id
stringlengths 24
24
| title
stringclasses 442
values | context
stringlengths 151
3.71k
| question
stringlengths 1
25.7k
| answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5a59373d3e1742001a15d020
|
Genome
|
The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave.
|
How old was the material used to sequence the Arabidopsis thaliana genome?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
56dc587714d3a41400c267f5
|
Genome
|
New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA.
|
What is a recent development in sequencing methods?
|
{
"text": [
"massive parallel sequencing"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
}
|
56dc587714d3a41400c267f6
|
Genome
|
New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA.
|
Which company has led the way in sequencing of individual genetic makeup?
|
{
"text": [
"Manteia Predictive Medicine"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
}
|
56dc587714d3a41400c267f7
|
Genome
|
New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA.
|
Whose complete genetic information was recorded in 2007?
|
{
"text": [
"James D. Watson"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
}
|
56dc587714d3a41400c267f8
|
Genome
|
New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA.
|
What is Watson famous for helping discover?
|
{
"text": [
"the structure of DNA"
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
}
|
5a5939ce3e1742001a15d026
|
Genome
|
New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA.
|
What is Manteia Predictive Medicine famous for discovering?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a5939ce3e1742001a15d027
|
Genome
|
New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA.
|
What technology did James D. Watson develop to sequence individual DNA?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a5939ce3e1742001a15d028
|
Genome
|
New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA.
|
What has James D. Watson recently develop that may lead to personal genome sequencing?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a5939ce3e1742001a15d029
|
Genome
|
New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA.
|
What did Manteia Predictive Medicine help discover the structure of in 2007?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a5939ce3e1742001a15d02a
|
Genome
|
New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA.
|
Who pioneered using the DNA structure as a diagnostic tool?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
56dc591114d3a41400c267fd
|
Genome
|
Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris.
|
What is the term for something that lists the important and notable parts of a genome?
|
{
"text": [
"genome map"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
}
|
56dc591114d3a41400c267fe
|
Genome
|
Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris.
|
Which group was created to generate a genome map of human genetic material?
|
{
"text": [
"The Human Genome Project"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
}
|
56dc591114d3a41400c267ff
|
Genome
|
Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris.
|
Whose genome map greatly aided the Human Genome Project?
|
{
"text": [
"Jean Weissenbach"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
}
|
56dc591114d3a41400c26800
|
Genome
|
Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris.
|
Where did Weissenbach and his colleagues work?
|
{
"text": [
"Genoscope"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
}
|
5a593aad3e1742001a15d030
|
Genome
|
Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris.
|
What does a genome map list the order of?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a593aad3e1742001a15d031
|
Genome
|
Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris.
|
What does a genome sequence identify?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a593aad3e1742001a15d032
|
Genome
|
Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris.
|
What is a Genoscope less detailed than?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a593aad3e1742001a15d033
|
Genome
|
Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris.
|
What does a Genoscope help a scientist do?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a593aad3e1742001a15d034
|
Genome
|
Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris.
|
Why was the Genoscope created?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
56dc5baa14d3a41400c26805
|
Genome
|
Genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome, which should include genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details. By comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome.
|
What is the term that accounts for the constituents of the haploid genome?
|
{
"text": [
"Genome composition"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
56dc5baa14d3a41400c26806
|
Genome
|
Genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome, which should include genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details. By comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome.
|
What aspect of a genome can genome compositions help researchers in learning about?
|
{
"text": [
"evolutionary history"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
}
|
5a593c3c3e1742001a15d03a
|
Genome
|
Genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome, which should include genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details. By comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome.
|
What is the history of a genome used for?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a593c3c3e1742001a15d03b
|
Genome
|
Genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome, which should include genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details. By comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome.
|
What should be included in the history of a genome?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a593c3c3e1742001a15d03c
|
Genome
|
Genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome, which should include genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details. By comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome.
|
What can scientists learn by comparing repetitive DNA and genome size?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a593c3c3e1742001a15d03d
|
Genome
|
Genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome, which should include genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details. By comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome.
|
What term is used to describe the history of DNA?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a593c3c3e1742001a15d03e
|
Genome
|
Genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome, which should include genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details. By comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome.
|
By comparing repetitive DNA, what can scientists understand the history of?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
56dc5c6214d3a41400c26809
|
Genome
|
When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the contrary, eukaryotes have the feature of exon-intron organization of protein coding genes; the variation of repetitive DNA content in eukaryotes is also extremely high. In mammals and plants, the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA.
|
What two types of organisms have remarkable differences in their genomic composition?
|
{
"text": [
"prokaryotes and eukaryotes"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
}
|
56dc5c6214d3a41400c2680b
|
Genome
|
When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the contrary, eukaryotes have the feature of exon-intron organization of protein coding genes; the variation of repetitive DNA content in eukaryotes is also extremely high. In mammals and plants, the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA.
|
What type of organizing can be observed in eukaryote genomes?
|
{
"text": [
"exon-intron"
],
"answer_start": [
357
]
}
|
56dc5c6214d3a41400c2680c
|
Genome
|
When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the contrary, eukaryotes have the feature of exon-intron organization of protein coding genes; the variation of repetitive DNA content in eukaryotes is also extremely high. In mammals and plants, the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA.
|
In what types of eukaryotes is there a large amount of non-coding DNA?
|
{
"text": [
"mammals and plants"
],
"answer_start": [
488
]
}
|
5a5947703e1742001a15d044
|
Genome
|
When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the contrary, eukaryotes have the feature of exon-intron organization of protein coding genes; the variation of repetitive DNA content in eukaryotes is also extremely high. In mammals and plants, the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA.
|
What should you distinguish between when talking about gene coding?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a5947703e1742001a15d045
|
Genome
|
When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the contrary, eukaryotes have the feature of exon-intron organization of protein coding genes; the variation of repetitive DNA content in eukaryotes is also extremely high. In mammals and plants, the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA.
|
How much of the genome is non-repetitive DNA in eukaryotes?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a5947703e1742001a15d046
|
Genome
|
When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the contrary, eukaryotes have the feature of exon-intron organization of protein coding genes; the variation of repetitive DNA content in eukaryotes is also extremely high. In mammals and plants, the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA.
|
What is a major part of contents structure made of in non-coding regions?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a5947703e1742001a15d047
|
Genome
|
When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the contrary, eukaryotes have the feature of exon-intron organization of protein coding genes; the variation of repetitive DNA content in eukaryotes is also extremely high. In mammals and plants, the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA.
|
What organization feature do prokaryotes have?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a5947703e1742001a15d048
|
Genome
|
When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the contrary, eukaryotes have the feature of exon-intron organization of protein coding genes; the variation of repetitive DNA content in eukaryotes is also extremely high. In mammals and plants, the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA.
|
What area do mammals and plants have differences in?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
56dc5cf614d3a41400c26811
|
Genome
|
Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, "genome" describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.
|
What is an example of an organism that has a portion of its genetic material outside of its chromosomes?
|
{
"text": [
"pathogenic microbe"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
}
|
56dc5cf614d3a41400c26812
|
Genome
|
Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, "genome" describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.
|
What is an example of an organism whose full complement of genetic material resides in its chromosomes?
|
{
"text": [
"virus"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
}
|
56dc5cf614d3a41400c26813
|
Genome
|
Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, "genome" describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.
|
Where is additional genetic material found in pathogenic microbes?
|
{
"text": [
"plasmids"
],
"answer_start": [
332
]
}
|
5a5949883e1742001a15d04e
|
Genome
|
Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, "genome" describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.
|
What do viruses always carry within their structure?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a5949883e1742001a15d04f
|
Genome
|
Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, "genome" describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.
|
Where is additional genetic material found in a virus?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a5949883e1742001a15d050
|
Genome
|
Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, "genome" describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.
|
What is another word used for genome?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a5949883e1742001a15d051
|
Genome
|
Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, "genome" describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.
|
What organism has part of its genetic material inside a virus?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a5949883e1742001a15d052
|
Genome
|
Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, "genome" describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.
|
What do most viruses more complex than plasmids carry?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
56dc5d6c14d3a41400c26817
|
Genome
|
In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, "genome" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the "mitochondrial genome". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the "plastome".
|
What are examples of classes of eukaryotes where genome only refers to the information found in chromosomes?
|
{
"text": [
"plants, protozoa and animals"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
}
|
56dc5d6c14d3a41400c26819
|
Genome
|
In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, "genome" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the "mitochondrial genome". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the "plastome".
|
What is a name for the genetic material found within chloroplasts?
|
{
"text": [
"plastome"
],
"answer_start": [
514
]
}
|
56dc5d6c14d3a41400c2681a
|
Genome
|
In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, "genome" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the "mitochondrial genome". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the "plastome".
|
What is a name for the genetic makeup of mitochondria?
|
{
"text": [
"mitochondrial genome"
],
"answer_start": [
427
]
}
|
5a594b3b3e1742001a15d058
|
Genome
|
In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, "genome" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the "mitochondrial genome". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the "plastome".
|
What are the eukaryotes found in the mitochondria called?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a594b3b3e1742001a15d059
|
Genome
|
In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, "genome" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the "mitochondrial genome". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the "plastome".
|
What are examples of chloroplasts?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a594b3b3e1742001a15d05a
|
Genome
|
In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, "genome" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the "mitochondrial genome". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the "plastome".
|
What does genome mean when referring to eukaryotes such as mitochondria?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a594b3b3e1742001a15d05b
|
Genome
|
In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, "genome" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the "mitochondrial genome". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the "plastome".
|
What is not considered as part of the plastome?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a594b3b3e1742001a15d05c
|
Genome
|
In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, "genome" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the "mitochondrial genome". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the "plastome".
|
What do chloroplasts have that is referred to as the mitochondrial genome?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
56dc5de314d3a41400c2681f
|
Genome
|
Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes.
|
What is the name for the count of all DNA base pairs in a single haploid genome?
|
{
"text": [
"Genome size"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
56dc5de314d3a41400c26820
|
Genome
|
Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes.
|
What does genome size have a direct relationship with in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes?
|
{
"text": [
"morphological complexity"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
}
|
56dc5de314d3a41400c26821
|
Genome
|
Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes.
|
What accounts for the breakdown of the relation between genome size and morphological complexity in higher eukaryotes?
|
{
"text": [
"repetitive DNA"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
}
|
5a594d7b3e1742001a15d062
|
Genome
|
Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes.
|
What is the term for the total DNA base pairs in one lower eukaryote?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a594d7b3e1742001a15d063
|
Genome
|
Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes.
|
What kind of relationship do copies of a haploid genome have with mollusks that isn't effective?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a594d7b3e1742001a15d064
|
Genome
|
Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes.
|
What has a strong influence on DNA base pairs?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a594d7b3e1742001a15d065
|
Genome
|
Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes.
|
What does a haploid genome have strong influence on?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a594d7b3e1742001a15d066
|
Genome
|
Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes.
|
How many base pairs are in mollusks?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
56dc5e7014d3a41400c26825
|
Genome
|
Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both in vivo and in silico.
|
What is a name for the reduced complement of genetic material necessary for an organism to live?
|
{
"text": [
"minimal genomes"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
}
|
56dc5e7014d3a41400c26826
|
Genome
|
Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both in vivo and in silico.
|
In what experimental contexts are experiments being carried out on minimal genomes?
|
{
"text": [
"in vivo and in silico"
],
"answer_start": [
353
]
}
|
5a5952543e1742001a15d06c
|
Genome
|
Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both in vivo and in silico.
|
What is a research strategy to understand silico?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a5952543e1742001a15d06d
|
Genome
|
Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both in vivo and in silico.
|
What is being done on single cell silico?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a5952543e1742001a15d06e
|
Genome
|
Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both in vivo and in silico.
|
In what two ways are experiments being carried out to understand how genes survive?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a5952543e1742001a15d06f
|
Genome
|
Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both in vivo and in silico.
|
What do scientists want a silico to do in the experiment?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a5952543e1742001a15d070
|
Genome
|
Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both in vivo and in silico.
|
What are scientists studying to understand how they survive a reduction in silico?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
56dc5f8a14d3a41400c26829
|
Genome
|
The proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size in higher eukaryotes.
|
What are two types of non-repetitive DNA?
|
{
"text": [
"Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
}
|
56dc5f8a14d3a41400c2682a
|
Genome
|
The proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size in higher eukaryotes.
|
In higher eukaryotes, what has an inverse relationship with genome size?
|
{
"text": [
"proportion of non-repetitive DNA"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
}
|
56dc5f8a14d3a41400c2682b
|
Genome
|
The proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size in higher eukaryotes.
|
What is the size of non-repetitive DNA divided by to get the proportion of non-repetitive DNA?
|
{
"text": [
"genome size"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
}
|
5a5955093e1742001a15d076
|
Genome
|
The proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size in higher eukaryotes.
|
How is protein coding calculated?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a5955093e1742001a15d077
|
Genome
|
The proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size in higher eukaryotes.
|
What are two examples of higher eukaryotes?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a5955093e1742001a15d078
|
Genome
|
The proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size in higher eukaryotes.
|
What does having more protein coding genes not mean?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a5955093e1742001a15d079
|
Genome
|
The proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size in higher eukaryotes.
|
What decreases if RNA coding genes are increased?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a5955093e1742001a15d07a
|
Genome
|
The proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size in higher eukaryotes.
|
What is the number of protein-coding genes divided by to get the proportion of non-repetitive DNA?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
56dc600514d3a41400c26835
|
Genome
|
It had been found that the proportion of non-repetitive DNA can vary a lot between species. Some E. coli as prokaryotes only have non-repetitive DNA, lower eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly, still possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA. Higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitive DNA than non-repetitive ones. In some plants and amphibians, the proportion of non-repetitive DNA is no more than 20%, becoming a minority component.
|
What is an example of an organism which does not contain any repetitive DNA?
|
{
"text": [
"E. coli"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
}
|
56dc600514d3a41400c26836
|
Genome
|
It had been found that the proportion of non-repetitive DNA can vary a lot between species. Some E. coli as prokaryotes only have non-repetitive DNA, lower eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly, still possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA. Higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitive DNA than non-repetitive ones. In some plants and amphibians, the proportion of non-repetitive DNA is no more than 20%, becoming a minority component.
|
What are two organisms that have more non-repetitive than repetitive DNA?
|
{
"text": [
"C. elegans and fruit fly"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
}
|
56dc600514d3a41400c26837
|
Genome
|
It had been found that the proportion of non-repetitive DNA can vary a lot between species. Some E. coli as prokaryotes only have non-repetitive DNA, lower eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly, still possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA. Higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitive DNA than non-repetitive ones. In some plants and amphibians, the proportion of non-repetitive DNA is no more than 20%, becoming a minority component.
|
What is the percentage of non-repetitive DNA in some plant and amphibian genomes?
|
{
"text": [
"20%"
],
"answer_start": [
421
]
}
|
5a59573e3e1742001a15d080
|
Genome
|
It had been found that the proportion of non-repetitive DNA can vary a lot between species. Some E. coli as prokaryotes only have non-repetitive DNA, lower eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly, still possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA. Higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitive DNA than non-repetitive ones. In some plants and amphibians, the proportion of non-repetitive DNA is no more than 20%, becoming a minority component.
|
What is the percentage of non-repetitive DNA in E. coli?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a59573e3e1742001a15d081
|
Genome
|
It had been found that the proportion of non-repetitive DNA can vary a lot between species. Some E. coli as prokaryotes only have non-repetitive DNA, lower eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly, still possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA. Higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitive DNA than non-repetitive ones. In some plants and amphibians, the proportion of non-repetitive DNA is no more than 20%, becoming a minority component.
|
What one kind of DNA do fruit flies only have?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a59573e3e1742001a15d082
|
Genome
|
It had been found that the proportion of non-repetitive DNA can vary a lot between species. Some E. coli as prokaryotes only have non-repetitive DNA, lower eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly, still possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA. Higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitive DNA than non-repetitive ones. In some plants and amphibians, the proportion of non-repetitive DNA is no more than 20%, becoming a minority component.
|
What does E. coli tend to have more of than non-repetitive DNA?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a59573e3e1742001a15d083
|
Genome
|
It had been found that the proportion of non-repetitive DNA can vary a lot between species. Some E. coli as prokaryotes only have non-repetitive DNA, lower eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly, still possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA. Higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitive DNA than non-repetitive ones. In some plants and amphibians, the proportion of non-repetitive DNA is no more than 20%, becoming a minority component.
|
What is a minority component in E. coli?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a59573e3e1742001a15d084
|
Genome
|
It had been found that the proportion of non-repetitive DNA can vary a lot between species. Some E. coli as prokaryotes only have non-repetitive DNA, lower eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly, still possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA. Higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitive DNA than non-repetitive ones. In some plants and amphibians, the proportion of non-repetitive DNA is no more than 20%, becoming a minority component.
|
What do some plants and amphibians only have?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
56dc604614d3a41400c2683b
|
Genome
|
The proportion of repetitive DNA is calculated by using length of repetitive DNA divide by genome size. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats.
|
What are two types of repetitive DNA found in genomes?
|
{
"text": [
"tandem repeats and interspersed repeats"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
}
|
56dc604614d3a41400c2683c
|
Genome
|
The proportion of repetitive DNA is calculated by using length of repetitive DNA divide by genome size. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats.
|
What is found by dividing size of repetitive DNA by length of total genome?
|
{
"text": [
"proportion of repetitive DNA"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
}
|
5a5958a83e1742001a15d08a
|
Genome
|
The proportion of repetitive DNA is calculated by using length of repetitive DNA divide by genome size. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats.
|
What are two examples of genome size?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a5958a83e1742001a15d08b
|
Genome
|
The proportion of repetitive DNA is calculated by using length of repetitive DNA divide by genome size. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats.
|
What do you use to calculate genome size?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a5958a83e1742001a15d08c
|
Genome
|
The proportion of repetitive DNA is calculated by using length of repetitive DNA divide by genome size. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats.
|
How do you calculate tandem repeats?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a5958a83e1742001a15d08d
|
Genome
|
The proportion of repetitive DNA is calculated by using length of repetitive DNA divide by genome size. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats.
|
What are interspersed repeats divided by to get the proportion of repetitive DNA?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a5958a83e1742001a15d08e
|
Genome
|
The proportion of repetitive DNA is calculated by using length of repetitive DNA divide by genome size. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats.
|
What do you get when dividing tandem repeats by interspersed repeats?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
56dc610914d3a41400c2683f
|
Genome
|
Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome. Although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome, the largest proportion in mammalian is the other type, interspersed repeats.
|
Unequal crossing over can create what type of repetitive DNA?
|
{
"text": [
"Tandem repeats"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
56dc610914d3a41400c26840
|
Genome
|
Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome. Although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome, the largest proportion in mammalian is the other type, interspersed repeats.
|
What are two examples of tandem repeats in DNA?
|
{
"text": [
"satellite DNA and microsatellites"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
}
|
56dc610914d3a41400c26841
|
Genome
|
Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome. Although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome, the largest proportion in mammalian is the other type, interspersed repeats.
|
What is the most common type of repetitive DNA in mammals?
|
{
"text": [
"interspersed repeats."
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
}
|
5a595ba13e1742001a15d094
|
Genome
|
Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome. Although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome, the largest proportion in mammalian is the other type, interspersed repeats.
|
In what group are tandem repeats in the largest number?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a595ba13e1742001a15d095
|
Genome
|
Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome. Although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome, the largest proportion in mammalian is the other type, interspersed repeats.
|
What causes interspersed repeats?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a595ba13e1742001a15d096
|
Genome
|
Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome. Although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome, the largest proportion in mammalian is the other type, interspersed repeats.
|
What are two examples of interspersed repeats?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a595ba13e1742001a15d097
|
Genome
|
Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome. Although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome, the largest proportion in mammalian is the other type, interspersed repeats.
|
How much satellite DNA is found in the genome?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
5a595ba13e1742001a15d098
|
Genome
|
Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome. Although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome, the largest proportion in mammalian is the other type, interspersed repeats.
|
What is gene conversion caused by?
|
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
56dc63c214d3a41400c26845
|
Genome
|
Interspersed repeats mainly come from transposable elements (TEs), but they also include some protein coding gene families and pseudogenes. Transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site within the cell. It is believed that TEs are an important driving force on genome evolution of higher eukaryotes. TEs can be classified into two categories, Class 1 (retrotransposons) and Class 2 (DNA transposons).
|
What is the main source of interspersed repeats?
|
{
"text": [
"Transposable elements"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
}
|
56dc63c214d3a41400c26846
|
Genome
|
Interspersed repeats mainly come from transposable elements (TEs), but they also include some protein coding gene families and pseudogenes. Transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site within the cell. It is believed that TEs are an important driving force on genome evolution of higher eukaryotes. TEs can be classified into two categories, Class 1 (retrotransposons) and Class 2 (DNA transposons).
|
What do researchers think transposable elements are key factors in when considering higher eukaryotes?
|
{
"text": [
"genome evolution"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
}
|
56dc63c214d3a41400c26847
|
Genome
|
Interspersed repeats mainly come from transposable elements (TEs), but they also include some protein coding gene families and pseudogenes. Transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site within the cell. It is believed that TEs are an important driving force on genome evolution of higher eukaryotes. TEs can be classified into two categories, Class 1 (retrotransposons) and Class 2 (DNA transposons).
|
What are the constituents of Class 1 transposable elements?
|
{
"text": [
"retrotransposons"
],
"answer_start": [
382
]
}
|
56dc63c214d3a41400c26848
|
Genome
|
Interspersed repeats mainly come from transposable elements (TEs), but they also include some protein coding gene families and pseudogenes. Transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site within the cell. It is believed that TEs are an important driving force on genome evolution of higher eukaryotes. TEs can be classified into two categories, Class 1 (retrotransposons) and Class 2 (DNA transposons).
|
What are the constituents of Class 2 transposable elements?
|
{
"text": [
"DNA transposons"
],
"answer_start": [
413
]
}
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.