypotheses were sufficiently real that the distances of moon , sun , planets and stars could be determined by treating orbits ' celestial spheres as contiguous realities . This made the stars ' distance less than 20 Astronomical Units , a regression , since Aristarchus of Samos 's heliocentric scheme had centuries earlier necessarily placed the stars at least two orders of magnitude more distant . Problems with Ptolemy 's system were well recognized in medieval astronomy , and an increasing effort to criticize and improve it in the late medieval period eventually led to the Copernican heliocentrism developed in Renaissance astronomy . Classical antiquity ( edit ) See also : Greek astronomy Pythagoreans ( edit ) The non-geocentric model of the Universe was proposed by the Pythagorean philosopher Philolaus ( d . 390 BC ) , who taught that at the center of the Universe was a `` central fire '' , around which the Earth , Sun , Moon and Planets revolved in uniform circular motion . This system postulated the existence of a counter-earth collinear with the Earth and central fire , with the same period of revolution around the central fire as the Earth . The Sun revolved around the central fire once a year , and the stars were stationary . The Earth maintained the same hidden face towards the central fire , rendering both it and the `` counter-earth '' invisible from Earth . The Pythagorean concept of uniform circular motion remained unchallenged for approximately the next 2000 years , and it was to the Pythagoreans that Copernicus referred to show that the notion of a moving Earth was neither new nor revolutionary . Kepler gave an alternative explanation of the Pythagoreans ' `` central fire '' as the Sun , `` as most sects purposely hid ( e ) their teachings '' . Heraclides of Pontus ( 4th century BC ) said that the rotation of the Earth explained the apparent daily motion of the celestial sphere . It used to be thought that he believed Mercury and Venus to revolve around the Sun , which in turn ( along with the other planets ) revolves around the Earth . Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius ( AD 395 -- 423 ) later described this as the `` Egyptian System , '' stating that `` it did not escape the skill of the Egyptians , '' though there is no other evidence it was known in ancient Egypt . Aristarchus of Samos ( edit ) Aristarchus 's 3rd century BC calculations on the relative sizes of the Earth , Sun and Moon , from a 10th - century AD Greek copy The first person known to have proposed a heliocentric system , however , was Aristarchus of Samos ( c. 270 BC ) . Like Eratosthenes , Aristarchus calculated the size of the Earth , and measured the size and distance of the Moon and Sun , in a treatise which has survived . From his estimates , he concluded that the Sun was six to seven times wider than the Earth and thus hundreds of times more voluminous . His writings on the heliocentric system are lost , but some information is known from surviving descriptions and critical commentary by his contemporaries , such as Archimedes . Some have suggested that his calculation of the relative size of the Earth and Sun led Aristarchus to conclude that it made more sense for the Earth to be moving than for the huge Sun to be moving around it . Though the original text has been lost , a reference in Archimedes ' book The Sand Reckoner describes another work by Aristarchus in which he advanced an alternative hypothesis of the heliocentric model . Archimedes wrote : You King Gelon are aware the ' universe ' is the name given by most astronomers to the sphere the center of which is the center of the Earth , while its radius is equal to the straight line between the center of the Sun and the center of the Earth . This is the common account as you have heard from astronomers . But Aristarchus has brought out a book consisting of certain hypotheses , wherein it appears , as a consequence of the assumptions made , that the universe is many times greater than the ' universe ' just mentioned . His hypotheses are that the fixed stars and the Sun remain unmoved , that the Earth revolves about the Sun on the circumference of a circle , the Sun lying in the middle of the orbit , and that the sphere of fixed stars , situated about the same center as the Sun , is so great that the circle in which he supposes the Earth to revolve bears such a proportion to the distance of the fixed stars as the center of the sphere bears to its surface . Aristarchus believed the stars to be very far away , and saw this as the reason why there was no visible parallax , that is , an observed movement of the stars relative to each other as the Earth moved around the Sun . The stars are in fact much farther away than the distance that was generally assumed in ancient times , which is why stellar parallax is only detectable with telescopes . Archimedes says that Aristarchus made the stars ' distance larger , suggesting that he was answering the natural objection that Heliocentrism requires stellar parallactic oscillations . He apparently agreed to the point but placed the stars so distant as to make the parallactic motion invisibly minuscule . Thus Heliocentrism opened the way for realization that the universe was larger than the geocentrists taught . Heliocentrism had been in conflict with religion before Copernicus : One of the few pieces of information we have about the reception of Aristarchus 's heliocentric system comes from a passage in Plutarch 's dialogue , Concerning the Face which Appears in the Orb of the Moon . According to one of Plutarch 's characters in the dialogue , the philosopher Cleanthes had held that Aristarchus should be charged with impiety for `` moving the hearth of the world '' . Seleucus of Seleucia ( edit ) Since Plutarch mentions the `` followers of Aristarchus '' in passing , it is likely that there were other astronomers in the Classical period who also espoused Heliocentrism , but whose work was lost . The only other astronomer from antiquity known by name who is known to have supported Aristarchus ' heliocentric model was Seleucus of Seleucia ( b . 190 BC ) , a Hellenistic astronomer who flourished a century after Aristarchus in the Seleucid empire . Seleucus adopted the heliocentric system of Aristarchus and is said to have proved the heliocentric theory . According to Bartel Leendert van der Waerden , Seleucus may have proved the heliocentric theory by determining the constants of a geometric model for the heliocentric theory and by developing methods to compute planetary positions using this model . He may have used early trigonometric methods that were available in his time , as he was a contemporary of Hipparchus . A fragment of a work by Seleucus has survived in Arabic translation , which was referred to by Rhazes ( b . 865 ) . Alternatively , his explanation may have involved the phenomenon of tides , which he supposedly theorized to be caused by the attraction to the Moon and by the revolution of the Earth around the Earth - Moon ' center of mass ' . Late antiquity ( edit ) Nicholas of Cusa , 15th century , asked whether there was any reason to assert that any point was the center of the universe . There were occasional speculations about heliocentrism in Europe before Copernicus . In Roman Carthage , the pagan Martianus Capella ( 5th century A.D. ) expressed the opinion that the planets Venus and Mercury did not go about the Earth but instead circled the Sun . Capella 's model was discussed in the Early Middle Ages by various anonymous 9th - century commentators and Copernicus mentions him as an influence on his own work . The Ptolemaic system was also received in Indian astronomy . Aryabhata ( 476 -- 550 ) , in his magnum opus Aryabhatiya ( 499 ) , propounded a planetary model in which the Earth was taken to be spinning on its axis and the periods of the planets were given with respect to the Sun . He accurately calculated many astronomical constants , such as the periods of the planets , times of the solar and lunar eclipses , and the instantaneous motion of the Moon . Early followers of Aryabhata 's model included Varahamihira , Brahmagupta , and Bhaskara II . Medieval Islamic world ( edit ) See also : Astronomy in medieval Islam and Islamic cosmology An illustration from al - Biruni 's astronomical works , explains the different phases of the moon , with respect to the position of the sun . Al - Biruni suggested that if the Earth rotated on its axis this would be consistent with astronomical theory . He discussed Heliocentrism but considered it a problem of natural philosophy . Muslim astronomers often , but not entirely accepted the Ptolemaic system and the geocentric model . Beginning in the 11th century , a tradition criticizing Ptolemy developed within Islamic astronomy , beginning with Ibn al - Haytham of Basra 's Al - Shukūk ' alā Baṭalamiyūs ( `` Doubts Concerning Ptolemy '' ) . Several Muslim scholars questioned the Earth 's apparent immobility and centrality within the universe . Abu Sa'id al - Sijzi ( d.c. 1020 ) accepted that the Earth rotates around its axis . According to Al - Biruni , Sijzi invented an astrolabe called al - zūraqī based on a belief held by some of his contemporaries `` That the motion we see is due to the Earth 's movement and not to that of the sky . '' The prevalence of this view is further confirmed by a reference from the 13th century which states : According to the Geometers ( or engineers ) ( muhandisīn ) , the earth is in constant circular motion , and what appears to be the motion of the heavens is actually due to the motion of the earth and not the stars . Early in the 11th century Alhazen wrote a scathing critique of Ptolemy 's model in his Doubts on Ptolemy ( c. 1028 ) , which some have interpreted to imply he was criticizing Ptolemy 's geocentrism , but most agree that he was actually criticizing the details of Ptolemy 's model rather than his geocentrism . Abu Rayhan Biruni ( b . 973 ) discussed the possibility of whether the Earth rotated about its own axis and around the Sun , but in his Masudic Canon , he set forth the principles that the Earth is at the center of the universe and that it has no motion of its own . He was aware that if the Earth rotated on its axis , this would be consistent with his astronomical parameters , but he considered it a problem of natural philosophy rather than mathematics . In the 12th century , some Islamic astronomers developed complete alternatives to the Ptolemaic system ( although not heliocentric ) , such as Nur ad - Din al - Bitruji , who considered the Ptolemaic model as mathematical , and not physical . Al - Bitruji 's alternative system spread through most of Europe in the 13th century , with debates and refutations of his ideas continued up to the 16th century . Later medieval period ( edit ) The Maragha school of astronomy in Ilkhanid - era Persia further developed `` non-Ptolemaic '' planetary models involving Earth 's rotation . Notable astronomers of this school are Al - Urdi ( d . 1266 ) Al - Katibi ( d . 1277 ) , and Al - Tusi ( d . 1274 ) . The arguments and evidence used resemble those used by Copernicus to support the Earth 's motion . The criticism of Ptolemy as developed by Averroes and by the Maragha school explicitly address the Earth 's rotation but it did not arrive at explicit heliocentrism . The observations of the Maragha school were further improved at the Timurid - era Samarkand observatory under Qushji ( 1403 -- 1474 ) . European scholarship in the later medieval period actively received astronomical models developed in the Islamic world and by the 13th century was well aware of the problems of the Ptolemaic model . In the 14th century , bishop Nicole Oresme discussed the possibility that the Earth rotated on its axis , while Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa in his Learned Ignorance asked whether there was any reason to assert that the Sun ( or any other point ) was the center of the universe . In parallel to a mystical definition of God , Cusa wrote that `` Thus the fabric of the world ( machina mundi ) will quasi have its center everywhere and circumference nowhere . '' In India , Nilakantha Somayaji ( 1444 -- 1544 ) , in his Aryabhatiyabhasya , a commentary on Aryabhata 's Aryabhatiya , developed a computational system for a partially heliocentric planetary model , in which the planets orbit the Sun , which in turn orbits the Earth , similar to the Tychonic system later proposed by Tycho Brahe in the late 16th century . In the Tantrasangraha ( 1500 ) , he further revised his planetary system , which was mathematically more accurate at predicting the heliocentric orbits of the interior planets than both the Tychonic and Copernican models , but did not propose any specific models of the universe . Nilakantha 's planetary system also incorporated the Earth 's rotation on its axis . Most astronomers of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics seem to have accepted his planetary model . Renaissance - era astronomy ( edit ) European astronomy before Copernicus ( edit ) Some historians maintain that the thought of the Maragheh observatory , in particular the mathematical devices known as the Urdi lemma and the Tusi couple , influenced Renaissance - era European astronomy , and thus was indirectly received by Renaissance - era European astronomy and thus by Copernicus . Copernicus used such devices in the same planetary models as found in Arabic sources . Furthermore , the exact replacement of the equant by two epicycles used by Copernicus in the Commentariolus was found in an earlier work by Ibn al - Shatir ( d.c. 1375 ) of Damascus . Ibn al - Shatir 's lunar and Mercury models are also identical to those of Copernicus . The state of knowledge on planetary theory received by Copernicus is summarized in Georg von Peuerbach 's Theoricae Novae Planetarum ( printed in 1472 by Regiomontanus ) . By 1470 , the accuracy of observations by the Vienna school of astronomy , of which Peuerbach and Regiomontanus were members , was high enough to make the eventual development of heliocentrism inevitable , and indeed it is possible that Regiomontanus did arrive at an explicit theory of heliocentrism before his death in 1476 , some 30 years before Copernicus . While the influence of the criticism of Ptolemy by Averroes on Renaissance thought is clear and explicit , the claim of direct influence of the Maragha school , postulated by Otto E. Neugebauer in 1957 , remains an open question . Copernicus explicitly references several astronomers of the `` Islamic Golden Age '' ( 10th to 12th centuries ) in De Revolutionibus : Albategnius ( Al - Battani ) , Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ) , Thebit ( Thabit Ibn Qurra ) , Arzachel ( Al - Zarqali ) , and Alpetragius ( Al - Bitruji ) , but he does not show awareness of the existence of any of the later astronomers of the Maragha school . It has been argued that Copernicus could have independently discovered the Tusi couple or took the idea from Proclus 's Commentary on the First Book of Euclid , which Copernicus cited . Another possible source for Copernicus 's knowledge of this mathematical device is the Questiones de Spera of Nicole Oresme , who described how a reciprocating linear motion of a celestial body could be produced by a combination of circular motions similar to those proposed by al - Tusi . Copernican Heliocentrism ( edit ) Main article : Copernican heliocentrism Portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus ( 1578 ) Nicolaus Copernicus in his De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( `` On the revolution of heavenly spheres '' , first printed in 1543 in Nuremberg ) , presented a discussion of a heliocentric model of the universe in much the same way as Ptolemy in the 2nd century had presented his geocentric model in his Almagest . Copernicus discussed the philosophical implications of his proposed system , elaborated it in geometrical detail , used selected astronomical observations to derive the parameters of his model , and wrote astronomical tables which enabled one to compute the past and future positions of the stars and planets . In doing so , Copernicus moved Heliocentrism from philosophical speculation to predictive geometrical astronomy . In reality , Copernicus 's system did not predict the planets ' positions any better than the Ptolemaic system . This theory resolved the issue of planetary retrograde motion by arguing that such motion was only perceived and apparent , rather than real : it was a parallax effect , as an object that one is passing seems to move backwards against the horizon . This issue was also resolved in the geocentric Tychonic system ; the latter , however , while eliminating the major epicycles , retained as a physical reality the irregular back - and - forth motion of the planets , which Kepler characterized as a `` pretzel '' . Copernicus cited Aristarchus in an early ( unpublished ) manuscript of De Revolutionibus ( which still survives ) , stating : `` Philolaus believed in the mobility of the earth , and some even say that Aristarchus of Samos was of that opinion . '' However , in the published version he restricts himself to noting that in works by Cicero he had found an account of the theories of Hicetas and that Plutarch had provided him with an account of the Pythagoreans , Heraclides Ponticus , Philolaus , and Ecphantus . These authors had proposed a moving earth , which did not , however , revolve around a central sun . Reception in early modern Europe ( edit ) Main article : Copernican Revolution Circulation of Commentariolus ( before 1515 ) ( edit ) The first information about the heliocentric views of Nicolaus Copernicus was circulated in manuscript completed some time before May 1 , 1514 . Although only in manuscript , Copernicus ' ideas were well known among astronomers and others . His ideas contradicted the then - prevailing understanding of the Bible . In the King James Bible ( first published in 1611 ) , First Chronicles 16 : 30 states that `` the world also shall be stable , that it be not moved . '' Psalm 104 : 5 says , `` ( the Lord ) Who laid the foundations of the earth , that it should not be removed for ever . '' Ecclesiastes 1 : 5 states that `` The sun also ariseth , and the sun goeth down , and hasteth to his place where he arose . '' Nonetheless , in 1533 , Johann Albrecht Widmannstetter delivered in Rome a series of lectures outlining Copernicus ' theory . The lectures were heard with interest by Pope Clement VII and several Catholic cardinals . On November 1 , 1536 , Archbishop of Capua Nikolaus von Schönberg wrote a letter to Copernicus from Rome encouraging him to publish a full version of his theory . However , in 1539 , Martin Luther said : `` There is talk of a new astrologer who wants to prove that the earth moves and goes around instead of the sky , the sun , the moon , just as if somebody were moving in a carriage or ship might hold that he was sitting still and at rest while the earth and the trees walked and moved . But that is how things are nowadays : when a man wishes to be clever he must ... invent something special , and the way he does it must needs be the best ! The fool wants to turn the whole art of astronomy upside - down . However , as Holy Scripture tells us , so did Joshua bid the sun to stand still and not the earth . '' This was reported in the context of a conversation at the dinner table and not a formal statement of faith . Melanchthon , however , opposed the doctrine over a period of years . Publication of De Revolutionibus ( 1543 ) ( edit ) Nicolaus Copernicus published the definitive statement of his system in De Revolutionibus in 1543 . Copernicus began to write it in 1506 and finished it in 1530 , but did not publish it until the year of his death . Although he was in good standing with the Church and had dedicated the book to Pope Paul III , the published form contained an unsigned preface by Osiander defending the system and arguing that it was useful for computation even if its hypotheses were not necessarily true . Possibly because of that preface , the work of Copernicus inspired very little debate on whether it might be heretical during the next 60 years . There was an early suggestion among Dominicans that the teaching of Heliocentrism should be banned , but nothing came of it at the time . Some years after the publication of De Revolutionibus John Calvin preached a sermon in which he denounced those who `` pervert the order of nature '' by saying that `` the sun does not move and that it is the earth that revolves and that it turns '' . On the other hand , Calvin is not responsible for another famous quotation which has often been misattributed to him : `` Who will venture to place the authority of Copernicus above that of the Holy Spirit ? '' It has long been established that this line can not be found in any of Calvin 's works . It has been suggested that the quotation was originally sourced from the works of Lutheran theologian Abraham Calovius . Tycho Brahe 's geo - heliocentric system c. 1587 ( edit ) Main article : Tychonic system In this depiction of the Tychonic system , the objects on blue orbits ( the Moon and the Sun ) revolve around the Earth . The objects on orange orbits ( Mercury , Venus , Mars , Jupiter , and Saturn ) revolve around the Sun . Around all is a sphere of fixed stars , located just beyond Saturn . Prior to the publication of De Revolutionibus , the most widely accepted system had been proposed by Ptolemy , in which the Earth was the center of the universe and all celestial bodies orbited it . Tycho Brahe , arguably the most accomplished astronomer of his time , advocated against Copernicus 's heliocentric system and for an alternative to the Ptolemaic geocentric system : a geo - heliocentric system now known as the Tychonic system in which the five then known planets orbit the sun , while the sun and the moon orbit the earth . Tycho appreciated the Copernican system , but objected to the idea of a moving Earth on the basis of physics , astronomy , and religion . The Aristotelian physics of the time ( modern Newtonian physics was still a century away ) offered no physical explanation for the motion of a massive body like Earth , whereas it could easily explain the motion of heavenly bodies by postulating that they were made of a different sort substance called aether that moved naturally . So Tycho said that the Copernican system `` ... expertly and completely circumvents all that is superfluous or discordant in the system of Ptolemy . On no point does it offend the principle of mathematics . Yet it ascribes to the Earth , that hulking , lazy body , unfit for motion , a motion as quick as that of the aethereal torches , and a triple motion at that . '' Likewise , Tycho took issue with the vast distances to the stars that Aristarchus and Copernicus had assumed in order to explain the lack of any visible parallax . Tycho had measured the apparent sizes of stars ( now known to be illusory -- see stellar magnitude ) , and used geometry to calculate that in order to both have those apparent sizes and be as far away as Heliocentrism required , stars would have to be huge ( much larger than the sun ; the size of Earth 's orbit or larger ) . Regarding this Tycho wrote , `` Deduce these things geometrically if you like , and you will see how many absurdities ( not to mention others ) accompany this assumption ( of the motion of the earth ) by inference . '' He also cited the Copernican system 's `` opposition to the authority of Sacred Scripture in more than one place '' as a reason why one might wish to reject it , and observed that his own geoheliocentric alternative `` offended neither the principles of physics nor Holy Scripture '' . The Jesuit astronomers in Rome were at first unreceptive to Tycho 's system ; the most prominent , Clavius , commented that Tycho was `` confusing all of astronomy , because he wants to have Mars lower than the Sun . '' However , after the advent of the telescope showed problems with some geocentric models ( by demonstrating that Venus circles the sun , for example ) , the Tychonic system and variations on that system became very popular among geocentrists , and the Jesuit astronomer Giovanni Battista Riccioli would continue Tycho 's use of physics , stellar astronomy ( now with a telescope ) , and religion to argue against Heliocentrism and for Tycho 's system well into the seventeenth century ( see Riccioli ) . Galileo Galilei ( edit ) Publication of starry messenger ( 1610 ) ( edit ) In the 17th century AD Galileo Galilei opposed the Roman Catholic Church by his strong support for Heliocentrism Galileo was able to look at the night sky with the newly invented telescope . Then he published his discoveries in Sidereus Nuncius including ( among other things ) the moons of Jupiter and that Venus exhibited a full range of phases . These discoveries were not consistent with the Ptolemeic model of the solar system . As the Jesuit astronomers confirmed Galileo 's observations , the Jesuits moved toward Tycho 's teachings . Publication of letter to the Grand Duchess ( 1615 ) ( edit ) In a Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina , Galileo defended Heliocentrism , and claimed it was not contrary to Scriptures ( see Galileo affair ) . He took Augustine 's position on Scripture : not to take every passage literally when the scripture in question is in a Bible book of poetry and songs , not a book of instructions or history . The writers of the Scripture wrote from the perspective of the terrestrial world , and from that vantage point the sun does rise and set . In fact , it is the Earth 's rotation which gives the impression of the sun in motion across the sky . 1616 ban against Copernicanism ( edit ) Main article : Galileo affair In February 1615 , prominent Dominicans including Thomaso Caccini and Niccolò Lorini brought Galileo 's writings on Heliocentrism to the attention of the Inquisition , because they appeared to violate Holy Scripture and the decrees of the Council of Trent . Cardinal and Inquisitor Robert Bellarmine was called upon to adjudicate , and wrote in April that treating Heliocentrism as a real phenomenon would be `` a very dangerous thing , '' irritating philosophers and theologians , and harming `` the Holy Faith by rendering Holy Scripture as false . '' In January 1616 Msgr . Francesco Ingoli addressed an essay to Galileo disputing the Copernican system . Galileo later stated that he believed this essay to have been instrumental in the ban against Copernicanism that followed in February . According to Maurice Finocchiaro , Ingoli had probably been commissioned by the Inquisition to write an expert opinion on the controversy , and the essay provided the `` chief direct basis '' for the ban . The essay focused on eighteen physical and mathematical arguments against Heliocentrism . It borrowed primarily from the arguments of Tycho Brahe , and it notedly mentioned the problem that Heliocentrism requires the stars to be much larger than the sun . Ingoli wrote that the great distance to the stars in the heliocentric theory `` clearly proves ... the fixed stars to be of such size , as they may surpass or equal the size of the orbit circle of the Earth itself . '' Ingoli included four theological arguments in the essay , but suggested to Galileo that he focus on the physical and mathematical arguments . Galileo did not write a response to Ingoli until 1624 . In February 1616 , the Inquisition assembled a committee of theologians , known as qualifiers , who delivered their unanimous report condemning Heliocentrism as `` foolish and absurd in philosophy , and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the sense of Holy Scripture . '' The Inquisition also determined that the Earth 's motion `` receives the same judgement in philosophy and ... in regard to theological truth it is at least erroneous in faith . '' Bellarmine personally ordered Galileo `` to abstain completely from teaching or defending this doctrine and opinion or from discussing it ... to abandon completely ... the opinion that the sun stands still at the center of the world and the earth moves , and henceforth not to hold , teach , or defend it in any way whatever , either orally or in writing . '' -- Bellarmine and the Inquisition 's injunction against Galileo , 1616 In March , after the Inquisition 's injunction against Galileo , the papal Master of the Sacred Palace , Congregation of the Index , and Pope banned all books and letters advocating the Copernican system , which they called `` the false Pythagorean doctrine , altogether contrary to Holy Scripture . '' In 1618 the Holy Office recommended that a modified version of Copernicus ' De Revolutionibus be allowed for use in calendric calculations , though the original publication remained forbidden until 1758 . Publication of Epitome astronomia Copernicanae ( 1617 -- 1621 ) ( edit ) In Astronomia nova ( 1609 ) , Johannes Kepler had used an elliptical orbit to explain the motion of Mars . In Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae he developed a heliocentric model of the solar system in which all the planets have elliptical orbits . This provided significantly increased accuracy in predicting the position of the planets . Kepler 's ideas were not immediately accepted . Galileo for example completely ignored Kepler 's work . Kepler proposed Heliocentrism as a physical description of the solar system and Epitome astronomia Copernicanae was placed on the index of prohibited books despite Kepler being a Protestant . Publication of dialogue Concerning the two chief world systems ( edit ) Pope Urban VIII encouraged Galileo to publish the pros and cons of Heliocentrism . Galileo 's response , Dialogue concerning the two chief world systems ( 1632 ) , clearly advocated Heliocentrism , despite his declaration in the preface that , I will endeavour to show that all experiments that can be made upon the Earth are insufficient means to conclude for its mobility but are indifferently applicable to the Earth , movable or immovable ... and his straightforward statement , I might very rationally put it in dispute , whether there be any such centre in nature , or no ; being that neither you nor any one else hath ever proved , whether the World be finite and figurate , or else infinite and interminate ; yet nevertheless granting you , for the present , that it is finite , and of a terminate Spherical Figure , and that thereupon it hath its centre ... Some ecclesiastics also interpreted the book as characterizing the Pope as a simpleton , since his viewpoint in the dialogue was advocated by the character Simplicio . Urban VIII became hostile to Galileo and he was again summoned to Rome . Galileo 's trial in 1633 involved making fine distinctions between `` teaching '' and `` holding and defending as true '' . For advancing heliocentric theory Galileo was forced to recant Copernicanism and was put under house arrest for the last few years of his life . According to J.L. Heilbron , informed contemporaries of Galileo 's : `` appreciated that the reference to heresy in connection with Galileo or Copernicus had no general or theological significance . '' Age of reason ( edit ) Further information : Age of Reason , 17th - century philosophy , and Scientific revolution René Descartes postponed , and ultimately never finished , his treatise The World , which included a heliocentric model , but the Galileo affair did little to slow the spread of Heliocentrism across Europe , as Kepler 's Epitome of Copernican Astronomy became increasingly influential in the coming decades . By 1686 the model was well enough established that the general public was reading about it in Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds , published in France by Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle and translated into English and other languages in the coming years . It has been called `` one of the first great popularizations of science . '' In 1687 , Isaac Newton published Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica , which provided an explanation for Kepler 's laws in terms of universal gravitation and what came to be known as Newton 's laws of motion . This placed Heliocentrism on a firm theoretical foundation , although Newton 's Heliocentrism was of a somewhat modern kind . Already in the mid-1680s he recognized the `` deviation of the Sun '' from the centre of gravity of the solar system . For Newton it was not precisely the centre of the Sun or any other body that could be considered at rest , but `` the common centre of gravity of the Earth , the Sun and all the Planets is to be esteem 'd the Centre of the World '' , and this centre of gravity `` either is at rest or moves uniformly forward in a right line '' . Newton adopted the `` at rest '' alternative in view of common consent that the centre , wherever it was , was at rest . Meanwhile , the Church remained opposed to Heliocentrism as a literal description , but this did not by any means imply opposition to all astronomy ; indeed , it needed observational data to maintain its calendar . In support of this effort it allowed the cathedrals themselves to be used as solar observatories called meridiane ; i.e. , they were turned into `` reverse sundials '' , or gigantic pinhole cameras , where the Sun 's image was projected from a hole in a window in the cathedral 's lantern onto a meridian line . In 1664 , Pope Alexander VII published his Index Librorum Prohibitorum Alexandri VII Pontificis Maximi jussu editus ( Index of Prohibited Books , published by order of Alexander VII , P.M. ) which included all previous condemnations of heliocentric books . In the mid-eighteenth century the Church 's opposition began to fade . An annotated copy of Newton 's Principia was published in 1742 by Fathers le Seur and Jacquier of the Franciscan Minims , two Catholic mathematicians , with a preface stating that the author 's work assumed Heliocentrism and could not be explained without the theory . In 1758 the Catholic Church dropped the general prohibition of books advocating Heliocentrism from the Index of Forbidden Books . The Observatory of the Roman College was established by Pope Clement XIV in 1774 ( nationalized in 1878 , but re-founded by Pope Leo XIII as the Vatican Observatory in 1891 ) . In spite of dropping its active resistance to Heliocentrism , the Catholic Church did not lift the prohibition of uncensored versions of Copernicus 's De Revolutionibus or Galileo 's Dialogue . The affair was revived in 1820 , when the Master of the Sacred Palace ( the Church 's chief censor ) , Filippo Anfossi , refused to license a book by a Catholic canon , Giuseppe Settele , because it openly treated heliocentrism as a physical fact . Settele appealed to pope Pius VII . After the matter had been reconsidered by the Congregation of the Index and the Holy Office , Anfossi 's decision was overturned . Pius VII approved a decree in 1822 by the Sacred Congregation of the Inquisition to allow the printing of heliocentric books in Rome . Copernicus 's De Revolutionibus and Galileo 's Dialogue were then subsequently omitted from the next edition of the Index when it appeared in 1835 . Reception in Judaism ( edit ) Already in the Talmud , Greek philosophy and science under general name `` Greek wisdom '' were considered dangerous . They were put under ban then and later for some periods . The first Jewish scholar to describe the Copernican system , albeit without mentioning Copernicus by name , was Maharal of Prague , his book `` Be'er ha - Golah '' ( 1593 ) . Maharal makes an argument of radical skepticism , arguing that no scientific theory can be reliable , which he illustrates by the new - fangled theory of heliocentrism upsetting even the most fundamental views on the cosmos . Copernicus is mentioned in the books of David Gans ( 1541 -- 1613 ) , who worked with Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler . Gans wrote two books on astronomy in Hebrew : a short one `` Magen David '' ( 1612 ) and a full one `` Nehmad veNaim '' ( published only in 1743 ) . He described objectively three systems : Ptolemy , Copernicus and of Tycho Brahe without taking sides . Joseph Solomon Delmedigo ( 1591 -- 1655 ) in his `` Elim '' ( 1629 ) says that the arguments of Copernicus are so strong , that only an imbecile will not accept them . Delmedigo studied at Padua and was acquainted with Galileo . An actual controversy on the Copernican model within Judaism arises only in the early 18th century . Most authors in this period accept Copernican heliocentrism , with opposition from David Nieto and Tobias Cohn . Both of these authors argued against heliocentrism on grounds of contradictions to scripture . Nieto merely rejected the new system on those grounds without much passion , whereas Cohn went so far as to call Copernicus `` a first - born of Satan '' , though he also acknowledged that he would have found it difficult to counter one particular objection based on a passage from the Talmud . In the 19th century two students of the Hatam sofer wrote books that were given approbations by him even though one supported heliocentrism and the other geocentrism . The one , a commentary on Genesis Yafe'ah le - Ketz written by R. Israel David Schlesinger resisted a heliocentric model and supported geocentrism . The other , Mei Menuchot written by R. Eliezer Lipmann Neusatz encouraged acceptance of the heliocentric model and other modern scientific thinking . Since the 20th century most Jews have not questioned the science of heliocentrism . Exceptions include Shlomo Benizri and R.M.M. Schneerson of Chabad who argued that the question of heliocentrism vs. geocentrism is obsolete because of the relativity of motion . Schneerson 's followers in Chabad continue to deny the heliocentric model . The view of modern Science ( edit ) Kepler 's laws of planetary motion were used as arguments in favor of the heliocentric hypothesis . Three apparent proofs of the heliocentric hypothesis were provided in 1727 by James Bradley , in 1838 by Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel and in 1851 by Foucault . Bradley discovered the stellar aberration , proving the relative motion of the earth . Bessel proved that the parallax of a star was greater than zero by measuring the parallax of 0.314 arcseconds of a star named 61 Cygni . In the same year Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve and Thomas Henderson measured the parallaxes of other stars , Vega and Alpha Centauri . The thinking that the heliocentric view was also not true in a strict sense was achieved in steps . That the Sun was not the center of the universe , but one of innumerable stars , was strongly advocated by the mystic Giordano Bruno . Over the course of the 18th and 19th centuries , the status of the Sun as merely one star among many became increasingly obvious . By the 20th century , even before the discovery that there are many galaxies , it was no longer an issue . The concept of an absolute velocity , including being `` at rest '' as a particular case , is ruled out by the principle of relativity , also eliminating any obvious `` center '' of the universe as a natural origin of coordinates . Some forms of Mach 's principle consider the frame at rest with respect to the distant masses in the universe to have special properties . Even if the discussion is limited to the solar system , the Sun is not at the geometric center of any planet 's orbit , but rather approximately at one focus of the elliptical orbit . Furthermore , to the extent that a planet 's mass can not be neglected in comparison to the Sun 's mass , the center of gravity of the solar system is displaced slightly away from the center of the Sun . ( The masses of the planets , mostly Jupiter , amount to 0.14 % of that of the Sun . ) Therefore , a hypothetical astronomer on an extrasolar planet would observe a small `` wobble '' in the Sun 's motion . Modern use of geocentric and heliocentric ( edit ) In modern calculations the terms `` geocentric '' and `` heliocentric '' are often used to refer to reference frames . In such systems the origin in the center of mass of the Earth , of the Earth -- Moon system , of the Sun , of the Sun plus the major planets , or of the entire solar system can be selected ; see center - of - mass frame . Right Ascension and Declination are examples of geocentric coordinates , used in Earth - based observations , while the heliocentric latitude and longitude are used for orbital calculations . This leads to such terms as `` heliocentric velocity '' and `` heliocentric angular momentum '' . In this heliocentric picture , any planet of the Solar System can be used as a source of mechanical energy because it moves relatively to the Sun . A smaller body ( either artificial or natural ) may gain heliocentric velocity due to gravity assist -- this effect can change the body 's mechanical energy in heliocentric reference frame ( although it will not changed in the planetary one ) . However , such selection of `` geocentric '' or `` heliocentric '' frames is merely a matter of computation . It does not have philosophical implications and does not constitute a distinct physical or scientific model . From the point of view of General Relativity , inertial reference frames do not exist at all , and any practical reference frame is only an approximation to the actual space - time , which can have higher or lower precision . See also ( edit ) Cosmology portal Geocentric model Celestial spheres Copernican Revolution ( metaphor ) Copernican principle Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ optinonally capitalised , Heliocentrism or heliocentrism , according to The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary ( 6th ed. , 2007 ) . The term is a learned formation based on Greek ἥλιος helios `` sun '' and κέντρον kentron `` center '' ; the adjective heliocentric is first recorded in English ( as heliocentrick ) in 1685 , after New Latin heliocentricus , in use from about the same time ( Johann Jakob Zimmermann , Prodromus biceps cono ellipticæ et a priori demonstratæ planetarum theorices , 1679 , p. 28 ) . The abstract noun in - ism is more recent , recorded from the late 19th century ( e.g. in Constance Naden , Induction and Deduction : A Historical and Critical Sketch of Successive Philosophical Conceptions Respecting the Relations Between Inductive and Deductive Thought and Other Essays ( 1890 ) , p. 76 : `` Copernicus started from the observed motions of the planets , on which astronomers were agreed , and worked them out on the new hypothesis of Heliocentrism '' ) , modelled after German Heliocentrismus or Heliozentrismus ( c. 1870 ) . Jump up ^ Dreyer ( 1953 ) , pp. 135 -- 48 ; Linton ( 2004 ) , pp. 38 -- 9 ) . The work of Aristarchus 's in which he proposed his heliocentric system has not survived . We only know of it now from a brief passage in Archimedes 's The Sand Reckoner . Jump up ^ according to Lucio Russo , the heliocentric view was expounded in Hipparchus 's work on gravity . ( source : Lucio Rosso , The Forgotten Revolution , How Science was Born in 300BC and Why it had to be Reborn , pp 293 - 296 ) Jump up ^ Debus , Allen G. ( 1987 ) , Man and nature in the Renaissance , Cambridge University Press , p. 76 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 29328 - 6 , Chapter V , page 76 Jump up ^ In Book 1 section 7 he admits that a model in which the earth revolves with respect to the stars would be simpler but does n't go as far as considering a heliocentric system . Jump up ^ Dennis Duke , Ptolemy 's Universe Jump up ^ Boyer , C. A History of Mathematics . Wiley , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Johannes Kepler ( 1618 -- 21 ) , Epitome of Copernican Astronomy , Book IV , Part 1.2 Jump up ^ Eastwood , B.S. ( November 1 , 1992 ) , `` Heraclides and Heliocentrism -- Texts Diagrams and Interpretations '' , Journal for the History of Astronomy , 23 : 233 , Bibcode : 1992JHA ... 23 ... 233E Jump up ^ Otto E. Neugebauer ( 1975 ) , A history of ancient mathematical astronomy , Berlin / Heidelberg / New York : Springer , p. 695 , ISBN 3 - 540 - 06995 - X Jump up ^ Rufus , W. Carl ( 1923 ) , `` The astronomical system of Copernicus '' , Popular Astronomy , 31 : 510 -- 521 ( 512 ) , Bibcode : 1923PA ... 31 ... 510R , at pp. 511 - 512 Jump up ^ Arenarius , I. , 4 -- 7 Jump up ^ D. Rawlins , Aristarchus 's vast universe : ancient vision , contends that all of Aristarchus 's huge astronomical estimates of distance were based upon his gauging the limit of human visual discrimination to be approximately a ten thousandth of a radian which is about right . Jump up ^ Dreyer ( 1953 , p. 138 ) ; Plutarch ( 1957 , p. 55 ) ( on - line copy available ) . According to a footnote in the latter reference , Diogenes Laertius listed a work of Cleanthes ' ( apparently now lost ) with the title Against Aristarchus ( Plutarch , 1957 , p. 54 ) . Jump up ^ Murdin , Paul , Murdin , Paul , ed. , Seleucus of Seleucia ( c. 190 BC - ? ) , Institute of Physics Publishing , Bibcode : 2000eaa ... bookE3998. , doi : 10.1888 / 0333750888 , ISBN 0 - 333 - 75088 - 8 , retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 Jump up ^ Index of Ancient Greek Philosophers - Scientists , Ics.forth.gr , retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 Jump up ^ Bartel , B.L. ( 1987 ) , `` The Heliocentric System in Greek , Persian and Hindu Astronomy '' , Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 500 ( 1 ) : 525 -- 545 ( 527 -- 529 ) , Bibcode : 1987NYASA. 500 ... 525V , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1987. tb37224. x . Jump up ^ Shlomo Pines ( 1986 ) , Studies in Arabic versions of Greek texts and in mediaeval science , 2 , Brill Publishers , pp. viii & 201 -- 17 , ISBN 965 - 223 - 626 - 8 Jump up ^ Lucio Russo , Flussi e riflussi , Feltrinelli , Milano , 2003 , ISBN 88 - 07 - 10349 - 4 . Jump up ^ William Stahl , trans. , Martianus Capella and the Seven Liberal Arts , vol. 2 , The Marriage of Philology and Mercury , 854 , 857 , New York : Columbia Univ . Pr , 1977 , pp. 332 -- 3 Jump up ^ Eastwood , Bruce S. ( 2007 ) , Ordering the Heavens : Roman Astronomy and Cosmology in the Carolingian Renaissance , Leiden : Brill , pp. 244 -- 259 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16186 - 3 Jump up ^ Eastwood , Bruce S. ( 1982 ) , `` Kepler as Historian of Science : Precursors of Copernican Heliocentrism according to De revolutionibus I , 10 '' , Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , 126 : 367 -- 394 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Thurston ( 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Sabra , A.I. ( 1998 ) . `` Configuring the Universe : Aporetic , Problem Solving , and Kinematic Modeling as Themes of Arabic Astronomy '' . Perspectives on Science . 6 ( 3 ) : 288 -- 330 . at pp. 317 -- 18 : All Islamic astronomers from Thabit ibn Qurra in the ninth century to Ibn al - Shatir in the fourteenth , and all natural philosophers from al - Kindi to Averroes and later , are known to have accepted ... the Greek picture of the world as consisting of two spheres of which one , the celestial sphere ... concentrically envelops the other . Jump up ^ Hoskin , Michael ( 1999 - 03 - 18 ) . The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy . Cambridge University Press . p. 60 . ISBN 9780521576000 . ^ Jump up to : Ragep , F. Jamil ( 2001a ) , `` Tusi and Copernicus : The Earth 's Motion in Context '' , Science in Context , Cambridge University Press , 14 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 145 -- 163 , doi : 10.1017 / s0269889701000060 ^ Jump up to : Ragep , F. Jamil ; Al - Qushji , Ali ( 2001b ) , `` Freeing Astronomy from Philosophy : An Aspect of Islamic Influence on Science '' , Osiris , 2nd Series , 16 ( Science in Theistic Contexts : Cognitive Dimensions ) : 49 -- 64 & 66 -- 71 , Bibcode : 2001Osir ... 16 ... 49R , doi : 10.1086 / 649338 Jump up ^ Adi Setia ( 2004 ) , `` Fakhr Al - Din Al - Razi on Physics and the Nature of the Physical World : A Preliminary Survey '' , Islam & Science , 2 , retrieved 2010 - 03 - 02 Jump up ^ Alessandro Bausani ( 1973 ) . `` Cosmology and Religion in Islam '' . Scientia / Rivista di Scienza. 108 ( 67 ) : 762 . ^ Jump up to : Young , M.J.L. , ed. ( 2006 - 11 - 02 ) . Religion , Learning and Science in the ' Abbasid Period . Cambridge University Press . p. 413 . ISBN 9780521028875 . Jump up ^ Nasr , Seyyed Hossein ( 1993 - 01 - 01 ) . An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines . SUNY Press . p. 135 . ISBN 9781438414195 . Jump up ^ Qadir ( 1989 ) , p. 5 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Nicolaus Copernicus , Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ E.S. Kennedy , `` Al - Bīrūnī 's Masudic Canon '' , Al - Abhath , 24 ( 1971 ) : 59 -- 81 ; reprinted in David A. King and Mary Helen Kennedy , ed. , Studies in the Islamic Exact Sciences , Beirut , 1983 , pp. 573 -- 595 . Jump up ^ G. Wiet , V. Elisseeff , P. Wolff , J. Naudu ( 1975 ) . History of Mankind , Vol 3 : The Great medieval Civilisations , p. 649 . George Allen & Unwin Ltd , UNESCO . ^ Jump up to : Saliba ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Samsó , Julio ( 2007 ) . `` Biṭrūjī : Nūr al ‐ Dīn Abū Isḥāq ( Abū Jaʿfar ) Ibrāhīm ibn Yūsuf al ‐ Biṭrūjī '' . In Thomas Hockey ; et al . The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers . New York : Springer . pp. 133 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 31022 - 0 . ( PDF version ) ^ Jump up to : Samsó , Julio ( 1970 -- 80 ) . `` Al - Bitruji Al - Ishbili , Abu Ishaq '' . Dictionary of Scientific Biography . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 0 - 684 - 10114 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hikmat al - ' Ain , p. 78 ^ Jump up to : Toby E. Huff ( 1993 ) : The rise of early modern science : Islam , China , and the West ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Nicholas of Cusa , De docta ignorantia , 2.12 , p. 103 , cited in Koyré ( 1957 ) , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Ramasubramanian , K. ( 1998 ) , `` Model of planetary motion in the works of Kerala astronomers '' , Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India , 26 : 11 -- 31 ( 23 -- 4 ) , Bibcode : 1998BASI ... 26 ... 11R Jump up ^ K. Ramasubramanian , et al. ( 1994 ) , p. 788 Jump up ^ Amartya Kumar Dutta ( May 2006 ) , `` Āryabhata and axial rotation of earth '' , Resonance , Springer , 11 ( 5 ) : 58 -- 72 ( 70 -- 1 ) , doi : 10.1007 / BF02839373 , ISSN 0973 - 712X Jump up ^ George G. Joseph ( 2000 ) , p. 408 . Jump up ^ Ramasubramanian , K. ; Srinivas , M.D. ; Sriram , M.S. ( 1994 ) , `` Modification of the earlier Indian planetary theory by the Kerala astronomers ( c. 1500 AD ) and the implied heliocentric picture of planetary motion '' , Current Science , 66 : 784 -- 790 . Jump up ^ Roberts , V. ; Kennedy , E.S. ( 1959 ) . `` The Planetary Theory of Ibn al - Shatir '' . Isis. 50 : 232 -- 234 . doi : 10.1086 / 348774 . Jump up ^ Guessoum , N. ( June 2008 ) , `` Copernicus and Ibn Al - Shatir : does the Copernican revolution have Islamic roots ? '' , The Observatory , 128 : 231 -- 239 ( 238 ) , Bibcode : 2008Obs ... 128 ... 231G Jump up ^ A.I. Sabra ( 1998 ) . Jump up ^ E.S. Kennedy ( Autumn 1966 ) , `` Late Medieval Planetary Theory '' , Isis , University of Chicago Press , 57 ( 3 ) : 365 -- 378 ( 377 ) , doi : 10.1086 / 350144 , JSTOR 228366 Jump up ^ Saliba , George ( 1995 - 07 - 01 ) . A History of Arabic Astronomy : Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam . NYU Press . ISBN 9780814780237 . Jump up ^ Swerdlow , Noel M. ( 1973 - 12 - 31 ) . `` The Derivation and First Draft of Copernicus 's Planetary Theory : A Translation of the Commentariolus with Commentary '' . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . 117 ( 6 ) : 424 . ISSN 0003 - 049X . JSTOR 986461 . Jump up ^ King , David A. ( 2007 ) . `` Ibn al ‐ Shāṭir : ʿAlāʾ al ‐ Dīn ʿAlī ibn Ibrāhīm '' . In Thomas Hockey ; et al . The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers . New York : Springer . pp. 569 -- 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 31022 - 0 . ( PDF version ) Jump up ^ Arthur Koestler , The Sleepwalkers , Penguin Books , 1959 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ N.K. Singh , M. Zaki Kirmani , Encyclopaedia of Islamic science and scientists ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Viktor Blåsjö , `` A Critique of the Arguments for Maragha Influence on Copernicus '' , Journal for the History of Astronomy , 45 ( 2014 ) , 183 - 195 ADS . Jump up ^ Freely , John ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) . Light from the East : How the Science of Medieval Islam Helped to Shape the Western World . I.B. Tauris . p. 179 . ISBN 9781784531386 . Jump up ^ Veselovsky , I.N. ( 1973 ) , `` Copernicus and Nasir al - Din al - Tusi '' , Journal for the History of Astronomy , 4 : 128 -- 30 , Bibcode : 1973JHA ... 4 ... 128V . Jump up ^ Neugebauer , Otto ( 1975 ) , A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy , 2 , Berlin / Heidelberg / New York : Springer - Verlag , p. 1035 , ISBN 0 - 387 - 06995 - X Jump up ^ Kren , Claudia ( 1971 ) , `` The Rolling Device of Naṣir al - Dīn al - Ṭūsī in the De spera of Nicole Oresme '' , Isis , 62 ( 4 ) : 490 -- 498 , doi : 10.1086 / 350791 . Jump up ^ The image shows a woodcut by Christoph Murer , from Nicolaus Reusner 's Icones ( printed 1578 ) , allegedly after a ( lost ) self - portrait by Copernicus himself ; the Murer portrait became the template for a number of later ( 17th century ) woodcuts , copper engravings and paintings of Copernicus . Jump up ^ Henry , John ( 2001 ) . Moving heaven and earth : Copernicus and the solar system . Cambridge : Icon . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84046 - 251 - 7 . Jump up ^ Gingerich , ( 2004 , p. 51 ) Jump up ^ Gingerich , O. `` Did Copernicus Owe a Debt to Aristarchus ? '' Journal for the History of Astronomy , Vol. 16 , NO. 1 / FEB , P. 37 , 1985 . As mentioned earlier in this article , Philolaus had the Earth moving round a Central Fire which was not the Sun , so Copernicus 's reference to Aristarchus 's model as possibly geodynamic does not necessarily imply that he thought it was heliocentric . Jump up ^ A library catalogue of a 16th - century historian , Matthew of Miechow , bears that date and contains a reference to the manuscript , so it must have begun circulating before that date ( Koyré , 1973 , p. 85 ; Gingerich , 2004 , p. 32 ) . Jump up ^ Speller ( 2008 , p. 51 ) Jump up ^ `` Religious Objections to Copernicus '' . Jump up ^ Melanchthon , Elements of Physics , 1st . edition , 1549 Jump up ^ Revolution in Science , I. Bernard Cohen , page 497 . Jump up ^ Rosen ( 1995 , p. 159 ) . Rosen disputes the earlier conclusion of another scholar that this was referring specifically to Copernicus 's theory . According to Rosen , Calvin had very likely never heard of Copernicus and was referring instead to `` the traditional geokinetic cosmology '' . Jump up ^ Rosen , Edward ( 1960 ) , Calvin 's attitude toward Copernicus in Journal of the History of Ideas , volume 21 , no . 3 , July , pp. 431 -- 441 . Reprinted in Rosen ( 1995 , pp. 161 -- 171 ) . Jump up ^ Gingerich , Owen ( 2004 ) , The Book Nobody Read . New York : Walker and Co . Jump up ^ Hooykaas , R. ( 1973 ) . Religion and the rise of modern science . Reprint , Edinburgh : Scottish Academic Press , 1977 . Jump up ^ Bye , Dan J. ( 2007 ) . McGrath vs Russell on Calvin vs Copernicus : a case of the pot calling the kettle black ? in The Freethinker , volume 127 , no . 6 , June , pp. 8 -- 10 . Available online here . Jump up ^ Owen Gingerich , The eye of heaven : Ptolemy , Copernicus , Kepler , New York : American Institute of Physics , 1993 , 181 , ISBN 0 - 88318 - 863 - 5 Jump up ^ Blair , Ann , `` Tycho Brahe 's critique of Copernicus and the Copernican system '' , Journal of the History of Ideas , 51 , 1990 , 364 . Jump up ^ Gingerich , O. & Voelkel , J.R. , J. Hist . Astron. , Vol. 29 , 1998 , page 1 , 24 Jump up ^ Fantoli , 2003 , p. 109 Jump up ^ Arthur Koestler , The Sleepwalkers ( Penguin Arkana , 1989 p. 433 ) Jump up ^ Langford ( 1992 ) , p. 56 - 57 Jump up ^ Drake ( 1978 , p. 240 ) , Sharratt ( 1994 , pp. 110 − 111 ) , Favaro ( 1907 , 19 : 297 − 298 ) Archived December 8 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . ( in Italian ) . Jump up ^ Sharratt ( 1994 , pp. 110 − 115 ) Jump up ^ Graney ( 2015 , pp. 68 - 69 ) Ingoli 's essay was published in English translation for the first time in 2015 . Jump up ^ Finocchiaro ( 2010 , pp. 72 ) Jump up ^ Graney ( 2015 , pp. 71 ) Jump up ^ Graney ( 2015 , pp. 66 - 76 , 164 - 175 , 187 - 195 ) Jump up ^ Favaro ( 1907 , 19 : 320 ) Archived May 13 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Domínguez ( 2014 ) ; arXiv : 1402.6168 Original text of the decision ^ Jump up to : Heilbron ( 2010 ) , p. 218 ^ Jump up to : Finochiario , Maurice ( 2007 ) . Retrying Galileo . University of California Press . ^ Jump up to : The Systeme of the World : in Four Dialogues ( 1661 ) Thomas Salusbury translation of Dialogo sopra i Due Massi Sistemi del Mondo ( 1632 ) Jump up ^ Arthur Koestler , The Sleepwalkers ( Penguin Arkana , 1989 p. 491 ) Jump up ^ Heilbronn ( 1999 , p. 203 ) ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , David A. Is Pluto a Planet , p. 66 , Princeton University Press , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Kepler 's Laws of Planetary Motion : 1609 -- 1666 '' , J.L. Russell , British Journal for the History of Science , Vol. 2 , No. 1 , June 1964 Jump up ^ Curtis Wilson , `` The Newtonian achievement in astronomy '' , pages 233 -- 274 in R Taton & C Wilson ( eds ) ( 1989 ) , The General History of Astronomy , Volume 2A , at page 233 ^ Jump up to : ( text quotations from 1729 translation of Newton Principia , Book 3 ( 1729 vol. 2 ) at pages 232 -- 233 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Pontifical Decrees Against the Doctrine of the Earth 's Movement , and the Ultramontane Defence of Them '' , Rev. William Roberts , 1885 , London Jump up ^ John L. Heilbron , Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo ( in McMullin , Ernan ed. , The Church and Galileo , University of Notre Dame Press , Notre Dame , 2005 , p. 307 , IN . ISBN 0 - 268 - 03483 - 4 ) ^ Jump up to : Heilbron ( 2005 , pp. 279 , 312 -- 313 ) Jump up ^ Noah J. Efron . Jewish Thought and Scientific Discovery in Early Modern Europe . Journal of the History of Ideas , Vol. 58 , No. 4 ( Oct. , 1997 ) , pp. 719 -- 732 Jump up ^ Sefer Elim , Amsterdam , 1629 , стр. 304 Jump up ^ Neher ( 1977 ) . Jump up ^ In a marginal note in his Massé Touvia ( part 2 , p. 52b ) : `` Remark of the author : I fear that the incredulous may draw an objection from a text of Midrash Bereshit Rabba ( V , 8 ) in which our Teachers , the Rabbis , of blessed memory , explain that if the Earth is called in Hebrew `` eretz '' it is because it hastens ( `` ratseta '' ) before the Creator in order to accomplish His will . I acknowledge that the answer to this objection seems difficult for me to find `` , as translated by Neher ( 1977 , p. 220 ) . Jump up ^ `` יפח לקץ - חלק א - שלזינגר , ישראל דוד ( page 13 of 134 ) '' . www.hebrewbooks.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Jeremy , Brown ( 2008 -- 2009 ) . `` Rabbi Reuven Landau and the Jewish Reaction to Copernican Thought in Nineteenth Century Europe '' ( PDF ) . The Torah u-Madda Journal . 15 : 142 . Jump up ^ `` HebrewBooks.org Sefer Detail : מי מנוחות -- נויזץ , אליעזר ליפמן '' . hebrewbooks.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ RABBI NATAN , SLIFKIN . `` The Sun 's Path at Night : The Revolution in Rabbinic Perspectives on the Ptolemaic Revolution '' . Rationalist Judaism . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 1964 - , Brown , Jeremy , ( 2013 ) . New heavens and a new earth : the Jewish reception of Copernican thought . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 262 . ISBN 9780199754793 . OCLC 808316428 . Jump up ^ `` on the basis of the presently accepted scientific view ( in accordance with the theory of Relativity ) that where two bodies in space are in motion relative to one another , it is impossible scientifically to ascertain which revolves around which , or which is stationary and the other in motion . Therefore , to say that there is , or can be , ' scientific proof ' that the earth revolves around the sun is quite an unscientific and uncritical statement . '' `` '' Igrot Kodesh '' v. 7 , p. 134 , letter number 1996 `` . Otzar770.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ 1964 - , Brown , Jeremy , ( 2013 ) . New heavens and a new earth : the Jewish reception of Copernican thought . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 362 . ISBN 9780199754793 . OCLC 808316428 . External links ( edit ) Does Heliocentrism Mean That the Sun is Stationary ? Heliocentric Pantheon The Copernican Model : a Sun Centered Solar System References ( edit ) Baker , A. and Chapter , L. ( 2002 ) , `` Part 4 : The Sciences '' . In M.M. Sharif , `` A History of Muslim Philosophy '' , Philosophia Islamica . Drake , Stillman ( 1978 ) . Galileo At Work . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 16226 - 5 . Dreyer , J.L.E. ( 1953 ) , A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler , New York , NY : Dover Publications , ISBN 0 - 486 - 60079 - 3 Fantoli , Annibale ( 2003 ) . Galileo -- For Copernicanism and the Church , 3rd English edition , tr . George V. Coyne , SJ . Vatican Observatory Publications , Notre Dame , IN . ISBN 88 - 209 - 7427 - 4 . Favaro , Antonio , ed. ( 1890 -- 1909 ) . Le Opere di Galileo Galilei , Edizione Nazionale ( The Works of Galileo Galilei , National Edition ) ( in Italian ) . Florence : Barbera . ISBN 88 - 09 - 20881 - 1 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2007 . A searchable online copy is available on the Institute and Museum of the History of Science , Florence , and a brief overview of Le Opere is available at Finn 's fine books , and here . Finocchiaro , Maurice ( 2010 ) , Defending Copernicus and Galileo : Critical Reasoning in the two Affairs , Springer , ISBN 978 - 9048132003 Gingerich , Owen ( 2004 ) . The Book Nobody Read . London : William Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 434 - 01315 - 3 . Graney , Christopher M. ( 2015 ) , Setting Aside All Authority : Giovanni Battista Riccioli and the Science against Copernicus in the Age of Galileo , University of Notre Dame Press , ISBN 978 - 0268029883 Heath , T.L. ( 1913 ) . Aristarchus of Samos , the ancient Copernicus : a history of Greek astronomy to Aristarchus , Oxford , Clarendon . ISBN 0 - 486 - 24188 - 2 ( 1981 Dover reprint ) . Heilbron , John L. ( 1999 ) , The Sun in the Church : Cathedrals as Solar Observatories , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , ISBN 0674005368 Heilbron , John L. ( 2005 ) . `` Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo '' . In McMullin , Ernan . The Church and Galileo . University of Notre Dame Press , Notre Dame . ISBN 0 - 268 - 03483 - 4 . Heilbron , John L. ( 2010 ) . `` Biography of Galileo '' . Galileo . Oxford University Press , Oxford . Joseph , George G. ( 2000 ) . The Crest of the Peacock : Non-European Roots of Mathematics , 2nd edition . Penguin Books , London . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00659 - 8 . Koestler , Arthur , ( 1959 ) The Sleepwalkers : A History of Man 's Changing Vision of the Universe , Penguin Books ; 1986 edition : ISBN 0 - 14 - 055212 - X , 1990 reprint : ISBN 0 - 14 - 019246 - 8 Koyré , Alexandre ( 1957 ) . From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Univ . Pr . Koyré , Alexandre ( 1973 ) . The Astronomical Revolution : Copernicus -- Kepler -- Borelli . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 0504 - 1 . Langford , Jerome K. , O.P. ( 1998 ) ( 1966 ) . Galileo , Science and the Church ( third ed . ) . St. Augustine 's Press . ISBN 1 - 890318 - 25 - 6 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) . Original edition by Desclee ( New York , NY , 1966 ) Linton , Christopher M. ( 2004 ) , From Eudoxus to Einstein -- A History of Mathematical Astronomy , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82750 - 8 Neher , André ( 1977 ) , `` Copernicus in the Hebraic Literature from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century '' , Journal of the History of Ideas , 38 ( No. 2 ) : 221 -- 26 , JSTOR 2708908 Plutarch ( 1957 ) , Plutarch 's Moralia in Fifteen Volumes , XII , Loeb Classical Library edition , translated by Harold Cherniss and William C. Helmbold , London : William Heinemann Qadir , Asghar ( 1989 ) . Relativity : An Introduction to the Special Theory . World Scientific . ISBN 9971 - 5 - 0612 - 2 . Rosen , Edward ( 1995 ) , Copernicus and his Successors , London : Hambledon Press , ISBN 1 - 85285 - 071 - X Sabra , A.I. ( 1998 ) , `` Configuring the Universe : Aporetic , Problem Solving , and Kinematic Modeling as Themes of Arabic Astronomy '' , Perspectives on Science , 6 : 288 -- 330 . Saliba , George ( 1999 ) . Whose Science is Arabic Science in Renaissance Europe ? Columbia University . The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary ( 6th ed . ) , Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press , 2007 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 199 - 20687 - 2 Sharratt , Michael ( 1994 ) . Galileo : Decisive Innovator . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56671 - 1 . Speller , Jules ( 2008 ) , Galileo 's Inquisition Trial Revisited , Frankfurt am Main : Peter Lang , ISBN 978 - 3 - 631 - 56229 - 1 Taton , René ; Wilson , Curtis , eds. ( 1989 ) , Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics Part A : Tycho Brahe to Newton , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 24254 - 1 , retrieved 2009 - 11 - 06 Thurston , Hugh ( 1994 ) . Early Astronomy . Springer - Verlag , New York . ISBN 0 - 387 - 94107 - X . ( hide ) Ancient Greek astronomy Astronomers Aglaonice Agrippa Anaximander Andronicus Apollonius Aratus Aristarchus Aristyllus Attalus Autolycus Bion Callippus Cleomedes Cleostratus Conon Eratosthenes Euctemon Eudoxus Geminus Heraclides Hicetas Hipparchus Hippocrates of Chios Hypsicles Menelaus Meton Oenopides Philip of Opus Philolaus Posidonius Ptolemy Pytheas Seleucus Sosigenes of Alexandria Sosigenes the Peripatetic Strabo Thales Theodosius Theon of Alexandria Theon of Smyrna Timocharis Works Almagest ( Ptolemy ) On Sizes and Distances ( Hipparchus ) On the Sizes and Distances ( Aristarchus ) On the Heavens ( Aristotle ) Instruments Antikythera mechanism Armillary sphere Astrolabe Dioptra Equatorial ring Gnomon Mural instrument Triquetrum Concepts Callippic cycle Celestial spheres Circle of latitude Counter-Earth Deferent and epicycle Equant Geocentrism Heliocentrism Hipparchic cycle Metonic cycle Octaeteris Solstice Spherical Earth Sublunary sphere Zodiac Influences Babylonian astronomy Egyptian astronomy Influenced Medieval European science Indian astronomy Medieval Islamic astronomy GND : 4131692 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heliocentrism&oldid=813435850 '' Categories : Ancient Greek astronomy Obsolete scientific theories History of ideas Early scientific cosmologies Solar System Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Italian - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles needing the year an event occurred from April 2017 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2011 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from April 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 December 2017 , at 18 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the first to say the earth revolves around the sun	[ "Heliocentrism[1] is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System. Historically, Heliocentrism was opposed to geocentrism, which placed the Earth at the center. The notion that the Earth revolves around the Sun had been proposed as early as the 3rd century BC by Aristarchus of Samos,[2] but at least in the medieval world, Aristarchus's Heliocentrism attracted little attention—possibly because of the loss of scientific works of the Hellenistic Era.[3]" ]	[ "Aristarchus of Samos" ]
-2923960689857201021	List of the verified oldest people	List of the verified oldest people - wikipedia List of the verified oldest people Jump to : navigation , search This article is about specific supercentenarian claims validated by modern standards . For the topic in general , see Supercentenarian . For modern , or complete , unvalidated supercentenarian claims , see Longevity claims . For historical , incomplete unvalidated supercentenarian claims , see Longevity myths . For the oldest currently living people , see List of oldest living people . For other relevant tables of the oldest verified people , see Oldest people . This is a list of the 100 verified oldest people . The oldest verified person on record is French woman Jeanne Calment ( 1875 -- 1997 ) , who lived to the age of 122 years , 164 days . There are eight verified living supercentenarians on this list , the oldest of whom is Japanese woman Nabi Tajima , aged 7004428030000000000 ♠ 117 years , 69 days . 100 verified oldest people ( edit ) Deceased Living † ^ denotes age at death , or , if living , age as of 12 October 2017 Rank Name Sex Birth date Death date Age Place of death or residence Jeanne Calment 000000001875 - 02 - 21 - 0000 21 February 1875 000000001997 - 08 - 04 - 0000 4 August 1997 122 years , 164 days France Sarah Knauss 000000001880 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 September 1880 000000001999 - 12 - 30 - 0000 30 December 1999 119 years , 97 days United States Lucy Hannah 000000001875 - 07 - 16 - 0000 16 July 1875 000000001993 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 1993 117 years , 248 days United States Marie - Louise Meilleur 000000001880 - 08 - 29 - 0000 29 August 1880 000000001998 - 04 - 16 - 0000 16 April 1998 117 years , 230 days Canada Violet Brown 000000001900 - 03 - 10 - 0000 10 March 1900 15 September 2017 117 years , 189 days Jamaica 6 Emma Morano 000000001899 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 November 1899 000000002017 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 2017 117 years , 137 days Italy 7 Nabi Tajima 000000001900 - 08 - 04 - 0000 4 August 1900 Living 7004428030000000000 ♠ 117 years , 69 days Japan 8 Misao Okawa 000000001898 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 March 1898 000000002015 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 April 2015 117 years , 27 days Japan 9 María Capovilla 000000001889 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 September 1889 000000002006 - 08 - 27 - 0000 27 August 2006 116 years , 347 days Ecuador 10 Susannah Mushatt Jones 000000001899 - 07 - 06 - 0000 6 July 1899 000000002016 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May 2016 116 years , 311 days United States 11 Gertrude Weaver 000000001898 - 07 - 04 - 0000 4 July 1898 000000002015 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2015 116 years , 276 days United States 12 Tane Ikai 000000001879 - 01 - 18 - 0000 18 January 1879 000000001995 - 07 - 12 - 0000 12 July 1995 116 years , 175 days Japan 13 Chiyo Miyako 000000001901 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 1901 Living 7004425320000000000 ♠ 116 years , 163 days Japan 14 Elizabeth Bolden 000000001890 - 08 - 15 - 0000 15 August 1890 000000002006 - 12 - 11 - 0000 11 December 2006 116 years , 118 days United States 15 Besse Cooper 000000001896 - 08 - 26 - 0000 26 August 1896 000000002012 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 2012 116 years , 100 days United States 16 Jiroemon Kimura 000000001897 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 April 1897 000000002013 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 June 2013 116 years , 54 days Japan 17 Jeralean Talley 000000001899 - 05 - 23 - 0000 23 May 1899 000000002015 - 06 - 17 - 0000 17 June 2015 116 years , 25 days United States 18 Ana María Vela Rubio 000000001901 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 October 1901 Living 7004423520000000000 ♠ 115 years , 348 days Spain 19 Maggie Barnes 000000001882 - 03 - 06 - 0000 6 March 1882 000000001998 - 01 - 19 - 0000 19 January 1998 115 years , 319 days United States 20 Dina Manfredini 000000001897 - 04 - 04 - 0000 4 April 1897 000000002012 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 2012 115 years , 257 days United States 21 Christian Mortensen 000000001882 - 08 - 16 - 0000 16 August 1882 000000001998 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 April 1998 115 years , 252 days United States 22 Charlotte Hughes 000000001877 - 08 - 01 - 0000 1 August 1877 000000001993 - 03 - 17 - 0000 17 March 1993 115 years , 228 days United Kingdom 23 Edna Parker 000000001893 - 04 - 20 - 0000 20 April 1893 000000002008 - 11 - 26 - 0000 26 November 2008 115 years , 220 days United States 24 Mary Ann Rhodes 000000001882 - 08 - 12 - 0000 12 August 1882 000000001998 - 03 - 03 - 0000 3 March 1998 115 years , 203 days Canada 25 Anonymous of Tokyo 000000001900 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 March 1900 000000002015 - 09 - 27 - 0000 27 September 2015 115 years , 196 days Japan 26 Margaret Skeete 000000001878 - 10 - 27 - 0000 27 October 1878 000000001994 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 1994 115 years , 192 days United States 27 Bernice Madigan 000000001899 - 07 - 24 - 0000 24 July 1899 000000002015 - 01 - 03 - 0000 3 January 2015 115 years , 163 days United States 28 Gertrude Baines 000000001894 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 1894 000000002009 - 09 - 11 - 0000 11 September 2009 115 years , 158 days United States 29 Emiliano Mercado del Toro 000000001891 - 08 - 21 - 0000 21 August 1891 000000002007 - 01 - 24 - 0000 24 January 2007 115 years , 156 days Puerto Rico 30 Bettie Wilson 000000001890 - 09 - 13 - 0000 13 September 1890 000000002006 - 02 - 13 - 0000 13 February 2006 115 years , 153 days United States 31 Giuseppina Projetto 000000001902 - 05 - 30 - 0000 30 May 1902 Living 7004421390000000000 ♠ 115 years , 135 days Italy 32 Julie Winnefred Bertrand 000000001891 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 1891 000000002007 - 01 - 18 - 0000 18 January 2007 115 years , 124 days Canada 33 Maria de Jesus 000000001893 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 1893 000000002009 - 01 - 02 - 0000 2 January 2009 115 years , 114 days Portugal 34 Marie Josephine Gaudette 000000001902 - 03 - 25 - 0000 25 March 1902 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 13 July 2017 115 years , 110 days Italy 35 Susie Gibson 000000001890 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 October 1890 000000002006 - 02 - 16 - 0000 16 February 2006 115 years , 108 days United States 36 Augusta Holtz 000000001871 - 08 - 03 - 0000 3 August 1871 000000001986 - 10 - 21 - 0000 21 October 1986 115 years , 79 days United States 37 Hendrikje van Andel - Schipper 000000001890 - 06 - 29 - 0000 29 June 1890 000000002005 - 08 - 30 - 0000 30 August 2005 115 years , 62 days Netherlands 38 Maude Farris - Luse 000000001887 - 01 - 21 - 0000 21 January 1887 000000002002 - 03 - 18 - 0000 18 March 2002 115 years , 56 days United States 39 Marie Brémont 000000001886 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 April 1886 000000002001 - 06 - 06 - 0000 6 June 2001 115 years , 42 days France 40 Koto Okubo 000000001897 - 12 - 24 - 0000 24 December 1897 000000002013 - 01 - 12 - 0000 12 January 2013 115 years , 19 days Japan 41 Antonia Gerena Rivera 000000001900 - 05 - 19 - 0000 19 May 1900 000000002015 - 06 - 02 - 0000 2 June 2015 115 years , 14 days United States 42 Chiyono Hasegawa 000000001896 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 1896 000000002011 - 12 - 02 - 0000 2 December 2011 115 years , 12 days Japan 43 Annie Jennings 000000001884 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1884 000000001999 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 1999 115 years , 8 days United Kingdom 44 Eva Morris 000000001885 - 11 - 08 - 0000 8 November 1885 000000002000 - 11 - 02 - 0000 2 November 2000 114 years , 360 days United Kingdom 45 Kama Chinen 000000001895 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 1895 000000002010 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2010 114 years , 357 days Japan 46 Maria Gomes Valentim 000000001896 - 07 - 09 - 0000 9 July 1896 000000002011 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 June 2011 114 years , 347 days Brazil 47 Mary Bidwell 000000001881 - 05 - 19 - 0000 19 May 1881 000000001996 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 April 1996 114 years , 342 days United States 48 Mary Josephine Ray 000000001895 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 1895 000000002010 - 03 - 07 - 0000 7 March 2010 114 years , 294 days United States 49 Goldie Steinberg 000000001900 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 1900 000000002015 - 08 - 16 - 0000 16 August 2015 114 years , 290 days United States 50 Kane Tanaka 000000001903 - 01 - 02 - 0000 2 January 1903 Living 7004419220000000000 ♠ 114 years , 283 days Japan 51 Kiyoko Ishiguro 000000001901 - 03 - 04 - 0000 4 March 1901 000000002015 - 12 - 05 - 0000 5 December 2015 114 years , 276 days Japan 52 Maria do Couto Maia - Lopes 000000001890 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1890 000000002005 - 07 - 25 - 0000 25 July 2005 114 years , 274 days Portugal Eudoxie Baboul 000000001901 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 1901 000000002016 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2016 114 years , 274 days France ( French Guiana ) 54 Ramona Trinidad Iglesias - Jordan 000000001889 - 08 - 31 - 0000 31 August 1889 000000002004 - 05 - 29 - 0000 29 May 2004 114 years , 272 days Puerto Rico 55 Yukie Hino 000000001902 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 April 1902 000000002017 - 01 - 13 - 0000 13 January 2017 114 years , 271 days Japan 56 Eugénie Blanchard 000000001896 - 02 - 16 - 0000 16 February 1896 000000002010 - 11 - 04 - 0000 4 November 2010 114 years , 261 days France ( Saint Barthélemy ) 57 Venere Pizzinato - Papo 000000001896 - 11 - 23 - 0000 23 November 1896 000000002011 - 08 - 02 - 0000 2 August 2011 114 years , 252 days Italy 58 Neva Morris 000000001895 - 08 - 03 - 0000 3 August 1895 000000002010 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2010 114 years , 246 days United States 59 Hide Ohira 000000001880 - 09 - 15 - 0000 15 September 1880 000000001995 - 05 - 09 - 0000 9 May 1995 114 years , 236 days Japan 60 Blanche Cobb 000000001900 - 09 - 08 - 0000 8 September 1900 000000002015 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2015 114 years , 235 days United States 61 Ethel Lang 000000001900 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 1900 000000002015 - 01 - 15 - 0000 15 January 2015 114 years , 233 days United Kingdom 62 Mathew Beard 000000001870 - 07 - 09 - 0000 9 July 1870 000000001985 - 02 - 16 - 0000 16 February 1985 114 years , 222 days United States 63 Yone Minagawa 000000001893 - 01 - 04 - 0000 4 January 1893 000000002007 - 08 - 13 - 0000 13 August 2007 114 years , 221 days Japan 64 María Antonia Castro 000000001881 - 06 - 10 - 0000 10 June 1881 000000001996 - 01 - 16 - 0000 16 January 1996 114 years , 220 days Spain 65 Ura Koyama 000000001890 - 08 - 30 - 0000 30 August 1890 000000002005 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 2005 114 years , 218 days Japan Carrie Lazenby 000000001882 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 February 1882 000000001996 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 September 1996 114 years , 218 days United States 67 Myrtle Dorsey 000000001885 - 11 - 22 - 0000 22 November 1885 000000002000 - 06 - 25 - 0000 25 June 2000 114 years , 216 days United States 68 Anna Eliza Williams 000000001873 - 06 - 02 - 0000 2 June 1873 000000001987 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 December 1987 114 years , 208 days United Kingdom 69 Maria Giuseppa Robucci 20 March 1903 Living 7004418450000000000 ♠ 114 years , 206 days Italy 70 Walter Breuning 000000001896 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1896 000000002011 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2011 114 years , 205 days United States 71 Eunice Sanborn 000000001896 - 07 - 20 - 0000 20 July 1896 000000002011 - 01 - 31 - 0000 31 January 2011 114 years , 195 days United States 72 Grace Clawson 000000001887 - 11 - 15 - 0000 15 November 1887 000000002002 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 2002 114 years , 194 days United States 73 Mitsue Toyoda 000000001902 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 1902 000000002016 - 08 - 25 - 0000 25 August 2016 114 years , 192 days Japan 74 Tase Matsunaga 000000001884 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 1884 000000001998 - 11 - 18 - 0000 18 November 1998 114 years , 191 days Japan 75 Yukichi Chuganji 000000001889 - 03 - 23 - 0000 23 March 1889 000000002003 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 2003 114 years , 189 days Japan 76 Kame Nakamura 000000001898 - 03 - 08 - 0000 8 March 1898 000000002012 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2012 114 years , 188 days Japan 77 Lydie Vellard 000000001875 - 03 - 18 - 0000 18 March 1875 000000001989 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1989 114 years , 183 days France Wilhelmina Kott 000000001880 - 03 - 07 - 0000 7 March 1880 000000001994 - 09 - 06 - 0000 6 September 1994 114 years , 183 days United States Adelina Domingues 000000001888 - 02 - 19 - 0000 19 February 1888 000000002002 - 08 - 21 - 0000 21 August 2002 114 years , 183 days United States 80 Mitoyo Kawate 000000001889 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May 1889 000000002003 - 11 - 13 - 0000 13 November 2003 114 years , 182 days Japan 81 Charlotte Benkner 000000001889 - 11 - 16 - 0000 16 November 1889 000000002004 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 2004 114 years , 180 days United States Camille Loiseau 000000001892 - 02 - 13 - 0000 13 February 1892 000000002006 - 08 - 12 - 0000 12 August 2006 114 years , 180 days France 83 Anne Primout 000000001890 - 10 - 05 - 0000 5 October 1890 000000002005 - 03 - 26 - 0000 26 March 2005 114 years , 172 days France Iso Nakamura 23 April 1903 Living 7004418110000000000 ♠ 114 years , 172 days Japan 85 Ettie Mae Greene 000000001877 - 09 - 08 - 0000 8 September 1877 000000001992 - 02 - 26 - 0000 26 February 1992 114 years , 171 days United States 86 Dominga Velasco 000000001901 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May 1901 000000002015 - 10 - 11 - 0000 11 October 2015 114 years , 152 days United States 87 Toshie Yorimitsu 000000001901 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 1901 000000002016 - 02 - 28 - 0000 28 February 2016 114 years , 151 days Japan 88 Irene Frank 000000001881 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 1881 000000001996 - 02 - 28 - 0000 28 February 1996 114 years , 150 days United States 89 Christina Cock 000000001887 - 12 - 25 - 0000 25 December 1887 000000002002 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 2002 114 years , 148 days Australia 90 Olivia Patricia Thomas 000000001895 - 06 - 29 - 0000 29 June 1895 000000002009 - 11 - 16 - 0000 16 November 2009 114 years , 140 days United States 91 Anna Henderson 000000001900 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 March 1900 000000002014 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2014 114 years , 118 days United States 92 Emma Verona Johnston 000000001890 - 08 - 06 - 0000 6 August 1890 000000002004 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 2004 114 years , 117 days United States Mamie Rearden 000000001898 - 09 - 07 - 0000 7 September 1898 000000002013 - 01 - 02 - 0000 2 January 2013 114 years , 117 days United States 94 Bettie Chatmon 000000001884 - 04 - 30 - 0000 30 April 1884 000000001998 - 08 - 16 - 0000 16 August 1998 114 years , 108 days United States 95 Odie Matthews 000000001878 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 December 1878 000000001993 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 1993 114 years , 107 days United States 96 Chiyo Shiraishi 000000001895 - 08 - 06 - 0000 6 August 1895 000000002009 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 2009 114 years , 105 days Japan 97 Asa Takii 000000001884 - 04 - 28 - 0000 28 April 1884 000000001998 - 07 - 31 - 0000 31 July 1998 114 years , 94 days Japan 98 Florence Knapp 000000001873 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 October 1873 000000001988 - 01 - 11 - 0000 11 January 1988 114 years , 93 days United States Elena Slough 000000001889 - 07 - 04 - 0000 4 July 1889 000000002003 - 10 - 05 - 0000 5 October 2003 114 years , 93 days United States Tae Ito 11 July 1903 Living 7004417320000000000 ♠ 114 years , 93 days Japan a ^ Manfredini was born in Italy . b ^ Mortensen was born in Denmark . c ^ Gaudette was born in the United States . d ^ Holtz was born in the German Empire ; her birthplace is now in Poland . e ^ Gerena was born in Puerto Rico . f ^ Ray was born in Canada . g ^ Steinberg was born in Kishinev , then part of the Russian Empire . It is now the capital of Moldova . h ^ Pizzinato - Papo was born in Ala , which was then part of Austria - Hungary ; it is now located in Italy . i ^ Clawson was born in the United Kingdom . j ^ Domingues was born in Cape Verde , at that time a colony of Portugal . k ^ Benkner was born in Germany . l ^ Primout was born in French Algeria ; it is now Algeria . m ^ Velasco was born in Mexico . n ^ Cock was born in the former British colony Victoria , which is now part of Australia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jeanne Calment , World 's Elder , Dies at 122 '' . The New York Times . 5 August 1997 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World 's oldest person misses millennium '' . BBC . 31 December 1999 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Maier , H. ; Gampe , J. ; Jeune , B. ; Vaupel , J.W. ; Robine , J. - M. ( 2010 ) . Demographic research monographs -- Supercentenarians . Springer Publishing . p. 249 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 11520 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Marie - Louise Meilleur , 117 ; Listed as Oldest Person in World '' . Los Angeles Times . 18 April 1998 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` GRG World Supercentenarian Rankings List '' . Gerontology Research Group . 13 April 2017 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Morano compie oggi 115 anni '' . La Stampa. 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World 's oldest woman dies at 116 '' . BBC . 28 August 2006 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's oldest person dies at 116 '' . New Straits Times . 13 July 1995 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis mourns Lizzie Bolden , daughter of slaves , born the year Sitting Bull died '' . The Guardian . 16 December 2006 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Maier , H. ; Gampe , J. ; Jeune , B. ; Vaupel , J.W. ; Robine , J. - M. ( 2010 ) . Demographic research monographs -- Supercentenarians . Springer Publishing . pp. 256 -- 259 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 11520 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte Hughes , 115 , Was World 's 2nd - oldest Person '' . Orlando Sentinel. 18 March 1993 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Edna Parker dies at 115 ; former teacher was world 's oldest person '' . Los Angeles Times . 28 November 2008 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` She does n't look a day over 80 '' . Kingston Whig - Standard . 11 August 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Margaret Skeete , 115 ; Oldest American '' . Los Angeles Times . 11 May 1994 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bernice Madigan , fifth - oldest person in the world , dies at 115 '' . The Berkshire Eagle . 4 January 2015 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gertrude Baines , Oldest Woman in World , Dies at 115 '' . The New York Times . 11 September 2009 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bettie Wilson , 115 ; One of Three Oldest Americans '' . Los Angeles Times . 16 February 2006 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World 's oldest woman dies in Montreal at age 115 '' . CBC News . 19 January 2007 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maria de Jesus , world 's oldest person , dies at 115 '' . Los Angeles Times . 3 January 2009 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nun from Manchester , who was world 's 5th oldest person , dies at 115 years old '' . Newhampshire. 15 July 2017 . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Susie Potts Gibson , 115 ; One of Oldest U.S. Women Attributed Longevity to Vinegar and Pickles '' . Los Angeles Times . 18 February 2006 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest woman dies '' . Southeast Missourian. 22 October 1986 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hendrikje Van Andel - Schipper , 115 ; Held Title of the World 's Oldest Person for 15 Months '' . Los Angeles Times . 31 August 2005 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maud Farris - Luse ; Oldest Person at 115 '' . Los Angeles Times . 20 March 2002 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World 's oldest woman dies at 115 '' . BBC . 6 June 2001 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 115 - year old Japanese woman dies less than a month after becoming world 's oldest female '' . The Washington Post . 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's oldest person dies at age 115 '' . ' ' The Oklahoman ' '. 2 December 2011 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Karasek , Michal ( 2006 ) . Aging and Age - Related Diseases -- The Basics . Nova Science Publishers . p. 469 . ISBN 9781594544262 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Oldest Woman Dies at 114 '' . ABC News . 2 November 2000 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World 's oldest person dies at 114 '' . BBC . 4 May 2010 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World 's oldest person dies in Brazil at 114 '' . CNN . 21 June 2011 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 114 - year - old 's Life Comes To An End '' . Hartford Courant. 26 April 1996 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Ray , 114 : Oldest citizen of both Canada and U.S. '' . Toronto Star . 9 March 2010 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New York 's Second - Oldest Resident , Goldie Steinberg , Celebrated Her 114th Birthday at Grandell Rehabilitation and Nursing Center '' . MarketWatch. 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Dovid Margolin ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) . `` Goldie Steinberg , World 's Oldest Jewish Person , Passes Away at 114 '' . chabad.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Ramona Trinidad Iglesias - Jordan , 114 ; Oldest Person in the World '' . Los Angeles Times . 31 May 2004 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest person Eugenie Blanchard dies at age of 114 '' . BBC . 4 November 2010 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Venere Pizzinato morta a 114 anni : era la più vecchia in Italiae in Europa '' . Il Gazzettino. 4 August 2011 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Second oldest person in world dies aged 114 '' . The Telegraph . 6 April 2010 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville woman turns 114 Monday '' . First Coast News . 5 September 2014 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BLANCHE COBB '' . 4 May 2015 . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yone Minagawa , 114 ; world 's oldest living person '' . Los Angeles Times . 14 August 2007 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's oldest woman , 114 , dies '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 6 April 2005 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Secret to long life ? Start with bowling '' . Toledo Blade . 27 June 2000 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's Anna Eliza Williams , World 's Oldest Person , Dies '' . The News - Journal . 30 December 1987 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World 's oldest woman Eunice Sanborn dies in US at 114 '' . BBC . 31 January 2011 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grace Clawson , 114 '' . Chicago Tribune . 1 June 2002 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tase Matsunaga '' . Orlando Sentinel. 20 November 1998 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 114 歳仲村カメさん死去県内最高齢 '' . Ryūkyū Shimpō. 14 September 2012 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Maier , H. ; Gampe , J. ; Jeune , B. ; Vaupel , J.W. ; Robine , J. - M. ( 2010 ) . Demographic research monographs -- Supercentenarians . Springer Publishing . pp. 276 -- 280 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 11520 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest Woman , 114 , Dies In San Diego '' . CBS News . 23 August 2002 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World 's oldest person dies at 114 '' . BBC . 13 November 2003 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte Benkner , 114 ; 2nd - Oldest Person in World Lived ' Steadily ' '' . Los Angeles Times . 18 May 2004 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Camille Loiseau , doyenne des Français '' . Le Parisien. 30 August 2006 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` La Française la plus âgée est décédée '' . Le Nouvel Observateur. 31 March 2005 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest Living American Dies At 114 From Virus '' . The Morning Call . 29 February 1992 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` God finally remembers Christina '' . The Age . 24 May 2002 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest native - born American , 114 , dies in New York town '' . The Plain Dealer. 18 November 2009 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anna Lois Henderson , 114 , oldest Philadelphian '' . Philadelphia Daily News . 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest American dies at 114 at home '' . The Argus - Press . 4 December 2004 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest American Mamie Rearden dies at 114 '' . United Press International . 5 January 2013 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's oldest person dies at 114 '' . Deseret News . 31 July 1998 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Florence Knapp , world 's oldest person , dies at 114 '' . Lakeland Ledger. 13 January 1988 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elena Slough , 114 ; Oldest '' . Los Angeles Times . 6 October 2003 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference TableE was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Longevity Terminology Centenarian Super Cognitive epidemiology Elderly Life expectancy Life extension Maximum life span Old age Immortality Ageless Biological immortality Digital immortality Eternal youth Issues Anti-aging movement Longevity claims Longevity escape velocity Longevity insurance Longevity myths Longevity risk Living and Notable centenarians ( over age 100 ) By career Activists , non-profit leaders , and philanthropists Actors , filmmakers , and entertainers Artists Authors , poets , and journalists Businesspeople Educators , school administrators , social scientists , and linguists Explorers Jurists and practitioners of law Medical professionals Military commanders Musicians , composers , and music patrons Philosophers and theologians Politicians and civil servants Religious figures Royalty and nobility Scientists and mathematicians Sportspeople Miscellaneous Supercentenarians ( over age 110 ) By continent Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America By country Australia Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Japan Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom United States Oldest people List of oldest living people List of the verified oldest people men women Miscellaneous Last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars European American Canadian Last surviving World War I veterans by country Surviving veterans of the Spanish Civil War List of surviving veterans of World War II Last survivors of historic events Oldest twins Longest marriages List of longest - reigning monarchs See also Ageing Biodemography of human longevity Earliest known life forms FOXO3 longevity gene Gerontology Immortality in fiction Life extension - related topics Senescence Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_the_verified_oldest_people&oldid=804980350 '' Categories : Lists of supercentenarians Senescence Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Use dmy dates from November 2012 Talk About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français Íslenska Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Српски / srpski Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 09 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how old is was the oldest person to ever live	[ "\n1\nJeanne Calment[1]\nF\n000000001875-02-21-000021 February 1875\n000000001997-08-04-00004 August 1997\n122 years, 164 days\nFrance\n" ]	[ "Jeanne Calment" ]
4823560527786319478	Chyme	Chyme - wikipedia Chyme Not to be confused with Chyle , Chymex , or Chime . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chyme Identifiers FMA 62961 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Chyme or chymus ( / kaɪm / ; from Greek χυμός khymos , `` juice '' ) is the semi-fluid mass of partly digested food that is expelled by the stomach , through the pyloric valve , into the duodenum ( the beginning of the small intestine ) . Chyme results from the mechanical and chemical breakdown of a bolus and consists of partially digested food , water , hydrochloric acid , and various digestive enzymes . Chyme slowly passes through the pyloric sphincter and into the duodenum , where the extraction of nutrients begins . Depending on the quantity and contents of the meal , the stomach will digest the food into chyme in anywhere between 40 minutes to a few hours . With a pH of approximately 2 , chyme emerging from the stomach is very acidic . The duodenum secretes a hormone , cholecystokinin ( CCK ) , which causes the gall bladder to contract , releasing alkaline bile into the duodenum . CCK also causes the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas . The duodenum is a short section of the small intestine located between the stomach and the rest of the small intestine . The duodenum also produces the hormone secretin to stimulate the pancreatic secretion of large amounts of sodium bicarbonate , which then raises pH of the chyme to 7 . The chyme then moves through the jejunum and the ileum , where digestion progresses , and the nonuseful portion continues onward into the large intestine . The duodenum is protected by a thick layer of mucus and the neutralizing actions of the sodium bicarbonate and bile . At a pH of 7 , the enzymes that were present from the stomach are no longer active . This then leads into the further breakdown of the nutrients still present by anaerobic bacteria , which at the same time help to package the remains . These bacteria also help synthesize vitamin B and vitamin K , which will be absorbed along with other nutrients . Contents ( hide ) 1 Properties 2 Path of chyme 3 Uses 4 References Properties ( edit ) Chyme has a low pH that is countered by the production of bile , helping to further digest food . Chyme is part liquid and part solid : a thick semifluid mass of partially digested food and digestive secretions that is formed in the stomach and small intestine during digestion . Chyme also contains cells from the mouth and esophagus that slough off from the mechanical action of chewing and swallowing . Path of chyme ( edit ) After hours of mechanical and chemical digestion , food has been reduced into chyme . As particles of food become small enough , they are passed out of the stomach at regular intervals into the small intestine , which stimulates the pancreas to release fluid containing a high concentration of bicarbonate . This fluid neutralizes the gastric juices , which can damage the lining of the intestine and result in duodenal ulcer . Other secretions from the pancreas , gallbladder , liver , and glands in the intestinal wall help in digestion . When food particles are sufficiently reduced in size and composition , they are absorbed by the intestinal wall and transported to the bloodstream . Some food material is passed from the small intestine to the large intestine . In the large intestine , bacteria break down proteins and starches in chyme that were not digested fully in the small intestine . When all of the nutrients have been absorbed from chyme , the remaining waste material changes into semisolids that are called feces . The feces pass to the rectum , to be stored until ready to be discharged from the body during defecation . Uses ( edit ) The chyme of an unweaned calf is the defining ingredient of pajata , a traditional Roman recipe . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chyme , Online Etymology Dictionary Jump up ^ χυμός , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ chyme , Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chyme&oldid=842402174 '' Categories : Digestive system Body fluids Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Articles needing additional references from January 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Ido Italiano Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 06 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what organ produces chyme as a result of mechanical digestion	[ "Chyme or chymus (/kaɪm/; from Greek χυμός khymos, \"juice\"[1][2]) is the semi-fluid mass of partly digested food that is expelled by the stomach, through the pyloric valve, into the duodenum[3] (the beginning of the small intestine).\n" ]	[ "the stomach" ]
-7493697028782344490	Plate tectonics	Plate tectonics - Wikipedia Plate tectonics Jump to : navigation , search The tectonic plates of the world were mapped in the second half of the 20th century . Diagram of the internal layering of the Earth showing the lithosphere above the asthenosphere ( not to scale ) Plate tectonics ( from the Late Latin tectonicus , from the Greek : τεκτονικός `` pertaining to building '' ) is a scientific theory describing the large - scale motion of seven large plates and the movements of a larger number of smaller plates of the Earth 's lithosphere , since tectonic processes began on Earth between 3 and 3.5 billion years ago . The model builds on the concept of continental drift , an idea developed during the first decades of the 20th century . The geoscientific community accepted plate - tectonic theory after seafloor spreading was validated in the late 1950s and early 1960s . The lithosphere , which is the rigid outermost shell of a planet ( the crust and upper mantle ) , is broken into tectonic plates . The Earth 's lithosphere is composed of seven or eight major plates ( depending on how they are defined ) and many minor plates . Where the plates meet , their relative motion determines the type of boundary : convergent , divergent , or transform . Earthquakes , volcanic activity , mountain - building , and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries ( or faults ) . The relative movement of the plates typically ranges from zero to 100 mm annually . Tectonic plates are composed of oceanic lithosphere and thicker continental lithosphere , each topped by its own kind of crust . Along convergent boundaries , subduction , or one plate moving under another , carries the lower one down into the mantle ; the material lost is roughly balanced by the formation of new ( oceanic ) crust along divergent margins by seafloor spreading . In this way , the total surface of the lithosphere remains the same . This prediction of plate tectonics is also referred to as the conveyor belt principle . Earlier theories , since disproven , proposed gradual shrinking ( contraction ) or gradual expansion of the globe . Tectonic plates are able to move because the Earth 's lithosphere has greater mechanical strength than the underlying asthenosphere . Lateral density variations in the mantle result in convection ; that is , the slow creeping motion of Earth 's solid mantle . Plate movement is thought to be driven by a combination of the motion of the seafloor away from spreading ridges due to variations in topography ( the ridge is a topographic high ) and density changes in the crust ( density increases as newly formed crust cools and moves away from the ridge ) . At subduction zones the relatively cold , dense crust is `` pulled '' or sinks down into the mantle over the downward convecting limb of a mantle cell . Another explanation lies in the different forces generated by tidal forces of the Sun and Moon . The relative importance of each of these factors and their relationship to each other is unclear , and still the subject of much debate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key principles 2 Types of plate boundaries 3 Driving forces of plate motion 3.1 Driving forces related to mantle dynamics 3.2 Driving forces related to gravity 3.3 Driving forces related to Earth rotation 3.4 Relative significance of each driving force mechanism 4 Development of the theory 4.1 Summary 4.2 Continental drift 4.3 Floating continents , paleomagnetism , and seismicity zones 4.4 Mid-oceanic ridge spreading and convection 4.5 Magnetic striping 4.6 Definition and refining of the theory 5 Implications for biogeography 6 Plate reconstruction 6.1 Defining plate boundaries 6.2 Past plate motions 6.3 Formation and break - up of continents 7 Current plates 8 Other celestial bodies ( planets , moons ) 8.1 Venus 8.2 Mars 8.3 Icy satellites 8.4 Exoplanets 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Cited books 10.3 Cited articles 11 External links 11.1 Videos Key principles The outer layers of the Earth are divided into the lithosphere and asthenosphere . The division is based on differences in mechanical properties and in the method for the transfer of heat . The lithosphere is cooler and more rigid , while the asthenosphere is hotter and flows more easily . In terms of heat transfer , the lithosphere loses heat by conduction , whereas the asthenosphere also transfers heat by convection and has a nearly adiabatic temperature gradient . This division should not be confused with the chemical subdivision of these same layers into the mantle ( comprising both the asthenosphere and the mantle portion of the lithosphere ) and the crust : a given piece of mantle may be part of the lithosphere or the asthenosphere at different times depending on its temperature and pressure . The key principle of plate tectonics is that the lithosphere exists as separate and distinct tectonic plates , which ride on the fluid - like ( visco - elastic solid ) asthenosphere . Plate motions range up to a typical 10 -- 40 mm / year ( Mid-Atlantic Ridge ; about as fast as fingernails grow ) , to about 160 mm / year ( Nazca Plate ; about as fast as hair grows ) . The driving mechanism behind this movement is described below . Tectonic lithosphere plates consist of lithospheric mantle overlain by one or two types of crustal material : oceanic crust ( in older texts called sima from silicon and magnesium ) and continental crust ( sial from silicon and aluminium ) . Average oceanic lithosphere is typically 100 km ( 62 mi ) thick ; its thickness is a function of its age : as time passes , it conductively cools and subjacent cooling mantle is added to its base . Because it is formed at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outwards , its thickness is therefore a function of its distance from the mid-ocean ridge where it was formed . For a typical distance that oceanic lithosphere must travel before being subducted , the thickness varies from about 6 km ( 4 mi ) thick at mid-ocean ridges to greater than 100 km ( 62 mi ) at subduction zones ; for shorter or longer distances , the subduction zone ( and therefore also the mean ) thickness becomes smaller or larger , respectively . Continental lithosphere is typically about 200 km thick , though this varies considerably between basins , mountain ranges , and stable cratonic interiors of continents . The location where two plates meet is called a plate boundary . Plate boundaries are commonly associated with geological events such as earthquakes and the creation of topographic features such as mountains , volcanoes , mid-ocean ridges , and oceanic trenches . The majority of the world 's active volcanoes occur along plate boundaries , with the Pacific Plate 's Ring of Fire being the most active and widely known today . These boundaries are discussed in further detail below . Some volcanoes occur in the interiors of plates , and these have been variously attributed to internal plate deformation and to mantle plumes . As explained above , tectonic plates may include continental crust or oceanic crust , and most plates contain both . For example , the African Plate includes the continent and parts of the floor of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans . The distinction between oceanic crust and continental crust is based on their modes of formation . Oceanic crust is formed at sea - floor spreading centers , and continental crust is formed through arc volcanism and accretion of terranes through tectonic processes , though some of these terranes may contain ophiolite sequences , which are pieces of oceanic crust considered to be part of the continent when they exit the standard cycle of formation and spreading centers and subduction beneath continents . Oceanic crust is also denser than continental crust owing to their different compositions . Oceanic crust is denser because it has less silicon and more heavier elements ( `` mafic '' ) than continental crust ( `` felsic '' ) . As a result of this density stratification , oceanic crust generally lies below sea level ( for example most of the Pacific Plate ) , while continental crust buoyantly projects above sea level ( see the page isostasy for explanation of this principle ) . Types of plate boundaries Main article : List of tectonic plate interactions Three types of plate boundaries exist , with a fourth , mixed type , characterized by the way the plates move relative to each other . They are associated with different types of surface phenomena . The different types of plate boundaries are : Transform boundary Divergent boundary Convergent boundary Transform boundaries ( Conservative ) occur where two lithospheric plates slide , or perhaps more accurately , grind past each other along transform faults , where plates are neither created nor destroyed . The relative motion of the two plates is either sinistral ( left side toward the observer ) or dextral ( right side toward the observer ) . Transform faults occur across a spreading center . Strong earthquakes can occur along a fault . The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of a transform boundary exhibiting dextral motion . Divergent boundaries ( Constructive ) occur where two plates slide apart from each other . At zones of ocean - to - ocean rifting , divergent boundaries form by seafloor spreading , allowing for the formation of new ocean basin . As the ocean plate splits , the ridge forms at the spreading center , the ocean basin expands , and finally , the plate area increases causing many small volcanoes and / or shallow earthquakes . At zones of continent - to - continent rifting , divergent boundaries may cause new ocean basin to form as the continent splits , spreads , the central rift collapses , and ocean fills the basin . Active zones of Mid-ocean ridges ( e.g. , Mid-Atlantic Ridge and East Pacific Rise ) , and continent - to - continent rifting ( such as Africa 's East African Rift and Valley , Red Sea ) are examples of divergent boundaries . Convergent boundaries ( Destructive ) ( or active margins ) occur where two plates slide toward each other to form either a subduction zone ( one plate moving underneath the other ) or a continental collision . At zones of ocean - to - continent subduction ( e.g. the Andes mountain range in South America , and the Cascade Mountains in Western United States ) , the dense oceanic lithosphere plunges beneath the less dense continent . Earthquakes trace the path of the downward - moving plate as it descends into asthenosphere , a trench forms , and as the subducted plate is heated it releases volatiles , mostly water from hydrous minerals , into the surrounding mantle . The addition of water lowers the melting point of the mantle material above the subducting slab , causing it to melt . The magma that results typically leads to volcanism . At zones of ocean - to - ocean subduction ( e.g. Aleutian islands , Mariana Islands , and the Japanese island arc ) , older , cooler , denser crust slips beneath less dense crust . This motion causes earthquakes and a deep trench to form in an arc shape . The upper mantle of the subducted plate then heats and magma rises to form curving chains of volcanic islands . Deep marine trenches are typically associated with subduction zones , and the basins that develop along the active boundary are often called `` foreland basins '' . Closure of ocean basins can occur at continent - to - continent boundaries ( e.g. , Himalayas and Alps ) : collision between masses of granitic continental lithosphere ; neither mass is subducted ; plate edges are compressed , folded , uplifted . Plate boundary zones occur where the effects of the interactions are unclear , and the boundaries , usually occurring along a broad belt , are not well defined and may show various types of movements in different episodes . Driving forces of plate motion Plate motion based on Global Positioning System ( GPS ) satellite data from NASA JPL . The vectors show direction and magnitude of motion . It has generally been accepted that tectonic plates are able to move because of the relative density of oceanic lithosphere and the relative weakness of the asthenosphere . Dissipation of heat from the mantle is acknowledged to be the original source of the energy required to drive plate tectonics through convection or large scale upwelling and doming . The current view , though still a matter of some debate , asserts that as a consequence , a powerful source of plate motion is generated due to the excess density of the oceanic lithosphere sinking in subduction zones . When the new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges , this oceanic lithosphere is initially less dense than the underlying asthenosphere , but it becomes denser with age as it conductively cools and thickens . The greater density of old lithosphere relative to the underlying asthenosphere allows it to sink into the deep mantle at subduction zones , providing most of the driving force for plate movement . The weakness of the asthenosphere allows the tectonic plates to move easily towards a subduction zone . Although subduction is thought to be the strongest force driving plate motions , it can not be the only force since there are plates such as the North American Plate which are moving , yet are nowhere being subducted . The same is true for the enormous Eurasian Plate . The sources of plate motion are a matter of intensive research and discussion among scientists . One of the main points is that the kinematic pattern of the movement itself should be separated clearly from the possible geodynamic mechanism that is invoked as the driving force of the observed movement , as some patterns may be explained by more than one mechanism . In short , the driving forces advocated at the moment can be divided into three categories based on the relationship to the movement : mantle dynamics related , gravity related ( mostly secondary forces ) , and earth rotation related . Driving forces related to mantle dynamics Main article : Mantle convection For much of the last quarter century , the leading theory of the driving force behind tectonic plate motions envisaged large scale convection currents in the upper mantle , which can be transmitted through the asthenosphere . This theory was launched by Arthur Holmes and some forerunners in the 1930s and was immediately recognized as the solution for the acceptance of the theory as originally discussed in the papers of Alfred Wegener in the early years of the century . However , despite its acceptance , it was long debated in the scientific community because the leading theory still envisaged a static Earth without moving continents up until the major breakthroughs of the early sixties . Two - and three - dimensional imaging of Earth 's interior ( seismic tomography ) shows a varying lateral density distribution throughout the mantle . Such density variations can be material ( from rock chemistry ) , mineral ( from variations in mineral structures ) , or thermal ( through thermal expansion and contraction from heat energy ) . The manifestation of this varying lateral density is mantle convection from buoyancy forces . How mantle convection directly and indirectly relates to plate motion is a matter of ongoing study and discussion in geodynamics . Somehow , this energy must be transferred to the lithosphere for tectonic plates to move . There are essentially two main types of forces that are thought to influence plate motion : friction and gravity . Basal drag ( friction ) : Plate motion driven by friction between the convection currents in the asthenosphere and the more rigid overlying lithosphere . Slab suction ( gravity ) : Plate motion driven by local convection currents that exert a downward pull on plates in subduction zones at ocean trenches . Slab suction may occur in a geodynamic setting where basal tractions continue to act on the plate as it dives into the mantle ( although perhaps to a greater extent acting on both the under and upper side of the slab ) . Lately , the convection theory has been much debated , as modern techniques based on 3D seismic tomography still fail to recognize these predicted large scale convection cells ; therefore , alternative views have been proposed : In the theory of plume tectonics developed during the 1990s , a modified concept of mantle convection currents is used . It asserts that super plumes rise from the deeper mantle and are the drivers or substitutes of the major convection cells . These ideas , which find their roots in the early 1930s with the so - called `` fixistic '' ideas of the European and Russian Earth Science Schools , find resonance in the modern theories which envisage hot spots or mantle plumes which remain fixed and are overridden by oceanic and continental lithosphere plates over time and leave their traces in the geological record ( though these phenomena are not invoked as real driving mechanisms , but rather as modulators ) . Modern theories that continue building on the older mantle doming concepts and see plate movements as a secondary phenomena are beyond the scope of this page and are discussed elsewhere ( for example on the Plume tectonics page ) . Another theory is that the mantle flows neither in cells nor large plumes but rather as a series of channels just below the Earth 's crust , which then provide basal friction to the lithosphere . This theory , called `` surge tectonics '' , became quite popular in geophysics and geodynamics during the 1980s and 1990s . Recent research , based on three - dimensional computer modeling , suggests that plate geometry is governed by a feedback between mantle convection patterns and the strength of the lithosphere . Driving forces related to gravity Forces related to gravity are usually invoked as secondary phenomena within the framework of a more general driving mechanism such as the various forms of mantle dynamics described above . Gravitational sliding away from a spreading ridge : According to many authors , plate motion is driven by the higher elevation of plates at ocean ridges . As oceanic lithosphere is formed at spreading ridges from hot mantle material , it gradually cools and thickens with age ( and thus adds distance from the ridge ) . Cool oceanic lithosphere is significantly denser than the hot mantle material from which it is derived and so with increasing thickness it gradually subsides into the mantle to compensate the greater load . The result is a slight lateral incline with increased distance from the ridge axis . This force is regarded as a secondary force and is often referred to as `` ridge push '' . This is a misnomer as nothing is `` pushing '' horizontally and tensional features are dominant along ridges . It is more accurate to refer to this mechanism as gravitational sliding as variable topography across the totality of the plate can vary considerably and the topography of spreading ridges is only the most prominent feature . Other mechanisms generating this gravitational secondary force include flexural bulging of the lithosphere before it dives underneath an adjacent plate which produces a clear topographical feature that can offset , or at least affect , the influence of topographical ocean ridges , and mantle plumes and hot spots , which are postulated to impinge on the underside of tectonic plates . Slab - pull : Current scientific opinion is that the asthenosphere is insufficiently competent or rigid to directly cause motion by friction along the base of the lithosphere . Slab pull is therefore most widely thought to be the greatest force acting on the plates . In this current understanding , plate motion is mostly driven by the weight of cold , dense plates sinking into the mantle at trenches . Recent models indicate that trench suction plays an important role as well . However , the fact that the North American Plate is nowhere being subducted , although it is in motion , presents a problem . The same holds for the African , Eurasian , and Antarctic plates . Gravitational sliding away from mantle doming : According to older theories , one of the driving mechanisms of the plates is the existence of large scale asthenosphere / mantle domes which cause the gravitational sliding of lithosphere plates away from them . This gravitational sliding represents a secondary phenomenon of this basically vertically oriented mechanism . This can act on various scales , from the small scale of one island arc up to the larger scale of an entire ocean basin . Driving forces related to Earth rotation This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alfred Wegener , being a meteorologist , had proposed tidal forces and pole flight force as the main driving mechanisms behind continental drift ; however , these forces were considered far too small to cause continental motion as the concept then was of continents plowing through oceanic crust . Therefore , Wegener later changed his position and asserted that convection currents are the main driving force of plate tectonics in the last edition of his book in 1929 . However , in the plate tectonics context ( accepted since the seafloor spreading proposals of Heezen , Hess , Dietz , Morley , Vine , and Matthews ( see below ) during the early 1960s ) , the oceanic crust is suggested to be in motion with the continents which caused the proposals related to Earth rotation to be reconsidered . In more recent literature , these driving forces are : Tidal drag due to the gravitational force the Moon ( and the Sun ) exerts on the crust of the Earth Global deformation of the geoid due to small displacements of the rotational pole with respect to the Earth 's crust ; Other smaller deformation effects of the crust due to wobbles and spin movements of the Earth rotation on a smaller time scale . Forces that are small and generally negligible are : The Coriolis force The centrifugal force , which is treated as a slight modification of gravity For these mechanisms to be overall valid , systematic relationships should exist all over the globe between the orientation and kinematics of deformation and the geographical latitudinal and longitudinal grid of the Earth itself . Ironically , these systematic relations studies in the second half of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century underline exactly the opposite : that the plates had not moved in time , that the deformation grid was fixed with respect to the Earth equator and axis , and that gravitational driving forces were generally acting vertically and caused only local horizontal movements ( the so - called pre-plate tectonic , `` fixist theories '' ) . Later studies ( discussed below on this page ) , therefore , invoked many of the relationships recognized during this pre-plate tectonics period to support their theories ( see the anticipations and reviews in the work of van Dijk and collaborators ) . Of the many forces discussed in this paragraph , tidal force is still highly debated and defended as a possible principle driving force of plate tectonics . The other forces are only used in global geodynamic models not using plate tectonics concepts ( therefore beyond the discussions treated in this section ) or proposed as minor modulations within the overall plate tectonics model . In 1973 , George W. Moore of the USGS and R.C. Bostrom presented evidence for a general westward drift of the Earth 's lithosphere with respect to the mantle . He concluded that tidal forces ( the tidal lag or `` friction '' ) caused by the Earth 's rotation and the forces acting upon it by the Moon are a driving force for plate tectonics . As the Earth spins eastward beneath the moon , the moon 's gravity ever so slightly pulls the Earth 's surface layer back westward , just as proposed by Alfred Wegener ( see above ) . In a more recent 2006 study , scientists reviewed and advocated these earlier proposed ideas . It has also been suggested recently in Lovett ( 2006 ) that this observation may also explain why Venus and Mars have no plate tectonics , as Venus has no moon and Mars ' moons are too small to have significant tidal effects on the planet . In a recent paper , it was suggested that , on the other hand , it can easily be observed that many plates are moving north and eastward , and that the dominantly westward motion of the Pacific Ocean basins derives simply from the eastward bias of the Pacific spreading center ( which is not a predicted manifestation of such lunar forces ) . In the same paper the authors admit , however , that relative to the lower mantle , there is a slight westward component in the motions of all the plates . They demonstrated though that the westward drift , seen only for the past 30 Ma , is attributed to the increased dominance of the steadily growing and accelerating Pacific plate . The debate is still open . Relative significance of each driving force mechanism The vector of a plate 's motion is a function of all the forces acting on the plate ; however , therein lies the problem regarding the degree to which each process contributes to the overall motion of each tectonic plate . The diversity of geodynamic settings and the properties of each plate result from the impact of the various processes actively driving each individual plate . One method of dealing with this problem is to consider the relative rate at which each plate is moving as well as the evidence related to the significance of each process to the overall driving force on the plate . One of the most significant correlations discovered to date is that lithospheric plates attached to downgoing ( subducting ) plates move much faster than plates not attached to subducting plates . The Pacific plate , for instance , is essentially surrounded by zones of subduction ( the so - called Ring of Fire ) and moves much faster than the plates of the Atlantic basin , which are attached ( perhaps one could say ' welded ' ) to adjacent continents instead of subducting plates . It is thus thought that forces associated with the downgoing plate ( slab pull and slab suction ) are the driving forces which determine the motion of plates , except for those plates which are not being subducted . This view however has been contradicted by a recent study which found that the actual motions of the Pacific Plate and other plates associated with the East Pacific Rise do not correlate mainly with either slab pull or slab push , but rather with a mantle convection upwelling whose horizontal spreading along the bases of the various plates drives them along via viscosity - related traction forces . The driving forces of plate motion continue to be active subjects of on - going research within geophysics and tectonophysics . Development of the theory Further information : Timeline of the development of tectonophysics Summary Detailed map showing the tectonic plates with their movement vectors . In line with other previous and contemporaneous proposals , in 1912 the meteorologist Alfred Wegener amply described what he called continental drift , expanded in his 1915 book The Origin of Continents and Oceans and the scientific debate started that would end up fifty years later in the theory of plate tectonics . Starting from the idea ( also expressed by his forerunners ) that the present continents once formed a single land mass ( which was called Pangea later on ) that drifted apart , thus releasing the continents from the Earth 's mantle and likening them to `` icebergs '' of low density granite floating on a sea of denser basalt . Supporting evidence for the idea came from the dove - tailing outlines of South America 's east coast and Africa 's west coast , and from the matching of the rock formations along these edges . Confirmation of their previous contiguous nature also came from the fossil plants Glossopteris and Gangamopteris , and the therapsid or mammal - like reptile Lystrosaurus , all widely distributed over South America , Africa , Antarctica , India , and Australia . The evidence for such an erstwhile joining of these continents was patent to field geologists working in the southern hemisphere . The South African Alex du Toit put together a mass of such information in his 1937 publication Our Wandering Continents , and went further than Wegener in recognising the strong links between the Gondwana fragments . But without detailed evidence and a force sufficient to drive the movement , the theory was not generally accepted : the Earth might have a solid crust and mantle and a liquid core , but there seemed to be no way that portions of the crust could move around . Distinguished scientists , such as Harold Jeffreys and Charles Schuchert , were outspoken critics of continental drift . Despite much opposition , the view of continental drift gained support and a lively debate started between `` drifters '' or `` mobilists '' ( proponents of the theory ) and `` fixists '' ( opponents ) . During the 1920s , 1930s and 1940s , the former reached important milestones proposing that convection currents might have driven the plate movements , and that spreading may have occurred below the sea within the oceanic crust . Concepts close to the elements now incorporated in plate tectonics were proposed by geophysicists and geologists ( both fixists and mobilists ) like Vening - Meinesz , Holmes , and Umbgrove . One of the first pieces of geophysical evidence that was used to support the movement of lithospheric plates came from paleomagnetism . This is based on the fact that rocks of different ages show a variable magnetic field direction , evidenced by studies since the mid -- nineteenth century . The magnetic north and south poles reverse through time , and , especially important in paleotectonic studies , the relative position of the magnetic north pole varies through time . Initially , during the first half of the twentieth century , the latter phenomenon was explained by introducing what was called `` polar wander '' ( see apparent polar wander ) , i.e. , it was assumed that the north pole location had been shifting through time . An alternative explanation , though , was that the continents had moved ( shifted and rotated ) relative to the north pole , and each continent , in fact , shows its own `` polar wander path '' . During the late 1950s it was successfully shown on two occasions that these data could show the validity of continental drift : by Keith Runcorn in a paper in 1956 , and by Warren Carey in a symposium held in March 1956 . The second piece of evidence in support of continental drift came during the late 1950s and early 60s from data on the bathymetry of the deep ocean floors and the nature of the oceanic crust such as magnetic properties and , more generally , with the development of marine geology which gave evidence for the association of seafloor spreading along the mid-oceanic ridges and magnetic field reversals , published between 1959 and 1963 by Heezen , Dietz , Hess , Mason , Vine & Matthews , and Morley . Simultaneous advances in early seismic imaging techniques in and around Wadati -- Benioff zones along the trenches bounding many continental margins , together with many other geophysical ( e.g. gravimetric ) and geological observations , showed how the oceanic crust could disappear into the mantle , providing the mechanism to balance the extension of the ocean basins with shortening along its margins . All this evidence , both from the ocean floor and from the continental margins , made it clear around 1965 that continental drift was feasible and the theory of plate tectonics , which was defined in a series of papers between 1965 and 1967 , was born , with all its extraordinary explanatory and predictive power . The theory revolutionized the Earth sciences , explaining a diverse range of geological phenomena and their implications in other studies such as paleogeography and paleobiology . Continental drift For more details on this topic , see Continental drift . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , geologists assumed that the Earth 's major features were fixed , and that most geologic features such as basin development and mountain ranges could be explained by vertical crustal movement , described in what is called the geosynclinal theory . Generally , this was placed in the context of a contracting planet Earth due to heat loss in the course of a relatively short geological time . Alfred Wegener in Greenland in the winter of 1912 -- 13 . It was observed as early as 1596 that the opposite coasts of the Atlantic Ocean -- or , more precisely , the edges of the continental shelves -- have similar shapes and seem to have once fitted together . Since that time many theories were proposed to explain this apparent complementarity , but the assumption of a solid Earth made these various proposals difficult to accept . The discovery of radioactivity and its associated heating properties in 1895 prompted a re-examination of the apparent age of the Earth . This had previously been estimated by its cooling rate under the assumption that the Earth 's surface radiated like a black body . Those calculations had implied that , even if it started at red heat , the Earth would have dropped to its present temperature in a few tens of millions of years . Armed with the knowledge of a new heat source , scientists realized that the Earth would be much older , and that its core was still sufficiently hot to be liquid . By 1915 , after having published a first article in 1912 , Alfred Wegener was making serious arguments for the idea of continental drift in the first edition of The Origin of Continents and Oceans . In that book ( re-issued in four successive editions up to the final one in 1936 ) , he noted how the east coast of South America and the west coast of Africa looked as if they were once attached . Wegener was not the first to note this ( Abraham Ortelius , Antonio Snider - Pellegrini , Eduard Suess , Roberto Mantovani and Frank Bursley Taylor preceded him just to mention a few ) , but he was the first to marshal significant fossil and paleo - topographical and climatological evidence to support this simple observation ( and was supported in this by researchers such as Alex du Toit ) . Furthermore , when the rock strata of the margins of separate continents are very similar it suggests that these rocks were formed in the same way , implying that they were joined initially . For instance , parts of Scotland and Ireland contain rocks very similar to those found in Newfoundland and New Brunswick . Furthermore , the Caledonian Mountains of Europe and parts of the Appalachian Mountains of North America are very similar in structure and lithology . However , his ideas were not taken seriously by many geologists , who pointed out that there was no apparent mechanism for continental drift . Specifically , they did not see how continental rock could plow through the much denser rock that makes up oceanic crust . Wegener could not explain the force that drove continental drift , and his vindication did not come until after his death in 1930 . Floating continents , paleomagnetism , and seismicity zones Global earthquake epicenters , 1963 -- 1998 . Most earthquakes occur in narrow belts that correspond to the locations of lithospheric plate boundaries . Map of earthquakes in 2016 As it was observed early that although granite existed on continents , seafloor seemed to be composed of denser basalt , the prevailing concept during the first half of the twentieth century was that there were two types of crust , named `` sial '' ( continental type crust ) and `` sima '' ( oceanic type crust ) . Furthermore , it was supposed that a static shell of strata was present under the continents . It therefore looked apparent that a layer of basalt ( sial ) underlies the continental rocks . However , based on abnormalities in plumb line deflection by the Andes in Peru , Pierre Bouguer had deduced that less - dense mountains must have a downward projection into the denser layer underneath . The concept that mountains had `` roots '' was confirmed by George B. Airy a hundred years later , during study of Himalayan gravitation , and seismic studies detected corresponding density variations . Therefore , by the mid-1950s , the question remained unresolved as to whether mountain roots were clenched in surrounding basalt or were floating on it like an iceberg . During the 20th century , improvements in and greater use of seismic instruments such as seismographs enabled scientists to learn that earthquakes tend to be concentrated in specific areas , most notably along the oceanic trenches and spreading ridges . By the late 1920s , seismologists were beginning to identify several prominent earthquake zones parallel to the trenches that typically were inclined 40 -- 60 ° from the horizontal and extended several hundred kilometers into the Earth . These zones later became known as Wadati -- Benioff zones , or simply Benioff zones , in honor of the seismologists who first recognized them , Kiyoo Wadati of Japan and Hugo Benioff of the United States . The study of global seismicity greatly advanced in the 1960s with the establishment of the Worldwide Standardized Seismograph Network ( WWSSN ) to monitor the compliance of the 1963 treaty banning above - ground testing of nuclear weapons . The much improved data from the WWSSN instruments allowed seismologists to map precisely the zones of earthquake concentration worldwide . Meanwhile , debates developed around the phenomena of polar wander . Since the early debates of continental drift , scientists had discussed and used evidence that polar drift had occurred because continents seemed to have moved through different climatic zones during the past . Furthermore , paleomagnetic data had shown that the magnetic pole had also shifted during time . Reasoning in an opposite way , the continents might have shifted and rotated , while the pole remained relatively fixed . The first time the evidence of magnetic polar wander was used to support the movements of continents was in a paper by Keith Runcorn in 1956 , and successive papers by him and his students Ted Irving ( who was actually the first to be convinced of the fact that paleomagnetism supported continental drift ) and Ken Creer . This was immediately followed by a symposium in Tasmania in March 1956 . In this symposium , the evidence was used in the theory of an expansion of the global crust . In this hypothesis the shifting of the continents can be simply explained by a large increase in size of the Earth since its formation . However , this was unsatisfactory because its supporters could offer no convincing mechanism to produce a significant expansion of the Earth . Certainly there is no evidence that the moon has expanded in the past 3 billion years ; other work would soon show that the evidence was equally in support of continental drift on a globe with a stable radius . During the thirties up to the late fifties , works by Vening - Meinesz , Holmes , Umbgrove , and numerous others outlined concepts that were close or nearly identical to modern plate tectonics theory . In particular , the English geologist Arthur Holmes proposed in 1920 that plate junctions might lie beneath the sea , and in 1928 that convection currents within the mantle might be the driving force . Often , these contributions are forgotten because : At the time , continental drift was not accepted . Some of these ideas were discussed in the context of abandoned fixistic ideas of a deforming globe without continental drift or an expanding Earth . They were published during an episode of extreme political and economic instability that hampered scientific communication . Many were published by European scientists and at first not mentioned or given little credit in the papers on sea floor spreading published by the American researchers in the 1960s . Mid-oceanic ridge spreading and convection For more details on Mid-ocean ridge , see Seafloor spreading . In 1947 , a team of scientists led by Maurice Ewing utilizing the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 's research vessel Atlantis and an array of instruments , confirmed the existence of a rise in the central Atlantic Ocean , and found that the floor of the seabed beneath the layer of sediments consisted of basalt , not the granite which is the main constituent of continents . They also found that the oceanic crust was much thinner than continental crust . All these new findings raised important and intriguing questions . The new data that had been collected on the ocean basins also showed particular characteristics regarding the bathymetry . One of the major outcomes of these datasets was that all along the globe , a system of mid-oceanic ridges was detected . An important conclusion was that along this system , new ocean floor was being created , which led to the concept of the `` Great Global Rift '' . This was described in the crucial paper of Bruce Heezen ( 1960 ) , which would trigger a real revolution in thinking . A profound consequence of seafloor spreading is that new crust was , and still is , being continually created along the oceanic ridges . Therefore , Heezen advocated the so - called `` expanding Earth '' hypothesis of S. Warren Carey ( see above ) . So , still the question remained : how can new crust be continuously added along the oceanic ridges without increasing the size of the Earth ? In reality , this question had been solved already by numerous scientists during the forties and the fifties , like Arthur Holmes , Vening - Meinesz , Coates and many others : The crust in excess disappeared along what were called the oceanic trenches , where so - called `` subduction '' occurred . Therefore , when various scientists during the early sixties started to reason on the data at their disposal regarding the ocean floor , the pieces of the theory quickly fell into place . The question particularly intrigued Harry Hammond Hess , a Princeton University geologist and a Naval Reserve Rear Admiral , and Robert S. Dietz , a scientist with the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey who first coined the term seafloor spreading . Dietz and Hess ( the former published the same idea one year earlier in Nature , but priority belongs to Hess who had already distributed an unpublished manuscript of his 1962 article by 1960 ) were among the small handful who really understood the broad implications of sea floor spreading and how it would eventually agree with the , at that time , unconventional and unaccepted ideas of continental drift and the elegant and mobilistic models proposed by previous workers like Holmes . In the same year , Robert R. Coats of the U.S. Geological Survey described the main features of island arc subduction in the Aleutian Islands . His paper , though little noted ( and even ridiculed ) at the time , has since been called `` seminal '' and `` prescient '' . In reality , it actually shows that the work by the European scientists on island arcs and mountain belts performed and published during the 1930s up until the 1950s was applied and appreciated also in the United States . If the Earth 's crust was expanding along the oceanic ridges , Hess and Dietz reasoned like Holmes and others before them , it must be shrinking elsewhere . Hess followed Heezen , suggesting that new oceanic crust continuously spreads away from the ridges in a conveyor belt -- like motion . And , using the mobilistic concepts developed before , he correctly concluded that many millions of years later , the oceanic crust eventually descends along the continental margins where oceanic trenches -- very deep , narrow canyons -- are formed , e.g. along the rim of the Pacific Ocean basin . The important step Hess made was that convection currents would be the driving force in this process , arriving at the same conclusions as Holmes had decades before with the only difference that the thinning of the ocean crust was performed using Heezen 's mechanism of spreading along the ridges . Hess therefore concluded that the Atlantic Ocean was expanding while the Pacific Ocean was shrinking . As old oceanic crust is `` consumed '' in the trenches ( like Holmes and others , he thought this was done by thickening of the continental lithosphere , not , as now understood , by underthrusting at a larger scale of the oceanic crust itself into the mantle ) , new magma rises and erupts along the spreading ridges to form new crust . In effect , the ocean basins are perpetually being `` recycled , '' with the creation of new crust and the destruction of old oceanic lithosphere occurring simultaneously . Thus , the new mobilistic concepts neatly explained why the Earth does not get bigger with sea floor spreading , why there is so little sediment accumulation on the ocean floor , and why oceanic rocks are much younger than continental rocks . Magnetic striping Seafloor magnetic striping . A demonstration of magnetic striping . ( The darker the color is , the closer it is to normal polarity ) For more details on this topic , see Vine -- Matthews -- Morley hypothesis . Beginning in the 1950s , scientists like Victor Vacquier , using magnetic instruments ( magnetometers ) adapted from airborne devices developed during World War II to detect submarines , began recognizing odd magnetic variations across the ocean floor . This finding , though unexpected , was not entirely surprising because it was known that basalt -- the iron - rich , volcanic rock making up the ocean floor -- contains a strongly magnetic mineral ( magnetite ) and can locally distort compass readings . This distortion was recognized by Icelandic mariners as early as the late 18th century . More important , because the presence of magnetite gives the basalt measurable magnetic properties , these newly discovered magnetic variations provided another means to study the deep ocean floor . When newly formed rock cools , such magnetic materials recorded the Earth 's magnetic field at the time . As more and more of the seafloor was mapped during the 1950s , the magnetic variations turned out not to be random or isolated occurrences , but instead revealed recognizable patterns . When these magnetic patterns were mapped over a wide region , the ocean floor showed a zebra - like pattern : one stripe with normal polarity and the adjoining stripe with reversed polarity . The overall pattern , defined by these alternating bands of normally and reversely polarized rock , became known as magnetic striping , and was published by Ron G. Mason and co-workers in 1961 , who did not find , though , an explanation for these data in terms of sea floor spreading , like Vine , Matthews and Morley a few years later . The discovery of magnetic striping called for an explanation . In the early 1960s scientists such as Heezen , Hess and Dietz had begun to theorise that mid-ocean ridges mark structurally weak zones where the ocean floor was being ripped in two lengthwise along the ridge crest ( see the previous paragraph ) . New magma from deep within the Earth rises easily through these weak zones and eventually erupts along the crest of the ridges to create new oceanic crust . This process , at first denominated the `` conveyer belt hypothesis '' and later called seafloor spreading , operating over many millions of years continues to form new ocean floor all across the 50,000 km - long system of mid-ocean ridges . Only four years after the maps with the `` zebra pattern '' of magnetic stripes were published , the link between sea floor spreading and these patterns was correctly placed , independently by Lawrence Morley , and by Fred Vine and Drummond Matthews , in 1963 , now called the Vine - Matthews - Morley hypothesis . This hypothesis linked these patterns to geomagnetic reversals and was supported by several lines of evidence : the stripes are symmetrical around the crests of the mid-ocean ridges ; at or near the crest of the ridge , the rocks are very young , and they become progressively older away from the ridge crest ; the youngest rocks at the ridge crest always have present - day ( normal ) polarity ; stripes of rock parallel to the ridge crest alternate in magnetic polarity ( normal - reversed - normal , etc . ) , suggesting that they were formed during different epochs documenting the ( already known from independent studies ) normal and reversal episodes of the Earth 's magnetic field . By explaining both the zebra - like magnetic striping and the construction of the mid-ocean ridge system , the seafloor spreading hypothesis ( SFS ) quickly gained converts and represented another major advance in the development of the plate - tectonics theory . Furthermore , the oceanic crust now came to be appreciated as a natural `` tape recording '' of the history of the geomagnetic field reversals ( GMFR ) of the Earth 's magnetic field . Today , extensive studies are dedicated to the calibration of the normal - reversal patterns in the oceanic crust on one hand and known timescales derived from the dating of basalt layers in sedimentary sequences ( magnetostratigraphy ) on the other , to arrive at estimates of past spreading rates and plate reconstructions . Definition and refining of the theory After all these considerations , Plate Tectonics ( or , as it was initially called `` New Global Tectonics '' ) became quickly accepted in the scientific world , and numerous papers followed that defined the concepts : In 1965 , Tuzo Wilson who had been a promotor of the sea floor spreading hypothesis and continental drift from the very beginning added the concept of transform faults to the model , completing the classes of fault types necessary to make the mobility of the plates on the globe work out . A symposium on continental drift was held at the Royal Society of London in 1965 which must be regarded as the official start of the acceptance of plate tectonics by the scientific community , and which abstracts are issued as Blacket , Bullard & Runcorn ( 1965 ) . In this symposium , Edward Bullard and co-workers showed with a computer calculation how the continents along both sides of the Atlantic would best fit to close the ocean , which became known as the famous `` Bullard 's Fit '' . In 1966 Wilson published the paper that referred to previous plate tectonic reconstructions , introducing the concept of what is now known as the `` Wilson Cycle '' . In 1967 , at the American Geophysical Union 's meeting , W. Jason Morgan proposed that the Earth 's surface consists of 12 rigid plates that move relative to each other . Two months later , Xavier Le Pichon published a complete model based on 6 major plates with their relative motions , which marked the final acceptance by the scientific community of plate tectonics . In the same year , McKenzie and Parker independently presented a model similar to Morgan 's using translations and rotations on a sphere to define the plate motions . Implications for biogeography Continental drift theory helps biogeographers to explain the disjunct biogeographic distribution of present - day life found on different continents but having similar ancestors . In particular , it explains the Gondwanan distribution of ratites and the Antarctic flora . Plate reconstruction Main article : Plate reconstruction Reconstruction is used to establish past ( and future ) plate configurations , helping determine the shape and make - up of ancient supercontinents and providing a basis for paleogeography . Defining plate boundaries Current plate boundaries are defined by their seismicity . Past plate boundaries within existing plates are identified from a variety of evidence , such as the presence of ophiolites that are indicative of vanished oceans . Past plate motions Tectonic motion is believed to have begun around 3 to 3.5 billion years ago . Various types of quantitative and semi-quantitative information are available to constrain past plate motions . The geometric fit between continents , such as between west Africa and South America is still an important part of plate reconstruction . Magnetic stripe patterns provide a reliable guide to relative plate motions going back into the Jurassic period . The tracks of hotspots give absolute reconstructions , but these are only available back to the Cretaceous . Older reconstructions rely mainly on paleomagnetic pole data , although these only constrain the latitude and rotation , but not the longitude . Combining poles of different ages in a particular plate to produce apparent polar wander paths provides a method for comparing the motions of different plates through time . Additional evidence comes from the distribution of certain sedimentary rock types , faunal provinces shown by particular fossil groups , and the position of orogenic belts . Formation and break - up of continents The movement of plates has caused the formation and break - up of continents over time , including occasional formation of a supercontinent that contains most or all of the continents . The supercontinent Columbia or Nuna formed during a period of 2,000 to 1,800 million years ago and broke up about 1,500 to 1,300 million years ago . The supercontinent Rodinia is thought to have formed about 1 billion years ago and to have embodied most or all of Earth 's continents , and broken up into eight continents around 600 million years ago . The eight continents later re-assembled into another supercontinent called Pangaea ; Pangaea broke up into Laurasia ( which became North America and Eurasia ) and Gondwana ( which became the remaining continents ) . The Himalayas , the world 's tallest mountain range , are assumed to have been formed by the collision of two major plates . Before uplift , they were covered by the Tethys Ocean . Current plates Main article : List of tectonic plates Depending on how they are defined , there are usually seven or eight `` major '' plates : African , Antarctic , Eurasian , North American , South American , Pacific , and Indo - Australian . The latter is sometimes subdivided into the Indian and Australian plates . There are dozens of smaller plates , the seven largest of which are the Arabian , Caribbean , Juan de Fuca , Cocos , Nazca , Philippine Sea , and Scotia . The current motion of the tectonic plates is today determined by remote sensing satellite data sets , calibrated with ground station measurements . Other celestial bodies ( planets , moons ) The appearance of plate tectonics on terrestrial planets is related to planetary mass , with more massive planets than Earth expected to exhibit plate tectonics . Earth may be a borderline case , owing its tectonic activity to abundant water ( silica and water form a deep eutectic . ) Venus See also : Geology of Venus Venus shows no evidence of active plate tectonics . There is debatable evidence of active tectonics in the planet 's distant past ; however , events taking place since then ( such as the plausible and generally accepted hypothesis that the Venusian lithosphere has thickened greatly over the course of several hundred million years ) has made constraining the course of its geologic record difficult . However , the numerous well - preserved impact craters have been utilized as a dating method to approximately date the Venusian surface ( since there are thus far no known samples of Venusian rock to be dated by more reliable methods ) . Dates derived are dominantly in the range 500 to 750 million years ago , although ages of up to 1,200 million years ago have been calculated . This research has led to the fairly well accepted hypothesis that Venus has undergone an essentially complete volcanic resurfacing at least once in its distant past , with the last event taking place approximately within the range of estimated surface ages . While the mechanism of such an impressive thermal event remains a debated issue in Venusian geosciences , some scientists are advocates of processes involving plate motion to some extent . One explanation for Venus 's lack of plate tectonics is that on Venus temperatures are too high for significant water to be present . The Earth 's crust is soaked with water , and water plays an important role in the development of shear zones . Plate tectonics requires weak surfaces in the crust along which crustal slices can move , and it may well be that such weakening never took place on Venus because of the absence of water . However , some researchers remain convinced that plate tectonics is or was once active on this planet . Mars See also : Geology of Mars Mars is considerably smaller than Earth and Venus , and there is evidence for ice on its surface and in its crust . In the 1990s , it was proposed that Martian Crustal Dichotomy was created by plate tectonic processes . Scientists today disagree , and think that it was created either by upwelling within the Martian mantle that thickened the crust of the Southern Highlands and formed Tharsis or by a giant impact that excavated the Northern Lowlands . Valles Marineris may be a tectonic boundary . Observations made of the magnetic field of Mars by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft in 1999 showed patterns of magnetic striping discovered on this planet . Some scientists interpreted these as requiring plate tectonic processes , such as seafloor spreading . However , their data fail a `` magnetic reversal test '' , which is used to see if they were formed by flipping polarities of a global magnetic field . Icy satellites Some of the satellites of Jupiter have features that may be related to plate - tectonic style deformation , although the materials and specific mechanisms may be different from plate - tectonic activity on Earth . On 8 September 2014 , NASA reported finding evidence of plate tectonics on Europa , a satellite of Jupiter -- the first sign of subduction activity on another world other than Earth . Titan , the largest moon of Saturn , was reported to show tectonic activity in images taken by the Huygens probe , which landed on Titan on January 14 , 2005 . Exoplanets On Earth - sized planets , plate tectonics is more likely if there are oceans of water . However , in 2007 , two independent teams of researchers came to opposing conclusions about the likelihood of plate tectonics on larger super-Earths with one team saying that plate tectonics would be episodic or stagnant and the other team saying that plate tectonics is very likely on super-earths even if the planet is dry . See also Atmospheric circulation Conservation of angular momentum Geological history of Earth -- includes timeline of plate configurations Geosyncline concept GPlates , desktop software for the interactive visualization of plate - tectonics List of plate tectonics topics List of submarine topographical features Supercontinent cycle Tectonics References Notes Jump up ^ Little , Fowler & Coulson 1990 . Jump up ^ Read & Watson 1975 . Jump up ^ Scalera & Lavecchia 2006 . Jump up ^ Zhen Shao 1997 , Hancock , Skinner & Dineley 2000 . Jump up ^ Turcotte & Schubert 2002 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Turcotte & Schubert 2002 . Jump up ^ Foulger 2010 . Jump up ^ Schmidt & Harbert 1998 . Jump up ^ Meissner 2002 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ `` Plate Tectonics : Plate Boundaries '' . platetectonics.com . Archived from the original on 16 June 2010 . Retrieved 12 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding plate motions '' . USGS . Retrieved 12 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Grove , Timothy L. ; Till , Christy B. ; Krawczynski , Michael J. ( 8 March 2012 ) . `` The Role of H2O in Subduction Zone Magmatism '' . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences . 40 ( 40 ) : 413 -- 39 . Bibcode : 2012AREPS ... 40 ... 413G . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - earth - 042711 - 105310 . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendia - Landa , Pedro . `` Myths and Legends on Natural Disasters : Making Sense of Our World '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ van Dijk 1992 , van Dijk & Okkes 1991 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Arthur ( 1931 ) . `` Radioactivity and Earth Movements '' ( PDF ) . Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow . Geological Society of Glasgow : 559 -- 606 . Jump up ^ Tanimoto & Lay 2000 . Jump up ^ Meyerhoff et al. 1996 . Jump up ^ Mallard , Claire ; Coltice , Nicolas ; Seton , Maria ; Müller , R. Dietmar ; Tackley , Paul J. ( 2016 ) . `` Subduction controls the distribution and fragmentation of Earth 's tectonic plates '' . Nature . 535 ( 7610 ) : 140 -- 43 . Bibcode : 2016Natur. 535 ... 140M . ISSN 0028 - 0836 . doi : 10.1038 / nature17992 . Jump up ^ Spence 1987 , White & McKenzie 1989 . ^ Jump up to : Conrad & Lithgow - Bertelloni 2002 . Jump up ^ Spence 1987 , White & Mckenzie 1989 , Segev 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Alfred Wegener ( 1880 -- 1930 ) '' . University of California Museum of Paleontology . Jump up ^ Neith , Katie ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Caltech Researchers Use GPS Data to Model Effects of Tidal Loads on Earth 's Surface '' . Caltech . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ricard , Y. ( 2009 ) . `` 2 . Physics of Mantle Convection '' . In David Bercovici ; Gerald Schubert . Treatise on Geophysics : Mantle Dynamics . 7 . Elsevier Science . p. 36 . ISBN 9780444535801 . ^ Jump up to : Glatzmaier , Gary A. ( 2013 ) . Introduction to Modeling Convection in Planets and Stars : Magnetic Field , Density Stratification , Rotation . Princeton University Press . p. 149 . ISBN 9781400848904 . Jump up ^ van Dijk 1992 , van Dijk & Okkes 1990 . Jump up ^ Moore 1973 . Jump up ^ Bostrom 1971 . Jump up ^ Scoppola et al. 2006 . Jump up ^ Torsvik et al. 2010 . Jump up ^ ( `` Kinematics and dynamics of the East Pacific Rise linked to a stable , deep - mantle upwelling '' , Rowley et al , Science Advances 23 Dec 2016 : Vol. 2 , no . 12 , e1601107 , doi : 10.1126 / sciadv. 1601107 ) ^ Jump up to : Wegener 1929 . Jump up ^ Hughes 2001a . Jump up ^ Wegener 1966 , Hughes 2001b . ^ Jump up to : Runcorn 1956 . Jump up ^ Carey 1956 . Jump up ^ see for example the milestone paper of Lyman & Fleming 1940 . Jump up ^ Korgen 1995 , Spiess & Kuperman 2003 . Jump up ^ Kious & Tilling 1996 . Jump up ^ Frankel 1987 . Jump up ^ Joly 1909 . Jump up ^ Thomson 1863 . Jump up ^ Wegener 1912 . Jump up ^ Stein & Wysession 2009 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Carey 1956 ; see also Quilty 2003 . Jump up ^ Holmes 1928 ; see also Holmes 1978 , Frankel 1978 . 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Jump up ^ Scotese , C.R. ( 2002 - 04 - 20 ) . `` Climate History '' . Paleomap Project . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Zhao 2002 , 2004 ^ Jump up to : Valencia , O'Connell & Sasselov 2007 . Jump up ^ Kasting 1988 . Jump up ^ Bortman , Henry ( 2004 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Was Venus alive ? `` The Signs are Probably There '' `` . Astrobiology Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Sleep 1994 . Jump up ^ Zhong & Zuber 2001 . Jump up ^ Andrews - Hanna , Zuber & Banerdt 2008 . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stuart ( August 9 , 2012 ) . `` UCLA scientist discovers plate tectonics on Mars '' . Yin , An . UCLA . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Connerney et al. 1999 , Connerney et al. 2005 Jump up ^ Harrison 2000 . Jump up ^ Dyches , Preston ; Brown , Dwayne ; Buckley , Michael ( 8 September 2014 ) . `` Scientists Find Evidence of ' Diving ' Tectonic Plates on Europa '' . NASA . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Soderblom et al. 2007 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the part of the earth on which the tectonic plates are able to move is the	[ "Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the Greek: τεκτονικός \"pertaining to building\")[1] is a scientific theory describing the large-scale motion of seven large plates and the movements of a larger number of smaller plates of the Earth's lithosphere, since tectonic processes began on Earth between 3 and 3.5 billion years ago. The model builds on the concept of continental drift, an idea developed during the first decades of the 20th century. The geoscientific community accepted plate-tectonic theory after seafloor spreading was validated in the late 1950s and early 1960s." ]	[ "lithosphere" ]
-1175934921698901476	Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom	Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom - wikipedia Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Teaser poster Directed by J.A. Bayona Produced by Frank Marshall Patrick Crowley Belén Atienza Written by Colin Trevorrow Derek Connolly Based on Characters by Michael Crichton Starring Chris Pratt Bryce Dallas Howard B.D. Wong James Cromwell Ted Levine Justice Smith Geraldine Chaplin Daniella Pineda Toby Jones Rafe Spall Isabella Sermon Jeff Goldblum Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Óscar Faura Edited by Bernat Vilaplana Production companies Universal Pictures Amblin Entertainment The Kennedy / Marshall Company Legendary Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date June 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 07 ) ( United Kingdom ) June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) ( United States ) Country United States Language English Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is an upcoming American science fiction adventure film directed by J.A. Bayona . The film is a sequel to Jurassic World ( 2015 ) and is the fifth installment of the Jurassic Park film series , as well as the second installment of a planned Jurassic World trilogy . The film features Derek Connolly and Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow both returning as writers , with Trevorrow and original Jurassic Park director Steven Spielberg acting as executive producers . The film is set on the fictional island of Isla Nublar , located off Central America 's Pacific Coast . Filming took place from February to July 2017 in England and Hawaii . Chris Pratt , Bryce Dallas Howard , and B.D. Wong will reprise their roles from the previous film , with James Cromwell , Ted Levine , Justice Smith , Geraldine Chaplin , Daniella Pineda , Toby Jones , Rafe Spall , and Isabella Sermon joining the cast . Jeff Goldblum will reprise his role as Dr. Ian Malcolm from the original film and its 1997 sequel . Universal Pictures has scheduled the film to be released in the United States on June 22 , 2018 . A sequel is set to be released on June 11 , 2021 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Writing 3.4 Casting 3.5 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Initial response 4.3 Box office projection 5 Sequel 6 References 7 External links Synopsis ( edit ) After the demise of the Jurassic World theme park on Isla Nublar , the dinosaurs roam freely on the island for four years until an impending volcanic eruption threatens to make them go extinct a second time . Claire Dearing ( Bryce Dallas Howard ) , the former park manager , has now founded the Dinosaur Protection Group , an organization dedicated to saving the dinosaurs . She recruits Owen Grady ( Chris Pratt ) , a former dinosaur trainer who worked at the park , to help her rescue the remaining dinosaurs from the island . Owen also tries to find Blue , the last remaining of the four Velociraptors he trained , but he and Claire learn about a conspiracy that could result in dinosaurs taking over the Earth once again . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Jurassic Park characters Chris Pratt as Owen Grady , a Navy veteran , former dinosaur trainer , and Claire Dearing 's ex-boyfriend . Bryce Dallas Howard as Claire Dearing , the former operations manager for Jurassic World turned dinosaur - rights activist , and Owen Grady 's ex-girlfriend , who founded the Dinosaur Protection Group in order to evacuate the surviving dinosaurs from Isla Nublar . B.D. Wong as Dr. Henry Wu , the former head geneticist at Jurassic World and the original Jurassic Park . James Cromwell as Benjamin Lockwood , John Hammond 's partner in developing the technology to clone dinosaurs . Ted Levine as Ken Wheatley Justice Smith as Franklin Webb , a former IT technician for Jurassic World who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group 's systems analyst . Geraldine Chaplin Daniella Pineda as Zia Rodriguez , a paleo - veterinarian in the Dinosaur Protection Group . Toby Jones Rafe Spall as Eli Mills Isabella Sermon Jeff Goldblum as Dr. Ian Malcolm , an expert in chaos theory who once consulted for InGen 's Jurassic Park . In a podcast interview , Goldblum revealed of his role `` It 's small ... who knows , they may cut me out entirely ! But if I stay in , I 'll be a sprig of parsley or a little garnish , hopefully with some impact ! '' Director Bayona confirmed that Goldblum 's role is simply a cameo , stating , `` He 's more like a cameo - he does n't have a major role in the action but it 's definitely a very meaningful one in terms of the story . '' Kevin Layne as a submarine pilot Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) During early conversations on the 2015 film Jurassic World , executive producer Steven Spielberg told director Colin Trevorrow that he was interested in having several more films made . In April 2014 , Trevorrow announced that sequels had been discussed : `` We wanted to create something that would be a little bit less arbitrary and episodic , and something that could potentially arc into a series that would feel like a complete story . '' Trevorrow hinted that Chris Pratt and Omar Sy could reprise their roles for the next film and said he would direct the film if asked . Trevorrow later told Spielberg that he would only focus on directing one film in the series . In May 2015 , Trevorrow announced that he would not direct another film in the series : `` I would be involved in some way , but not as director . '' Trevorrow felt that different directors could bring different qualities to future films . Pratt is signed on for future films in the series , as is Ty Simpkins , who portrayed Gray in Jurassic World . On June 3 , 2015 , Trevorrow stated that Jurassic World left story possibilities open for the sequel 's director that could potentially allow the film to take place in a different location , rather than on an island . Trevorrow hinted that the next film could involve dinosaurs being used by other companies for non-entertainment purposes , possibly in agriculture , medicine , and war : `` I really like the idea that this group of geneticists are n't the only people who can make a dinosaur ( ... ) when you think of the differences between Apple and PC -- the minute something goes open - source , there are all kinds of entities and interests that may be able to utilize that technology . '' On June 8 , 2015 , Jurassic World producer Frank Marshall met with Trevorrow and Universal Studios to discuss a sequel . Later that month , Trevorrow did not deny that the film could involve `` dinosaur soldiers '' and said the series is `` not always gon na be about a Jurassic Park '' , saying he felt that future films could explore the idea of dinosaurs and humans co-existing together . That same month , Trevorrow hinted that the next film may not involve the Jurassic World theme park and said he would be interested in seeing a Jurassic Park film made by one of several Spanish horror film directors , whose names he did not mention . Pre-production ( edit ) On July 23 , 2015 , Universal announced that a fifth film is scheduled for a June 22 , 2018 , release date . It was also announced that Trevorrow would write the script with his writing partner Derek Connolly , as they did for Jurassic World ; that the film would be produced by Frank Marshall ; and that Spielberg and Trevorrow would act as executive producers . Universal also said that Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard would reprise their roles from the previous film . At the time of the film 's announcement , Trevorrow said the series `` is n't always going to be limited to theme parks '' and confirmed that the film would not involve `` a bunch of dinosaurs chasing people on an island . That 'll get old real fast . '' Trevorrow also spoke of the film 's possible open - source storyline : `` It 's almost like InGen is Mac , but what if PC gets their hands on it ? What if there are 15 different entities around the world who can make a dinosaur ? '' In August 2015 , Howard confirmed that the script was being written . That same month , it was also announced that the film will be released in the UK two weeks early , on June 7 , 2018 . In October 2015 , B.D. Wong said he `` would be happy to return '' as Dr. Henry Wu , while Howard announced that filming would begin in 2017 . That month , Howard also said she would be interested in seeing characters from earlier Jurassic Park films return for the fifth film , saying , `` I could see versions of the film where a lot of the characters come back . '' By that time , director J.A. Bayona was being considered to direct the film , although he chose instead to direct the World War Z sequel , a project to which he had already signed on . In January 2016 , it was reported that Bayona could be a candidate to direct the film after he left the World War Z sequel . In March 2016 , it was reported that London was being scouted as a possible filming location and setting for the film . On April 14 , 2016 , actor Jeff Goldblum said he had no plans to appear in the film as his character Ian Malcolm , although he said he was open to the possibility . On April 18 , 2016 , Bayona was announced as the film 's director , with Belén Atienza and Patrick Crowley joining Marshall as producers . Spielberg , Marshall , and Kathleen Kennedy had been impressed by Bayona 's 2012 film , The Impossible , and initially considered having him direct Jurassic World , but he declined as he felt there was not enough time for production . Trevorrow wanted Bayona to direct the film after seeing his 2007 horror film , The Orphanage . On April 21 , 2016 , it was confirmed that filming would take place at a UK studio . In May 2016 , Trevorrow said , `` We 're moving it into new territory . J.A. Bayona is an incredible director and I know he 'll push the boundaries of what a ' Jurassic ' movie is . I think it 's important that we take risks . A franchise must evolve or perish . '' In June 2016 , actor Sam Neill was asked if he would return to the series as Dr. Alan Grant and responded , `` You never say never , but I think it 's moved on . It 's different times . '' In July 2016 , it was confirmed that the film 's working title is Ancient Futures , and that production will begin in Hawaii in February 2017 . Wales was also confirmed as a filming location , including Brecon Beacons and Penbryn . That same month , Marshall confirmed that the film was in full pre-production , with storyboards being designed and filming expected to begin in early spring 2017 . In September 2016 , Trevorrow announced that Hawaii would be used as a primary filming location , while U.K. shooting would be limited to studios , without the story taking place there . Trevorrow said that the film will feature many dinosaurs that were not seen in previous films and also denied that the film 's story would involve militarized dinosaurs , which would only be mentioned in the film . That same month , Bayona confirmed that the film would be the second chapter in a planned Jurassic World trilogy . In October 2016 , Trevorrow said the film 's dinosaurs would be `` a parable of the treatment animals receive today : the abuse , medical experimentation , pets , having wild animals in zoos like prisons , the use the military has made of them , animals as weapons . '' That month , Bayona stated that he compares the sequel to The Empire Strikes Back and Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , which were both considered darker than their predecessors . In November 2016 , Marshall said that Wong was `` probably going to come back . '' Later that month , Jurassic World composer Michael Giacchino confirmed that he would return to compose the fifth film , while Óscar Faura was announced as the film 's cinematographer . In 2017 , Trevorrow announced that the original T. rex from the first film and Jurassic World will be once again returning for this film , while a leak stated that the sequel would center around Blue , the last surviving raptor from Jurassic World , and Owen stopping her from being used for violence . Writing ( edit ) Trevorrow and Connolly began work on the script and devised the basic story during a road trip that they took in June 2015 , immediately after the release of Jurassic World . Having directed Jurassic World , Trevorrow became familiar with how animatronics worked and wrote scenes into the sequel in a way that would allow for their use , as animatronics are incapable of certain actions such as running . In September 2015 , Trevorrow said the film 's story was inspired by a quote from Dr. Alan Grant in the first film : `` Dinosaurs and man , two species separated by 65 million years of evolution , have suddenly been thrown back into the mix together . How can we possibly have the slightest idea of what to expect ? '' After Bayona was hired , he began reading all of Michael Crichton 's novels -- including Jurassic Park and its sequel , The Lost World -- for inspiration and `` to try to immerse myself in Crichton 's mind . '' Trevorrow and Connolly began working with Bayona in July 2016 , to perfect the script to the director 's liking . Trevorrow stated that the film would be more `` suspenseful and scary '' than its predecessor : `` It 's just the way it 's designed ; it 's the way the story plays out . I knew I wanted Bayona to direct it long before anyone ever heard that it was a possibility , so the whole thing was just built around his skillset . '' Trevorrow later described the film as `` The Impossible meets The Orphanage with dinosaurs . '' Marshall said that Bayona had incorporated his own ideas into the film 's script , but stated that it is essentially the same original story devised by Trevorrow and Connolly . In September 2016 , Trevorrow said that the film would be based on concepts from the novels and would include dialogue from the first novel . Trevorrow also stated that the story would be heavily inspired by the idea that , `` A mistake made a long time ago just ca n't be undone . '' Jeff Goldblum later had dialogue from the novel version of his character added into the film 's script . Casting ( edit ) In October 2016 , casting was underway for the role of a nine - year - old girl . On November 7 , 2016 , Toby Jones and Rafe Spall were reported to be in discussions about joining the cast for unspecified roles . By that time , Tom Holland -- who previously starred in The Impossible -- had discussed having a possible role in the film , but he did not believe he would be available for filming because of scheduling conflicts . On December 1 , 2016 , it was reported that Justice Smith had signed on to portray the role of a young scientist . Jones and Spall were also confirmed to have joined the film at that point . In January 2017 , Daniella Pineda was cast in an unspecified lead role . In February 2017 , Ted Levine and James Cromwell were cast in unspecified roles , while Wong confirmed his return as Dr. Henry Wu . In March 2017 , Bayona announced that Geraldine Chaplin , who had roles in each of his previous films , had joined the cast . On April 25 , 2017 , it was announced that Jeff Goldblum would be reprising his role as Dr. Ian Malcolm from the first two films . Bayona considered Malcolm a `` great character ! '' while Marshall said , `` The world has changed a lot since Ian Malcolm went to Jurassic Park and we need his point of view now more than ever . He told us about chaos theory , he was right . '' Filming ( edit ) Filming began at Langley Business Centre in Slough , England , on February 23 , 2017 . A majority of filming in England was to take place at Pinewood Studios . Production also took place in Hawaii , which was used as a primary filming location . Scenes shot in Hawaii were set on Isla Nublar , the fictional island featured in the first and fourth films . Scenes were also expected to be shot at Brecon Beacons National Park in Wales . The film features more dinosaurs than any previous film in the series . Animatronics were used to depict many of the dinosaurs . Spielberg was shown scenes from the film during production and he offered his opinions to Bayona . In April 2017 , scenes were filmed at East Berkshire College in Berkshire , England . Later that month , filming took place at Hartland Park -- formerly the Pyestock jet engine test site -- in Fleet , Hampshire , England . Scenes were scheduled to be filmed on sets at Hawley Common , also in Hampshire . On May 10 , 2017 , it was reported that scenes were being filmed at Rock Barracks military base , near Woodbridge , Suffolk . Goldblum began filming his scenes on the same day . On May 24 , 2017 , scenes were shot at Hampshire 's Blackbushe Airport , which stood in as an American airfield . Filming in the United Kingdom concluded on June 9 , 2017 . Up to that point , Trevorrow was present as an on - set writer for each day of production so he could aid Bayona with any possible script changes . Goldblum shot his scenes at Pinewood Studios , and concluded his shoot on the last day of filming in the United Kingdom . Filming in Hawaii began on June 13 , 2017 . On June 21 , 2017 , filming began at Heʻeia Kea Small Boat Harbor in Heʻeia , Hawaii . More than half of the harbor was closed for filming , which required the use of smoke machines . Scenes were scheduled to be shot at the harbor throughout the end of the month . On June 22 , 2017 , the film 's official title was announced as Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom . At the time , filming was underway at Kualoa Ranch on the Hawaiian island of Oahu . On July 7 , 2017 , filming took place at Oahu 's Hālona Blowhole . Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard were seen on the ocean beach during filming of Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom . Filming concluded on July 8 , 2017 . Bayona said that making the film was the biggest challenge of his life . Release ( edit ) Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is scheduled for release on June 22 , 2018 , with an early release in the United Kingdom on June 7 , 2018 . Marketing ( edit ) A six - second clip from the film was released on November 22 , 2017 . The first trailer was teased for release on November 30 , 2017 , but this was later confirmed to be incorrect . Several teaser trailers and a behind - the - scenes featurette of the film were released in early December 2017 , prior to the release of a full - length trailer on December 7 . A second trailer aired during Super Bowl LII on February 4 , 2018 . Universal launched a website for the Dinosaur Protection Group that included miscellaneous information about the group and its effort to save the island 's dinosaurs . Licensing partners include Mattel , Lego , and Funko , which are expected to create toys based on the film . Mattel is expected to produce a variety of toys , including Barbie dolls featuring the likeness of Pratt and Howard as their characters . Lego is expected to release 13 Lego sets based on the film . A video game , Jurassic World Evolution , is scheduled to be released simultaneously with the film . Initial response ( edit ) The film 's trailers have been praised for the special effects and for offering new ideas to the series , but some critics have bashed the film 's story / plot . Box office projection ( edit ) In December 2017 , a survey from Fandango indicated that Fallen Kingdom is one of the most anticipated films for 2018 . Sequel ( edit ) Further information : Jurassic_Park § Jurassic_World_3_ ( 2021 ) An untitled sequel , known as Jurassic World 3 , is scheduled for release on June 11 , 2021 . Trevorrow will direct the film , and will write the screenplay with Emily Carmichael , based on a story by him and Connolly . Trevorrow and Spielberg will serve as executive producers for the film , with Marshall and Crowley as producers . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Excited to announce that my longtime collaborator @ BernatVilaplana will be the editor for the new Jurassic film '' . Twitter . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Ford ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Set for 2018 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Howard , Bryce Dallas ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Last day shooting in the UK ! Epic times ! Thank you to the Jurassic UK family at @ PinewoodStudios ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` UK wrap for Jurassic ! ! So grateful to the fantastic UK crew . Next stop Hawaii ! # JW2 '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Matt ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` How Involved Colin Trevorrow Was With Making Jurassic World 2 '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boone , John ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Colin Trevorrow on ' The Book of Henry ' and What He Learned Directing ' Jurassic World ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Laxamana , Chris ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum and Vinnie Tortorich '' . The Adam Carolla Show . 01 : 16 : 00 -- 01 : 19 : 00 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howard , Bryce Dallas ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Playing in the mud or shooting a movie ? * not Claire 's shoes . Day 46 . # jurassicworld # jurassicworld2 # jungle '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Santos , Danny F. ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Has Jurassic World 2 's Original Ending Been Rewritten ? '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jurassic World 2 is currently filming in Hawaii . Jump up ^ Donahue , Lillian ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Portion of Kamehameha Highway to be closed for Jurassic World sequel '' . KHNL . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donahue , Lillian ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World sequel starts filming at Oahu harbor '' . KHNL . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Title Revealed In First Teaser Poster '' . Empire . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom -- Exclusive Behind - the - Scenes Images '' . Dread Central . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donahue , Lillian ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' sequel to close Halona Blowhole for filming '' . KHNL . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Halona Blowhole to close for ' Jurassic World ' filming '' . KHON - TV . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Making waves ! Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard struggle through the surf as they film Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom in Hawaii '' . Daily Mail . July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` This is a wrap for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ! What a journey ! Thank you to everyone that made it possible ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' First Footage Shows Chris Pratt Petting Baby Raptor '' . Variety . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Clip : Six Seconds Of Chris Pratt & Dino Baby '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zinski , Dan ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Trailer Not Arriving This Week '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Molly ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Teaser Confirms Trailer Arrives Thursday '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spry , Jeff ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Pratt Runs With the Dinos in Explosive New Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Teaser '' . SyFy . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Trailer Teaser Awakens the T - Rex '' . / Film . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Tom ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Jeff Goldblum 's joyous Jurassic return in Fallen Kingdom featurette '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Movie Trailers : Netflix 's ' Cloverfield ' Sequel To Run Spot ? ' Jurassic World ' , ' Mission : Impossible ' & More To Air '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 's Super Bowl trailer puts dinosaurs in all the wrong places '' . Polygon . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Chris ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Universal Announces New Jurassic World Fallen Kingdom License Partners Including Funko and More '' . Jurassic Outpost . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Squires , John ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Mattel Bringing ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Characters into Barbie Line '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alter , Ethan ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Lego sets offer a peek inside ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' ( exclusive ) '' . Yahoo . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World toys bring the Fallen Kingdom back to life '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blain , Louise ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Life finds a way . Jurassic World Evolution might just be the game that the movies deserve '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCarter , Reid ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom wants us to feel bad for the damn monsters '' . AV Club . Onion , Inc . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Becky ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` Stop The Jurassic World Franchise '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's Why ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Looks Like A Terrible Idea '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Fans pick ' Avengers , ' ' Black Panther ' as 2018 's most - anticipated films in Fandango poll '' . USA Today . Gannett Satellite Information Network , LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Nick ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 3 rampaging toward 2021 release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Life Continues to Find a Way as ' Jurassic World 3 ' is Already Dated for Release ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Variety is reporting that Jurassic World 3 , which surely wo n't actually be the official title , will be hitting theaters on June 11 , 2021 , three years after Fallen Kingdom . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Steven Spielberg confirms Colin Trevorrow will direct third Jurassic World '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Universal launches plans for third ' Jurassic World ' film '' . ABC . Associated Press . February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 3 ' to Hit Theaters in June 2021 '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom on IMDb Official Dinosaur Protection Group website Jurassic Park Novels Jurassic Park The Lost World Films Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Music Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Spin - off novels Jurassic Park Adventures : Survivor Jurassic Park Adventures : Prey Jurassic Park Adventures : Flyers Theme park attractions Jurassic Park : The Ride Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure Canopy Flyer Dino - Soarin ' The Flying Dinosaur Amber Rock Climb Related Cloned animals Characters Video games Song Isla Nublar J.A. Bayona Films directed The Orphanage ( 2007 ) The Impossible ( 2012 ) A Monster Calls ( 2016 ) Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) Television Penny Dreadful ( 2014 ) Colin Trevorrow Films written and directed Home Base ( 2002 ) Reality Show ( 2004 ; written with Daniel Klein ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ; written with Derek Connolly and Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver ) Directed only Safety Not Guaranteed ( 2012 ; written by Derek Connolly ) The Book of Henry ( 2017 ; written by Gregg Hurwitz ) Written only Making Revolution ( 2003 , written with Daniel Klein and Brandon Krueger ; directed by Klein ) Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 , written with Derek Connolly ; directed by J.A. Bayona ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jurassic_World:_Fallen_Kingdom&oldid=835697487 '' Categories : Upcoming films 2018 films English - language films 2010s adventure films American films American adventure films American disaster films American science fiction films American sequel films Amblin Entertainment films Dinosaur films Films about volcanoes Films based on works by Michael Crichton Films directed by J.A. Bayona Films scored by Michael Giacchino Films set in Costa Rica Films set on islands Films shot in England Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Hawaii Jurassic Park films Science fiction adventure films Universal Pictures films Upcoming adventure films Upcoming science fiction films Upcoming sequel films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 07 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when will jurassic world the fallen kingdom come out	[ "Universal Pictures has scheduled the film to be released in the United States on June 22, 2018. A sequel is set to be released on June 11, 2021." ]	[ "June 22, 2018" ]
4621463170584501228	United States women's national soccer team	United States Women 's national Soccer team - Wikipedia United States Women 's national Soccer team `` United States women 's national football team '' redirects here . For other uses , see United States women 's national football team ( disambiguation ) . United States Nickname ( s ) USWNT Team USA The Stars and Stripes Association United States Soccer Federation Confederation CONCACAF ( North , Central America and the Caribbean ) Sub-confederation NAFU ( North America ) Head coach Jill Ellis Captain Carli Lloyd Alex Morgan Most caps Kristine Lilly ( 354 ) Top scorer Abby Wambach ( 184 ) FIFA code USA First colors Second colors FIFA ranking Current 1 ( June 22 , 2018 ) Highest 1 ( various times ) Lowest 2 ( various times ) First international Italy 1 -- 0 United States ( Jesolo , Italy ; August 18 , 1985 ) Biggest win United States 14 -- 0 Dominican Rep . ( Vancouver , BC , Canada ; January 20 , 2012 ) Biggest defeat Brazil 4 -- 0 United States ( Hangzhou , China ; September 27 , 2007 ) World Cup Appearances 7 ( first in 1991 ) Best result Champions : ( 1991 , 1999 , 2015 ) Olympic Games Appearances 6 ( first in 1996 ) Best result Gold : ( 1996 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 ) CONCACAF Championship & Gold Cup Appearances 8 ( first in 1991 ) Best result Champions : ( 1991 , 1993 , 1994 , 2000 , 2002 , 2006 , 2014 ) Medal record ( show ) Olympic Games 1996 Atlanta Team 2004 Athens Team 2008 Beijing Team 2012 London Team 2000 Sydney Team The United States women 's national soccer team ( USWNT ) represents the United States in international women 's soccer . The team is the most successful in international women 's soccer , winning three Women 's World Cup titles ( including the first ever Women 's World Cup in 1991 ) , four Olympic women 's gold medals ( including the first ever Olympic Women 's soccer tournament in 1996 ) , seven CONCACAF Gold Cup wins , and ten Algarve Cups . It medaled in every single World Cup and Olympic tournament in women 's soccer history from 1991 to 2015 , before being knocked out in the quarterfinal of the 2016 Summer Olympics . The team is governed by United States Soccer Federation and competes in CONCACAF ( the Confederation of North , Central American and Caribbean Association Football ) . After being ranked No. 2 on average from 2003 to 2008 in the FIFA Women 's World Rankings , the team was ranked No. 1 continuously from March 2008 to November 2014 , falling back behind Germany , the only other team to occupy the No. 1 position in the ranking 's history . The team dropped to 2nd on March 24 , 2017 , due to its last - place finish in the 2017 SheBelieves Cup , then returned to 1st on June 23 , 2017 , after victories in friendlies against Russia , Sweden , and Norway . The team was selected as the U.S. Olympic Committee 's Team of the Year in 1997 and 1999 , and Sports Illustrated chose the entire team as 1999 Sportswomen of the Year for its usual Sportsman of the Year honor . On April 5 , 2017 , U.S. Women 's Soccer and U.S. Soccer reached a deal on a new collective bargaining agreement that would , among other things , lead to a pay increase . Contents 1 History 1.1 1990s 1.2 2000s 1.3 2010s 2 Team image 2.1 Media coverage 2.2 Attendance 3 Coaching staff 4 Team 4.1 Current squad 4.2 Recent call - ups 5 Recent schedule and results 5.1 2017 5.2 2018 6 Competitive record 6.1 All Time Results 6.2 Main 6.3 World Cup 6.4 CONCACAF Championship and Gold Cup 6.5 Olympic Games 6.6 Algarve Cup 6.7 Pan American Games 7 Player records 7.1 Most capped players 7.2 Top scorers 7.3 Most assists 7.4 Captains 7.5 Most goals in a match 8 Head coaching history 9 Honors 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States women 's national soccer team The team played its first match at the Mundialito tournament on August 18 , 1985 , coached by Mike Ryan , in which they lost 1 -- 0 to Italy . 1990s ( edit ) The U.S. team 's first major victory came at the 1991 World Championship ( retroactively named the 1991 Women 's World Cup ) . The U.S. cruised to lopsided victories in the quarterfinals and semifinals , before defeating Norway 2 -- 1 in the final . Michelle Akers was the team 's leading scorer with 10 goals , including both of the team 's goals in the final , and Carin Jennings won the Golden Ball as the tournament 's best player . Julie Foudy , Kristine Lilly , and the rest of the 1999 team started a revolution towards women 's team sports in America . Arguably their most influential and memorable victory came in the 1999 World Cup when they defeated China 5 -- 4 in a penalty shoot - out following a 0 -- 0 draw after extended time . With this win they emerged onto the world stage and brought significant media attention to women 's soccer and athletics . On July 10 , 1999 , over 90,000 people ( the largest ever for a women 's sporting event and one of the largest attendances in the world for a tournament game final ) filled the Rose Bowl to watch the United States play China in the Final . After a back and forth game , the score was tied 0 -- 0 at full - time , and remained so after extra time , leading to a penalty kick shootout . With Briana Scurry 's save of China 's third kick , the score was 4 -- 4 with only Brandi Chastain left to shoot . She scored and won the game for the United States . Chastain famously dropped to her knees and whipped off her shirt , celebrating in her sports bra , which later made the cover of Sports Illustrated and the front pages of newspapers around the country and world . This win influenced many girls to want to play on a soccer team . 2000s ( edit ) In the 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup , the U.S. defeated Norway 1 -- 0 in the quarterfinals , but lost 0 -- 3 to Germany in the semifinals . The team then defeated Canada 3 -- 1 to claim third place . Abby Wambach was the team 's top scorer with three goals ; Joy Fawcett and Shannon Boxx made the tournament 's all - star team . At the 2007 FIFA Women 's World Cup , the U.S. defeated England 3 -- 0 in the quarterfinals but then suffered its most lopsided loss in team history when it lost to Brazil 0 -- 4 in the semifinals . The U.S. recovered to defeat Norway to take third place . Abby Wambach was the team 's leading scorer with 6 goals , and Kristine Lilly was the only American named to the tournament 's all - star team . 2010s ( edit ) In the quarterfinal of the 2011 Women 's World Cup in Germany , the U.S. defeated Brazil 5 -- 3 on penalty kicks . Abby Wambach 's goal in the 122nd minute to tie the game 2 -- 2 has been voted the greatest goal in U.S. soccer history and the greatest goal in Women 's World Cup history . The U.S. then beat France 3 -- 1 in the semifinal , but lost to Japan 3 -- 1 on penalty kicks in the Final after drawing 1 -- 1 in regulation and 2 -- 2 in overtime . Hope Solo was named the tournament 's best goalkeeper and Abby Wambach won the silver ball as the tournament 's second best player . In the 2012 Summer Olympics , the U.S. won the gold medal for the fourth time in five Olympics by defeating Japan 2 -- 1 in front of 80,203 fans at Wembley Stadium , a record for a women 's soccer game at the Olympics . The United States advanced to face Japan for the gold medal by winning the semifinal against Canada , a 4 -- 3 victory at the end of extra time . The 2012 London Olympics marked the first time the USWNT won every game en route to the gold medal and set an Olympic women 's team record of 16 goals scored . A ticker tape parade in Manhattan celebrating the USWNT 's 2015 World Cup victory The National Women 's Soccer League started in 2013 , and provided competitive games as well as opportunities to players on the fringes of the squad . The U.S. had a 43 - game unbeaten streak that spanned two years -- the streak began with a 4 -- 0 win over Sweden in the 2012 Algarve Cup , and came to an end after a 1 -- 0 loss against Sweden in the 2014 Algarve Cup . The USA defeated Japan 5 -- 2 in the final of the 2015 World Cup , becoming the first team in history to win three Women 's World Cup titles . In the 16th minute , Carli Lloyd achieved the fastest hat - trick from kick - off in World Cup history , and Abby Wambach was greeted with a standing ovation for her last World Cup match . Following their 2015 World Cup win , the team was honored with a ticker tape parade in New York City , the first for a women 's sports team . Sports Illustrated celebrated them with 25 covers of the magazine . President Barack Obama welcomed them to the White House , stating , `` This team taught all of America 's children that ' playing like a girl ' means you 're a badass , '' before going on to say , `` ' playing like a girl ' means being the best . '' On December 16 , 2015 , however , a 0 -- 1 loss to China in Wambach 's last game meant the team 's first home loss since 2004 , ending their 104 - game home unbeaten streak . In the 2016 Summer Olympics , the U.S. drew against Sweden in the quarterfinal ; in the following penalty kick phase , Sweden won the game 4 -- 3 . The loss marked the first time that the USWNT did not advance to the gold medal game of the Olympics , and the first time that the USWNT failed to advance to the semifinal round of a major tournament . After the defeat in the 2016 Olympics , the USWNT underwent a year of experimentation which saw them losing 3 home games . If not for a comeback win against Brazil , the USWNT was on the brink of losing 4 home games in one year , a low never before seen by the USWNT. 2017 saw the USWNT play 12 games against teams ranked in the top - 15 in the world . The USWNT heads into World Cup Qualifying in fall of 2018 . Team image ( edit ) Media coverage ( edit ) U.S. TV coverage for the five Women 's World Cups from 1995 to 2011 was provided by ESPN / ABC and Univision , while coverage rights for the three Women 's World Cups from 2015 to 2023 were awarded to Fox Sports and Telemundo . In May 2014 a deal was signed to split TV coverage of other USWNT games between ESPN , Fox Sports , and Univision through the end of 2022 . The USWNT games in the 2014 CONCACAF Women 's Championship and the 2015 Algarve Cup were broadcast by Fox Sports . The 1999 World Cup final set the original record for largest US television audience for a women 's soccer match with 18 million viewers on average and was the most viewed English - language US broadcast of any soccer match until the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup Final between the United States and Japan . The 2015 Women 's World Cup Final between the USA and Japan was the most watched soccer match -- men 's or women 's -- in American broadcast history . It averaged 23 million viewers and higher ratings than the NBA finals and the Stanley Cup finals . The final was also the most watched US - Spanish language broadcast of a FIFA Women 's World Cup match in history . Overall , there were over 750 million viewers for the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup , making it the most watched Women 's World Cup in history . The FIFA Women 's World Cup is now the second most watched FIFA tournament , with only the men 's FIFA World Cup attracting more viewership . Attendance ( edit ) The 1999 World Cup final , in which the USA defeated China , set a world attendance record for a women 's sporting event of 90,185 in a sellout at the Rose Bowl in Southern California . The record for Olympic women 's soccer attendance was set by the 2012 Olympic final between the USWNT and Japan , with 80,023 spectators at Wembley Stadium . Coaching staff ( edit ) Role Name Start date Head coach Jill Ellis May 2014 Assistant coach Tony Gustavsson Jun 2012 Goalkeeper coach Graeme Abel Mar 2015 Fitness coach Dawn Scott Feb 2011 Talent identification B.J. Snow Feb 2017 Team ( edit ) Current squad ( edit ) The following 23 players were named to the roster for the 2018 Tournament of Nations . Caps and goals are current as of August 2 , 2018 , after match against Brazil . No . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club 1GK Alyssa Naeher ( 1988 - 04 - 20 ) April 20 , 1988 ( age 30 ) 32 0 Chicago Red Stars 21 1GK Adrianna Franch ( 1990 - 11 - 12 ) November 12 , 1990 ( age 27 ) 0 0 Portland Thorns FC 24 1GK Ashlyn Harris ( 1985 - 10 - 19 ) October 19 , 1985 ( age 32 ) 16 0 Orlando Pride 2DF Becky Sauerbrunn ( 1985 - 06 - 06 ) June 6 , 1985 ( age 33 ) 141 0 Utah Royals FC 7 2DF Abby Dahlkemper ( 1993 - 05 - 13 ) May 13 , 1993 ( age 25 ) 22 0 North Carolina Courage 11 2DF Merritt Mathias ( 1990 - 07 - 02 ) July 2 , 1990 ( age 28 ) 0 North Carolina Courage 12 2DF Tierna Davidson ( 1998 - 09 - 19 ) September 19 , 1998 ( age 19 ) 10 0 Stanford Cardinal 14 2DF Casey Short ( 1990 - 08 - 23 ) August 23 , 1990 ( age 27 ) 24 0 Chicago Red Stars 22 2DF Emily Sonnett ( 1993 - 11 - 25 ) November 25 , 1993 ( age 24 ) 20 0 Portland Thorns FC 3MF Julie Ertz ( 1992 - 04 - 06 ) April 6 , 1992 ( age 26 ) 64 16 Chicago Red Stars 3MF Sam Mewis ( 1992 - 10 - 09 ) October 9 , 1992 ( age 25 ) 37 7 North Carolina Courage 5 3MF McCall Zerboni ( 1986 - 12 - 13 ) December 13 , 1986 ( age 31 ) 5 0 North Carolina Courage 6 3MF Morgan Brian ( 1993 - 02 - 26 ) February 26 , 1993 ( age 25 ) 77 6 Chicago Red Stars 9 3MF Lindsey Horan ( 1994 - 05 - 26 ) May 26 , 1994 ( age 24 ) 54 6 Portland Thorns FC 10 3MF Carli Lloyd ( co-captain ) ( 1982 - 07 - 16 ) July 16 , 1982 ( age 36 ) 257 100 Sky Blue FC 16 3MF Rose Lavelle ( 1995 - 05 - 14 ) May 14 , 1995 ( age 23 ) 11 Washington Spirit 20 3MF Allie Long ( 1987 - 08 - 13 ) August 13 , 1987 ( age 30 ) 39 6 Seattle Reign FC 8 4FW Amy Rodriguez ( 1987 - 02 - 17 ) February 17 , 1987 ( age 31 ) 131 30 Utah Royals FC 13 4FW Alex Morgan ( co-captain ) ( 1989 - 07 - 02 ) July 2 , 1989 ( age 29 ) 145 90 Orlando Pride 15 4FW Megan Rapinoe ( 1985 - 07 - 05 ) July 5 , 1985 ( age 33 ) 140 38 Seattle Reign FC 17 4FW Tobin Heath ( 1988 - 05 - 29 ) May 29 , 1988 ( age 30 ) 136 20 Portland Thorns FC 19 4FW Crystal Dunn ( 1992 - 07 - 03 ) July 3 , 1992 ( age 26 ) 68 23 North Carolina Courage 23 4FW Christen Press ( 1988 - 12 - 29 ) December 29 , 1988 ( age 29 ) 103 44 Utah Royals FC Recent call - ups ( edit ) The following players were also named to a squad in the last 12 months . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club Latest call - up GK Casey Murphy ( 1996 - 04 - 25 ) April 25 , 1996 ( age 22 ) 0 0 Montpellier v. China PR ; June 12 , 2018 GK Abby Smith ( 1993 - 10 - 04 ) October 4 , 1993 ( age 24 ) 0 0 Utah Royals FC v. China PR ; June 12 , 2018 GK Jane Campbell ( 1995 - 02 - 17 ) February 17 , 1995 ( age 23 ) 0 Houston Dash v. Mexico ; April 8 , 2018 DF Jaelene Hinkle ( 1993 - 05 - 28 ) May 28 , 1993 ( age 25 ) 8 0 North Carolina Courage 2018 Tournament of Nations DF Sofia Huerta ( 1992 - 12 - 14 ) December 14 , 1992 ( age 25 ) 7 0 Houston Dash v. China PR ; June 12 , 2018 DF Margaret Purce ( 1995 - 09 - 18 ) September 18 , 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 0 Portland Thorns FC v. China PR ; June 7 , 2018 DF Hailie Mace ( 1997 - 03 - 24 ) March 24 , 1997 ( age 21 ) 0 UCLA Bruins v. Mexico ; April 8 , 2018 DF Tegan McGrady ( 1997 - 10 - 11 ) October 11 , 1997 ( age 20 ) 0 Stanford Cardinal v. Mexico ; April 8 , 2018 DF Kelley O'Hara ( 1988 - 08 - 04 ) August 4 , 1988 ( age 30 ) 107 Utah Royals FC v. Mexico ; April 5 , 2018 DF Taylor Smith ( 1993 - 12 - 01 ) December 1 , 1993 ( age 24 ) 10 0 Washington Spirit 2018 SheBelieves Cup DF Meghan Klingenberg ( 1988 - 08 - 02 ) August 2 , 1988 ( age 30 ) 74 Portland Thorns FC v. Denmark ; January 21 , 2018 DF Chioma Ubogagu ( 1992 - 09 - 10 ) September 10 , 1992 ( age 25 ) 0 0 Orlando Pride v. Canada ; November 12 , 2017 MF Haley Hanson ( 1996 - 02 - 22 ) February 22 , 1996 ( age 22 ) 0 Houston Dash v. Mexico ; April 8 , 2018 MF Andi Sullivan ( 1995 - 12 - 20 ) December 20 , 1995 ( age 22 ) 10 0 Washington Spirit v. Mexico ; April 5 , 2018 FW Kealia Ohai ( 1992 - 01 - 31 ) January 31 , 1992 ( age 26 ) Houston Dash 2018 Tournament of Nations FW Savannah McCaskill ( 1996 - 07 - 31 ) July 31 , 1996 ( age 22 ) 5 0 Sky Blue FC v. China PR ; June 12 , 2018 FW Mallory Pugh ( 1998 - 04 - 29 ) April 29 , 1998 ( age 20 ) 35 11 Washington Spirit v. Mexico ; April 8 , 2018 FW Ashley Hatch ( 1995 - 05 - 25 ) May 25 , 1995 ( age 23 ) 0 Washington Spirit v. Mexico ; April 5 , 2018 FW Lynn Williams ( 1993 - 05 - 21 ) May 21 , 1993 ( age 25 ) 18 North Carolina Courage v. Mexico ; April 5 , 2018 Notes : PRE = Preliminary squad Recent schedule and results ( edit ) Further information : 2017 in American soccer and 2018 in American soccer The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months , as well as any future matches that have been scheduled . 2017 ( edit ) United States v New Zealand September 15 , 2017 Friendly United States 3 -- 1 New Zealand show Commerce City , Colorado 22 : 00 ET Ertz 16 ' , 24 ' Morgan 79 ' Report Wilkinson 75 ' Stadium : Dick 's Sporting Goods Park Attendance : 17,301 Referee : Katja Koroleva ( United States ) United States v New Zealand September 19 , 2017 Friendly United States 5 -- 0 New Zealand show Cincinnati , Ohio 19 : 30 ET Horan 36 ' Pugh 44 ' Morgan 46 ' , 69 ' Williams 55 ' Report Stadium : Nippert Stadium Attendance : 30,596 Referee : Christina Unkel ( United States ) United States v South Korea October 19 , 2017 Friendly United States 3 -- 1 South Korea show New Orleans , Louisiana 20 : 00 ET Ertz 24 ' Morgan 40 ' Rapinoe 52 ' ( pen . ) Report Han Chae - rin 52 ' Stadium : Mercedes - Benz Superdome Attendance : 9,371 Referee : Christina Unkel ( United States ) United States v South Korea October 22 , 2017 Friendly United States 6 -- 0 South Korea show Cary , North Carolina 14 : 00 ET Mewis 3 ' , 20 ' Press 35 ' Ertz 45 + 1 ' Williams 61 ' Long 83 ' Report Stadium : WakeMed Soccer Park Attendance : 9,727 Referee : Sheena Dickson ( Canada ) Canada v United States November 9 , 2017 Friendly Canada 1 -- 1 United States show Vancouver , Canada 22 : 00 ET Leon 56 ' Report Morgan 31 ' Stadium : BC Place Attendance : 28,017 Referee : Marianela Araya Cruz ( Costa Rica ) United States v Canada November 12 , 2017 Friendly United States 3 -- 1 Canada show San Jose , California 21 : 00 ET Ertz 11 ' Morgan 56 ' Lloyd 80 ' Report Beckie 50 ' Stadium : Avaya Stadium Attendance : 17,960 Referee : Karen Abt ( United States ) 2018 ( edit ) United States v Denmark January 21 , 2018 Friendly United States 5 -- 1 Denmark show San Diego , California 19 : 30 ET Morgan 17 ' Ertz 19 ' Pugh 47 ' , 65 ' Dunn 81 ' Report Nadim 14 ' Stadium : SDCCU Stadium Attendance : 17,526 Referee : Karen Abt ( United States ) United States v Germany March 1 , 2018 SheBelieves Cup United States 1 -- 0 Germany show Columbus , Ohio 19 : 00 ET Rapinoe 17 ' Report Stadium : Mapfre Stadium Attendance : 14,591 Referee : Melissa Borjas ( Honduras ) United States v France March 4 , 2018 SheBelieves Cup United States 1 -- 1 France show Harrison , New Jersey 12 : 00 ET Pugh 35 ' Report Le Sommer 38 ' Stadium : Red Bull Arena Attendance : 25,706 Referee : Lucia Venegas ( Mexico ) United States v England March 7 , 2018 SheBelieves Cup United States 1 -- 0 England show Orlando , Florida 19 : 00 ET Bardsley 58 ' ( o.g. ) Report Stadium : Orlando City Stadium Attendance : 12,351 Referee : Carol Anne Chenard ( Canada ) United States v Mexico April 5 , 2018 Friendly United States 4 -- 1 Mexico show Jacksonville , Florida 19 : 00 ET Pugh 6 ' Morgan 51 ' ( pen . ) , 53 ' Lloyd 54 ' Report Johnson 64 ' Stadium : EverBank Field Attendance : 14,360 Referee : Cardella Samuels ( Jamaica ) United States v Mexico April 8 , 2018 Friendly United States 6 -- 2 Mexico show Houston , Texas 13 : 30 ET Pugh 3 ' Horan 25 ' Lloyd 34 ' Morgan 44 ' , 68 ' Rapinoe 64 ' Report Ocampo 17 ' Palacios 24 ' Stadium : BBVA Compass Stadium Attendance : 15,349 Referee : Karen Abt ( United States ) United States v China PR June 7 , 2018 Friendly United States 1 -- 0 China PR show Sandy , Utah 21 : 00 ET Morgan 57 ' Report Stadium : Rio Tinto Stadium Attendance : 13,230 Referee : Lucila Venegas ( Mexico ) United States v China PR June 12 , 2018 Friendly United States 2 -- 1 China PR show Cleveland , Ohio 19 : 00 ET Rapinoe 35 ' Heath 75 ' Report Li 72 ' Stadium : FirstEnergy Stadium Referee : Christina Unkel ( United States ) United States v Japan July 26 , 2018 Tournament of Nations United States 4 -- 2 Japan show Kansas City , Kansas 19 : 00 ET Morgan 18 ' , 26 ' , 56 ' Rapinoe 66 ' Report Tanaka 20 ' Sakaguchi 76 ' Stadium : Children 's Mercy Park Attendance : 18,467 Referee : Carol - Ann Chenard ( Canada ) United States v Australia July 29 , 2018 Tournament of Nations United States 1 -- 1 Australia show East Hartford , Connecticut 19 : 00 ET Horan 90 ' Report Logarzo 22 ' Stadium : Pratt & Whitney Stadium Attendance : 21,570 Referee : Miriam Leon ( El Salvador ) United States v Brazil August 2 , 2018 Tournament of Nations United States 4 -- 1 Brazil show Bridgeview , Illinois 20 : 30 ET Lavelle 32 ' Ertz 52 ' Heath 60 ' Morgan 76 ' Report Davidson 15 ' ( o.g. ) Stadium : Toyota Park Attendance : 18,309 Referee : Quetzalli Alvarado ( Mexico ) United States v Chile August 31 , 2018 Friendly United States Chile show Carson , California 23 : 00 ET Report Stadium : StubHub Center United States v Chile September 4 , 2018 Friendly United States Chile show San Jose , California 22 : 00 ET Report Stadium : Avaya Stadium United States v TBD October 4 , 2018 CONCACAF Championship United States TBD show Cary , North Carolina Stadium : Sahlen 's Stadium United States v TBD October 7 , 2018 CONCACAF Championship United States TBD show Cary , North Carolina Stadium : Sahlen 's Stadium United States v TBD October 10 , 2018 CONCACAF Championship United States TBD show Cary , North Carolina Stadium : Sahlen 's Stadium US Soccer Schedule US Soccer Results USA : Fixtures and Results -- FIFA.com Competitive record ( edit ) For results in minor tournaments , see the History of the United States women 's national soccer team All Time Results ( edit ) hide Year GF GA Athlete of the Year Scoring leader Assist leader Coach Major tournam . result 1985 0 Sharon Remer Michelle Akers Mike Ryan 1986 6 0 April Heinrichs Marcia McDermott Anson Dorrance 11 6 Carin Gabarra April Heinrichs 7 Anson Dorrance 8 Joy Fawcett Carin Gabarra 5 C. Gabarra , K. Lilly Anson Dorrance 0 0 April Heinrichs ( none ) ( none ) Anson Dorrance 1990 6 6 0 0 Michelle Akers Michelle Akers 9 Kristine Lilly Anson Dorrance 1991 28 21 6 Michelle Akers Michelle Akers 39 Carin Gabarra 21 Anson Dorrance World Cup ( Champions ) 0 0 Carin Gabarra ( 3 players tied ) Tisha Venturini Anson Dorrance 1993 17 13 0 Kristine Lilly Mia Hamm 10 Michelle Akers 6 Anson Dorrance 1994 13 12 0 Mia Hamm Michelle Akers 11 Michelle Akers 7 Anson Dorrance 1995 23 19 Mia Hamm Mia Hamm 19 Mia Hamm 18 Tony DiCicco World Cup ( 3rd place ) 24 21 Mia Hamm Tiffeny Milbrett 13 Mia Hamm 18 Tony DiCicco Olympics ( Gold medal ) 1997 18 16 0 Mia Hamm Mia Hamm 18 Tiffeny Milbrett 14 Tony DiCicco 1998 25 22 Mia Hamm Mia Hamm 20 Mia Hamm 20 Tony DiCicco 1999 29 25 Michelle Akers Tiffeny Milbrett 21 Mia Hamm 16 Tony DiCicco World Cup ( Champions ) 2000 41 26 9 6 Tiffeny Milbrett Cindy Parlow 19 Mia Hamm 14 L. Gregg , A. Heinrichs Olympics ( Silver medal ) 2001 10 5 Tiffeny Milbrett Tiffeny Milbrett Mia Hamm April Heinrichs 2002 19 15 Shannon MacMillan Shannon MacMillan 17 Aly Wagner 11 April Heinrichs 2003 23 17 Abby Wambach Abby Wambach 9 Mia Hamm 9 April Heinrichs World Cup ( 3rd place ) 34 28 Abby Wambach Abby Wambach 31 Mia Hamm 22 April Heinrichs Olympics ( Gold medal ) 2005 9 8 0 Kristine Lilly Christie Welsh 7 A. Wagner , A. Wambach 5 Greg Ryan 2006 22 18 0 Kristine Lilly Abby Wambach 17 Abby Wambach 8 Greg Ryan 2007 24 19 Abby Wambach Abby Wambach 20 Kristine Lilly 8 Greg Ryan World Cup ( 3rd place ) 2008 36 33 Carli Lloyd Natasha Kai 15 H. O'Reilly , A. Wambach 10 Pia Sundhage Olympics ( Gold medal ) 2009 8 7 0 Hope Solo ( 3 players tied ) Heather O'Reilly Pia Sundhage 18 15 Abby Wambach Abby Wambach 16 Lori Lindsey 7 Pia Sundhage 2011 20 13 Abby Wambach Abby Wambach 8 L. Holiday , M. Rapinoe 5 Pia Sundhage World Cup ( 2nd place ) 2012 32 28 Alex Morgan Alex Morgan 28 Alex Morgan 21 P. Sundhage , J. Ellis Olympics ( Gold medal ) 2013 16 13 0 Abby Wambach Abby Wambach 11 L. Holiday , A. Wambach 6 Tom Sermanni 2014 24 16 5 Lauren Holiday Carli Lloyd 15 Carli Lloyd 8 T. Sermanni , J. Ellis 2015 27 20 5 Carli Lloyd Carli Lloyd 18 Megan Rapinoe 10 Jill Ellis World Cup ( Champions ) 2016 25 22 0 Tobin Heath ( 2 players tied ) 17 Carli Lloyd 11 Jill Ellis 2017 16 12 Julie Ertz Alex Morgan 7 Megan Rapinoe 5 Jill Ellis Total 619 481 70 68 0 0 Sources http://www.worldfootball.net/teams/usa-frauen-team/21/ - All Time Results https://www.fifa.com/live-scores/teams/country=usa/women/matches/index.html - All Time Results Main ( edit ) The two highest - profile tournaments the U.S. team participates in are the quadrennial FIFA Women 's World Cup and the Olympic Games . World Cup ( edit ) The team has participated in every World Cup through 2015 and won a medal in each . Year Result Matches Wins Draws Losses GF GA Coach 1991 Champion 6 6 0 0 25 5 Anson Dorrance 1995 Third Place 6 15 5 Tony DiCicco 1999 Champion 6 5 0 18 2003 Third Place 6 5 0 15 5 April Heinrichs 2007 Third Place 6 12 7 Greg Ryan 2011 Runner - up 6 13 7 Pia Sundhage 2015 Champion 7 6 0 14 Jill Ellis 2019 TBD - not yet qualified Total 3 / 7 43 33 6 112 35 CONCACAF Championship and gold Cup ( edit ) Year Result Matches Wins Draws Losses GF GA Coach 1991 Champion 5 5 0 0 49 0 Anson Dorrance 1993 Champion 0 0 13 0 Anson Dorrance 1994 Champion 0 0 16 Tony DiCicco 1998 Did not participate 2000 Champion 5 0 24 April Heinrichs 2002 Champion 5 5 0 0 24 April Heinrichs 2006 Champion 0 0 Greg Ryan Third place 5 0 22 Pia Sundhage 2014 Champion 5 5 0 0 21 0 Jill Ellis 2018 TBD Jill Ellis Total 8 / 9 34 32 173 6 The US team directly qualified for the 1999 FIFA Women 's World Cup as hosts of the event . Because of this , they did not participate in the 1998 CONCACAF Championship , which was the qualification tournament for the World Cup . Olympic games ( edit ) The team has participated in every Olympic tournament through 2016 and reached the gold medal game in each until 2016 , when they were eliminated in the quarterfinals on a penalty shootout loss to Sweden . Year Result Matches Wins Draws Losses GF GA Coach Gold medal 5 0 9 Tony DiCicco 2000 Silver medal 5 9 5 April Heinrichs Gold medal 6 5 0 12 2008 Gold medal 6 5 0 12 5 Pia Sundhage 2012 Gold medal 6 6 0 0 16 6 2016 5th place 0 6 Jill Ellis 2020 TBD - not yet qualified Total 4 / 6 33 26 5 63 25 Algarve Cup ( edit ) The Algarve Cup is a global invitational tournament for national teams in women 's soccer hosted by the Portuguese Football Federation ( FPF ) . Held annually in the Algarve region of Portugal since 1994 , it is one of the most prestigious women 's football events , alongside the Women 's World Cup and Women 's Olympic Football . Year Result Matches Wins Draws Losses GF GA Coach 1994 Runners - Up 0 6 Toni DiCicco 1995 4th Place 8 5 Toni DiCicco did not enter 1997 did not enter 1998 Third Place 0 10 6 Toni DiCicco 1999 Runners - Up 8 Toni DiCicco 2000 Champions 0 0 11 April Heinrichs 2001 6th Place 0 5 9 April Heinrichs 2002 5th Place 8 6 April Heinrichs 2003 Champions 0 5 April Heinrichs Champions 0 11 5 April Heinrichs 2005 Champions 0 0 9 0 Greg Ryan 2006 Runners - Up 0 9 Greg Ryan 2007 Champions 0 0 8 Greg Ryan 2008 Champions 0 0 12 Pia Sundhage 2009 Runners - Up 0 5 Pia Sundhage Champions 0 0 9 Pia Sundhage 2011 Champions 0 0 12 Pia Sundhage 2012 Third Place 0 11 Pia Sundhage 2013 Champions 0 11 Tom Sermanni 2014 7th Place 7 7 Tom Sermanni 2015 Champions 0 7 Jill Ellis 2016 did not enter 2017 did not enter 2018 did not enter Total 20 / 25 79 56 11 12 172 62 Pan American Games ( edit ) Year Result Matches Wins Draws Losses GF GA 1999 Champions 6 5 0 22 2003 did not enter 2007 Runners - Up 6 0 17 11 2011 did not enter 2015 did not enter 2019 TBD Total 2 / 5 12 9 39 13 Player Records ( edit ) As of August 2 , 2018 . Active players are shown in Bold . The women 's national team boasts the first six players in the history of the game to have earned 200 caps . These players have since been joined in the 200 - cap club by several players from other national teams , as well as by five more Americans : Kate Markgraf , Abby Wambach , Heather O'Reilly , Carli Lloyd and Hope Solo . Kristine Lilly and Christie Rampone are the only players to earn more than 300 caps . In March 2004 , Mia Hamm and Michelle Akers were the only two women and the only two Americans named to the FIFA 100 , a list of the 125 greatest living soccer players chosen by Pelé as part of FIFA 's centenary observances . The USWNT All - Time Best XI was chosen In December 2013 by the United States Soccer Federation : Goalkeeper : Briana Scurry Defenders : Brandi Chastain , Carla Overbeck , Christie Rampone , Joy Fawcett Midfielders : Kristine Lilly , Michelle Akers , Julie Foudy Forwards : Mia Hamm , Abby Wambach , Alex Morgan Most capped players ( edit ) Rank Player Caps Goals Years Kristine Lilly 354 130 1987 -- 2010 Christie Rampone 311 1997 -- 2015 Mia Hamm 276 158 1987 -- 2004 Julie Foudy 274 45 1988 -- 2004 5 Carli Lloyd 257 100 2005 -- 6 Abby Wambach 256 184 2001 -- 2015 7 Joy Fawcett 241 27 1987 -- 2004 8 Heather O'Reilly 231 47 2002 -- 2016 9 Tiffeny Milbrett 206 100 1991 -- 2005 10 Hope Solo 202 0 2000 -- 2016 Source Top scorers ( edit ) Rank Player Goals Caps Years Avg Abby Wambach 184 256 2001 -- 2015 0.72 Mia Hamm 158 276 1987 -- 2004 0.57 Kristine Lilly 130 354 1987 -- 2010 0.37 Michelle Akers 107 155 1985 -- 2000 0.69 5 Tiffeny Milbrett 100 206 1991 -- 2005 0.49 Carli Lloyd 100 257 2005 -- 0.39 7 Alex Morgan 90 145 2010 -- 0.62 8 Cindy Parlow 75 158 1996 -- 2004 0.47 9 Shannon MacMillan 60 176 1993 -- 2005 0.34 10 Carin Jennings - Gabarra 56 119 1987 -- 1996 0.47 Source Most assists ( edit ) Rank Player Assists Caps Years Avg Mia Hamm 145 276 1987 -- 2004 0.53 Kristine Lilly 106 354 1987 -- 2010 0.30 Abby Wambach 73 256 2001 -- 2015 0.29 Tiffeny Milbrett 64 206 1991 -- 2005 0.31 5 Julie Foudy 55 274 1988 -- 2004 0.20 Heather O'Reilly 55 231 2002 -- 2016 0.23 7 Megan Rapinoe 53 140 2006 -- 0.37 8 Carli Lloyd 50 257 2005 -- 0.19 Shannon MacMillan 50 177 1993 -- 2005 0.28 10 Carin Jennings - Gabarra 48 119 1987 -- 1996 0.40 Source Captains ( edit ) Years as captain Player Caps Goals USWNT career 1985 Denise Bender 0 1985 1986 -- 1987 Emily Pickering 15 1985 -- 1992 1988 -- 1991 Lori Henry 39 1985 -- 1991 1991 April Heinrichs 46 35 1986 -- 1991 1993 -- 2000 Carla Overbeck 170 1988 -- 2000 2000 -- 2004 Julie Foudy 274 45 1987 -- 2004 2000 -- 2004 Joy Fawcett 241 27 1987 -- 2004 2004 -- 2008 Kristine Lilly 354 130 1987 -- 2010 2008 -- 2015 Christie Rampone 311 1997 -- 2015 2016 -- Carli Lloyd 257 100 2005 -- 2016 -- Becky Sauerbrunn 141 0 2008 -- 2018 -- Alex Morgan 145 90 2010 -- Most goals in a match ( edit ) The record for most goals scored in a match by a member of the USWNT is five , which has been accomplished by seven players . Player Date Opponent Location Competition Line - up Brandi Chastain April 18 , 1991 Mexico Port - au - Prince , Haiti World Cup Qualifying Tournament Substitute Michelle Akers November 24 , 1991 Chinese Taipei Foshan , China 1991 FIFA World Cup Starting Tiffeny Milbrett November 2 , 2002 Panama Seattle , United States 2002 CONCACAF Gold Cup Starting Abby Wambach October 23 , 2004 Republic of Ireland Houston , United States International Friendly Starting Amy Rodriguez January 20 , 2012 Dominican Republic Vancouver , Canada 2012 Olympic Qualifying Tournament Substitute ( 46 ' ) Sydney Leroux January 22 , 2012 Guatemala Vancouver , Canada 2012 Olympic Qualifying Tournament Substitute ( 46 ' ) Crystal Dunn February 15 , 2016 Puerto Rico Frisco , United States 2016 Olympic Qualifying Tournament Starting Head coaching history ( edit ) Name Years Matches Won Tied Lost Win % Pts ÷ M World Cup Olympics Mike Ryan 1985 0 . 125 0.25 Anson Dorrance 1986 -- 1994 93 66 5 22 . 737 2.18 Tony DiCicco 1994 -- 1999 119 103 8 8 . 899 2.66 Lauren Gregg 1997 , 2000 0 . 833 2.33 April Heinrichs 2000 -- 2004 124 87 20 17 . 782 2.27 Greg Ryan 2005 -- 2007 55 45 9 . 900 2.62 Pia Sundhage 2007 -- 2012 107 91 10 6 . 897 2.64 Tom Sermanni 2013 -- 2014 23 17 . 826 2.39 Jill Ellis 2012 , 2014 -- present 79 61 14 5 . 883 2.5 5th Totals 604 471 71 62 . 838 2.45 Honors ( edit ) World Cup Champions : 1991 , 1999 , 2015 Runner - up : 2011 Third place : 1995 , 2003 , 2007 Olympic Games Gold medalists : 1996 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 Silver medalists : 2000 CONCACAF Championship and Gold Cup Champions : 1991 , 1993 , 1994 , 2000 , 2002 , 2006 , 2014 CONCACAF Women 's Olympic Qualifying Tournament Champions : 2004 , 2008 , 2012 , 2016 Algarve Cup Champions : 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2015 U.S. Cup Champions : 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2002 Four Nations Tournament Champions : 1998 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2011 Peace Queen Cup Champions : 2006 , 2008 Albena Cup Champions : 1991 SheBelieves Cup Champions : 2016 , 2018 Tournament of Nations Champions : 2018 DFB Centenary Tournament Champions : 2000 Pacific Cup Champions : 2000 Brazil Cup Champions : 1996 North America Cup Champions : 1990 Canada Cup Champions : 1990 Australia Cup Champions : 2000 Tournoi International Champions : 1995 Chiquita Cup Champions : 1994 Tri-Nations Tournament Champions : 1994 Goodwill Games Champions : 1998 Columbus Cup Champions : 1993 See also ( edit ) Women 's association football portal Soccer in the United States portal Women 's sport portal Association football portal United States portal USWNT All - Time Best XI Dare to Dream : The Story of the U.S. Women 's Soccer Team -- 2005 HBO documentary List of women 's national football teams Women 's association football around the world United States U-17 women 's national soccer team United States U-20 women 's national soccer team United States U-23 women 's national soccer team Women 's United Soccer Association ( WUSA ) , 2001 -- 03 Women 's Professional Soccer ( WPS ) , 2009 -- 11 National Women 's Soccer League ( NWSL ) , 2013 -- present Soccer in the United States United States men 's national soccer team References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. SOCCER FEDERATION 2015 WOMEN 'S NATIONAL TEAM MEDIA GUIDE ( PDF ) '' . U.S. Soccer . January 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2014 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Ranking for USA Women '' . FIFA . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Payne , Marissa ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` U.S. women 's soccer team drops to No. 2 in FIFA rankings for first time since 2008 '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Cochran , Ayana ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` United States back on top in latest FIFA ranking '' . Vavel.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USOC Olympic Athlete and Team Awards '' . U.S. Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S Women Finish 1999 on Top of the Sporting World as Sports Illustrated Names Women 's World Cup Champs 1999 '' . U.S. Soccer . December 13 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Matthew ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Women 's National Team Reaches Deal With U.S. Soccer '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. WNT FLASHBACK -- 20TH ANNIVERSARY OF FIRST - EVER MATCH '' , U.S. Soccer , August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SOCCER ; 1999 Women 's World Cup : Beautiful Game Takes Flight '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brandi Chastain `` Inside Sports Illustrated '' . Insidesportsillustrated.com . May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dare to Dream . Ouisie Shapiro . HBO Productions , September 19 , 2007 . Video Jump up ^ FIFA Women 's World Cup USA 2003 , FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Ending The Drought : What did the USWNT Learn From 2007 World Cup Loss ? '' , ESPN.com , Julie Foudy , June 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Header Heard Round The World '' . June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wambach 's header voted greatest goal '' . June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. tops Japan for soccer gold '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Women 's National Team Squares Off Against Australia on Wednesday in Fan Tribute Tour '' . USSoccer.com . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2012 . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lauletta , Dan ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` Eight teams to start new women 's pro soccer league in 2013 '' . soccerly.com . The Equalizer . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jack ( April 13 , 2013 ) . `` Another Attempt at Women 's Circuit , but With a Twist '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Streak 's snapped , but US must regroup in Algarve '' . Equalizer soccer . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Newspaper reminder of magnitude of Sweden 's win '' . Equalizer soccer . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Adena ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` U.S Women 's World Cup team -- Memorable moments outside field of play , including Abby Wambach 's kiss '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jonathan ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Sports Illustrated cover : USWNT featured on 25 different covers '' . Si.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Obama welcomes women 's US World Cup team to White House '' . Channel NewsAsia . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The President Honors the U.S. Women 's National Soccer Team '' . YouTube . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Varney , Jim ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` China ends USA 's 104 - game home unbeaten streak in Abby Wambach 's finale '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. bounced from women 's soccer tournament by Sweden on penalty kicks '' , L.A. Times , August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Games Conclude Competitive 2017 as Road to 2019 World Cup Continues '' . US Soccer . September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wagman , Robert ( November 2 , 2005 ) . `` ABC / ESPN , Univision pay record $425 million for men 's , women 's Cups through 2014 '' . Soccertimes.com . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Deitsch , Richard ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` Fox 's Women 's World Cup TV schedule includes games on main network '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jere ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` Fox and Telemundo Win U.S. Rights to World Cups '' . NY Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` 2026 World Cup TV rights awarded without bids ; ESPN ' surprised ' '' . LA Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Soccer and MLS Sign Landmark TV Deals '' . May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Le Miere , Jason ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` USA Women 's Soccer World Cup Qualifying : Schedule , TV Channel And Preview For Concacaf Championship '' . International Business Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WNT Opens its 20th Algarve Cup against Norway '' . U.S. Soccer . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Maury ( June 23 , 2014 ) . `` U.S.A. Vs. Portugal Highest - Rated Ever World Cup Match for ESPN '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` WOMEN 'S WORLD CUP ; And Strong TV Ratings , Too '' . NY Times . July 12 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Women 's World Cup Final Was Most - Watched Soccer Game in United States History '' . NY Times . ^ Jump up to : Bill Chappell ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` U.S. Women Shatter TV Ratings Record For Soccer With World Cup Win : The Two - Way '' . Npr.org . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` More Americans watched the Women 's World Cup final than the NBA Finals or the Stanley Cup '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking FIFA Women 's World Cup tops 750 million TV viewers '' . FIFA.com . March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup -- USA 1999 Overview '' . FIFA . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Paul ( August 9 , 2012 ) . `` Olympics football : USA beat Japan to secure gold in Wembley thriller '' . BBC . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2018/07/23/17/17/20180723-news-wnt-jill-ellis-names-final-usa-roster-for-2018-tournament-of-nations Jump up ^ `` U.S. Women 's National Team Stats page '' . U.S. Soccer . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Mike ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` In Demand Serves Up Algarve Cup Action '' . Multichannel News . NewBay Media , LLC . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation '' . Rsssf.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. SOCCER ANNOUNCES ALL - TIME WNT BEST XI '' . December 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Time Leaders '' . U.S. Soccer . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2018/08/03/02/46/20180802-recap-wnt-beats-brazil-wins-first-tournament-of-nations-title Jump up ^ `` USA Fights Back to Claim Dramatic 4 -- 3 Win vs. Brazil in # ToN2017 '' . Ussoccer.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ US Soccer ( March 26 , 2010 ) . `` US Women Set To Face Mexico in San Diego '' . Ussoccer.com . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Long Island Junior Soccer ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Pat Grecco 's Wall of Fame : Emily Pickering '' . Ussoccer.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Head Coach U.S. Women 's National Team '' . Soccertimes.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carla Overbeck '' . North Carolina Soccer Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hamm , Foudy enshrined into Hall of Fame '' . Espnfc.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` WNT Records '' . U.S. Soccer . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ US Cup ( Women ) Archived November 1 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . rsssf.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Four Nations Tournament ( Women -- Held in China ) rsssf.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 2006 Peace Queen Cup Archived May 23 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . rsssf.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 2008 Peace Queen Cup rsssf.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DFB Centenary Tournament 2000 rsssf.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pacific Cup ( Women ) 2000 rsssf.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brazil Cup 1996 rsssf.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ North America Cup 1987 rsssf.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ North America Cup 1990 rsssf.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Canada Cup 1990 rsssf.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Australia Cup 1999 -- 2004 rsssf.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tournoi International Feminin 1995 rsssf.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chiquita Cup 1994 rsssf.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tri-Nations Tournament 1994 ( Trinidad ) rsssf.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goodwill Games 1998 rsssf.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Colombus Cup 1993 rsssf.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States women 's national association football team . Official website FIFA profile Sporting positions Preceded by Inaugural champions FIFA Women 's World Cup champions 1991 ( first title ) Succeeded by 1995 Norway Preceded by 1995 Norway FIFA Women 's World Cup champions 1999 ( second title ) Succeeded by 2003 Germany Preceded by 2011 Japan FIFA Women 's World Cup champions 2015 ( third title ) Succeeded by Incumbent Preceded by Inaugural champions Olympic champions 1996 ( first title ) Succeeded by 2000 Norway Preceded by 2000 Norway Olympic champions 2004 ( second title ) 2008 ( third title ) 2012 ( fourth title ) Succeeded by 2016 Germany Preceded by Inaugural champions CONCACAF women 's champions 1991 ( first title ) 1993 ( second title ) 1994 ( third title ) Succeeded by 1998 Canada Preceded by 1998 Canada As CONCACAF champions CONCACAF Women 's Gold Cup champions 2000 ( fourth title ) 2002 ( fifth title ) 2006 ( sixth title ) Succeeded by 2010 Canada Preceded by 2010 Canada CONCACAF Women 's Gold Cup champions 2014 ( seventh title ) Succeeded by Incumbent United States squads -- FIFA Women 's World Cup United States squad -- 1991 FIFA Women 's World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Harvey 2 Heinrichs ( c ) 3 Higgins 4 Werden 5 Henry 6 Chastain 7 Bates 8 Hamilton 9 Hamm 10 Akers - Stahl 11 Foudy 12 Jennings 13 Lilly 14 Biefield 15 Gebauer 16 Belkin 17 Allmann 18 Maslin - Kammerdeiner Coach : Dorrance United States squad -- 1995 FIFA Women 's World Cup third place 1 Scurry 2 Staples 3 Manthei 4 Overbeck ( c ) 5 Roberts 6 Keller 7 Rafanelli 8 Hamilton 9 Hamm 10 Akers 11 Foudy 12 Gabarra 13 Lilly 14 Fawcett 15 Venturini 16 Milbrett 17 Lalor 18 Webber 19 Cromwell 20 Harvey Coach : DiCicco United States squad -- 1999 FIFA Women 's World Cup winners ( 2nd title ) 1 Scurry 2 Fair 3 Pearce 4 Overbeck ( c ) 5 Roberts 6 Chastain 7 Whalen 8 MacMillan 9 Hamm 10 Akers 11 Foudy 12 Parlow 13 Lilly 14 Fawcett 15 Venturini 16 Milbrett 17 Fotopoulos 18 Webber 19 Ducar 20 Sobrero Coach : DiCicco United States squad -- 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup third place 1 Scurry 2 Bivens 3 Pearce 4 Reddick 5 Roberts 6 Chastain 7 Boxx 8 MacMillan 9 Hamm 10 Wagner 11 Foudy ( c ) 12 Parlow 13 Lilly 14 Fawcett 15 Sobrero 16 Milbrett 17 Slaton 18 Mullinix 19 Hucles 20 Wambach Coach : Heinrichs United States squad -- 2007 FIFA Women 's World Cup third place 1 Scurry 2 Dalmy 3 Rampone 4 Whitehill 5 Tarpley 6 Kai 7 Boxx 8 Ellertson 9 O'Reilly 10 Wagner 11 Lloyd 12 Osborne 13 Lilly ( c ) 14 Lopez 15 Markgraf 16 Hucles 17 Chalupny 18 Solo 19 Jobson 20 Wambach 21 Barnhart Coach : Ryan United States squad -- 2011 FIFA Women 's World Cup runners - up 1 Solo 2 Mitts 3 Rampone ( c ) 4 Sauerbrunn 5 O'Hara 6 LePeilbet 7 Boxx 8 Rodriguez 9 O'Reilly 10 Lloyd 11 Krieger 12 Cheney 13 Morgan 14 Cox 15 Rapinoe 16 Lindsey 17 Heath 18 Barnhart 19 Buehler 20 Wambach 21 Loyden Coach : Sundhage United States squad -- 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup winners ( 3rd title ) 1 Solo 2 Leroux 3 Rampone ( c ) 4 Sauerbrunn 5 O'Hara 6 Engen 7 Boxx 8 Rodriguez 9 O'Reilly 10 Lloyd 11 Krieger 12 Holiday 13 Morgan 14 Brian 15 Rapinoe 16 Chalupny 17 Heath 18 Harris 19 Johnston 20 Wambach 21 Naeher 22 Klingenberg 23 Press Coach : Ellis United States women 's football squads -- Olympic Games United States women 's soccer squad -- 1996 Summer Olympics -- Gold Medalists 1 Scurry 2 Harvey 3 Parlow 4 Overbeck ( c ) 5 Roberts 6 Chastain 7 Wilson 8 MacMillan 9 Hamm 10 Akers 11 Foudy 12 Gabarra 13 Lilly 14 Fawcett 15 Venturini 16 Milbrett 17 Cromwell 18 Staples Bryan 20 Webber Coach : DiCicco United States women 's soccer squad -- 2000 Summer Olympics -- Silver Medalists 1 Scurry 2 Fair 3 Pearce 4 Overbeck 5 Serlenga 6 Chastain 7 Whalen 8 MacMillan 9 Hamm 10 French 11 Foudy ( c ) 12 Parlow 13 Lilly 14 Fawcett 15 Sobrero 16 Milbrett 17 Slaton 18 Mullinix Coach : Heinrichs United States women 's soccer squad -- 2004 Summer Olympics -- Gold Medalists 1 Scurry 2 Mitts 3 Rampone 4 Reddick 5 Tarpley 6 Chastain 7 Boxx 8 Hucles 9 Hamm 10 Wagner 11 Foudy ( c ) 12 Parlow 13 Lilly 14 Fawcett 15 Markgraf 16 Wambach 17 O'Reilly 18 Luckenbill Coach : Heinrichs United States women 's soccer squad -- 2008 Summer Olympics -- Gold Medalists 1 Solo 2 Mitts 3 Rampone ( c ) 4 Buehler 5 Tarpley 6 Kai 7 Boxx 8 Rodriguez 9 O'Reilly 10 Wagner 11 Lloyd 12 Cheney 13 Heath 14 Cox 15 Markgraf 16 Hucles 17 Chalupny 18 Barnhart Coach : Sundhage United States women 's soccer squad -- 2012 Summer Olympics -- Gold medalists 1 Solo 2 Mitts 3 Rampone ( c ) 4 Sauerbrunn 5 O'Hara 6 LePeilbet 7 Boxx 8 Rodriguez 9 O'Reilly 10 Lloyd 11 Leroux 12 Cheney 13 Morgan 14 Wambach 15 Rapinoe 16 Buehler 17 Heath 18 Barnhart Coach : Sundhage United States women 's soccer squad -- 2016 Summer Olympics 1 Solo 2 Pugh 3 Long 4 Sauerbrunn ( c ) 5 O'Hara 6 Engen 7 Klingenberg 8 Johnston 9 Horan 10 Lloyd ( c ) 11 Krieger 12 Press 13 Morgan 14 Brian 15 Rapinoe 16 Dunn 17 Heath 18 Naeher Coach : Ellis United States women 's football squads -- Awards Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year 1954 : Roger Bannister 1955 : Johnny Podres 1956 : Bobby Morrow 1957 : Stan Musial 1958 : Rafer Johnson 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Jerry Lucas 1962 : Terry Baker 1963 : Pete Rozelle 1964 : Ken Venturi 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Jim Ryun 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Bill Russell 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Bobby Orr 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Billie Jean King & John Wooden 1973 : Jackie Stewart 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Chris Evert 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Jack Nicklaus 1979 : Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : Sugar Ray Leonard 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Mary Decker 1984 : Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton 1985 : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Joe Paterno 1987 : Bob Bourne , Judi Brown King , Kipchoge Keino , Dale Murphy , Chip Rives , Patty Sheehan , Rory Sparrow , & Reggie Williams 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Greg LeMond 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Arthur Ashe 1993 : Don Shula 1994 : Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Tiger Woods 1997 : Dean Smith 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : U.S. Women 's Soccer Team 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : David Robinson & Tim Duncan 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Tom Brady 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Brett Favre 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Derek Jeter 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : Peyton Manning 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Serena Williams 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve & J.J. Watt Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year 1931 : Helene Madison 1932 : Babe Didrikson Zaharias 1933 : Helen Jacobs 1934 : Virginia Van Wie 1935 : Helen Wills 1936 : Helen Stephens 1937 : Katherine Rawls 1938 : Patty Berg 1939 : Alice Marble 1940 : Alice Marble 1941 : Betty Hicks 1942 : Gloria Callen 1943 : Patty Berg 1944 : Ann Curtis 1945 : Babe Didrikson Zaharias 1946 : Babe Didrikson Zaharias 1947 : Babe Didrikson Zaharias 1948 : Fanny Blankers - Koen 1949 : Marlene Hagge 1950 : Babe Didrikson Zaharias 1951 : Maureen Connolly 1952 : Maureen Connolly 1953 : Maureen Connolly 1954 : Babe Didrikson Zaharias 1955 : Patty Berg 1956 : Pat McCormick 1957 : Althea Gibson 1958 : Althea Gibson 1959 : Maria Bueno 1960 : Wilma Rudolph 1961 : Wilma Rudolph 1962 : Dawn Fraser 1963 : Mickey Wright 1964 : Mickey Wright 1965 : Kathy Whitworth 1966 : Kathy Whitworth 1967 : Billie Jean King 1968 : Peggy Fleming 1969 : Debbie Meyer 1970 : Chi Cheng 1971 : Evonne Goolagong 1972 : Olga Korbut 1973 : Billie Jean King 1974 : Chris Evert 1975 : Chris Evert 1976 : Nadia Comăneci 1977 : Chris Evert 1978 : Nancy Lopez 1979 : Tracy Austin 1980 : Chris Evert 1981 : Tracy Austin 1982 : Mary Decker 1983 : Martina Navratilova 1984 : Mary Lou Retton 1985 : Nancy Lopez 1986 : Martina Navratilova 1987 : Jackie Joyner - Kersee 1988 : Florence Griffith Joyner 1989 : Steffi Graf 1990 : Beth Daniel 1991 : Monica Seles 1992 : Monica Seles 1993 : Sheryl Swoopes 1994 : Bonnie Blair 1995 : Rebecca Lobo 1996 : Amy Van Dyken 1997 : Martina Hingis 1998 : Pak Se - ri 1999 : United States women 's national soccer team 2000 : Marion Jones 2001 : Jennifer Capriati 2002 : Serena Williams 2003 : Annika Sörenstam 2004 : Annika Sörenstam 2005 : Annika Sörenstam 2006 : Lorena Ochoa 2007 : Lorena Ochoa 2008 : Candace Parker 2009 : Serena Williams 2010 : Lindsey Vonn 2011 : Abby Wambach 2012 : Gabby Douglas 2013 : Serena Williams 2014 : Mo'ne Davis 2015 : Serena Williams 2016 : Simone Biles 2017 : Katie Ledecky Outstanding Team ESPY Award winners 1993 : Dallas Cowboys 1994 : Toronto Blue Jays 1995 : New York Rangers 1996 : UConn Huskies ( women 's basketball ) 1997 : New York Yankees 1998 : Denver Broncos 1999 : New York Yankees 2000 : US women 's national soccer team 2001 : New York Yankees / Oklahoma Sooners 2002 : Los Angeles Lakers 2003 : Anaheim Angels 2004 : Detroit Pistons 2005 : Boston Red Sox 2006 : Pittsburgh Steelers 2007 : Indianapolis Colts 2008 : Boston Celtics 2009 : Los Angeles Lakers 2010 : New Orleans Saints 2011 : Dallas Mavericks 2012 : Miami Heat 2013 : Miami Heat 2014 : Seattle Seahawks 2015 : US women 's national soccer team 2016 : Cleveland Cavaliers 2017 : Golden State Warriors 2018 : Houston Astros United States women 's national soccer team General History Managers United States Soccer Federation Statistics Results All - time record World Cup records Olympic records Players Players Players Association USWNT All - Time Best XI U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year Awards & Honors FIFA Women 's World Cup winners ( 1991 , 1999 , 2015 ) Summer Olympic Games gold - medal winners ( 1996 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 ) Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year ( 1999 ) Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year ( 1999 ) Outstanding Team ESPY Award ( 2000 , 2015 ) Glamour Awards : Game Changers ( 2015 ) New York City ticker - tape parade ( 2015 ) Rivalries Canada , Brazil , Mexico Matches Noted matches Media Film Dare to Dream : The Story of the U.S. Women 's Soccer Team Abby Head On ( 2013 ) An Equal Playing Field ( 2015 ) Television Just for Kicks ( 2002 ) Nine for IX : The 99ers ( 2013 ) The Kicks ( 2015 ) Keeping Score ( 2016 ) Video games FIFA 16 Associated professional leagues Women 's United Soccer Association ( WUSA ) 2001 - 2003 , Women 's Professional Soccer ( WPS ) 2009 - 2011 , National Women 's Soccer League ( NWSL ) 2013 -- present FIFA Women 's World Cup winners 1991 : United States 1995 : Norway 1999 : United States 2003 : Germany 2007 : Germany 2011 : Japan 2015 : United States Summer Olympics women 's football tournament winners 1996 : United States ( USA ) 2000 : Norway ( NOR ) 2004 : United States ( USA ) 2008 : United States ( USA ) 2012 : United States ( USA ) 2016 : Germany ( GER ) United States at the FIFA Women 's World Cup 1991 FIFA Women 's World Cup finalists Champions United States Runner - up Norway Third Place Sweden Fourth Place Germany Quarter - finals China PR Chinese Taipei Denmark Italy Group stage Brazil Japan New Zealand Nigeria 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 1995 FIFA Women 's World Cup finalists Champions Norway Runner - up Germany Third Place United States Fourth Place China PR Quarter - finals Denmark England Japan Sweden Group stage Australia Brazil Canada Nigeria 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 1999 FIFA Women 's World Cup finalists Champions United States Runner - up China PR Third Place Brazil Fourth Place Norway Quarter - finals Germany Nigeria Russia Sweden Group stage Australia Canada Denmark Ghana Italy Japan Mexico North Korea 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup finalists Champions Germany Runner - up Sweden Third Place United States Fourth Place Canada Quarter - finals Brazil China PR Norway Russia Group stage Argentina Australia France Ghana Japan Nigeria North Korea South Korea 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2007 FIFA Women 's World Cup finalists Champions Germany Runner - up Brazil Third Place United States Fourth Place Norway Quarter - finals Australia China PR England North Korea Group stage Argentina Canada Denmark Ghana Japan New Zealand Nigeria Sweden 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2011 FIFA Women 's World Cup finalists Champions Japan Runner - up United States Third Place Sweden Fourth Place France Quarter - finals Australia Brazil England Germany Group stage Canada Colombia Equatorial Guinea Mexico New Zealand Nigeria North Korea Norway 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup finalists Champions United States Runner - up Japan Third Place England Fourth Place Germany Quarter - finals Australia Canada China PR France Round of 16 Brazil Cameroon Colombia Netherlands Norway South Korea Sweden Switzerland Group stage Costa Rica Ecuador Ivory Coast Mexico New Zealand Nigeria Spain Thailand 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Algarve Cup winners 1994 : Norway 1995 : Sweden 1996 : Norway 1997 : Norway 1998 : Norway 1999 : China PR 2000 : United States 2001 : Sweden 2002 : China PR 2003 : United States 2004 : United States 2005 : United States 2006 : Germany 2007 : United States 2008 : United States 2009 : Sweden 2010 : United States 2011 : United States 2012 : Germany 2013 : United States 2014 : Germany 2015 : United States 2016 : Canada 2017 : Spain 2018 : Netherlands and Sweden FIFA Women 's World Cup hosts 1991 : China PR ( CFA ) 1995 : Sweden ( SFA ) 1999 : United States ( USSF ) 2003 : United States ( USSF ) 2007 : China PR ( CFA ) 2011 : Germany ( DFB ) 2015 : Canada ( CSA ) 2019 : France ( FFF ) National sports teams of the United States A1 Grand Prix American football M U19 M U18 M U17 M U16 Australian rules football Badminton Ball hockey Bandy Baseball M U23 M U18 M U17 Basketball M U19 M U18 M U17 M U16 W U23 W U19 W U18 W U17 W U16 W 3x3 M Para W Para Beach handball Cricket Equestrian Field hockey Floorball Goalball W U19 Gymnastics M U18 M U16 W U18 Handball Ice hockey M U20 M U18 M U17 M U16 W U22 W U18 M Para W Para Inline hockey Kabaddi Korfball Lacrosse M U19 W U19 Indoor Netball Quidditch Roller derby Para rugby Roller hockey Rugby league Rugby union M U20 M7 W7 Skiing Soccer M U23 M U21 M U20 M U18 M U17 M U16 W U23 W U20 W U18 W U17 W U16 Futsal Beach soccer Para Softball M U19 M Slow W U19 W Slow Speedway Squash Tennis Davis Cup Fed Cup Hopman Cup Track and field Volleyball M U23 M U21 M U19 W U23 W U20 W U18 Beach Water polo Olympics Pan American Games Paralympics World University Games Soccer in the United States U.S. Soccer Federation USASA USCS State Soccer Associations League system History Hall of Fame Awards Clubs International competition Champions Venues ( stadiums by capacity SSS ) Women 's soccer in the United States Men 's national teams Senior ( results players ) U23 U20 U18 U17 Futsal Beach soccer Paralympic Cerebral palsy Women 's national teams Senior U23 U20 U18 U17 Men 's outdoor leagues Professional MLS Playoffs MLS Cup USL USL Cup NASL Soccer Bowl Proposed : NISA USL Division III Amateur / Semi-pro NPSL PDL APSL CSL EPLWA GCPL SFSFL SoCal UPSL USLPA Women 's outdoor leagues Professional NWSL NWSL Shield Playoffs Amateur / Semi-pro WPSL UWS Men 's indoor leagues MASL M2 PASL WISL Men 's futsal leagues PFL MLF Men 's Cup competitions U.S. Open Cup National Amateur Cup Hank Steinbrecher Cup Women 's Cup competitions SheBelieves Cup Tournament of Nations Women 's Open Men 's college soccer NCAA Championships ( Division I , Division II , Division III ) U.S. Soccer Spring Men 's College Program NAIA Championship Women 's college soccer NCAA Championships ( Division I , Division II , Division III ) NAIA Championship Youth soccer Leagues : AYSO NFHS USYSA U.S. Development Academy Super Y - League Competitions : US Youth Soccer National Championships Jefferson Cup Defunct men 's outdoor leagues AFA ( 1884 -- 1924 ) American Cup ( 1885 -- 1924 ) ALPF ( 1894 ) NAFL ( 1895 -- 98 ) AAFA Cup ( 1912 -- 13 ) ASL ( 1921 -- 33 ) ASL ( 1933 -- 83 ) NASFL ( 1946 -- 47 ) USA ( 1967 ) NPSL ( 1967 ) NASL ( 1968 -- 84 ) USL ( 1984 -- 85 ) LSSA ( 1987 -- 92 ) ASL ( 1988 -- 89 ) WSA ( 1989 ) USL 2nd ( 1990 -- 2010 ) A-League ( 1995 -- 2004 ) USL 1st ( 2005 -- 10 ) D2 Pro League ( 2010 ) PLA ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Defunct women 's outdoor leagues W - League ( 1995 -- 2015 ) WUSA ( 2000 -- 03 ) WPS ( 2007 -- 12 ) WPSL Elite ( 2012 -- 13 ) Defunct men 's indoor leagues NASL ( 1975 -- 76 , 1979 -- 84 ) MISL ( 1978 -- 92 ) NPSL ( 1984 -- 2001 ) CISL ( 1993 -- 97 ) EISL ( 1997 -- 98 ) WISL ( 1998 -- 2001 ) MISL ( 2001 -- 08 ) AISL ( 2003 -- 08 ) XSL ( 2008 -- 09 ) MISL ( 2008 -- 14 ) National women 's football teams of North America , Central America , and the Caribbean ( CONCACAF ) North America Canada Mexico United States Central America Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Caribbean Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Curaçao Dominica Dominican Republic French Guiana Grenada Guadeloupe Guyana Haiti Jamaica Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint - Martin Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Maarten Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands U.S. Virgin Islands Defunct Netherlands Antilles 1 : Inside the North American zone , but CFU member . 2 : South American country , but affiliated to CONCACAF and CFU . 3 : Full CONCACAF member , but non-FIFA member . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_women%27s_national_soccer_team&oldid=853609543 '' Categories : United States women 's national soccer team North American women 's national association football teams United States Soccer Federation Women 's soccer in the United States Women 's national sports teams of the United States FIFA Women 's World Cup - winning countries Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from March 2018 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 23 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many times did the us women's soccer team win the world cup	[ "The United States women's national soccer team (USWNT) represents the United States in international women's soccer. The team is the most successful in international women's soccer, winning three Women's World Cup titles (including the first ever Women's World Cup in 1991), four Olympic women's gold medals (including the first ever Olympic Women's soccer tournament in 1996), seven CONCACAF Gold Cup wins, and ten Algarve Cups.[1] It medaled in every single World Cup and Olympic tournament in women's soccer history from 1991 to 2015, before being knocked out in the quarterfinal of the 2016 Summer Olympics. The team is governed by United States Soccer Federation and competes in CONCACAF (the Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football). \n" ]	[ "three" ]
-8506024672931934330	2018 Citrus Bowl	2018 Citrus Bowl - wikipedia 2018 Citrus Bowl Jump to : navigation , search 2018 Overton 's Citrus Bowl 72nd Citrus Bowl presented by Overton 's Notre Dame Fighting Irish LSU Tigers ( 9 -- 3 ) ( 9 -- 3 ) Independent SEC 21 17 Head coach : Brian Kelly Head coach : Ed Orgeron AP Coaches CFP 14 17 15 AP Coaches CFP 17 16 17 Total Notre Dame 0 15 21 LSU 0 0 7 10 17 Date January 1 , 2018 Season 2017 Stadium Camping World Stadium Location Orlando , Florida MVP Miles Boykin ( Notre Dame ) Favorite LSU by 3 Referee Cooper Castlebe Attendance 57,726 United States TV coverage Network ABC Announcers TV : Mark Jones , Rod Gilmore , Quint Kessenich Radio : Dave LaMont , Anthony Becht , Rocky Boiman Citrus Bowl < 2016 ( Dec ) 2019 > The 2018 Citrus Bowl was an American college football bowl game played on January 1 , 2018 , at Camping World Stadium in Orlando , Florida . This was the 72nd edition of a game that has been played annually since 1946 , under several different names . It was one of the 2017 -- 18 NCAA football bowl games concluding the 2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season . The game was nationally televised on ABC . Sponsored by Overton 's , a boating and marine supply retailer , the game was officially known as the Citrus Bowl presented by Overton 's . Contents ( hide ) 1 Teams 1.1 Notre Dame 1.2 LSU 2 Game summary 2.1 Scoring summary 2.2 Statistics 3 References Teams ( edit ) The game featured the independent Notre Dame Fighting Irish and the LSU Tigers of the Southeastern Conference ; both teams finished the 2017 season with 9 -- 3 records , and both teams finished in the top - 20 of all major polls . Notre Dame , making their first appearance in the Citrus Bowl , was the designated visiting team . LSU , the designated home team , appeared in the game for the second season in a row , and fifth time overall . For the second year in a row , no Big Ten team appeared in the Citrus Bowl ; since Wisconsin committed to the Orange Bowl , the Citrus Bowl was allowed to pick Notre Dame or an Atlantic Coast Conference team . This was the fourth bowl meeting between the Fighting Irish and Tigers , with LSU winning twice previously , and Notre Dame once . LSU prevailed 27 -- 9 in the 1997 Independence Bowl , and 41 - 14 in the 2007 Sugar Bowl , and Notre Dame won 34 -- 31 in the 2014 Music City Bowl . Notre Dame and LSU met eight times in the regular season between 1970 and 1998 , with the Irish holding a 5 -- 3 edge . Notre Dame ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team Notre Dame came into the game with a 9 -- 3 record , having lost to Georgia , Miami ( Florida ) , and Stanford . Each team they lost to was ranked in the top 20 of the AP Poll at the time they played . LSU ( edit ) Main article : 2017 LSU Tigers football team LSU came into the game with a 9 -- 3 record overall , 6 -- 2 in the SEC . Their two SEC losses were to Mississippi State and Alabama ( who was ranked number one in the AP Poll at the time ) . Their one non-conference loss was to Troy of the Sun Belt Conference . Game summary ( edit ) Scoring summary ( edit ) ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP ND LSU 0 : 04 11 51 2 : 00 ND 46 - yard field goal by Justin Yoon 0 11 : 37 5 43 2 : 16 LSU Derrius Guice 20 - yard touchdown reception from Danny Etling , Jack Gonsoulin kick good 7 2 : 47 5 18 2 : 20 ND 49 - yard field goal by Justin Yoon 6 7 11 : 13 12 75 6 : 34 LSU Derrius Guice 2 - yard touchdown reception from Danny Etling , Jack Gonsoulin kick good 6 14 7 : 45 10 75 3 : 24 ND Michael Young 6 - yard touchdown reception from Ian Book , 2 - point pass good 14 14 2 : 03 12 76 5 : 46 LSU 17 - yard field goal by Jack Gonsoulin 14 17 1 : 28 73 0 : 35 ND Miles Boykin 55 - yard touchdown reception from Ian Book , Justin Yoon kick good 21 17 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 21 17 Statistics ( edit ) Total No. 14 Fighting Irish 0 15 21 No. 17 Tigers 0 0 7 10 17 Statistics ND LSU First downs 18 22 Plays -- yards 61 -- 370 75 -- 399 Rushes -- yards 33 -- 154 42 -- 170 Passing yards 216 229 Passing : Comp -- Att -- Int 17 -- 28 -- 1 19 -- 33 -- 0 Time of possession 22 : 28 37 : 32 Team Player Statistics ND Passing Ian Book 14 / 19 , 164 yds , 2 TD , 1 INT Rushing Josh Adams 15 car , 44 yds Receiving Miles Boykin 3 rec , 102 yds , 1 TD LSU Passing Danny Etling 19 / 33 , 229 yds , 2 TD Rushing Derrius Guice 21 car , 98 yds Receiving D.J. Chark 5 rec , 63 yds References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Overton 's , Citrus Bowl pres by . `` MVP.pic.twitter.com/LUqPx0B1pw '' . Jump up ^ Overton 's , Citrus Bowl pres by . `` The official attendance for tonight 's game is 57,726 . Thank you to everyone who joined us for the # CitrusBowl ! pic.twitter.com/hyNM2MDVNo '' . 2017 -- 18 NCAA football bowl game season New Mexico ( Dec. 16 ) Las Vegas ( Dec. 16 ) Camellia ( Dec. 16 ) Cure ( Dec. 16 ) New Orleans ( Dec. 16 ) Boca Raton ( Dec. 19 ) Frisco ( Dec. 20 ) Gasparilla ( Dec. 21 ) Famous Idaho Potato ( Dec. 22 ) Bahamas ( Dec. 22 ) Armed Forces ( Dec. 23 ) Birmingham ( Dec. 23 ) Dollar General ( Dec. 23 ) Hawaii ( Dec. 24 ) Quick Lane ( Dec. 26 ) Heart of Dallas ( Dec. 26 ) Cactus ( Dec. 26 ) Independence ( Dec. 27 ) Pinstripe ( Dec. 27 ) Texas ( Dec. 27 ) Foster Farms ( Dec. 27 ) Military ( Dec. 28 ) Camping World ( Dec. 28 ) Alamo ( Dec. 28 ) Holiday ( Dec. 28 ) Belk ( Dec. 29 ) Cotton ( Dec. 29 ) Sun ( Dec. 29 ) Music City ( Dec. 29 ) Arizona ( Dec. 29 ) Fiesta ( Dec. 30 ) Liberty ( Dec. 30 ) Orange ( Dec. 30 ) TaxSlayer ( Dec. 30 ) Citrus ( Jan. 1 ) Outback ( Jan. 1 ) Peach ( Jan. 1 ) College Football Playoff games : Rose ( semifinal ) ( Jan. 1 ) Sugar ( semifinal ) ( Jan. 1 ) National Championship Game ( Jan. 8 ) All - Star Games East -- West Shrine Game ( Jan. 20 ) NFLPA Collegiate Bowl ( Jan. 20 ) Senior Bowl ( Jan. 27 ) Tangerine / Florida Citrus / Capital One / Citrus Bowl History & conference tie - ins History Stadium Broadcasters Big Ten Conference Southeastern Conference Atlantic Coast Conference Tangerine Bowl 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 ( Jan ) 1958 ( Dec ) 1960 ( Jan ) 1960 ( Dec ) 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Florida Citrus Bowl 1984 1985 Capital One Bowl 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 Citrus Bowl 2015 2016 2016 ( Dec ) 2018 Notes There was a game in January and December of 1958 , 1960 , and 2016 . There was no game in 1959 , 1986 or 2017 . Notre Dame Fighting Irish bowl games 1925 Rose Bowl 1970 Cotton Bowl Classic 1971 Cotton Bowl Classic 1973 Orange Bowl 1973 Sugar Bowl 1975 Orange Bowl 1976 Gator Bowl 1978 Cotton Bowl Classic 1979 Cotton Bowl Classic 1981 Sugar Bowl 1983 Liberty Bowl 1984 Aloha Bowl 1988 Cotton Bowl Classic 1989 Fiesta Bowl 1990 Orange Bowl 1991 Orange Bowl 1992 Sugar Bowl 1993 Cotton Bowl Classic 1994 Cotton Bowl Classic 1995 Fiesta Bowl 1996 Orange Bowl 1997 Independence Bowl 1999 Gator Bowl 2001 Fiesta Bowl 2003 Gator Bowl 2004 Insight Bowl 2006 Fiesta Bowl 2007 Sugar Bowl 2008 Hawaii Bowl 2010 Sun Bowl 2011 Champs Sports Bowl 2013 BCS National Championship Game # 2013 Pinstripe Bowl 2014 Music City Bowl 2016 Fiesta Bowl ( January ) 2018 Citrus Bowl Pound sign ( # ) denotes national championship game . LSU Tigers bowl games 1907 Bacardi Bowl 1936 Sugar Bowl 1937 Sugar Bowl 1938 Sugar Bowl 1944 Orange Bowl 1947 Cotton Bowl Classic 1950 Sugar Bowl 1959 Sugar Bowl 1960 Sugar Bowl 1962 Orange Bowl 1963 Cotton Bowl Classic 1963 Bluebonnet Bowl 1965 Sugar Bowl 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic 1968 Sugar Bowl 1968 Peach Bowl 1971 Orange Bowl 1971 Sun Bowl 1972 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1974 Orange Bowl 1977 Sun Bowl 1978 Liberty Bowl 1979 Tangerine Bowl 1983 Orange Bowl 1985 Sugar Bowl 1985 Liberty Bowl 1987 Sugar Bowl 1987 Gator Bowl 1989 Hall of Fame Bowl 1995 Independence Bowl 1996 Peach Bowl 1997 Independence Bowl 2000 Peach Bowl 2002 Sugar Bowl 2003 Cotton Bowl Classic 2004 Sugar Bowl # 2005 Capital One Bowl 2005 Peach Bowl 2007 Sugar Bowl 2008 BCS National Championship Game # 2008 Chick - fil - A Bowl 2010 Capital One Bowl 2011 Cotton Bowl Classic 2012 BCS National Championship Game # 2012 Chick - fil - A Bowl 2014 Outback Bowl 2014 Music City Bowl 2015 Texas Bowl 2016 Citrus Bowl 2018 Citrus Bowl Pound sign ( # ) denotes BCS National Championship Game . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Citrus_Bowl&oldid=818294635 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 NCAA football bowl games Citrus Bowl ( game ) Notre Dame Fighting Irish football bowl games LSU Tigers football bowl games 2018 in sports in Florida January 2018 sports events in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 19 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the citrus bowl played at this year	[ "The 2018 Citrus Bowl was an American college football bowl game played on January 1, 2018, at Camping World Stadium in Orlando, Florida. This was the 72nd edition of a game that has been played annually since 1946, under several different names. It was one of the 2017–18 NCAA football bowl games concluding the 2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The game was nationally televised on ABC. Sponsored by Overton's, a boating and marine supply retailer, the game was officially known as the Citrus Bowl presented by Overton's." ]	[ "Camping World Stadium in Orlando, Florida" ]
-1598092109417127585	Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas	Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas - Wikipedia Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas Jump to : navigation , search The Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas Location Paradise , Nevada 89109 Address 3708 South Las Vegas Boulevard Opening date December 15 , 2010 ; 7 years ago ( December 15 , 2010 ) No. of rooms 3,027 Total gaming space 110,000 sq ft ( 10,000 m ) Signature attractions The Chelsea The Chandelier Marquee Nightclub & Dayclub Rose . Rabbit . Lie . The Boulevard Pool P3 Art Studio Notable restaurants China Poblano D.O.C.G. é Estiatorio Milos The Henry Holsteins Jaleo Rose . Rabbit . Lie Scarpetta STK Casino type Land - based Owner The Blackstone Group Architect Friedmutter Group ( executive architect ) ; Arquitectonica Coordinates 36 ° 06 ′ 36 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 31 '' W / 36.1100 ° N 115.1753 ° W / 36.1100 ; - 115.1753 Coordinates : 36 ° 06 ′ 36 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 31 '' W / 36.1100 ° N 115.1753 ° W / 36.1100 ; - 115.1753 Website www.cosmopolitanlasvegas.com The Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas ( commonly referred to simply as The Cosmopolitan or The Cosmo ) is a luxury resort casino and hotel on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada . The resort opened on December 15 , 2010 , and is located just south of the Bellagio on the west side of Las Vegas Boulevard . It consists of two highrise towers , the Boulevard Tower and the Chelsea Tower , both of which are 184 meters ( 603 ft ) tall . The $3.9 billion project features 3,027 rooms , a 110,000 sq ft ( 10,000 m ) casino , 300,000 sq ft ( 28,000 m ) of retail and restaurant space , a 40,000 sq ft ( 3,700 m ) spa and fitness facility , a 3,200 - seat theater , and 150,000 sq ft ( 14,000 m ) of meeting and convention space . In 2013 , the hotel was rated `` The Best Hotel in the World '' by Gogobot . In 2015 , the resort was named to the Condé Nast Traveller Gold List as one of the `` Top Hotels in the World '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Amenities 2 History 3 Restaurants 4 Controversy 5 In popular culture 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Amenities ( edit ) Cosmopolitan features 3,027 hotel rooms , many of which feature their own private terrace ; a 110,000 sq ft ( 10,000 m ) casino ; 300,000 sq ft ( 28,000 m ) of retail and restaurant space ; a 40,000 sq ft ( 3,700 m ) spa and fitness facility ; a 3,200 - seat theater ; and 150,000 sq ft ( 14,000 m ) of meeting and convention space . The Cosmopolitan 's 100,000 sq ft ( 9,300 m ) casino features views of the Las Vegas Strip . The Pools at the Cosmopolitan features three different types : a relaxing pool , day club pool and nightclub pool . The Cosmopolitan is also home to the Marquee Nightclub & Dayclub , which was the top grossing nightclub in the United States in 2012 . In January 2014 , the Cosmopolitan added a new nightclub concept , Rose . Rabbit . Lie . History ( edit ) Cosmopolitan lobby Plans for the property were first announced in April 2004 . The developer , 3700 Associates , was a joint venture formed by David Friedman ( a former Las Vegas Sands executive ) , Ian Bruce Eichner ( a real estate developer ) , and Soros Fund Management . The developers purchased the site , an 8.5 - acre U-shaped parcel surrounding the Jockey Club timeshare building , for $90 million from a company controlled by New Frontier owner Margaret Elardi . Further details about the project , including the Cosmopolitan name , were released in November 2004 . The Cosmopolitan 's design team was led by Friedmutter Group as executive architect , with Arquitectonica as the design architect for the building 's themed exterior . The building was engineered by DeSimone Consulting Engineers . The interior design team included Digital Kitchen , Prophet , the Friedmutter Group , The Rockwell Group , Jeffrey Beers , Adam Tihany , and Bentel & Bentel . The resort was built on what used to be the parking lot for the Jockey Club . Because the Cosmopolitan occupies much of the parking lot , it was agreed that the Club residents could use part of the Cosmopolitan 's parking garage . The Cosmopolitan was the second Las Vegas hotel , after The Palazzo , to feature an underground parking garage underneath the hotel . As a result , the parking garage was built first . In December 2007 , work finished on the 70 - foot ( 21 m ) hole for the parking structure , while other foundation work remained in progress . The hotel was originally planned to open and be operated by Hyatt as the Grand Hyatt Las Vegas . Original plans called for the casino to be on the second floor , but this was later changed and the casino was built on ground level , like most other Las Vegas hotel - casinos . Planned condo units were cancelled and replaced with studios and other hotel rooms . In January 2008 , it was reported that the $3.9 billion project faced financial complications , as Eichner 's company defaulted on a $760 million construction loan from Deutsche Bank when the developer missed a payment after failing to secure refinancing for the project . Construction moved forward as the developers searched for new financing . In late February 2008 , Global Hyatt Corporation and New York - based Marathon Asset Management agreed to recapitalize the condominium - hotel project . However , one month later the developer said Deutsche Bank AG would begin foreclosure proceedings . They bought the hotel for $1 billion during the summer and hired The Related Cos. , developers of Time Warner Center in New York , to re-position the asset , manage the development process and assist in leasing the retail and restaurant collection . Related recommended many revisions , including bringing the casino entrance onto the strip . In June 2008 , Hearst Corp filed a trademark suit against the owners of the casino . Hearst owns the trademark to Cosmopolitan magazine . In March 2010 , the suit was settled , and the resort was renamed Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas . In August 2008 , it was announced that MGM Mirage , Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide , Hyatt and Hilton were in talks to acquire the property . It was speculated that MGM Mirage would integrate the project into Bellagio and CityCenter ; Starwood were to establish its W and St. Regis brands ; and Hyatt would have continued with its plans to operate a Grand Hyatt . In April 2009 , the Sun reported that the hotel would be managed by Hilton and would become the Hilton 's first in their new Denizen hotel line . Later that month , however , those plans changed ; Starwood sued Hilton , claiming trade - secret theft and essentially killing the Denizen brand . In June 2009 , 400 homeowners filed a lawsuit against the developers , claiming breach of contract and seeking refunds for their deposits . They believed that the projected finish date of June 2010 was unrealistic and expressed fear that the developers might turn the condo rooms into hotel rooms only or `` finish the building as a shell and not do any interior work . '' In April 2010 , it was announced that the Cosmopolitan would open in stages , beginning in December and ending in July 2011 . It was the only hotel - casino to open on the Strip in 2010 . The project officially opened on December 15 , 2010 , and became part of Marriott International 's Autograph Collection , a collection of independent hotels with access to Marriott 's reservation and rewards system . In January 2014 , the Cosmopolitan announced that points through their Identity rewards program could be redeemed at 3,800 of Marriott 's properties . Cosmopolitan is also partnered with the Ritz - Carlton , which is Ritz 's first presence on the Las Vegas Strip and their second property in the Las Vegas area . In May 2014 , the Cosmopolitan was sold by Deutsche Bank to Blackstone Group for $1.73 billion . The July 2015 fire at the Cosmopolitan , seen from the rooftop terrace of Marriott 's Grand Chateau . The picture was taken twenty minutes after the fire was reported . On July 25 , 2015 , a fire broke out on the pool deck of the resort , burning trees and cabanas , and sending plumes of smoke into the air . Two people were treated for smoke inhalation as a result of the blaze , including one person who was transported to a local hospital . The cause of the fire was not immediately known . Restaurants ( edit ) See also : List of restaurants in the Las Vegas Valley In March 2010 , the casino announced several celebrity chefs and restaurants that would open there . Included were Bruce and Eric Bromberg 's Blue Ribbon , Costas Spiliadis ' Estiatorio Milos , Scott Conant 's Scarpetta , and David Myers ' Comme Ça . On May 2 , the resort announced that José Andrés would be joining the resort with three restaurants , creating his namesake restaurant , `` é by José Andrés '' , and one based on his tapas restaurant , Jaleo . Another restaurant , China Poblano , is a new concept combining Mexican and Chinese cuisine . Additional restaurants include : D.O.C.G. a restaurant and wine bar by Scott Conant ; Holstein 's , a specialty burger restaurant . Also , STK , a steakhouse by Todd Mark Miller ; along with The Henry , Va Bene Caffè , and Wicked Spoon . The Cosmopolitan also gained the restaurant Eggslut in 2011 , following success in their Grand Central Market location in Los Angeles . Controversy ( edit ) In April 2011 , Cosmopolitan security staff allegedly removed a transgender guest named Stephanie from a women 's restroom , photographed her , and said that she would be banned for life if she did not leave the premises . Shortly after the incident , the hotel - casino was flooded with complaints on its Facebook page , which prompted the hotel - casino to issue an apology to the transgender community and to Stephanie that they would `` welcome her back to the resort anytime . '' The incident also prompted the hotel - casino to train its staff on awareness initiatives involving the sensitive issue . In popular culture ( edit ) The Cosmopolitan was the setting for The Killers music video for `` Shot at the Night '' . The Cosmopolitan was the setting for Top Chef Masters Season 4 . Lady Gaga and Tony Bennett performed in The Cosmopolitan as part of their Cheek to Cheek Tour . Gallery ( edit ) Night view from the east side . Cosmopolitan construction as seen from Caesars Palace The Cosmopolitan nearing completion in March 2010 The street front view from across the Strip Viewed from the Las Vegas Eiffel Tower Night view See also ( edit ) Autograph Collection Hotels List of tallest buildings in Las Vegas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Deutsche Bank sells Las Vegas casino to Blackstone for $1.7 bln '' . Reuters . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Arnold M. Knightly ( 2010 - 03 - 20 ) . `` Dispute settled , Strip resort renamed '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas - The Skyscraper Center '' . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Christopher Palmeri ; Beth Jinks ( 16 April 2014 ) . `` Deutsche Bank Said to Seek Sale of Cosmopolitan Resort '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Best Hotels In The World '' . Huffington Post . November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Gold List 2016 '' . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moore , Thomas ( 9 August 2017 ) . `` Cosmopolitan launching $100 million - plus room refresh '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Newly updated guest rooms to feature modern design , bold art and advanced technology '' . 9 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Domanick , Andrea ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Party capital : Seven of 10 top - grossing U.S. nightclubs are in Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Sun . ^ Jump up to : `` Details on new Las Vegas Strip development unveiled '' . Las Vegas Sun . April 14 , 2004 -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ `` Partnership names planned Strip property '' . Las Vegas Sun . November 22 , 2004 -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ Stutz , Howard ( April 10 , 2010 ) . `` Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas sees up - high views as draw '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Jump up ^ Knightly , Arnold ( February 28 , 2008 ) . `` DEVELOPMENT : Project saved by pair 's aid '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Jump up ^ Forsyth , Jennifer ( March 15 , 2008 ) . `` Foreclosure on Las Vegas Casino to Begin '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Buyout keeps Cosmopolitan in play '' . Las Vegas Sun . 2008 - 09 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Illia , Tony . `` Homebuyers sue Cosmopolitan '' . Las Vegas Business Press . Jump up ^ Berzon , Alexandra ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Deutsche Bank Doubles Down With a Casino '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Miller , Matt . `` MGM Mirage , Hilton Hotels in Talks to Acquire Cosmopolitan Casino '' . Online Casino Advisory . Jump up ^ Benston , Liz ( March 11 , 2009 ) . `` New Hilton brand expected to replace Cosmopolitan '' . Las Vegas Sun . Jump up ^ Trejos , Nancy ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Cosmopolitan guests can now use Marriott points '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Deutsche Bank sells casino to Blackstone for $1.7 billion '' . Reuters . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fire at the Cosmopolitan hotel in Las Vegas injures 2 '' . BNO News . 25 July 2015 . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fire on Las Vegas Strip sends heavy smoke into sky '' . CBS News . 25 July 2015 . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Cosmopolitan reveals all - star lineup for new restaurants '' . Las Vegas Weekly . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Restaurants & Las Vegas Fine Dining at The Cosmopolitan Las Vegas '' . Cosmopolitanlasvegas.com . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cosmopolitan responds to backlash over report on banned transgender guest '' . Las Vegas Sun . 2011 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Killers Give Lovers a Chance in ' Shot at the Night ' '' . Rolling Stone . 2013 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` ' Top Chef Masters ' cooked at Cosmopolitan '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . 2012 - 07 - 22 . Sources ( edit ) ' Cosmo says hello : Guests see model of condo - hotel ' , Howard Stutz , Las Vegas Review - Journal , October 26 , 2005 . External links ( edit ) Official website Las Vegas area casinos Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Casino Royale Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Cromwell Encore Excalibur Flamingo Harrah 's The Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay MGM Grand Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York O'Sheas Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood Slots - A-Fun SLS Treasure Island Tropicana Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Arizona Charlie 's Boulder Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Railroad Pass Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Gate Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) Aztec Inn Ellis Island Gold Coast Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Rio Silver Sevens Stratosphere Tuscany Westgate Wild Wild West Other areas Airport Slots Aliante Arizona Charlie 's Decatur Cannery Eldorado Fiesta Henderson Fiesta Rancho Green Valley Ranch Jerry 's Nugget Jokers Wild Klondike Sunset Lucky Club MonteLago Opera House Poker Palace Rampart Red Rock Santa Fe Station Silver Nugget Silverton Skyline South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Texas Station Proposed Casinos never opened The Drew Las Vegas Plaza Resorts World Las Vegas Former Aladdin Bill 's Boardwalk Bourbon Street California Club Castaways ( Las Vegas Strip ) Castaways ( Boulder Strip ) Clarion Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho Casino El Rancho Vegas Gold Spike Frontier Hacienda Holy Cow Imperial Palace Key Largo Klondike La Bayou Landmark Las Vegas Club Marina Hotel Mermaids Mint Moulin Rouge Northern Club Pioneer Club Riviera Sands Sahara Silver City Silver Slipper Stardust Vacation Village Vegas World The Western Westin Westward Ho Las Vegas area hotels Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Casino Royale Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Cromwell Delano Encore Excalibur Flamingo Four Seasons Harrah 's The Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay Mandarin Oriental MGM Grand Mirage Monte Carlo New York - 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New York Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood Riviera Signature Sky SLS Treasure Island Tropicana Trump Vdara Veer Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D The Ogden World Market Center Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) Allure Grand Chateau Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Palms Place Panorama Rio Stratosphere Turnberry Place Turnberry Towers Westgate Westin Other Aliante JW Marriott Red Rock Santa Fe Station South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Texas Station Proposed Dynasty Flatiron The Drew Grand Central St. Regis Resorts World Las Vegas Unbuilt Alon Las Vegas Ivana Las Vegas Las Ramblas Resort Las Vegas Plaza Majestic / Conrad The Merrill Sandhurst Las Vegas W Las Vegas Former Aladdin Boardwalk Castaways Desert Inn Dunes Hacienda Las Vegas Club Harmon Landmark Sands Stardust Vegas World Las Vegas Strip South end Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign West side casinos Aria Bellagio Caesars Palace Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Excalibur Lucky Dragon Luxor Mandalay Bay The Mirage Monte Carlo New York - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what used to be where the cosmopolitan is	[ "The resort was built on what used to be the parking lot for the Jockey Club. Because the Cosmopolitan occupies much of the parking lot, it was agreed that the Club residents could use part of the Cosmopolitan's parking garage.[citation needed]" ]	[ "the parking lot for the Jockey Club" ]
-4271785527997327514	2017 World Series	2017 World Series - wikipedia 2017 World Series Jump to : navigation , search 2017 World Series Team ( Wins ) Manager ( s ) Season Houston Astros ( 4 ) A.J. Hinch 101 -- 61 (. 623 ) Los Angeles Dodgers ( 3 ) Dave Roberts 104 -- 58 (. 642 ) Dates October 24 -- November 1 MVP George Springer ( Houston ) Umpires Phil Cuzzi ( Games 1 -- 2 ) , Gerry Davis ( crew chief ) , Laz Díaz , Dan Iassogna , Bill Miller , Paul Nauert , Mark Wegner ( Games 3 -- 7 ) ALCS Houston Astros defeated New York Yankees , 4 -- 3 NLCS Los Angeles Dodgers defeated Chicago Cubs , 4 -- 1 Broadcast Television Fox Fox Deportes MLB International TV announcers Joe Buck , John Smoltz , Ken Rosenthal , and Tom Verducci ( Fox ) Rolando Nichols , Carlos Álvarez , Edgar Gonzalez , and Jaime Motta ( Fox Deportes ) Matt Vasgersian and Buck Martinez ( MLB International ) Radio ESPN Radio ESPN Deportes Radio Sportstalk 790 ( HOU -- English ) FM 94.1 HD3 ( HOU -- Spanish ) AM 570 LA Sports ( LAD -- English ) Univision America 1020 ( LAD -- Spanish ) Radio Korea 1540 ( LAD -- Korean ) Radio announcers Dan Shulman and Aaron Boone ( ESPN ) Eduardo Ortega , Renato Bermúdez , José Francisco Rivera , and Orlando Hernández ( ESPN Deportes ) Robert Ford and Steve Sparks ( HOU -- English ) Alex Treviño and Francisco Romero ( HOU -- Spanish ) Charley Steiner and Rick Monday ( LAD -- English ) Jaime Jarrín and Jorge Jarrín ( LAD -- Spanish ) Richard Choi and Chong Ho Yim ( LAD -- Korean ) World Series Program ← 2016 World Series The 2017 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) 2017 season . The 113th edition of the World Series , it was played between October 24 and November 1 . The series was a best - of - seven playoff between the National League ( NL ) champion Los Angeles Dodgers and the American League ( AL ) champion Houston Astros . It was sponsored by the internet television service YouTube TV and officially known as the World Series presented by YouTube TV . The Astros defeated the Dodgers , four games to three , to win their first World Series in franchise history , and the first team from Texas to do so . Both teams set a World Series record with a combined total of 25 home runs throughout the entire series , including a team record 15 home runs by the Astros , and hit a combined total of eight home runs in Game 2 to set the single game World Series mark . Houston outfielder George Springer was named as the World Series Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) after hitting five home runs in the series to tie a World Series record with Reggie Jackson in 1977 and Dodgers ' 2017 World Series representative Chase Utley in 2009 when he played for the Philadelphia Phillies . This was the first World Series in which home - field advantage was decided by the regular season record of pennant winners . From 1903 to 2002 , home - field advantage alternated between the AL and NL , and from 2003 to 2016 , it was determined by results from that season 's All - Star Game , when it was awarded to the team from the winning league . With 104 regular season wins , the Dodgers earned home - field advantage over the Astros , who had 101 regular season wins . The series was played in a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format , with the Dodgers hosting Games 1 , 2 , 6 , and 7 ; and the Astros hosting Games 3 , 4 , and 5 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Los Angeles Dodgers 1.2 Houston Astros 2 Summary 3 Pre-game ceremonies 4 Game summaries 4.1 Game 1 4.2 Game 2 4.3 Game 3 4.4 Game 4 4.5 Game 5 4.6 Game 6 4.7 Game 7 4.8 Composite line score 5 Broadcasting 5.1 Television 5.1. 1 Ratings 5.2 Radio 5.2. 1 National 5.2. 2 Local 6 Sponsorship 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) This was the first World Series matchup , and second postseason meeting overall , between the Astros and Dodgers . Los Angeles defeated Houston in the 1981 National League Division Series in five games en route to its World Series championship that year . The teams also met in the 1980 National League West tie - breaker game . This was the first Fall Classic since 1970 , and the eighth overall , in which both participants had 100 or more wins during the regular season . With the Astros and Dodgers having waited a combined 84 years for a championship ( the Dodgers last won the World Series in 1988 , and the Astros had never won since their 1962 formation ) , this was the third straight year in which the World Series teams had waited a combined 50 years or more to win a World Series , following 2015 at 59 years and 2016 at 176 years . Both teams had not lost at home this postseason leading to the World Series . The two teams did not meet in interleague play during the regular season . This was also the third consecutive World Series to extend into November , although the 2015 World Series did not go up to Game 7 . Los Angeles Dodgers ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers season The Dodgers held a 91 -- 36 record through August 25 . However , a late season slump , in which the team lost 20 of 25 games ( highlighted by 11 straight losses ) , led to questions about whether the Dodgers would succeed in the postseason . Despite the slump , the team recovered to win eight of its final ten regular season games , securing their fifth consecutive National League West title and home field advantage throughout the playoffs . In the postseason , the Dodgers swept the Arizona Diamondbacks in the National League Division Series and defeated the defending World Series champion Chicago Cubs in the previous year 's rematch of the National League Championship Series in five games . This was the first appearance in the Fall Classic for the Dodgers since 1988 , the tenth since the franchise moved from Brooklyn to Los Angeles in 1958 , and the 19th overall . Entering the 2017 World Series , the Dodgers bullpen had thrown 23 consecutive scoreless innings , a postseason record for a bullpen . Additionally , by outscoring the Arizona Diamondbacks and Chicago Cubs by a combined 48 -- 19 margin , the Dodgers entered the World Series with the third - best run differential of any pennant winner since the playoff structure was expanded in 1995 . All - Star shortstop Corey Seager , who was out for the entire National League Championship Series with a back injury , was included on the Dodgers ' World Series roster . Manager Dave Roberts became first manager of Asian heritage ever in the World Series , as well as the fourth African - American manager . Houston Astros ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Houston Astros season The Astros wore a patch during the 2017 World Series in support of Hurricane Harvey victims in Houston With a 101 -- 61 regular season record , the team won its first American League West title since moving from the National League Central starting in its 2013 season , and their first division title since 2001 . In the American League Division Series , they defeated the Boston Red Sox in four games and then defeated the New York Yankees in the American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) in seven games . This was their second World Series appearance and first since 2005 , when they were swept in four games by the Chicago White Sox . They became the first team in history to make it to the World Series as members of both the National League and the American League . The city of Houston in August 2017 suffered record flooding from Hurricane Harvey . The team began to wear patches which had the logo of the team with the word `` Strong '' on the bottom of the patch , as well as promoting the hashtag Houston Strong . Manager A.J. Hinch has stated in an interview that the team was n't just playing for a title , but to help boost moral support for the city . On August 31 , just seconds before the midnight deadline , the Astros traded for Justin Verlander . Following the trade , including the regular season and postseason to this point , Verlander had posted a 9 -- 0 win - loss record with a 1.23 earned run average . He was named the ALCS MVP . Summary ( edit ) Houston won the series , 4 -- 3 . Game Date Score Location Time Attendance 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 Houston Astros -- 1 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 Dodger Stadium 2 : 28 54,253 000000002017 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 Houston Astros -- 7 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 6 ( 11 ) Dodger Stadium 4 : 19 54,293 000000002017 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 , Houston Astros -- 5 Minute Maid Park 3 : 46 43,282 000000002017 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 6 , Houston Astros -- 2 Minute Maid Park 3 : 06 43,322 5 000000002017 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 12 , Houston Astros -- 13 ( 10 ) Minute Maid Park 5 : 17 43,300 6 000000002017 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 Houston Astros -- 1 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 Dodger Stadium 3 : 22 54,128 7 000000002017 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 Houston Astros -- 5 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 1 Dodger Stadium 3 : 37 54,124 Pre-game ceremonies ( edit ) A F - 16 Fighting Falcon flies past Dodger Stadium during the pre-game ceremonial flyover before Game 2 . Game 1 : The ceremonial first pitch was thrown out by members of former Dodger Jackie Robinson 's family , including his widow Rachel . The game marked the 45th anniversary of Robinson 's death , and the 2017 season was the 70th anniversary of his breaking of the baseball color line . Keith Williams Jr. , a gospel singer , performed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , the national anthem . Game 2 : Fernando Valenzuela threw out the ceremonial first pitch to Steve Yeager ; both were introduced by retired Dodgers broadcaster Vin Scully . Country music 's Brad Paisley performed the national anthem . Game 3 : Houston Texans defensive end J.J. Watt , who had raised $37 million for Hurricane Harvey victims , threw out the first pitch . The ball was given to him by Astros ' Hall of Famer Craig Biggio . The national anthem was performed by Texas Air National Guard Master Sergeant Promise Harris . Game 4 : Hailey Dawson , a seven - year - old girl from Nevada , threw out the ceremonial first pitch using a 3D printed hand . The national anthem was performed by the Houston Police Department Quartet . Game 5 : Former President of the United States George W. Bush threw out the ceremonial first pitch . His father , former President George H.W. Bush handed him the ball . Justin Verlander caught the pitch . Country singer Clay Walker performed the national anthem . Game 6 : Orel Hershiser and Tommy Lasorda , celebrating the Dodgers ' 1988 World Series title , each threw out the ceremonial first pitch . Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) officer Rosalind Curry performed the national anthem . Game 7 : The LAPD Quartet sang the National Anthem . The first pitch was thrown out by Sandy Koufax . Rick Monday , Steve Garvey and Don Newcombe participated as well . Game summaries ( edit ) Game 1 ( edit ) Clayton Kershaw pitched seven innings with 11 strikeouts in winning Game 1 . October 24 , 2017 , 5 : 11 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) , clear Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 0 WP : Clayton Kershaw ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Dallas Keuchel ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Kenley Jansen ( 1 ) Home runs : HOU : Alex Bregman ( 1 ) LAD : Chris Taylor ( 1 ) , Justin Turner ( 1 ) Attendance : 54,253 The temperature at the start of the game was 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) , which made this the hottest World Series game ever recorded . Clayton Kershaw started Game 1 for the Dodgers , while Dallas Keuchel started for the Astros . Chris Taylor hit a home run for the Dodgers on Keuchel 's first pitch of the game . It was the third home run to leadoff a game in Dodgers postseason history ( following Davey Lopes in 1978 World Series and Carl Crawford in 2013 NLDS ) . Alex Bregman hit a tying solo home run for the Astros in the fourth inning . In the sixth inning , Justin Turner hit a go - ahead two - run home run for the Dodgers . Turner tied Duke Snider for most career runs batted in ( RBIs ) in Dodgers postseason history with 26 . Kershaw struck out 11 in seven innings pitched with no walks and only three hits allowed while Keuchel allowed three runs on six hits in 6 ⁄ innings . Brandon Morrow pitched a scoreless eighth and Kenley Jansen earned the save . The two - hour , 28 - minute game was the shortest World Series contest since Game 4 in 1992 . Game 2 ( edit ) George Springer drove in the game - winning run in Game 2 . October 25 , 2017 , 5 : 17 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 93 ° F ( 34 ° C ) , clear Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 14 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 0 WP : Chris Devenski ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Brandon McCarthy ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : HOU : Marwin González ( 1 ) , José Altuve ( 1 ) , Carlos Correa ( 1 ) , George Springer ( 1 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 1 ) , Corey Seager ( 1 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 1 ) , Charlie Culberson ( 1 ) Attendance : 54,293 The starting pitchers for Game 2 were Rich Hill for the Dodgers and Justin Verlander for the Astros . The Astros scored first when Bregman drove in Josh Reddick with a hit in the third inning . Hill struck out seven in four innings but was replaced by Kenta Maeda in the fifth . Joc Pederson tied the game with a solo home run in the bottom of the fifth inning , and the Dodgers took the lead when Corey Seager hit a two - run home run in the bottom of the sixth inning . Verlander allowed two hits , both home runs , in his six innings pitched . Carlos Correa drove in the Astros ' second run of the game on a single in the eighth , ending the Dodgers bullpen 's streak of 28 consecutive scoreless innings in the postseason . Marwin González hit a home run off Jansen in the ninth to tie the game . This was only Jansen 's second blown save all season and snapped his streak of converting his first 12 postseason save opportunities , a major league record . The game went into extra innings . José Altuve and Correa hit home runs off Josh Fields in the tenth inning to put the Astros in the lead . In the bottom of the inning , Yasiel Puig hit a home run off of Ken Giles and Enrique Hernández drove in Logan Forsythe to tie the game , with the latter being the Dodgers ' first run that was not driven in by a home run . In the next inning , George Springer hit a two - run home run for the Astros off of Brandon McCarthy to retake the lead . In the bottom of the 11th inning , Charlie Culberson homered off of Chris Devenski , who later struck out Puig to end the game . This was the first ever World Series game in which a team hit home runs in the ninth , tenth and eleventh inning . The teams set a new record for combined home runs in a single World Series game with eight and this was the first time in MLB history , regular season or postseason , that five home runs were hit in extra innings . The Astros won their first World Series game in franchise history as they had been swept in their previous appearance in 2005 . Game 3 ( edit ) Lance McCullers Jr. earned the win in Game 3 . October 27 , 2017 , 7 : 21 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 65 ° F ( 18 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 12 0 WP : Lance McCullers Jr. ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Yu Darvish ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Brad Peacock ( 1 ) Home runs : LAD : None HOU : Yuli Gurriel ( 1 ) Attendance : 43,282 The starting pitchers for Game 3 were Yu Darvish for the Dodgers and Lance McCullers Jr. for the Astros . The Astros scored four runs in the bottom of the second inning on a home run by Yuli Gurriel and RBIs by González , Brian McCann , and Bregman . Darvish left the game after 1 ⁄ innings , which was the shortest outing of his career . The Dodgers scored one run in the top of the third inning as Seager grounded into a double play after McCullers loaded the bases with three consecutive walks . The Astros added another run in the fifth on an RBI single by Evan Gattis and the Dodgers added two in the sixth on an RBI groundout by Puig and a wild pitch . McCullers wound up pitching 5 ⁄ innings and allowed three runs on four hits . Brad Peacock replaced McCullers , completing the final 3 ⁄ innings with no hits allowed and four strikeouts to earn his first major league save . It was the longest hitless World Series relief outing since Ron Taylor 's four innings in Game 4 of the 1964 Series , and tied Ken Clay for the longest hitless postseason save , first accomplished in the 1978 ALCS . Gurriel made a racially insensitive gesture in the dugout after his home run . He stretched the sides of his eyes and mouthing the Spanish word chinito , which translates to `` little Chinese Boy '' ; Darvish is from Japan . Gurriel apologized , and said that anyone from Asia is called a chino in Cuba , although he acknowledged knowing that the term was offensive in Japan from having played there . As a result , Gurriel was suspended for the first five games of the 2018 MLB season without pay , but allowed to continue playing in the World Series . Game 4 ( edit ) Joc Pederson hit a three - run home run in Game 4 . October 28 , 2017 , 7 : 20 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 67 ° F ( 19 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 7 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Tony Watson ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Ken Giles ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : LAD : Joc Pederson ( 2 ) HOU : George Springer ( 2 ) , Alex Bregman ( 2 ) Attendance : 43,322 The starting pitchers for Game 4 were Alex Wood for the Dodgers and Charlie Morton for the Astros . Springer homered off Wood in the bottom of the sixth for the first run of the ballgame . It was the only hit Wood allowed in 5 ⁄ innings pitched in the game . Forsythe drove in Cody Bellinger to tie the game in the top of the seventh . Morton struck out seven and only allowed three hits and one run in 6 ⁄ innings . Bellinger then drove in the go - ahead run with a double in the top of the ninth off of Giles and the Dodgers added four more runs on a sacrifice fly by Austin Barnes and a three - run homer by Pederson . Bregman homered off of Jansen in the bottom of the ninth but the Dodgers managed to even up the series . The Astros had two hits in the game ; both were home runs . This was the first game in World Series history where both starting pitchers allowed four or fewer baserunners . After Game 4 , both teams ' pitching coaches , Rick Honeycutt for the Dodgers and Brent Strom for the Astros , commented on how the baseball being used for the World Series is slicker than the baseball used during the regular season . Pitchers on both teams noted that this difference has made it more difficult for them to throw their sliders . Game 5 ( edit ) Alex Bregman drove in the game - winning run in Game 5 . October 29 , 2017 , 7 : 21 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 69 ° F ( 21 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 12 14 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 13 14 WP : Joe Musgrove ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Kenley Jansen ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : LAD : Cody Bellinger ( 1 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 2 ) HOU : Yuli Gurriel ( 2 ) , José Altuve ( 2 ) , George Springer ( 3 ) , Carlos Correa ( 2 ) , Brian McCann ( 1 ) Attendance : 43,300 Kershaw and Keuchel started Game 5 , in a rematch of the opening game of the series . Forsythe singled in two runs off of Keuchel in the first inning to put the Dodgers up early . A third run scored on a throwing error by Gurriel . Barnes singled in the fourth to score Forsythe . Keuchel pitched only 3 ⁄ innings for the Astros , allowing five hits and four runs ( three earned ) . This was his shortest home start of the season . The Astros scored their first run with an RBI double by Correa in the bottom of the fourth inning , followed by a three - run home run by Gurriel to tie the game . Bellinger hit a three - run home run off of Collin McHugh in the top of the fifth to put the Dodgers back on top only for Altuve to hit his own three - run home run in the bottom of the inning off Maeda to tie it back up . Kershaw pitched 4 ⁄ innings and allowed six runs on four hits and three walks . A triple by Bellinger on a line drive that Springer missed on a dive in the seventh inning off of Peacock scored Hernández from first base . In the bottom of the seventh inning , Springer hit a home run off the first pitch he saw off of Morrow , who was pitching for the third consecutive day , to tie the game . Bregman scored on a double by Altuve to put the Astros ahead for the first time in the game , and then Correa hit a two - run home run to extend the lead . Seager doubled in a run in the top of the eighth inning , but McCann hit a home run in the bottom of the inning . That was the 21st home run of the series , tying the record set in the 2002 World Series . Puig broke the record with a two - run home run in the top of the ninth inning . Down to their last strike , Chris Taylor drove in Barnes to tie the game with a single . In the tenth inning , Jansen hit McCann with a pitch to put him on base with two outs . Subsequently , Springer walked on five pitches to move McCann to second base . McCann was then replaced by pinch runner Derek Fisher . On the next pitch , Bregman singled in Fisher for the winning run . Bregman became the third youngest player to have a walk - off hit in the World Series ever . The Astros became only the second team to come back twice from three runs down in a World Series game , the other were the Toronto Blue Jays in the 15 -- 14 win during Game 4 of the 1993 World Series . The six game tying home runs in the series to this point is the most for any World Series on record . This World Series set a new record for most players to hit a home run ( 14 to date in the World Series ) . With the teams combining to score 25 runs throughout the game , this was the highest scoring World Series game since the Florida Marlins defeated the Cleveland Indians 14 -- 11 in Game 3 of the 1997 World Series . Game 5 lasted five hours and seventeen minutes , making it the second longest World Series game in history by time , trailing only the 14 inning contest between the Astros and the Chicago White Sox in Game 3 of the 2005 World Series in the same ballpark , as well as the third World Series game ever to go beyond five hours of game time . This game is considered one of the greatest World Series games of all time . Game 6 ( edit ) Kenley Jansen recorded a two - inning save in Game 6 . October 31 , 2017 , 5 : 21 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 67 ° F ( 19 ° C ) , overcast Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 0 WP : Tony Watson ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Justin Verlander ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Kenley Jansen ( 2 ) Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 4 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 3 ) Attendance : 54,128 Game 6 featured the same starting pitchers as the second game : Verlander and Hill . Springer hit a solo home run off of Hill in the top of the third for the first run of the night . It was Springer 's fourth homer of the series , tied for third all - time in a single series and joining Gene Tenace , in 1972 , as the only players with four game - tying or go - ahead home runs in a World Series . Springer also joined Hank Bauer in the 1958 World Series and Barry Bonds in the 2002 World Series with four home runs in a series . The Astros loaded the bases in the fifth inning , but did not score . Hill pitched 4 ⁄ innings , struck out five and allowed four hits and one run . In the sixth inning , Taylor tied the game with an RBI double and Seager hit a sacrifice fly to give the Dodgers the lead . Verlander pitched six innings with nine strikeouts and only three hits allowed . Pederson hit a home run in the bottom of the seventh inning and Jansen pitched two scoreless innings for the save . Pederson tied a World Series record with his fifth consecutive game with an extra base hit and Andre Ethier , who appeared in the game as a pinch hitter , set a new Dodgers franchise record with his 50th career postseason game . Game 7 ( edit ) November 1 , 2017 , 5 : 21 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 69 ° F ( 21 ° C ) , partly cloudy Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 WP : Charlie Morton ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Yu Darvish ( 0 -- 2 ) Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 5 ) LAD : None Attendance : 54,124 This was the first World Series Game 7 to be played at Dodger Stadium ( and the first postseason Game 7 at the stadium since the 1988 NLCS ) . It was also the first time since the 1931 World Series that a Game 7 occurred in a Series with both teams having won at least 100 games during the season . This was the first time since the 2001 World Series and 2002 World Series that back - to - back Fall Classics had a Game 7 . The starting pitchers for this game were the same as in the third game : McCullers and Darvish . Springer doubled to open the game and scored the first run on an error by Bellinger , which allowed Bregman to reach second base . Bregman stole third base and scored on an Altuve groundout . McCann scored the next inning on a groundout hit by the pitcher McCullers . Springer hit a two - run home run , his fifth of the series , tying Reggie Jackson and Chase Utley for most home runs in a single World Series and setting a new record with 29 total bases in any postseason series . As in Game 3 , Darvish lasted only 1 ⁄ innings ( tying the shortest outing of his career ) and became the third pitcher with two starts of less than two innings in a World Series , and the first since Art Ditmar in the 1960 World Series . Morrow relieved Darvish and in the process became only the second pitcher to pitch in all seven games of a single World Series , joining Darold Knowles in the 1973 World Series . McCullers lasted only 2 ⁄ innings himself ; he allowed three hits and hit a World Series record four batters . This was the first Game 7 in World Series history where neither starting pitcher got past the third inning . The Dodgers failed to score a run and left eight men on base through five innings . Ethier , pinch hitting , scored Pederson on a single in the sixth inning for the Dodgers ' only run . They only had one hit in 13 chances with runners in scoring position in the game . Kershaw pitched four scoreless innings of relief in the game , and in the process , he broke Orel Hershiser 's Dodgers postseason record with his 33rd strikeout . Morton pitched four innings of relief to earn the win , as Corey Seager grounded out to José Altuve , who threw to Yuli Gurriel to end the game , series , baseball season , and their 56 - year drought . The Astros became the third consecutive road team to win a World Series Game 7 as well as the fourth consecutive team to end a World Series on the road ( after the 2014 Giants , 2015 Royals and 2016 Cubs ) . They also became just the second team to win a seven game League Championship Series and a seven game World Series in the same year , following the 1985 Kansas City Royals . Springer won the World Series MVP Award . With the Astros winning this is the third consecutive year that the team with the longer World Series drought won the series . Composite line score ( edit ) 2017 World Series ( 4 -- 3 ) : Houston Astros beat Los Angeles Dodgers . Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Houston Astros 7 5 34 56 Los Angeles Dodgers 0 9 8 34 47 Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 5 ) , José Altuve ( 2 ) , Alex Bregman ( 2 ) , Carlos Correa ( 2 ) , Yuli Gurriel ( 2 ) , Marwin González ( 1 ) , Brian McCann ( 1 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 3 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 2 ) , Cody Bellinger ( 1 ) , Charlie Culberson ( 1 ) , Corey Seager ( 1 ) , Chris Taylor ( 1 ) , Justin Turner ( 1 ) Total attendance : 346,702 Average attendance : 49,529 Winning player 's share : $438,901.57 . Losing player 's share : $259,722.14 . Broadcasting ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Fox broadcast the series in the United States , with Joe Buck serving as the play - by - play announcer , along with John Smoltz as color commentator and Ken Rosenthal and Tom Verducci as field reporters . Kevin Burkhardt hosted the pregame shows , joined by analysts Keith Hernandez , David Ortiz , Alex Rodriguez , and Frank Thomas . Outside the United States , MLB International televised the series , with Matt Vasgersian on play - by - play and Buck Martinez doing color commentary . After Game 7 , Correa proposed to his girlfriend , 2016 Miss Texas USA winner Daniella Rodríguez , on live television during a postgame interview conducted by Rosenthal . She accepted . Ratings ( edit ) Downtown Houston skyline during the 2017 World Series Further information : World Series television ratings This series turned out to be the 3rd highest rated since 2005 , trailing only the 2009 World Series and the 2016 World Series . For the second straight year , Game 5 beat out NBC Sunday Night Football in ratings . Game Ratings ( households ) Share ( households ) U.S. audience ( in millions ) Ref 8.7 15 14.97 9.2 18 15.48 8.8 17 15.68 8.7 17 15.40 5 10.5 21 18.94 6 12.6 23 22.23 7 15.8 28 28.24 Radio ( edit ) National ( edit ) ESPN Radio broadcast the series in English , with Dan Shulman providing the play - by - play and Aaron Boone serving as color analyst . Tim Kurkjian and Buster Olney served as reporters for the network , while Marc Kestecher hosted the pre-game and post-game coverage along with analyst Chris Singleton . The ESPN Radio coverage was carried on affiliated stations throughout the United States and Canada , as well as online at ESPN.com and via the ESPN mobile app . Spanish - language coverage was provided by ESPN Deportes Radio , with Eduardo Ortega , Renato Bermúdez , José Francisco Rivera , and Orlando Hernández announcing . Local ( edit ) Locally , both teams ' flagship radio stations broadcast the series with their regular announcers . Sportstalk 790 aired the English - language broadcast for the Houston area , with Robert Ford and Steve Sparks calling the games . In Los Angeles , AM 570 LA Sports aired the English - language broadcast , with Charley Steiner and Rick Monday announcing . In Spanish , Univision America 1020 carried the broadcast , with Jaime Jarrín and Jorge Jarrín on the call . In Korean , Radio Korea 1540 aired the series , with Richard Choi and Chong Ho Yim in the booth . Sponsorship ( edit ) For the first time , MLB sold presenting sponsorships to all of its postseason series ; the internet television service YouTube TV is the first - ever presenting sponsor of the World Series . The series is officially known as the 2017 World Series Presented by YouTube TV . This sponsorship includes logo branding in - stadium and on official digital properties , as well as commercial inventory during Fox 's telecasts of the games . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Los Angeles portal Houston portal 2017 Korean Series 2017 Japan Series Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Except 1904 and 1994 , when the World Series was not held References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Macklin , Oliver ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Davis named chief of World Series ump crew '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` YouTube TV Swings for 2017 World Series Hits in MLB Pact '' . Variety . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . We are just a week away from the World Series presented by YouTube TV ^ Jump up to : Kramer , Daniel ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Overview of World Series home - field advantage '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . We are just a week away from the World Series presented by YouTube TV Jump up ^ `` Astros , Dodgers complete record - setting World Series '' . ESPN . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Castrovince , Anthony ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Springer swats his way to MVP honors '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` George Springer wins World Series MVP , ties record with five homers '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whicker , Mark ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Whicker : Dodgers , Houston Astros try to rekindle their 80s rivalry '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Posnanski , Joe ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers , Astros renew rivalry in World Series '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Matt ; Randhawa , Manny ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers joins 100 - win Series history '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Astros vs. Dodgers is the first World Series between 100 - win teams in 47 years '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers vs. Astros 2017 World Series snapshot '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Best team ever ? ' Dodgers make Sports Illustrated cover '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Real or not ? Best Dodgers team ever , Yankees in trouble '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Muskat , Carrie ; Gurnick , Ken ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood & Vines : LA wins NLCS at Wrigley ! '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoornstra , J.P. ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Dodgers in the World Series : a brief history '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paine , Neil ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Dodgers Dominated Like Few Pennant Winners In Recent History '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baer , Bill ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Corey Seager will be included on Dodgers ' World Series roster '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Rhiannon ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Dave Roberts can join Cito Gaston as the only black managers to win World Series '' . The Undefeated . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woo , Jeremy . `` McCullers throws 24 straight curves , sends Astros to series '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIlvoy , Randy ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` A look back : Astros 2005 World Series run '' . KPRC - TV . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series : Four facts that make the Astros - Dodgers clash historic '' . USA Today . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pingue , Frank ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Astros give Houston boost during Hurricane Harvey recovery '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dart , Tom ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` World Series unites Houston as road to hurricane recovery winds on '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Kevin ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros playing for more than a title in hurricane - ravaged Houston '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tigers deal Justin Verlander to Astros in last - minute deadline stunner '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Kevin ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers vs. Astros Game 2 : A look at the pitching matchup between Rich Hill and Justin Verlander '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Matt ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Verlander named ALCS MVP after superb starts '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 1 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 2 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 3 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 4 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 5 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 6 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 7 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Jackie Robinson 's family threw out the first pitch for Game 1 of the World Series '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Rhiannon ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Jackie Robinson 's family tosses first pitch as Dodgers take Game 1 of World Series '' . The Undefeated . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 : Gospel Singer Keith Williams Jr . Sings National Anthem at Game 1 '' . Billboard . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Watch : Vin Scully brings Dodgers legends for 1st pitch '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beloved Scully delights Dodgers fans at Game 2 '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 : Brad Paisley Performs the National Anthem at Game 2 '' . Billboard . October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ( @ brianmctaggart ) ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` On Friday , Texans DL JJ Watt will throw out ceremonial first pitch and Hall of Famer Craig Biggio will deliver the game ball '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans ' J.J. Watt tosses first pitch at Game 3 '' . ESPN . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Barron , David ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` National anthem lineup set for World Series games at MMP '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - year - old with 3 - D printed hand to throw out World Series first pitch '' . CBS News . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game 4 first pitch tossed by young girl with prosthetic hand '' . ESPN . October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spain , Kevin . `` World Series : George Bush will throw out first pitch for Game 5 in Houston '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Dodger greats Tommy Lasorda and Orel Hershisher throw out ceremonial first pitch for Game 6 '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schiff , Mark . `` 2017 World Series National Anthem singers '' . AXS . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sandy Koufax , Don Newcombe , Rick Monday , and Steve Garvey all showed up for Game 7 's ceremonial first pitch '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobo , Julia ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` 103 - degree heat shatters World Series record '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Varela , Ashley ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 1 will feature Dallas Keuchel vs. Clayton Kershaw '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Taylor leads off the World Series with a home run '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 1 : Houston Astros 1 -- 3 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Doolittle , Bradford ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Kershaw aces Astros , rewrites October reputation in Dodgers ' Game 1 win '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Red hot ! Turner HR backs Kershaw Gm. 1 gem '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros Game 2 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Resilient Dodgers putting loss behind them '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marchand , Andrew ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Astros ' stars stage stunning comeback to even World Series '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Astros , Dodgers make World Series history with record 8 home runs in Game 2 '' . ESPN . October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justice , Richard ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Astros , Dodgers author a classic Fall Classic thriller '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Astros even Series with late HRs in G2 thriller '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 : Astros rally to beat Dodgers in dramatic Game 2 -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros : Game 3 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Astros rock Darvish , power their way to 2 -- 1 lead over Dodgers '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 3 : Los Angeles Dodgers 3 -- 5 Houston Astros -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros use 1 -- 2 punch to take 2 -- 1 WS lead '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justice , Richard ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Peacock 's relief performance a Series classic : Astros righty delivers 3 2 / 3 hitless , scoreless innings for first career save '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez , Dylan ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Some look askew at Yuli Gurriel 's dugout squint '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros ' Yuli Gurriel Apologizes After a Racist Gesture Aimed at Yu Darvish '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott . `` MLB mulls discipline after Yuli Gurriel 's insensitive gesture '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Gurriel suspended for first 5 games in 2018 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Yuli Gurriel wo n't be suspended for any World Series games , MLB rules '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rajan , Greg ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 4 pitching foes come from Braves stock '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 4 : Los Angeles Dodgers 6 -- 2 Houston Astros -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers break Astros ' home spell , even Series '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Verducci , Tom ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Historic World Series Home Run Rate may be Result of Slicker Baseballs '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Randhawa , Manny ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` The top Cy Young duels in World Series history '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros Game 5 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 5 : Los Angeles Dodgers 12 -- 13 Houston Astros -- as it happened ! '' . The Guardian . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Astros win thrilling Game 5 in walk - off fashion to take World Series lead '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Axisa , Mike ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers - Astros Game 5 : What to know about maybe the best World Series game ever '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Ca n't make this up ! Astros earn insane W '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most Runs in a World Series Game , Combined '' . ESPN . Associates Press . October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Thomas ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) . `` Perspective Game 5 of the 2017 World Series was not the best ever . But it was an instant classic '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs Astros Game 6 : Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ESPN Stats & Info ( @ ESPNStatsInfo ) ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` George Springer joins Gene Tenace ( 1972 ) as the only players to hit 4 game - tying or go - ahead home runs in a # WorldSeries '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ High Heat Stats ( @ HighHeatStats ) ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Players to homer in 4 games of a single World Series : Hank Bauer 1958 , won series Barry Bonds 2002 , lost series GEORGE SPRINGER 2017 , ? '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 6 : Houston Astros 1 -- 3 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 31 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Brian McTaggart ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` LA solves JV ! Dodgers find O to set up WS G7 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Joc Pederson ties World Series extra-base hit record '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` LA as confident as can be with G7 at home '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers , Astros push their wonderful World Series to Game 7 '' . Fox Sports . November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Normandin , Marc ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers World Series heads to decisive Game 7 '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Houston Strongest ! Astros rule the World '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Astros vs. Dodgers Game 7 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 7 : Houston Astros 5 - 1 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened ! '' . The Guardian . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Clayton Kershaw sets Dodgers postseason strikeout record '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` World Series schedule 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kolur , Nihal ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` What Channel is the World Series ? '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lucia , Joe ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Your 2017 World Series announcing schedule '' . Awful Announcing . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Stefan ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Carlos Correa caps World Series with live , post-game proposal to girlfriend '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 World Series draws third - highest viewership since 2005 '' . Awful Announcing . November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Deitsch , Richard ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game 5 of the World Series Beats Sunday Night Football in TV Ratings '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 1 Second-Most Watched Since 2010 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 2 Third-Most Watched in a Decade '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Posts Second - Best Game 3 Audience Since 2005 '' . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Scores Second - Best Saturday Audience Since 2004 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Third - Best in Decade Entering Game 6 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers Game 6 Among Top World Series Games Since 2004 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Over 28 Million For World Series Game 7 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skarka , Michael ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ESPN Radio to Provide Comprehensive Coverage of the 113th World Series '' . ESPN MediaZone . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers vs. Astros : Your ' 17 World Series TV Schedule '' . LATF . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lefton , Terry . `` MLB close to selling first World Series presenting sponsorship '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lefton , Terry ; Ourand , John . `` YouTube TV Digital Pay Service Signs On To Be First World Series Presenting Sponsor '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) 2017 World Series at Baseball Reference 2017 Major League Baseball postseason Part of the 2017 Major League Baseball season World Series American League Championship Series National League Championship Series American League Division Series National League Division Series American League Wild Card Game National League Wild Card Game American League teams Boston Red Sox Cleveland Indians Houston Astros Minnesota Twins New York Yankees National League teams Arizona Diamondbacks Chicago Cubs Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers Washington Nationals World Series No World Series was held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate ; no World Series was held in 1994 due to a players ' strike . 1900s -- 1910s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s -- 1930s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s -- 1950s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s -- 1970s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s -- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s -- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 See also Pre-World Series champions World Series champions Most Valuable Players Starting pitchers Babe Ruth Award Commissioner 's Trophy World Series ring Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Broadcasters TV ratings ALCS NLCS ALDS NLDS ALWC NLWC Game 7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Dauvray Cup Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup Book : World Series Category : World Series Fox Major League Baseball Related programs The Cheap Seats ( 2010 -- 2011 ) MLB Whiparound Major League Baseball Game of the Week Thursday Night Baseball ( 1997 -- 2001 ) This Week in Baseball ( 2000 -- 2011 ) Related articles DirecTV N3D FoxBox FoxTrax Scooter Television contracts ( cable ) MLB Network World Series television ratings National coverage Fox ( 1996 -- present ) FS1 ( 2014 -- present ) FS2 ( 2014 -- present ) Fox Deportes ( 2012 -- present ) Fox Family Channel ( 2001 ) Fox Sports Net ( 1997 -- 1999 ) FX ( 1997 ) FSN affiliates Arizona ( Arizona Diamondbacks ) Detroit ( Detroit Tigers ) Florida ( Miami Marlins & Tampa Bay Rays ) Kansas City ( Kansas City Royals ) Midwest ( St. Louis Cardinals ) North ( Minnesota Twins ) Ohio ( Cincinnati Reds ) San Diego ( San Diego Padres ) South ( Atlanta Braves ) Southeast ( Atlanta Braves ) Southwest ( Texas Rangers ) West ( Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) Wisconsin ( Milwaukee Brewers ) Sun ( Miami Marlins & Tampa Bay Rays ) SportsTime Ohio ( Cleveland Indians ) YES Network ( New York Yankees ) Former FSN affiliates Bay Area ( Oakland Athletics & San Francisco Giants ; 1998 -- 2007 ) Chicago ( Chicago Cubs & Chicago White Sox , 1998 -- 2006 ) Houston ( Houston Astros , 2009 - 2012 ) New York ( New York Mets , 1998 -- 2005 ) Rocky Mountain ( Colorado Rockies , 1997 - 2010 ) Fox / MyTV O&O Stations New York City : WNYW 5 ( Yankees , 1999 -- 2001 ) , WWOR 9 ( N.Y. 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Hinch Bench Coach 26 Alex Cora First Base Coach 48 Rich Dauer Third Base Coach 8 Gary Pettis Pitching Coach 56 Brent Strom Hitting Coach 39 Dave Hudgens Assistant Hitting Coach 55 Alonzo Powell Bullpen Coach 52 Craig Bjornson Bullpen Catcher 85 Javier Bracamonte Bullpen Catcher 96 Carlos Muñoz Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Houston Astros Formerly the Houston Colt . 45s Based in Houston , Texas Franchise Expansion Draft History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Owners and executives First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers All articles Ballparks Colt Stadium Houston Astrodome Minute Maid Park Spring training : Geronimo Park Cocoa Expo Stadium Osceola County Stadium The Ballpark of the Palm Beaches Lore 1980 NL West tie - breaker game Killer B 's 2015 AL Wild Card Game Houston Strong Culture AstroTurf Orbit Crawford Boxes Tal 's Hill Continental League Houston Buffs Houston College Classic Ball Four ( Jim Bouton book ) The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training Murder at the World Series Night Game `` The Hot Tub '' ( Seinfeld episode ) Boyhood `` Holy Toledo ! 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Hinch World Series Championships ( 1 ) 2017 League pennants ( 2 ) National League : 2005 American League : 2017 Division titles ( 8 ) NL West : 1980 1981 1986 NL Central : 1997 1998 1999 2001 AL West : 2017 Wild card titles ( 3 ) NL : 2004 2005 AL : 2015 Minors AAA : Fresno Grizzlies AA : Corpus Christi Hooks A Adv. : Buies Creek Astros A : Quad Cities River Bandits Short A : Tri-City ValleyCats Rookie : GCL Astros Rivalries Texas Rangers Media TV AT&T SportsNet Southwest Radio Houston Astros Radio Network Announcers Todd Kalas Geoff Blum Seasons ( 57 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Los Angeles Dodgers Formerly the Brooklyn Robins and the Brooklyn Dodgers . 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'' Roy Campanella Award Historic Dodgertown Vin Scully Tommy Lasorda Nancy Bea Hilda Chester 2011 bankruptcy 42 Lore Chronicle - Telegraph Cup 1955 World Series Fernandomania Kirk Gibson 's 1988 World Series home run Sandy Koufax 's perfect game 1946 NL tie - breaker series 1951 NL tie - breaker series `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' 1959 NL tie - breaker series 1962 NL tie - breaker series 1980 NL West tie - breaker game Orel Hershiser 's scoreless innings streak Rivalries San Francisco Giants Los Angeles Angels New York Yankees Subway Series Hall of Fame members Walter Alston Roy Campanella Don Drysdale Leo Durocher Burleigh Grimes Willie Keeler Sandy Koufax Vin Scully Tommy Lasorda Walter O'Malley Pee Wee Reese Branch Rickey Jackie Robinson Wilbert Robinson Duke Snider Don Sutton Dazzy Vance Zack Wheat Key personnel Owner : Guggenheim Baseball Management President : Stan Kasten President of Baseball Operations : Andrew Friedman General Manager : Farhan Zaidi Manager : Dave Roberts World Series Championships ( 6 ) 1955 1959 1963 1965 1981 1988 League pennants ( 23 ) American Association : 1889 National League : 1890 1899 1900 1916 1920 1941 1947 1949 1952 1953 1955 1956 1959 1963 1965 1966 1977 1978 1981 1988 2017 Division titles ( 16 ) 1977 1978 1981 ( first half ) 1985 1988 1995 2008 2009 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Wild card berths ( 2 ) 2006 Minor league affiliates AAA : Oklahoma City Dodgers AA : Tulsa Drillers A Adv. : Rancho Cucamonga Quakes A : Great Lakes Loons Rookie Adv. : Ogden Raptors Rookie : AZL Dodgers DSL Dodgers 1 DSL Dodgers 2 Minor League Rosters Seasons ( 136 ) 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_World_Series&oldid=815626256 '' Categories : 2017 Major League Baseball season World Series 2017 in sports in California 2017 in sports in Texas 2010s in Houston 2017 in Los Angeles October 2017 sports events in the United States November 2017 sports events in the United States Houston Astros postseason Los Angeles Dodgers postseason Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 00 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who's playing in this year's world series	[ "The 2017 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 2017 season. The 113th edition of the World Series, it was played between October 24 and November 1. The series was a best-of-seven playoff between the National League (NL) champion Los Angeles Dodgers and the American League (AL) champion Houston Astros. It was sponsored by the internet television service YouTube TV and officially known as the World Series presented by YouTube TV.[2][3]", "The 2017 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 2017 season. The 113th edition of the World Series, it was played between October 24 and November 1. The series was a best-of-seven playoff between the National League (NL) champion Los Angeles Dodgers and the American League (AL) champion Houston Astros. It was sponsored by the internet television service YouTube TV and officially known as the World Series presented by YouTube TV.[2][3]" ]	[ "Los Angeles Dodgers", "Houston Astros" ]
-2136438168400007103	List of mammals of Canada	List of mammals of Canada - wikipedia List of mammals of Canada Jump to : navigation , search The North American beaver , Castor canadensis , is the national animal of Canada This is a list of the mammal species recorded in Canada . There are approximately 200 mammal species native to Canada . Its large territorial size and variety of ecosystems , ranging from mountains to plains to urban housing , mean that Canada can harbour a great variety of species , including nearly half of the known cetaceans . The most well represented order is that of the rodents , and the smallest that of the Didelphimorphia ( common opossums ) . Studies of mammals in Canada hearken back to the 1795 northern explorations of Samuel Hearne , whose account is considered surprisingly accurate . The first seminal work on Canadian mammals , however , was John Richardson 's 1829 Fauna Boreali - Americana . Joseph Burr Tyrrell was the first to attempt to produce , in 1888 , a comprehensive list of Canadian mammalian species . Ernest Thompson Seton and Charles - Eusèbe Dionne 's work were also important . Modern Canadian publications with interest in mammalogy include The Canadian Field Naturalist , the Canadian Journal of Zoology and the French - language Le Naturaliste Canadien . Several species of mammal have particular symbolism . The Canadian horse and North American beaver are official symbols of Canada , and several provinces have designated native species as symbols . Summary of 2006 IUCN Red List categories . Conservation status - IUCN Red List of Threatened Species : EX - Extinct , EW - Extinct in the Wild CR - Critically Endangered , EN - Endangered , VU - Vulnerable NT - Near Threatened , LC - Least Concern DD - Data Deficient , NE - Not Evaluated ( v. 2013.2 , the data is current as of March 5 , 2014 ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Native mammals 1.1 Bats 1.2 Carnivorans 1.3 Cetaceans 1.4 Even - toed ungulates 1.5 Marsupials 1.6 Rabbits , hares , and pikas 1.7 Rodents 1.8 Shrews and moles 2 Introduced or accidental species 2.1 Odd - toed ungulates 2.2 Primates 3 Extinct , extirpated or reintroduced species 4 Notes 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 Further reading 9 External links Native mammals ( edit ) Bats ( edit ) Chiropterans most distinguishing feature is that their forelimbs are developed as wings , making them the only mammals in the world naturally capable of flight . Bat species account for about 20 % of all mammals . Common name ( French name ) Species ( Authority ) Preferred habitat Native range Status Family Vespertilionidae : Vesper bats Silver - haired bat ( Chauve - souris argentée ) Lasionycteris noctivagans ( La Conte , 1831 ) Deciduous forest lakes All of southern Canada except Gaspesia and northern Maritimes I : LC Least Concern QC : Listing Candidate California myotis ( Chauve - souris de Californie ) Myotis californicus ( Audubon & Bachman , 1842 ) West Coast forests West Coast and Okanagan Valley I : LC Least Concern Western small - footed myotis ( Chauve - souris pygmée de l'Ouest ) Myotis ciliolabrum ( Merriam , 1886 ) Dry areas Southern Alberta and Saskatchewan I : LC Least Concern BC : Blue List Long - eared myotis ( Chauve - souris à longues oreilles ) Myotis evotis ( H. Allen , 1864 ) Varied Southern British Columbia , Alberta and Saskatchewan I : LC Least Concern QC : Listing Candidate Keen 's myotis ( Chauve - souris de Keen ) Myotis keenii ( Merriam , 1895 ) Forests West Coast I : LC Least Concern CA : Data Deficient BC : Unknown Eastern small - footed myotis ( Chauve - souris pygmée de l'Est ) Myotis leibii ( Audubon & Bachman , 1842 ) Montane forests Southern and south - central Ontario , southwestern Quebec I : LC Least Concern QC : Listing Candidate Little brown bat ( Petite chauve - souris brune ) Myotis lucifugus ( La Conte , 1831 ) Varied , including cities Yukon to Atlantic Canada I : LC Least Concern Northern long - eared myotis ( Vespertilion nordique or Chauve - souris nordique ) Myotis septentrionalis ( Trouessart , 1897 ) Forests Central to Eastern Canada I : LC Least Concern BC : Blue List Fringed myotis ( Chauve - souris à queue frangée ) Myotis thysanodes ( Miller , 1897 ) White pines forest Southcentral British Columbia I : LC Least Concern CA : Data Deficient BC : Blue List Long - legged myotis ( Chauve - souris à longues pattes ) Myotis volans ( H. Allen , 1866 ) Varied British Columbia and Alberta I : LC Least Concern Yuma myotis ( Chauve - souris de Yuma ) Myotis yumanensis ( H. Allen , 1864 ) Open areas West Coast and Okanagan Valley I : LC Least Concern Pallid bat ( Chauve - souris blonde ) Antrozous pallidus ( LeConte , 1856 ) Dry plains British Columbia I : LC Least Concern CA : Threatened BC : Red List Big brown bat ( Grande chauve - souris brune ) Eptesicus fuscus ( Palisot de Beauvois , 1796 ) Varied , including cities British Columbia to southern Quebec and New Brunswick I : LC Least Concern Spotted bat ( Oreillard maculé ) Euderma maculatum ( J.A. Allen , 1891 ) Near waterways Inner British Columbia I : LC Least Concern CA : Special Concern BC : Blue List Western red bat ( Chauve - souris rousse de l'Ouest ) Lasiurus blossevillii ( Lesson and Garnot , 1826 ) Open spaces and cities Southwestern British Columbia I : LC Least Concern Eastern red bat ( Chauve - souris rousse de l'Est ) Lasiurus borealis ( Müller , 1776 ) Open spaces and cities Alberta to southern Maritimes I : LC Least Concern QC : Listing Candidate Hoary bat ( Chauve - souris cendré ) Lasiurus cinereus ( Palisot de Beauvois , 1796 ) Forests British Columbia to northern Hudson Bay and Maritimes I : LC Least Concern QC : Listing Candidate Tri-colored bat formerly eastern pipistrelle ( Pipistrelle de l'Est ) Pipistrellus subflavus ( F. Cuvier , 1832 ) Forest , fields and waterways Southern Ontario , Quebec and Maritimes I : LC Least Concern QC : Listing Candidate Townsend 's big - eared bat ( Oreillard de Townsend ) Corynorhinus townsendii ( Cooper , 1837 ) Open woodlands Southern British Columbia I : LC Least Concern BC : Blue List Carnivorans ( edit ) Carnivorans include over 260 species , the majority of which eat meat as their primary dietary item . They have a characteristic skull shape and dentition . Common name ( French name ) Species ( Authority ) Preferred habitat Native range Status Family Felidae : Felines Canadian lynx ( Lynx du Canada ) Lynx canadensis ( Kerr , 1792 ) Forests Most of Canada I : LC Least Concern NB : Regionally endangered NS : Endangered Bobcat ( Lynx roux ) Lynx rufus ( Schreber , 1777 ) Varied Southern Canada I : LC Least Concern Cougar ( Puma ) Puma concolor ( Linnaeus , 1771 ) Mountain , marshes , dense forests Mountainous regions of Alberta , British Columbia , and the Yukon . I : LC Least Concern Eastern Population CA : Data Deficient ON : Endangered QC : Listing Candidate NB : Endangered Family Canidae : Canines Arctic fox ( Renard arctique or polaire ) Vulpes lagopus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Tundra Northern Canada I : LC Least Concern Swift fox ( Renard véloce ) Vulpes velox ( Say , 1823 ) Desert and dry prairie Southern Prairie Provinces I : LC Least Concern CA : Endangered AB : Endangered Red fox ( Renard roux ) Vulpes vulpes ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Varied All of Canada except part of the Arctic Islands and West Coast I : LC Least Concern Gray fox ( Renard gris ) Urocyon cinereoargenteus ( Schreber , 1775 ) Varied Southern Manitoba , Ontario and Quebec I : LC Least Concern CA ; Threatened Coyote ( Coyote ) Canis latrans ( Say , 1823 ) Varied Rocky Mountains , southern prairies , southern Ontario , Quebec , and Maritime provinces I : LC Least Concern Gray wolf ( Loup ) Canis lupus ( Say , 1823 ) Varied All of Canada except Anticosti and Prince Edward Islands . Going extinct in several areas . I : LC Least Concern CA : C. l. lycaon subspecies designated Special Concern . Family Ursidae : Bears American black bear ( Ours noir ) Ursus americanus ( Pallas , 1780 ) Varied , mostly forested areas Most of Canada except Arctic and Prince Edward Island . I : LC Least Concern Brown bear ( Ours brun ) Ursus arctos ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Open spaces , mostly alpine and Arctic tundra Rocky Mountains , mainland Northwest Territory and Nunavut . I : LC Least Concern CA : Special Concern AB : Recommended for Threatened NWT : Sensitive BC : Blue list Polar bear ( Ours blanc or polaire ) Ursus maritimus ( Phipps , 1774 ) Edge of ice fields Arctic Sea and coasts I : VU Vulnerable CA : Special Concern BC : Yellow list NWT : Sensitive QC : Listing Candidate NF : Vulnerable Family Procyonidae : Raccoons and allies Raccoon ( Raton laveur ) Procyon lotor ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Riparian forests Southern Canada except Rockies I : LC Least Concern Family Mustelidae : Mustelids Short - tailed weasel ( Hermine ) Mustela erminea ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Varied All of Canada except part of southern prairies and Anticosti Island I : LC Least Concern ssp . haidarum CA : Threatened BC : Red list ssp . anguinea BC : Blue list Long - tailed weasel ( Belette à longue queue ) Mustela frenata ( Lichtenstein , 1831 ) Open areas Southern Rockies to western Ontario , southern Ontario to western Nova Scotia I : LC Least Concern Least weasel ( Belette pygmée ) Mustela nivalis ( Linnaeus , 1766 ) Varied Yukon to Labrador , except southern Quebec and Ontario . I : LC Least Concern QC : Listing Candidate American mink ( Vison d'Amérique ) Neovison vison ( Schreber , 177 ) Wetlands and rivers Most of Canada , except the Arctic , part of the prairies and Anticosti Island . Introduced to Newfoundland I : LC Least Concern American marten ( Martre d'Amérique ) Martes americana ( Turton , 1806 ) Coniferous and mixed forests Rockies to Labrador and Newfoundland , except Prairies . Extinct in several parts of Eastern Canada . I : LC Least Concern NS : Endangered NF : Endangered Fisher ( Pékan ) Martes pennanti ( Erxleben , 1777 ) Coniferous and mixed forests near rivers British Columbia to central Quebec , reintroduced in parts of the Maritimes . I : LC Least Concern BC : Blue list Wolverine ( Carcajou ) Gulo gulo ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Boreal forest , Arctic tundra Largely extinct in southern Canada West of the Rockies . Found in much of continental Canada and the Arctic Islands I : LC Least Concern Eastern Population CA : Endangered ON : Threatened QC : Endangered NF : Endangered Western Population CA : Special Concern BC : Varies American badger ( Blaireau d'Amérique ) Taxidea taxus ( Schreber , 1777 ) Fields Southern Prairies , south - central British Columbia and southernmost Ontario I : LC Least Concern CA : Endangered ( jeffersoni and jacksoni ) BC : Red list Northern river otter ( Loutre de rivière ) Lontra canadensis ( Schreber , 1777 ) Rivers , lakes and swamps Most of Canada except part of the Arctic and southern prairies I : LC Least Concern Sea otter ( Loutre de mer ) Enhydra lutris ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Sea and coast Vancouver and Goose Island coast I : EN Endangered CA : Threatened BC : Red list Family Mephitidae : Skunks Western spotted skunk ( Moufette tachetée occidentale ) Spilogale gracilis ( Merriam , 1890 ) Thickets and bushes Southwestern British Columbia I : LC Least Concern ( IUCN ) I : Secure ( TNC ) Striped skunk ( Moufette rayée ) Mephitis mephitis ( Schreber , 1776 ) Forests , cultivated areas , valleys Rockies to the Maritmes . Introduced in Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia in the 19th century . I : LC Least Concern Superfamily Pinnipedia : Pinnipeds Family Otariidae : Eared seals Northern fur seal ( Otarie à fourrure ) Callorhinus ursinus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Sea Off the coast of British Columbia ; appreciates rocky outcrops . Occasionally reported from the Arctic . I : VU Vulnerable BC : Red list Steller sea lion ( Otarie de Steller ) Eumetopias jubatus ( Schreber , 1776 ) Coast waters British Columbia ; appreciates rocky outcrops . I : NT Near Threatened BC : Blue list ssp . monteriensis I : LC Least Concern California sea lion ( Otarie de Californie ) Zalophus californianus ( ( Lesson , 1828 ) ) Coast waters Near Vancouver Island . I : LC Least Concern Walrus ( Morse ) Odobenus rosmarus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Arctic shallows James Bay to Groenland . Extinct in Western Arctic and the Magdalen Islands . I : DD Data Deficient Family Phocidae : Earless seals Hooded seal ( Phoque à capuchon ) Cystophora cristata ( Erxleben , 1777 ) Sea Atlantic from Gulf of the Saint Lawrence to northern Baffin Island . I : VU Vulnerable Bearded seal ( Phoque barbu ) Erignathus barbatus ( Erxleben , 1777 ) Sea Arctic Ocean I : LC Least Concern Grey seal ( Phoque gris ) Halichoerus grypus ( Erxleben , 1777 ) Sea rocks , and reefs East Coast I : LC Least Concern Northern elephant seal ( Éléphant de mer du Nord ) Mirounga angustirostris ( Gill , 1866 ) Tropical and temperate sea waters Occasional in British Columbia I : LC Least Concern Harp seal ( Phoque du Groenland ) Phoca groenlandica ( Erxleben , 1777 ) Cold waters Gulf of Saint Lawrence to James Bay and Groenland . I : LC Least Concern Harbour seal ( Phoque commun ) Phoca vitulina Linnaeus , 1758 Coast waters and some interior lakes . Most Canadian coasts except the colder part of the Arctic I : LC Least Concern QC : ssp . mellonae Listing Candidate Ringed seal ( Phoque annelé ) Pusa hispida ( Schreber , 1775 ) Arctic waters and ice - floes Arctic Ocean I : LC Least Concern Cetaceans ( edit ) See also : List of cetaceans Cetaceans includes whales , dolphins and porpoises . They are the mammals most fully adapted to aquatic life with a spindle - shaped nearly hairless body , protected by a thick layer of blubber , and forelimbs and tail modified to provide propulsion underwater . Common name ( French name ) Species ( Authority ) Preferred habitat Native range Status Family Balaenidae : Right Whales Bowhead whale ( Baleine boréale ) Balaena mysticetus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Polar ice shelf in winter , coastal waters in the summer . Arctic Ocean I : LC Least Concern CA : At Risk North Atlantic right whale ( Baleine franche ) Eubalaena glacialis ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Temperate coast waters North Atlantic I : EN Endangered CA : Endangered QC : Listing Candidate North Pacific right whale ( Baleine franche ) Eubalaena japonica ( Lacépède , 1818 ) North Pacific I : EN Endangered CA : Endangered Northeast Pacific subpopulation I : CR Critically Endangered Family Balaenopteridae : Rorquals Northern minke whale ( Petit rorqual ) Balaenoptera acutorostrata ( Lacépède , 1804 ) Temperate or polar seas . Northern Atlantic and Pacific I : LC Least Concern CA : Not at Risk Sei whale ( Rorqual boréal ) Balaenoptera borealis ( Lesson , 1828 ) Temperate seas . Atlantic and Pacific oceans I : EN Endangered Pacific CA : BC : Blue List Atlantic CA : Data Deficient Blue whale ( Rorqual bleu ) Balaenoptera musculus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Temperate and polar waters . Atlantic and Pacific oceans I : EN Endangered ssp . musculus ( North Pacific stock ) I : LR / cd Lower Risk / conservation dependent CA : Endangered BC : Blue List ssp . musculus ( North Atlantic stock ) I : VU Vulnerable CA : Endangered QC : Listing Candidate ssp . brevicauda I : DD Data Deficient Fin whale ( Rorqual commun ) Balaenoptera physalus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Pelagic , coastal Atlantic and Pacific oceans I : EN Endangered CA : Threatened / Special Concern BC : Blue List QC : Listing Candidate Humpback whale ( Baleine à bosse ) Megaptera novaeangliae ( Borowski , 1781 ) Coastal waters , often penetrates estuaries . Atlantic and Pacific oceans I : LC Least Concern CA : Threatened / Not at Risk BC : Blue List Family Eschrichtiidae : Grey Whale Gray whale ( Baleine grise ) Eschrichtius robustus ( Lilljebor , 1861 ) Temperate continental shelf waters . Pacific Coast I : LC Least Concern Western subpopulation I : CR Critically Endangered , but Canada is not in the range description CA : Special Concern BC : Blue List Family Monodontidae : Narwhal and Beluga Narwhal ( Narval ) Monodon monoceros ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Edge of Arctic ice sheet . Eastern Arctic Ocean I : NT Near Threatened / Apparently Secure CA : Special Concern Beluga ( Bélouga ) Delphinapterus leucas ( Pallas , 1776 ) Arctic coast waters . Often swim deep up rivers . Eastern and Western Arctic Ocean I : NT Near Threatened CA : Varied QC : Threatened / Listing Candidate ON : Not at Risk Family Phocoenidae : Porpoises Harbour porpoise ( Marsouin commun ) Phocoena phocoena ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) East and West Coast I : LC Least Concern CA : Special Concern BC : Blue List Dall 's porpoise ( Marsouin de Dall ) Phocoenoides dalli ( True , 1885 ) Continental shelf . North Pacific I : LC Least Concern Family Physeteridae : Sperm Whale Sperm whale ( Cachalot ) Physeter macrocephalus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Very deep waters . Pacific and Atlantic Oceans . Only migrating males are found in Canadian waters . I : VU Vulnerable CA : Not at Risk BC : Blue List Family Ziphidae : Beaked Whales Cuvier 's beaked whale ( Baleine à bec de Cuvier ) Ziphius cavirostris ( G. Cuvier , 1823 ) Uncertain North Pacific and Atlantic I : LC Least Concern CA : Not at Rist Baird 's beaked whale ( Grande baleine à bec ) Berardius bairdii ( Stejneger , 1883 ) Near continental shelf cliffs North Pacific I : DD Data Deficient CA : Not at Rist Northern bottlenose whale ( Baleine à bec commune ) Hyperoodon ampullatus ( Forster , 1770 ) Subarctic waters North Atlantic and part of Arctic I : DD Data Deficient CA : Endangered Sowerby 's beaked whale ( Baleine à bec de Sowerby ) Mesoplodon bidens ( Sowerby , 1804 ) Deep ocean . Temperate North Atlantic I : DD Data Deficient CA : Special Concern Hubbs ' beaked whale ( Baleine à bec de Moore ) Mesoplodon carlhubbsi ( Moore , 1963 ) Temperate waters North Pacific I : DD Data Deficient CA : Not at Risk Stejneger 's beaked whale ( Baleine à bec de Stejneger ) Mesoplodon stejnegeri ( True , 1885 ) Cold , high sea . North Pacific I : DD Data Deficient CA : Not at Risk Family Delphinidae : Oceanic dolphins Common bottlenose dolphin ( Grand dauphin ) Tursiops truncatus ( Montagu , 1821 ) Coastal waters . Occasional in the Maritimes I : LC Least Concern Short - beaked common dolphin ( Dauphin commun à bec court ) Delphinus delphis ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Temperate high sea Atlantic and Pacific Continental shelves I : LC Least Concern Atlantic white - sided dolphin ( Dauphin à flancs blancs ) Lagenorhynchus acutus ( Gray , 1828 ) Temperate high sea . North Atlantic I : LC Least Concern Pacific white - sided dolphin ( Dauphin à flancs blancs du pacifique ) Lagenorhynchus obliquidens ( Gill , 1865 ) Temperate and subarctic seas . North Pacific I : LC Least Concern White - beaked dolphin ( Dauphin à bec blanc ) Lagenorhynchus albirostris ( Gray , 1846 ) High , cold sea . North Atlantic I : LC Least Concern Orca ( Épaulard or Orque ) Orcinus orca ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Prefers coastal waters . Atlantic , Pacific and parts of the Arctic I : DD Data Deficient CA : Varies BC : Varies Short - finned pilot whale ( Globicéphale du Pacifique ) Globicephala macrorhynchus ( Gray , 1846 ) Varied . Pacific Ocean I : DD Data Deficient CA : Not at Risk Long - finned pilot whale ( Globicéphale de l'Atlantique ) Globicephala melas ( Traill , 1809 ) Varied . North Atlantic I : DD Data Deficient Even - toed ungulates ( edit ) The even - toed ungulates are ungulates whose weight is borne about equally by the third and fourth toes , rather than mostly or entirely by the third as in perissodactyls . There are about 220 artiodactyl species worldwide , including many that are of great economic importance . Common name ( French name ) Species ( Authority ) Preferred habitat Native range Status Family Cervidae : Deers Elk ( Wapiti ) Cervus canadensis ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Varied , prefers open areas Southern Rockies and part of the prairies , reintroduced in several part of its former range . I : LC Least Concern ( Cervus elaphus ) ssp roosevelti BC : Blue list Moose ( Orignal ) Alces alces ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Subarctic and open forests Yukon to New Brunswick . Introduced in Newfoundland , Cape Breton and Anticosti Islands . I : LC Least Concern NS : Endangered Mule deer ( Cerf mulet ) Odocoileus hemionus ( Rafinesque , 1817 ) Subarctic and open forests West Coast to Prairies I : LC Least Concern MB : Threatened White - tailed deer ( Cerf de Virginie ) Odocoileus virginianus ( Zimmerman , 1780 ) Glens , rivers , marshes , forest edges Southern Rockies and Prairie Provinces to coast of Labrador and Maritimes . Introduced to the Anticosti Islands . I : LC Least Concern Caribou ( Caribou ) Rangifer tarandus ( Zimmerman , 1780 ) Tundra , Taiga and boreal forest Boreal forests across Canada , art parts of the Arctic and Rockies I : LC Least Concern AB : caribou & groenlandicus threatened MB : caribou threatened QC : Threatened NF : caribou threatened BC : Varies Family Antilocapridae : The Pronghorn Pronghorn ( Antilope d'Amérique or Pronghorn ) Antilocapra americana ( Ord , 1815 ) Prairies and plains Southern Saskatchewan and Alberta . I : LC Least Concern Family Bovidae : Bovids Wood bison ( Bison ) Bison bison athabascae ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Varied South of the Great Slaves Lake . Small reintroduced population found in several parts of its former range . I : NT Near Threatened ( Bison bison ) AB : Endangered BC : Red list Mountain goat ( Chèvre de montagne ) Oreamnos americanus ( Blainville , 1816 ) Mountains Various parts of the Western Cordillera I : LC Least Concern Muskox ( Boeuf musqué ) Ovibos moschatus ( Zimmermann , 1780 ) Arctic tundra Canadian Arctic I : LC Least Concern Bighorn sheep ( Mouflon d'Amérique ) Ovis canadensis ( Shaw , 1804 ) Alpine prairies South and southeastern Rockies I : LC Least Concern BC : Blue list Dall sheep ( Mouflon de Dall ) Ovis dalli Nelson , 1884 Alpine tundra Yukon and northern British Columbia I : LC Least Concern ssp . dalli BC : Blue list Marsupials ( edit ) Didelphimorphia is the order of common opossums of the Western Hemisphere . Opossums probably diverged from the basic South American marsupials in the late Cretaceous or early Paleocene. They are small to medium - sized marsupials , about the size of a large house cat , with a long snout and prehensile tail . Common name ( French name ) Species ( Authority ) Preferred habitat Native range Status Family Didelphidae : New World opossums Virginia opossum ( Opossum d'Amérique or de Virginie ) Didelphis virginiana ( Kerr , 1792 ) Humid lowland forests Southwestern Quebec , Ontario and British Columbia . Considered an exotic species by British Columbia . I : LC Least Concern Rabbits , hares , and pikas ( edit ) The lagomorphs comprise two families , Leporidae ( hares and rabbits ) , and Ochotonidae ( pikas ) . They can resemble rodents , but differ in a number of physical characteristics , such as having four incisors in the upper jaw rather than two . Common name ( French name ) Species ( Authority ) Preferred habitat Native range Status Family Ochotonidae : Pikas Collared pika ( Pica à collier ) Ochotona collaris ( Nelson , 1893 ) Mountains above the tree line Rockies of the Yukon I : LC Least Concern American pika ( Pica d'Amérique ) Ochotona princeps ( Richardson , 1828 ) Mountains near the tree line Southern British Columbia and Alberta I : LC Least Concern Family Leporidae : Rabbits and hares Eastern cottontail ( Lapin à queue blanche ) Sylvilagus floridanus ( J.A. Allen , 1890 ) Open woodlands Southern Manitoba , Saskatchewan Ontario and Quebec I : LC Least Concern Mountain cottontail ( Lapin de Nuttall ) Sylvilagus nuttallii ( J.A. Allen , 1890 ) Dry plains Southern Alberta and Saskatchewan , Okanagan and Similkameen valleys . I : LC Least Concern BC : Blue List ssp . nuttallii CA : Special Concern Snowshoe hare ( Lièvre d'Amérique ) Lepus americanus ( Erxleben , 1777 ) Forests Much of mainland Canada except southernmost Ontario I : LC Least Concern ssp . washingtonii BC : Red list Arctic hare ( Lièvre arctique ) Lepus arcticus ( Ross , 1819 ) Tundra Canadian Arctic ( including Arctic Archipelago ) , Labrador , Newfoundland I : LC Least Concern White - tailed jackrabbit ( Lièvre de Townsend ) Lepus townsendii ( Bachman , 1839 ) Fields Southern prairies , Okanagan Valley I : LC Least Concern BC : Red list Rodents ( edit ) Rodents make up the largest order of mammals , with over 40 percent of mammalian species . They have two incisors in the upper and lower jaw which grow continually and must be kept short by gnawing . Most rodents are small though the capybara , a rodent native to South America , can weigh up to 45 kg ( 100 lb ) . Common name ( French name ) Species ( Authority ) Preferred habitat Native range Status Family Erethizontidae : New World porcupines North American porcupine ( Porc - épic d'Amérique ) Erethizon dorsatum ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Forests South of the tree line I : LC Least Concern Family Aplodontiidae : mountain beaver Mountain beaver ( Castor de montagne ) Aplodontia rufa ( Rafinesque , 1817 ) Montane forests Southern British Columbia I : LC Least Concern CA : Special Concern BC : Blue list Family Castoridae : Beavers North American beaver ( Castor ) Castor canadensis ( Kuhl , 1820 ) Humid areas of forests All of Canada below the tree line except drier parts of the Prairies I : LC Least Concern Family Sciuridae : Squirrels Eastern gray squirrel ( Écureuil gris ) Sciurus carolinensis ( Gmelin , 1788 ) Prefers deep forests , but frequent in urban areas Southern Manitoba and northwestern Ontario , southern Quebec , Ontario and New Brunswick . I : LC Least Concern Eastern fox squirrel ( Écureuil fauve ) Sciurus niger ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Edge of forests and groves Southern Manitoba and Saskatchewan , British Columbia and Pelee Island I : LC Least Concern Douglas squirrel ( Écureuil de Douglas ) Tamiasciurus douglasii ( Bachman , 1839 ) Coniferous forests Southwestern British Columbia I : LC Least Concern American red squirrel ( Écureuil roux ) Tamiasciurus hudsonicus ( Erxleben , 1839 ) Forests Mainland Canada south of the Tree line , except the southern prairies and southwestern British Columbia ; Vancouver Island . I : LC Least Concern Northern flying squirrel ( Grand polatouche ) Glaucomys sabrinus ( Shaw , 1801 ) Boreal forest Mainland Canada south of the tree line except the southern Prairies . I : LC Least Concern Humboldt 's flying squirrel Glaucomys oregonensis ( Bachman , 1839 ) Boreal forest Southern British Columbia continuing south through US Border to California . I : Not evaluated Southern flying squirrel ( Petit polatouche ) Glaucomys volans ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Deciduous forests Southern Ontario , part of Quebec , southern Nova Scotia I : LC Least Concern QC : Listing Candidate Black - tailed prairie dog ( Chien de prairie à queue noire ) Cynomys ludovicianus ( Ord , 1815 ) Dry prairies Small part of southern Saskatchewan I : LC Least Concern CA : Special Concern Hoary marmot ( Marmotte des Rocheuses ) Marmota caligata ( Eschscholtz , 1829 ) Alpine tundra Rockies , Columbia , and Coast Mountains I : LC Least Concern Yellow - bellied marmot ( Marmotte à ventre jaune ) Marmota flaviventris ( Audubon and Bachman , 1841 ) Mountains Central British Columbia and southernmost Alberta I : LC Least Concern Groundhog ( Marmotte commune , Siffleux ) Marmota monax ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Broken ground Much of mainland Canada east of the Rockies , inland valleys and part western Yukon I : LC Least Concern Vancouver Island marmot ( Marmotte de Vancouver ) Marmota vancouverensis ( Swarth , 1911 ) Near the mountain tree line Vancouver Island I : CR Critically Endangered CA : Endangered BC : Red list Golden - mantled ground squirrel ( Spermophile à mante dorée ) Callospermophilus lateralis ( Say , 1823 ) Montane coniferous forests Southeastern Rockies I : LR / cd Lower Risk / conservation dependent Cascade golden - mantled ground squirrel ( Spermophile à mante dorée des Cascades ) Callospermophilus saturatus ' ( Rhoads , 1895 ) Southern British Columbia Cascade Range British Columbia I : LC Least Concern Franklin 's ground squirrel ( Écureuil terrestre de Franklin ) Poliocitellus franklinii ( Sabine , 1822 ) Parklands Northwestern Ontario and southern Prairies except short - grass prairies * I : LC Least Concern Thirteen - lined ground squirrel ( Spermophile rayé ) Ictidomys tridecemlineatus ( Mitchill , 1821 ) Groves , swamps , uncultivated land Southern Prairie Provinces I : LC Least Concern Columbian ground squirrel ( Spermophile du Columbia ) Urocitellus columbianus ( Ord , 1815 ) Montane open areas Southern Rocky mountains I : LC Least Concern Arctic ground squirrel ( Spermophile arctique ) Urocitellus parryii ( Richardson , 1825 ) Tundra without permafrost Mainland Arctic I : LC Least Concern Richardson 's ground squirrel ( Spermophile de Richardson ) Urocitellus richardsonii ( Sabine , 1822 ) Prairies South of the Prairie provinces I : LC Least Concern Yellow - pine chipmunk ( Tamia amène ) Tamias amoenus ( Allen , 1821 ) Dry montane forests Southern and central British Columbia and Alberta I : LC Least Concern Least chipmunk ( Tamia mineur ) Tamias minimus ( Bachman , 1839 ) Edges of forests , groves , but also open spaces Western Quebec to Yukon I : LC Least Concern ssp . selkirki AB : Red - tailed chipmunk ( Tamia à queue rousse ) Tamias ruficaudus ( A.H. Howell , 1839 ) High altitude forests and valley pine groves . Southern British Columbia and Alberta I : LC Least Concern CA : Vulnerable AB : May Be At Risk BC : Imperiled Eastern chipmunk ( Tamia rayé , Petit suisse ) Tamias striatus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Deciduous forests Southern half of Ontario and Quebec , and southern Manitoba I : LC Least Concern Townsend 's chipmunk ( Tamia de Townsend ) Tamias townsendii ( Bachman , 1839 ) Western Coast lowland and montane Tsuga forests Southwestern British Columbia I : LC Least Concern Family Geomyidae : Pocket gophers Plains pocket gopher ( Gaufre brun ) Geomys bursarius ( Shaw , 1800 ) Fields and banks Southern Manitoba I : LC Least Concern CA : Not at risk Northern pocket gopher ( Gaufre gris ) Thomomys talpoides ( Richardson , 1828 ) Open areas Southern Prairie Provinces and British Columbia I : LC Least Concern ssp . douglasii Vulnerable ssp . segregatus Near Threatened BC : Secure ssp . segregatus Red list Family Heteromyidae : Heteromyids Ord 's kangaroo rat ( Rat - kangourou d'Ord ) Dipodomys ordii ( Woodhouse , 1853 ) Semi-deserctic areas Great Sand Hills area I : LC Least Concern CA : Special Concern AB : Endangered Olive - backed pocket mouse ( Souris à abajoues des plaines ) Perognathus fasciatus ( Wied - Neuwied , 1839 ) Dry plains Southern prairies I : LC Least Concern CA : Sensitive Great Basin pocket mouse ( Souris à abajoues des pinèdes ) Perognathus parvus ( Peale , 1848 ) Dry plains Great Basin I : LC Least Concern CA : Sensitive BC : Red list Family Dipodidae : Jerboas Woodland jumping mouse ( Souris sauteuse des bois ) Napaeozapus insignis ( Miller , 1891 ) Forest streams Eastern Canada I : LC Least Concern Meadow jumping mouse ( Souris sauteuse des champs ) Zapus hudsonius ( Zimmermann , 1780 ) Wet fields Eastern Canada ( except Anticosti island and Newfoundland ) to Yukon I : LC Least Concern ssp . alascensis BC : Blue list Western jumping mouse ( Souris sauteuse de l'ouest ) Zapus princeps ( Allen , 1893 ) Prairies Rockies and Prairies I : LC Least Concern Pacific jumping mouse ( Souris sauteuse du Pacifique ) Zapus trinotatus ( Rhoads , 1893 ) Montane prairies Southwestern British Columbia I : LC Least Concern Family Cricetidae : Cricetids Southern red - backed vole ( Campagnol à dos roux de Gapper ) Myodes gapperi Vigors , 1830 Forests Most of the provinces , except Newfoundland and Vancouver Island I : LC Least Concern ssp . galei BC : Blue list ssp . occidentalis < BC : Red list Northern red - backed vole ( Campagnol à dos roux boréal ) Myodes rutilus Pallas , 1779 Shrubby tundra Mainland Arctic I : LC Least Concern Northern collared lemming ( Lemming variable or lemming à collerette ) Dicrostonyx groenlandicus ( Traill , 1823 ) Tundra Northern Arctic islands I : LC Least Concern Ungava collared lemming ( Lemming d'Ungava ) Dicrostonyx hudsonius ( Pallas , 1778 ) Tundra Northern Quebec I : LC Least Concern Victoria collared lemming ( -- ) Dicrostonyx kilangmiutak ( Anderson & Rand , 1945 ) Tundra Mainland Arctic , Banks , Victoria and King Williams Islands I : LC Least Concern Ogilvie Mountains collared lemming ( -- ) Dicrostonyx nunatakensis ( Youngman , 1967 ) Montane tundra Ogilvie Mountains I : LC Least Concern ( IUCN ) I : Critically Imperiled ( TNC ) Richardson 's collared lemming ( -- ) Dicrostonyx richardsoni ( Merriam , 1900 ) Tundra Arctic , roughly south of the Thelon River Basin I : LC Least Concern Sagebrush vole ( Campagnol des sauges ) Lemmiscus curtatus ( Cope , 1868 ) Sagebrush steppes Southern Alberta and Saskatchewan I : LC Least Concern North American brown lemming ( Lemming brun ) Lemmus trimucronatus ( Richardson , 1825 ) Tundra of Nunavut , Northwest Territories and Yukon , also west coast of BC almost South to Vancouver Island I : LC Least Concern Rock vole ( Campagnol des rochers ) Microtus chrotorrhinus ( Miller , 1894 ) Rocky areas Boreal Ontario and Quebec ; southernmost Labrador ; Gaspesia and northern New brunswick I : LC Least Concern QC : Listing Candidate ssp . ravus Data Deficient Long - tailed vole ( Campagnol longicaude ) Microtus longicaudus ( Miller , 1894 ) Varied Western Cordillera I : LC Least Concern Singing vole ( Campagnol chanteur ) Microtus miurus ( Osgood , 1901 ) Alpine tundra Yukon and neighbouring Northwest Territory . I : LC Least Concern Montane vole ( Campagnol montagnard ) Microtus montanus ( Peale , 1848 ) Shortgrass alpine prairies Central south British Columbia I : LC Least Concern Prairie vole ( Campagnol des prairies ) Microtus ochrogaster ( Wagner , 1842 ) Prairies Prairie provinces I : LC Least Concern Tundra vole ( Campagnol nordique ) Microtus oeconomus ( Pallas , 1776 ) Wet tundra Western Arctic I : LC Least Concern Creeping vole ( Campagnol de l'oregon ) Microtus oregoni ( Bachman , 1839 ) Humid coniferous forest Southern British Columbia I : LC Least Concern Meadow vole ( Campagnol des champs ) Microtus pennsylvanicus ( Ord , 1815 ) Wet fields All of Canada except Arctic and westernmost ranges I : LC Least Concern Woodland vole ( Campagnol sylvestre ) Microtus pinetorum ( Le Conte , 1830 ) Deciduous forests Southernmost Ontario and Quebec I : LC Least Concern CA : Special Concern QC : Listing Candidate Water vole ( Campagnol de Richardson ) Microtus richardsoni ( De Kay , 1842 ) Alpine prairies and streams Cascades and southern Rockies I : LC Least Concern Townsend 's vole ( Campagnol de Townsend ) Microtus townsendii ( Bachman , 1839 ) Saline marshes and fields Vancouver Island , nearby islands and Fraser River delta I : LC Least Concern ssp . cowani Conservation Dependent BC : Red list Taiga vole ( Campagnol à joues jaunes ) Microtus xanthognathus ( Leach , 1815 ) Forest streams From southwester Hudson Bay through northern Prairies and Yukon I : LC Least Concern Muskrat ( Rat musqué ) Ondatra zibethicus ( Linnaeus , 1766 ) Wetlands Most of Canada outside the Arctic and southwestern British Columbia I : LC Least Concern Western heather vole ( Campagnol des bruyères ) Phenacomys intermedius ( Merriam , 1889 ) Varied British Columbia I : LC Least Concern ssp . artemisiae Near Threatened ssp . sphagnicola Near Threatened Eastern heather vole ( Phénacomys d'Ungava ) Phenacomys ungava ( Merriam , 1889 ) Varied Quebec , Ontario and Labrador to southern Yukon I : LC Least Concern Northern bog lemming ( Campagnol - lemming boréal ) Synaptomys borealis ( Richardson , 1828 ) Peatlands Labrador to Alaska ; Gaspesia and northern New Brunswick I : LC Least Concern Southern bog lemming ( Campagnol - lemming de Cooper ) Synaptomys cooperi ( Baird , 1857 ) Peatlands Western Manitoba , central and southern Ontario and Quebec , New Brunswick , Nova Scotia I : LC Least Concern QC : Listing candidate Bushy - tailed woodrat ( Rat à queue touffue ) Neotoma cinerea ( Ord , 1815 ) Mountains Western Cordillera I : LC Least Concern Northwestern deer mouse ( Souris de keen ) Peromyscus keeni ( Rhoades , 1894 ) mild a rainy forests West of the Coastal Mountains I : LC Least Concern White - footed mouse ( Souris à pattes blanches ) Peromyscus leucopus ( Rafinesque , 1818 ) Deciduous forests Southern Alberta , Saskatchewan , Ontario , Quebec and Nova Scotia I : LC Least Concern Deer mouse ( Souris sylvestre ) Peromyscus maniculatus ( Wagner , 1845 ) Anywhere except wetlands Much of Canada south of the tree line except Newfoundland I : LC Least Concern Western harvest mouse ( Souris - moissonneuse occidentale ) Reithrodontomys megalotis ( Baird , 1858 ) Prairies Okanagan Valley ( ssp . dychei ) , south of Alberta and Saskatchewann ( ssp . megalotis ) I : LC Least Concern CA : Special Concern ( dychei ) CA : Endangered ( megalotis ) BC : Blue list AB : Unknown SA : Unknown Northern grasshopper mouse ( Souris à sauterelles ) Onychomys leucogaster ( Wied - Neuwied , 1841 ) Southern Prairies Prairies I : LC Least Concern Shrews and moles ( edit ) Eulipotyphlans are insectivorous mammals . Shrews and solenodons closely resemble mice , hedgehogs carry spines , while moles are stout - bodied burrowers . Common name ( French name ) Species ( Authority ) Preferred habitat Native range Status Family Soricidae : Shrews Northern short - tailed shrew ( Grande musaraigne ) Blarina brevicauda ( Say , 1823 ) Deciduous forests Eastern Saskatchewan to Maritime provinces I : LC Least Concern North American least shrew ( Petite musaraigne ) Cryptotis parva ( Say , 1823 ) Fields , clearings and salt marshes Long point , Ontario I : LC Least Concern CA : Possibly extirpated Arctic shrew ( Musaraigne arctique ) Sorex arcticus ( Kerr , 1792 ) Peatlands and marshes From the Northwest Territory to central Quebec I : LC Least Concern Maritime shrew ( Musaraigne des Maritimes ) Sorex maritimensis ( Smith , 1939 ) Peatlands and marshes New Brunswick and Nova Scotia I : LC Least Concern The Nature Conservancy : Vulnerable Marsh shrew ( Musaraigne de Bendire ) Sorex bendirii ( Smith , 1939 ) Coniferous forests Fraser Valley I : LC Least Concern CA : Threatened BC : Red List Masked shrew ( Musaraigne cendrée ) Sorex cinereus ( Smith , 1939 ) Varied Most of Mainland Canada except northernmost Quebec ; Prince Edward and Cape Breton islands I : LC Least Concern Long - tailed shrew ( Musaraigne longicaude ) Sorex dispar ( Batchelder , 1911 ) Wet banks Appalachians , Pennsylvania to New Brunswick I : LC Least Concern Smoky shrew ( Musaraigne fuligineuse ) Sorex fumeus ( Miller , 1895 ) Deciduous forests Great lakes to Maritimes I : LC Least Concern Gaspé shrew ( Musaraigne de Gaspé ) Sorex gaspensis ( Anthony & Goodwin , 1924 ) Near forest streams Gaspesia and northern New Brunswick ; Cape Breton Island I : LC Least Concern CA : Not at Risk QC : Listing Candidate Prairie shrew ( Musaraigne des steppes ) Sorex haydeni ( Baird , 1857 ) Grassland Southern Prairies I : LC Least Concern American pygmy shrew ( Musaraigne pygmée ) Sorex hoyi ( Baird , 1857 ) Forest clearings Yukon and eastern Cordillera to Labrador and Maritimes I : LC Least Concern Merriam 's shrew ( Musaraigne de Merriam ) Sorex merriami ( Dobson , 1890 ) Grasslands Extreme southern British Columbia I : LC Least Concern BC : Red List Montane shrew ( Musaraigne sombre ) Sorex monticolus ( Merriam , 1890 ) Montane streams and marshes Western Cordillera I : LC Least Concern American water shrew ( Musaraigne palustre ) Sorex palustris ( Richardson , 1828 ) Lakes and marshes Western Cordillera to Labrador and Maritimes except southern Prairies and southernmost Ontario I : LC Least Concern ssp . brooksi BC : Red List Preble 's shrew ( Musaraigne de Preble ) Sorex preblei ( Jackson , 1922 ) Montane streams and marshes Southcentral British Columbia I : LC Least Concern BC : Red list Trowbridge 's shrew ( Musaraigne de Trowbridge ) Sorex trowbridgii ( Baird , 1857 ) Coniferous forests Lower Fraser Valley I : LC Least Concern BC : Blue list Tundra shrew ( -- ) Sorex tundrensis ( Merriam , 1900 ) Tundra Yukon and Northwest territory I : LC Least Concern BC : Red list Barren ground shrew ( -- ) Sorex ugyunak ( Anderson & Rand , 1945 ) Tundra Mainland Arctic I : LC Least Concern Vagrant shrew ( Musaraigne errante ) Sorex vagrans ( Baird , 1857 ) Montane streams Southern Cordillera I : LC Least Concern Family Talpidae : Moles Star - nosed mole ( Condylure étoilé ) Condylura cristata ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Wet forests Manitoba , Ontario , Quebec , Labrador , New Brunswick and Nova Scotia I : LC Least Concern Coast mole ( Taupe du Pacifique ) Scapanus orarius ( True , 1896 ) Alpine coniferous forest Southwestern British Columbia I : LC Least Concern Townsend 's mole ( Taupe de Townsend ) Scapanus townsendii ( Bachman , 1839 ) Fields Southwestern British Columbia I : LC Least Concern CA : Endangered BC : Red List Shrew - mole ( Taupe de Townsend ) Neurotrichus gibbsii ( Baird , 1858 ) Banks Southwestern British Columbia I : LC Least Concern Eastern mole ( Taupe à queue glabre ) Scalopus aquaticus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Open woodlands Point Pelee area I : LC Least Concern CA : Special Concern Hairy - tailed mole ( Taupe à queue velue ) Parascalops breweri ( Bachman , 1842 ) Dry loose soils Southern Quebec and Ontario I : LC Least Concern Introduced or accidental species ( edit ) A number of wild mammalians may be found in Canadian territory without being confirmed natives . Some were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced . These include the house mouse ( Mus musculus ) , and Norway and black rats ( respectively Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus ) . Other include escaped animals ; the Coypu ( Myocastor coypus ) , European rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) and Hares ( Lepus europaeus ) , as well as feral cats , dogs and horses fall into this category . Fallow deers ( Dama dama ) and wild boars ( Sus scrofa ) were introduced for hunting . Finally , other species are encountered only accidentally , or so rarely in Canadian territory that it is impossible to tell whether they are permanent resident . Most of these species are cetaceans , some generally poorly known : Risso 's dolphin ( Grampus griseus ) , the dwarf and pygmy sperm whales ( Kogia sima and K. breviceps ) , Blainville 's and True 's beaked whale ( Mesoplodon densirostris and M. mirus ) , the false killer whale ( Pseudorca crassidens ) , and the striped dolphin ( Stenella coeruleoalba ) . The big free - tailed and evening bats ( respectively Nyctinomops macrotis and Nycticeius humeralis ) , as well as the New England cottontail ( Sylvilagus transitionalis ) are found mostly in areas south of the U.S. - Canada frontier , and occasionally in Canada . The only Canadian , and also last known specimen of the sea mink ( Mustela macrodon ) was captured on Campobello Island , New Brunswick in 1894 . It is unknown whether the species was ever native to the country , but an unidentified animal reported in 1785 suggest it might have been more common in the Maritimes . Odd - toed ungulates ( edit ) Domestic horses were brought to Canada by humans , but some have since established feral populations . There are approximately 2,000 wild horses in western Canada and another 300 on Sable Island . See free - roaming horse management in North America . Common name ( French name ) Species ( Authority ) Preferred habitat Family Equidae : Horses Wild horse ( Equus ferus ) Equus ferus caballus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Chilcotin Plateau , eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains , Bronson Forest , and Sable Island Primates ( edit ) The only primates that live in Canada are humans . The species originated in east Africa and is unrelated to South American primates . Humans first arrived in large numbers to Canada around 15,000 years ago from North Asia , and surged in migration starting 400 years ago from around the world , especially from Europe . Common name ( French name ) Species ( Authority ) Preferred habitat Family Hominidae : Great apes Human ( Homme moderne ) Homo sapiens sapiens ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) urban areas or agricultural areas , but can be found almost anywhere Extinct , extirpated or reintroduced species ( edit ) Out of three species that have been extirpated in Canada in written history , two have since been reintroduced . It is not clear whether a fourth species , the aforementioned sea mink , was ever a resident of Canada . The black - footed ferret ( Mustela nigripes ) became extirpated in Canada in 1937 . Between the 1950s and 1981 , it was suspected to be entirely extinct until a wild population was discovered in 1981 in Wyoming . The swift fox and sea otter both were extirpated in Canada in the 1930s , but were successfully reintroduced in the beginning of the 1970s . Notes ( edit ) A ^ Banfield , Mammals of Canada , pp. xiv - xv . B ^ National Symbol of Canada Act 1985 R.S.C. , c . N - 17 : `` the Beaver ( Castor canadensis ) is a symbol of the sovereignty of Canada '' . National Horse of Canada Act 2002 S.C. 2002 , c. 11 . See also ( edit ) Fauna of Canada Lists of mammals by region List of prehistoric mammals References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species '' . International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources . Archived from the original on 27 June 2014 . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : I : International . Uses IUCN where available CA : Canadian status , if any Provincial statuses , if any and different from federal status . Jump up ^ Sometimes considered a subspecies of M. leibii . ^ Jump up to : Sometimes considered a subspecies of M. keenii Jump up ^ This species is often treated as a subspecies of L. borealis Jump up ^ Formerly Lous - cervier . Jump up ^ It is not clear whether a sustainable population exists or not in Eastern Canada . The species was practically exterminated by the 1970s , but a large number of observations since and the capture of a specimen in 1992 have made the species ' status in Eastern Canada a subject of controversy amongst biologists . Jump up ^ `` Renard polaire '' is preferred in Europe , while `` renard arctique '' is more common in Quebec . Jump up ^ The species is occasionally reported as far south as Central Ontario and Cape Breton Island , and is known to travel south on floes . Jump up ^ According to COSEWIC , the species `` ( m ) et criterion for Endangered ( ... ) , but due to rescue effect was designated Threatened . '' Jump up ^ `` Loup gris '' is used when contrast with C. rufus ( `` Loup rouge '' ) is needed . Jump up ^ The prairies population has been extirpated . Jump up ^ If distinction from other Procyon species is needed , `` raton laveur commun '' is used . Jump up ^ Frequently just `` belette '' , or `` belette d'Europe '' if distinction from other Mustela species is needed . Jump up ^ Cape Breton Island only Jump up ^ Ssp . luscus is Blue - listed . Ssp . vancouverensis is Red - listed . Jump up ^ Reintroduced in the 1970s ; the species had been extirpated in Canada around the start of the 20th century . Jump up ^ This species is often considered a subspecies of the eastern spotted skunk , S. putorius , which is otherwise not found in Canada . Jump up ^ If distinction is needed with Arctocephalus fosteri , the southern or New Zealand fur seal , `` otarie à fourrure du Nord '' is used . Jump up ^ Also `` lion de mer de Steller '' . Jump up ^ Sources conflict as to whether classify this species with Phoca or Pagophilus . Jump up ^ IUCN records this species as Baleine du Groenland . Jump up ^ The IUCN ranks the Okhotsk Sea subpopulation as Endangered EN and the Bering - Chukchi - Beaufort Sea population as Least Concern LC . Jump up ^ COSEWIC ranks the Davis Strait - Baffin and Bay - Foxe Basin populations as Threatened and the Bering - Chukchi - Beaufort Sea population as Special Concern . ^ Jump up to : Also Baleine noire . The recognition of Eubalaena japonica as a separate species has not yet effected common French names . Jump up ^ COSEWIC ranks the Pacific population as Threatened and the Atlantic one as Special Concern . Jump up ^ COSEWIC ranks the Pacific population as Threatened and the Atlantic one as Not at Risk . Jump up ^ IUCN lists the species as Near Threatened ; TNC lists it as Apparently Secure . Jump up ^ The various populations have ranks varying between Special Concern and Endangered . Jump up ^ The St. Laurence Estuary population is designated Threatened , other populations are listing candidates . Jump up ^ Sometimes simply `` Marsouin '' Jump up ^ Population of the Scotian Shelf only . Jump up ^ Might be a subspecies of M. bowdoini . Jump up ^ Populations in the Pacific are ranked Threatened , Endangered or Special Concern . The Atlantic population is considered Data Deficient . ^ Jump up to : Populations are Blue - or Red - listed . Jump up ^ Some debate remains as to whether consider this species the same or not as Red Deer , C. elaphus . Jump up ^ On mainland only . Jump up ^ The name `` chevreuil '' is frequent in Quebec , but considered improper , as it normally applies to the European Roe Deer , Capreolus capreolus . Jump up ^ If distinction is needed with B. bonasus , `` bison d'Amérique '' is used . Jump up ^ This species and the European Sciurus vulgaris both share the same French name . Jump up ^ COSEWIC originally designated this species as Special Concern in 1988 . It has since been discovered that the range is much larger than previously thought , and the species was delisted in 2006. ( `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 01 . , ( 1 ) ) Jump up ^ Originally assessed as Special Concern , was reassessed in 1998 ^ Jump up to : Myodes , MSW3 Jump up ^ The name was originally applied to D. torquatus , of which D. groenlandicus was originally considered to be a subspecies . ^ Jump up to : Whether or not this species is a subspecies of D. groenlandicus is unclear . Jump up ^ The North American L. sibiricus are now recognized as a separate species . IUCN still treats both as L. sibiricus . Jump up ^ This species is now considered to include P. sitkensis and P. oreas , as well as several subspecies of P. maniculatus Jump up ^ Ranked as `` Vulnerable '' in both province by The Nature Conservancy ^ Jump up to : The available evidence indicates that S. gaspensis is a junior synonym for S. dispar but regulatory regimes have not yet fully incorporated that finding . Jump up ^ Formerly considered Special Concern Jump up ^ Also Sorex obscurus in older sources . Jump up ^ Some authorities consider L. europaeus and L. capensis ( Cape hare ) to be the same species . Sources ( edit ) Banfield , Alexander W.F. ( 1974 ) . The Mammals of Canada . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 2137 - 9 . Wilson , Don E. ; Sue Ruff ( 1999 ) . The Smithsonian book of North American mammals . Washington : Smithsonian Institution Press . ISBN 1 - 56098 - 845 - 2 . Prescott , Jacques ; Piere Richard ( 2004 ) . Mammifères du Québec et de l'Est du Canada ( in French ) ( Rev. 2nd ed . ) . Waterloo , Quebec : Éditions Michel Quintin . ISBN 2 - 89435 - 270 - 0 . `` The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species : Mammals of Canada '' . IUCN. 2001 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 29 . `` Species at Risk '' . Environment Canada . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 29 . `` Wild Species 2000 Search Tool '' . Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 29 . `` Database of species assessed by COSEWIC '' . Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 29 . `` BC Species and Ecosystems Explorer '' . British Columbia Ministry of Environment . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 01 . `` Species Currently Listed under the Wildlife Act and New Species Assessed by the ESCC '' . Alberta Sustainable Resource Development . March 22 , 2007 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 01 . `` Wild Species at Risk in Saskatchewan '' . Saskatchewan Environment . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 01 . `` Species Listed Under the Manitoba Endangered Species Act '' . Manitoba Conservation . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 01 . `` Species at Risk in Ontario List '' . Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 01 . `` Liste des espèces fauniques menacées ou vulnérables , ou susceptibles d'être désignées menacées ou vulnérables au Québec '' ( in French ) . Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune du Québec . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 01 . `` Animals at risk '' . New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 01 . `` NS Endangered Species Act : Legally Listed Species as of 2006 '' . Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources Wildlife Division . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 01 . `` Wildlife at Risk '' . Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Environment and Conservation . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 01 . `` Yukon Species At Risk '' . Yukon Department of Environment . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 01 . `` NWT Species Monitoring Infobase '' . Northwest Territory Wildlife Division . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 01 . Further reading ( edit ) Feldhamer , George A ; Bruce Carlyle Thompson ; Joseph A. Chapman ( 2003 ) . Wild mammals of North America ( 2nd ed . ) . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0801874165 External links ( edit ) Databases : Division of Mammals : Department of Vertebrate Zoology : NMNH - i.e. printable Field Guide to mammals of North America Mammal Species of the World , 3rd edition ( MSW3 ) - database of mammalian taxonomy IUCN Red List of Threatened Species List of mammals of Canada ( by province or territory ) Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Book Portal WikiProject List of mammals of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands ( hide ) Threatened species by region By region Blue - listed Environmental Vulnerability Index Regional Red List Australasia Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 ROTAP Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 Threatened ecological community Trade in Endangered Species Act 1989 Canada Species at Risk Act Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada Europe European Endangered Species Programme Funds for Endangered Parrots South Africa Endangered Wildlife Trust United States Distinct population segment Endangered Species Act of 1973 Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978 Endangered species recovery plan Endangered Wolf Center National Wildlife Refuge NatureServe conservation status The Nature Conservancy Lists Asia List of endangered and protected species of China Endangered mammals of India List of endangered animals in India List of endangered species in Pakistan List of threatened species of the Philippines List of endangered species in Vietnam Europe Threatened mammals of Europe Endangered plants of Europe List of United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan species List of extinct and endangered species of Italy List of extinct and endangered species of Lithuania North America List of endangered plants in North America List of endangered species in North America Endangered mammals and birds of the United States List of threatened mammals of the United States List of threatened birds of the United States List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States Elsewhere Threatened fauna of Australia List of threatened flora of Australia List of endangered flora of Brazil List of threatened mammals of Brazil List of threatened birds of Brazil Threatened species Template : Threatened species by region IUCN Red List Categories Extinct Extinct ( EX ) Extinct in the Wild ( EW ) Threatened Critically Endangered ( CR ) Endangered ( EN ) Vulnerable ( VU ) Lower risk Near Threatened ( NT ) Least Concern ( LC ) Lower Risk ( LR ) Conservation Dependent ( LR / cd ) Not fully assessed Data Deficient ( DD ) Not Evaluated ( NE ) Species Lists Extinct Extinct in the Wild Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Near Threatened Least Concern Data Deficient WP categories Extinct Extinct in the Wild Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Near Threatened Least Concern Data Deficient CITES Appendix I Appendix II Appendix III By taxa Endangered arthropods / spiders Threatened Banksia / rays / sharks / Fungi / Chromista The World 's 25 Most Endangered Primates The world 's 100 most threatened species Conservation Biodiversity action plan Biodiversity threats Conservation biology CITES ARKive Bird conservation Conservation status Conservation - reliant species Ecoregion conservation status Habitat destruction Latent extinction risk Rare species Vulnerability and susceptibility Pre-2001 categories and subcategories shown in italics . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_mammals_of_Canada&oldid=808453270 '' Categories : Lists of biota of Canada Mammals of Canada Lists of mammals by location Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Українська اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 23 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many species of mammals are in canada	[ "This is a list of the mammal species recorded in Canada. There are approximately 200 mammal species native to Canada. Its large territorial size and variety of ecosystems, ranging from mountains to plains to urban housing, mean that Canada can harbour a great variety of species, including nearly half of the known cetaceans. The most well represented order is that of the rodents, and the smallest that of the Didelphimorphia (common opossums)." ]	[ "approximately 200" ]
-6469244269747473871	Like Toy Soldiers	Like Toy Soldiers - wikipedia Like Toy Soldiers Jump to : navigation , search `` Like Toy Soldiers '' Single by Eminem from the album Encore Released January 24 , 2005 Format CD digital download Recorded Genre Conscious hip hop Length 4 : 56 Label Aftermath Shady Interscope Goliath Songwriter ( s ) Eminem Luis Resto M. Dawson M.J. Margules Producer ( s ) Eminem Luis Resto ( add . ) Eminem singles chronology `` Encore / Curtains Down '' ( 2004 ) `` Like Toy Soldiers '' ( 2005 ) `` Mockingbird '' ( 2005 ) `` Encore / Curtains Down '' ( 2004 ) `` Like Toy Soldiers '' ( 2005 ) `` Mockingbird '' ( 2005 ) Music video `` Like Toy Soldiers '' on YouTube `` Like Toy Soldiers '' is a song by American rapper Eminem , from his fifth album Encore ( 2005 ) . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' received positive reviews from music critics , and peaked at number 34 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Outside the United States , `` Like Toy Soldiers '' topped the charts in the United Kingdom and peaked within the top 10 of the charts in 12 countries , including Australia and New Zealand . The song samples `` Toy Soldiers '' by Martika . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Critical reception 3 Music video 4 Track listing 5 Charts 6 Certifications 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Content ( edit ) `` Like Toy Soldiers '' tells the story of Eminem 's attempts to calm a violent community of rappers . Eminem speaks openly about problems with The Source magazine and its editor Benzino , as well as the situation between 50 Cent and Ja Rule and his label Murder Inc. , which Eminem felt went far beyond the Jay Z vs. Nas feud . The song finishes as Eminem offers a truce to his enemies . In addition , this song also reveals that Eminem had tried to stop Ja Rule & 50 Cent 's feud , but lost it when he heard Ja Rule making fun of his daughter on a track called `` Loose Change '' - ( `` The Ja Shit , I tried to squash it , It was too late to stop it , There 's a certain line you just do n't cross and he crossed it , I heard him say Hailie 's name on a song and I just lost it '' ) . In the song `` Loose Change '' , Ja Rule says Eminem claims his then ex-wife is `` a known slut '' and his mother `` a crackhead '' , and then asks him `` so what 's Hailie gon na be when she grows up ? '' . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' was later included on Eminem 's compilation album Curtain Call : The Hits in 2013 . Throughout his career , Eminem , at most , only alludes to Suge Knight , completing a line in this song , `` my intentions were good , I went through my whole career without ever mentioning - . '' Styles P used the instrumental version in his song `` Soldiers Song '' , in 2006 . As a result of this song , Eminem refused to get himself involved in some of 50 Cent 's later feuds , including Jadakiss , Fat Joe ( both of whom he collaborated with in 2005 ) , and The Game . Critical reception ( edit ) AllMusic highlighted the song . A positive overview came from J - 23 : `` '' Like Toy Soldiers '' is among his best work here , from his production ( complete with Martika sample ) , to his gripping recount , assessment and conclusion of the Benzino and Murder Inc beefs . '' Pitchfork was also positive , calling it : a public hand - wringing over the feuds that Em and 50 Cent have been drawn into , the consequences of these battles , and -- most importantly -- the toll they 've taken , both physically and emotionally . The martial beat is a bit heavy - handed , but it 's counterbalanced by the pleasantly surprising chorus ' sample of Martika 's `` Toy Soldiers '' , perhaps a nod to either Kanye 's helium - vocaled samples or the 00s trend toward trance - pop covers of 80s hits . NME wrote a favorable review : ' Like Toy Soldiers ' is a case in point . The best track of this album , and probably any album this year , it should be appalling . It interpolates ( by which we mean ' steals ' ) the chorus to a long - forgotten ' 80s power ballad by Martika , which would be a surefire route to disaster in anyone else 's hands . Instead , with its martial drumbeat , unashamedly vast - scale soft rock dynamics and that similarly monolithic chorus , it is perhaps hip - hop 's first genuine lighters - in - the - air stadium anthem . And yet it 's probably the most personal track on the album ... as Em tries to draw a line under the various beefs he and his cohorts have been embroiled in . `` Even though the battle was won / I feel like we lost it / I spent ( so much energy ) on it / Honestly I 'm exhausted '' , he admits . If the sheer volume and widescreen sweep of ' Like Toy Soldiers ' is a cover for this exhaustion , then it sure works . Rolling Stone Magazine described : `` it 's really mature , as when the Martika - sampling `` Like Toy Soldiers '' renounces battle rhyming and its deadly consequences . '' USA Today noted : `` A military drumbeat drives Like Toy Soldiers , in which Eminem offers an explanation for his beef with the Murder Inc. rap clique , The Source magazine and its rapper / owner Benzino , and his part in a dispute between 50 Cent and Ja Rule . He seems to wish none of it had ever happened , and he 's ready to move on . '' RapReviews was less positive : `` Continuing to wring out sympathy from his tear - soaked towel of a life , Eminem doubles - up with `` Like Toy Soldiers , '' another self - produced , self - sorry introspection on the Slim Shady saga . '' The Guardian was happy of sampling : `` Like Toy Soldiers , about Ja Rule and Benzino , is similarly brilliant . Set to the album 's one genuinely fantastic backing track , involving a military drumbeat and a sample from Martika 's forgotten 1980s hit Toy Soldiers , its lyrics switch from truce - calling to belligerent indignation and back again , often in the space of one line . '' The New York Times described : `` ( Like ) Toy Soldiers , '' scheduled to be the next single , recycles the 1980s pop hit by Martika so that Eminem can rehash his beefs with Ja Rule and the Source . But the vitriol is mainly gone , and he sounds sad and clear - eyed , ending the rhyme by proposing a truce : `` It 's not a plea that I 'm coppin ' / I 'm just willing to be the bigger man / If y'all can ( quiet ) poppin ' / Off at the jaws ( with the knockin ' ) , / ' Cause frankly I 'm sick of talkin ' / I 'm not gon na let someone else 's coffin / Rest on my conscience . '' Stylus Magazine , however , is a bit negative : `` perhaps you do n't mind that Em ruins maybe the best musical moment on the record , the Martika interpolation of `` Like Toy Soldiers '' , just so he can recapitulate ad nauseum ( sic ) the details of his pitiful n - word controversy ( and somehow indirectly blame Afrocentrism for his youthful idiocy ) . '' Entertainment Weekly was very critical of the song : `` Instead of addressing other matters that extend beyond his immediate universe , he wastes time attacking his sworn enemies at The Source ( in both ' Like Toy Soldiers ' and ' Yellow Brick Road ' ) . '' The Boston Phoenix called it a `` self - knowing anti-anthem '' . SPIN , however , seemed to put the song in a different light : `` On ' Like Toy Soldiers , ' over a stirring , ' Jesus Walks ' - style loop of Martika 's doleful ' 80s hit , Eminem brings light , not heat , to a couple years ' worth of beefs , from 50 Cent 's feud with the Murder Inc. crew to Em 's conflict with rapper Benzino and The Source 's edit staff , stating his case while resisting the urge to pour gas on any fires . '' Music video ( edit ) Released on December 3 , 2004 , the song 's video starts with two young boys , one who is white and one who is black , reading a book called `` Toy Soldiers , '' which contains the lyrics of this song . It begins at the hospital where Eminem and other rappers are watching , in despair , the doctors trying to save D12 member Bugz ( played by fellow D12 member Proof ) , who was killed in 1999 . Eminem is then seen in a series of scenes rapping the song in a deserted alleyway , before the video goes through a series of scenes showing the various feuds mentioned in the song . They include seeing the news , rappers battling in studios , and street encounters . Near the end , Eminem stands shocked seeing the shooting of Bugz . It switches back to the hospital , where Bugz dies , and finishes at his funeral , which has a choir in which the black child and the white child from when Martika starts to sing . Cameo appearances in the video include 50 Cent , Luis Resto , Dr. Dre , Obie Trice , and D12 . Dead rappers include Tupac Shakur , The Notorious B.I.G. , Big L , and Bugz are also shown in animation form at the end of the music video to show the fatal consequences of rap wars . In a case of life imitating art , Proof himself was shot and killed on April 11 , 2006 after an altercation broke out at a nightclub in Detroit , Michigan . `` In the year after he ( Proof ) died , I would stare at the ceiling and think about that video ( Like Toy Soldiers ) . Did karma cause that to happen in real life ? Did I ? You always want to point the finger at somebody else when something like that happens , you know ? '' Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' 4 : 56 2 . `` Just Lose It '' ( DJ Green Lantern Remix ) 3 : 30 Total length : 8 : 26 Digital EP No . Title Length 1 . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' 4 : 56 2 . `` Rabbit Run '' ( Soundtrack Version ) 3 : 10 3 . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' ( Instrumental ) 4 : 43 Total length : 12 : 09 UK CD1 No . Title Length 1 . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' 4 : 56 2 . `` Rabbit Run '' ( Soundtrack Version ) 3 : 10 Total length : 8 : 06 UK CD2 No . Title Length 1 . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' 4 : 56 2 . `` Rabbit Run '' ( Soundtrack Version ) 3 : 10 3 . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' ( Instrumental ) 4 : 43 4 . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' ( Music Video ) 4 : 56 Total length : 17 : 05 UK DVD No . Title Length 3 . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' ( Music Video ) 4 : 56 4 . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' ( Making of the Video ) 3 : 00 Total length : 7 : 56 German CD Single No . Title Length 1 . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' 4 : 56 2 . `` Just Lose It '' ( DJ Green Lantern Remix ) 3 : 10 3 . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' ( Instrumental ) 4 : 43 4 . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' ( Music Video ) 4 : 56 Total length : 17 : 25 UK CD2 No . Title Length 1 . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' 4 : 56 2 . `` Just Lose It '' ( DJ Green Lantern Remix ) 3 : 30 Total length : 8 : 26 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 18 Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 16 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Eurochart Hot 100 ( Billboard ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 15 France ( SNEP ) 34 Germany ( Media Control AG ) 8 Hungary ( Mahasz ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 8 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 14 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 34 US Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 24 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 64 US Pop 100 ( Billboard ) 24 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of European number - one hits of 2013 List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Like Toy Soldiers by Eminem Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Reid , Shaheem ( 2003 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Ja Rule Calls 50 ' Loose Change , ' Disses ' Feminem ' And Dr. Dre '' . MTV.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine ( 2004 - 11 - 12 ) . `` Encore - Eminem Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ J - 23 ( 2004 - 11 - 15 ) . `` Eminem - Encore '' . HipHopDX . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Scott Plagenhoef ( 2004 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Eminem : Encore Album Reviews '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Pete Cashmore ( 2005 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Eminem : Encore '' . NME . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Robert Christgau ( 2004 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Encore Album Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Jones , Steve ( 2004 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Eminem 's edgy ' Encore ' deserves an ovation '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Corne , James ( 2004 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Eminem : : Encore : : Shady / Aftermath / Interscope '' . RapReviews . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Alexis Petridis ( November 12 , 2004 ) . `` CD : Eminem , Encore Music '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Sanneh , Kelefa ( 2004 - 11 - 15 ) . `` All the Time in the World , Slim Shady ? That 's Scary '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Love , Josh ( 2004 - 11 - 12 ) . `` Eminem - Encore - Review '' . Stylus Magazine . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Browne , David ( 2004 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Encore '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 793 ) : 80 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Soults , Franklin ( November 26 , 2004 ) . `` Eminem : Encore '' . The Boston Phoenix . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pappademas , Alex ( January 2005 ) . `` Good - bye , Yellow Brick Road '' . SPIN : 95 -- 96 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Mathers , Marshall . The way I am . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Like Toy Soldiers - Single by Eminem '' . Itunes.apple.com. 2005 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Like Toy Soldiers - EP by Eminem '' . Itunes.apple.com. 2005 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Like Toy Soldiers ( CD 2 ) : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Like Toy Soldiers ( CD 1 ) : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Like Toy Soldiers ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Eminem : Music '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Like Toy Soldiers : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Like Toy Soldiers ( Pock It ) : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Amazon.co.uk. 2009 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers '' . australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers '' ( in German ) . austriancharts.at . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers '' ( in Dutch ) . ultratop.be . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers '' ( in French ) . ultratop.be . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers '' . danishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem Album & Song Chart History : European Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers '' . finnishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers '' ( in French ) . lescharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chartverfolgung / Eminem / Single '' ( in German ) . musicline.de . Media Control Charts . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ -- Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége '' ( in Hungarian ) . mahasz.hu . Mahasz . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Eminem '' . irish-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers '' . italiancharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 6 , 2005 '' . top40.nl . Dutch Top 40 . Archived from the original ( in Dutch ) on 22 August 2011 . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers '' . charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Lose Yourself '' . norwegiancharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers '' . swedishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers '' ( in German ) . hitparade.ch . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Eminem Album & Song Chart History : Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem Album & Song Chart History : Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem Album & Song Chart History : R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic . Macrovision . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2005 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Eminem -- Like Toy Soldiers '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Like Toy Soldiers in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Eminem -- Like Toy Soldiers '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Official song video Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Eminem songs Discography Production discography Awards and nominations D12 singles discography Bad Meets Evil discography Slim Shady EP `` Just Do n't Give a Fuck '' The Slim Shady LP `` My Name Is '' `` Role Model '' `` Guilty Conscience '' The Marshall Mathers LP `` The Real Slim Shady '' `` The Way I Am '' `` Stan '' The Eminem Show `` Without Me '' `` Cleanin ' Out My Closet '' `` Superman '' `` Sing for the Moment '' `` Business '' 8 Mile soundtrack `` Lose Yourself '' Encore `` Just Lose It '' `` Mosh '' `` Encore '' `` Like Toy Soldiers '' `` Mockingbird '' `` Ass Like That '' Curtain Call : The Hits `` When I 'm Gone '' `` Shake That '' Eminem Presents : The Re-Up `` You Do n't Know '' `` Jimmy Crack Corn '' Relapse `` Crack a Bottle '' `` We Made You '' `` 3 a.m. '' `` Old Time 's Sake '' `` Beautiful '' Refill `` Forever '' `` Hell Breaks Loose '' `` Elevator '' `` Music Box '' Recovery `` Not Afraid '' `` Love the Way You Lie '' `` No Love '' `` Space Bound '' The Marshall Mathers LP 2 `` Berzerk '' `` Survival '' `` Rap God '' `` The Monster '' `` Headlights '' SHADYXV `` Guts Over Fear '' `` Detroit vs. Everybody '' Southpaw soundtrack `` Phenomenal '' `` Kings Never Die '' Collaborations `` Dead Wrong '' `` Forgot About Dre '' `` The Watcher '' `` Renegade '' `` Rock City '' `` Hellbound '' `` Rap Name '' `` Shit Hits the Fan '' `` One Day at a Time '' `` Welcome 2 Detroit '' `` Smack That '' `` Touchdown `` Drop the World '' `` Roman 's Revenge '' `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' `` That 's All She Wrote '' `` I Need a Doctor '' `` Writer 's Block '' `` Throw That '' `` My Life '' `` C'mon Let Me Ride '' `` Numb '' `` Calm Down '' `` Best Friend '' `` The Hills '' ( Remix ) `` No Favors '' Other songs `` ' 97 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Kim '' `` Bitch Please II '' `` White America '' `` ' Till I Collapse '' `` The Warning '' `` Wo n't Back Down '' `` Bad Guy '' `` Rhyme or Reason '' `` Legacy '' `` So Far ... '' `` Campaign Speech '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Like_Toy_Soldiers&oldid=804923564 '' Categories : Eminem songs Martika songs 2013 singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles Song recordings produced by Eminem Songs written by Eminem Rhythm and blues ballads Songs written by Luis Resto ( musician ) 2012 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart making named ref Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 23 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does eminem not mention in toy soldiers	[ "\"Like Toy Soldiers\" tells the story of Eminem's attempts to calm a violent community of rappers. Eminem speaks openly about problems with The Source magazine and its editor Benzino, as well as the situation between 50 Cent and Ja Rule and his label Murder Inc., which Eminem felt went far beyond the Jay Z vs. Nas feud.[1] The song finishes as Eminem offers a truce to his enemies. In addition, this song also reveals that Eminem had tried to stop Ja Rule & 50 Cent's feud, but lost it when he heard Ja Rule making fun of his daughter on a track called \"Loose Change\" - (\"The Ja Shit, I tried to squash it, It was too late to stop it, There's a certain line you just don't cross and he crossed it, I heard him say Hailie's name on a song and I just lost it\"). In the song \"Loose Change\", Ja Rule says Eminem claims his then ex-wife is \"a known slut\" and his mother \"a crackhead\", and then asks him \"so what's Hailie gonna be when she grows up?\".[2] \"Like Toy Soldiers\" was later included on Eminem's compilation album Curtain Call: The Hits in 2013. Throughout his career, Eminem, at most, only alludes to Suge Knight, completing a line in this song, \"my intentions were good, I went through my whole career without ever mentioning -.\" Styles P used the instrumental version in his song \"Soldiers Song\", in 2006.[1]" ]	[ "Suge Knight" ]
-7831305636103456613	New York Giants	New York Giants - wikipedia New York Giants Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the current American football team . For the baseball team , see San Francisco Giants and History of the New York Giants ( baseball ) . For other uses , see New York Giants ( disambiguation ) . `` New Jersey Giants '' redirects here . For other uses , see Jersey Giant . New York Giants Current season Established August 1 , 1925 ; 92 years ago ( August 1 , 1925 ) First season : 1925 Play in MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey Headquartered in the Quest Diagnostics Training Center East Rutherford , New Jersey Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1925 -- present ) Eastern Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) American Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Eastern Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Century Division ( 1967 ; 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1968 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Dark Blue , Red , White Personnel Owner ( s ) John Mara , Steve Tisch Chairman Steve Tisch President John Mara General manager Dave Gettleman Head coach Pat Shurmur Team history New York Giants ( 1925 -- present ) Team nicknames Big Blue G - Men Jints Big Blue Wrecking Crew ( Linebackers , 1984 -- 1993 ) New York Football Giants Championships League championships ( 8 ) NFL championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 4 ) 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 Super Bowl championships ( 4 ) 1986 ( XXI ) , 1990 ( XXV ) , 2007 ( XLII ) , 2011 ( XLVI ) Conference championships ( 11 ) NFL Eastern : 1956 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 NFC : 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 Division championships ( 16 ) NFL East : 1933 , 1934 , 1935 , 1938 , 1939 , 1941 , 1944 , 1946 NFC East : 1986 , 1989 , 1990 , 1997 , 2000 , 2005 , 2008 , 2011 Playoff appearances ( 32 ) NFL : 1933 , 1934 , 1935 , 1938 , 1939 , 1941 , 1943 , 1944 , 1946 , 1950 , 1956 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1981 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1989 , 1990 , 1993 , 1997 , 2000 , 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2011 , 2016 Home fields Polo Grounds ( 1925 -- 1955 ) Yankee Stadium ( 1956 -- 1973 ) Yale Bowl ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Shea Stadium ( 1975 ) Giants Stadium ( 1976 -- 2009 ) MetLife Stadium ( 2010 -- present ) The New York Giants are a professional American football team based in the New York metropolitan area . The Giants compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey , which it shares with the New York Jets in a unique arrangement . The Giants hold their summer training camp at the Quest Diagnostics Training Center at the Meadowlands Sports Complex . The Giants were one of five teams that joined the NFL in 1925 , and is the only one of that group still existing , as well as the league 's longest - established team in the Northeastern United States . The team ranks third among all NFL franchises with eight NFL championship titles : four in the pre -- Super Bowl era ( 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 ) and four since the advent of the Super Bowl ( Super Bowls XXI ( 1986 ) , XXV ( 1990 ) , XLII ( 2007 ) , and XLVI ( 2011 ) ) , along with more championship appearances than any other team , with 19 overall appearances . Their championship tally is surpassed only by the Green Bay Packers ( 13 ) and Chicago Bears ( 9 ) . Throughout their history , the Giants have featured 28 Hall of Fame players , including NFL Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award winners Mel Hein , Frank Gifford , Y.A. Tittle , and Lawrence Taylor . To distinguish themselves from the professional baseball team of the same name , the football team was incorporated as the `` New York National League Football Company , Inc . '' in 1929 and changed to `` New York Football Giants , Inc . '' in 1937 . While the baseball team moved to San Francisco after the 1957 season , the football team continues to use `` New York Football Giants , Inc . '' as its legal corporate name , and is often referred to by fans and sportscasters as the `` New York Football Giants '' . The team has also acquired several nicknames , including `` Big Blue '' , the `` G - Men '' , and the `` Jints '' , an intentionally mangled contraction seen frequently in the New York Post and New York Daily News , originating from the baseball team when they were based in New York . Additionally , the team as a whole is occasionally referred to as the `` Big Blue Wrecking Crew '' , even though this moniker primarily and originally refers to the Giants defensive unit during the 80s and early 90s ( and before that to the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball teams of the late 1970s and early 1980s ) . The team 's heated rivalry with the Philadelphia Eagles is the oldest of the NFC East rivalries , dating all the way back to 1933 , and has been called the best rivalry in the NFL in the 21st century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Team history 1.1 1925 -- 1932 1.2 1933 -- 1946 1.3 Fourth NFL championship and `` The Greatest Game Ever Played '' ( 1947 -- 1963 ) 1.4 Postseason drought and resurgence ( 1964 -- 1982 ) 1.5 Bill Parcells era ( 1983 -- 1990 ) 1.5. 1 First Super Bowl championship ( 1986 season ) 1.5. 2 Second Super Bowl championship ( 1990 season ) 1.6 Post-Parcells era ( 1991 -- 1996 ) 1.7 Jim Fassel era ( 1997 -- 2003 ) 1.7. 1 NFC Champions ( 2000 season ) 1.8 Tom Coughlin / Eli Manning era ( 2004 -- 2015 ) 1.8. 1 Third Super Bowl championship ( 2007 season ) 1.8. 2 Late - season collapses ( 2008 -- 2010 ) 1.8. 3 Fourth Super Bowl championship ( 2011 season ) 1.8. 4 Post-Super Bowl struggles ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 1.8. 5 Back to the playoffs ( 2016 ) 1.8. 6 Struggles ( 2017 ) 1.9 Timeline 2 Championships 2.1 League Championships 2.1. 1 Pre-Super Bowl NFL Championships 2.1. 2 Super Bowl Championships 2.2 NFC Championships 3 Logos and uniforms 4 Ownerships , financial history and fan base 5 Rivalries 5.1 Philadelphia Eagles 5.2 Washington Redskins 5.3 Dallas Cowboys 5.4 San Francisco 49ers 5.5 New York Jets 6 Players of note 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Retired numbers 6.3 Pro Football Hall of Famers 6.4 Ring of Honor 6.5 NFL MVP award winners 6.6 Super Bowl MVP award winners 6.7 First - round draft picks 7 Coaches of note 7.1 Current staff 8 Media , radio and television 8.1 Past 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Team history Main article : History of the New York Giants 1925 -- 1932 The Giants played their first game as an away game against All New Britain in New Britain , Connecticut , on October 4 , 1925 . They defeated New Britain 26 -- 0 in front of a crowd of 10,000 . The Giants were successful in their first season , finishing with an 8 -- 4 record . In its third season , the team finished with the best record in the league at 11 -- 1 -- 1 and was awarded the NFL title . After a disappointing fourth season ( 1928 ) owner Mara bought the entire squad of the Detroit Wolverines , principally to acquire star quarterback Benny Friedman , and merged the two teams under the Giants name . In 1930 , there were still many who questioned the quality of the professional game , claiming the college `` amateurs '' played with more intensity than professionals . In December 1930 , the Giants played a team of Notre Dame All Stars at the Polo Grounds to raise money for the unemployed of New York City . It was also an opportunity to establish the skill and prestige of the pro game . Knute Rockne reassembled his Four Horsemen along with the stars of his 1924 Championship squad and told them to score early , then defend . Rockne , like much of the public , thought little of pro football and expected an easy win . But from the beginning it was a one - way contest , with Friedman running for two Giant touchdowns and Hap Moran passing for another . Notre Dame failed to score . When it was all over , Coach Rockne told his team , `` That was the greatest football machine I ever saw . I am glad none of you got hurt . '' The game raised $100,000 for the homeless , and is often credited with establishing the legitimacy of the professional game for those who were critical . It also was the last game the legendary Rockne ever coached ; he was killed in an airplane crash on March 31 , 1931 . 1933 -- 1946 Al Blozis , Giants tackle , died in World War II . According to Mel Hein , `` If he had n't been killed , he could have been the greatest tackle who ever played football . '' In a 14 - year span from 1933 to 1947 , the Giants qualified to play in the NFL championship game 8 times , winning twice . During this period the Giants were led by Hall of Fame coach Steve Owen , and Hall of Fame players Mel Hein , Red Badgro and Tuffy Leemans . The period also featured the 1944 Giants , which are ranked as the # 1 defensive team in NFL history , `` ... a truly awesome unit '' . They gave up only 7.5 points per game ( a record that still stands ) and shut out five of their 10 opponents , though they lost 14 - 7 to the Green Bay Packers in the 1944 NFL Championship Game . The famous `` Sneakers Game '' was played in this era where the Giants defeated the Chicago Bears on an icy field in the 1934 NFL Championship Game , while wearing sneakers for better traction . The Giants played the Detroit Lions to a scoreless tie on November 7 , 1943 . To this day , no NFL game played since then has ended in a scoreless tie . The Giants were particularly successful from the latter half of the 1930s until the United States entry into World War II . They added their third NFL championship in 1938 with a 23 -- 17 win over the Green Bay Packers . Fourth NFL Championship and `` the greatest game ever played '' ( 1947 -- 1963 ) They did not win another league title until 1956 , aided by a number of future Pro Football Hall of Fame players such as running back Frank Gifford , linebacker Sam Huff , and offensive tackle Roosevelt Brown , as well as all - pro running back Alex Webster . The Giants ' 1956 championship team not only included players who would eventually find their way to the Pro Football Hall of Fame , but a Hall of Fame coaching staff , as well . Head coach Jim Lee Howell 's staff had Vince Lombardi coaching the offense and Tom Landry coaching the defense . From 1958 to 1963 , the Giants played in the NFL Championship Game five times , but failed to win . Most significantly , the Giants played the Colts in the 1958 NFL Championship Game , which is considered a watershed event in the history of the NFL . The game , which the Giants lost in overtime 23 -- 17 , is often called `` The Greatest Game Ever Played '' and is considered one of the most important events in furthering the NFL 's popularity . The following year , they lost the championship to the Colts again , giving up a 9 - 7 4th quarter lead en route to a 31 -- 16 loss . Both the 1961 and 1962 championship game matched the Giants up against the Green Bay Packers , with the Giants losing both 37 - 0 and 16 - 7 respectively . In 1963 , led by league MVP quarterback Y.A. Tittle , who threw a then - NFL record 36 touchdown passes , the Giants advanced to the NFL Championship Game , where they lost to the Bears 14 -- 10 for their third consecutive championship loss , as well as their fifth loss in the title game in 6 years . Postseason drought and resurgence ( 1964 -- 1982 ) From 1964 to 1978 , the Giants registered only two winning seasons and no playoff appearances . With players , such as Tittle and Gifford approaching their mid 30s , the team declined rapidly , finishing 2 -- 10 -- 2 in 1964 . They rebounded with a 7 -- 7 record in 1965 , before compiling a league - worst 1 -- 12 -- 1 record , and allowing more than 500 points on defense in 1966 . During the 1969 preseason , the Giants lost their first meeting with the New York Jets , 37 -- 14 , in front of 70,874 fans at the Yale Bowl in New Haven , Connecticut . Following the game , Wellington Mara fired coach Allie Sherman , and replaced him with former Giants fullback Alex Webster . In 1967 , the team acquired quarterback Fran Tarkenton from the Minnesota Vikings . Despite having several respectable seasons with Tarkenton at quarterback , including a 7 -- 7 finish in 1967 and 9 -- 5 in 1970 , the Giants traded him back to the Vikings after a 4 -- 10 finish in 1971 . Tarkenton would go on to lead the Vikings to three Super Bowls and earn a place in the Hall of Fame , while the Giants suffered through one of the worst stretches in their history , winning only 23 games from 1973 to 1979 . Before the 1976 season , the Giants tried to revive a weak offense by replacing retired RB Ron Johnson with future Hall of Fame fullback Larry Csonka , but Csonka was often injured and ineffective during his 3 years in New York . The 1977 season featured a roster that included three rookie quarterbacks . The Giants were allowed to play their home games at the Yale Bowl in New Haven , Connecticut in 1973 and 1974 , and at Shea Stadium ( home of the Mets and Jets ) in 1975 , due to the renovation of Yankee Stadium . They finally moved into their own dedicated state - of - the - art stadium in 1976 , when they moved into Giants Stadium at the Meadowlands in East Rutherford , New Jersey . One of the low points during this period was the play known as the `` Miracle at the Meadowlands '' , which occurred in 1978 . With the Giants trying to kill the clock and secure a win against the Philadelphia Eagles , offensive coordinator , Bob Gibson , chose to call a running play . This resulted in `` The Fumble '' by QB Joe Pisarcik that was returned for a game - winning touchdown by the Eagles ' Herman Edwards . The Giants ' front office operations were complicated by a long - standing feud between Wellington Mara and his nephew , Tim Mara . Jack Mara had died in 1965 , leaving his share of the club to his son Tim . Wellington and Tim 's personal styles and their visions for the club clashed , and eventually they stopped talking to each other . Commissioner Rozelle intervened and appointed a neutral general manager , George Young , allowing the club to operate more smoothly . The feud became moot on February 20 , 1991 , when Tim Mara sold his shares in the club to Preston Robert Tisch . Giants Stadium was home to the Giants from 1976 to 2009 . In 1979 , the Giants began the steps that would , in time , return them to the pinnacle of the NFL . These included the drafting of quarterback Phil Simms in 1979 , and linebacker Lawrence Taylor in 1981 . In 1981 , Taylor won the NFL 's Defensive Rookie of the Year and Defensive Player of the Year awards and the Giants made the playoffs for the first time since 1963 . One of the few bright spots during this time was the team 's excellent linebackers , who were known as the Crunch Bunch . After the strike - shortened 1982 season , in which they finished 4 -- 5 , head coach Ray Perkins resigned to take over the same position at the University of Alabama . In a change that would prove crucial in the coming years , he was replaced by the team 's defensive coordinator , Bill Parcells . Bill Parcells era ( 1983 -- 1990 ) In 1983 , Bill Parcells was promoted to head coach from defensive coordinator . One of his first moves was to change his starting quarterback , sitting the injury - prone and struggling Phil Simms ( who had missed the entire 1982 season with an injury ) and electing instead to go with Scott Brunner , who had gone 4 - 5 as the starter in place of Simms in the strike - shortened previous season . Parcells went as far as to demote Simms to the third string position , promoting Jeff Rutledge over Simms to be Brunner 's backup . Parcells later said the move was a mistake and one he `` nearly paid for dearly '' as the team finished with a 3 -- 12 -- 1 record and his job security was called into question . In the offseason the Giants released Brunner and named Simms the starter . The move paid off as the team won nine games and returned to the playoffs . After beating the Los Angeles Rams in the Wild Card Round , the Giants prepared for a showdown against top - seeded San Francisco . The 49ers defeated the Giants 21 -- 10 in the Divisional Round . The 1985 Giants compiled a 10 -- 6 record and avenged their loss against San Francisco by beating them in the Wild Card round 17 -- 3 . However , they again lost in the Divisional Round , this time to the eventual Super Bowl champion Bears , by a score of 21 -- 0 . However , the following season would end with the Giants winning their first Super Bowl championship . First Super Bowl Championship ( 1986 season ) After 9 -- 7 and 10 -- 6 finishes in 1984 and 1985 respectively , the Giants compiled a 14 -- 2 record in 1986 led by league MVP and Defensive Player of the Year Lawrence Taylor and the Big Blue Wrecking Crew defense . As of 2017 , this is the Giants ' best regular season record since the NFL began playing 16 - game seasons in 1978 . After clinching the top seed in the NFC , the Giants defeated the 49ers 49 -- 3 in the divisional round of the NFC playoffs and the Redskins 17 -- 0 in the NFC championship game , advancing to their first Super Bowl , Super Bowl XXI , against the Denver Broncos at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena . Led by MVP Simms who completed 22 of 25 passes for a Super Bowl record 88 % completion percentage , they defeated the Broncos 39 -- 20 , to win their first championship since 1956 . In addition to Phil Simms and Lawrence Taylor , the team was led during this period by head coach Bill Parcells , tight end Mark Bavaro , running back Joe Morris , and Hall of Fame linebacker Harry Carson . The Giants struggled to a 6 -- 9 record in the strike - marred 1987 season , due largely to a decline in the running game , as Morris managed only 658 yards behind an injury - riddled offensive line . The early portion of the 1988 season was marred by a scandal involving Lawrence Taylor . Taylor had abused cocaine and was suspended for the first four games of the season for his second violation of the league 's substance abuse policy . Despite the controversy , the Giants finished 10 -- 6 , and Taylor recorded 15.5 sacks after his return from the suspension . They surged to a 12 -- 4 record in 1989 , but lost to the Los Angeles Rams in their opening playoff game when Flipper Anderson caught a 47 - yard touchdown pass to give the Rams a 19 -- 13 overtime win . Second Super Bowl Championship ( 1990 season ) In 1990 , the Giants went 13 -- 3 and , at the time , set an NFL record for fewest turnovers in a season ( 14 ) . They defeated the San Francisco 49ers , who were attempting to win the Super Bowl for an unprecedented third straight year , 15 -- 13 at San Francisco and then defeated the Buffalo Bills 20 -- 19 in Super Bowl XXV . Post-parcells era ( 1991 -- 1996 ) Following the 1990 season , Parcells resigned as head coach and was replaced by the team 's offensive - line coach Ray Handley . Handley served as coach for two disappointing seasons ( 1991 and 1992 ) , which saw the Giants fall from Super Bowl champions to an 8 -- 8 record in 1991 and a 6 -- 10 record in 1992 . He was fired following the 1992 season , and replaced by former Denver Broncos ' coach Dan Reeves . In the early 1990s , Simms and Taylor , two of the stars of the 1980s , played out the last seasons of their careers with steadily declining production . The Giants experienced a resurgent season with Reeves at the helm in 1993 however , and Simms and Taylor ended their careers as members of a playoff team . Giants defensive end Justin Tuck at the Giants Super Bowl XLII parade on February 5 , 2008 . The Giants initially struggled in the post Simms / Taylor era . After starting 3 -- 7 in 1994 , the Giants won their final six games to finish 9 -- 7 but missed the playoffs . Quarterback Dave Brown received heavy criticism throughout the season . Brown performed poorly the following two seasons , and the Giants struggled to 5 -- 11 and 6 -- 10 records . Reeves was fired following the 1996 season . Jim Fassel era ( 1997 -- 2003 ) In 1997 , the Giants named Jim Fassel , who had spent the previous season as offensive coordinator of the Arizona Cardinals , as their 16th head coach . Fassel named Danny Kanell the team 's starting quarterback . The Giants finished the 1997 season with a record of 10 -- 5 -- 1 and qualified for the playoffs for the first time in four years . However , they lost in the Wild Card round to the Vikings at home . The following year , the Giants began the season 4 -- 8 before rallying to finish the season 8 -- 8 . One of the notable games of that season was a win over the eventual Super Bowl champion Denver Broncos in week 15 , giving the Broncos their first loss of the season after starting 13 -- 0 . Before the 1999 season , the Giants signed ex-Carolina Panthers quarterback Kerry Collins . Collins was the first - ever draft choice of the expansion Carolina Panthers in 1995 , and led the Panthers to the NFC Championship game in his second season . However , problems with alcohol , conflicts with his teammates and questions about his character led to his release from the Panthers . The Giants finished the season with a 7 -- 9 record , Fassel 's first losing season as head coach . NFC champions ( 2000 season ) In 2000 , the Giants were looking to make the playoffs for the first time in three seasons . The Giants started the season 7 -- 2 , but suffered back - to - back home losses to St. Louis and Detroit to make their record 7 -- 4 and call their playoff prospects into question . At a press conference following the Giants ' loss to Detroit , Fassel guaranteed that `` this team is going to the playoffs '' . The Giants responded , winning the rest of their regular season games to finish the season 12 -- 4 and clinch the top seed in the NFC . In the Divisional Round , the Giants beat the Philadelphia Eagles 20 -- 10 at home to qualify for the NFC Championship Game , in which they defeated the Minnesota Vikings 41 -- 0 . They advanced to play the Baltimore Ravens in Super Bowl XXXV . Though the Giants went into halftime down only 10 -- 0 , the Ravens dominated the second half . Their defense harassed Kerry Collins all game long , resulting in Collins completing only 15 of 39 passes for 112 yards and 4 interceptions . The Ravens won the game 34 -- 7 . After a disappointing 7 -- 9 record in 2001 , the Giants finished the 2002 season with a record of 10 -- 6 , qualifying for the playoffs as a wild card . This set up a meeting with the San Francisco 49ers in Candlestick Park in the Wild Card round . The Giants built up a sizable lead throughout the game , and led 38 -- 14 with 4 : 27 left in the third quarter . However , San Francisco rallied to win the game by one point , with the final score of 39 -- 38 . After a dismal 2003 season in which the Giants finished with a 4 -- 12 record , Jim Fassel was released by the Giants . His head coaching record with the Giants during this time was 58 -- 53 -- 1 . Tom Coughlin / Eli Manning era ( 2004 -- 2015 ) Tom Coughlin alongside George W. Bush at the White House to celebrate the Giants ' Super Bowl XLII championship . In 2004 , three years after their last Super Bowl appearance , Fassel was replaced by Tom Coughlin . Although Collins had several solid seasons as the Giants quarterback , he experienced his share of struggles . In 2004 , the Giants completed a draft day trade for University of Mississippi quarterback Eli Manning . Manning became the team 's starting quarterback in the middle of the 2004 season , taking over for Kurt Warner . During the three - year period from 2004 to 2006 , Tom Coughlin 's Giants compiled a 25 -- 23 regular season record and two appearances in the Wild Card Round -- both losses ( to the Carolina Panthers in 2005 and to the Philadelphia Eagles in 2006 . ) and spawned intense media scrutiny concerning the direction of the team . During this period in their history , standout players included defensive end Michael Strahan , who set the NFL single season record in sacks in 2001 , and running back Tiki Barber , who set a team record for rushing yards in a season in 2005 . Barber retired at the end of the 2006 season . Third Super Bowl Championship ( 2007 season ) The NFL Green Bay Packers in the shotgun formation against the New York Giants on September 16 , 2007 . Going into 2007 , the Giants had made the playoffs in back - to - back seasons . In 2007 , the Giants became the third NFL franchise to win at least 600 games when they defeated the Atlanta Falcons 31 -- 10 on Monday Night Football . For the 2007 season , the NFL scheduled the Giants ' road game against the Miami Dolphins on October 28 in London 's Wembley Stadium ; this was the first NFL regular - season game to be played outside of North America . The Giants defeated the Dolphins , 13 -- 10 . The Giants finished 10 -- 6 , and became NFC Champions after defeating the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , Dallas Cowboys , and Green Bay Packers in the NFC Playoffs . They set a record for most consecutive road wins in a single season with 10 ( a streak which ended with a loss to the Cleveland Browns during week 6 of the 2008 season ) . The Patriots ( 18 -- 0 ) entered the Super Bowl undefeated and were 12 point favorites going into game weekend . The Giants defeated the Patriots 17 -- 14 in Super Bowl XLII , aided by the famous `` Manning to Tyree '' pass . On this famous play , Manning escaped the grip of several Patriots defensive linemen , stepped up in the pocket , and heaved the ball down the middle of the field to a double covered David Tyree . With Rodney Harrison , a Patriots defensive back , all over Tyree , David managed to hold on to the ball by holding it on his helmet until he fell to the ground . This catch set up a Manning to Plaxico Burress touchdown pass in the back of the end zone to put the Giants in the lead . It was the third biggest upset by betting line in Super Bowl history ( the Baltimore Colts were favored by 17 over the New York Jets in Super Bowl III , and the St. Louis Rams were favored by 14 over the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XXXVI ) . Co-owner John Mara described it as `` the greatest victory in the history of this franchise , without question '' . Late - season collapses ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Main articles : 2008 New York Giants season , 2009 New York Giants season , and 2010 New York Giants season The Giants began the 2008 NFL season with a record of 11 -- 1 , but lost three of their last four regular season games partially due to a self - inflicted gunshot wound to wide receiver Plaxico Burress . However , the Giants still won the NFC East with a record of 12 -- 4 , and clinched the number one seed in the NFC after beating the Carolina Panthers for home field advantage and a first - round bye . In the Divisional Round of the playoffs , the Giants lost 23 -- 11 to the Philadelphia Eagles at home . In 2009 , the Giants opened a new training complex , the Timex Performance Center , also located in the Meadowlands . After starting 5 -- 0 in the 2009 season , New York lost to the likewise undefeated New Orleans Saints at the Superdome 48 -- 27 , beginning a four - game losing streak , in which they lost to the Arizona Cardinals 24 -- 17 , the San Diego Chargers 21 -- 20 and the Philadelphia Eagles 40 -- 17 . The streak was broken with a 34 -- 31 overtime victory against the Falcons . On Thanksgiving night , they lost to the Denver Broncos 26 -- 6 . The Giants next beat the division leading Cowboys . A week later , with a record of 7 -- 5 , they lost to the Philadelphia Eagles , 45 -- 38 . On December 27 , the Giants lost to the Carolina Panthers 41 -- 9 in their final game at Giants Stadium , and were eliminated from playoff eligibility . The Giants finished the season 8 -- 8 . Eli Manning lines up a pass just out of the reach of Houston Texans defenders in 2010 . Following the season , the Giants fired first - year defensive coordinator Bill Sheridan , and replaced him with the former Buffalo Bills interim head coach , Perry Fewell . The Giants defense finished 13th overall under Sheridan , giving up 324.9 yards per game , and the final two losses of the season against Carolina and Minnesota , in which the Giants gave up 85 points , ultimately led to the firing . In 2010 , the Giants moved from Giants Stadium into MetLife Stadium , then known as the `` New Meadowlands Stadium '' . They won against the Panthers in the very first game at the New Meadowlands , but then lost to the Colts in the second `` Manning Bowl '' , so - called due to Eli Manning 's brother Peyton playing for the Colts . The Giants dropped one game to the Tennessee Titans before going on a five - game winning streak , beating the Bears , Houston Texans , Lions , Cowboys , and Seattle Seahawks . Before long , the Giants were 6 -- 2 , but lost two straight to division foes : to the Cowboys 33 -- 20 at home , and to the Eagles on the road , putting the G - Men in 2nd place in the NFC East at 6 -- 4 . In first place was the Eagles , but at December 19 they were both tied for first place at 8 -- 4 , setting up a match for first place . The Giants were at home , and led 24 -- 3 over the Eagles at halftime . The score was 31 -- 10 with 5 : 40 left in the game , but Michael Vick led the Eagles to three touchdown drives to tie the game up at 31 with 40 seconds left . After a Giants three - and - outs , Matt Dodge punted the ball to DeSean Jackson , who returned it for a touchdown , concluding the Giants ' epic collapse . The next game , the Giants lost to the eventual Super Bowl Champion Green Bay Packers 45 -- 17 , and at 9 -- 6 , they faced the Redskins . They had to win and have the Packers lose in order to get into the playoffs . The Giants won 17 -- 14 , but the Packers beat the Bears 10 -- 3 , so the Giants missed out on the playoffs again , ending a collapse in which the Giants went 4 -- 4 in their last eight games . Fourth Super Bowl Championship ( 2011 season ) Main article : 2011 New York Giants season During the 2011 preseason , the Giants lost Kevin Boss , Steve Smith , Rich Seubert , Keith Bulluck , Derek Hagan , and Pro Bowl center Shaun O'Hara to free agency . However , the season also saw the emergence of second - year wide receiver Victor Cruz and second - year tight end Jake Ballard . The Giants opened their season with a 28 -- 14 loss to the Washington Redskins at FedEx Field on the 10th anniversary of the September 11th attacks . However , the Giants secured a 6 -- 2 record by the midpoint of the season , including road victories over the Philadelphia Eagles and the New England Patriots . The latter victory ended the Patriots ' NFL record home - game winning streak , after a touchdown pass from Manning to Jake Ballard with 15 seconds left in the game . Wide receiver Victor Cruz played a critical role in helping the Giants become world champions in 2011 . However , the Giants then suffered a four - game losing streak , including road losses against the resurgent San Francisco 49ers and the New Orleans Saints and home losses to the Eagles and the then - undefeated Green Bay Packers , to make their record 6 -- 6 entering December . The Giants broke their losing streak with a tightly contested 37 -- 34 road victory over the Cowboys on December 11 , but lost at home to the Washington Redskins the following week to make their record 7 -- 7 with a Christmas Eve showdown against their crosstown rival New York Jets the following week . The Giants won , 29 -- 14 , and knocked the Eagles out of playoff contention , to set up a Week 17 home game against the Cowboys in which the winner would clinch the NFC East while the loser would be eliminated from playoff contention . The game was flexed into Sunday Night Football . The Giants defeated the Cowboys , 31 -- 14 , and clinched the NFC East title and the fourth seed in the playoffs . Wide receiver Victor Cruz finished the regular season with 1,536 receiving yards , breaking the Giants franchise record previously held by Amani Toomer . On January 8 , 2012 in the first round of the playoffs the Giants defeated the Atlanta Falcons 24 -- 2 . After giving up an early safety in the first half , QB Eli Manning threw for three consecutive touchdowns . RBs Ahmad Bradshaw and Brandon Jacobs combined for 172 yards rushing , a season - high for the Giants . With the victory , the Giants advanced to the second round against the top - ranked Green Bay Packers . On January 15 , 2012 , the Giants defeated the Green Bay Packers 37 -- 20 . Eli Manning threw for 330 yards and 3 touchdowns , two of which to wide receiver Hakeem Nicks . This earned the Giants a spot in the NFC Championship Game on January 22 , 2012 , against the San Francisco 49ers . They won this game 20 -- 17 , in overtime , with Tynes scoring the winning field goal as he did four years earlier in the same game against the Packers . The New York Giants won Super Bowl XLVI against the New England Patriots with a score of 21 -- 17 . The winning touchdown was preceded by a 38 - yard reception by receiver Mario Manningham . As in Super Bowl XLII , Eli Manning was Super Bowl MVP , defeating the New England Patriots for a second time in the Super Bowl . Ahmad Bradshaw scored the game - winning touchdown by falling into the end zone . The Patriots were allowing Bradshaw to get the touchdown so they would get the ball with some time remaining . When Eli Manning handed the ball to Bradshaw , he told him not to score . Bradshaw was about to fall down at the 1 - yard line but his momentum carried him in , thus the `` reluctant touchdown . '' As was the case in each of their four previous Super Bowl appearances , the Giants trailed at halftime . They are the only team in NFL history to have more than two second half , come - from - behind , Super Bowl victories ( 4 ) . The Pittsburgh Steelers , who accomplished the feat in Super Bowl X and Super Bowl XIV , are the only other team to do it more than once . Post-super Bowl struggles ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Main articles : 2012 New York Giants season , 2013 New York Giants season , 2014 New York Giants season , and 2015 New York Giants season The Giants began the 2012 season with a home loss to the Cowboys , but rebounded to finish October with a 6 -- 2 record and on a four - game winning streak that included a 26 -- 3 road victory against the eventual NFC champion San Francisco 49ers . Following the arrival of Hurricane Sandy in the Northeastern United States , the Giants lost back - to - back games against the Steelers and Bengals to fall to 6 -- 4 . Despite impressive blowout home victories over the Packers , Saints and Eagles , the Giants finished the season 9 -- 7 and out of the playoffs . The Redskins won the division with a 10 -- 6 record , only to lose to the Seahawks 24 -- 14 in Wild Card Weekend . QB Eli Manning , DE Jason Pierre - Paul , WR Victor Cruz , and G Chris Snee represented the Giants at the Pro Bowl . The 2013 New York Giants season began with hope that the Giants could become the first team to play in the Super Bowl in their home stadium , as MetLife Stadium was scheduled to host Super Bowl XLVIII that February . However , the Giants ' playoff hopes took a massive hit when they lost the first six games of the season . They rebounded to win the next four games in a row to improve to 4 -- 6 , but lost a critical home game to the Cowboys on a last - minute field goal . They finished the season 7 -- 9 and with a losing record for the first time since 2004 . The Giants drafted rookie wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr. in the 2014 NFL Draft , who would later go on to win the AP Offensive Rookie of the Year award . However , the Giants missed the playoffs for a third straight season , finishing with a 6 -- 10 record . The 2015 New York Giants season was another disappointing campaign , as the Giants showcased a struggling defense and several late - game collapses . The Giants finished the season with a 6 -- 10 record and missed the playoffs . Back to the playoffs ( 2016 ) Main article : 2016 New York Giants season On January 14 , 2016 , the Giants announced that Ben McAdoo would become the team 's head coach . He replaced Tom Coughlin , who had resigned the previous week . The Giants turned it around in 2016 , ending their five - year playoff drought . The Giants later lost to the Green Bay Packers 38 -- 13 in the Wild Card round . Struggles ( 2017 ) Main article : 2017 New York Giants season After having high expectations due to their 11 -- 5 record in 2016 , the Giants had an unexpected 0 -- 5 start to the season , before pulling a massive upset versus the Broncos at Sports Authority Field at Mile High for their first win of the season . However , during the Week 5 game against the Los Angeles Chargers , Odell Beckham Jr. fractured his fibula , an injury that ended his season . During the same game , the Giants also lost WRs Brandon Marshall and Dwayne Harris to season ending injuries . The season was also marred by suspensions to Dominique Rodgers - Cromartie and Janoris Jenkins . Timeline Season by season timeline of the New York Giants franchise including the team name , changes of Home Field , Postseason Championships Seasons , and coaches throughout the years . Championships League Championships The Giants have won a total of eight League Championships : 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 , 1986 , 1990 , 2007 and 2011 . The first four of those championships came in the pre-Super Bowl era . New York 's eight championships put them third among all active and defunct NFL teams , trailing only the Green Bay Packers ( 13 ) and the Chicago Bears ( 9 ) . Pre-Super Bowl NFL Championships Before the Super Bowl was instituted , the Giants won four officially recognized NFL Championships . Year Coach Location Opponent Score Record 1927 Earl Potteiger N / A N / A N / A 11 -- 1 -- 1 1934 Steve Owen New York , NY Chicago Bears 30 -- 13 8 -- 5 1938 Steve Owen New York , NY Green Bay Packers 23 -- 17 8 -- 2 -- 1 1956 Jim Lee Howell Bronx , NY Chicago Bears 47 -- 7 8 -- 3 -- 1 Total NFL championships won : 4 Super Bowl Championships The Giants have won four Super Bowls , tied with Green Bay for the fifth most behind only Dallas , San Francisco and New England ( all with 5 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 6 ) . Year Coach Super Bowl Location Opponent Score Record 1986 Bill Parcells XXI Pasadena , CA Denver Broncos 39 -- 20 17 -- 2 1990 Bill Parcells XXV Tampa , FL Buffalo Bills 20 -- 19 16 -- 3 2007 Tom Coughlin XLII Glendale , AZ New England Patriots 17 -- 14 14 -- 6 2011 Tom Coughlin XLVI Indianapolis , IN New England Patriots 21 -- 17 13 -- 7 Total Super Bowls won : 4 NFC Championships The Giants have won five NFC Championship Games , including two in overtime in 2007 and 2011 . Year Coach Location Opponent Score Record 1986 Bill Parcells East Rutherford , NJ Washington Redskins 17 -- 0 17 -- 2 1990 Bill Parcells San Francisco , CA San Francisco 49ers 15 -- 13 16 -- 3 2000 Jim Fassel East Rutherford , NJ Minnesota Vikings 41 -- 0 14 -- 5 2007 Tom Coughlin Green Bay , WI Green Bay Packers 23 -- 20 ( OT ) 14 -- 6 2011 Tom Coughlin San Francisco , CA San Francisco 49ers 20 -- 17 ( OT ) 13 -- 7 Total NFC Championships won : 5 Logos and uniforms Main article : Logos and uniforms of the New York Giants With over 80 years of team history , the Giants have used numerous uniforms and logos , while maintaining a consistent identity . The Giants ' logos include several incarnations of a giant quarterback preparing to throw a football , a lowercase `` ny '' , and stylized versions of the team nickname . Giants ' jerseys are traditionally blue or red ( or white with blue or red accents ) , and their pants alternate between white and gray . Currently , the Giants wear home jerseys that are solid blue with white block numbering , white pants with five thin blue / gray / red / gray / blue stripes on the pant legs , and solid blue socks . For this they gained their most renowned nickname , `` Big Blue '' . For road uniforms , they wear a white jersey with red block numbering and red `` Northwestern '' stripes on the sleeves , gray pants with three thin non-contiguous red / blue / red stripes on the pant legs , and solid red socks . The Giants ' current helmet is metallic blue with white block numbers , which are frontally mounted and base mounted on either side of a red stripe running down the center or frontally mounted and base mounted on the red center stripe itself . The Giants , along with the Pittsburgh Steelers , are one of only two teams in the National Football League to have the players ' uniform numbers on both the front and back of the helmets . The helmet is adorned on both sides with the stylized white lower case `` ny '' logo and features a gray facemask . The home uniforms are generally similar to the design used from 1966 to 1974 , but with some slight elements from the 1956 -- 1961 uniforms . The road uniforms are essentially a modernization of the design used from 1956 to 1961 . Additionally , the Giants had a third jersey until the 2009 season , which recalled the Giants ' solid red home jerseys from the early 1950s : a solid red alternate with white block numbers . These jerseys were used a total of four times , but have since been retired . They were used once in 2004 against the Philadelphia Eagles and in three consecutive years -- 2005 , 2006 , and 2007 -- against the Dallas Cowboys . Ownerships , financial history and fan base Main article : Financial history of the New York Giants The Giants have had a long and , at times , turbulent financial history . The team was founded by Tim Mara with an investment of US $ 500 in 1925 and became one of the first teams in the then five - year - old NFL . To differentiate themselves from the baseball team of the same name , they took the name `` New York Football Giants '' , which they still use as their legal corporate name . Although the Giants were successful on the field in their initial seasons , their financial status was a different story . Overshadowed by baseball , boxing , and college football , professional football was not a popular sport in 1925 . The Giants were in dire financial straits until the 11th game of the season when Red Grange and the Chicago Bears came to town , attracting over 73,000 fans . This gave the Giants a much needed influx of revenue , and perhaps altered the history of the franchise . The following year , Grange and his agent formed a rival league and stationed a competing team , led by Grange , in New York . Though the Giants lost $50,000 that season , the rival league folded and was subsumed into the NFL . Following the 1930 season , Mara transferred ownership of the team over to his two sons to insulate the team from creditors , and by 1946 , he had given over complete control of the team to them . Jack , the older son , controlled the business aspects , while Wellington controlled the on - field operations . After their initial struggles the Giants financial status stabilized , and they led the league in attendance several times in the 1930s and 1940s . Giants estimated value from 1998 to 2006 according to Forbes magazine . By the early 1960s , the Giants had firmly established themselves as one of the league 's biggest attractions . However , rather than continuing to receive their higher share of the league television revenue , the Mara sons pushed for equal sharing of revenue for the benefit of the entire league . Revenue sharing is still practiced in the NFL today , and is credited with strengthening the league . After their struggles in the latter half of the 1960s and the entire 1970s , the Giants hired an outsider , George Young , to run the football operations for the first time in franchise history . The Giants ' on - field product and business aspects improved rapidly following the move . In 1991 , Tim Mara , grandson of the founder , was struggling with cancer and sold his half of the team to Bob Tisch for a reported $80 million . This marked the first time in franchise history the team had not been solely owned by the Mara family . In 2005 , Wellington Mara , who had been with the team since its inception in 1925 when he worked as a ball boy , died at the age of 89 . His death was followed two weeks later by the death of Tisch . In 2015 , Wellington 's widow and Giants co-owner Ann died due to complications from a head injury suffered in a fall . She was 85 years old . In 2010 , MetLife Stadium opened , replacing Giants Stadium . The new stadium is a 50 / 50 partnership between the Giants and Jets , and while the stadium is owned by the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority on paper , the two teams jointly built the stadium using private funds , and administer it jointly through New Meadowlands Stadium Corporation . The Giants had previously planned a $300 million renovation to the Meadowlands , before deciding in favor of the new stadium which was originally estimated to cost approximately $600 million , before rising to an estimated cost of one billion dollars . One advantage gained by owning the stadium is that the teams saved considerable money in tax payments . The teams leased the land from the state at a cost of $6.3 million per year . The state paid for all utilities , including the $30 million needed to install them . The Giants are owned and operated by John Mara and Steve Tisch . Forbes magazine estimated the value of the team in 2012 to be $1.3 billion . This ranks the New York Giants as the fourth most valuable franchise in the NFL and the ninth most valuable professional sports franchise in the world . The value has steadily increased from $288 million in 1998 , to their current value . The magazine estimated their revenue in 2006 at $182 million , of which $46 million came from gate receipts . Operating income was $26.9 million , and player salary was $102 million . Current major sponsors include Gatorade , Anheuser Busch , Toyota , and Verizon Wireless . Recent former sponsors include Miller Brewing and North Fork Bank . Luxury suites , retail and game day concessions at the new stadium are provisioned and operated by global hospitality giant Delaware North . The team 's average ticket price is $72 . The Giants draw their fans from the New York metropolitan area . Since their move to New Jersey in 1976 , fans from each state have claimed the team as their own . In January 1987 , shortly before the team won Super Bowl XXI , then New York City mayor Ed Koch labeled the team `` foreigners '' and said they were not entitled to a ticker - tape parade in New York City . On February 5 , 2008 , the city , under mayor Michael Bloomberg , threw a ticker tape parade in honor of the Giants ' Super Bowl XLII victory at the Canyon of Heroes in lower Manhattan . New York City held another ticker tape parade on February 7 , 2012 , in honor of the Giants ' Super Bowl XLVI victory . According to a team spokesman , in 2001 , 52 percent of the Giants ' season ticket - holders lived in New Jersey . Most of the remaining ticket holders lived in New York State with some coming from other states . Through the lean years of the 1960s and 1970s the Giants , in spite of a 17 - year - long playoff drought , still accumulated a 20 - year - long waiting list for season tickets . It has been estimated that the Giants have a waiting list of 135,000 people , the largest of any North American professional sports franchise . Rivalries Philadelphia Eagles Main article : Eagles -- Giants rivalry The rivalry between the New York Giants and the Philadelphia Eagles is one of the oldest in the NFL , dating back to 1933 . The two teams have frequently fought for playoff contention , NFC East titles , and respect . While the Giants have dominated this rivalry throughout most of its history , the series began to even in the 1980s , with the series lead to the Eagles 22 -- 21 through the 1990s and 2000s . The Giants lead the series 84 -- 82 -- 2 . The two teams have met four times in the postseason , with each team winning two games . Three of those four playoff meetings were held in the 2000s decade . New York City and Philadelphia have a strong geographic rivalry , as seen in other professional sports such as the Mets - Phillies rivalry in Major League Baseball , and the Flyers - Rangers and Devils - Flyers rivalries in the National Hockey League . Washington Redskins Main article : Giants - Redskins rivalry The Washington Redskins gather at the line of scrimmage against the Giants . The Giants have an old and storied rivalry with the Redskins , dating back to 1932 . While this rivalry is typically given less significance than the rivalries with the Eagles and Cowboys , there have been periods of great competition between the two . In the 1980s the Giants and Redskins clashed as both struggled against each other for division titles and even Super Bowl Championships . Most notable among these is the 1986 NFC Championship game in which the Giants defeated the Redskins 17 -- 0 to earn their first ever trip to the Super Bowl . Wellington Mara always felt this was the Giants oldest and truest rival , and after passing away in 2005 , the Giants honored their longtime owner by defeating the Redskins 36 -- 0 at home . The Giants lead this series 99 -- 67 -- 4 . The Giants 98 wins against the Redskins are tied for most wins against another franchise in NFL history , along with the Chicago Bears defeating the Detroit Lions 98 times . Dallas Cowboys Main article : Cowboys -- Giants rivalry The Giants have maintained a fierce divisional rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys since the Cowboys first began play in 1960 . The two teams have a combined nine Super Bowl victories between them , and have played many games in which the NFC East title was at stake . The rivalry is unique among professional sports as it is the only divisional rivalry between sports teams from New York City and Dallas , partially due to the large distance between the two cities . The Cowboys lead the regular season series 64 -- 45 -- 2 , while the Giants hold the lone playoff victory between the two teams , held at the conclusion of the 2007 season . San Francisco 49ers Main article : 49ers - Giants rivalry Despite never being in the same division , the Giants and 49ers have developed a heated rivalry over the years . The two teams have met eight times in the playoffs ( including two NFC Championship Games , both won by New York ) since 1982 , which is the most of any two teams in that span . The overall series is tied 16 -- 16 , as is the postseason series , 4 -- 4 . New York Jets Main article : Giants -- Jets rivalry The Giants and Jets for many years had the only intracity rivalry in the NFL , made even more unusual by sharing a stadium . They have met annually in the preseason since 1969 . Since 2011 , this meeting has been known as the `` MetLife Bowl '' , after the naming sponsor of the teams ' stadium . Regular season matchups between the teams occur once every four years , as they follow the NFL scheduling formula for interconference games . Since the two teams play each other so infrequently in the regular season , some , including players on both teams , have questioned whether the Giants and Jets have a real rivalry . A memorable regular season game was in 1988 , when the Giants faced off against the Jets in the last game of the season , needing a victory to make the playoffs . The Jets played spoiler , however , beating the Giants 27 -- 21 and ruining the latter 's playoff hopes . A different scenario unfolded during the penultimate regular season game of 2011 as the `` visiting '' Giants defeated the Jets 29 -- 14 . The victory simultaneously helped eliminate the Jets from playoff contention and propel the Giants to their own playoff run and eventual win in Super Bowl XLVI . The Giants lead the overall regular season series 8 -- 5 and have won five of the past six meetings . Players of note Main article : List of New York Giants players Current roster New York Giants roster view talk Quarterbacks 10 Eli Manning 5 Davis Webb Running backs 22 Wayne Gallman 28 Paul Perkins 43 Shane Smith FB Wide receivers 13 Odell Beckham Jr . 86 Marquis Bundy 17 Dwayne Harris 82 Keeon Johnson 18 Roger Lewis 15 Brandon Marshall 80 Darius Powe 83 Kalif Raymond 19 Travis Rudolph 84 Hunter Sharp 87 Sterling Shepard Tight ends 89 Jerell Adams -- Kyle Carter 85 Rhett Ellison 88 Evan Engram Offensive linemen 61 Nick Becton T 66 Adam Bisnowaty T 65 Jessamen Dunker G 74 Ereck Flowers T 73 John Greco G 77 John Jerry G 71 Damien Mama G 63 Chad Wheeler T Defensive linemen 64 Josh Banks DT 98 Damon Harrison DT 91 Avery Moss DE 78 Romeo Okwara DE 90 Jason Pierre - Paul DE 94 Dalvin Tomlinson DT 54 Olivier Vernon DE Linebackers 55 Ray - Ray Armstrong OLB 93 B.J. Goodson MLB 39 Derrick Mathews OLB 46 Calvin Munson MLB Defensive backs 33 Andrew Adams FS 24 Eli Apple CB 21 Landon Collins SS 38 Donte Deayon CB 25 Brandon Dixon CB 20 Janoris Jenkins CB 36 Ryan Murphy SS 41 Dominique Rodgers - Cromartie CB 27 Darian Thompson FS Special teams 51 Zak DeOssie LS 2 Aldrick Rosas K 9 Brad Wing P Reserve lists -- Thurston Armbrister OLB ( Future ) 62 Ethan Cooper G ( Future ) 6 Amba Etta - Tawo WR ( Future ) -- Laurence Gibson OT ( Future ) -- Marshall Koehn K ( Future ) 31 Jeremiah McKinnon CB ( Future ) -- Austin Rehkow P ( Future ) 30 Tim Scott CB ( Future ) 8 Canaan Severin WR ( Future ) -- Jalen Simmons RB ( Future ) 60 Kristjan Sokoli DT ( Future ) -- Terrell Watson RB ( Future ) 79 Jordan Williams DE ( Future ) Unrestricted FAs 48 Akeem Ayers OLB 29 Nat Berhe SS 96 Jay Bromley DT 52 Jonathan Casillas OLB 37 Ross Cockrell CB 26 Orleans Darkwa RB 76 D.J. Fluker G 44 Mark Herzlich MLB 59 Devon Kennard OLB 12 Tavarres King WR 23 Darryl Morris CB 67 Justin Pugh G 70 Weston Richburg C 57 Keenan Robinson OLB 47 Kelvin Sheppard MLB 3 Geno Smith QB 34 Shane Vereen RB 72 Kerry Wynn DE Restricted FAs 69 Brett Jones C Exclusive - Rights FAs 58 Curtis Grant OLB 75 Jon Halapio G 81 Ryan O'Malley TE 99 Robert Thomas DT Rookies in italics Roster updated February 22 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 51 Active , 13 Inactive , 23 FAs → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retired numbers New York Giants retired numbers No . Player Position Career Ray Flaherty 1928 -- 1935 Tuffy Leemans RB 1936 -- 1943 7 Mel Hein C , LB 1931 -- 1945 11 Phil Simms QB 1979 -- 1993 14 Ward Cuff HB , WB 1937 -- 1945 Y.A. Tittle QB 1961 -- 1964 16 Frank Gifford HB , WR 1952 -- 1964 32 Al Blozis OT 1942 -- 1944 40 Joe Morrison RB , WR 1959 -- 1972 42 Charlie Conerly QB 1948 -- 1961 50 Ken Strong HB 1933 -- 1947 56 Lawrence Taylor LB 1981 -- 1993 Notes : Retired in 1935 , this was the first number to be retired by any team in major league sports . Posthumous honor . The number 14 was retired in honor of Ward Cuff in 1946 . Y.A. Tittle requested 14 after the Giants traded for him in 1961 , and it was retired a second time in 1964 at the conclusion of Tittle 's playing career . The number is now retired in honor of both players . Pro Football Hall of Famers In the Pro Football Hall of Fame , the Giants boast the second-most enshrined members with 29 . Tim Mara , Mel Hein , Pete Henry , Cal Hubbard and Jim Thorpe were a part of the original class of inductees in 1963 , while Defensive End Michael Strahan , the most recent Giant inducted , was a part of the Class of 2014 . Numerous members , including Larry Csonka , Ray Flaherty , Joe Guyon , Pete Henry , Arnie Herber , Cal Hubbard , Tom Landry , Don Maynard , Hugh McElhenny , and Jim Thorpe were at one time associated with the New York Giants , but they were inducted largely based on their careers with other teams . New York Giants Hall of Famers No . Player Position Tenure Inducted No . Player Position Tenure Inducted 17 Red Badgro TE / DE 1930 -- 1935 1981 -- Tim Mara Owner and founder 1925 -- 1959 1963 79 Rosey Brown 1953 -- 1965 -- Wellington Mara Owner / Administrator 1937 -- 2005 1997 53 Harry Carson LB 1976 -- 1988 2006 13 Don Maynard WR 1958 39 Larry Csonka FB 1976 -- 1978 13 Hugh McElhenny RB 1963 1970 Ray Flaherty 1928 -- 1935 1976 55 Steve Owen Coach 1926 -- 1933 1930 -- 1953 1966 6 Benny Friedman QB Coach 1929 -- 1931 1930 2005 -- Bill Parcells Coach 1983 -- 1990 2013 16 Frank Gifford HB 1952 -- 1960 1962 -- 1964 1977 81 Andy Robustelli DE 1956 -- 1964 1971 11 Joe Guyon RB 1927 1978 92 Michael Strahan DE 1993 -- 2007 2014 7 Mel Hein 1931 -- 1945 1966 50 Ken Strong HB / FB / K 1933 -- 1935 1939 1944 -- 1947 1967 55 Pete Henry OT 1927 1963 10 Fran Tarkenton QB 1967 -- 1971 1986 38 Arnie Herber QB 1944 -- 1945 1963 56 Lawrence Taylor LB 1981 -- 1993 1999 41 60 Cal Hubbard 1927 -- 1928 1936 1966 31 Jim Thorpe RB , DB 1925 1963 70 Sam Huff LB 1956 -- 1963 1982 14 Y.A. Tittle QB 1961 -- 1964 1971 49 Tom Landry DB / P 1950 -- 1955 1982 45 Emlen Tunnell DB 1948 -- 1958 1967 Tuffy Leemans FB 1936 -- 1943 1990 73 Arnie Weinmeister DE 1950 -- 1953 1984 Ring of honor The New York Giants unveiled their own Ring of Honor on October 3 , 2010 during halftime of their Sunday Night Football matchup with the Chicago Bears . John Mara had long wished to create a Giants Ring of Honor and Hall of Fame to honor Giants who helped the franchise achieve each of their championships , and the building of MetLife Stadium resulted in the realization of that ambition . The organization had an inaugural induction class of 30 including players , coaches , owners and executives that have had a great impact on the organization . While the entire list of inductees was not revealed until the actual induction , the organization did confirm about a week before the ceremony that Phil Simms , Bill Parcells , Michael Strahan , Tiki Barber , Frank Gifford and Pete Gogolak would all be inducted . New York Giants Ring of Honor Name Position No . Years active Championships Inducted Ernie Accorsi Executive -- 1994 -- 2007 -- 2016 Jessie Armstead LB 98 1993 -- 2001 -- Carl Banks LB 58 1984 -- 1992 1986 , 1990 2011 Tiki Barber RB 21 1997 -- 2006 -- Mark Bavaro TE 89 1985 -- 1990 1986 , 1990 2011 Al Blozis OT 32 1942 -- 1944 -- Rosey Brown OT 79 1953 -- 1965 1956 Harry Carson LB 53 1976 -- 1988 1986 Charlie Conerly QB 42 1948 -- 1961 1956 Tom Coughlin WR Coach / Head Coach -- 1988 - 1990 , 2004 -- 2015 1990 , 2007 , 2011 2016 Frank Gifford RB / WR 16 1952 -- 1964 1956 Pete Gogolak 1966 -- 1974 -- Mel Hein C / LB 7 1931 -- 1945 1934 , 1938 Jim Lee Howell End / Head Coach 21 , 81 1937 -- 1942 , 1946 -- 1947 , 1954 -- 1960 1938 , 1956 Sam Huff LB 70 1956 -- 1963 1956 Dave Jennings 13 1974 -- 1984 -- 2011 John Johnson Athletic Trainer -- 1948 -- 2008 1956 , 1986 , 1990 , 2007 2015 Tuffy Leemans RB 1936 -- 1943 1938 Jack Lummus End 29 1941 -- 2015 Dick Lynch DB 22 25 1958 -- 1966 -- Jack Mara Owner -- 1925 -- 1965 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 Tim Mara Owner -- 1925 -- 1959 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 Wellington Mara Ball Boy / Executive / Owner -- 1925 -- 2005 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 , 1986 , 1990 George Martin DE 75 1975 -- 1988 1986 Joe Morrison WR / RB 40 1959 -- 1972 -- Steve Owen OT / Head coach 6 , 9 , 12 , 36 , 44 , 50 , 55 1926 -- 1953 1927 , 1934 , 1938 Bill Parcells Linebacker Coach / Defensive Coordinator / Head Coach -- 1979 , 1981 -- 1990 1986 , 1990 Andy Robustelli DE 81 , 84 1956 -- 1964 1956 Phil Simms QB 11 1979 -- 1993 1986 , 1990 Chris Snee OG 76 2004 -- 2013 2007 , 2011 2015 Michael Strahan DE 92 1993 -- 2007 2007 Ken Strong HB 50 1933 -- 1935 , 1939 , 1944 -- 1947 1934 Lawrence Taylor LB 56 1981 -- 1993 1986 , 1990 Bob Tisch Owner -- 1991 -- 2005 -- Y.A. Tittle QB 14 1961 -- 1964 -- Amani Toomer WR 81 1996 -- 2008 2007 Justin Tuck DE 91 2005 -- 2013 2007 , 2011 2016 Emlen Tunnell DB / Scout / Assistant Head Coach 45 1948 -- 1958 , 1963 -- 1973 1956 Osi Umenyiora DE 72 2003 -- 2012 2007 , 2011 2015 Brad Van Pelt LB 10 1973 -- 1983 -- 2011 Alex Webster FB / Head Coach 29 1955 -- 1964 , 1969 -- 1973 1956 2011 George Young Executive -- 1979 -- 1997 1986 , 1990 NFL MVP award winners Giants NFL MVP winners Year Player Position Selector 1938 Mel Hein C , LB NFL 1956 Frank Gifford HB , WR NEA , UPI 1959 Charlie Conerly QB NEA 1961 Y.A. Tittle QB NEA 1962 Y.A. Tittle QB UPI 1963 Y.A. Tittle QB AP , NEA 1986 Lawrence Taylor LB AP , PFWA 1986 Phil Simms QB NEA Super Bowl MVP award winners Manning with the Lombardi Trophy during the Giants Super Bowl victory rally at Giants Stadium in 2008 . Super Bowl MVP winners SB Player Position XXI Phil Simms QB XXV Ottis Anderson RB XLII Eli Manning QB XLVI Eli Manning QB First - round draft picks Main article : List of New York Giants first - round draft picks Recent first - round draft picks Year Player College Position 2008 Kenny Phillips Miami ( FL ) DB 2009 Hakeem Nicks North Carolina WR Jason Pierre - Paul South Florida DE 2011 Prince Amukamara Nebraska DB 2012 David Wilson Virginia Tech RB 2013 Justin Pugh Syracuse OT 2014 Odell Beckham Jr . LSU WR 2015 Ereck Flowers Miami ( FL ) OT 2016 Eli Apple Ohio State CB 2017 Evan Engram Mississippi TE Coaches of note Main article : List of New York Giants head coaches Current staff New York Giants staff Front Office President / CEO -- John Mara Chairman / Executive Vice President -- Steve Tisch General Manager -- Dave Gettleman Assistant General Manager -- Kevin Abrams Senior Vice President of Player Personnel -- Chris Mara Director of Pro Personnel -- Ken Sternfeld Assistant Director of Pro Personnel -- Matt Shauger Director of Player Development -- David Tyree Head Coaches Head Coach -- Pat Shurmur Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator / Quarterbacks -- Mike Shula Running Backs -- Craig Johnson Wide Receivers -- Tyke Tolbert Tight Ends -- Lunda Wells Offensive Line -- Hal Hunter Assistant Offensive Line -- Ben Wilkerson Offensive Assistant -- Ryan Roeder Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- James Bettcher Defensive Line -- Gary Emanuel Linebackers -- Bill McGovern Assistant Linebackers -- Rob Leonard Defensive Backs -- Lou Anarumo Assistant Defensive Backs -- Deshea Townsend Defensive Assistant -- Bobby Blick Special Team Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Thomas McGaughey Assistant Special Teams -- Anthony Blevins Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Aaron Wellman Director of Performance Nutrition -- Pratik Patel Performance Manager -- Joe Danos → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Media , radio and television This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : New York Giants Radio Network As of 2010 , the Giants ' flagship radio station is WFAN , with games simulcast on WFAN - FM as of November 2012 . Beginning in 2012 , the Giants became WFAN 's top priority during the entire football season ; prior to that , games that conflicted with late season New York Mets baseball games in September and early October were moved to other CBS Radio owned stations . This arrangement only lasted for 2012 , and the Mets received priority again in 2013 . WFAN acquired the rights to New York Yankees games for 2014 , and thus the Giants ' schedule will be in conflict with them for the foreseeable future . When there is an overlap , Giants games are carried by WFAN 's sister station , WCBS - AM . Bob Papa on play - by - play and Carl Banks on color commentary are the Giants ' radio broadcast team , with Howard Cross as the sideline reporter . When Papa is unavailable to call games Chris Carrino , WFAN 's lead broadcaster for the Brooklyn Nets , substitutes for him . Games are carried over the New York Giants Radio Network over various stations in New York , Pennsylvania , Connecticut , and ( as of 2010 ) Mississippi . Preseason telecasts not seen nationally air in the area on WNBC , with WWOR - TV serving as an overflow station for when WNBC is airing other programming such as the Summer Olympic Games . Papa and Banks call these games on television , with studio host Paul Dottino as Papa 's substitute . WPIX - TV or WABC - TV will also air any Giants broadcast that is carried by ESPN , as per the local carriage rules ( WABC - TV corporate parent , The Walt Disney Company , holds an 80 % majority ownership stake in ESPN , and has a right of first refusal for these telecasts ) . Thursday Night Football games exclusive to NFL Network are carried locally by the producing network 's O&O , either WCBS - TV or WNBC . The Giants ' public address announcer at MetLife Stadium is Jim Hall , who for years was Bob Sheppard 's substitute at Yankee Stadium due to their very similar voices . Hall took over the Giants PA job after Sheppard elected to leave the position in 2005 to focus solely on his Yankee Stadium duties . Past WFAN has produced the Giants ' radio broadcasts since 1995 , but has not always aired them on the station . For 1995 , then - Giants flagship WOR continued to carry the games as they had for the previous two seasons . In 1996 the games were simulcast on WFAN and WOR , which caused some conflict as at the time , WFAN was the radio flagship of the New York Jets as well . To remedy the situation , beginning the next year WFAN moved the Giants ' radio broadcasts to the FM dial and sister station WNEW - FM , where they remained until the end of the 1999 season . In 2000 WFAN lost the Jets ' radio contract to WABC and the Giants moved back to WFAN where they have been ever since . The Giants ' longtime radio home was WNEW , where games aired from the mid-1950s until 1993 when the station was bought by Bloomberg L.P. and changed its format . Marty Glickman teamed with Al DeRogatis for a long stretch beginning in the early 1960s on WNEW . Chip Cipolla and later Sam Huff joined Glickman after DeRogatis left to join Curt Gowdy on NBC . After the WNEW split , games began airing on WOR . Glickman moved to the crosstown Jets in 1973 and was succeeded by Marv Albert . Jim Gordon succeeded Albert in 1977 , beginning an 18 - year tenure as the Giants ' play - by - play voice . Meanwhile , Dick Lynch took over as color analyst in 1976 and continued in that role through 2007 , with his last game being Super Bowl XLII , and retired following the season due to his advancing leukemia , which took his life in September 2008 . Eventually Gordon and Lynch were joined by Karl Nelson , a former lineman for the Giants . Gordon and Nelson were fired after the 1994 season , after which Papa took over the play - by - play ( after being studio host ) and led a two - man booth with Lynch . Dave Jennings joined the broadcast team in 2002 following his firing by the Jets , with whom he had worked since his 1987 retirement from the NFL . Jennings was moved to the pregame show after the 2006 season and was replaced by Carl Banks , leaving broadcasting altogether in 2008 due to his ongoing battle with Parkinson 's disease that he lost in 2013 . After WFAN began airing games Richard Neer served as pregame and postgame host . He was replaced by Sid Rosenberg , who was in turn fired by the station due to troubles and replaced by Chris Carlin . Carlin left in 2008 to focus full - time on his duties as SNY studio host and Rutgers athletics radio voice and was replaced by WWOR sports reporter and former WFAN host Russ Salzberg , who cohosted with Roman Oben after Jennings left . WEPN Giants beat reporter Paul Dottino was hired by WFAN to host the pregame show for 2009 and continues to be a part of the program . Anita Marks has hosted the pre - and post - game shows since 2010 , co-hosting with Dottino for home games and Oben for away games . The Giants were carried on the DuMont Network , then CBS ( New York 's Channel 2 ) in the early TV days of the NFL , when home games were blacked out within a 75 - mile radius of New York City . Chris Schenkel was their play - by - play announcer in that early era when each team was assigned its own network voice on its regional telecasts . At the time , there were few if any true national telecasts until the NFL championship game , which was carried by NBC . Schenkel was joined by Jim McKay , later Johnny Lujack through the 1950s and the early 1960s . As Giants players retired to the broadcast booth in the early and 1960s , first Pat Summerall , then Frank Gifford took the color analyst slot next to Schenkel . As the 1970 merger of the NFL and AFL approached , CBS moved to a more generic announcer approach and Schenkel was off the broadcasts . Giants regular - season Sunday telecasts moved to Fox when that network took over NFC telecasts in 1994 and are carried locally by WNYW . WCBS - TV and WPIX were previously home to Giants preseason telecasts in the 1990s , with WPIX serving as the Giants ' ( and Jets ' ) long time preseason home . After the NFC rights were lost by CBS , the Giants followed the conference 's broadcast rights to WNYW . WWOR became the Giants ' flagship TV station in the late ' 90s , and stayed so up until WNBC took over rights in 2005 . When the Giants first moved to WNYW , Mike Breen was their preseason play - by - play man . Sam Rosen was the television voice for some time afterward , except for two years when Curt Menefee ( then of WNYW ) was the voice . When the games moved to WWOR , Rosen regained the position and held it until 2004 . Former Giant receiver Phil McConkey became the early season analyst after his retirement and stayed in the booth for many years . See also New York City portal New Jersey portal Professional American football championship List of New York Giants seasons References Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants 2013 Logo Slick '' ( PDF ) . New York Giants . July 15 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eisen , Michael ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` 2013 Training Camp to be held in NJ '' . New York Giants . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Albany No More : Giants To Hold 2013 Training Camp At The Meadowlands '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hoovers.com Company Profile '' . Hoovers.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jimmy the Geek ( February 1 , 2008 ) . `` Wilmington Blogs : Pulp Culture The News Journal '' . delawareonline . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Brookover , Bob ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` The Birds ' Biggest Rival -- In a division of fierce foes , the Giants have battled the Eagles as tough as anyone '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D1 . ^ Jump up to : Brookover , Bob ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Eagles -- Giants among top rivalries '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D6 . ^ Jump up to : New York First Game & First Home Game Program , hapmoran.org . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ New York Pro Eleven Takes Opening Game , The New York Times , October 5 , 1925 . Retrieved March 16 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : New York Giants ( 1925 -- ) Archived April 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , databasefootball.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Championship games 1925 -- 1949 '' . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2006 . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . , giants.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 83 Jump up ^ New York Giants vs. Notre Dame All Stars December 14 , 1930 , hapmoran.org . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Robert McG. , Jr . `` Two Giants Were Heroes Far From Playing Field '' , The New York Times , January 26 , 1991 . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2015 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McDonough , W. et al. `` 75 Seasons : The Complete Story of the National Football League 1920 - 1995 , '' Turner Publishing , Inc. and National Football League Properties , Atlanta , p. 86 ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ The Detroit Free Press , November 8 , 1943 , p. 14 Jump up ^ The New York Times , November 8 , 1943 , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : History of the New York Giants , sportsecyclopedia . Retrieved September 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 272 Jump up ^ Kart , Larry . `` The Chicago Bears wins the 1963 NFL Championship '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 1966 NFL Standings , Stats and Awards Archived April 8 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , databasefootball.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wallace , William M. Jets Beat Giants , 37 -- 14 ; Namath Completes 14 of 16 Passes , 3 for Scores ; Battle Returns Punt For 86 Yards 70,874 Fans See Jet Rookie Score in Yale Bowl -- Mathis Tallies Two Touchdowns , The New York Times , August 18 , 1969 . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Weinraub , Bernard . Fans Show Mixed Emotions ; Bad Trades Laid To Team 's Pilot , The New York Times , September 13 , 1969 . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Fran Tarkenton Archived January 16 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , vikingupdate.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Katz , Michael . Giants Go With Youth and Cut Ramsey ; McVay Draws a Line , The New York Times , September 13 , 1977 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Katz , Michael . 20 Seconds Left As Eagles Win ; Jets Bow ; Todd Reinjured , The New York Times , November 20 , 1978 . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( 1991 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Sports Of The Times ; The Feud That Won Super Bowls '' . 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Jump up ^ NFL Stats : by Team Category . National Football League . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Lose Season Opener Against Washington Redskins 28 - 14 : Rapid Reaction '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL Game Center : New York Giants at New England Patriots -- 2011 Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Odds and Interest : a Look at the 2013 NFL Pro Bowl '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL Experience Will not Be a Part of Super Bowl XLVIII in New York / New Jersey '' . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Fail to Live up to Talk and Guarantees , Fall 24 - 21 to Dallas Cowboys '' . Jump up ^ `` Odell Beckham Jr . `` Happy '' to Land with New York Giants ; Recalls Past with Eli Manning `` . Jump up ^ Eisen , Michael ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ben McAdoo named New York Giants head coach '' . Giants.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Giants injury updates : Odell Beckham Jr. to have season - ending ankle surgery '' . Sporting News . 2017 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Rodgers - Cromartie suspended after blowup with McAdoo '' . New York Post . 2017 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Giants suspend Janoris Jenkins indefinitely '' . New York Post . 2017 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` NFL CHAMPIONS 1920 - 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` History of the New York Giants '' . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , giants.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 52 Jump up ^ NFL History : 1921 -- 1930 , National Football League / history . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Carroll . pg. 126 Jump up ^ Pro Football Here to Stay , Says Mara ; Giants to Play Next Year Despite Losses -- Game Also to Remain at Ebbets Field. , The New York Times , December 19 , 1926 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Burke , Monte . Turning $500 Into A $573 Million NFL Team , Forbes , August 29 , 2003 . Retrieved June 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tim Mara died in 1959 . Attendance Rises in Pro Football ; Grand Total for League Games and Extra Contests in 1939 Placed at 1,575,289 Increase 12.3 Per Cent Giants First For Home Crowds With 233,440 During Season -- Detroit Places Next , The New York Times , December 17 , 1939 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . * Pro Football set Attendance Mark ; National League Teams Played to More Than 1,600,000 Fans During 1940 Dodgers Drew 146,229 Washington , Pittsburgh Also Attracted Larger Crowds to Home Games , The New York Times , December 24 , 1940 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . * Attendance Gain for Pro Football ; Game Average 36.7 % Higher -- 1,072,469 at 40 Contests -- 55 Last Year Drew More , The New York Times , December 7 , 1943 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Teams valuation : 1998 - 2005 - New York Giants , Forbes . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : New York Giants ( 2006 ) , Forbes . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave . Sports of the Times ; Ten Giant Steps to Superdom , The New York Times , January 25 , 1987 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , Gerald . Football ; Tisch Does n't Plan to Be A Figurehead for Giants , The New York Times , February 22 , 1991 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard . Wellington Mara , the Patriarch of the N.F.L. , Dies at 89 , The New York Times , October 26 , 2005 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Giants co-owner Ann Mara dies at age 85 '' . ^ Jump up to : New York Giants ( 2004 ) , Forbes . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kurt Badenhausen. `` # 9 New York Giants -- Kurt Badenhausen '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kurt Badenhausen ( 2012 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Manchester United Tops The World 's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press . Two states claim NFC champion Giants as their own , Sports Illustrated , January 19 , 2001 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hevesi , Dennis ( January 13 , 1987 ) . `` Pre-Super Bowl Scrimmage : So Whose Giants Are They ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Matuszewski , Erik . New York 's Giants Victory Parade Set for Tomorrow , Bloomberg L.P. , February 4 , 2008 . Retrieved February 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived December 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hanlon , Greg ( November 30 , 2008 ) . `` Top 10 Moments in the Giants - Redskins Rivalry '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Head - to - Head Records - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Sphigel , Ben ( December 20 , 2011 ) . `` The Jets ' Players Are Asking Themselves : Is This a Rivalry Game ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Ebenezer ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Giants ' Weatherford : Beating Jets is ' sweet ' '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ B , John . `` Jets vs. Giants : How Big of a Rivalry Is It ? '' . SB Nation . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ DelVecchio , Steve . `` Bart Scott : Jets - Giants Not a Rivalry Because You Do n't Have to Fight Over Strippers in New York '' . Larry Brown Sports . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brandt , Gil . `` Scouts reveal their sleepers '' . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2006 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , National Football League , August 30 , 2005 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Retired Jersey Numbers '' . Big Blue Interactive . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall of Famers by Team , profootballhof.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Landry Player stats '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Headlines -- Story -- Giants to Unveil Ring of Honor '' . Giants.com . September 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Giants New Ring Of Honor : Who Deserves A Spot ? '' . Bleacher Report . 2010 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Giants.com - TV & Radio Gameday Guide '' . Bibliography Carroll , John Martin ( 1999 ) . Grange and the Rise of Modern Football . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 07166 - 2 . Neft , David S. ; Cohen , Richard M. ; Korch , Rick ( 1994 ) . The Complete History of Professional Football from 1892 to the Present . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 11435 - 4 . Steinbreder , John ( 1999 ) . Giants : 75 Years of Championship Football ( second ed . ) . Dallas : Taylor Publishing Co . ISBN 0 - 87833 - 159 - X . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the new york giants won the superbowl	[ "The Giants were one of five teams that joined the NFL in 1925, and is the only one of that group still existing, as well as the league's longest-established team in the Northeastern United States. The team ranks third among all NFL franchises with eight NFL championship titles: four in the pre–Super Bowl era (1927, 1934, 1938, 1956) and four since the advent of the Super Bowl (Super Bowls XXI (1986), XXV (1990), XLII (2007), and XLVI (2011)), along with more championship appearances than any other team, with 19 overall appearances. Their championship tally is surpassed only by the Green Bay Packers (13) and Chicago Bears (9). Throughout their history, the Giants have featured 28 Hall of Fame players, including NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP) award winners Mel Hein, Frank Gifford, Y. A. Tittle, and Lawrence Taylor.", "The Giants were one of five teams that joined the NFL in 1925, and is the only one of that group still existing, as well as the league's longest-established team in the Northeastern United States. The team ranks third among all NFL franchises with eight NFL championship titles: four in the pre–Super Bowl era (1927, 1934, 1938, 1956) and four since the advent of the Super Bowl (Super Bowls XXI (1986), XXV (1990), XLII (2007), and XLVI (2011)), along with more championship appearances than any other team, with 19 overall appearances. Their championship tally is surpassed only by the Green Bay Packers (13) and Chicago Bears (9). Throughout their history, the Giants have featured 28 Hall of Fame players, including NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP) award winners Mel Hein, Frank Gifford, Y. A. Tittle, and Lawrence Taylor.", "The Giants were one of five teams that joined the NFL in 1925, and is the only one of that group still existing, as well as the league's longest-established team in the Northeastern United States. The team ranks third among all NFL franchises with eight NFL championship titles: four in the pre–Super Bowl era (1927, 1934, 1938, 1956) and four since the advent of the Super Bowl (Super Bowls XXI (1986), XXV (1990), XLII (2007), and XLVI (2011)), along with more championship appearances than any other team, with 19 overall appearances. Their championship tally is surpassed only by the Green Bay Packers (13) and Chicago Bears (9). Throughout their history, the Giants have featured 28 Hall of Fame players, including NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP) award winners Mel Hein, Frank Gifford, Y. A. Tittle, and Lawrence Taylor.", "The Giants were one of five teams that joined the NFL in 1925, and is the only one of that group still existing, as well as the league's longest-established team in the Northeastern United States. The team ranks third among all NFL franchises with eight NFL championship titles: four in the pre–Super Bowl era (1927, 1934, 1938, 1956) and four since the advent of the Super Bowl (Super Bowls XXI (1986), XXV (1990), XLII (2007), and XLVI (2011)), along with more championship appearances than any other team, with 19 overall appearances. Their championship tally is surpassed only by the Green Bay Packers (13) and Chicago Bears (9). Throughout their history, the Giants have featured 28 Hall of Fame players, including NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP) award winners Mel Hein, Frank Gifford, Y. A. Tittle, and Lawrence Taylor." ]	[ "1986", "1990", "2007", "2011" ]
4625263022782422861	United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017	United Kingdom in the Eurovision song Contest 2017 - wikipedia United Kingdom in the Eurovision song Contest 2017 This is the current revision of this page , as edited by 213.123. 113.222 ( talk ) at 22 : 08 , 27 August 2017 ( → ‎ Final ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 22 : 08 , 27 August 2017 by 213.123. 113.222 ( talk ) ( → ‎ Final ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Eurovision Song Contest 2017 Country United Kingdom National selection Selection process Eurovision : You Decide Selection date ( s ) 27 January 2017 Selected entrant Lucie Jones Selected song `` Never Give Up on You '' Selected songwriter ( s ) Daniel Salcedo Emmelie de Forest Lawrie Martin Finals performance Final result 15th , 111 points United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest ◄ 2016 2017 The United Kingdom participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 . The British entry for the 2017 contest in Kiev , Ukraine , was selected via the national final Eurovision : You Decide , organised by the British broadcaster BBC . Six acts competed in the national final , with the song `` Never Give Up on You '' performed by Lucie Jones being selected the winner following the combination of a public televote and the votes of a professional jury panel . The song was co-written by former Eurovision winner Emmelie de Forest who participated as a songwriter for the first time . As a member of the `` Big 5 '' , the United Kingdom automatically qualified to compete in the final of the Eurovision Song Contest . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Before Eurovision 2.1 Eurovision : You Decide 2.1. 1 Competing entries 2.1. 2 Final 2.2 Song revamp 2.3 Promotion 3 At Eurovision 3.1 Voting 3.1. 1 Points awarded to United Kingdom 3.1. 2 Points awarded by United Kingdom 3.1. 3 Split voting results 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest Prior to the 2017 contest , the United Kingdom has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest fifty - nine times . Thus far , the United Kingdom has won the contest five times : in 1967 with the song `` Puppet on a String '' performed by Sandie Shaw , in 1969 with the song `` Boom Bang - a-Bang '' performed by Lulu , in 1976 with the song `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' performed by Brotherhood of Man , in 1981 with the song `` Making Your Mind Up '' performed by Bucks Fizz and in 1997 with the song `` Love Shine a Light '' performed by Katrina and the Waves . To this point , the nation is noted for having finished as the runner - up in a record fifteen contests . Up to and including 1998 , the UK had only twice finished outside the top 10 , in 1978 and 1987 . Since 1999 , the year in which the rule was abandoned that songs must be performed in one of the official languages of the country participating , the UK has had less success , thus far only finishing within the top ten twice : in 2002 with the song `` Come Back '' performed by Jessica Garlick and in 2009 with the song `` It 's My Time '' performed by Jade Ewen . For the 2016 contest , the United Kingdom finished in twenty - fourth place out of twenty - six competing entries with the song `` You 're Not Alone '' performed by Joe and Jake . The British national broadcaster , BBC , broadcasts the event within the United Kingdom and organises the selection process for the nation 's entry . BBC announced that the United Kingdom would participate in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 on 6 October 2016 . Between 2011 and 2015 , BBC opted to internally select the British entry . For their 2016 entry , the broadcaster announced that a national final would be organised featuring a competition among several artists and songs to choose the British entry for Eurovision . The same process was used in 2017 . Before Eurovision ( edit ) Eurovision : You Decide ( edit ) Main article : Eurovision : You Decide Eurovision : You Decide was the national final that was used to select the 2016 and 2017 entrants . Six acts compete in a televised show on 27 January 2017 hosted by Mel Giedroyc . The winner was selected via the combination of a public televote , consisting of televoting and online voting , and the votes of a professional jury panel . For the first time , the show was broadcast live on BBC Two . Competing entries ( edit ) On 6 October 2016 , BBC announced an open submission for interested artists to submit their songs in the form of a video recording . The submission period lasted until 1 November 2016 . The BBC invited the UK branch of the international OGAE fan club to assist in shortlisting the open entries and also revived its partnership with the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers and Authors ( BASCA ) who ran a songwriting competition amongst its members . The BBC also consulted with music industry experts including writers , producers , artist managers and members of the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . Former music director of RCA Records and founder of Innocent Records , Hugh Goldsmith , acted as music consultant to the BBC . Songs from all entry methods were included in a final shortlist which was presented to a professional panel , who ultimately selected six finalists to compete in the national final . The six competing songs premiered during The Ken Bruce Show on BBC Radio 2 on 23 January 2017 . Final ( edit ) Six acts competed in the televised final on 27 January 2017 . In addition to their performances , musical guest performers were featured in the show . A combination of the votes from the public and the votes from an eight - member professional jury panel selected the winner , Lucie Jones . Three of the members of the eight - member jury panel provided feedback regarding the songs during the show , and they were : Bruno Tonioli -- choreographer , dancer and television personality Sophie Ellis - Bextor -- singer and songwriter CeCe Sammy -- vocal and performance coach and television personality Norway 's Eurovision 2009 winner Alexander Rybak was revealed as the first guest performer on 16 December 2016 and opened the show with his winning song `` Fairytale '' . Pop rock band The Vamps were also revealed as guest performers on 20 January 2017 and performed their latest single `` All Night '' during the show . Draw Artist Song Songwriter ( s ) 1 Holly Brewer `` I Wish I Loved You More '' Kevin Fisher , Courtney Harrell , Laurell Barker , Mattias Frändå , Johan Åsgärde , Oliver Lundström 2 Danyl Johnson `` Light Up the World '' Dan McAllister , Rick Blaskey , Greg Walker , Chris Sutherland , Ameerah Roelants 3 Lucie Jones `` Never Give Up on You '' Daniel Salcedo , Emmelie de Forest , Lawrie Martin 4 Olivia Garcia `` Freedom Hearts '' Gabriel Alares , Sebastian Lestapier , Linnea Nelson , Laurell Barker 5 Nate Simpson `` What Are We Made Of '' Jon Hällgren , Eric Lumiere , DWB 6 Salena Mastroianni `` I Do n't Wanna Fight '' The Treatment , Nicole Blair , Marli Harwood Song revamp ( edit ) Following the show , during an interview on BBC Breakfast on 30 January 2017 , Jones revealed that both she and the BBC would be seeking to make changes to the song , stating they had listened to feedback from viewers on social media and would look at ideas at how to make it better . A new version of the song was recorded at Tileyard Studios in late February 2017 , whilst an accompanying music video was shot soon afterwards . The new version of the song , together with the official video , was released on 11 March 2017 . Promotion ( edit ) It was announced that Jones would promote the song by performing at both the London Eurovision Party on 2 April 2017 , and the Eurovision In Concert event in Amsterdam on 8 April 2017 . At Eurovision ( edit ) The Eurovision Song Contest 2017 took place at the International Exhibition Centre in Kiev , Ukraine , and consisted of two semi-finals on 9 and 11 May and the final on 13 May 2017 . According to Eurovision rules , all nations with the exceptions of the host country and the `` Big 5 '' ( France , Germany , Italy , Spain and the United Kingdom ) are required to qualify from one of two semi-finals in order to compete for the final ; the top ten countries from each semi-final progress to the final . As a member of the `` Big 5 '' , the United Kingdom automatically qualifies to compete in the final . In addition to their participation in the final , the United Kingdom is also required to broadcast and vote in one of the two semi-finals . At the semi-final allocation draw on 31 January 2017 , the United Kingdom was drawn to vote in the first semi-final on 9 May ; the country also performed in the first semi-final jury show on 8 May , and an extended clip of the performance was broadcast in the televised semi-final show the following evening . In the United Kingdom , the semi-finals were broadcast on BBC Four , with an average of half a million viewers watching the first semifinal and 350,000 watching the second semifinal . The number of viewers who watched the second semifinal was down almost half on the 2016 second semifinal , which had 630,000 viewers . The final was broadcast on BBC One , with a peak audience of 6.7 million viewers , down by half a million from 2016 's contest . Voting ( edit ) Below is a breakdown of points awarded to United Kingdom and awarded by United Kingdom in the first semi-final and grand final of the contest , and the breakdown of the jury voting and televoting conducted during the two shows : Points awarded to United Kingdom ( edit ) ( show ) Points awarded to United Kingdom ( Final ) Televote 12 points 10 points 8 points 7 points 6 points 5 points 4 points 3 points 2 points 1 point Ireland Malta Australia Spain Jury 12 points 10 points 8 points 7 points 6 points Australia Slovenia Albania Iceland Estonia Germany San Marino 5 points 4 points 3 points 2 points 1 point Cyprus Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Armenia Latvia France Hungary Macedonia Belgium Finland Austria Greece Norway Points awarded by United Kingdom ( edit ) ( show ) Semi-final 1 Score Televote Jury 12 points Poland Moldova 10 points Portugal Portugal 8 points Moldova Czech Republic 7 points Latvia Australia 6 points Cyprus Poland 5 points Greece Armenia 4 points Belgium Belgium 3 points Finland Cyprus 2 points Iceland Sweden 1 point Sweden Georgia ( show ) Final Score Televote Jury 12 points Bulgaria Portugal 10 points Poland Australia 8 points Portugal Sweden 7 points Romania Bulgaria 6 points Moldova Moldova 5 points Croatia Belgium 4 points Sweden Netherlands 3 points Belgium Austria 2 points Italy Denmark 1 point Hungary Belarus Split voting results ( edit ) The following five members comprised the British jury : Mary Hammond -- Chairperson -- singing teacher , singer Emma Stevens -- singer , songwriter Rokhsan Heydari -- songwriter Mark Eldridge ( Kipper ) -- producer , musician Jay London -- radio DJ ( show ) Split voting results from United Kingdom ( Semi-final 1 ) Draw Country Jury Televote M. Hammond E. Stevens R. Heydari Kipper J. London Average Rank Points Rank Points 01 Sweden 13 16 3 8 4 9 2 10 1 02 Georgia 9 12 6 12 8 10 1 18 03 Australia 10 6 8 10 2 4 7 12 04 Albania 16 18 9 17 15 18 16 05 Belgium 18 5 12 7 1 7 4 7 4 06 Montenegro 6 14 17 18 18 17 11 07 Finland 11 7 16 6 17 14 8 3 08 Azerbaijan 14 17 4 15 9 15 15 09 Portugal 15 1 1 2 6 2 10 2 10 10 Greece 8 13 14 13 14 16 6 5 11 Poland 5 9 11 3 13 5 6 1 12 12 Moldova 1 8 5 4 3 1 12 3 8 13 Iceland 17 3 10 9 10 11 9 2 14 Czech Republic 3 2 2 14 11 3 8 17 15 Cyprus 7 11 13 5 7 8 3 5 6 16 Armenia 12 10 7 1 12 6 5 13 17 Slovenia 2 4 15 16 16 13 14 18 Latvia 4 15 18 11 5 12 4 7 ( show ) Split voting results from United Kingdom ( Final ) Draw Country Jury Televote M. Hammond E. Stevens R. Heydari Kipper J. London Average Rank Points Rank Points 01 Israel 11 11 24 16 20 17 19 02 Poland 22 14 10 11 16 13 2 10 03 Belarus 8 3 11 14 19 10 1 17 04 Austria 9 5 19 10 8 8 3 18 05 Armenia 16 18 15 9 25 18 21 06 Netherlands 19 6 5 2 9 7 4 12 07 Moldova 4 7 7 7 2 5 6 5 6 08 Hungary 23 17 18 21 24 24 10 1 09 Italy 18 16 14 23 17 20 9 2 10 Denmark 20 12 4 4 11 9 2 24 11 Portugal 1 1 3 5 7 1 12 3 8 12 Azerbaijan 13 19 12 17 18 15 20 13 Croatia 6 20 25 24 23 23 6 5 14 Australia 7 2 8 3 4 2 10 16 15 Greece 24 15 16 22 21 22 11 16 Spain 2 25 21 25 10 19 25 17 Norway 14 24 9 20 12 14 14 18 United Kingdom 19 Cyprus 5 13 17 15 15 12 13 20 Romania 17 22 13 13 14 16 4 7 21 Germany 12 8 23 8 5 11 23 22 Ukraine 21 21 20 18 13 21 22 23 Belgium 15 4 6 12 1 6 5 8 3 24 Sweden 3 9 1 6 6 3 8 7 4 25 Bulgaria 10 10 2 1 3 4 7 1 12 26 France 25 23 22 19 22 25 15 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Eurovision 2017 - UK song entry now open ! '' . BBC Blogs - Eurovision. 6 October 2016 . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision Song Contest , 2017 , You Decide '' . BBC Eurovision . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The spotlight 's on , the stage is set -- Eurovision : You Decide is back '' . BBC Media Centre . 9 December 2016 . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Adams , William Lee ( 14 January 2017 ) . `` '' Eurovision : You Decide '' jury vote confirmed ... as Emmelie de Forest speculation heats up `` . wiwibloggs.com . Wiwibloggs . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , William Lee ( 20 January 2017 ) . `` '' Eurovision : You Decide '' expert panel includes Bruno Tonioli , Sophie Ellis Bextor and CeCe Sammy `` . wiwibloggs.com . Wiwibloggs . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Jessica ( 27 January 2017 ) . `` United Kingdom : Lucie Jones wins Eurovision : You Decide '' . esctoday.com . Esctoday . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( 16 December 2016 ) . `` Eurovision : You Decide signs up former winner Alexander Rybak '' . digitalspy.com . Digital Spy . Retrieved 16 December 2016 . Jump up ^ BBC Eurovision ( @ bbceurovision ) ( 20 January 2017 ) . `` NEWS : @ TheVampsband will be performing on # Eurovision You Decide , next Friday 27th January @ BBCTwo . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 20 January 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision : You Decide 2017 Panel announced ! '' . BBC Eurovision. 20 January 2017 . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Paul ( 9 September 2016 ) . `` Kyiv to host Eurovision 2017 ! '' . eurovision.tv . European Broadcasting Union . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Eurovision Song Contest 2017 UK TV semi final ratings Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 First Semi-Final '' . eurovision.tv . European Broadcasting Union . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 Grand Final '' . eurovision.tv . European Broadcasting Union . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Paul ( 29 April 2017 ) . `` Who will be the expert jurors for Eurovision 2017 ? '' . eurovision.tv . European Broadcasting Union . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . External links ( edit ) BBC 's official Eurovision website ( hide ) United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest ( show ) Participation 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 ( show ) Artists 1950s 1956 Patricia Bredin 1958 Pearl Carr & Teddy Johnson 1960s Bryan Johnson The Allisons Ronnie Carroll Ronnie Carroll Matt Monro Kathy Kirby Kenneth McKellar Sandie Shaw Cliff Richard Lulu 1970s Mary Hopkin Clodagh Rodgers The New Seekers Cliff Richard Olivia Newton - John The Shadows Brotherhood of Man Lynsey de Paul & Mike Moran Co-Co Black Lace 1980s Prima Donna Bucks Fizz Bardo Sweet Dreams Belle and the Devotions Vikki Watson Ryder Rikki Scott Fitzgerald Live Report 1990s Emma Samantha Janus Michael Ball Sonia Frances Ruffelle Love City Groove Gina G Katrina and the Waves Imaani Precious 2000s Nicki French Lindsay Jessica Garlick Jemini James Fox Javine Hylton Daz Sampson Scooch Andy Abraham Jade Ewen 2010s Josh Dubovie Blue Engelbert Humperdinck Bonnie Tyler Molly Electro Velvet Joe and Jake Lucie Jones ( show ) Songs 1950s 1956 `` All '' 1958 `` Sing , Little Birdie '' 1960s `` Looking High , High , High '' `` Are You Sure ? '' `` Ring - A-Ding Girl '' `` Say Wonderful Things '' `` I Love the Little Things '' `` I Belong '' `` A Man Without Love '' `` Puppet on a String '' `` Congratulations '' `` Boom Bang - a-Bang '' 1970s `` Knock , Knock Who 's There ? '' `` Jack in the Box '' `` Beg , Steal or Borrow '' `` Power to All Our Friends '' `` Long Live Love '' `` Let Me Be the One '' `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' `` Rock Bottom '' `` The Bad Old Days '' `` Mary Ann '' 1980s `` Love Enough for Two '' `` Making Your Mind Up '' `` One Step Further '' `` I 'm Never Giving Up '' `` Love Games '' `` Love Is '' `` Runner in the Night '' `` Only the Light '' `` Go '' `` Why Do I Always Get it Wrong ? '' 1990s `` Give a Little Love Back to the World '' `` A Message to Your Heart '' `` One Step Out of Time '' `` Better the Devil You Know '' `` Lonely Symphony ( We Will Be Free ) '' `` Love City Groove '' `` Ooh Aah ... Just a Little Bit '' `` Love Shine a Light '' `` Where Are You ? '' `` Say It Again '' 2000s `` Do n't Play That Song Again '' `` No Dream Impossible '' `` Come Back '' `` Cry Baby '' `` Hold On to Our Love '' `` Touch My Fire '' `` Teenage Life '' `` Flying the Flag ( for You ) '' `` Even If '' `` It 's My Time '' 2010s `` That Sounds Good To Me '' `` I Can '' `` Love Will Set You Free '' `` Believe in Me '' `` Children of the Universe '' `` Still in Love with You '' `` You 're Not Alone '' `` Never Give Up on You '' Note : Entries scored out are when United Kingdom did not compete ( hide ) Eurovision Song Contest 2017 ( show ) Countries Finalists ( by final results ) Portugal ( winner ) Bulgaria Moldova Belgium Sweden Italy Romania Hungary Australia Norway Netherlands France Croatia Azerbaijan United Kingdom Austria Belarus Armenia Greece Denmark Cyprus Poland Israel Ukraine Germany Spain Semi-final 1 Albania Czech Republic Finland Georgia Iceland Latvia Montenegro Slovenia Semi-final 2 Estonia Ireland Lithuania Macedonia Malta San Marino Serbia Switzerland Withdrawn Russia ( show ) Artists Finalists Salvador Sobral Kristian Kostov Sunstroke Project Blanche Robin Bengtsson Francesco Gabbani Ilinca feat . Alex Florea Joci Pápai Isaiah JOWST feat . Aleksander Walmann O'G3NE Alma Jacques Houdek Dihaj Lucie Jones Nathan Trent Naviband Artsvik Demy Anja Hovig Kasia Moś IMRI O. Torvald Levina Manel Navarro Semi-final 1 Lindita Martina Bárta Norma John Omar Naber Slavko Kalezić Svala Tamara Gachechiladze Triana Park Semi-final 2 Brendan Murray Claudia Faniello Fusedmarc Jana Burčeska Koit Toome & Laura Tijana Bogićević Timebelle Valentina Monetta & Jimmie Wilson Withdrawn Yulia Samoilova ( show ) Songs Finalists `` Amar pelos dois '' `` Beautiful Mess '' `` Hey , Mamma ! '' `` City Lights '' `` I Ca n't Go On '' `` Occidentali 's Karma '' `` Yodel It ! '' `` Origo '' `` Do n't Come Easy '' `` Grab the Moment '' `` Lights and Shadows '' `` Requiem '' `` My Friend '' `` Skeletons '' `` Never Give Up on You '' `` Running on Air '' `` Story of My Life '' `` Fly with Me '' `` This Is Love '' `` Where I Am '' `` Gravity '' `` Flashlight '' `` I Feel Alive '' `` Time '' `` Perfect Life '' `` Do It for Your Lover '' Semi-final 1 `` Blackbird '' `` Keep the Faith '' `` Line '' `` My Turn '' `` On My Way '' `` Paper '' `` Space '' `` World '' Semi-final 2 `` Apollo '' `` Breathlessly '' `` Dance Alone '' `` Dying to Try '' `` In Too Deep '' `` Rain of Revolution '' `` Spirit of the Night '' `` Verona '' Withdrawn `` Flame Is Burning '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2017&oldid=797565077 '' Categories : Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 2017 in British music United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Magyar Nederlands Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 22 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did england come in the eurovision song contest	[ "\n\nEurovision Song Contest 2017\n\n\nCountry\n United Kingdom\n\n\nNational selection\n\n\nSelection process\nEurovision: You Decide\n\n\nSelection date(s)\n27 January 2017\n\n\nSelected entrant\nLucie Jones\n\n\nSelected song\n\"Never Give Up on You\"\n\n\nSelected songwriter(s)\nDaniel Salcedo\nEmmelie de Forest\nLawrie Martin\n\n\nFinals performance\n\n\nFinal result\n15th, 111 points\n\n\nUnited Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest\n\n\n\n\n\n◄2016 •\n2017\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "15th, 111 points" ]
-2032850344442624449	Ronnie Burns (actor)	Ronnie Burns ( actor ) - wikipedia Ronnie Burns ( actor ) Jump to : navigation , search For others by the same name , see Ronnie Burns ( disambiguation ) . Ronnie Burns was in the 20th Century movie `` Bernadine '' with Pat Boone , 1957 . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ronnie Burns With actress Jacqueline Beer from the Burns and Allen television show , 1956 . Ronald Jon Burns ( name given after adoption ) ( 1935 - 07 - 09 ) July 9 , 1935 Evanston , Illinois , U.S. November 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 14 ) ( aged 72 ) Pacific Palisades , California , U.S. Cause of death Cancer Occupation Actor Years active 1950 -- 61 Spouse ( s ) Peggy Lyon ( m . 1965 ; div. 1972 ) Janice Powell ( m . 1977 ) Children Parent ( s ) George Burns Gracie Allen Ronald Jon `` Ronnie '' Burns ( July 9 , 1935 -- November 14 , 2007 ) was an American television actor . He is primarily remembered as the son of comedians George Burns and Gracie Allen and a regular cast member of The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show ( 1950 -- 58 ) on CBS . Biography ( edit ) Born in Evanston , Illinois , Ronnie Burns was five weeks old when he was adopted in Chicago September 27 , 1935 , by George Burns and Gracie Allen . His older sister , Sandra Jean , had been adopted the year before and was then 13 months old . According to George Burns , Ronnie had been the most sickly baby up for adoption from the agency , and Gracie chose him because she particularly felt he needed their help . On October 10 , 1955 , Burns joined the cast of the CBS television series , The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show , playing himself but cast as a novice actor and college student studying drama who tended to look askance at his parents ' comedy style . He first appeared on the show on October 18 , 1954 as the bridesgroom on the episode `` Gracie Gives a Wedding in Payment of a Favor '' ( Season 5 - Episode 3 ) . Upon joining the show full - time , numerous episodes revolved around the fictional Ronnie Burns ' dating and social life . His good looks and popularity helped the show gain the attention of younger viewers in its final years . Later he appeared on The George Burns Show ( 1958 -- 59 ) , a short - lived series produced after his mother retired from show business . Burns starred in the 1960 -- 61 NBC comedy series Happy , in which he and Yvonne Lime Fedderson played Chris and Sally Day , the parents of a talking baby . He played the manager of the Palm Desert Hotel in Palm Springs . Lloyd Corrigan , Doris Packer , and Burt Metcalfe had supporting roles . He made an uncredited appearance as Wallace on the Young at Heart episode of The Honeymooners , which featured Ralph Kramden ( Jackie Gleason ) trying to roller skate with disastrous results . Burns made a cameo appearance on Bachelor Father starring John Forsythe . Never comfortable with celebrity , Burns left acting . He produced a situation comedy , Wendy and Me ( 1964 -- 65 ) , in which his father starred . He then went into real estate investment and raised horses at a ranch he owned in Santa Ynez , California . Ronnie Burns died November 14 , 2007 , of cancer , at his Pacific Palisades home . He was survived by his wife Janice , three sons and six grandchildren . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Ronnie Burns , 72 , Who Played Role in Parents ' Show , Is Dead '' . The New York Times ( Associated Press ) , November 17 , 2007 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Burns and Allen Adopt Boy '' . The New York Times , September 28 , 1935 . Jump up ^ Burns , George . Gracie : A Love Story . Jump up ^ Adams , Val , `` News of Television '' . The New York Times , September 25 , 1955 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Tim , and Earle Marsh , The Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows 1946 -- Present . New York : Ballantine Books , 1988 ( fourth edition ) , ISBN 0 - 345 - 35610 - 1 External links ( edit ) Ronnie Burns on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronnie_Burns_(actor)&oldid=803364278 '' Categories : 1935 births 2007 deaths American male television actors People from the Greater Los Angeles Area American adoptees Deaths from cancer in California Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 02 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the son on burns and allen	[ "Ronald Jon \"Ronnie\" Burns (July 9, 1935 – November 14, 2007) was an American television actor. He is primarily remembered as the son of comedians George Burns and Gracie Allen and a regular cast member of The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show (1950–58) on CBS." ]	[ "Ronald Jon \"Ronnie\" Burns" ]
8626167728093070439	Father Stretch My Hands	Father Stretch My Hands - wikipedia Father Stretch My Hands Jump to : navigation , search `` Father Stretch My Hands Pt. 1 '' Single by Kanye West from the album The Life of Pablo Released June 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 07 ) Format Digital download streaming Length 2 : 16 Label GOOD Def Jam Songwriter ( s ) Various ( show ) Kanye West Scott Mescudi Rick Rubin Aubrey Graham ( Drake ) Noah Goldstein Leland Wayne Cydel Young Allen Ritter Jerome Potter Samuel Griesemer Chancelor Bennett T.L. Barrett Producer ( s ) Various ( show ) West Dean Rubin Metro Boomin ( co . ) DJ Dodger Stadium ( DJDS ) ( add . ) Ritter ( add . ) Goldstein ( add . ) Kanye West singles chronology `` That Part '' ( 2016 ) `` Father Stretch My Hands Pt. 1 '' ( 2016 ) `` Champions '' ( 2016 ) `` That Part '' ( 2016 ) `` Father Stretch My Hands '' ( 2016 ) `` Champions '' ( 2016 ) `` Pt. 2 '' Single by Kanye West from the album The Life of Pablo Released June 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 07 ) Format Digital download streaming Length 2 : 10 Label GOOD Def Jam Songwriter ( s ) Various ( show ) Kanye West Rick Rubin Cydel Young Sidney Selby III Adnan Khan Caroline Shaw Pat Reynolds T.L. Barrett Producer ( s ) Various ( show ) West Menace Rubin Plain Pat ( co . ) Shaw ( add . ) Kanye West singles chronology `` That Part '' ( 2016 ) `` Pt. 2 '' ( 2016 ) `` Champions '' ( 2016 ) `` That Part '' ( 2016 ) `` Father Stretch My Hands '' ( 2016 ) `` Champions '' ( 2016 ) `` Father Stretch My Hands '' is a two - part song by American rapper Kanye West . It was released as the second single from his seventh studio album The Life of Pablo ( 2016 ) . Rapper Kendrick Lamar was originally slated to appear on the first part , though his verse was removed in the final version . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Critical reception 3 In popular culture 4 Samples 4.1 Pt. 1 4.2 Pt. 2 5 Charts 5.1 Pt. 1 5.2 Pt. 2 6 Certifications 6.1 Pt. 1 6.2 Pt. 2 7 References 8 External links Composition ( edit ) The album version of the song is split into two parts : `` Father Stretch My Hands Pt. 1 '' featuring vocals by Kid Cudi and Kelly Price , and `` Pt. 2 '' featuring vocals by Desiigner and Caroline Shaw . The song is built around a sample of the song of the same title , performed and written by T.L. Barrett , with `` Pt. 2 '' featuring prominent interpolations of `` Panda '' , performed by Desiigner . A ' rough cut ' of the song was first released online in February 2016 . GQ wrote that the two - part track `` begins as a gospel song about fucking models , transitions halfway into a soul - baring confessional dance track , then drops in two entire verses of an entirely different song about drug - dealing and cars by an 18 - year - old Brooklyn rapper , before resolving into a meditative piece for vocoder by a contemporary classical composer and ending with a snippet of the sampled gospel song that the whole thing started from , just to remind you how far we 've traveled from there in the span of four minutes . '' Critical reception ( edit ) Complex listed the two parts of the song as twenty - fourth and third best song of 2016 so far in their list published on June 16 , 2016 . In popular culture ( edit ) Part 1 of `` Father Stretch My Hands '' spawned numerous memes due to producer Metro Boomin 's tag and entrance on the song `` If young Metro do n't trust you I 'm gon na shoot you '' , which usually involved a sudden event occurring , often involving someone getting shot . Samples ( edit ) Pt. 1 ( edit ) `` Father I Stretch My Hands '' by Pastor T.L. Barrett Pt. 2 ( edit ) `` Father I Stretch My Hands '' by Pastor T.L. Barrett `` Panda '' by Desiigner Street Fighter II : The World Warrior Sound Effects by Yoko Shimomura and Isao Abe Charts ( edit ) Pt. 1 ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 54 US Billboard Hot 100 37 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 14 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 10 Pt. 2 ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 70 US Billboard Hot 100 54 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 18 Certifications ( edit ) Pt. 1 ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Pt. 2 ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kendrick Lamar Recorded An Unreleased Verse For Kanye West 's `` Father Stretch My Hands Pt. 1 '' `` . Genius . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ihaza , Jeff ( 2016 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Why It 's Cool For Justin Bieber And Kanye West To Wear Their Own Merch '' . The Fader . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Bartleet , Larry ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Stephen Colbert parodies Kanye West 's ' Ellen ' speech '' . NME . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Ted ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) . `` Kanye West Chooses Next Single From ' The Life of Pablo ' - XXL '' . XXL . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matt ( 2016 - 06 - 15 ) . `` New Kanye West Song `` Saint Pablo '' : Listen to the New Song Kanye Added to The Life of Pablo `` . Esquire . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Raymer , Miles . `` The Life of Pablo : Kanye West 's Opus of Chaos '' . GQ . Condé Nast . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Songs of 2016 ( So Far ) '' . Complex . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.complex.com/music/2016/02/metro-boomin-kanye-west-father-stretch-my-hands-pt-1-best-memes Jump up ^ http://pigeonsandplanes.com/news/2016/02/future-kanye-metro-dont-trust-you-shoot-memes Jump up ^ `` Father Stretch My Hands Pt. 2 by Kanye West feat . Desiigner and Caroline Shaw on WhoSampled '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ Wickman , Forrest ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Your Track - by - Track Guide to Kanye West 's The Life of Pablo '' . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Kanye West Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kanye West Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kanye West Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Kanye West -- Father Stretch My Hands Pt . I '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Enter Father Stretch My Hands Pt . I in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Kanye West -- Father Stretch My Hands Pt . I '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Kanye West -- PT. 2 '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Kanye West songs The College Dropout `` All Falls Down '' `` I 'll Fly Away '' `` Jesus Walks '' `` The New Workout Plan '' `` Slow Jamz '' `` Through the Wire '' Late Registration `` Heard ' Em Say '' `` Touch the Sky '' `` Gold Digger '' `` Drive Slow '' `` Diamonds from Sierra Leone '' `` Hey Mama '' `` Gone '' Graduation `` Good Morning '' `` Champion '' `` Stronger '' `` Good Life '' `` Ca n't Tell Me Nothing '' `` Flashing Lights '' `` Homecoming '' `` Big Brother '' 808s & Heartbreak `` Welcome to Heartbreak '' `` Heartless '' `` Amazing '' `` Love Lockdown '' `` Paranoid '' `` See You in My Nightmares '' My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy `` Dark Fantasy '' `` Gorgeous '' `` Power '' `` All of the Lights '' `` Monster '' `` So Appalled '' `` Devil in a New Dress '' `` Runaway '' `` Hell of a Life '' `` Blame Game '' `` Lost in the World '' `` Who Will Survive in America '' `` See Me Now '' Watch the Throne `` No Church in the Wild '' `` Lift Off '' `` Niggas in Paris '' `` Otis '' `` Gotta Have It '' `` Who Gon Stop Me '' `` Made in America '' `` Why I Love You '' `` H A M '' Cruel Summer `` To the World '' `` Clique '' `` Mercy '' `` New God Flow '' `` Cold '' `` Do n't Like '' Yeezus `` On Sight '' `` Black Skinhead '' `` I Am a God '' `` New Slaves '' `` Hold My Liquor '' `` Blood on the Leaves '' `` Bound 2 '' The Life of Pablo `` Ultralight Beam '' `` Father Stretch My Hands '' `` Famous '' `` Real Friends '' `` Wolves '' `` Fade '' `` Saint Pablo '' Cruel Winter `` Champions '' Other singles `` Classic ( Better Than I 've Ever Been ) '' `` Christmas in Harlem '' `` Only One '' `` FourFiveSeconds '' `` All Day '' `` Lift Yourself '' `` Ye vs. the People '' Featured singles `` Talk About Our Love '' `` The Food '' `` I Changed My Mind '' `` Down and Out '' `` The Corner '' `` Go ! '' `` Number One '' `` Extravaganza '' `` Number One '' `` Would n't Get Far '' `` I Still Love H.E.R. '' `` Pro Nails '' `` Finer Things '' `` American Boy '' `` Put On '' `` Stay Up ! ( Viagra ) '' `` Swagga Like Us '' `` Go Hard '' `` Knock You Down '' `` Beat Goes On '' `` Kinda Like a Big Deal '' `` Walkin ' on the Moon '' `` Supernova '' `` Maybach Music 2 '' `` Make Her Say '' `` Digital Girl '' `` Run This Town '' `` Forever '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Erase Me '' `` Start It Up '' `` Hurricane 2.0 '' `` E.T. '' `` Marvin & Chardonnay '' `` Pride n Joy '' `` I Wish You Would '' `` Birthday Song '' `` Thank You '' `` I Won '' `` Blessings '' `` One Man Can Change the World '' `` Pop Style '' `` THat Part '' `` Friends '' `` Feel Me '' `` Love Yourself '' `` Glow '' `` Watch '' Other songs `` Us Placers '' `` Deuces ( Remix ) '' `` Sanctified '' Book Portal Kid Cudi Discography Awards and nominations Videography Filmography Studio albums Man on the Moon : The End of Day Man on the Moon II : The Legend of Mr. Rager Indicud Satellite Flight : The Journey to Mother Moon Speedin ' Bullet 2 Heaven Passion , Pain & Demon Slayin ' Mixtapes A Kid Named Cudi Singles `` Day ' n ' Nite '' `` Make Her Say '' `` Pursuit of Happiness '' `` Erase Me '' `` Mr. Rager '' `` No One Believes Me '' `` Just What I Am '' `` King Wizard '' `` Immortal '' `` Girls '' `` Frequency '' `` Surfin ' '' Featured singles `` Welcome to the World '' `` She Came Along '' `` Memories '' `` That Tree '' `` Symphonies '' `` All of the Lights '' `` Run '' `` Focused '' `` Father Stretch My Hands '' Promotional singles `` Did It Again ( Remix ) '' `` Whatever U Want ( GOOD Music Remix ) '' Other songs `` Welcome to Heartbreak '' `` Soundtrack 2 My Life '' `` Marijuana '' `` Gorgeous '' `` Baptized in Fire '' Films Maniac Cruel Summer Goodbye World Need for Speed The Ever After Two Night Stand Entourage Meadowland James White Vincent N Roxxy Related articles Ben Breedlove Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Emile Haynie GOOD Fridays GOOD Music How to Make It in America Kanye West Kanye West Presents GOOD Music : Cruel Summer Plain Pat WZRD WZRD Kids See Ghost Desiigner Discography Mixtapes New English EPs L.O.D. Singles `` Panda '' `` Champions '' `` Tiimmy Turner '' `` Outlet '' Featured singles `` Gucci Snakes '' Other songs `` Father Stretch My Hands , Pt. 2 '' Related articles GOOD Music Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Father_Stretch_My_Hands&oldid=843283000 '' Categories : 2016 songs Kanye West songs Songs written by Kanye West Songs written by Chance the Rapper Songs written by Rick Rubin Songs written by Mike Dean ( record producer ) Songs written by Kid Cudi Songs written by Metro Boomin Songs written by Plain Pat 2016 singles Song recordings produced by Metro Boomin Trap music ( hip hop ) songs Songs written by Allen Ritter Internet memes Internet memes introduced in 2016 Music memes Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 03 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is featured in father stretch my hands	[ "The album version of the song is split into two parts: \"Father Stretch My Hands Pt. 1\" featuring vocals by Kid Cudi and Kelly Price,[2] and \"Pt. 2\" featuring vocals by Desiigner and Caroline Shaw. The song is built around a sample of the song of the same title, performed and written by T. L. Barrett, with \"Pt. 2\" featuring prominent interpolations of \"Panda\", performed by Desiigner.[3][4] A 'rough cut' of the song was first released online in February 2016.[5]", "The album version of the song is split into two parts: \"Father Stretch My Hands Pt. 1\" featuring vocals by Kid Cudi and Kelly Price,[2] and \"Pt. 2\" featuring vocals by Desiigner and Caroline Shaw. The song is built around a sample of the song of the same title, performed and written by T. L. Barrett, with \"Pt. 2\" featuring prominent interpolations of \"Panda\", performed by Desiigner.[3][4] A 'rough cut' of the song was first released online in February 2016.[5]", "The album version of the song is split into two parts: \"Father Stretch My Hands Pt. 1\" featuring vocals by Kid Cudi and Kelly Price,[2] and \"Pt. 2\" featuring vocals by Desiigner and Caroline Shaw. The song is built around a sample of the song of the same title, performed and written by T. L. Barrett, with \"Pt. 2\" featuring prominent interpolations of \"Panda\", performed by Desiigner.[3][4] A 'rough cut' of the song was first released online in February 2016.[5]", "The album version of the song is split into two parts: \"Father Stretch My Hands Pt. 1\" featuring vocals by Kid Cudi and Kelly Price,[2] and \"Pt. 2\" featuring vocals by Desiigner and Caroline Shaw. The song is built around a sample of the song of the same title, performed and written by T. L. Barrett, with \"Pt. 2\" featuring prominent interpolations of \"Panda\", performed by Desiigner.[3][4] A 'rough cut' of the song was first released online in February 2016.[5]" ]	[ "Kid Cudi", "Kelly Price", "Desiigner", "Caroline Shaw" ]
6859249363425971615	Fireman (steam engine)	Fireman ( steam engine ) - wikipedia Fireman ( steam engine ) Jump to : navigation , search A boilerman , sometimes called a `` fireman '' or `` stoker '' Fireman or stoker is the job title for someone whose job is to tend the fire for the running of a steam engine . On steam locomotives the term fireman is usually used , while on steamships and stationary steam engines , such as those driving saw mills , the term is usually stoker ( although the British Merchant Navy did use fireman ) . The German word Heizer is equivalent and in Dutch the word stoker is mostly used too . The United States Navy referred to them as watertenders . Much of the job is hard physical labor , such as shoveling fuel , typically coal , into the engine 's firebox . Contents ( hide ) 1 Royal Navy 2 Royal Canadian Navy 3 Railways 4 Mechanical stoker 5 Notable stokers 6 Depictions in popular culture and art 6.1 Art 6.2 Events 6.3 Film 6.4 Literature 6.5 Music 7 References 8 Further reading Royal Navy ( edit ) Stokers in the boiler room on board HMT Stella Pegasi , Scapa Flow , 6 June 1943 The Royal Navy used the rank structure ordinary stoker , stoker , leading stoker , stoker petty officer and chief stoker . The non-substantive ( trade ) badge for stokers was a ship 's propeller . Stoker remains the colloquial term used to refer to a marine engineering rating , despite the decommissioning of the last steam - powered naval vessel many years ago . Large coal - fueled vessels also had individuals working as coal trimmers , who delivered coal from the coal bunkers to the stokers . They were responsible for all coal handling with the exception of the actual fueling of the boilers . Royal Canadian Navy ( edit ) The Royal Canadian Navy had steam powered ships : the last of which were replenishment ships . All marine engineers in the RCN , regardless of their platform ( CPF , 280 or AOR ) are nicknamed stokers . Railways ( edit ) A fireman working on a German Class 52 steam locomotive . On steam locomotives , firemen were not usually responsible for initially preparing locomotives and lighting their fire . As a locomotive boiler takes several hours to heat up , and a too - rapid fire - raising can cause excess wear on a boiler , this task was usually performed by fire lighters working some hours before the fireman 's main shift started . Only on small railways , or on narrow - gauge locomotives with smaller and faster - warming boilers , was the fire lit by the fireman . A fireman refills the water tank of 34067 ' Tangmere ' . Whoever was responsible for fire - raising would clear the ash from the firebox ashpan prior to lighting the fire , adding water to the engine 's boiler , making sure there is a proper supply of fuel for the engine aboard before starting journeys , starting the fire , raising or banking the fire as appropriate for the amount of power needed along particular parts of the route , and performing other tasks for maintaining the locomotive according to the orders of the engineer ( US ) , driver ( UK ) or Lokomotivführer ( Germany ) . The engine itself was cleaned by an engine cleaner instead of the fireman . Some firemen served these duties as a form of apprenticeship , aspiring to be locomotive engineers themselves . In the present day , the position of fireman still exists on the Union Pacific Railroad , but it refers to an engineer in training . The fireman may operate the locomotive under the direct supervision of the engineer . When the fireman is not operating the locomotive , the fireman assists the engineer and monitors the controls . Mechanical stoker ( edit ) Main article : Mechanical stoker A mechanical stoker is a device which feeds coal into the firebox of a boiler . It is standard equipment on large stationary boilers and was also fitted to large steam locomotives to ease the burden of the fireman . The locomotive type has a screw conveyor ( driven by an auxiliary steam engine ) which feeds the coal into the firebox . The coal is then distributed across the grate by steam jets , controlled by the fireman. Power stations usually use pulverized coal - fired boilers . Notable stokers ( edit ) There were approximately 176 stokers on board the coal fed ocean liner RMS Titanic . During the sinking of the ship , these men disregarded their own safety and stayed below deck to keep the steam driven electric generators running for the radiotelegraph , lighting , and water pumps . Only 48 of them survived . Simeon T. Webb was the fireman on the Cannonball Express when it was destroyed in the legendary wreck that killed engineer Casey Jones . Jones 's last words were `` Jump , Sim , jump ! '' and Webb did jump , survived , and became a primary source for information about the famous wreck . KFC founder Colonel Sanders worked as a railroad stoker when he was 16 or 17 . Depictions in popular culture and art ( edit ) Art ( edit ) Torsten Billman , a Swedish graphic artist , drawer , and mural painter - himself coal trimmer and stoker on various merchant ships from 1926 to 1932 - has portrayed the hard work in coal bunkers and stokeholes . Events ( edit ) Top Gear 's Jeremy Clarkson acted as stoker on the steam locomotive No. 60163 Tornado while performing a Race to the North against Richard Hammond and James May . It was an homage to the historical Race to the North , a rivalry between British steam engines , trains and men of different companies between London and Edinburgh . Film ( edit ) The lead character Bill Roberts ( George Bancroft ) in Josef von Sternberg 's motion picture The Docks of New York ( 1928 ) is a stoker . Literature ( edit ) The first chapter of Franz Kafka 's novel Amerika ( published posthumously in 1927 ) is entitled `` The Stoker '' . Mat Burke , a principal role in Eugene O'Neill 's play Anna Christie ( 1921 ) is a ship 's stoker . Yank , the protagonist of Eugene O'Neill 's play The Hairy Ape ( 1922 ) , is a stoker on a ship . Music ( edit ) `` Stoker Dreams '' and `` Stoker Love '' are songs by the Russian indie group Chimera . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Little and Often '' 1947 training video on YouTube . Firing A Steam Locomotive , 1947 Educational Documentary for WDTV LIVE42 , West Virginia . Jump up ^ `` UP : Past and Present Job Descriptions '' . Jump up ^ Gill , Anton ( 2010 ) . Titanic : the real story of the construction of the world 's most famous ship . Channel 4 Books . p. 148 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905026 - 71 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic Sinking Engine Room Heroes '' . gendisasters.com . Jump up ^ `` Titanic '' . UCO.es . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Crew of the RMS Titanic # Engineering crew Jump up ^ `` The Historic Casey Jones Home & Railroad Museum in Jackson , Tennessee -- Celebrating 50 Legendary Years ! 1956 - 2006 '' . Casey Jones Home & Railroad Museum . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2006 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Freeman ( 1945 ) . Railroad Avenue . McGraw Hill . Jump up ^ Sanders , Harland ( 2012 ) . The Autobiography of the Original Celebrity Chef ( PDF ) . Louisville : KFC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9855439 - 0 - 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Titanic 's unsinkable stoker '' . BBC News . Northern Ireland . March 30 , 2012 . Huibregtse , Jon R. ( 2010 ) . American Railroad Labor and the Genesis of the New Deal , 1919 - 1935 . University Press of Florida . Walter Licht ( 1983 ) . Working for the Railroad : the organization of work in the nineteenth century . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . Orr , John W. ( 2001 ) . Set Up Running : The Life of a Pennsylvania Railroad Engineman , 1904 - 1949 . University Park , PA : Pennsylvania State University Press . Tuck , Joseph Hugh ( 1976 ) . Canadian Railways and the International Brotherhoods : Labour Organizations in the Railway Running Trades in Canada , 1865 - 1914 . University of Western Ontario . Dissertation . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stokers . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fireman_(steam_engine)&oldid=807133087 '' Categories : Railway occupations Steam locomotives Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Ślůnski Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 03 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was a stoker in the royal navy	[ "Fireman or stoker is the job title for someone whose job is to tend the fire for the running of a steam engine. On steam locomotives the term fireman is usually used, while on steamships and stationary steam engines, such as those driving saw mills, the term is usually stoker (although the British Merchant Navy did use fireman). The German word Heizer is equivalent and in Dutch the word stoker is mostly used too. The United States Navy referred to them as watertenders. Much of the job is hard physical labor, such as shoveling fuel, typically coal, into the engine's firebox.[1]" ]	[ "job title for someone whose job is to tend the fire for the running of a steam engine" ]
4148265874954641042	The Space Between Us (film)	The Space Between Us ( film ) - wikipedia The Space Between Us ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Space Between Us Theatrical release poster Directed by Peter Chelsom Produced by Richard Barton Lewis Screenplay by Allan Loeb Story by Stewart Schill Richard Barton Lewis Allan Loeb Starring Gary Oldman Asa Butterfield Carla Gugino Britt Robertson Music by Andrew Lockington Cinematography Barry Peterson Edited by David Moritz Production company Huayi Brothers Pictures Los Angeles Media Fund Southpaw Entertainment Scarlet Fire Entertainment Virgin Produced Distributed by STXfilms Release date February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) Running time 121 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $30 million Box office $14.8 million The Space Between Us is a 2017 American romantic science fiction film directed by Peter Chelsom and written by Allan Loeb , from a story by Stewart Schill , Richard Barton Lewis and Loeb . The film stars Gary Oldman , Asa Butterfield , Britt Robertson , and Carla Gugino , and follows a teenage boy , born on Mars , who travels to Earth . Principal photography began on September 14 , 2015 , in Albuquerque , New Mexico . The film was released on February 3 , 2017 by STXfilms . It received negative reviews from critics and was a box office bomb , grossing $14.8 million against its $30 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Accolades 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In the near future , Nathaniel Shepard , CEO of Genesis , launches the first ever mission to colonize Mars . During the journey , the lead astronaut , Sarah Elliot , discovers that she is pregnant . Shortly after landing , she dies from eclampsia while giving birth to the first human born on Mars . The father of the child is unknown . In a dilemma , Nathaniel eventually decides to keep the child on Mars as a secret , to avoid a PR disaster for his company and also keep the child safe . Sixteen years later , Sarah 's son , Gardner Elliot , has grown up into an inquisitive , highly intelligent boy who has only ever met 14 people in his very unconventional upbringing . One day , in order to find out more about his mother , he hacks into Centaur , a robot he helped build , to gain access to the ship 's storage . There , he retrieves his mother 's items . Among them are a wedding ring and a USB drive , from which he plays a video of her and a man in a beach house . Convinced that the man is his father , he becomes determined to find him . Gardner logs on to an Internet chatroom , where he has struck up an online relationship with Tulsa , a street smart girl from Colorado who is constantly being shuffled from one foster home to the next . Under the guise of being confined to a penthouse due to osteogenesis imperfecta , they discuss their plans for the future . Gardner promises to come see her someday . He then watches the German language film , Wings of Desire , where an angel falls to Earth . His mother figure , astronaut Kendra Wyndham , video calls Nathaniel and Genesis director Tom Chen to inform them of Gardner 's extraordinary intelligence and to beg them to allow him to go to Earth . Nathaniel refuses , as Gardner would have to undergo a highly risky surgery to increase his bone density and then train to adapt to Earth 's atmospheric pressure . Gardner undergoes the surgery anyway and after training , he , Kendra and some other astronauts board a space shuttle for Earth . On the day of the space shuttle 's arrival , Nathaniel discovers that Gardner is on board . He angrily confronts Tom , who hid this from him . Despite his anger , Nathaniel visits Gardner , who is being quarantined in NASA while undergoing medical tests to determine whether he is fit for life on Earth . After a visit from Kendra , Gardner manages to discover that he is not fit for life on Earth . Upset , he stages a daring escape and hitches a ride to find Tulsa . Upon seeing him , Tulsa hits him as she is upset at Gardner for ' ghosting ' her for 7 months . However , she forgives him and he convinces her to help him find his father . They stop by her house to get supplies for the journey , but are found by Nathaniel and Kendra . While trying to convince him to return to NASA , Gardner angrily confronts Kendra with her own admission of not wanting children and escapes with Tulsa on an old plane which her foster father was working on . The plane abruptly loses oil pressure while still in the sky . Tulsa manages to crash - land the plane into an old , abandoned barn , causing a fiery explosion . They escape safely to a diner where they determine the location of the shaman who married Gardner 's parents , Shaman Neka . Believing that Gardner has died , a grieving Nathaniel and Kendra let out their rage at one another . After discovering that no bodies were found in the wreckage , they receive some devastating news - Gardner 's body contains dangerously high levels of troponin , meaning that he has an enlarged heart . His heart is unable to stand Earth 's atmospheric pressure and so Gardner must be returned to Mars immediately if he is to survive . The search is resumed with renewed fervor and they discover CCTV footage of Gardner and Tulsa in a supermarket parking lot , where they have bought clothes and supplies for the journey . During the journey , Gardner tells Tulsa the truth - that he was born and raised on Mars . Unwilling to accept the truth , she forces him out of the car but forgives him once he promises never to lie to her again , although she still does not believe him . At night , they camp out under the stars , where they make love . In the morning , they are discovered by a follower of Shaman Neka and are brought to him . He agrees to help them . Gardner 's nose starts bleeding , a fact he conceals while Tulsa accesses the records to get the location of the beach house , which is in Summerland , California . Before they begin their journey , they make a detour to Las Vegas . Gardner 's nose starts to bleed again and he collapses and is taken to a hospital . After seeing the carbon tubes in his bones on the results of an X-ray at the hospital , Tulsa tells Gardner she now believes he was born on Mars , but plans to leave him in the hospital , before foster care can come , as he is too sick to continue their journey . Gardner reveals that he knows he wo n't last on Earth anymore and all he wants is to meet his father before he dies . Tulsa gives in and helps him escape . They steal a car and drive to the beach house . There , they meet the man from the video , who reveals that he is not Sarah Elliot 's husband , but her own brother . However , he thinks that the two are lying to him . Gardner runs down to the sea , where he tells Tulsa that this is where he wants to die . He collapses . Tulsa tries frantically to drag him to the shore , but he is too heavy for her . Nathaniel and Kendra arrive just in time to save him . After Nathaniel performs CPR on him , Gardner asks him about his mother Sarah and reveals that he knows that Nathaniel is his real father . Nathaniel , Kendra and Tulsa rush Gardner to a Dream Chaser . They plan to launch into the stratosphere to stabilize him . When that proves to not be enough , a desperate Nathaniel takes control and launches into outer space . Free of Earth 's gravity , Gardner is revived . Soon , Gardner boards a space shuttle to Mars . Tulsa and Gardner have an emotional parting . Kendra , who is staying on Earth because she is retiring from NASA , adopts Tulsa . Determined to join Gardner on Mars , she joins Kendra 's training program . Back on Mars , with his father Nathaniel , Gardner is glad to be home . Cast ( edit ) Gary Oldman as Nathaniel Shepherd Asa Butterfield as Gardner Elliot Carla Gugino as Kendra Wyndham Britt Robertson as Tulsa B.D. Wong as Genesis Director Tom Chen Janet Montgomery as Sarah Elliot Trey Tucker as Harrison Lane Scott Takeda as Dr. Gary Loh Adande Thorne as Scott Hubbard Colin Egglesfield as Sarah 's brother Gil Birmingham as Shaman Neka Logan Paul as Roger Saarh Minnich as reporter Ryan Jason Cook as Control Room technician Lauren Myers as Alice Myers Morse Bicknell as NASA executive Beth Bailey as NASA Chief Director Chuck Woodruff as Tim Janis Christen Rakes as maid Bruce Macintosh as NASA scientist David House as Roland Esodie Geiger as Mrs. Tupelo Charles Arnone as mechanic Jacob Browne as New Mexico State policeman Jenny Gabrille as Havasupai woman Bernardo Saracino as pilot Eli Goodman as ER doctor Ramona King as reception nurse Eb Lottitmer as Air Force Colonel Ramsey Scotte as foster care worker Production ( edit ) In 1999 , Universal Pictures and Mike Lobell Productions acquired a screenplay , then titled Mainland , about a rebellious teen born on the moon who desired to come to the earth but whose physiology , it was feared , would not be able to take the translation . After failed rewrites by Allison Burnett ( Autumn in New York ) , the project was placed in turnaround , as Lobell left Universal for a deal at Castle Rock Entertainment . The project remained unproduced for over a decade . On March 13 , 2014 , Hollywood industry website The Tracking Board revealed that a science fiction - adventure film titled Out of This World was in development at Relativity Media , scripted by Allan Loeb . Later in August 2014 , it was reported that Peter Chelsom , who had previously directed Hector and the Search for Happiness for Relativity , was hired to direct the film , while Relativity would produce and distribute . Southpaw Entertainment 's Richard B. Lewis was attached to produce the film , and also received a `` story by '' credit . On February 2 , 2015 , Asa Butterfield was tapped to play the lead character in the film , a teen who was raised on Mars , and who falls in love with a girl on Earth he has been communicating with . Chelsom and Tinker Lindsay rewrote the screenplay . On July 13 , 2015 , it was announced that Relativity was selling the project to STX Entertainment , in order to reach an agreement with its creditors and avoid having to file for bankruptcy . STX produced and distributed the film . On July 31 , 2015 , Gary Oldman , Carla Gugino , and Britt Robertson joined the cast of the then - untitled film . Robertson would play the female lead , a teen girl from Colorado . On September 8 , 2015 , it was announced that the title of the film would be The Space Between Us , and B.D. Wong and Janet Montgomery were added to the cast . On September 30 , 2015 , Trey Tucker joined the film to play an astronaut , and on October 23 , 2015 , Scott Takeda was cast to play a doctor in the film . Asa Butterfield and Britt Robertson have a seven - year age gap between them , which caused controversy , but in an interview Robertson explains that the age difference helped with the dynamic of the relationship between Tulsa and Gardner . `` I do n't think Tulsa is really a teenager . She 's had to be an adult for a really long time . She 's had to take care of herself . She 's had to figure out where she 's going to live , and pay her mortgage or gas . She thinks like an adult . There 's this dynamic where she 's almost parenting him in some ways . There 's this very specific kind of thing where she 's teaching him about the world ( saying ) , `` Get it together , these are people . Why are you doing it this way ? Why are n't you being human ? ( Our age difference ) I think really helps the dynamic . It 's not something I really pay attention to . '' Principal photography on the film began on September 14 , 2015 , in Albuquerque , New Mexico . Andrew Lockington composed the film 's score , which was released through Sony Music Entertainment . Release ( edit ) In August 2015 , STX Entertainment scheduled the film to be released on July 29 , 2016 . The release date was later switched with STX 's other release , Bad Moms , and was moved its release date later to August 19 , 2016 . However , Kubo and the Two Strings , Ben - Hur , and War Dogs were all slated for August 19 , 2016 and STX Entertainment moved its release date later to December 21 , 2016 , allowing more time for work on the visual effects . The film 's release date was later moved to December 16 , 2016 , and finally STX Entertainment moved its release date later to February 3 , 2017 . Box Office ( edit ) The Space Between Us grossed $7.9 million in the United States and Canada and $6.9 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $14.8 million , against a production budget of $30 million . In North America , The Space Between Us was released alongside Rings and The Comedian , and was projected to gross $8 -- 10 million from 2,812 theaters during its opening weekend . The film ended up grossing $1.4 million on its first day and $3.8 million in its opening weekend , finishing well below expectations , and 7th at the box office . In its third weekend the film grossed $260,000 after being pulled from 2,441 theaters ( dropping 84.6 % to 331 ) , marking the 6th biggest theater drop in history . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 16 % based on 118 reviews , with an average rating of 4.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Space Between Us strands its star - crossed young lovers in a mind - numbingly vast expanse of shameless cheese that will send all but the most forgiving viewers eye - rolling for the exits . '' On Metacritic , the film holds a score 33 out of 100 , based on 32 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Writing for IndieWire , David Ehrlich gave the film a grade of `` C , '' calling it a `` guileless and good - natured sci - fi love story '' . Kevin Maher gave a scathing review in The Times , writing that the film is `` notable only for some horrendously bad science and a career - low performance from Gary Oldman '' . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Nominee Result Ref . Teen Choice Awards July 31 , 2016 Choice Movie Actress : AnTEENcipated Britt Robertson Nominated August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Sci - Fi The Space Between Us Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Sci - Fi Asa Butterfield Nominated See also ( edit ) List of films set on Mars References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Space Between Us ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( July 31 , 2015 ) . `` Gary Oldman , Carla Gugino and Britt Robertson Join STX 's Intergalactic Love Story '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ender 's Game ' Star Asa Butterfield Nabs Lead for ' Out of This World ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Science Fiction Love Story From STX Entertainment to be Officially Titled `` The Space Between Us '' `` . prnewswire.com . September 8 , 2015 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Newcomer Joins Gary Oldman , Asa Butterfield in ' Space Between Us ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Scott Takeda Enters ' The Space Between Us ' With Gary Oldman '' . Variety.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Space Between Us Cast + Crew '' . Fandango . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maclamore , Mac ( March 3 , 2014 ) . `` ( Tb Exclusive ) 8 Directors in Line to Get `` Out of This World '' for Relativity Media ! `` . tracking-board.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Yamato , Jen ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Relativity Headed ' Out of This World ' With ' Hector ' Helmer '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Relativity Selling ' Out Of This World ' to STX Entertainment ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://screenpicks.com/2017/02/interviews-asa-butterfield-britt-robertson-space-us/ Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 9 / 18 / 15 : Rian Johnson Calls Action on Star Wars : Episode 8 , Ghostbusters & The Magnificent Seven Wrap '' . ssninsider.com . September 18 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` STX Pushes ' Free State Of Jones ' To Summer 2016 , Dates ' The Space Between Us ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Comedy ' Bad Moms ' , Sci - Fi Film ' The Space Between Us ' Swap Release Dates '' . The Hollywood Reporter . March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Asa Butterfield 's ' Space Between Us ' Set for December '' . Variety.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` STX Shifts Release Dates For ' Bye Bye Man ' & ' The Space Between Us ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` STX 's ' The Space Between Us ' Sets New Feb. 3 Launch Date '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rings ' Hopes To Choke ' Split ' In Genre Scrimmage Over Super Bowl Weekend -- Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Split ' Dings ' Rings ' ; Auds Keep Distance From ' Space ' ; ' Comedian ' Bombs : Sunday Update '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Another Holiday Weekend Where Holdovers Reign & New Studio Releases Tank : Presidents ' Day B.O. '' Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Theater Drops '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` The Space Between Us ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Space Between Us Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CinemaScore on Twitter ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` The Space Between Us '' . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Space Between Us ' Review : YA Goes To Mars In This Weightless Teen Weepie '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maher , Kevin ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` The Space Between Us '' . The Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced : See the `` First Wave '' of Potential Winners `` . E !. Archived from the original on May 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) The Space Between Us on IMDb The Space Between Us at AllMovie ( hide ) Films directed by Peter Chelsom Hear My Song ( 1991 ) Funny Bones ( 1995 ) The Mighty ( 1998 ) Town & Country ( 2001 ) Serendipity ( 2001 ) Shall We Dance ? ( 2004 ) Hannah Montana : The Movie ( 2009 ) Hector and the Search for Happiness ( 2014 ) The Space Between Us ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Space_Between_Us_(film)&oldid=825497265 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s adventure films 2010s romance films 2010s science fiction films American films Films directed by Peter Chelsom Films shot in New Mexico Science fiction adventure films American science fiction films American space adventure films American teen romance films STX Entertainment films Huayi Brothers films Films about NASA Films about adoption Films about orphans Films about space hazards Films set in Florida Films set in California Films set in Colorado Films set in the Las Vegas Valley Films set in 2018 Films set in 2036 Mars in film Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Magyar 日本語 Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 18 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played tulsa in the space between us	[ "Britt Robertson[2] as Tulsa" ]	[ "Britt Robertson" ]
-1136085838075496979	Christopher Pike (Star Trek)	Christopher Pike ( Star Trek ) - wikipedia Christopher Pike ( Star Trek ) Jump to : navigation , search Christopher Pike Star Trek character Captain Pike , as played by Jeffrey Hunter in the original pilot `` The Cage '' . Portrayed by Jeffrey Hunter ( 1966 ) Sean Kenney ( 1966 ) Bruce Greenwood ( 2009 & 2013 ) Information Species Human Affiliation United Federation of Planets Starfleet Posting USS Enterprise commanding officer Rank Captain Fleet Captain Admiral Christopher Pike is a character in the Star Trek science fiction franchise . He was portrayed by Jeffrey Hunter in the original Star Trek pilot episode , `` The Cage '' , as captain of the USS Enterprise . The pilot was rejected , and the character was dropped during development of the second pilot when Hunter decided that he did not want to continue with the series . Sean Kenney portrayed Pike in new footage filmed for a subsequent Star Trek episode , `` The Menagerie '' , which also re-uses original footage featuring Hunter from `` The Cage '' . Bruce Greenwood portrays Pike in the 2009 film Star Trek and its 2013 sequel , Star Trek Into Darkness . Contents ( hide ) 1 Depiction 1.1 `` The Cage '' 1.2 `` The Menagerie '' 1.3 Later references 1.4 Reboot 2 Appearances in licensed spin - off media 2.1 Novels and short stories 2.2 Comics 2.2. 1 Star Trek : Early Voyages 2.2. 2 Star Trek Annual # 2 -- `` The Final Voyage '' ( DC comics , 1986 ) 2.2. 3 Starfleet Academy comic series 2.2. 4 Star Trek Captain 's Log : Pike ( IDW Publishing , 2010 ) 2.3 Star Trek : The New Voyages 3 References 4 External links Depiction ( edit ) According to dialogue in The Cage , he is from the city of Mojave on Earth and once owned a horse named Tango . Pike is the second captain of the USS Enterprise NCC - 1701 and the first to be shown in Star Trek canon . The animated Star Trek series reveals that Captain Robert April predated Pike , and printed Star Trek fiction and reference books also identify April as Pike 's predecessor . Pike took command of the USS Enterprise in the year 2252 , at the age of 38 , taking over command from Robert April , who commanded the Enterprise for nine years . `` The Cage '' ( edit ) At the beginning of `` The Cage '' , set in the year 2254 , Pike and his crew are recuperating from a mission to Rigel VII during which several members of the landing party were killed by the inhabitants. The incident filled Pike with so much guilt that he is considering resigning his commission . Meanwhile , the Enterprise is en route to Vega Colony to drop off wounded crew members when it receives a distress call from the survey vessel SS Columbia , lost eighteen years previously . Pike orders the ship diverted to Talos IV to rescue survivors . Pike soon learns that all but one of the survivors are illusions created by the Talosians in order to lure the Enterprise crew to Talos IV . The Talosians make every effort to provide sexual fantasies that they hope will appeal to Pike , using Vina , the only real Columbia survivor , as the object of desire . After Pike escapes from his prison cell with the aid of his first officer , Number One , and Yeoman J.M. Colt , the Talosians reveal , to Pike , Vina 's real appearance as a disfigured older woman . The Talosians saved her life after the Columbia crashed , but they had no guide on how to repair a human body . Pike requests that the Talosians restore her illusion of beauty and the Enterprise leaves Talos IV . `` The Menagerie '' ( edit ) At some point prior to The Menagerie , Pike is promoted to fleet captain . He is severely injured while rescuing several cadets from a baffle plate rupture on board a J - class training vessel , the delta ray radiation leaving him paralyzed , unable to speak , badly scarred , and using a brainwave - operated wheelchair for mobility . His only means of communicating is through a light on the chair : one flash meaning `` yes '' and two flashes indicating `` no '' . In The Menagerie , the Enterprise , now under the command of Captain James T. Kirk , travels to Starbase 11 . Spock , who had served with Pike for `` eleven years , four months , and five days '' , makes clandestine arrangements to take Pike back to Talos IV , despite travel to Talos IV being the only criminal offense still punishable by death in Starfleet . Spock undergoes court - martial , with his evidence presented during the trial being footage from `` The Cage '' . At the two - part episode 's conclusion , it is revealed that the entire procedure was a Talosian - generated illusion to ensure that the Enterprise reached Talos . The Talosians invite Captain Pike to spend the remainder of his life among them , `` unfettered by his natural body '' , which was the entire purpose of Spock 's actions . Pike accepts the offer and Spock , now cleared of all charges , sees him off . The Talosians then show Captain Kirk an image of Pike in perfect health and reunited with Vina ( another scene from `` The Cage '' ) . Later references ( edit ) Pike is referenced in the episode `` Mirror , Mirror '' . An alternate - universe version of Captain Kirk reportedly assassinated Pike to become captain of the ISS Enterprise ( the Mirror Universe version of the USS Enterprise ) . In the Star Trek : The Next Generation episode `` The Most Toys '' , the name Pike can be seen briefly on the side of the shuttlecraft Lt. Commander Data was going to pilot at the beginning of the episode . A citation named for Pike is revealed in the Star Trek : Deep Space Nine episode `` Tears of the Prophets '' ; Captain Benjamin Sisko receives the `` Christopher Pike Medal of Valor '' for his actions during the Dominion War . In the Star Trek : Discovery episode `` Choose Your Pain '' , Pike is shown listed on the Starfleet Database as one of Starfleet 's most decorated Captains as of 2256 . Also included in the list are : Jonathan Archer , Matthew Decker , Philippa Georgiou , and Robert April . Reboot ( edit ) Bruce Greenwood as Pike in the 2009 film Captain Pike appears in the 2009 reboot Star Trek , this time portrayed by Bruce Greenwood . In the film , Pike encourages a young , directionless James T. Kirk ( Chris Pine ) to follow in the footsteps of his hero father and enlist in Starfleet . Pike is the first Captain of the USS Enterprise , with Kirk on board as a stowaway . During the Battle of Vulcan , Pike is taken prisoner by Nero ( Eric Bana ) and tortured for information about Earth 's defenses . He is later rescued by Kirk , whom Pike also manages to save from an attacking Reman ( a close cousin of the Romulan race ) , despite his wounds . At the end of the film , Pike is promoted to the rank of admiral and uses a wheelchair . Unlike his counterpart in The Menagerie , however , Pike still retains the ability to speak and to use his upper body . He proudly yields command of the Enterprise to Kirk while he recovers from his injuries , stating that Kirk 's father would be proud of his actions . Greenwood reprised his role as Pike in the next film , Star Trek Into Darkness . In the film , Pike has partially recovered from the trauma Nero inflicted , and uses a cane rather than a wheelchair . After Kirk violates the Prime Directive to rescue Spock ( Zachary Quinto ) , Pike briefly retakes command of the Enterprise and warns Kirk that the Admiralty is threatening to put him back into the Academy . Pike confronts Kirk about his reckless behavior and how his own actions can get those nearest to him killed . Despite his anger at Kirk , however , Pike retains him as his First Officer , sparing him from having to return to the Academy . He later explains to Kirk that he still believes in him and that he also sees a `` greatness '' behind his recklessness . During a meeting with the Starfleet commanders , including veteran Admiral Marcus and Captain Kirk , Pike is killed in a terrorist attack on Starfleet by John Harrison . Pike 's death incites a desire for revenge in Kirk , who seeks to hunt Harrison down , which nearly brings the Federation into a full - scale war with the Klingons . It is revealed that `` John Harrison '' is an alias , and Harrison 's true identity is Khan Noonien Singh . Khan reveals a secret agenda of Admiral Marcus to militarize Starfleet via war with the Klingons and the use of the huge Dreadnought class starship , USS Vengeance , which was designed by Khan . At the end of the film , a memorial service is held for Pike and all of the other people who died as a result of Admiral Marcus ' and Khan 's actions . Pike 's death also deeply affects Kirk and Spock , Kirk because of their close relationship and Spock because he 'd been mind - melding with Pike as he died and felt his death . Appearances in licensed spin - off media ( edit ) Novels and short stories ( edit ) Pike has significant roles in the Pocket Books novels Enterprise : The First Adventure ( Vonda N. McIntyre , 1986 ) , Final Frontier ( Diane Carey , 1988 ) , Vulcan 's Glory ( D.C. Fontana , 1989 ) , Burning Dreams ( Margaret Wander Bonanno , 2006 ) , and Child of Two Worlds ( Greg Cox , 2015 ) . A mirror - universe version of Pike ( established in `` Mirror , Mirror '' , as having been assassinated by the mirror James T. Kirk . ) He also appears in the novel Dark Victory ( William Shatner , 1999 ) , and the short story `` The Greater Good '' ( Margaret Wander Bonanno ) in the anthology Star Trek : Mirror Universe : Shards and Shadows ( 2009 ) . Dave Stern 's 2010 original series novel The Children of Kings was set aboard Pike 's Enterprise . Captain Pike has his own novel in `` Captain 's Table '' series , Where Sea Meets Sky , written by Jerry Oltion and published in October 1998 . Comics ( edit ) Star Trek : Early Voyages ( edit ) In the Paramount - licensed Star Trek comic book series published by Marvel Comics , Star Trek : Early Voyages chronicled the adventures of the Enterprise under the command of Pike . The earliest issues lead up to the events seen in `` The Cage '' , which was retold from Yeoman Colt 's point of view . Although extremely popular , the comic series ended on a cliffhanger when Marvel lost the Star Trek license rights . Star Trek annual # 2 -- `` the Final voyage '' ( D.C. Comics , 1986 ) ( edit ) In this issue , the Enterprise tries to return home to Earth only to find itself around Talos IV . They discover that the Klingons have gone to the planet reasoning anything that scared the Federation enough to maintain the death penalty could be used as a weapon . While on the surface they also discover two Klingons torturing Pike , who is back in his chair due to the Klingons having partially mastered the Talosian 's mind powers . One of the Klingons then tortures the crew of the Enterprise by making them live their worst fears . Kirk , forced to relive the death of Edith Keeler , goes berserk with rage and breaks the illusion . Kirk then beats the Klingon tormenting them to death with his bare hands . The crew quickly free the Talosians , who mentally imprison the Klingons in illusions of peaceful , tranquil settings as they purge their memories of Talos IV . The crew returns home with Pike remaining on Talos IV to continue his illusionary life . Starfleet Academy comic series ( edit ) In the Paramount - licensed Star Trek comic book series published by Marvel Comics , Starfleet Academy , Nog and some fellow cadets encounter a solid image of Pike on Talos IV . Star Trek Captain 's Log : Pike ( IDW publishing , 2010 ) ( edit ) Captain 's Log : Pike published by IDW details the events leading up to and including Pike becoming disabled from the baffle plate rupture aboard the USS Exeter ( NCC - 1788 ) under the watch of Captain Colt , Pike 's former yeoman on the Enterprise . The story also reveals Colt 's unrequited love for her former Captain . Star Trek : the new Voyages ( edit ) In an episode of the non-canon fan film series Star Trek : New Voyages , a time - traveling Kirk and Spock attempt to warn Pike not to attempt to rescue the trapped cadets . Pike attempts it , in spite of what future - Kirk and future - Spock say , causing him to be injured by the delta rays and subsequently transition to a life in the wheelchair and its light communication device . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ David Alexander , Star Trek Creator : The Authorized Biography of Gene Roddenberry , p. 244 . Letter from Gene Roddenberry to Jeffrey Hunter , April 5 , 1965 : I am told you have decided not to go ahead with `` Star Trek '' . This has to be your own decision , of course , and I must respect it . You may be certain I hold no grudge or ill feelings and expect to continue to reflect publicly and privately the high regard I learned for you during the production of our pilot . Jump up ^ Herbert F. Solow and Robert H. Justman , Inside Star Trek , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness Jump up ^ Carey , Diane ( 1995 ) . Best Destiny . Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 13905 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Okuda , Mike ; Denise , Okuda ; Mirek , Debbie ( 1999 ) . The Star Trek Encyclopedia . Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 53609 - 5 . Jump up ^ RadioFree.com : Star Trek film clip Jump up ^ http://www.trektoday.com/content/2009/11/room-for-greenwood-in-star-trek-xii/ External links ( edit ) Star Trek portal Christopher Pike at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Christopher Pike Medal of Valor at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Christopher Pike ( mirror ) at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Christopher Pike ( alternate reality ) at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Christopher Pike at Memory Beta , for the character in Star Trek novels and comics . Star Trek recurring characters Multiple series Reginald Barclay Boothby Chekote Zefram Cochrane Arne Darvin Evek Amanda Grayson Gowron Maggie Hubbell Kang Alynna Nechayev Khan Noonien Singh Koloth Kor Kurn Morn Keiko O'Brien Molly O'Brien Christopher Pike Q Janice Rand Alexander Rozhenko Sarek T'Pau Lwaxana Troi Vash Dr. Zimmerman Number One The Original Series and The Animated Series Christine Chapel Cyrano Jones Kyle Leslie Harry Mudd The Next Generation Jack Crusher Guinan Mr. Homn Lore Lursa and B'Etor Miles O'Brien Nurse Ogawa Ro Laren Sela Noonien Soong Spot Tomalak The Traveler Deep Space Nine Kimara Cretak Joran Dax Michael Eddington Vic Fontaine Martok M'Pella Kirayoshi O'Brien William Ross Joseph Sisko Luther Sloan Kasidy Yates Bajorans : Vedek Bareil Leeta Kai Opaka Shakaar Edon Winn Adami Tora Ziyal Cardassians : Damar Dukat Elim Garak Mila Enabran Tain Ferengi : Brunt Ishka Nog Rom Zek The Dominion : Female Changeling Weyoun Voyager Borg Queen Chaotica Jal Culluh Owen Paris Satan 's robot Seska Deanna Troi Naomi Wildman Borg children : Azan Icheb Mezoti Rebi Voyager crew : Ayala Michael Jonas Lon Suder Vorik Samantha Wildman Enterprise Daniels Maxwell Forrest Major Hayes Erika Hernandez Koss Michael Rostov Porthos Thy'lek Shran Silik Soval Sphere Builders Thalen Commander Williams Xindi council : Amman'sor Degra Dolim Jannar Feature films Fleet Admiral Cartwright David Marcus Saavik Category : Star Trek Star Trek Outline Timeline Canon Television series The Original Series episodes The Animated Series episodes The Next Generation episodes Deep Space Nine episodes Voyager episodes Enterprise episodes Discovery episodes Feature films The Original Series The Motion Picture The Wrath of Khan The Search for Spock The Voyage Home The Final Frontier The Undiscovered Country The Next Generation Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis `` Reboot '' films Star Trek Into Darkness Beyond Setting Characters A -- F G -- M N -- S T -- Z Concepts Games Kobayashi Maru Law Prime Directive Materials Dilithium Sexuality Pon farr Stardate Maquis Locations Galactic quadrant Mirror Universe Planets A -- B C -- F G -- L M -- Q R -- S T -- Z Cultures and species Andorian Bajoran Borg Breen Cardassian Dominion Ferengi Rules of Acquisition Gorn Kazon Klingon language Orion Romulan Species 8472 United Federation of Planets Starfleet Academy Section 31 Tribble Vidiians Vulcan nerve pinch salute Xindi Technology Communicator Deflector shields Holodeck Hypospray Impulse drive LCARS Medicine Replicator Spacecraft Deep Space Nine Defiant Earth Spacedock Enterprise Shuttlecraft Voyager Starships ordered by class Transporter Tricorder Uniforms Warp drive Weapons Bat'leth Production List of staff Gene Roddenberry Norway Corporation Composers and music musical theme `` Where no man has gone before '' `` Beam me up , Scotty '' Redshirt Unmade projects The God Thing Planet of the Titans Phase II Spin - off fiction Games Literature Comics Novels Reference books Stage A Klingon Christmas Carol Klingon opera Documentaries Trekkies Mind Meld Trekkies 2 How William Shatner Changed the World Beyond the Final Frontier The Captains Trek Nation To Be Takei For the Love of Spock Cultural influence Comparison to Star Wars Crossovers Fandom productions expanded universe Kirk and Uhura 's kiss Kirk / Spock Memory Alpha The Exhibition The Experience Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Pike_(Star_Trek)&oldid=805571907 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1966 Star Trek : The Original Series characters Star Trek ( film franchise ) characters Starfleet captains Starfleet admirals Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本語 Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 07 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played captain pike in the star trek pilot	[ "Christopher Pike is a character in the Star Trek science fiction franchise. He was portrayed by Jeffrey Hunter in the original Star Trek pilot episode, \"The Cage\", as captain of the USS Enterprise. The pilot was rejected, and the character was dropped during development of the second pilot when Hunter decided that he did not want to continue with the series.[1][2] Sean Kenney portrayed Pike in new footage filmed for a subsequent Star Trek episode, \"The Menagerie\", which also re-uses original footage featuring Hunter from \"The Cage\". Bruce Greenwood portrays Pike in the 2009 film Star Trek and its 2013 sequel, Star Trek Into Darkness.[3]" ]	[ "Jeffrey Hunter" ]

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