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Villahán is a municipality located in the province of Palencia, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 124 inhabitants.
== References == | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Villahán"
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} |
Villahán is a municipality located in the province of Palencia, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 124 inhabitants.
== References == | licence plate code | {
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"P"
]
} |
Villahán is a municipality located in the province of Palencia, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 124 inhabitants.
== References == | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Villahán"
]
} |
Villahán is a municipality located in the province of Palencia, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 124 inhabitants.
== References == | capital of | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Villahán"
]
} |
Villahán is a municipality located in the province of Palencia, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 124 inhabitants.
== References == | official name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Villahán"
]
} |
Ober Da Bakod (transl. Over the Fence) is a Philippine television situational comedy series broadcast by GMA Network. Directed by Ariel Ureta, it stars Janno Gibbs, Leo Martinez and Anjo Yllana. It premiered on September 14, 1992. The series concluded on May 27, 1997.
Cast and characters
Lead castJanno Gibbs as Mokong Dayukdok
Anjo Yllana as Bubuli DayukdokSupporting castDonita Rose as Barbie Doll
Gelli de Belen as Honey Grace
Malou de Guzman as Lucring (Lucresia Dayukdok)
Leo Martinez as RobertRecurring castDanny "Brownie" Pansalin as Brownie
Donna Cruz as Muning
Angelu de Leon as Kuting
Manilyn Reynes as Manirella / Kasoy
Amanda Page as Quickie
Onemig Bondoc as Bubwit
Rufa Mae Quinto as Pegassu
Assunta de Rossi
Dale Villar as Flip
Randy Santiago as Mike
Adaptations
The series had two film adaptations: Ober da bakod: The Movie (1994), and Ober da Bakod 2 (Da Treasure Adbentyur) (1996)
References
External links
Ober Da Bakod at IMDb | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
799
],
"text": [
"film"
]
} |
Ober Da Bakod (transl. Over the Fence) is a Philippine television situational comedy series broadcast by GMA Network. Directed by Ariel Ureta, it stars Janno Gibbs, Leo Martinez and Anjo Yllana. It premiered on September 14, 1992. The series concluded on May 27, 1997.
Cast and characters
Lead castJanno Gibbs as Mokong Dayukdok
Anjo Yllana as Bubuli DayukdokSupporting castDonita Rose as Barbie Doll
Gelli de Belen as Honey Grace
Malou de Guzman as Lucring (Lucresia Dayukdok)
Leo Martinez as RobertRecurring castDanny "Brownie" Pansalin as Brownie
Donna Cruz as Muning
Angelu de Leon as Kuting
Manilyn Reynes as Manirella / Kasoy
Amanda Page as Quickie
Onemig Bondoc as Bubwit
Rufa Mae Quinto as Pegassu
Assunta de Rossi
Dale Villar as Flip
Randy Santiago as Mike
Adaptations
The series had two film adaptations: Ober da bakod: The Movie (1994), and Ober da Bakod 2 (Da Treasure Adbentyur) (1996)
References
External links
Ober Da Bakod at IMDb | director | {
"answer_start": [
130
],
"text": [
"Ariel Ureta"
]
} |
Ober Da Bakod (transl. Over the Fence) is a Philippine television situational comedy series broadcast by GMA Network. Directed by Ariel Ureta, it stars Janno Gibbs, Leo Martinez and Anjo Yllana. It premiered on September 14, 1992. The series concluded on May 27, 1997.
Cast and characters
Lead castJanno Gibbs as Mokong Dayukdok
Anjo Yllana as Bubuli DayukdokSupporting castDonita Rose as Barbie Doll
Gelli de Belen as Honey Grace
Malou de Guzman as Lucring (Lucresia Dayukdok)
Leo Martinez as RobertRecurring castDanny "Brownie" Pansalin as Brownie
Donna Cruz as Muning
Angelu de Leon as Kuting
Manilyn Reynes as Manirella / Kasoy
Amanda Page as Quickie
Onemig Bondoc as Bubwit
Rufa Mae Quinto as Pegassu
Assunta de Rossi
Dale Villar as Flip
Randy Santiago as Mike
Adaptations
The series had two film adaptations: Ober da bakod: The Movie (1994), and Ober da Bakod 2 (Da Treasure Adbentyur) (1996)
References
External links
Ober Da Bakod at IMDb | cast member | {
"answer_start": [
551
],
"text": [
"Donna Cruz"
]
} |
Ober Da Bakod (transl. Over the Fence) is a Philippine television situational comedy series broadcast by GMA Network. Directed by Ariel Ureta, it stars Janno Gibbs, Leo Martinez and Anjo Yllana. It premiered on September 14, 1992. The series concluded on May 27, 1997.
Cast and characters
Lead castJanno Gibbs as Mokong Dayukdok
Anjo Yllana as Bubuli DayukdokSupporting castDonita Rose as Barbie Doll
Gelli de Belen as Honey Grace
Malou de Guzman as Lucring (Lucresia Dayukdok)
Leo Martinez as RobertRecurring castDanny "Brownie" Pansalin as Brownie
Donna Cruz as Muning
Angelu de Leon as Kuting
Manilyn Reynes as Manirella / Kasoy
Amanda Page as Quickie
Onemig Bondoc as Bubwit
Rufa Mae Quinto as Pegassu
Assunta de Rossi
Dale Villar as Flip
Randy Santiago as Mike
Adaptations
The series had two film adaptations: Ober da bakod: The Movie (1994), and Ober da Bakod 2 (Da Treasure Adbentyur) (1996)
References
External links
Ober Da Bakod at IMDb | original broadcaster | {
"answer_start": [
105
],
"text": [
"GMA Network"
]
} |
Tunney Lee (Chinese: 李燦輝, 1931 – July 2, 2020) was an architect, planner, educator, and activist known for his community engagement work primarily in Chinatown, Boston. Lee was a professor emeritus of urban planning and a former head of the Department of Urban Studies and Planning (DUSP) within the MIT School of Architecture and Planning. He is also known as the founder of the Department of Architecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), now called the School of Architecture. Lee also maintained a career in public service as chief of planning and design for the Boston Redevelopment Authority and deputy commissioner of the state Division of Capital Planning and Operations under Governor Michael S. Dukakis. He died on July 2, 2020, in Boston at the age of 88.
Early life and education
Tunney Lee was born in 1931 in Taishan, China to his father, Kwang Lien Lee, a lawyer, and mother, Kam Kwai Chan. In 1938, Lee left his mother and three sisters and emigrated with his father to Boston's Chinatown when he was seven years old. He attended the Boston Latin School before graduating with a degree in architecture from the University of Michigan in 1954. The Lee family ties to the U.S. have a long history going back to Tunney Lee's great-grandfather, who worked on the transcontinental railroad in the 1860s and lived in Tacoma, Washington, before returning to China following violence and evictions against the Chinese. Lee's great-grandfather returned to the U.S. in 1892 and worked in a laundry in Bridgewater, Massachusetts, before joined by Lee's grandfather to work in a laundry on Broad Street, Boston, in 1903.
Work
After graduating from the University of Michigan, Lee worked for notable architects Buckminster Fuller and I.M. Pei. In the late 1950s, Lee and his neighbors in Boston's Chinatown fought to resist the destruction of a portion of Chinatown by the planned Mass Pike connection to the Central Artery interstate highway that helped to save the home where he grew up on 73 Hudson Street. These efforts of community resistance are chronicled in Karilyn Crockett's book titled People Before Highways: Boston Activists, Urban Planners, and a New Movement for City Making. In 1968 he was part of the team (with John Wiebenson, James Goodell, and Kenneth Jadin) that designed Resurrection City, an occupation of the Washington Mall in coordination with the Poor People's Campaign.Lee continued to grow his roots in Boston and joined MIT's Department of Urban Studies and Planning in 1970. He became tenured in 1977 and was promoted to full professor in 1985. Throughout his tenure at MIT, he worked to develop relationships with community-based organizations in Boston's Chinatown as well as Boston at large. In partnership with the Chinese Historical Society of New England, Chinatown Lantern Cultural and Educational Center, and UMass Boston Institute for Asian American Studies, Lee led MIT students to create the Chinatown Atlas.He published the book Development politics: Private development and the public interest (Studies in state development policy) in 1979, co-authored with Robert M. Hollister.
== References == | place of birth | {
"answer_start": [
838
],
"text": [
"Taishan"
]
} |
Tunney Lee (Chinese: 李燦輝, 1931 – July 2, 2020) was an architect, planner, educator, and activist known for his community engagement work primarily in Chinatown, Boston. Lee was a professor emeritus of urban planning and a former head of the Department of Urban Studies and Planning (DUSP) within the MIT School of Architecture and Planning. He is also known as the founder of the Department of Architecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), now called the School of Architecture. Lee also maintained a career in public service as chief of planning and design for the Boston Redevelopment Authority and deputy commissioner of the state Division of Capital Planning and Operations under Governor Michael S. Dukakis. He died on July 2, 2020, in Boston at the age of 88.
Early life and education
Tunney Lee was born in 1931 in Taishan, China to his father, Kwang Lien Lee, a lawyer, and mother, Kam Kwai Chan. In 1938, Lee left his mother and three sisters and emigrated with his father to Boston's Chinatown when he was seven years old. He attended the Boston Latin School before graduating with a degree in architecture from the University of Michigan in 1954. The Lee family ties to the U.S. have a long history going back to Tunney Lee's great-grandfather, who worked on the transcontinental railroad in the 1860s and lived in Tacoma, Washington, before returning to China following violence and evictions against the Chinese. Lee's great-grandfather returned to the U.S. in 1892 and worked in a laundry in Bridgewater, Massachusetts, before joined by Lee's grandfather to work in a laundry on Broad Street, Boston, in 1903.
Work
After graduating from the University of Michigan, Lee worked for notable architects Buckminster Fuller and I.M. Pei. In the late 1950s, Lee and his neighbors in Boston's Chinatown fought to resist the destruction of a portion of Chinatown by the planned Mass Pike connection to the Central Artery interstate highway that helped to save the home where he grew up on 73 Hudson Street. These efforts of community resistance are chronicled in Karilyn Crockett's book titled People Before Highways: Boston Activists, Urban Planners, and a New Movement for City Making. In 1968 he was part of the team (with John Wiebenson, James Goodell, and Kenneth Jadin) that designed Resurrection City, an occupation of the Washington Mall in coordination with the Poor People's Campaign.Lee continued to grow his roots in Boston and joined MIT's Department of Urban Studies and Planning in 1970. He became tenured in 1977 and was promoted to full professor in 1985. Throughout his tenure at MIT, he worked to develop relationships with community-based organizations in Boston's Chinatown as well as Boston at large. In partnership with the Chinese Historical Society of New England, Chinatown Lantern Cultural and Educational Center, and UMass Boston Institute for Asian American Studies, Lee led MIT students to create the Chinatown Atlas.He published the book Development politics: Private development and the public interest (Studies in state development policy) in 1979, co-authored with Robert M. Hollister.
== References == | place of death | {
"answer_start": [
162
],
"text": [
"Boston"
]
} |
Tunney Lee (Chinese: 李燦輝, 1931 – July 2, 2020) was an architect, planner, educator, and activist known for his community engagement work primarily in Chinatown, Boston. Lee was a professor emeritus of urban planning and a former head of the Department of Urban Studies and Planning (DUSP) within the MIT School of Architecture and Planning. He is also known as the founder of the Department of Architecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), now called the School of Architecture. Lee also maintained a career in public service as chief of planning and design for the Boston Redevelopment Authority and deputy commissioner of the state Division of Capital Planning and Operations under Governor Michael S. Dukakis. He died on July 2, 2020, in Boston at the age of 88.
Early life and education
Tunney Lee was born in 1931 in Taishan, China to his father, Kwang Lien Lee, a lawyer, and mother, Kam Kwai Chan. In 1938, Lee left his mother and three sisters and emigrated with his father to Boston's Chinatown when he was seven years old. He attended the Boston Latin School before graduating with a degree in architecture from the University of Michigan in 1954. The Lee family ties to the U.S. have a long history going back to Tunney Lee's great-grandfather, who worked on the transcontinental railroad in the 1860s and lived in Tacoma, Washington, before returning to China following violence and evictions against the Chinese. Lee's great-grandfather returned to the U.S. in 1892 and worked in a laundry in Bridgewater, Massachusetts, before joined by Lee's grandfather to work in a laundry on Broad Street, Boston, in 1903.
Work
After graduating from the University of Michigan, Lee worked for notable architects Buckminster Fuller and I.M. Pei. In the late 1950s, Lee and his neighbors in Boston's Chinatown fought to resist the destruction of a portion of Chinatown by the planned Mass Pike connection to the Central Artery interstate highway that helped to save the home where he grew up on 73 Hudson Street. These efforts of community resistance are chronicled in Karilyn Crockett's book titled People Before Highways: Boston Activists, Urban Planners, and a New Movement for City Making. In 1968 he was part of the team (with John Wiebenson, James Goodell, and Kenneth Jadin) that designed Resurrection City, an occupation of the Washington Mall in coordination with the Poor People's Campaign.Lee continued to grow his roots in Boston and joined MIT's Department of Urban Studies and Planning in 1970. He became tenured in 1977 and was promoted to full professor in 1985. Throughout his tenure at MIT, he worked to develop relationships with community-based organizations in Boston's Chinatown as well as Boston at large. In partnership with the Chinese Historical Society of New England, Chinatown Lantern Cultural and Educational Center, and UMass Boston Institute for Asian American Studies, Lee led MIT students to create the Chinatown Atlas.He published the book Development politics: Private development and the public interest (Studies in state development policy) in 1979, co-authored with Robert M. Hollister.
== References == | educated at | {
"answer_start": [
1142
],
"text": [
"University of Michigan"
]
} |
Kennedy Brooks (born October 8, 1998) is an American football running back for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Oklahoma.
Early years
Brooks attended Mansfield High School in Mansfield, Texas. During his high school career he had 7,658 yards and 96 touchdowns. As a senior in 2016, he was the recipient of the Landry Award as the top player in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex. He committed to the University of Oklahoma to play college football.
College career
Kennedy missed his first season at Oklahoma in 2017 with a shoulder injury and redshirted. He returned from the injury in 2018, to rush for 1,056 yards on 119 carries with 12 touchdowns.
College statistics
Professional career
On April 30, 2022, Brooks was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Philadelphia Eagles following the 2022 NFL Draft. He was waived on August 30, 2022 and signed to the practice squad the next day. He was released on November 29. He signed a reserve/future contract on January 19, 2023.
References
External links
Philadelphia Eagles bio
Oklahoma Sooners bio | place of birth | {
"answer_start": [
211
],
"text": [
"Mansfield"
]
} |
Kennedy Brooks (born October 8, 1998) is an American football running back for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Oklahoma.
Early years
Brooks attended Mansfield High School in Mansfield, Texas. During his high school career he had 7,658 yards and 96 touchdowns. As a senior in 2016, he was the recipient of the Landry Award as the top player in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex. He committed to the University of Oklahoma to play college football.
College career
Kennedy missed his first season at Oklahoma in 2017 with a shoulder injury and redshirted. He returned from the injury in 2018, to rush for 1,056 yards on 119 carries with 12 touchdowns.
College statistics
Professional career
On April 30, 2022, Brooks was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Philadelphia Eagles following the 2022 NFL Draft. He was waived on August 30, 2022 and signed to the practice squad the next day. He was released on November 29. He signed a reserve/future contract on January 19, 2023.
References
External links
Philadelphia Eagles bio
Oklahoma Sooners bio | educated at | {
"answer_start": [
211
],
"text": [
"Mansfield High School"
]
} |
Kennedy Brooks (born October 8, 1998) is an American football running back for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Oklahoma.
Early years
Brooks attended Mansfield High School in Mansfield, Texas. During his high school career he had 7,658 yards and 96 touchdowns. As a senior in 2016, he was the recipient of the Landry Award as the top player in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex. He committed to the University of Oklahoma to play college football.
College career
Kennedy missed his first season at Oklahoma in 2017 with a shoulder injury and redshirted. He returned from the injury in 2018, to rush for 1,056 yards on 119 carries with 12 touchdowns.
College statistics
Professional career
On April 30, 2022, Brooks was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Philadelphia Eagles following the 2022 NFL Draft. He was waived on August 30, 2022 and signed to the practice squad the next day. He was released on November 29. He signed a reserve/future contract on January 19, 2023.
References
External links
Philadelphia Eagles bio
Oklahoma Sooners bio | position played on team / speciality | {
"answer_start": [
62
],
"text": [
"running back"
]
} |
Kennedy Brooks (born October 8, 1998) is an American football running back for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Oklahoma.
Early years
Brooks attended Mansfield High School in Mansfield, Texas. During his high school career he had 7,658 yards and 96 touchdowns. As a senior in 2016, he was the recipient of the Landry Award as the top player in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex. He committed to the University of Oklahoma to play college football.
College career
Kennedy missed his first season at Oklahoma in 2017 with a shoulder injury and redshirted. He returned from the injury in 2018, to rush for 1,056 yards on 119 carries with 12 touchdowns.
College statistics
Professional career
On April 30, 2022, Brooks was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Philadelphia Eagles following the 2022 NFL Draft. He was waived on August 30, 2022 and signed to the practice squad the next day. He was released on November 29. He signed a reserve/future contract on January 19, 2023.
References
External links
Philadelphia Eagles bio
Oklahoma Sooners bio | sport | {
"answer_start": [
44
],
"text": [
"American football"
]
} |
Kennedy Brooks (born October 8, 1998) is an American football running back for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Oklahoma.
Early years
Brooks attended Mansfield High School in Mansfield, Texas. During his high school career he had 7,658 yards and 96 touchdowns. As a senior in 2016, he was the recipient of the Landry Award as the top player in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex. He committed to the University of Oklahoma to play college football.
College career
Kennedy missed his first season at Oklahoma in 2017 with a shoulder injury and redshirted. He returned from the injury in 2018, to rush for 1,056 yards on 119 carries with 12 touchdowns.
College statistics
Professional career
On April 30, 2022, Brooks was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Philadelphia Eagles following the 2022 NFL Draft. He was waived on August 30, 2022 and signed to the practice squad the next day. He was released on November 29. He signed a reserve/future contract on January 19, 2023.
References
External links
Philadelphia Eagles bio
Oklahoma Sooners bio | family name | {
"answer_start": [
8
],
"text": [
"Brooks"
]
} |
Kennedy Brooks (born October 8, 1998) is an American football running back for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Oklahoma.
Early years
Brooks attended Mansfield High School in Mansfield, Texas. During his high school career he had 7,658 yards and 96 touchdowns. As a senior in 2016, he was the recipient of the Landry Award as the top player in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex. He committed to the University of Oklahoma to play college football.
College career
Kennedy missed his first season at Oklahoma in 2017 with a shoulder injury and redshirted. He returned from the injury in 2018, to rush for 1,056 yards on 119 carries with 12 touchdowns.
College statistics
Professional career
On April 30, 2022, Brooks was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Philadelphia Eagles following the 2022 NFL Draft. He was waived on August 30, 2022 and signed to the practice squad the next day. He was released on November 29. He signed a reserve/future contract on January 19, 2023.
References
External links
Philadelphia Eagles bio
Oklahoma Sooners bio | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Kennedy"
]
} |
Adolphe Steg (27 January 1925 – 11 April 2021) was a Czechoslovak-born French urologist and Holocaust survivor.
Early life
Steg was born on 27 January 1925 in Czechoslovakia into a family of Orthodox Jews. His father, Mordechai Steg, born on 19 April 1895 in Bistra, Austria-Hungary, took his family to Paris in 1928. Mordechai had three children with his wife, Feige: Adolphe, Bitia, and Rachel. The family settled in the 12th arrondissement. He went to primary school at the École élémentaire des Hospitalières-Saint-Gervais and secondary school at the Lycée Voltaire.Steg's father, Mordechai, who had gone by the name of Martin to avoid identification as a Jew, was interned at the Beaune-la-Rolande internment camp. He was then subsequently deported to Auschwitz as part of Convoy No. 5 on 28 June 1942. Martin survived deportation and later returned to Paris. Adolphe, a student at the Lycée Voltaire, bore a yellow badge as required for Jews living in German-occupied territory. However, his teacher, Mr. Binon, had his class read De la tolérance by Montesquieu. He escaped the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup on 16 July 1942 with false papers, and, thanks to a smuggler, was able to cross the demarcation line into the Zone libre. He was saved by Alexandre Glasberg and his brother Vila Glasberg, who housed Jewish people fleeing from the Nazis in Cazaubon. He was then sent to Sarlat to continue his education, where he joined the 3rd Battalion of Armagnac of the French Forces of the Interior.
Medical career and leadership in the Jewish community
After World War II, Steg studied medicine with Professor Pierre Aboulker at the Hôpital Cochin in Paris, where he was an Internat des hôpitaux de Paris from 1953 to 1957, when he became Chef de clinique des universités-assistant des hôpitaux. He succeeded Aboulker as head of the urology department at the hospital, holding the role from 1976 to 1990. He was elected President of the French Society for Urology in 1986, served as President of the French Association of Urology from 1987 to 1989, and was Secretary General of the European Association of Urology from 1984 to 1992. He became a member of the Académie nationale de chirurgie in 1981 and joined the Académie Nationale de Médecine on 24 October 2000. He operated on President François Mitterrand's prostate cancer from 1992 to 1994.In addition to his medical career, Steg served numerous responsibilities in the Jewish community. He was President of the Paris section of the Union des étudiants juifs de France ("Union of French Jewish students") and vice-president of the World Union of Jewish Students. He was a member of the board of directors of the Fonds social juif unifié, President of the Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France from 1970 to 1974, and President of the Alliance Israélite Universelle from 1985 to 2011. While at the Alliance Israélite Universelle, Steg oversaw renovations to the school library renovations, the creation of a new College of Jewish Studies, and a growing network between Israel and France. He became Honorary President once his term was finished in 2011. He served on the honorary committee of the Fondation France-Israël and was a member of the board of directors of the Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah. Additionally, he was vice-president of the Mission d'étude sur la spoliation des Juifs de France.Other functions held by Steg include membership on France's Economic, Social and Environmental Council from 1979 to 1983 and again from 1995 to 2010, membership on the Commission nationale consultative des droits de l'homme starting in 2002, and membership on the Collège de la Haute autorité from 2007 to 2011.
Personal life
Steg was married to Gilberte Nissim, a gynecologist and former member of the French Resistance. They had two sons: Jean-Michel, who became Senior Advisor of the bank Greenhill & Co. in the United States, and Philippe Gabriel, who works as a cardiologist at the Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital. His sister, Bitia (1926-2020), lived in Jerusalem. His other sister, Rachel (1923–2009) lived in Haifa. His elder brother, Henri (1922–2016), lived in Paris and was an active member of the French Resistance and the International League Against Racism and Anti-Semitism.Adolphe Steg died on 12 April 2021 at the age of 96.
Distinctions
Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour (2000)
Grand Cross of the Ordre national du Mérite (2006)
Doctor honoris causa of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2001)
== References == | country of citizenship | {
"answer_start": [
2511
],
"text": [
"France"
]
} |
Adolphe Steg (27 January 1925 – 11 April 2021) was a Czechoslovak-born French urologist and Holocaust survivor.
Early life
Steg was born on 27 January 1925 in Czechoslovakia into a family of Orthodox Jews. His father, Mordechai Steg, born on 19 April 1895 in Bistra, Austria-Hungary, took his family to Paris in 1928. Mordechai had three children with his wife, Feige: Adolphe, Bitia, and Rachel. The family settled in the 12th arrondissement. He went to primary school at the École élémentaire des Hospitalières-Saint-Gervais and secondary school at the Lycée Voltaire.Steg's father, Mordechai, who had gone by the name of Martin to avoid identification as a Jew, was interned at the Beaune-la-Rolande internment camp. He was then subsequently deported to Auschwitz as part of Convoy No. 5 on 28 June 1942. Martin survived deportation and later returned to Paris. Adolphe, a student at the Lycée Voltaire, bore a yellow badge as required for Jews living in German-occupied territory. However, his teacher, Mr. Binon, had his class read De la tolérance by Montesquieu. He escaped the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup on 16 July 1942 with false papers, and, thanks to a smuggler, was able to cross the demarcation line into the Zone libre. He was saved by Alexandre Glasberg and his brother Vila Glasberg, who housed Jewish people fleeing from the Nazis in Cazaubon. He was then sent to Sarlat to continue his education, where he joined the 3rd Battalion of Armagnac of the French Forces of the Interior.
Medical career and leadership in the Jewish community
After World War II, Steg studied medicine with Professor Pierre Aboulker at the Hôpital Cochin in Paris, where he was an Internat des hôpitaux de Paris from 1953 to 1957, when he became Chef de clinique des universités-assistant des hôpitaux. He succeeded Aboulker as head of the urology department at the hospital, holding the role from 1976 to 1990. He was elected President of the French Society for Urology in 1986, served as President of the French Association of Urology from 1987 to 1989, and was Secretary General of the European Association of Urology from 1984 to 1992. He became a member of the Académie nationale de chirurgie in 1981 and joined the Académie Nationale de Médecine on 24 October 2000. He operated on President François Mitterrand's prostate cancer from 1992 to 1994.In addition to his medical career, Steg served numerous responsibilities in the Jewish community. He was President of the Paris section of the Union des étudiants juifs de France ("Union of French Jewish students") and vice-president of the World Union of Jewish Students. He was a member of the board of directors of the Fonds social juif unifié, President of the Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France from 1970 to 1974, and President of the Alliance Israélite Universelle from 1985 to 2011. While at the Alliance Israélite Universelle, Steg oversaw renovations to the school library renovations, the creation of a new College of Jewish Studies, and a growing network between Israel and France. He became Honorary President once his term was finished in 2011. He served on the honorary committee of the Fondation France-Israël and was a member of the board of directors of the Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah. Additionally, he was vice-president of the Mission d'étude sur la spoliation des Juifs de France.Other functions held by Steg include membership on France's Economic, Social and Environmental Council from 1979 to 1983 and again from 1995 to 2010, membership on the Commission nationale consultative des droits de l'homme starting in 2002, and membership on the Collège de la Haute autorité from 2007 to 2011.
Personal life
Steg was married to Gilberte Nissim, a gynecologist and former member of the French Resistance. They had two sons: Jean-Michel, who became Senior Advisor of the bank Greenhill & Co. in the United States, and Philippe Gabriel, who works as a cardiologist at the Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital. His sister, Bitia (1926-2020), lived in Jerusalem. His other sister, Rachel (1923–2009) lived in Haifa. His elder brother, Henri (1922–2016), lived in Paris and was an active member of the French Resistance and the International League Against Racism and Anti-Semitism.Adolphe Steg died on 12 April 2021 at the age of 96.
Distinctions
Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour (2000)
Grand Cross of the Ordre national du Mérite (2006)
Doctor honoris causa of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2001)
== References == | educated at | {
"answer_start": [
556
],
"text": [
"Lycée Voltaire"
]
} |
Adolphe Steg (27 January 1925 – 11 April 2021) was a Czechoslovak-born French urologist and Holocaust survivor.
Early life
Steg was born on 27 January 1925 in Czechoslovakia into a family of Orthodox Jews. His father, Mordechai Steg, born on 19 April 1895 in Bistra, Austria-Hungary, took his family to Paris in 1928. Mordechai had three children with his wife, Feige: Adolphe, Bitia, and Rachel. The family settled in the 12th arrondissement. He went to primary school at the École élémentaire des Hospitalières-Saint-Gervais and secondary school at the Lycée Voltaire.Steg's father, Mordechai, who had gone by the name of Martin to avoid identification as a Jew, was interned at the Beaune-la-Rolande internment camp. He was then subsequently deported to Auschwitz as part of Convoy No. 5 on 28 June 1942. Martin survived deportation and later returned to Paris. Adolphe, a student at the Lycée Voltaire, bore a yellow badge as required for Jews living in German-occupied territory. However, his teacher, Mr. Binon, had his class read De la tolérance by Montesquieu. He escaped the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup on 16 July 1942 with false papers, and, thanks to a smuggler, was able to cross the demarcation line into the Zone libre. He was saved by Alexandre Glasberg and his brother Vila Glasberg, who housed Jewish people fleeing from the Nazis in Cazaubon. He was then sent to Sarlat to continue his education, where he joined the 3rd Battalion of Armagnac of the French Forces of the Interior.
Medical career and leadership in the Jewish community
After World War II, Steg studied medicine with Professor Pierre Aboulker at the Hôpital Cochin in Paris, where he was an Internat des hôpitaux de Paris from 1953 to 1957, when he became Chef de clinique des universités-assistant des hôpitaux. He succeeded Aboulker as head of the urology department at the hospital, holding the role from 1976 to 1990. He was elected President of the French Society for Urology in 1986, served as President of the French Association of Urology from 1987 to 1989, and was Secretary General of the European Association of Urology from 1984 to 1992. He became a member of the Académie nationale de chirurgie in 1981 and joined the Académie Nationale de Médecine on 24 October 2000. He operated on President François Mitterrand's prostate cancer from 1992 to 1994.In addition to his medical career, Steg served numerous responsibilities in the Jewish community. He was President of the Paris section of the Union des étudiants juifs de France ("Union of French Jewish students") and vice-president of the World Union of Jewish Students. He was a member of the board of directors of the Fonds social juif unifié, President of the Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France from 1970 to 1974, and President of the Alliance Israélite Universelle from 1985 to 2011. While at the Alliance Israélite Universelle, Steg oversaw renovations to the school library renovations, the creation of a new College of Jewish Studies, and a growing network between Israel and France. He became Honorary President once his term was finished in 2011. He served on the honorary committee of the Fondation France-Israël and was a member of the board of directors of the Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah. Additionally, he was vice-president of the Mission d'étude sur la spoliation des Juifs de France.Other functions held by Steg include membership on France's Economic, Social and Environmental Council from 1979 to 1983 and again from 1995 to 2010, membership on the Commission nationale consultative des droits de l'homme starting in 2002, and membership on the Collège de la Haute autorité from 2007 to 2011.
Personal life
Steg was married to Gilberte Nissim, a gynecologist and former member of the French Resistance. They had two sons: Jean-Michel, who became Senior Advisor of the bank Greenhill & Co. in the United States, and Philippe Gabriel, who works as a cardiologist at the Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital. His sister, Bitia (1926-2020), lived in Jerusalem. His other sister, Rachel (1923–2009) lived in Haifa. His elder brother, Henri (1922–2016), lived in Paris and was an active member of the French Resistance and the International League Against Racism and Anti-Semitism.Adolphe Steg died on 12 April 2021 at the age of 96.
Distinctions
Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour (2000)
Grand Cross of the Ordre national du Mérite (2006)
Doctor honoris causa of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2001)
== References == | occupation | {
"answer_start": [
78
],
"text": [
"urologist"
]
} |
Adolphe Steg (27 January 1925 – 11 April 2021) was a Czechoslovak-born French urologist and Holocaust survivor.
Early life
Steg was born on 27 January 1925 in Czechoslovakia into a family of Orthodox Jews. His father, Mordechai Steg, born on 19 April 1895 in Bistra, Austria-Hungary, took his family to Paris in 1928. Mordechai had three children with his wife, Feige: Adolphe, Bitia, and Rachel. The family settled in the 12th arrondissement. He went to primary school at the École élémentaire des Hospitalières-Saint-Gervais and secondary school at the Lycée Voltaire.Steg's father, Mordechai, who had gone by the name of Martin to avoid identification as a Jew, was interned at the Beaune-la-Rolande internment camp. He was then subsequently deported to Auschwitz as part of Convoy No. 5 on 28 June 1942. Martin survived deportation and later returned to Paris. Adolphe, a student at the Lycée Voltaire, bore a yellow badge as required for Jews living in German-occupied territory. However, his teacher, Mr. Binon, had his class read De la tolérance by Montesquieu. He escaped the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup on 16 July 1942 with false papers, and, thanks to a smuggler, was able to cross the demarcation line into the Zone libre. He was saved by Alexandre Glasberg and his brother Vila Glasberg, who housed Jewish people fleeing from the Nazis in Cazaubon. He was then sent to Sarlat to continue his education, where he joined the 3rd Battalion of Armagnac of the French Forces of the Interior.
Medical career and leadership in the Jewish community
After World War II, Steg studied medicine with Professor Pierre Aboulker at the Hôpital Cochin in Paris, where he was an Internat des hôpitaux de Paris from 1953 to 1957, when he became Chef de clinique des universités-assistant des hôpitaux. He succeeded Aboulker as head of the urology department at the hospital, holding the role from 1976 to 1990. He was elected President of the French Society for Urology in 1986, served as President of the French Association of Urology from 1987 to 1989, and was Secretary General of the European Association of Urology from 1984 to 1992. He became a member of the Académie nationale de chirurgie in 1981 and joined the Académie Nationale de Médecine on 24 October 2000. He operated on President François Mitterrand's prostate cancer from 1992 to 1994.In addition to his medical career, Steg served numerous responsibilities in the Jewish community. He was President of the Paris section of the Union des étudiants juifs de France ("Union of French Jewish students") and vice-president of the World Union of Jewish Students. He was a member of the board of directors of the Fonds social juif unifié, President of the Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France from 1970 to 1974, and President of the Alliance Israélite Universelle from 1985 to 2011. While at the Alliance Israélite Universelle, Steg oversaw renovations to the school library renovations, the creation of a new College of Jewish Studies, and a growing network between Israel and France. He became Honorary President once his term was finished in 2011. He served on the honorary committee of the Fondation France-Israël and was a member of the board of directors of the Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah. Additionally, he was vice-president of the Mission d'étude sur la spoliation des Juifs de France.Other functions held by Steg include membership on France's Economic, Social and Environmental Council from 1979 to 1983 and again from 1995 to 2010, membership on the Commission nationale consultative des droits de l'homme starting in 2002, and membership on the Collège de la Haute autorité from 2007 to 2011.
Personal life
Steg was married to Gilberte Nissim, a gynecologist and former member of the French Resistance. They had two sons: Jean-Michel, who became Senior Advisor of the bank Greenhill & Co. in the United States, and Philippe Gabriel, who works as a cardiologist at the Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital. His sister, Bitia (1926-2020), lived in Jerusalem. His other sister, Rachel (1923–2009) lived in Haifa. His elder brother, Henri (1922–2016), lived in Paris and was an active member of the French Resistance and the International League Against Racism and Anti-Semitism.Adolphe Steg died on 12 April 2021 at the age of 96.
Distinctions
Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour (2000)
Grand Cross of the Ordre national du Mérite (2006)
Doctor honoris causa of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2001)
== References == | award received | {
"answer_start": [
4327
],
"text": [
"Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour"
]
} |
Adolphe Steg (27 January 1925 – 11 April 2021) was a Czechoslovak-born French urologist and Holocaust survivor.
Early life
Steg was born on 27 January 1925 in Czechoslovakia into a family of Orthodox Jews. His father, Mordechai Steg, born on 19 April 1895 in Bistra, Austria-Hungary, took his family to Paris in 1928. Mordechai had three children with his wife, Feige: Adolphe, Bitia, and Rachel. The family settled in the 12th arrondissement. He went to primary school at the École élémentaire des Hospitalières-Saint-Gervais and secondary school at the Lycée Voltaire.Steg's father, Mordechai, who had gone by the name of Martin to avoid identification as a Jew, was interned at the Beaune-la-Rolande internment camp. He was then subsequently deported to Auschwitz as part of Convoy No. 5 on 28 June 1942. Martin survived deportation and later returned to Paris. Adolphe, a student at the Lycée Voltaire, bore a yellow badge as required for Jews living in German-occupied territory. However, his teacher, Mr. Binon, had his class read De la tolérance by Montesquieu. He escaped the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup on 16 July 1942 with false papers, and, thanks to a smuggler, was able to cross the demarcation line into the Zone libre. He was saved by Alexandre Glasberg and his brother Vila Glasberg, who housed Jewish people fleeing from the Nazis in Cazaubon. He was then sent to Sarlat to continue his education, where he joined the 3rd Battalion of Armagnac of the French Forces of the Interior.
Medical career and leadership in the Jewish community
After World War II, Steg studied medicine with Professor Pierre Aboulker at the Hôpital Cochin in Paris, where he was an Internat des hôpitaux de Paris from 1953 to 1957, when he became Chef de clinique des universités-assistant des hôpitaux. He succeeded Aboulker as head of the urology department at the hospital, holding the role from 1976 to 1990. He was elected President of the French Society for Urology in 1986, served as President of the French Association of Urology from 1987 to 1989, and was Secretary General of the European Association of Urology from 1984 to 1992. He became a member of the Académie nationale de chirurgie in 1981 and joined the Académie Nationale de Médecine on 24 October 2000. He operated on President François Mitterrand's prostate cancer from 1992 to 1994.In addition to his medical career, Steg served numerous responsibilities in the Jewish community. He was President of the Paris section of the Union des étudiants juifs de France ("Union of French Jewish students") and vice-president of the World Union of Jewish Students. He was a member of the board of directors of the Fonds social juif unifié, President of the Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France from 1970 to 1974, and President of the Alliance Israélite Universelle from 1985 to 2011. While at the Alliance Israélite Universelle, Steg oversaw renovations to the school library renovations, the creation of a new College of Jewish Studies, and a growing network between Israel and France. He became Honorary President once his term was finished in 2011. He served on the honorary committee of the Fondation France-Israël and was a member of the board of directors of the Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah. Additionally, he was vice-president of the Mission d'étude sur la spoliation des Juifs de France.Other functions held by Steg include membership on France's Economic, Social and Environmental Council from 1979 to 1983 and again from 1995 to 2010, membership on the Commission nationale consultative des droits de l'homme starting in 2002, and membership on the Collège de la Haute autorité from 2007 to 2011.
Personal life
Steg was married to Gilberte Nissim, a gynecologist and former member of the French Resistance. They had two sons: Jean-Michel, who became Senior Advisor of the bank Greenhill & Co. in the United States, and Philippe Gabriel, who works as a cardiologist at the Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital. His sister, Bitia (1926-2020), lived in Jerusalem. His other sister, Rachel (1923–2009) lived in Haifa. His elder brother, Henri (1922–2016), lived in Paris and was an active member of the French Resistance and the International League Against Racism and Anti-Semitism.Adolphe Steg died on 12 April 2021 at the age of 96.
Distinctions
Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour (2000)
Grand Cross of the Ordre national du Mérite (2006)
Doctor honoris causa of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2001)
== References == | member of | {
"answer_start": [
2207
],
"text": [
"Académie Nationale de Médecine"
]
} |
Adolphe Steg (27 January 1925 – 11 April 2021) was a Czechoslovak-born French urologist and Holocaust survivor.
Early life
Steg was born on 27 January 1925 in Czechoslovakia into a family of Orthodox Jews. His father, Mordechai Steg, born on 19 April 1895 in Bistra, Austria-Hungary, took his family to Paris in 1928. Mordechai had three children with his wife, Feige: Adolphe, Bitia, and Rachel. The family settled in the 12th arrondissement. He went to primary school at the École élémentaire des Hospitalières-Saint-Gervais and secondary school at the Lycée Voltaire.Steg's father, Mordechai, who had gone by the name of Martin to avoid identification as a Jew, was interned at the Beaune-la-Rolande internment camp. He was then subsequently deported to Auschwitz as part of Convoy No. 5 on 28 June 1942. Martin survived deportation and later returned to Paris. Adolphe, a student at the Lycée Voltaire, bore a yellow badge as required for Jews living in German-occupied territory. However, his teacher, Mr. Binon, had his class read De la tolérance by Montesquieu. He escaped the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup on 16 July 1942 with false papers, and, thanks to a smuggler, was able to cross the demarcation line into the Zone libre. He was saved by Alexandre Glasberg and his brother Vila Glasberg, who housed Jewish people fleeing from the Nazis in Cazaubon. He was then sent to Sarlat to continue his education, where he joined the 3rd Battalion of Armagnac of the French Forces of the Interior.
Medical career and leadership in the Jewish community
After World War II, Steg studied medicine with Professor Pierre Aboulker at the Hôpital Cochin in Paris, where he was an Internat des hôpitaux de Paris from 1953 to 1957, when he became Chef de clinique des universités-assistant des hôpitaux. He succeeded Aboulker as head of the urology department at the hospital, holding the role from 1976 to 1990. He was elected President of the French Society for Urology in 1986, served as President of the French Association of Urology from 1987 to 1989, and was Secretary General of the European Association of Urology from 1984 to 1992. He became a member of the Académie nationale de chirurgie in 1981 and joined the Académie Nationale de Médecine on 24 October 2000. He operated on President François Mitterrand's prostate cancer from 1992 to 1994.In addition to his medical career, Steg served numerous responsibilities in the Jewish community. He was President of the Paris section of the Union des étudiants juifs de France ("Union of French Jewish students") and vice-president of the World Union of Jewish Students. He was a member of the board of directors of the Fonds social juif unifié, President of the Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France from 1970 to 1974, and President of the Alliance Israélite Universelle from 1985 to 2011. While at the Alliance Israélite Universelle, Steg oversaw renovations to the school library renovations, the creation of a new College of Jewish Studies, and a growing network between Israel and France. He became Honorary President once his term was finished in 2011. He served on the honorary committee of the Fondation France-Israël and was a member of the board of directors of the Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah. Additionally, he was vice-president of the Mission d'étude sur la spoliation des Juifs de France.Other functions held by Steg include membership on France's Economic, Social and Environmental Council from 1979 to 1983 and again from 1995 to 2010, membership on the Commission nationale consultative des droits de l'homme starting in 2002, and membership on the Collège de la Haute autorité from 2007 to 2011.
Personal life
Steg was married to Gilberte Nissim, a gynecologist and former member of the French Resistance. They had two sons: Jean-Michel, who became Senior Advisor of the bank Greenhill & Co. in the United States, and Philippe Gabriel, who works as a cardiologist at the Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital. His sister, Bitia (1926-2020), lived in Jerusalem. His other sister, Rachel (1923–2009) lived in Haifa. His elder brother, Henri (1922–2016), lived in Paris and was an active member of the French Resistance and the International League Against Racism and Anti-Semitism.Adolphe Steg died on 12 April 2021 at the age of 96.
Distinctions
Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour (2000)
Grand Cross of the Ordre national du Mérite (2006)
Doctor honoris causa of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2001)
== References == | family name | {
"answer_start": [
8
],
"text": [
"Steg"
]
} |
Adolphe Steg (27 January 1925 – 11 April 2021) was a Czechoslovak-born French urologist and Holocaust survivor.
Early life
Steg was born on 27 January 1925 in Czechoslovakia into a family of Orthodox Jews. His father, Mordechai Steg, born on 19 April 1895 in Bistra, Austria-Hungary, took his family to Paris in 1928. Mordechai had three children with his wife, Feige: Adolphe, Bitia, and Rachel. The family settled in the 12th arrondissement. He went to primary school at the École élémentaire des Hospitalières-Saint-Gervais and secondary school at the Lycée Voltaire.Steg's father, Mordechai, who had gone by the name of Martin to avoid identification as a Jew, was interned at the Beaune-la-Rolande internment camp. He was then subsequently deported to Auschwitz as part of Convoy No. 5 on 28 June 1942. Martin survived deportation and later returned to Paris. Adolphe, a student at the Lycée Voltaire, bore a yellow badge as required for Jews living in German-occupied territory. However, his teacher, Mr. Binon, had his class read De la tolérance by Montesquieu. He escaped the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup on 16 July 1942 with false papers, and, thanks to a smuggler, was able to cross the demarcation line into the Zone libre. He was saved by Alexandre Glasberg and his brother Vila Glasberg, who housed Jewish people fleeing from the Nazis in Cazaubon. He was then sent to Sarlat to continue his education, where he joined the 3rd Battalion of Armagnac of the French Forces of the Interior.
Medical career and leadership in the Jewish community
After World War II, Steg studied medicine with Professor Pierre Aboulker at the Hôpital Cochin in Paris, where he was an Internat des hôpitaux de Paris from 1953 to 1957, when he became Chef de clinique des universités-assistant des hôpitaux. He succeeded Aboulker as head of the urology department at the hospital, holding the role from 1976 to 1990. He was elected President of the French Society for Urology in 1986, served as President of the French Association of Urology from 1987 to 1989, and was Secretary General of the European Association of Urology from 1984 to 1992. He became a member of the Académie nationale de chirurgie in 1981 and joined the Académie Nationale de Médecine on 24 October 2000. He operated on President François Mitterrand's prostate cancer from 1992 to 1994.In addition to his medical career, Steg served numerous responsibilities in the Jewish community. He was President of the Paris section of the Union des étudiants juifs de France ("Union of French Jewish students") and vice-president of the World Union of Jewish Students. He was a member of the board of directors of the Fonds social juif unifié, President of the Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France from 1970 to 1974, and President of the Alliance Israélite Universelle from 1985 to 2011. While at the Alliance Israélite Universelle, Steg oversaw renovations to the school library renovations, the creation of a new College of Jewish Studies, and a growing network between Israel and France. He became Honorary President once his term was finished in 2011. He served on the honorary committee of the Fondation France-Israël and was a member of the board of directors of the Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah. Additionally, he was vice-president of the Mission d'étude sur la spoliation des Juifs de France.Other functions held by Steg include membership on France's Economic, Social and Environmental Council from 1979 to 1983 and again from 1995 to 2010, membership on the Commission nationale consultative des droits de l'homme starting in 2002, and membership on the Collège de la Haute autorité from 2007 to 2011.
Personal life
Steg was married to Gilberte Nissim, a gynecologist and former member of the French Resistance. They had two sons: Jean-Michel, who became Senior Advisor of the bank Greenhill & Co. in the United States, and Philippe Gabriel, who works as a cardiologist at the Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital. His sister, Bitia (1926-2020), lived in Jerusalem. His other sister, Rachel (1923–2009) lived in Haifa. His elder brother, Henri (1922–2016), lived in Paris and was an active member of the French Resistance and the International League Against Racism and Anti-Semitism.Adolphe Steg died on 12 April 2021 at the age of 96.
Distinctions
Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour (2000)
Grand Cross of the Ordre national du Mérite (2006)
Doctor honoris causa of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2001)
== References == | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Adolphe"
]
} |
Adolphe Steg (27 January 1925 – 11 April 2021) was a Czechoslovak-born French urologist and Holocaust survivor.
Early life
Steg was born on 27 January 1925 in Czechoslovakia into a family of Orthodox Jews. His father, Mordechai Steg, born on 19 April 1895 in Bistra, Austria-Hungary, took his family to Paris in 1928. Mordechai had three children with his wife, Feige: Adolphe, Bitia, and Rachel. The family settled in the 12th arrondissement. He went to primary school at the École élémentaire des Hospitalières-Saint-Gervais and secondary school at the Lycée Voltaire.Steg's father, Mordechai, who had gone by the name of Martin to avoid identification as a Jew, was interned at the Beaune-la-Rolande internment camp. He was then subsequently deported to Auschwitz as part of Convoy No. 5 on 28 June 1942. Martin survived deportation and later returned to Paris. Adolphe, a student at the Lycée Voltaire, bore a yellow badge as required for Jews living in German-occupied territory. However, his teacher, Mr. Binon, had his class read De la tolérance by Montesquieu. He escaped the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup on 16 July 1942 with false papers, and, thanks to a smuggler, was able to cross the demarcation line into the Zone libre. He was saved by Alexandre Glasberg and his brother Vila Glasberg, who housed Jewish people fleeing from the Nazis in Cazaubon. He was then sent to Sarlat to continue his education, where he joined the 3rd Battalion of Armagnac of the French Forces of the Interior.
Medical career and leadership in the Jewish community
After World War II, Steg studied medicine with Professor Pierre Aboulker at the Hôpital Cochin in Paris, where he was an Internat des hôpitaux de Paris from 1953 to 1957, when he became Chef de clinique des universités-assistant des hôpitaux. He succeeded Aboulker as head of the urology department at the hospital, holding the role from 1976 to 1990. He was elected President of the French Society for Urology in 1986, served as President of the French Association of Urology from 1987 to 1989, and was Secretary General of the European Association of Urology from 1984 to 1992. He became a member of the Académie nationale de chirurgie in 1981 and joined the Académie Nationale de Médecine on 24 October 2000. He operated on President François Mitterrand's prostate cancer from 1992 to 1994.In addition to his medical career, Steg served numerous responsibilities in the Jewish community. He was President of the Paris section of the Union des étudiants juifs de France ("Union of French Jewish students") and vice-president of the World Union of Jewish Students. He was a member of the board of directors of the Fonds social juif unifié, President of the Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France from 1970 to 1974, and President of the Alliance Israélite Universelle from 1985 to 2011. While at the Alliance Israélite Universelle, Steg oversaw renovations to the school library renovations, the creation of a new College of Jewish Studies, and a growing network between Israel and France. He became Honorary President once his term was finished in 2011. He served on the honorary committee of the Fondation France-Israël and was a member of the board of directors of the Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah. Additionally, he was vice-president of the Mission d'étude sur la spoliation des Juifs de France.Other functions held by Steg include membership on France's Economic, Social and Environmental Council from 1979 to 1983 and again from 1995 to 2010, membership on the Commission nationale consultative des droits de l'homme starting in 2002, and membership on the Collège de la Haute autorité from 2007 to 2011.
Personal life
Steg was married to Gilberte Nissim, a gynecologist and former member of the French Resistance. They had two sons: Jean-Michel, who became Senior Advisor of the bank Greenhill & Co. in the United States, and Philippe Gabriel, who works as a cardiologist at the Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital. His sister, Bitia (1926-2020), lived in Jerusalem. His other sister, Rachel (1923–2009) lived in Haifa. His elder brother, Henri (1922–2016), lived in Paris and was an active member of the French Resistance and the International League Against Racism and Anti-Semitism.Adolphe Steg died on 12 April 2021 at the age of 96.
Distinctions
Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour (2000)
Grand Cross of the Ordre national du Mérite (2006)
Doctor honoris causa of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2001)
== References == | languages spoken, written or signed | {
"answer_start": [
71
],
"text": [
"French"
]
} |
Adolphe Steg (27 January 1925 – 11 April 2021) was a Czechoslovak-born French urologist and Holocaust survivor.
Early life
Steg was born on 27 January 1925 in Czechoslovakia into a family of Orthodox Jews. His father, Mordechai Steg, born on 19 April 1895 in Bistra, Austria-Hungary, took his family to Paris in 1928. Mordechai had three children with his wife, Feige: Adolphe, Bitia, and Rachel. The family settled in the 12th arrondissement. He went to primary school at the École élémentaire des Hospitalières-Saint-Gervais and secondary school at the Lycée Voltaire.Steg's father, Mordechai, who had gone by the name of Martin to avoid identification as a Jew, was interned at the Beaune-la-Rolande internment camp. He was then subsequently deported to Auschwitz as part of Convoy No. 5 on 28 June 1942. Martin survived deportation and later returned to Paris. Adolphe, a student at the Lycée Voltaire, bore a yellow badge as required for Jews living in German-occupied territory. However, his teacher, Mr. Binon, had his class read De la tolérance by Montesquieu. He escaped the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup on 16 July 1942 with false papers, and, thanks to a smuggler, was able to cross the demarcation line into the Zone libre. He was saved by Alexandre Glasberg and his brother Vila Glasberg, who housed Jewish people fleeing from the Nazis in Cazaubon. He was then sent to Sarlat to continue his education, where he joined the 3rd Battalion of Armagnac of the French Forces of the Interior.
Medical career and leadership in the Jewish community
After World War II, Steg studied medicine with Professor Pierre Aboulker at the Hôpital Cochin in Paris, where he was an Internat des hôpitaux de Paris from 1953 to 1957, when he became Chef de clinique des universités-assistant des hôpitaux. He succeeded Aboulker as head of the urology department at the hospital, holding the role from 1976 to 1990. He was elected President of the French Society for Urology in 1986, served as President of the French Association of Urology from 1987 to 1989, and was Secretary General of the European Association of Urology from 1984 to 1992. He became a member of the Académie nationale de chirurgie in 1981 and joined the Académie Nationale de Médecine on 24 October 2000. He operated on President François Mitterrand's prostate cancer from 1992 to 1994.In addition to his medical career, Steg served numerous responsibilities in the Jewish community. He was President of the Paris section of the Union des étudiants juifs de France ("Union of French Jewish students") and vice-president of the World Union of Jewish Students. He was a member of the board of directors of the Fonds social juif unifié, President of the Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France from 1970 to 1974, and President of the Alliance Israélite Universelle from 1985 to 2011. While at the Alliance Israélite Universelle, Steg oversaw renovations to the school library renovations, the creation of a new College of Jewish Studies, and a growing network between Israel and France. He became Honorary President once his term was finished in 2011. He served on the honorary committee of the Fondation France-Israël and was a member of the board of directors of the Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah. Additionally, he was vice-president of the Mission d'étude sur la spoliation des Juifs de France.Other functions held by Steg include membership on France's Economic, Social and Environmental Council from 1979 to 1983 and again from 1995 to 2010, membership on the Commission nationale consultative des droits de l'homme starting in 2002, and membership on the Collège de la Haute autorité from 2007 to 2011.
Personal life
Steg was married to Gilberte Nissim, a gynecologist and former member of the French Resistance. They had two sons: Jean-Michel, who became Senior Advisor of the bank Greenhill & Co. in the United States, and Philippe Gabriel, who works as a cardiologist at the Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital. His sister, Bitia (1926-2020), lived in Jerusalem. His other sister, Rachel (1923–2009) lived in Haifa. His elder brother, Henri (1922–2016), lived in Paris and was an active member of the French Resistance and the International League Against Racism and Anti-Semitism.Adolphe Steg died on 12 April 2021 at the age of 96.
Distinctions
Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour (2000)
Grand Cross of the Ordre national du Mérite (2006)
Doctor honoris causa of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2001)
== References == | birth name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Adolphe Steg"
]
} |
Charles Southey Creed (25 May 1909 – 17 July 1966) was a British fashion designer. Born into the longstanding tailoring house of Henry Creed & Company in Paris, he launched his eponymous label in London in 1946. The first elected member of the Incorporated Society of London Fashion Designers, he had success in both Britain and the United States.
Early life and career
Creed was born in 1909 at 29 rue Singer in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, the sixth child and third son born to tailor Henry Creed (1824–1914). Like Charles Worth, the Creed family was British and became part of the French couture establishment, rising to prominence in the 19th century. His grandfather, also named Henry Creed, had introduced women's professional tailoring to Paris in the 1890s. The company – which said its tailoring roots dated back to the 1700s – had a reputation for creating fine women's riding habits as well as men's tailoring; clients included the British and French royal families. Creed's father was said to have designed the outfit worn by Mata Hari when she was shot.Charles Creed was educated in France and Vienna, also spending some time as a designer with Bergdorf Goodman in New York, where he was said to have been very popular with clients. After a six-month spell completing his fashion industry education at Linton tweed mill in Carlisle – a key supplier to couturiers, notably Coco Chanel – he returned to work at the family firm in Paris in 1933. He retained a workspace in Knightsbridge during the early 1930s, which he shared with fellow designer – and later IncSoc member – Mattli. He was already considered notable enough in the United States to be chosen – alongside names such as Elsa Schiaparelli and Jeanne Lanvin – to design clothes for Frances Drake in the 1936 film version of I'd Give My Life. Creed was designing for the family firm in Paris at the outbreak of war, moving back in 1940 after the fall of France. He later described how he left Paris hours ahead of the Germans – with his father Henry Creed, then 80, refusing to evacuate the city where he had spent his life.
Establishment of label
Charles Creed established his London showroom and workspace initially in Fortnum & Mason, moving to a basement air raid shelter once the London air raids started in earnest. In early 1941, he toured the United States to promote British woollens to American consumers and encourage them to support the war effort. He also contributed to the war effort as a member of the Incorporated Society of London Fashion Designers (IncSoc) in 1942. According to the fashion journalist Ernestine Carter, while Creed contributed to a 1941 collection with other IncSoc founding members, he was not among the eight founder members, but was the first elected member of the Society.Creed opened his eponymous label in London in 1946. His 1947 collection – produced in a year when rationing was still in force in Britain – was greeted enthusiastically by a reviewer for Melbourne newspaper The Age, who described wool and jersey dresses with coordinating coats and box jackets, plus tailored suits in striped tweeds and black barathea worn with brightly coloured blouses. His 1947 range was also showcased in a British Pathé feature, alongside hats by Danish milliner to the Queen Aage Thaarup. Three years later, Creed's place among the British couture establishment was cemented by the inclusion of one of his suits in a fashion show sequence in the film Maytime in Mayfair – all the designers were IncSoc members.Creed was well connected among broader fashion circles. His wife Patricia Cunningham had been appointed fashion editor of Vogue at the age of 23; a 1952 article in The Sydney Morning Herald about the women behind London's top designers described her as: "his severest critic", adding that she attended his fashion shows in order to take notes about hits and misses in the collection.
Brand hallmarks
Creed's store was located at 31 Basil Street, Knightsbridge. The premises was masculine in tone, with dark panelling on the walls and displays of Napoleonic toy soldiers (Creed had a fine collection that was later to be the subject of a British Pathé film). This love of military themes and detailing was to influence his designs, which featured frogging, braiding and piping. Capes and tricorn hats were also part of his design signature. While he did make some evening wear, designs were normally slim and tailored.
Legacy
Several years before his death, Creed had established a wholesale fashion house specialising in knitwear and planned to focus on this after the closure of his couture business in 1966.After the closure of his couture house, he donated a selection of model garments to the Victoria and Albert Museum to illustrate his design style. His work was also exhibited as part of a 2007 V&A exhibition called The Golden Age of Couture. The family name lives on in the Paris perfume house of Creed.
Publications
Creed, Charles, Maid to Measure (Jarrolds, 1961)
de la Haye, A., 'Material Evidence' in Wilcox, C. ed., The Golden Age of Couture: Paris and London 1947-1957 (V&A Publications, 2007), p. 96-7 & pl.4.6
References
External links
Charles Creed outfit from Victoria and Albert Museum archive
Charles Creed photographed by Norman Parkinson, National Portrait Gallery
'Golden Age of Couture' exhibition brochure
British Pathé film about Charles Creed's toy soldier collection
1947 British Pathe feature, showing Charles Creed clothes with Aage Thaarup hats | given name | {
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Charles Southey Creed (25 May 1909 – 17 July 1966) was a British fashion designer. Born into the longstanding tailoring house of Henry Creed & Company in Paris, he launched his eponymous label in London in 1946. The first elected member of the Incorporated Society of London Fashion Designers, he had success in both Britain and the United States.
Early life and career
Creed was born in 1909 at 29 rue Singer in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, the sixth child and third son born to tailor Henry Creed (1824–1914). Like Charles Worth, the Creed family was British and became part of the French couture establishment, rising to prominence in the 19th century. His grandfather, also named Henry Creed, had introduced women's professional tailoring to Paris in the 1890s. The company – which said its tailoring roots dated back to the 1700s – had a reputation for creating fine women's riding habits as well as men's tailoring; clients included the British and French royal families. Creed's father was said to have designed the outfit worn by Mata Hari when she was shot.Charles Creed was educated in France and Vienna, also spending some time as a designer with Bergdorf Goodman in New York, where he was said to have been very popular with clients. After a six-month spell completing his fashion industry education at Linton tweed mill in Carlisle – a key supplier to couturiers, notably Coco Chanel – he returned to work at the family firm in Paris in 1933. He retained a workspace in Knightsbridge during the early 1930s, which he shared with fellow designer – and later IncSoc member – Mattli. He was already considered notable enough in the United States to be chosen – alongside names such as Elsa Schiaparelli and Jeanne Lanvin – to design clothes for Frances Drake in the 1936 film version of I'd Give My Life. Creed was designing for the family firm in Paris at the outbreak of war, moving back in 1940 after the fall of France. He later described how he left Paris hours ahead of the Germans – with his father Henry Creed, then 80, refusing to evacuate the city where he had spent his life.
Establishment of label
Charles Creed established his London showroom and workspace initially in Fortnum & Mason, moving to a basement air raid shelter once the London air raids started in earnest. In early 1941, he toured the United States to promote British woollens to American consumers and encourage them to support the war effort. He also contributed to the war effort as a member of the Incorporated Society of London Fashion Designers (IncSoc) in 1942. According to the fashion journalist Ernestine Carter, while Creed contributed to a 1941 collection with other IncSoc founding members, he was not among the eight founder members, but was the first elected member of the Society.Creed opened his eponymous label in London in 1946. His 1947 collection – produced in a year when rationing was still in force in Britain – was greeted enthusiastically by a reviewer for Melbourne newspaper The Age, who described wool and jersey dresses with coordinating coats and box jackets, plus tailored suits in striped tweeds and black barathea worn with brightly coloured blouses. His 1947 range was also showcased in a British Pathé feature, alongside hats by Danish milliner to the Queen Aage Thaarup. Three years later, Creed's place among the British couture establishment was cemented by the inclusion of one of his suits in a fashion show sequence in the film Maytime in Mayfair – all the designers were IncSoc members.Creed was well connected among broader fashion circles. His wife Patricia Cunningham had been appointed fashion editor of Vogue at the age of 23; a 1952 article in The Sydney Morning Herald about the women behind London's top designers described her as: "his severest critic", adding that she attended his fashion shows in order to take notes about hits and misses in the collection.
Brand hallmarks
Creed's store was located at 31 Basil Street, Knightsbridge. The premises was masculine in tone, with dark panelling on the walls and displays of Napoleonic toy soldiers (Creed had a fine collection that was later to be the subject of a British Pathé film). This love of military themes and detailing was to influence his designs, which featured frogging, braiding and piping. Capes and tricorn hats were also part of his design signature. While he did make some evening wear, designs were normally slim and tailored.
Legacy
Several years before his death, Creed had established a wholesale fashion house specialising in knitwear and planned to focus on this after the closure of his couture business in 1966.After the closure of his couture house, he donated a selection of model garments to the Victoria and Albert Museum to illustrate his design style. His work was also exhibited as part of a 2007 V&A exhibition called The Golden Age of Couture. The family name lives on in the Paris perfume house of Creed.
Publications
Creed, Charles, Maid to Measure (Jarrolds, 1961)
de la Haye, A., 'Material Evidence' in Wilcox, C. ed., The Golden Age of Couture: Paris and London 1947-1957 (V&A Publications, 2007), p. 96-7 & pl.4.6
References
External links
Charles Creed outfit from Victoria and Albert Museum archive
Charles Creed photographed by Norman Parkinson, National Portrait Gallery
'Golden Age of Couture' exhibition brochure
British Pathé film about Charles Creed's toy soldier collection
1947 British Pathe feature, showing Charles Creed clothes with Aage Thaarup hats | place of birth | {
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Charles Southey Creed (25 May 1909 – 17 July 1966) was a British fashion designer. Born into the longstanding tailoring house of Henry Creed & Company in Paris, he launched his eponymous label in London in 1946. The first elected member of the Incorporated Society of London Fashion Designers, he had success in both Britain and the United States.
Early life and career
Creed was born in 1909 at 29 rue Singer in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, the sixth child and third son born to tailor Henry Creed (1824–1914). Like Charles Worth, the Creed family was British and became part of the French couture establishment, rising to prominence in the 19th century. His grandfather, also named Henry Creed, had introduced women's professional tailoring to Paris in the 1890s. The company – which said its tailoring roots dated back to the 1700s – had a reputation for creating fine women's riding habits as well as men's tailoring; clients included the British and French royal families. Creed's father was said to have designed the outfit worn by Mata Hari when she was shot.Charles Creed was educated in France and Vienna, also spending some time as a designer with Bergdorf Goodman in New York, where he was said to have been very popular with clients. After a six-month spell completing his fashion industry education at Linton tweed mill in Carlisle – a key supplier to couturiers, notably Coco Chanel – he returned to work at the family firm in Paris in 1933. He retained a workspace in Knightsbridge during the early 1930s, which he shared with fellow designer – and later IncSoc member – Mattli. He was already considered notable enough in the United States to be chosen – alongside names such as Elsa Schiaparelli and Jeanne Lanvin – to design clothes for Frances Drake in the 1936 film version of I'd Give My Life. Creed was designing for the family firm in Paris at the outbreak of war, moving back in 1940 after the fall of France. He later described how he left Paris hours ahead of the Germans – with his father Henry Creed, then 80, refusing to evacuate the city where he had spent his life.
Establishment of label
Charles Creed established his London showroom and workspace initially in Fortnum & Mason, moving to a basement air raid shelter once the London air raids started in earnest. In early 1941, he toured the United States to promote British woollens to American consumers and encourage them to support the war effort. He also contributed to the war effort as a member of the Incorporated Society of London Fashion Designers (IncSoc) in 1942. According to the fashion journalist Ernestine Carter, while Creed contributed to a 1941 collection with other IncSoc founding members, he was not among the eight founder members, but was the first elected member of the Society.Creed opened his eponymous label in London in 1946. His 1947 collection – produced in a year when rationing was still in force in Britain – was greeted enthusiastically by a reviewer for Melbourne newspaper The Age, who described wool and jersey dresses with coordinating coats and box jackets, plus tailored suits in striped tweeds and black barathea worn with brightly coloured blouses. His 1947 range was also showcased in a British Pathé feature, alongside hats by Danish milliner to the Queen Aage Thaarup. Three years later, Creed's place among the British couture establishment was cemented by the inclusion of one of his suits in a fashion show sequence in the film Maytime in Mayfair – all the designers were IncSoc members.Creed was well connected among broader fashion circles. His wife Patricia Cunningham had been appointed fashion editor of Vogue at the age of 23; a 1952 article in The Sydney Morning Herald about the women behind London's top designers described her as: "his severest critic", adding that she attended his fashion shows in order to take notes about hits and misses in the collection.
Brand hallmarks
Creed's store was located at 31 Basil Street, Knightsbridge. The premises was masculine in tone, with dark panelling on the walls and displays of Napoleonic toy soldiers (Creed had a fine collection that was later to be the subject of a British Pathé film). This love of military themes and detailing was to influence his designs, which featured frogging, braiding and piping. Capes and tricorn hats were also part of his design signature. While he did make some evening wear, designs were normally slim and tailored.
Legacy
Several years before his death, Creed had established a wholesale fashion house specialising in knitwear and planned to focus on this after the closure of his couture business in 1966.After the closure of his couture house, he donated a selection of model garments to the Victoria and Albert Museum to illustrate his design style. His work was also exhibited as part of a 2007 V&A exhibition called The Golden Age of Couture. The family name lives on in the Paris perfume house of Creed.
Publications
Creed, Charles, Maid to Measure (Jarrolds, 1961)
de la Haye, A., 'Material Evidence' in Wilcox, C. ed., The Golden Age of Couture: Paris and London 1947-1957 (V&A Publications, 2007), p. 96-7 & pl.4.6
References
External links
Charles Creed outfit from Victoria and Albert Museum archive
Charles Creed photographed by Norman Parkinson, National Portrait Gallery
'Golden Age of Couture' exhibition brochure
British Pathé film about Charles Creed's toy soldier collection
1947 British Pathe feature, showing Charles Creed clothes with Aage Thaarup hats | occupation | {
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Charles Southey Creed (25 May 1909 – 17 July 1966) was a British fashion designer. Born into the longstanding tailoring house of Henry Creed & Company in Paris, he launched his eponymous label in London in 1946. The first elected member of the Incorporated Society of London Fashion Designers, he had success in both Britain and the United States.
Early life and career
Creed was born in 1909 at 29 rue Singer in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, the sixth child and third son born to tailor Henry Creed (1824–1914). Like Charles Worth, the Creed family was British and became part of the French couture establishment, rising to prominence in the 19th century. His grandfather, also named Henry Creed, had introduced women's professional tailoring to Paris in the 1890s. The company – which said its tailoring roots dated back to the 1700s – had a reputation for creating fine women's riding habits as well as men's tailoring; clients included the British and French royal families. Creed's father was said to have designed the outfit worn by Mata Hari when she was shot.Charles Creed was educated in France and Vienna, also spending some time as a designer with Bergdorf Goodman in New York, where he was said to have been very popular with clients. After a six-month spell completing his fashion industry education at Linton tweed mill in Carlisle – a key supplier to couturiers, notably Coco Chanel – he returned to work at the family firm in Paris in 1933. He retained a workspace in Knightsbridge during the early 1930s, which he shared with fellow designer – and later IncSoc member – Mattli. He was already considered notable enough in the United States to be chosen – alongside names such as Elsa Schiaparelli and Jeanne Lanvin – to design clothes for Frances Drake in the 1936 film version of I'd Give My Life. Creed was designing for the family firm in Paris at the outbreak of war, moving back in 1940 after the fall of France. He later described how he left Paris hours ahead of the Germans – with his father Henry Creed, then 80, refusing to evacuate the city where he had spent his life.
Establishment of label
Charles Creed established his London showroom and workspace initially in Fortnum & Mason, moving to a basement air raid shelter once the London air raids started in earnest. In early 1941, he toured the United States to promote British woollens to American consumers and encourage them to support the war effort. He also contributed to the war effort as a member of the Incorporated Society of London Fashion Designers (IncSoc) in 1942. According to the fashion journalist Ernestine Carter, while Creed contributed to a 1941 collection with other IncSoc founding members, he was not among the eight founder members, but was the first elected member of the Society.Creed opened his eponymous label in London in 1946. His 1947 collection – produced in a year when rationing was still in force in Britain – was greeted enthusiastically by a reviewer for Melbourne newspaper The Age, who described wool and jersey dresses with coordinating coats and box jackets, plus tailored suits in striped tweeds and black barathea worn with brightly coloured blouses. His 1947 range was also showcased in a British Pathé feature, alongside hats by Danish milliner to the Queen Aage Thaarup. Three years later, Creed's place among the British couture establishment was cemented by the inclusion of one of his suits in a fashion show sequence in the film Maytime in Mayfair – all the designers were IncSoc members.Creed was well connected among broader fashion circles. His wife Patricia Cunningham had been appointed fashion editor of Vogue at the age of 23; a 1952 article in The Sydney Morning Herald about the women behind London's top designers described her as: "his severest critic", adding that she attended his fashion shows in order to take notes about hits and misses in the collection.
Brand hallmarks
Creed's store was located at 31 Basil Street, Knightsbridge. The premises was masculine in tone, with dark panelling on the walls and displays of Napoleonic toy soldiers (Creed had a fine collection that was later to be the subject of a British Pathé film). This love of military themes and detailing was to influence his designs, which featured frogging, braiding and piping. Capes and tricorn hats were also part of his design signature. While he did make some evening wear, designs were normally slim and tailored.
Legacy
Several years before his death, Creed had established a wholesale fashion house specialising in knitwear and planned to focus on this after the closure of his couture business in 1966.After the closure of his couture house, he donated a selection of model garments to the Victoria and Albert Museum to illustrate his design style. His work was also exhibited as part of a 2007 V&A exhibition called The Golden Age of Couture. The family name lives on in the Paris perfume house of Creed.
Publications
Creed, Charles, Maid to Measure (Jarrolds, 1961)
de la Haye, A., 'Material Evidence' in Wilcox, C. ed., The Golden Age of Couture: Paris and London 1947-1957 (V&A Publications, 2007), p. 96-7 & pl.4.6
References
External links
Charles Creed outfit from Victoria and Albert Museum archive
Charles Creed photographed by Norman Parkinson, National Portrait Gallery
'Golden Age of Couture' exhibition brochure
British Pathé film about Charles Creed's toy soldier collection
1947 British Pathe feature, showing Charles Creed clothes with Aage Thaarup hats | family name | {
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Charles Southey Creed (25 May 1909 – 17 July 1966) was a British fashion designer. Born into the longstanding tailoring house of Henry Creed & Company in Paris, he launched his eponymous label in London in 1946. The first elected member of the Incorporated Society of London Fashion Designers, he had success in both Britain and the United States.
Early life and career
Creed was born in 1909 at 29 rue Singer in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, the sixth child and third son born to tailor Henry Creed (1824–1914). Like Charles Worth, the Creed family was British and became part of the French couture establishment, rising to prominence in the 19th century. His grandfather, also named Henry Creed, had introduced women's professional tailoring to Paris in the 1890s. The company – which said its tailoring roots dated back to the 1700s – had a reputation for creating fine women's riding habits as well as men's tailoring; clients included the British and French royal families. Creed's father was said to have designed the outfit worn by Mata Hari when she was shot.Charles Creed was educated in France and Vienna, also spending some time as a designer with Bergdorf Goodman in New York, where he was said to have been very popular with clients. After a six-month spell completing his fashion industry education at Linton tweed mill in Carlisle – a key supplier to couturiers, notably Coco Chanel – he returned to work at the family firm in Paris in 1933. He retained a workspace in Knightsbridge during the early 1930s, which he shared with fellow designer – and later IncSoc member – Mattli. He was already considered notable enough in the United States to be chosen – alongside names such as Elsa Schiaparelli and Jeanne Lanvin – to design clothes for Frances Drake in the 1936 film version of I'd Give My Life. Creed was designing for the family firm in Paris at the outbreak of war, moving back in 1940 after the fall of France. He later described how he left Paris hours ahead of the Germans – with his father Henry Creed, then 80, refusing to evacuate the city where he had spent his life.
Establishment of label
Charles Creed established his London showroom and workspace initially in Fortnum & Mason, moving to a basement air raid shelter once the London air raids started in earnest. In early 1941, he toured the United States to promote British woollens to American consumers and encourage them to support the war effort. He also contributed to the war effort as a member of the Incorporated Society of London Fashion Designers (IncSoc) in 1942. According to the fashion journalist Ernestine Carter, while Creed contributed to a 1941 collection with other IncSoc founding members, he was not among the eight founder members, but was the first elected member of the Society.Creed opened his eponymous label in London in 1946. His 1947 collection – produced in a year when rationing was still in force in Britain – was greeted enthusiastically by a reviewer for Melbourne newspaper The Age, who described wool and jersey dresses with coordinating coats and box jackets, plus tailored suits in striped tweeds and black barathea worn with brightly coloured blouses. His 1947 range was also showcased in a British Pathé feature, alongside hats by Danish milliner to the Queen Aage Thaarup. Three years later, Creed's place among the British couture establishment was cemented by the inclusion of one of his suits in a fashion show sequence in the film Maytime in Mayfair – all the designers were IncSoc members.Creed was well connected among broader fashion circles. His wife Patricia Cunningham had been appointed fashion editor of Vogue at the age of 23; a 1952 article in The Sydney Morning Herald about the women behind London's top designers described her as: "his severest critic", adding that she attended his fashion shows in order to take notes about hits and misses in the collection.
Brand hallmarks
Creed's store was located at 31 Basil Street, Knightsbridge. The premises was masculine in tone, with dark panelling on the walls and displays of Napoleonic toy soldiers (Creed had a fine collection that was later to be the subject of a British Pathé film). This love of military themes and detailing was to influence his designs, which featured frogging, braiding and piping. Capes and tricorn hats were also part of his design signature. While he did make some evening wear, designs were normally slim and tailored.
Legacy
Several years before his death, Creed had established a wholesale fashion house specialising in knitwear and planned to focus on this after the closure of his couture business in 1966.After the closure of his couture house, he donated a selection of model garments to the Victoria and Albert Museum to illustrate his design style. His work was also exhibited as part of a 2007 V&A exhibition called The Golden Age of Couture. The family name lives on in the Paris perfume house of Creed.
Publications
Creed, Charles, Maid to Measure (Jarrolds, 1961)
de la Haye, A., 'Material Evidence' in Wilcox, C. ed., The Golden Age of Couture: Paris and London 1947-1957 (V&A Publications, 2007), p. 96-7 & pl.4.6
References
External links
Charles Creed outfit from Victoria and Albert Museum archive
Charles Creed photographed by Norman Parkinson, National Portrait Gallery
'Golden Age of Couture' exhibition brochure
British Pathé film about Charles Creed's toy soldier collection
1947 British Pathe feature, showing Charles Creed clothes with Aage Thaarup hats | birth name | {
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Charles Southey Creed (25 May 1909 – 17 July 1966) was a British fashion designer. Born into the longstanding tailoring house of Henry Creed & Company in Paris, he launched his eponymous label in London in 1946. The first elected member of the Incorporated Society of London Fashion Designers, he had success in both Britain and the United States.
Early life and career
Creed was born in 1909 at 29 rue Singer in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, the sixth child and third son born to tailor Henry Creed (1824–1914). Like Charles Worth, the Creed family was British and became part of the French couture establishment, rising to prominence in the 19th century. His grandfather, also named Henry Creed, had introduced women's professional tailoring to Paris in the 1890s. The company – which said its tailoring roots dated back to the 1700s – had a reputation for creating fine women's riding habits as well as men's tailoring; clients included the British and French royal families. Creed's father was said to have designed the outfit worn by Mata Hari when she was shot.Charles Creed was educated in France and Vienna, also spending some time as a designer with Bergdorf Goodman in New York, where he was said to have been very popular with clients. After a six-month spell completing his fashion industry education at Linton tweed mill in Carlisle – a key supplier to couturiers, notably Coco Chanel – he returned to work at the family firm in Paris in 1933. He retained a workspace in Knightsbridge during the early 1930s, which he shared with fellow designer – and later IncSoc member – Mattli. He was already considered notable enough in the United States to be chosen – alongside names such as Elsa Schiaparelli and Jeanne Lanvin – to design clothes for Frances Drake in the 1936 film version of I'd Give My Life. Creed was designing for the family firm in Paris at the outbreak of war, moving back in 1940 after the fall of France. He later described how he left Paris hours ahead of the Germans – with his father Henry Creed, then 80, refusing to evacuate the city where he had spent his life.
Establishment of label
Charles Creed established his London showroom and workspace initially in Fortnum & Mason, moving to a basement air raid shelter once the London air raids started in earnest. In early 1941, he toured the United States to promote British woollens to American consumers and encourage them to support the war effort. He also contributed to the war effort as a member of the Incorporated Society of London Fashion Designers (IncSoc) in 1942. According to the fashion journalist Ernestine Carter, while Creed contributed to a 1941 collection with other IncSoc founding members, he was not among the eight founder members, but was the first elected member of the Society.Creed opened his eponymous label in London in 1946. His 1947 collection – produced in a year when rationing was still in force in Britain – was greeted enthusiastically by a reviewer for Melbourne newspaper The Age, who described wool and jersey dresses with coordinating coats and box jackets, plus tailored suits in striped tweeds and black barathea worn with brightly coloured blouses. His 1947 range was also showcased in a British Pathé feature, alongside hats by Danish milliner to the Queen Aage Thaarup. Three years later, Creed's place among the British couture establishment was cemented by the inclusion of one of his suits in a fashion show sequence in the film Maytime in Mayfair – all the designers were IncSoc members.Creed was well connected among broader fashion circles. His wife Patricia Cunningham had been appointed fashion editor of Vogue at the age of 23; a 1952 article in The Sydney Morning Herald about the women behind London's top designers described her as: "his severest critic", adding that she attended his fashion shows in order to take notes about hits and misses in the collection.
Brand hallmarks
Creed's store was located at 31 Basil Street, Knightsbridge. The premises was masculine in tone, with dark panelling on the walls and displays of Napoleonic toy soldiers (Creed had a fine collection that was later to be the subject of a British Pathé film). This love of military themes and detailing was to influence his designs, which featured frogging, braiding and piping. Capes and tricorn hats were also part of his design signature. While he did make some evening wear, designs were normally slim and tailored.
Legacy
Several years before his death, Creed had established a wholesale fashion house specialising in knitwear and planned to focus on this after the closure of his couture business in 1966.After the closure of his couture house, he donated a selection of model garments to the Victoria and Albert Museum to illustrate his design style. His work was also exhibited as part of a 2007 V&A exhibition called The Golden Age of Couture. The family name lives on in the Paris perfume house of Creed.
Publications
Creed, Charles, Maid to Measure (Jarrolds, 1961)
de la Haye, A., 'Material Evidence' in Wilcox, C. ed., The Golden Age of Couture: Paris and London 1947-1957 (V&A Publications, 2007), p. 96-7 & pl.4.6
References
External links
Charles Creed outfit from Victoria and Albert Museum archive
Charles Creed photographed by Norman Parkinson, National Portrait Gallery
'Golden Age of Couture' exhibition brochure
British Pathé film about Charles Creed's toy soldier collection
1947 British Pathe feature, showing Charles Creed clothes with Aage Thaarup hats | has works in the collection | {
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Prog may refer to:
Music
Progressive music
Progressive music (disambiguation)
Progressive rock, a subgenre of rock music also known as “prog”
Progressive rock (radio format)
Progressive metal, a subgenre of progressive rock and heavy metal music
Prog (magazine), a magazine dedicated to progressive rock
Prog (album), a 2007 album by jazz trio The Bad Plus
Computing
A computer program
Computer programming
Fiction
An issue of the British comics anthology 2000 AD (comics)
Neftin and Vendra Prog, fictional characters from the Ratchet & Clank series
Other
Guatemalan Revolutionary Workers Party (Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Obrero Guatemalteco)
A prognostic chart
See also
Progg, a Swedish political music movement
Markus Prock, an Austrian luger and Olympic medalist
Prague, the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
311
],
"text": [
"album"
]
} |
Prog may refer to:
Music
Progressive music
Progressive music (disambiguation)
Progressive rock, a subgenre of rock music also known as “prog”
Progressive rock (radio format)
Progressive metal, a subgenre of progressive rock and heavy metal music
Prog (magazine), a magazine dedicated to progressive rock
Prog (album), a 2007 album by jazz trio The Bad Plus
Computing
A computer program
Computer programming
Fiction
An issue of the British comics anthology 2000 AD (comics)
Neftin and Vendra Prog, fictional characters from the Ratchet & Clank series
Other
Guatemalan Revolutionary Workers Party (Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Obrero Guatemalteco)
A prognostic chart
See also
Progg, a Swedish political music movement
Markus Prock, an Austrian luger and Olympic medalist
Prague, the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic | genre | {
"answer_start": [
335
],
"text": [
"jazz"
]
} |
Prog may refer to:
Music
Progressive music
Progressive music (disambiguation)
Progressive rock, a subgenre of rock music also known as “prog”
Progressive rock (radio format)
Progressive metal, a subgenre of progressive rock and heavy metal music
Prog (magazine), a magazine dedicated to progressive rock
Prog (album), a 2007 album by jazz trio The Bad Plus
Computing
A computer program
Computer programming
Fiction
An issue of the British comics anthology 2000 AD (comics)
Neftin and Vendra Prog, fictional characters from the Ratchet & Clank series
Other
Guatemalan Revolutionary Workers Party (Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Obrero Guatemalteco)
A prognostic chart
See also
Progg, a Swedish political music movement
Markus Prock, an Austrian luger and Olympic medalist
Prague, the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic | performer | {
"answer_start": [
345
],
"text": [
"The Bad Plus"
]
} |
Aurélien Tertereau (born 24 July 1991) is a French professional footballer who plays as midfielder.
Career
Tertereau is a youth product of Le Mans FC having joined their youth academy at the age of 10.On 20 June 2018, Tertereau signed with Rodez AF after years in the lower leagues of France. He made his professional debut with Rodez in a 2–0 Ligue 2 win over AJ Auxerre on 26 July 2019.
References
External links
Aurélien Tertereau – French league stats at LFP – also available in French
Aurélien Tertereau at Soccerway
Aurélien Tertereau at FootballDatabase.eu | place of birth | {
"answer_start": [
140
],
"text": [
"Le Mans"
]
} |
Aurélien Tertereau (born 24 July 1991) is a French professional footballer who plays as midfielder.
Career
Tertereau is a youth product of Le Mans FC having joined their youth academy at the age of 10.On 20 June 2018, Tertereau signed with Rodez AF after years in the lower leagues of France. He made his professional debut with Rodez in a 2–0 Ligue 2 win over AJ Auxerre on 26 July 2019.
References
External links
Aurélien Tertereau – French league stats at LFP – also available in French
Aurélien Tertereau at Soccerway
Aurélien Tertereau at FootballDatabase.eu | position played on team / speciality | {
"answer_start": [
88
],
"text": [
"midfielder"
]
} |
Aurélien Tertereau (born 24 July 1991) is a French professional footballer who plays as midfielder.
Career
Tertereau is a youth product of Le Mans FC having joined their youth academy at the age of 10.On 20 June 2018, Tertereau signed with Rodez AF after years in the lower leagues of France. He made his professional debut with Rodez in a 2–0 Ligue 2 win over AJ Auxerre on 26 July 2019.
References
External links
Aurélien Tertereau – French league stats at LFP – also available in French
Aurélien Tertereau at Soccerway
Aurélien Tertereau at FootballDatabase.eu | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Aurélien"
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} |
Stigmella aflatuniae is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It is only known from Tajikistan.
The larvae feed on Afflatunia ulmifolia. They probably mine the leaves of their host plant.
External links
Checklist Of Nepticulidae Of Central Asia | parent taxon | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Stigmella"
]
} |
Stigmella aflatuniae is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It is only known from Tajikistan.
The larvae feed on Afflatunia ulmifolia. They probably mine the leaves of their host plant.
External links
Checklist Of Nepticulidae Of Central Asia | taxon name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Stigmella aflatuniae"
]
} |
Vincent Kling may refer to:
Vincent Kling (translator) (fl. from 1990), American scholar and translator of German literature
Vincent Kling (architect) (1916–2013), American architect | occupation | {
"answer_start": [
44
],
"text": [
"translator"
]
} |
Vincent Kling may refer to:
Vincent Kling (translator) (fl. from 1990), American scholar and translator of German literature
Vincent Kling (architect) (1916–2013), American architect | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Vincent"
]
} |
Clivina depressicollis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Baehr in 1989.
== References == | taxon rank | {
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"species"
]
} |
Clivina depressicollis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Baehr in 1989.
== References == | parent taxon | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Clivina"
]
} |
Clivina depressicollis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Baehr in 1989.
== References == | taxon name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Clivina depressicollis"
]
} |
FC Žďas Žďár nad Sázavou is a Czech football club located in Žďár nad Sázavou in the Vysočina Region. It currently plays in the Czech Fourth Division.
Since 2004, the club's best result in the Czech Cup has been getting to the second round, which they did in the 2007–08 season.
In the summer of 2011, the club made many changes to their squad, something unknown in the years before.
References
External links
Official website (in Czech) | league | {
"answer_start": [
128
],
"text": [
"Czech Fourth Division"
]
} |
FC Žďas Žďár nad Sázavou is a Czech football club located in Žďár nad Sázavou in the Vysočina Region. It currently plays in the Czech Fourth Division.
Since 2004, the club's best result in the Czech Cup has been getting to the second round, which they did in the 2007–08 season.
In the summer of 2011, the club made many changes to their squad, something unknown in the years before.
References
External links
Official website (in Czech) | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
"answer_start": [
8
],
"text": [
"Žďár nad Sázavou"
]
} |
FC Žďas Žďár nad Sázavou is a Czech football club located in Žďár nad Sázavou in the Vysočina Region. It currently plays in the Czech Fourth Division.
Since 2004, the club's best result in the Czech Cup has been getting to the second round, which they did in the 2007–08 season.
In the summer of 2011, the club made many changes to their squad, something unknown in the years before.
References
External links
Official website (in Czech) | headquarters location | {
"answer_start": [
8
],
"text": [
"Žďár nad Sázavou"
]
} |
Nebet (“Lady”) was created vizier during the late Old Kingdom of Egypt by Pharaoh Pepi I of the Sixth Dynasty, her son-in-law. She is the first recorded female vizier in Ancient Egyptian history; the next one was in the 26th Dynasty.She was the wife of the nobleman Khui.
Her daughters the Queens Ankhesenpepi I and Ankhesenpepi II were respectively the mothers of the Pharaohs Merenre Nemtyemsaf and Pepi II.
Her son Djau born in, and had a tomb in Abydos, became vizier for his nephews. She is mentioned in his tomb.
Vizier Nebet was a contemporary of Weni the Elder.
References
Sources
Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05128-3., pp. 19, 76-77. | sex or gender | {
"answer_start": [
154
],
"text": [
"female"
]
} |
Nebet (“Lady”) was created vizier during the late Old Kingdom of Egypt by Pharaoh Pepi I of the Sixth Dynasty, her son-in-law. She is the first recorded female vizier in Ancient Egyptian history; the next one was in the 26th Dynasty.She was the wife of the nobleman Khui.
Her daughters the Queens Ankhesenpepi I and Ankhesenpepi II were respectively the mothers of the Pharaohs Merenre Nemtyemsaf and Pepi II.
Her son Djau born in, and had a tomb in Abydos, became vizier for his nephews. She is mentioned in his tomb.
Vizier Nebet was a contemporary of Weni the Elder.
References
Sources
Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05128-3., pp. 19, 76-77. | country of citizenship | {
"answer_start": [
171
],
"text": [
"Ancient Egypt"
]
} |
Nebet (“Lady”) was created vizier during the late Old Kingdom of Egypt by Pharaoh Pepi I of the Sixth Dynasty, her son-in-law. She is the first recorded female vizier in Ancient Egyptian history; the next one was in the 26th Dynasty.She was the wife of the nobleman Khui.
Her daughters the Queens Ankhesenpepi I and Ankhesenpepi II were respectively the mothers of the Pharaohs Merenre Nemtyemsaf and Pepi II.
Her son Djau born in, and had a tomb in Abydos, became vizier for his nephews. She is mentioned in his tomb.
Vizier Nebet was a contemporary of Weni the Elder.
References
Sources
Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05128-3., pp. 19, 76-77. | position held | {
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"vizier"
]
} |
Nebet (“Lady”) was created vizier during the late Old Kingdom of Egypt by Pharaoh Pepi I of the Sixth Dynasty, her son-in-law. She is the first recorded female vizier in Ancient Egyptian history; the next one was in the 26th Dynasty.She was the wife of the nobleman Khui.
Her daughters the Queens Ankhesenpepi I and Ankhesenpepi II were respectively the mothers of the Pharaohs Merenre Nemtyemsaf and Pepi II.
Her son Djau born in, and had a tomb in Abydos, became vizier for his nephews. She is mentioned in his tomb.
Vizier Nebet was a contemporary of Weni the Elder.
References
Sources
Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05128-3., pp. 19, 76-77. | child | {
"answer_start": [
317
],
"text": [
"Ankhesenpepi II"
]
} |
Nebet (“Lady”) was created vizier during the late Old Kingdom of Egypt by Pharaoh Pepi I of the Sixth Dynasty, her son-in-law. She is the first recorded female vizier in Ancient Egyptian history; the next one was in the 26th Dynasty.She was the wife of the nobleman Khui.
Her daughters the Queens Ankhesenpepi I and Ankhesenpepi II were respectively the mothers of the Pharaohs Merenre Nemtyemsaf and Pepi II.
Her son Djau born in, and had a tomb in Abydos, became vizier for his nephews. She is mentioned in his tomb.
Vizier Nebet was a contemporary of Weni the Elder.
References
Sources
Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05128-3., pp. 19, 76-77. | time period | {
"answer_start": [
50
],
"text": [
"Old Kingdom of Egypt"
]
} |
Casa Bonaventura Ferrer is a building located at number 113 of Passeig de Gràcia in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, and rear facade at number 6 in the Riera de Sant Miquel. It is a project of the architect Pere Falqués i Urpí following a Modernisme or Art Nouveau style, being erected in 1906.
Since 1979 it has been listed as an historical and artistic heritage of Barcelona. The building is best known in the city as "El Palauet" (cute little palace) for its extraordinary beauty and reduced size. In 2010, the building was remodeled and converted into a luxury boutique hotel under the name of "El Palauet".
Building
The building sits on top of a vaulted basement built with brick, a ground floor, a first floor known in Barcelona as "principal" (nobel floor), three more floors and a roof terrace with a large skylight that illuminates the stairwell. On the facade, three vertical bodies highlights the platform with sculpture carved in stone and a big hole in their basement, as a counterpoint between hollow and filled spaces. The wood door and iron balconies are the croan of the baroque inspired building.
It is worth highlighting the arduous work carried out by the artists and craftsmen who helped to create the grand richness of the building's interior. The ceilings are decorated with spectacular polychrome floral composition decorations in high relief plaster in Modernisme or Art Nouveau style. Handcrafted wooden doors and sliding doors are artistically carved with decorative cups designs.
The rear facade is composed of a ground floor on top of which rests a large terrace coated on white marble trencadis where a semicircular platform of wood, iron, ceramic and multicolored came glasswork rests forming a large semi-circular stained glass window with floral Modernisme decoration.
Gallery
See also
List of Modernisme buildings in Barcelona
Bibliography
Permanyer, Lluís (1998). Un passeig per la Barcelona Modernista (in Catalan). Barcelona, Ediciones Polígrafa SA. ISBN 84-343-0877-0.
References
External links
Interior building pictures
El Palauet hotel official web page | country | {
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106
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"Spain"
]
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Casa Bonaventura Ferrer is a building located at number 113 of Passeig de Gràcia in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, and rear facade at number 6 in the Riera de Sant Miquel. It is a project of the architect Pere Falqués i Urpí following a Modernisme or Art Nouveau style, being erected in 1906.
Since 1979 it has been listed as an historical and artistic heritage of Barcelona. The building is best known in the city as "El Palauet" (cute little palace) for its extraordinary beauty and reduced size. In 2010, the building was remodeled and converted into a luxury boutique hotel under the name of "El Palauet".
Building
The building sits on top of a vaulted basement built with brick, a ground floor, a first floor known in Barcelona as "principal" (nobel floor), three more floors and a roof terrace with a large skylight that illuminates the stairwell. On the facade, three vertical bodies highlights the platform with sculpture carved in stone and a big hole in their basement, as a counterpoint between hollow and filled spaces. The wood door and iron balconies are the croan of the baroque inspired building.
It is worth highlighting the arduous work carried out by the artists and craftsmen who helped to create the grand richness of the building's interior. The ceilings are decorated with spectacular polychrome floral composition decorations in high relief plaster in Modernisme or Art Nouveau style. Handcrafted wooden doors and sliding doors are artistically carved with decorative cups designs.
The rear facade is composed of a ground floor on top of which rests a large terrace coated on white marble trencadis where a semicircular platform of wood, iron, ceramic and multicolored came glasswork rests forming a large semi-circular stained glass window with floral Modernisme decoration.
Gallery
See also
List of Modernisme buildings in Barcelona
Bibliography
Permanyer, Lluís (1998). Un passeig per la Barcelona Modernista (in Catalan). Barcelona, Ediciones Polígrafa SA. ISBN 84-343-0877-0.
References
External links
Interior building pictures
El Palauet hotel official web page | instance of | {
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Casa Bonaventura Ferrer is a building located at number 113 of Passeig de Gràcia in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, and rear facade at number 6 in the Riera de Sant Miquel. It is a project of the architect Pere Falqués i Urpí following a Modernisme or Art Nouveau style, being erected in 1906.
Since 1979 it has been listed as an historical and artistic heritage of Barcelona. The building is best known in the city as "El Palauet" (cute little palace) for its extraordinary beauty and reduced size. In 2010, the building was remodeled and converted into a luxury boutique hotel under the name of "El Palauet".
Building
The building sits on top of a vaulted basement built with brick, a ground floor, a first floor known in Barcelona as "principal" (nobel floor), three more floors and a roof terrace with a large skylight that illuminates the stairwell. On the facade, three vertical bodies highlights the platform with sculpture carved in stone and a big hole in their basement, as a counterpoint between hollow and filled spaces. The wood door and iron balconies are the croan of the baroque inspired building.
It is worth highlighting the arduous work carried out by the artists and craftsmen who helped to create the grand richness of the building's interior. The ceilings are decorated with spectacular polychrome floral composition decorations in high relief plaster in Modernisme or Art Nouveau style. Handcrafted wooden doors and sliding doors are artistically carved with decorative cups designs.
The rear facade is composed of a ground floor on top of which rests a large terrace coated on white marble trencadis where a semicircular platform of wood, iron, ceramic and multicolored came glasswork rests forming a large semi-circular stained glass window with floral Modernisme decoration.
Gallery
See also
List of Modernisme buildings in Barcelona
Bibliography
Permanyer, Lluís (1998). Un passeig per la Barcelona Modernista (in Catalan). Barcelona, Ediciones Polígrafa SA. ISBN 84-343-0877-0.
References
External links
Interior building pictures
El Palauet hotel official web page | architect | {
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"Pere Falqués"
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Casa Bonaventura Ferrer is a building located at number 113 of Passeig de Gràcia in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, and rear facade at number 6 in the Riera de Sant Miquel. It is a project of the architect Pere Falqués i Urpí following a Modernisme or Art Nouveau style, being erected in 1906.
Since 1979 it has been listed as an historical and artistic heritage of Barcelona. The building is best known in the city as "El Palauet" (cute little palace) for its extraordinary beauty and reduced size. In 2010, the building was remodeled and converted into a luxury boutique hotel under the name of "El Palauet".
Building
The building sits on top of a vaulted basement built with brick, a ground floor, a first floor known in Barcelona as "principal" (nobel floor), three more floors and a roof terrace with a large skylight that illuminates the stairwell. On the facade, three vertical bodies highlights the platform with sculpture carved in stone and a big hole in their basement, as a counterpoint between hollow and filled spaces. The wood door and iron balconies are the croan of the baroque inspired building.
It is worth highlighting the arduous work carried out by the artists and craftsmen who helped to create the grand richness of the building's interior. The ceilings are decorated with spectacular polychrome floral composition decorations in high relief plaster in Modernisme or Art Nouveau style. Handcrafted wooden doors and sliding doors are artistically carved with decorative cups designs.
The rear facade is composed of a ground floor on top of which rests a large terrace coated on white marble trencadis where a semicircular platform of wood, iron, ceramic and multicolored came glasswork rests forming a large semi-circular stained glass window with floral Modernisme decoration.
Gallery
See also
List of Modernisme buildings in Barcelona
Bibliography
Permanyer, Lluís (1998). Un passeig per la Barcelona Modernista (in Catalan). Barcelona, Ediciones Polígrafa SA. ISBN 84-343-0877-0.
References
External links
Interior building pictures
El Palauet hotel official web page | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
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Casa Bonaventura Ferrer is a building located at number 113 of Passeig de Gràcia in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, and rear facade at number 6 in the Riera de Sant Miquel. It is a project of the architect Pere Falqués i Urpí following a Modernisme or Art Nouveau style, being erected in 1906.
Since 1979 it has been listed as an historical and artistic heritage of Barcelona. The building is best known in the city as "El Palauet" (cute little palace) for its extraordinary beauty and reduced size. In 2010, the building was remodeled and converted into a luxury boutique hotel under the name of "El Palauet".
Building
The building sits on top of a vaulted basement built with brick, a ground floor, a first floor known in Barcelona as "principal" (nobel floor), three more floors and a roof terrace with a large skylight that illuminates the stairwell. On the facade, three vertical bodies highlights the platform with sculpture carved in stone and a big hole in their basement, as a counterpoint between hollow and filled spaces. The wood door and iron balconies are the croan of the baroque inspired building.
It is worth highlighting the arduous work carried out by the artists and craftsmen who helped to create the grand richness of the building's interior. The ceilings are decorated with spectacular polychrome floral composition decorations in high relief plaster in Modernisme or Art Nouveau style. Handcrafted wooden doors and sliding doors are artistically carved with decorative cups designs.
The rear facade is composed of a ground floor on top of which rests a large terrace coated on white marble trencadis where a semicircular platform of wood, iron, ceramic and multicolored came glasswork rests forming a large semi-circular stained glass window with floral Modernisme decoration.
Gallery
See also
List of Modernisme buildings in Barcelona
Bibliography
Permanyer, Lluís (1998). Un passeig per la Barcelona Modernista (in Catalan). Barcelona, Ediciones Polígrafa SA. ISBN 84-343-0877-0.
References
External links
Interior building pictures
El Palauet hotel official web page | Commons category | {
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Orthostixis is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.
References
Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Geometridae". Butterflies and Moths of the World. Natural History Museum, London. | taxon rank | {
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17
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"genus"
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Orthostixis is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.
References
Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Geometridae". Butterflies and Moths of the World. Natural History Museum, London. | parent taxon | {
"answer_start": [
46
],
"text": [
"Geometridae"
]
} |
Orthostixis is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.
References
Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Geometridae". Butterflies and Moths of the World. Natural History Museum, London. | taxon name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Orthostixis"
]
} |
Orthostixis is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.
References
Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Geometridae". Butterflies and Moths of the World. Natural History Museum, London. | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Orthostixis"
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} |
Fernández Racing was a Mexican motor racing team that competed in the American Le Mans Series, Champ Car, the IRL IndyCar Series, and the Rolex Sports Car Series. The team was co-founded by Adrian Fernández and Tom Anderson in 2001.
Open wheel
The team competed in the Champ Car ranks with Fernández and Shinji Nakano driving. In 2003 they downsized to one car, dropping Nakano, but scored their first victory at Portland International Raceway. A late decision just prior to the start of 2004 saw Fernández Racing switch ranks, as many other teams did during a tumultuous two-year period, from Champ Car to the IndyCar Series. Adrian won three races that year, at Kentucky Speedway, Chicagoland Speedway and California Speedway.
In 2005 Fernández himself only drove at the Indianapolis 500 in a joint effort with Mo Nunn Racing. The team had two branches under their banner: Delphi Fernandez Racing, which ran Scott Sharp, and Super Aguri Fernandez Racing, co-owned by Aguri Suzuki, that ran Kosuke Matsuura. The team has also branched into the Grand-Am ranks, under the Lowe's Fernandez Racing guise, fielding a Daytona Prototype for drivers Fernandez and Mario Haberfeld.
For 2007, Fernández ended his involvement in both the IndyCar Series and Grand-Am series, with his partner Aguri Suzuki and driver Kosuke Matsuura leaving to join Panther Racing in the IndyCar Series.
American Le Mans Series
In 2007, Fernández Racing became one of three factory supported teams in Acura's new LMP2 project in the American Le Mans Series. Fernández was chosen as the primary engine development team. Through the 2007 season, the team ran a Lola B07/40 chassis, with Highcroft Racing and Andretti Green Racing running heavily modified Courage chassis in order to compare the engine's performance relative to other Lola teams. In the team's ALMS debut at the 2007 12 Hours of Sebring, drivers Adrian Fernández and Luis Díaz finished third overall and second in the LMP2 class, behind the Andretti-Green Acura. After a strong start to the 2008 season for Acura, the Penske Racing Porsche RS Spyders would dominate the rest of the season claiming the next eleven races including eight overall victories. The team finished their debut season fourth in the LMP2 Teams' Championship with Fernández and Díaz eleventh in the Drivers' Championship.
For 2008, the team raced the updated Courage-derived Acura ARX-01b just as the other Acura teams. The 2008 season saw titanic battle between the LMP2 Acura and Porsche teams, and the LMP1 Factory Audi Sport North America team. Despite their consistent pace, the team's best result came as a second place at Mosport. The team finished the season 5th in the LMP2 Teams' Championship with Adrian Fernández and Luis Díaz 12th in the Drivers' Championship.
In 2009, Highcroft Racing and de Ferran Motorsports moved up to the LMP1 class, leaving Fernández Racing as the only Acura team in LMP2. By season's end, the team finished first in the P2 Teams' Championship ahead of their main rival Dyson Racing with Fernández and Díaz first in the Drivers' Championship. 2009 would be the final season of competition for the Fernández Racing with the team leaving American Le Mans Series competition. However, HPD would continue to develop the ARX line of LMP1 and LMP2 prototypes.
Drivers
CART
Adrian Fernández
Shinji Nakano
Max Papis
Luis Díaz (2 races)
IRL IndyCar Series
Scott Sharp
Kosuke Matsuura
Adrian Fernández
Grand-Am/ALMS
Adrian Fernández (Grand Am & ALMS 2006-)
Mario Haberfeld (Grand-Am)
Luis Díaz (ALMS 2007-)
Racing results
Complete CART FedEx Championship Series results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position) (results in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete IRL IndyCar Series results
(key)
IndyCar wins
External links
Official Site | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
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"Fernández Racing"
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Sar Cheshmeh (Persian: سرچشمه, also Romanized as Sar Chashmeh) is a village in Layl Rural District, in the Central District of Lahijan County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 382, in 126 families.
== References == | country | {
"answer_start": [
159
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"Iran"
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} |
Sar Cheshmeh (Persian: سرچشمه, also Romanized as Sar Chashmeh) is a village in Layl Rural District, in the Central District of Lahijan County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 382, in 126 families.
== References == | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
68
],
"text": [
"village"
]
} |
Sar Cheshmeh (Persian: سرچشمه, also Romanized as Sar Chashmeh) is a village in Layl Rural District, in the Central District of Lahijan County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 382, in 126 families.
== References == | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
"answer_start": [
143
],
"text": [
"Gilan Province"
]
} |
The Football (Disorder) Act 2000 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted during the premiership of Tony Blair. It served as an amendment to the Football Spectators Act 1989, and strengthened football banning orders (FBOs), a civil order imposed to those convicted of football-related offences. FBOs may be issued by courts in the United Kingdom, or following a complaint from a local police force.The Act was "rushed through Parliament" by then-Home Secretary Jack Straw following violent clashes during UEFA Euro 2000. It allows police in England and Wales to arrest those suspected of travelling abroad to participate in hooliganism at international games, and to withhold their passports up to five days before an international fixture. Straw stated during an opposition day for his Bill that he was keen to enact the new laws in time for England's next international game against France in September 2000.FBOs, introduced by Football Spectators Act 1989, may ban an individual from football grounds in the United Kingdom for two to ten years, with provisions for individual cases. Supporters may also be barred from using public transport on matchdays, and from town centres and built-up, high-risk areas prior to and following matches.The Act has been criticised by civil liberties campaigners for being "draconian", fearing it may result in profiling based on fan appearance.More than 450 supporters were prevented from travelling to Greece for a World Cup qualifier in 2001 under the Act.
References
External links
Text of the Football (Disorder) Act 2000 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk | country | {
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The Football (Disorder) Act 2000 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted during the premiership of Tony Blair. It served as an amendment to the Football Spectators Act 1989, and strengthened football banning orders (FBOs), a civil order imposed to those convicted of football-related offences. FBOs may be issued by courts in the United Kingdom, or following a complaint from a local police force.The Act was "rushed through Parliament" by then-Home Secretary Jack Straw following violent clashes during UEFA Euro 2000. It allows police in England and Wales to arrest those suspected of travelling abroad to participate in hooliganism at international games, and to withhold their passports up to five days before an international fixture. Straw stated during an opposition day for his Bill that he was keen to enact the new laws in time for England's next international game against France in September 2000.FBOs, introduced by Football Spectators Act 1989, may ban an individual from football grounds in the United Kingdom for two to ten years, with provisions for individual cases. Supporters may also be barred from using public transport on matchdays, and from town centres and built-up, high-risk areas prior to and following matches.The Act has been criticised by civil liberties campaigners for being "draconian", fearing it may result in profiling based on fan appearance.More than 450 supporters were prevented from travelling to Greece for a World Cup qualifier in 2001 under the Act.
References
External links
Text of the Football (Disorder) Act 2000 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk | legislated by | {
"answer_start": [
50
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"text": [
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The Football (Disorder) Act 2000 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted during the premiership of Tony Blair. It served as an amendment to the Football Spectators Act 1989, and strengthened football banning orders (FBOs), a civil order imposed to those convicted of football-related offences. FBOs may be issued by courts in the United Kingdom, or following a complaint from a local police force.The Act was "rushed through Parliament" by then-Home Secretary Jack Straw following violent clashes during UEFA Euro 2000. It allows police in England and Wales to arrest those suspected of travelling abroad to participate in hooliganism at international games, and to withhold their passports up to five days before an international fixture. Straw stated during an opposition day for his Bill that he was keen to enact the new laws in time for England's next international game against France in September 2000.FBOs, introduced by Football Spectators Act 1989, may ban an individual from football grounds in the United Kingdom for two to ten years, with provisions for individual cases. Supporters may also be barred from using public transport on matchdays, and from town centres and built-up, high-risk areas prior to and following matches.The Act has been criticised by civil liberties campaigners for being "draconian", fearing it may result in profiling based on fan appearance.More than 450 supporters were prevented from travelling to Greece for a World Cup qualifier in 2001 under the Act.
References
External links
Text of the Football (Disorder) Act 2000 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk | applies to jurisdiction | {
"answer_start": [
68
],
"text": [
"United Kingdom"
]
} |
The Football (Disorder) Act 2000 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted during the premiership of Tony Blair. It served as an amendment to the Football Spectators Act 1989, and strengthened football banning orders (FBOs), a civil order imposed to those convicted of football-related offences. FBOs may be issued by courts in the United Kingdom, or following a complaint from a local police force.The Act was "rushed through Parliament" by then-Home Secretary Jack Straw following violent clashes during UEFA Euro 2000. It allows police in England and Wales to arrest those suspected of travelling abroad to participate in hooliganism at international games, and to withhold their passports up to five days before an international fixture. Straw stated during an opposition day for his Bill that he was keen to enact the new laws in time for England's next international game against France in September 2000.FBOs, introduced by Football Spectators Act 1989, may ban an individual from football grounds in the United Kingdom for two to ten years, with provisions for individual cases. Supporters may also be barred from using public transport on matchdays, and from town centres and built-up, high-risk areas prior to and following matches.The Act has been criticised by civil liberties campaigners for being "draconian", fearing it may result in profiling based on fan appearance.More than 450 supporters were prevented from travelling to Greece for a World Cup qualifier in 2001 under the Act.
References
External links
Text of the Football (Disorder) Act 2000 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk | short name | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Football (Disorder) Act 2000"
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İrfan Şahinbaş (November 23, 1912, İstanbul – April 2, 1990, Ankara), was a Turkish academician, translator, athlete and a prominent figure in Turkey's intellectual life during the early Republican period. He taught English literature at Ankara University for over 44 years. A generation of Turkish ministers, ambassadors, governors, teachers and professors were his students.
Biography
İrfan Şahinbaş graduated from the French Lycée Saint-Joseph in Istanbul, later to be sent to Cambridge University by Atatürk to study English literature (1934–1937). At Fitzwilliam House, he was invited to join the athletics team. Earning his full blue, he dominated the shot put competitions of his day, winning for a record four times. During the games at White City in 1937, he caused a sensation when he broke the British and Turkish national and British University shot putting records. His university record remained unbroken for over 20 years.
On his return home, he joined the Faculty of Letters at the Ankara University, being appointed a professor in 1950.
Between 1952 and 1953, he did research into American literature and drama at Harvard and Pennsylvania University, establishing an American literature sub-division on his return to Ankara University.In 1958, he founded the first institute of theater studies in Turkey, making theater studies a distinct science. He vice-chaired this institution with Prof. Dr. Bedrettin Tuncel becoming the department chair. He later chaired the play-selecting committee of the Turkish State Theater. To honor his efforts, a theater in Ankara, the İrfan Şahinbaş Workshop Stage is named after him.
İrfan Şahinbaş was a pioneer of British-Turkish relations. He founded the Turco-British Association, serving as its chairman for 25 years. For his services to Anglo-Turkish relations, he was appointed an honorary OBE.
He also served as a member and chairman of the Fulbright Commission for Turkey for over 32 years. He sat on the council of the International Theatre Institute and represented Turkey at UNESCO.
Due to his background and success in athletics, he served as the head of the Turkish Athletics Federation between 1942 – 1946.Şahinbaş's translations into Turkish includes the works of Shakespeare, Sean O'Casey, Marlowe, Seift and J. B. Priestley.
He retired from Ankara University in 1983. He died on April 3, 1990, in Ankara.
Gallery
== References == | place of death | {
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"Ankara"
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İrfan Şahinbaş (November 23, 1912, İstanbul – April 2, 1990, Ankara), was a Turkish academician, translator, athlete and a prominent figure in Turkey's intellectual life during the early Republican period. He taught English literature at Ankara University for over 44 years. A generation of Turkish ministers, ambassadors, governors, teachers and professors were his students.
Biography
İrfan Şahinbaş graduated from the French Lycée Saint-Joseph in Istanbul, later to be sent to Cambridge University by Atatürk to study English literature (1934–1937). At Fitzwilliam House, he was invited to join the athletics team. Earning his full blue, he dominated the shot put competitions of his day, winning for a record four times. During the games at White City in 1937, he caused a sensation when he broke the British and Turkish national and British University shot putting records. His university record remained unbroken for over 20 years.
On his return home, he joined the Faculty of Letters at the Ankara University, being appointed a professor in 1950.
Between 1952 and 1953, he did research into American literature and drama at Harvard and Pennsylvania University, establishing an American literature sub-division on his return to Ankara University.In 1958, he founded the first institute of theater studies in Turkey, making theater studies a distinct science. He vice-chaired this institution with Prof. Dr. Bedrettin Tuncel becoming the department chair. He later chaired the play-selecting committee of the Turkish State Theater. To honor his efforts, a theater in Ankara, the İrfan Şahinbaş Workshop Stage is named after him.
İrfan Şahinbaş was a pioneer of British-Turkish relations. He founded the Turco-British Association, serving as its chairman for 25 years. For his services to Anglo-Turkish relations, he was appointed an honorary OBE.
He also served as a member and chairman of the Fulbright Commission for Turkey for over 32 years. He sat on the council of the International Theatre Institute and represented Turkey at UNESCO.
Due to his background and success in athletics, he served as the head of the Turkish Athletics Federation between 1942 – 1946.Şahinbaş's translations into Turkish includes the works of Shakespeare, Sean O'Casey, Marlowe, Seift and J. B. Priestley.
He retired from Ankara University in 1983. He died on April 3, 1990, in Ankara.
Gallery
== References == | occupation | {
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İrfan Şahinbaş (November 23, 1912, İstanbul – April 2, 1990, Ankara), was a Turkish academician, translator, athlete and a prominent figure in Turkey's intellectual life during the early Republican period. He taught English literature at Ankara University for over 44 years. A generation of Turkish ministers, ambassadors, governors, teachers and professors were his students.
Biography
İrfan Şahinbaş graduated from the French Lycée Saint-Joseph in Istanbul, later to be sent to Cambridge University by Atatürk to study English literature (1934–1937). At Fitzwilliam House, he was invited to join the athletics team. Earning his full blue, he dominated the shot put competitions of his day, winning for a record four times. During the games at White City in 1937, he caused a sensation when he broke the British and Turkish national and British University shot putting records. His university record remained unbroken for over 20 years.
On his return home, he joined the Faculty of Letters at the Ankara University, being appointed a professor in 1950.
Between 1952 and 1953, he did research into American literature and drama at Harvard and Pennsylvania University, establishing an American literature sub-division on his return to Ankara University.In 1958, he founded the first institute of theater studies in Turkey, making theater studies a distinct science. He vice-chaired this institution with Prof. Dr. Bedrettin Tuncel becoming the department chair. He later chaired the play-selecting committee of the Turkish State Theater. To honor his efforts, a theater in Ankara, the İrfan Şahinbaş Workshop Stage is named after him.
İrfan Şahinbaş was a pioneer of British-Turkish relations. He founded the Turco-British Association, serving as its chairman for 25 years. For his services to Anglo-Turkish relations, he was appointed an honorary OBE.
He also served as a member and chairman of the Fulbright Commission for Turkey for over 32 years. He sat on the council of the International Theatre Institute and represented Turkey at UNESCO.
Due to his background and success in athletics, he served as the head of the Turkish Athletics Federation between 1942 – 1946.Şahinbaş's translations into Turkish includes the works of Shakespeare, Sean O'Casey, Marlowe, Seift and J. B. Priestley.
He retired from Ankara University in 1983. He died on April 3, 1990, in Ankara.
Gallery
== References == | Commons category | {
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İrfan Şahinbaş (November 23, 1912, İstanbul – April 2, 1990, Ankara), was a Turkish academician, translator, athlete and a prominent figure in Turkey's intellectual life during the early Republican period. He taught English literature at Ankara University for over 44 years. A generation of Turkish ministers, ambassadors, governors, teachers and professors were his students.
Biography
İrfan Şahinbaş graduated from the French Lycée Saint-Joseph in Istanbul, later to be sent to Cambridge University by Atatürk to study English literature (1934–1937). At Fitzwilliam House, he was invited to join the athletics team. Earning his full blue, he dominated the shot put competitions of his day, winning for a record four times. During the games at White City in 1937, he caused a sensation when he broke the British and Turkish national and British University shot putting records. His university record remained unbroken for over 20 years.
On his return home, he joined the Faculty of Letters at the Ankara University, being appointed a professor in 1950.
Between 1952 and 1953, he did research into American literature and drama at Harvard and Pennsylvania University, establishing an American literature sub-division on his return to Ankara University.In 1958, he founded the first institute of theater studies in Turkey, making theater studies a distinct science. He vice-chaired this institution with Prof. Dr. Bedrettin Tuncel becoming the department chair. He later chaired the play-selecting committee of the Turkish State Theater. To honor his efforts, a theater in Ankara, the İrfan Şahinbaş Workshop Stage is named after him.
İrfan Şahinbaş was a pioneer of British-Turkish relations. He founded the Turco-British Association, serving as its chairman for 25 years. For his services to Anglo-Turkish relations, he was appointed an honorary OBE.
He also served as a member and chairman of the Fulbright Commission for Turkey for over 32 years. He sat on the council of the International Theatre Institute and represented Turkey at UNESCO.
Due to his background and success in athletics, he served as the head of the Turkish Athletics Federation between 1942 – 1946.Şahinbaş's translations into Turkish includes the works of Shakespeare, Sean O'Casey, Marlowe, Seift and J. B. Priestley.
He retired from Ankara University in 1983. He died on April 3, 1990, in Ankara.
Gallery
== References == | family name | {
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İrfan Şahinbaş (November 23, 1912, İstanbul – April 2, 1990, Ankara), was a Turkish academician, translator, athlete and a prominent figure in Turkey's intellectual life during the early Republican period. He taught English literature at Ankara University for over 44 years. A generation of Turkish ministers, ambassadors, governors, teachers and professors were his students.
Biography
İrfan Şahinbaş graduated from the French Lycée Saint-Joseph in Istanbul, later to be sent to Cambridge University by Atatürk to study English literature (1934–1937). At Fitzwilliam House, he was invited to join the athletics team. Earning his full blue, he dominated the shot put competitions of his day, winning for a record four times. During the games at White City in 1937, he caused a sensation when he broke the British and Turkish national and British University shot putting records. His university record remained unbroken for over 20 years.
On his return home, he joined the Faculty of Letters at the Ankara University, being appointed a professor in 1950.
Between 1952 and 1953, he did research into American literature and drama at Harvard and Pennsylvania University, establishing an American literature sub-division on his return to Ankara University.In 1958, he founded the first institute of theater studies in Turkey, making theater studies a distinct science. He vice-chaired this institution with Prof. Dr. Bedrettin Tuncel becoming the department chair. He later chaired the play-selecting committee of the Turkish State Theater. To honor his efforts, a theater in Ankara, the İrfan Şahinbaş Workshop Stage is named after him.
İrfan Şahinbaş was a pioneer of British-Turkish relations. He founded the Turco-British Association, serving as its chairman for 25 years. For his services to Anglo-Turkish relations, he was appointed an honorary OBE.
He also served as a member and chairman of the Fulbright Commission for Turkey for over 32 years. He sat on the council of the International Theatre Institute and represented Turkey at UNESCO.
Due to his background and success in athletics, he served as the head of the Turkish Athletics Federation between 1942 – 1946.Şahinbaş's translations into Turkish includes the works of Shakespeare, Sean O'Casey, Marlowe, Seift and J. B. Priestley.
He retired from Ankara University in 1983. He died on April 3, 1990, in Ankara.
Gallery
== References == | given name | {
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The Toledo War (1835–36), also known as the Michigan–Ohio War or the Ohio–Michigan War, was a boundary dispute between the U.S. state of Ohio and the adjoining territory of Michigan over what is now known as the Toledo Strip. Control of the mouth of the Maumee River and the inland shipping opportunities it represented, and the good farmland to the west were seen by both parties as valuable economic assets.
Poor geographical understanding of the Great Lakes helped produce conflicting state and federal legislation between 1787 and 1805, and varying interpretations of the laws led the governments of Ohio and Michigan to both claim jurisdiction over a 468-square-mile (1,210 km2) region along their border. The situation came to a head when Michigan petitioned for statehood in 1835 and sought to include the disputed territory within its boundaries. Both sides passed legislation attempting to force the other side's capitulation, and Ohio's Governor Robert Lucas and Michigan's 24-year-old "Boy Governor" Stevens T. Mason helped institute criminal penalties for residents submitting to the other's authority. Both states deployed militias on opposite sides of the Maumee River near Toledo, but besides mutual taunting, there was little interaction between the two forces. The single military confrontation of the "war" ended with a report of shots being fired into the air, incurring no casualties. The only blood spilled was the non-fatal stabbing of a law enforcement officer.
During the summer of 1836, the United States Congress proposed a compromise whereby Michigan gave up its claim to the strip in exchange for its statehood and the remaining three-quarters of the Upper Peninsula. The northern region's mineral wealth later became an economic asset to Michigan, but at the time the compromise was considered a poor deal for the new state, and voters in a statehood convention in September soundly rejected it. But in December, facing a dire financial crisis and pressure from Congress and President Andrew Jackson, the Michigan government called another convention (called the "Frostbitten Convention"), which accepted the compromise, resolving the Toledo War.
Origins
In 1787, the Congress of the Confederation enacted the Northwest Ordinance, which created the Northwest Territory in what is now the upper Midwestern United States. The Ordinance specified that the territory was eventually to be divided into "not less than three nor more than five" future states. One of the boundaries between them was to be "an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan". When Congress passed the Enabling Act of 1802, which authorized Ohio to begin the process of becoming a U.S. state, the language defining Ohio's northern boundary elaborated on that, but was fundamentally the same: "an east and west line drawn through the southerly extreme of Lake Michigan, running east ... until it shall intersect Lake Erie or the territorial line [with British North America, now Canada], and thence with the same through Lake Erie to the Pennsylvania line aforesaid".
The most highly regarded map of the time, the "Mitchell Map", showed the southerly extreme of Lake Michigan at a latitude north of the mouth of the Detroit River, suggesting that an east–west line would not intersect with Lake Erie at all, until well across the international border. The framers of the 1802 Ohio Constitution therefore believed it was the intent of Congress that Ohio's northern boundary should certainly be north of the mouth of the Maumee River, and possibly even of the Detroit River. Ohio would thus be granted access to most or all of the Lake Erie shoreline west of Pennsylvania, and any other new states carved out of the Northwest Territory would have access to only Lakes Michigan, Huron, or Superior.However, the delegates allegedly received reports from a fur trapper that Lake Michigan extended significantly farther south than had previously been believed (or mapped). Thus, it was possible that an east–west line extending east from Lake Michigan's southern tip might intersect Lake Erie somewhere southeast of Maumee Bay, or worse, might not intersect the lake at all; the farther south that Lake Michigan actually extended, the more land Ohio would lose, conceivably even the entire Lake Erie shoreline west of Pennsylvania.
Addressing this contingency, the Ohio delegates included a provision in the draft Ohio constitution that if this report about Lake Michigan's position was correct, the state boundary line would be angled slightly northeast so as to intersect Lake Erie at the "most northerly cape of the Miami [Maumee] Bay". This provision would guarantee that most of the Maumee River watershed and the southern shore of Lake Erie west of Pennsylvania would fall in Ohio. The draft constitution with this proviso was accepted by the United States Congress, but before Ohio's admission to the Union in February 1803, the proposed constitution was referred to a Congressional committee. The committee's report stated that the clause defining the northern boundary depended on "a fact not yet ascertained" (the latitude of the southern extreme of Lake Michigan), and the members "thought it unnecessary to take it [the provision], at the time, into consideration."When Congress created the Michigan Territory in 1805, it used the Northwest Ordinance's language to define the territory's southern boundary, disregarding that provision in Ohio's state constitution. This difference, and its potential ramifications, apparently went unnoticed at the time, but it established the legal basis for the conflict that would erupt 30 years later.
Creation of the Toledo Strip
The location of the border was contested throughout the early 19th century. Residents of the Port of Miami—which would later become Toledo—urged the Ohio government to resolve the border issue. The Ohio legislature, in turn, passed repeated resolutions and requests asking Congress to take up the matter. In 1812, Congress approved a request for an official survey of the line. Delayed because of the War of 1812, it was only after Indiana's admission to the Union in 1816 that work on the survey commenced. At that time, the border between Michigan and Indiana was altered from the Northwest Ordinance boundary – over the protests of the Michigan Territory – moving it 10 miles (16 km) northward to give the new state substantial frontage on Lake Michigan.U.S. Surveyor General Edward Tiffin, who was in charge of the survey, was a former Ohio governor, and employed William Harris to survey not the Ordinance Line, but the line described in the Ohio Constitution of 1802. When completed, the "Harris Line" placed the mouth of the Maumee River completely in Ohio, as intended by the drafters of the state constitution. When the results of the survey were made public, Michigan territorial governor Lewis Cass objected, writing in a letter to Tiffin that the survey was biased to favor Ohio and "is only adding strength to the strong, and making the weak still weaker."
In response, Michigan commissioned a second survey that was carried out by John A. Fulton. The Fulton survey was based upon the original 1787 Ordinance Line, and after measuring the line eastward from Lake Michigan to Lake Erie, it found the Ohio boundary to lie just southeast of the mouth of the Maumee River. The region between the Harris and Fulton survey lines formed what is now known as the "Toledo Strip". This ribbon of land between northern Ohio and southern Michigan spanned a region five to eight miles (8 to 13 km) wide, over which both jurisdictions claimed sovereignty. While Ohio refused to cede its claim, Michigan quietly occupied it for the next several years, setting up local governments, building roads, and collecting taxes throughout the area.
Economic significance
The Toledo Strip was and still is a commercially important area. Prior to the rise of the railroad industry, rivers and canals were the major "highways of commerce" in the American Midwest. A small but important part of the Strip—the area around present-day Toledo and Maumee Bay—fell within the Great Black Swamp, and this area was nearly impossible to navigate by road, especially after spring and summer rains. Draining into Lake Erie, the Maumee River was not necessarily well-suited for large ships, but it did provide an easy connection to Indiana's Fort Wayne. At the time, there were plans to connect the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes through a series of canals. One such canal system approved by the Ohio legislature in 1825 was the Miami and Erie Canal that included a connection to the Ohio River and an outflow into Lake Erie via the Maumee River.During the conflict over the Toledo Strip, the Erie Canal was built, linking New York City and the Eastern seaboard to the Great Lakes at Buffalo. The canal finished in 1825, and immediately became a major route for trade and migration. Corn and other farm products (from the Midwest) could be shipped to eastern markets for much less expense than the older route along the Mississippi River. In addition, the migration of settlers to the Midwest increased sharply after the canal was finished, turning Buffalo and other port cities into boomtowns.The success of the Erie Canal inspired many other canal projects. Because the western end of Lake Erie offered the shortest overland route to the frontiers of Indiana and Illinois, Maumee Harbor was seen as a site of immediate importance and great value. Detroit was 20 miles (32 km) up the Detroit River from Lake Erie, and faced the difficult barrier of the Great Black Swamp to the south. Because of this, Detroit was less suited to new transportation projects such as canals, and later railroads, than was Toledo. From this perspective on the rapidly developing Midwest of the 1820s and 1830s, both states had much to gain by controlling the land in the Toledo Strip.In addition, the Strip west of the Toledo area is good for agriculture, because of its well-drained, fertile loam soil. The area had for many years produced large amounts of corn and wheat per acre. Michigan and Ohio both wanted what seemed strategically and economically destined to become an important port and prosperous farmland.
Prelude to conflict
In 1820–21, the federal land surveys had reached the disputed area from two directions, progressing southward from a baseline in Michigan and northward from one in Ohio. For unknown reasons, Surveyor General Tiffin ordered the two surveys to close on the Northwest Ordinance (Fulton) line, rather than Harris' line, perhaps lending implicit support to Michigan's claims over Ohio's. Thus, townships that were established north of the line assumed they were part of the Michigan Territory. By the early 1820s, the growing Michigan Territory reached the minimum population threshold of 60,000 to qualify for statehood. When it sought to hold a state constitutional convention in 1833, Congress rejected the request because of the still-disputed Toledo Strip.
Ohio asserted that the boundary was firmly established in its constitution and thus Michigan's citizens were simply intruders; the state government refused to negotiate the issue with them. The Ohio Congressional delegation was active in blocking Michigan from attaining statehood, lobbying other states to vote against it. In January 1835, frustrated by the political stalemate, Michigan's territorial governor Stevens T. Mason called for a constitutional convention to be held in May of that year, despite Congress' refusal to approve an enabling act authorizing one.In February 1835, Ohio passed legislation that set up county governments in the Strip. The county in which Toledo sat would, later in 1835, be named after incumbent Governor Robert Lucas, a move that further exacerbated the growing tensions with Michigan. Also, during this period, Ohio attempted to use its power in Congress to revive a previously rejected boundary bill that would formally set the state border to be the Harris Line.Michigan, led by the young and hot-headed Mason, responded with the passage of the Pains and Penalties Act just six days after Lucas County was formed; the act made it a criminal offense for Ohioans to carry out governmental actions in the Strip, under penalty of a fine up to $1,000 (equivalent to $28,000 in 2022), up to five years imprisonment at hard labor, or both. Acting as commander-in-chief of the territory, Mason appointed Brigadier General Joseph W. Brown of the Third U.S. Brigade to head the state militia, with the instructions to be ready to act against Ohio trespassers. Lucas obtained legislative approval for a militia of his own, and he soon sent forces to the Strip area. The Toledo War had begun.Former United States President John Quincy Adams, who at the time represented Massachusetts in Congress, backed Michigan's claim. In 1833, when Congress rejected Michigan's request for a convention, Adams summed up his opinion on the dispute: "Never in the course of my life have I known a controversy of which all the right was so clearly on one side and all the power so overwhelmingly on the other."
War
Acting as commander-in-chief of Ohio's militia, Governor Lucas—along with General John Bell and about 600 other fully armed militiamen—arrived in Perrysburg, Ohio, 10 miles (16 km) southwest of Toledo, on March 31, 1835. Shortly thereafter, Governor Mason and General Brown arrived to occupy the city of Toledo proper with around 1,000 armed men, intending to prevent Ohio advances into the Toledo area as well as stopping further border marking from taking place.
Presidential intervention
In a desperate attempt to prevent armed battle and to avert the resulting political crisis, U.S. President Andrew Jackson consulted his Attorney General, Benjamin Butler, for his legal opinion on the border dispute. At the time, Ohio was a growing political power in the Union, with 19 U.S. representatives and two senators. In contrast, Michigan, still a territory, had only a single non-voting delegate. Ohio was a crucial swing state in presidential elections, and it would have been devastating to the fledgling Democratic Party to lose its electoral votes. Jackson calculated that his party's best interest would be served by keeping the Toledo Strip as part of Ohio. However, Butler held that until Congress dictated otherwise, the land rightfully belonged to Michigan. This presented a political dilemma for Jackson that spurred him to take action that would greatly influence the outcome.
On April 3, 1835, Jackson sent two representatives from Washington, D.C. – Richard Rush of Pennsylvania and Benjamin Chew Howard of Maryland – to Toledo to arbitrate the conflict and present a compromise to both governments. The proposal, presented on April 7, recommended that a re-survey to mark the Harris Line commence without further interruption by Michigan, and that the residents of the affected region be allowed to choose their own state or territorial governments until Congress could definitively settle the matter.Lucas reluctantly agreed to the proposal and began to disband his militia, believing the debate to be settled. Three days later, elections in the region were held under Ohio law. Mason refused the deal and continued to prepare for possible armed conflict.During the elections, Ohio officials were harassed by Michigan authorities, and the area residents were threatened with arrest if they submitted to Ohio's authority. On April 8, 1835, the Monroe County, Michigan sheriff arrived at the home of Major Benjamin F. Stickney, an Ohio partisan. In the first contact between Michigan partisans and the Stickney family, the sheriff arrested two Ohioans under the Pains and Penalties Act on the basis that the men had voted in the Ohio elections.
Battle of Phillips Corners
After the election, Lucas believed that the commissioners' actions had alleviated the situation and once again sent out surveyors to mark the Harris Line. The project proceeded without serious incident until April 26, 1835, when the surveying group was attacked by 50 to 60 members of General Brown's militia in the Battle of Phillips Corners. As the only site of armed conflict, the battle's name is sometimes used as a synonym for the entire Toledo War.
Surveyors wrote to Lucas afterward that while observing "the blessings of the Sabbath", Michigan militia forces advised them to retreat. In the ensuing chase, "nine of our men, who did not leave the ground in time after being fired upon by the enemy, from thirty to fifty shots, were taken prisoners and carried away into Tecumseh, Michigan." While the details of the attack are disputed—Michigan claimed it fired no shots, only discharging a few musket rounds in the air as the Ohio group retreated—the battle further infuriated both Ohioans and Michiganders and brought the two sides to the brink of all-out war.
Bloodshed in 1835
In response to allegations that Michigan's militia fired upon Ohioans, Lucas called a special session of Ohio's legislature on June 8 to pass several more controversial acts, including the establishment of Toledo as the county seat of Lucas County, the establishment of a Court of Common Pleas in the city, a law to prevent the forcible abduction of Ohio citizens from the area, and a budget of $300,000 ($8.5 million in 2021) to implement the legislation. Michigan's territorial legislature responded with a budget appropriation of $315,000 to fund its militia.In May and June, Michigan drafted a state constitution, with provisions for a bicameral legislature, a supreme court, and other components of a functional state government. Congress was still not willing to allow Michigan's entry into the Union, and Jackson vowed to reject Michigan's statehood until the border issue and "war" were resolved.Lucas ordered his adjutant general, Samuel C. Andrews, to conduct a count of the militia, and was told that 10,000 volunteers were ready to fight. That news became exaggerated as it traveled north, and soon thereafter the Michigan territorial press dared the Ohio "million" to enter the Strip as they "welcomed them to hospitable graves".In June 1835, Lucas dispatched a delegation consisting of U.S. Attorney Noah Haynes Swayne, former Congressman William Allen, and David T. Disney to Washington D.C. to confer with Jackson. The delegation presented Ohio's case and urged Jackson to address the situation swiftly.Throughout mid-1835, both governments continued their practice of oneupmanship, and constant skirmishes and arrests occurred. Citizens of Monroe County joined in a posse to make arrests in Toledo. Partisans from Ohio, angered by the harassment, targeted the offenders with criminal prosecutions. Lawsuits were rampant and served as a basis for retaliatory lawsuits from the opposite side. Partisans of both sides organized spying parties to keep track of the sheriffs of Wood County, Ohio, and Monroe County, Michigan, who were entrusted with the security of the border.On July 15, Monroe County, Michigan, Deputy Sheriff Joseph Wood went into Toledo to arrest Major Benjamin Stickney, but when Stickney and his family resisted, the whole family was subdued and taken into custody. During the scuffle, the major's son Two Stickney stabbed Wood with a penknife and fled into Ohio. Wood's injuries were not life-threatening. When Lucas refused Mason's demand to extradite Two Stickney to Michigan for trial, Mason wrote to Jackson for help, suggesting that the matter be referred to the United States Supreme Court. At the time of the conflict it was not established that the Supreme Court could resolve state boundary disputes, and Jackson declined the request. Looking for peace, Lucas began making his own efforts to end the conflict, again through federal intervention via Ohio's congressional delegation.
In August 1835, at the strong urging of Ohio's members of Congress, Jackson removed Mason as Michigan's territorial governor and appointed John S. ("Little Jack") Horner in his stead. Before his replacement arrived, Mason ordered 1,000 Michigan militiamen to enter Toledo and prevent the symbolically important first session of the Ohio Court of Common Pleas. While the idea was popular with Michigan residents, the effort failed: the judges held a midnight court before quickly retreating south of the Maumee River, where Ohio forces were positioned.
Frostbitten Convention and the end of the Toledo War
Horner proved extremely unpopular as governor and his tenure was very short. Residents disliked him so much they burned him in effigy and pelted him with vegetables upon his entry into the territorial capital. In the October 1835 elections, voters approved the draft constitution and re-elected Mason governor. The same election saw Isaac E. Crary chosen as Michigan's first U.S. Representative to Congress. Because of the dispute Congress refused to accept his credentials and seated him as a non-voting delegate. The two U.S. Senators chosen by the state legislature in November, Lucius Lyon and John Norvell, were treated with even less respect, being allowed to sit only as spectators in the Senate gallery.
On June 15, 1836, Jackson signed a bill that allowed Michigan to become a state, but only after it ceded the Toledo Strip. In exchange for this concession, Michigan would be granted the western three-quarters of what is now known as the Upper Peninsula (the easternmost portion had already been included in the state boundaries). Because of the perceived worthlessness of the Upper Peninsula's remote wilderness, which was ill-suited for agriculture, a September 1836 special convention in Ann Arbor rejected the offer.As the year wore on, Michigan found itself deep in financial crisis, nearly bankrupt because of the high militia expenses. The government was spurred to action by the realization that a $400,000 surplus ($11 million in 2021) in the United States Treasury was about to be distributed to the 25 states but not to territorial governments; Michigan would have been ineligible to receive a share.
The "war" unofficially ended on December 14, 1836, at a second convention in Ann Arbor. Delegates passed a resolution to accept Congress's terms. The calling of the convention was itself controversial. It came about only because of an upswelling of private summonses, petitions, and public meetings. Since the legislature did not approve a call to convention, some said the convention was illegal. Whigs boycotted the convention. As a consequence, the resolution was ridiculed by many Michigan residents. Congress questioned the convention's legality, but accepted its results. Because of these factors, as well as a notable cold spell, the event became known as the Frostbitten Convention.On January 26, 1837, Michigan was admitted to the Union as the 26th state, without the Toledo Strip but with the entire Upper Peninsula.
Subsequent history
The Toledo strip became a permanent part of Ohio. The Upper Peninsula was considered a worthless wilderness by almost all familiar with the area, valuable only for timber and fur trapping. However, the discovery of copper in the Keweenaw Peninsula and iron in the Central Upper Peninsula in the 1840s led to a mining boom that lasted long into the 20th century. Michigan's loss of 1,100 square miles (2,800 km2) of agricultural land and the port of Toledo was offset by the gain of 9,000 square miles (23,000 km2) of timber and ore-rich land.Differences of opinion about the exact boundary location continued until a definitive re-survey was performed in 1915. Re-survey protocol ordinarily required the surveyors to follow the Harris line exactly, but in this case, the surveyors deviated from it in places. This was done to prevent certain residents near the border from being subject to changes in state residence and land owners from having parcels in both states. The 1915 survey was delineated by 71 granite markers, 12 inches (30 cm) wide by 18 inches (46 cm) high. Upon completion, the two states' governors, Woodbridge N. Ferris of Michigan and Frank B. Willis of Ohio, shook hands at the border.Traces of the original Ordinance Line can still be seen in northwestern Ohio and northern Indiana. The northernmost boundaries of Ottawa and Wood counties follow it, as well as many township boundaries in Fulton and Williams counties. Many old north–south roads are offset as they cross the line, forcing traffic to jog east while traveling north. The line is identified on United States Geological Survey topographical maps as the "South [Boundary] Michigan Survey", and on Lucas County and Fulton County road maps as "Old State Line Road".While the land border was firmly set in the early 20th century, the two states still disagreed on the path of the border to the east, in Lake Erie. In 1973, they finally obtained a hearing before the U.S. Supreme Court on their competing claims to the Lake Erie waters. In Michigan v. Ohio, the court upheld a special master's report and ruled that the boundary between the two states in Lake Erie was angled to the northeast, as described in Ohio's state constitution, and not a straight east–west line. One consequence of the decision was that Turtle Island, just outside Maumee Bay and originally treated as wholly in Michigan, was split between the two states.This decision was the last border adjustment, putting an end to years of debate. In modern times, although a general rivalry between Michiganders and Ohioans persists, overt conflict between the states is restricted primarily to the Michigan–Ohio State rivalry in American football and to a lesser degree to the rivalry between the Detroit Tigers and Cleveland Guardians in American League baseball; the Toledo War is sometimes cited as the origin of the animosity represented in today's rivalry.
See also
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
List of Michigan county name etymologies
Ohio Lands
Timeline of the Toledo Strip
References
Footnotes
Works cited
== Further reading == | instance of | {
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The Toledo War (1835–36), also known as the Michigan–Ohio War or the Ohio–Michigan War, was a boundary dispute between the U.S. state of Ohio and the adjoining territory of Michigan over what is now known as the Toledo Strip. Control of the mouth of the Maumee River and the inland shipping opportunities it represented, and the good farmland to the west were seen by both parties as valuable economic assets.
Poor geographical understanding of the Great Lakes helped produce conflicting state and federal legislation between 1787 and 1805, and varying interpretations of the laws led the governments of Ohio and Michigan to both claim jurisdiction over a 468-square-mile (1,210 km2) region along their border. The situation came to a head when Michigan petitioned for statehood in 1835 and sought to include the disputed territory within its boundaries. Both sides passed legislation attempting to force the other side's capitulation, and Ohio's Governor Robert Lucas and Michigan's 24-year-old "Boy Governor" Stevens T. Mason helped institute criminal penalties for residents submitting to the other's authority. Both states deployed militias on opposite sides of the Maumee River near Toledo, but besides mutual taunting, there was little interaction between the two forces. The single military confrontation of the "war" ended with a report of shots being fired into the air, incurring no casualties. The only blood spilled was the non-fatal stabbing of a law enforcement officer.
During the summer of 1836, the United States Congress proposed a compromise whereby Michigan gave up its claim to the strip in exchange for its statehood and the remaining three-quarters of the Upper Peninsula. The northern region's mineral wealth later became an economic asset to Michigan, but at the time the compromise was considered a poor deal for the new state, and voters in a statehood convention in September soundly rejected it. But in December, facing a dire financial crisis and pressure from Congress and President Andrew Jackson, the Michigan government called another convention (called the "Frostbitten Convention"), which accepted the compromise, resolving the Toledo War.
Origins
In 1787, the Congress of the Confederation enacted the Northwest Ordinance, which created the Northwest Territory in what is now the upper Midwestern United States. The Ordinance specified that the territory was eventually to be divided into "not less than three nor more than five" future states. One of the boundaries between them was to be "an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan". When Congress passed the Enabling Act of 1802, which authorized Ohio to begin the process of becoming a U.S. state, the language defining Ohio's northern boundary elaborated on that, but was fundamentally the same: "an east and west line drawn through the southerly extreme of Lake Michigan, running east ... until it shall intersect Lake Erie or the territorial line [with British North America, now Canada], and thence with the same through Lake Erie to the Pennsylvania line aforesaid".
The most highly regarded map of the time, the "Mitchell Map", showed the southerly extreme of Lake Michigan at a latitude north of the mouth of the Detroit River, suggesting that an east–west line would not intersect with Lake Erie at all, until well across the international border. The framers of the 1802 Ohio Constitution therefore believed it was the intent of Congress that Ohio's northern boundary should certainly be north of the mouth of the Maumee River, and possibly even of the Detroit River. Ohio would thus be granted access to most or all of the Lake Erie shoreline west of Pennsylvania, and any other new states carved out of the Northwest Territory would have access to only Lakes Michigan, Huron, or Superior.However, the delegates allegedly received reports from a fur trapper that Lake Michigan extended significantly farther south than had previously been believed (or mapped). Thus, it was possible that an east–west line extending east from Lake Michigan's southern tip might intersect Lake Erie somewhere southeast of Maumee Bay, or worse, might not intersect the lake at all; the farther south that Lake Michigan actually extended, the more land Ohio would lose, conceivably even the entire Lake Erie shoreline west of Pennsylvania.
Addressing this contingency, the Ohio delegates included a provision in the draft Ohio constitution that if this report about Lake Michigan's position was correct, the state boundary line would be angled slightly northeast so as to intersect Lake Erie at the "most northerly cape of the Miami [Maumee] Bay". This provision would guarantee that most of the Maumee River watershed and the southern shore of Lake Erie west of Pennsylvania would fall in Ohio. The draft constitution with this proviso was accepted by the United States Congress, but before Ohio's admission to the Union in February 1803, the proposed constitution was referred to a Congressional committee. The committee's report stated that the clause defining the northern boundary depended on "a fact not yet ascertained" (the latitude of the southern extreme of Lake Michigan), and the members "thought it unnecessary to take it [the provision], at the time, into consideration."When Congress created the Michigan Territory in 1805, it used the Northwest Ordinance's language to define the territory's southern boundary, disregarding that provision in Ohio's state constitution. This difference, and its potential ramifications, apparently went unnoticed at the time, but it established the legal basis for the conflict that would erupt 30 years later.
Creation of the Toledo Strip
The location of the border was contested throughout the early 19th century. Residents of the Port of Miami—which would later become Toledo—urged the Ohio government to resolve the border issue. The Ohio legislature, in turn, passed repeated resolutions and requests asking Congress to take up the matter. In 1812, Congress approved a request for an official survey of the line. Delayed because of the War of 1812, it was only after Indiana's admission to the Union in 1816 that work on the survey commenced. At that time, the border between Michigan and Indiana was altered from the Northwest Ordinance boundary – over the protests of the Michigan Territory – moving it 10 miles (16 km) northward to give the new state substantial frontage on Lake Michigan.U.S. Surveyor General Edward Tiffin, who was in charge of the survey, was a former Ohio governor, and employed William Harris to survey not the Ordinance Line, but the line described in the Ohio Constitution of 1802. When completed, the "Harris Line" placed the mouth of the Maumee River completely in Ohio, as intended by the drafters of the state constitution. When the results of the survey were made public, Michigan territorial governor Lewis Cass objected, writing in a letter to Tiffin that the survey was biased to favor Ohio and "is only adding strength to the strong, and making the weak still weaker."
In response, Michigan commissioned a second survey that was carried out by John A. Fulton. The Fulton survey was based upon the original 1787 Ordinance Line, and after measuring the line eastward from Lake Michigan to Lake Erie, it found the Ohio boundary to lie just southeast of the mouth of the Maumee River. The region between the Harris and Fulton survey lines formed what is now known as the "Toledo Strip". This ribbon of land between northern Ohio and southern Michigan spanned a region five to eight miles (8 to 13 km) wide, over which both jurisdictions claimed sovereignty. While Ohio refused to cede its claim, Michigan quietly occupied it for the next several years, setting up local governments, building roads, and collecting taxes throughout the area.
Economic significance
The Toledo Strip was and still is a commercially important area. Prior to the rise of the railroad industry, rivers and canals were the major "highways of commerce" in the American Midwest. A small but important part of the Strip—the area around present-day Toledo and Maumee Bay—fell within the Great Black Swamp, and this area was nearly impossible to navigate by road, especially after spring and summer rains. Draining into Lake Erie, the Maumee River was not necessarily well-suited for large ships, but it did provide an easy connection to Indiana's Fort Wayne. At the time, there were plans to connect the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes through a series of canals. One such canal system approved by the Ohio legislature in 1825 was the Miami and Erie Canal that included a connection to the Ohio River and an outflow into Lake Erie via the Maumee River.During the conflict over the Toledo Strip, the Erie Canal was built, linking New York City and the Eastern seaboard to the Great Lakes at Buffalo. The canal finished in 1825, and immediately became a major route for trade and migration. Corn and other farm products (from the Midwest) could be shipped to eastern markets for much less expense than the older route along the Mississippi River. In addition, the migration of settlers to the Midwest increased sharply after the canal was finished, turning Buffalo and other port cities into boomtowns.The success of the Erie Canal inspired many other canal projects. Because the western end of Lake Erie offered the shortest overland route to the frontiers of Indiana and Illinois, Maumee Harbor was seen as a site of immediate importance and great value. Detroit was 20 miles (32 km) up the Detroit River from Lake Erie, and faced the difficult barrier of the Great Black Swamp to the south. Because of this, Detroit was less suited to new transportation projects such as canals, and later railroads, than was Toledo. From this perspective on the rapidly developing Midwest of the 1820s and 1830s, both states had much to gain by controlling the land in the Toledo Strip.In addition, the Strip west of the Toledo area is good for agriculture, because of its well-drained, fertile loam soil. The area had for many years produced large amounts of corn and wheat per acre. Michigan and Ohio both wanted what seemed strategically and economically destined to become an important port and prosperous farmland.
Prelude to conflict
In 1820–21, the federal land surveys had reached the disputed area from two directions, progressing southward from a baseline in Michigan and northward from one in Ohio. For unknown reasons, Surveyor General Tiffin ordered the two surveys to close on the Northwest Ordinance (Fulton) line, rather than Harris' line, perhaps lending implicit support to Michigan's claims over Ohio's. Thus, townships that were established north of the line assumed they were part of the Michigan Territory. By the early 1820s, the growing Michigan Territory reached the minimum population threshold of 60,000 to qualify for statehood. When it sought to hold a state constitutional convention in 1833, Congress rejected the request because of the still-disputed Toledo Strip.
Ohio asserted that the boundary was firmly established in its constitution and thus Michigan's citizens were simply intruders; the state government refused to negotiate the issue with them. The Ohio Congressional delegation was active in blocking Michigan from attaining statehood, lobbying other states to vote against it. In January 1835, frustrated by the political stalemate, Michigan's territorial governor Stevens T. Mason called for a constitutional convention to be held in May of that year, despite Congress' refusal to approve an enabling act authorizing one.In February 1835, Ohio passed legislation that set up county governments in the Strip. The county in which Toledo sat would, later in 1835, be named after incumbent Governor Robert Lucas, a move that further exacerbated the growing tensions with Michigan. Also, during this period, Ohio attempted to use its power in Congress to revive a previously rejected boundary bill that would formally set the state border to be the Harris Line.Michigan, led by the young and hot-headed Mason, responded with the passage of the Pains and Penalties Act just six days after Lucas County was formed; the act made it a criminal offense for Ohioans to carry out governmental actions in the Strip, under penalty of a fine up to $1,000 (equivalent to $28,000 in 2022), up to five years imprisonment at hard labor, or both. Acting as commander-in-chief of the territory, Mason appointed Brigadier General Joseph W. Brown of the Third U.S. Brigade to head the state militia, with the instructions to be ready to act against Ohio trespassers. Lucas obtained legislative approval for a militia of his own, and he soon sent forces to the Strip area. The Toledo War had begun.Former United States President John Quincy Adams, who at the time represented Massachusetts in Congress, backed Michigan's claim. In 1833, when Congress rejected Michigan's request for a convention, Adams summed up his opinion on the dispute: "Never in the course of my life have I known a controversy of which all the right was so clearly on one side and all the power so overwhelmingly on the other."
War
Acting as commander-in-chief of Ohio's militia, Governor Lucas—along with General John Bell and about 600 other fully armed militiamen—arrived in Perrysburg, Ohio, 10 miles (16 km) southwest of Toledo, on March 31, 1835. Shortly thereafter, Governor Mason and General Brown arrived to occupy the city of Toledo proper with around 1,000 armed men, intending to prevent Ohio advances into the Toledo area as well as stopping further border marking from taking place.
Presidential intervention
In a desperate attempt to prevent armed battle and to avert the resulting political crisis, U.S. President Andrew Jackson consulted his Attorney General, Benjamin Butler, for his legal opinion on the border dispute. At the time, Ohio was a growing political power in the Union, with 19 U.S. representatives and two senators. In contrast, Michigan, still a territory, had only a single non-voting delegate. Ohio was a crucial swing state in presidential elections, and it would have been devastating to the fledgling Democratic Party to lose its electoral votes. Jackson calculated that his party's best interest would be served by keeping the Toledo Strip as part of Ohio. However, Butler held that until Congress dictated otherwise, the land rightfully belonged to Michigan. This presented a political dilemma for Jackson that spurred him to take action that would greatly influence the outcome.
On April 3, 1835, Jackson sent two representatives from Washington, D.C. – Richard Rush of Pennsylvania and Benjamin Chew Howard of Maryland – to Toledo to arbitrate the conflict and present a compromise to both governments. The proposal, presented on April 7, recommended that a re-survey to mark the Harris Line commence without further interruption by Michigan, and that the residents of the affected region be allowed to choose their own state or territorial governments until Congress could definitively settle the matter.Lucas reluctantly agreed to the proposal and began to disband his militia, believing the debate to be settled. Three days later, elections in the region were held under Ohio law. Mason refused the deal and continued to prepare for possible armed conflict.During the elections, Ohio officials were harassed by Michigan authorities, and the area residents were threatened with arrest if they submitted to Ohio's authority. On April 8, 1835, the Monroe County, Michigan sheriff arrived at the home of Major Benjamin F. Stickney, an Ohio partisan. In the first contact between Michigan partisans and the Stickney family, the sheriff arrested two Ohioans under the Pains and Penalties Act on the basis that the men had voted in the Ohio elections.
Battle of Phillips Corners
After the election, Lucas believed that the commissioners' actions had alleviated the situation and once again sent out surveyors to mark the Harris Line. The project proceeded without serious incident until April 26, 1835, when the surveying group was attacked by 50 to 60 members of General Brown's militia in the Battle of Phillips Corners. As the only site of armed conflict, the battle's name is sometimes used as a synonym for the entire Toledo War.
Surveyors wrote to Lucas afterward that while observing "the blessings of the Sabbath", Michigan militia forces advised them to retreat. In the ensuing chase, "nine of our men, who did not leave the ground in time after being fired upon by the enemy, from thirty to fifty shots, were taken prisoners and carried away into Tecumseh, Michigan." While the details of the attack are disputed—Michigan claimed it fired no shots, only discharging a few musket rounds in the air as the Ohio group retreated—the battle further infuriated both Ohioans and Michiganders and brought the two sides to the brink of all-out war.
Bloodshed in 1835
In response to allegations that Michigan's militia fired upon Ohioans, Lucas called a special session of Ohio's legislature on June 8 to pass several more controversial acts, including the establishment of Toledo as the county seat of Lucas County, the establishment of a Court of Common Pleas in the city, a law to prevent the forcible abduction of Ohio citizens from the area, and a budget of $300,000 ($8.5 million in 2021) to implement the legislation. Michigan's territorial legislature responded with a budget appropriation of $315,000 to fund its militia.In May and June, Michigan drafted a state constitution, with provisions for a bicameral legislature, a supreme court, and other components of a functional state government. Congress was still not willing to allow Michigan's entry into the Union, and Jackson vowed to reject Michigan's statehood until the border issue and "war" were resolved.Lucas ordered his adjutant general, Samuel C. Andrews, to conduct a count of the militia, and was told that 10,000 volunteers were ready to fight. That news became exaggerated as it traveled north, and soon thereafter the Michigan territorial press dared the Ohio "million" to enter the Strip as they "welcomed them to hospitable graves".In June 1835, Lucas dispatched a delegation consisting of U.S. Attorney Noah Haynes Swayne, former Congressman William Allen, and David T. Disney to Washington D.C. to confer with Jackson. The delegation presented Ohio's case and urged Jackson to address the situation swiftly.Throughout mid-1835, both governments continued their practice of oneupmanship, and constant skirmishes and arrests occurred. Citizens of Monroe County joined in a posse to make arrests in Toledo. Partisans from Ohio, angered by the harassment, targeted the offenders with criminal prosecutions. Lawsuits were rampant and served as a basis for retaliatory lawsuits from the opposite side. Partisans of both sides organized spying parties to keep track of the sheriffs of Wood County, Ohio, and Monroe County, Michigan, who were entrusted with the security of the border.On July 15, Monroe County, Michigan, Deputy Sheriff Joseph Wood went into Toledo to arrest Major Benjamin Stickney, but when Stickney and his family resisted, the whole family was subdued and taken into custody. During the scuffle, the major's son Two Stickney stabbed Wood with a penknife and fled into Ohio. Wood's injuries were not life-threatening. When Lucas refused Mason's demand to extradite Two Stickney to Michigan for trial, Mason wrote to Jackson for help, suggesting that the matter be referred to the United States Supreme Court. At the time of the conflict it was not established that the Supreme Court could resolve state boundary disputes, and Jackson declined the request. Looking for peace, Lucas began making his own efforts to end the conflict, again through federal intervention via Ohio's congressional delegation.
In August 1835, at the strong urging of Ohio's members of Congress, Jackson removed Mason as Michigan's territorial governor and appointed John S. ("Little Jack") Horner in his stead. Before his replacement arrived, Mason ordered 1,000 Michigan militiamen to enter Toledo and prevent the symbolically important first session of the Ohio Court of Common Pleas. While the idea was popular with Michigan residents, the effort failed: the judges held a midnight court before quickly retreating south of the Maumee River, where Ohio forces were positioned.
Frostbitten Convention and the end of the Toledo War
Horner proved extremely unpopular as governor and his tenure was very short. Residents disliked him so much they burned him in effigy and pelted him with vegetables upon his entry into the territorial capital. In the October 1835 elections, voters approved the draft constitution and re-elected Mason governor. The same election saw Isaac E. Crary chosen as Michigan's first U.S. Representative to Congress. Because of the dispute Congress refused to accept his credentials and seated him as a non-voting delegate. The two U.S. Senators chosen by the state legislature in November, Lucius Lyon and John Norvell, were treated with even less respect, being allowed to sit only as spectators in the Senate gallery.
On June 15, 1836, Jackson signed a bill that allowed Michigan to become a state, but only after it ceded the Toledo Strip. In exchange for this concession, Michigan would be granted the western three-quarters of what is now known as the Upper Peninsula (the easternmost portion had already been included in the state boundaries). Because of the perceived worthlessness of the Upper Peninsula's remote wilderness, which was ill-suited for agriculture, a September 1836 special convention in Ann Arbor rejected the offer.As the year wore on, Michigan found itself deep in financial crisis, nearly bankrupt because of the high militia expenses. The government was spurred to action by the realization that a $400,000 surplus ($11 million in 2021) in the United States Treasury was about to be distributed to the 25 states but not to territorial governments; Michigan would have been ineligible to receive a share.
The "war" unofficially ended on December 14, 1836, at a second convention in Ann Arbor. Delegates passed a resolution to accept Congress's terms. The calling of the convention was itself controversial. It came about only because of an upswelling of private summonses, petitions, and public meetings. Since the legislature did not approve a call to convention, some said the convention was illegal. Whigs boycotted the convention. As a consequence, the resolution was ridiculed by many Michigan residents. Congress questioned the convention's legality, but accepted its results. Because of these factors, as well as a notable cold spell, the event became known as the Frostbitten Convention.On January 26, 1837, Michigan was admitted to the Union as the 26th state, without the Toledo Strip but with the entire Upper Peninsula.
Subsequent history
The Toledo strip became a permanent part of Ohio. The Upper Peninsula was considered a worthless wilderness by almost all familiar with the area, valuable only for timber and fur trapping. However, the discovery of copper in the Keweenaw Peninsula and iron in the Central Upper Peninsula in the 1840s led to a mining boom that lasted long into the 20th century. Michigan's loss of 1,100 square miles (2,800 km2) of agricultural land and the port of Toledo was offset by the gain of 9,000 square miles (23,000 km2) of timber and ore-rich land.Differences of opinion about the exact boundary location continued until a definitive re-survey was performed in 1915. Re-survey protocol ordinarily required the surveyors to follow the Harris line exactly, but in this case, the surveyors deviated from it in places. This was done to prevent certain residents near the border from being subject to changes in state residence and land owners from having parcels in both states. The 1915 survey was delineated by 71 granite markers, 12 inches (30 cm) wide by 18 inches (46 cm) high. Upon completion, the two states' governors, Woodbridge N. Ferris of Michigan and Frank B. Willis of Ohio, shook hands at the border.Traces of the original Ordinance Line can still be seen in northwestern Ohio and northern Indiana. The northernmost boundaries of Ottawa and Wood counties follow it, as well as many township boundaries in Fulton and Williams counties. Many old north–south roads are offset as they cross the line, forcing traffic to jog east while traveling north. The line is identified on United States Geological Survey topographical maps as the "South [Boundary] Michigan Survey", and on Lucas County and Fulton County road maps as "Old State Line Road".While the land border was firmly set in the early 20th century, the two states still disagreed on the path of the border to the east, in Lake Erie. In 1973, they finally obtained a hearing before the U.S. Supreme Court on their competing claims to the Lake Erie waters. In Michigan v. Ohio, the court upheld a special master's report and ruled that the boundary between the two states in Lake Erie was angled to the northeast, as described in Ohio's state constitution, and not a straight east–west line. One consequence of the decision was that Turtle Island, just outside Maumee Bay and originally treated as wholly in Michigan, was split between the two states.This decision was the last border adjustment, putting an end to years of debate. In modern times, although a general rivalry between Michiganders and Ohioans persists, overt conflict between the states is restricted primarily to the Michigan–Ohio State rivalry in American football and to a lesser degree to the rivalry between the Detroit Tigers and Cleveland Guardians in American League baseball; the Toledo War is sometimes cited as the origin of the animosity represented in today's rivalry.
See also
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
List of Michigan county name etymologies
Ohio Lands
Timeline of the Toledo Strip
References
Footnotes
Works cited
== Further reading == | location | {
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"Michigan Territory"
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The Toledo War (1835–36), also known as the Michigan–Ohio War or the Ohio–Michigan War, was a boundary dispute between the U.S. state of Ohio and the adjoining territory of Michigan over what is now known as the Toledo Strip. Control of the mouth of the Maumee River and the inland shipping opportunities it represented, and the good farmland to the west were seen by both parties as valuable economic assets.
Poor geographical understanding of the Great Lakes helped produce conflicting state and federal legislation between 1787 and 1805, and varying interpretations of the laws led the governments of Ohio and Michigan to both claim jurisdiction over a 468-square-mile (1,210 km2) region along their border. The situation came to a head when Michigan petitioned for statehood in 1835 and sought to include the disputed territory within its boundaries. Both sides passed legislation attempting to force the other side's capitulation, and Ohio's Governor Robert Lucas and Michigan's 24-year-old "Boy Governor" Stevens T. Mason helped institute criminal penalties for residents submitting to the other's authority. Both states deployed militias on opposite sides of the Maumee River near Toledo, but besides mutual taunting, there was little interaction between the two forces. The single military confrontation of the "war" ended with a report of shots being fired into the air, incurring no casualties. The only blood spilled was the non-fatal stabbing of a law enforcement officer.
During the summer of 1836, the United States Congress proposed a compromise whereby Michigan gave up its claim to the strip in exchange for its statehood and the remaining three-quarters of the Upper Peninsula. The northern region's mineral wealth later became an economic asset to Michigan, but at the time the compromise was considered a poor deal for the new state, and voters in a statehood convention in September soundly rejected it. But in December, facing a dire financial crisis and pressure from Congress and President Andrew Jackson, the Michigan government called another convention (called the "Frostbitten Convention"), which accepted the compromise, resolving the Toledo War.
Origins
In 1787, the Congress of the Confederation enacted the Northwest Ordinance, which created the Northwest Territory in what is now the upper Midwestern United States. The Ordinance specified that the territory was eventually to be divided into "not less than three nor more than five" future states. One of the boundaries between them was to be "an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan". When Congress passed the Enabling Act of 1802, which authorized Ohio to begin the process of becoming a U.S. state, the language defining Ohio's northern boundary elaborated on that, but was fundamentally the same: "an east and west line drawn through the southerly extreme of Lake Michigan, running east ... until it shall intersect Lake Erie or the territorial line [with British North America, now Canada], and thence with the same through Lake Erie to the Pennsylvania line aforesaid".
The most highly regarded map of the time, the "Mitchell Map", showed the southerly extreme of Lake Michigan at a latitude north of the mouth of the Detroit River, suggesting that an east–west line would not intersect with Lake Erie at all, until well across the international border. The framers of the 1802 Ohio Constitution therefore believed it was the intent of Congress that Ohio's northern boundary should certainly be north of the mouth of the Maumee River, and possibly even of the Detroit River. Ohio would thus be granted access to most or all of the Lake Erie shoreline west of Pennsylvania, and any other new states carved out of the Northwest Territory would have access to only Lakes Michigan, Huron, or Superior.However, the delegates allegedly received reports from a fur trapper that Lake Michigan extended significantly farther south than had previously been believed (or mapped). Thus, it was possible that an east–west line extending east from Lake Michigan's southern tip might intersect Lake Erie somewhere southeast of Maumee Bay, or worse, might not intersect the lake at all; the farther south that Lake Michigan actually extended, the more land Ohio would lose, conceivably even the entire Lake Erie shoreline west of Pennsylvania.
Addressing this contingency, the Ohio delegates included a provision in the draft Ohio constitution that if this report about Lake Michigan's position was correct, the state boundary line would be angled slightly northeast so as to intersect Lake Erie at the "most northerly cape of the Miami [Maumee] Bay". This provision would guarantee that most of the Maumee River watershed and the southern shore of Lake Erie west of Pennsylvania would fall in Ohio. The draft constitution with this proviso was accepted by the United States Congress, but before Ohio's admission to the Union in February 1803, the proposed constitution was referred to a Congressional committee. The committee's report stated that the clause defining the northern boundary depended on "a fact not yet ascertained" (the latitude of the southern extreme of Lake Michigan), and the members "thought it unnecessary to take it [the provision], at the time, into consideration."When Congress created the Michigan Territory in 1805, it used the Northwest Ordinance's language to define the territory's southern boundary, disregarding that provision in Ohio's state constitution. This difference, and its potential ramifications, apparently went unnoticed at the time, but it established the legal basis for the conflict that would erupt 30 years later.
Creation of the Toledo Strip
The location of the border was contested throughout the early 19th century. Residents of the Port of Miami—which would later become Toledo—urged the Ohio government to resolve the border issue. The Ohio legislature, in turn, passed repeated resolutions and requests asking Congress to take up the matter. In 1812, Congress approved a request for an official survey of the line. Delayed because of the War of 1812, it was only after Indiana's admission to the Union in 1816 that work on the survey commenced. At that time, the border between Michigan and Indiana was altered from the Northwest Ordinance boundary – over the protests of the Michigan Territory – moving it 10 miles (16 km) northward to give the new state substantial frontage on Lake Michigan.U.S. Surveyor General Edward Tiffin, who was in charge of the survey, was a former Ohio governor, and employed William Harris to survey not the Ordinance Line, but the line described in the Ohio Constitution of 1802. When completed, the "Harris Line" placed the mouth of the Maumee River completely in Ohio, as intended by the drafters of the state constitution. When the results of the survey were made public, Michigan territorial governor Lewis Cass objected, writing in a letter to Tiffin that the survey was biased to favor Ohio and "is only adding strength to the strong, and making the weak still weaker."
In response, Michigan commissioned a second survey that was carried out by John A. Fulton. The Fulton survey was based upon the original 1787 Ordinance Line, and after measuring the line eastward from Lake Michigan to Lake Erie, it found the Ohio boundary to lie just southeast of the mouth of the Maumee River. The region between the Harris and Fulton survey lines formed what is now known as the "Toledo Strip". This ribbon of land between northern Ohio and southern Michigan spanned a region five to eight miles (8 to 13 km) wide, over which both jurisdictions claimed sovereignty. While Ohio refused to cede its claim, Michigan quietly occupied it for the next several years, setting up local governments, building roads, and collecting taxes throughout the area.
Economic significance
The Toledo Strip was and still is a commercially important area. Prior to the rise of the railroad industry, rivers and canals were the major "highways of commerce" in the American Midwest. A small but important part of the Strip—the area around present-day Toledo and Maumee Bay—fell within the Great Black Swamp, and this area was nearly impossible to navigate by road, especially after spring and summer rains. Draining into Lake Erie, the Maumee River was not necessarily well-suited for large ships, but it did provide an easy connection to Indiana's Fort Wayne. At the time, there were plans to connect the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes through a series of canals. One such canal system approved by the Ohio legislature in 1825 was the Miami and Erie Canal that included a connection to the Ohio River and an outflow into Lake Erie via the Maumee River.During the conflict over the Toledo Strip, the Erie Canal was built, linking New York City and the Eastern seaboard to the Great Lakes at Buffalo. The canal finished in 1825, and immediately became a major route for trade and migration. Corn and other farm products (from the Midwest) could be shipped to eastern markets for much less expense than the older route along the Mississippi River. In addition, the migration of settlers to the Midwest increased sharply after the canal was finished, turning Buffalo and other port cities into boomtowns.The success of the Erie Canal inspired many other canal projects. Because the western end of Lake Erie offered the shortest overland route to the frontiers of Indiana and Illinois, Maumee Harbor was seen as a site of immediate importance and great value. Detroit was 20 miles (32 km) up the Detroit River from Lake Erie, and faced the difficult barrier of the Great Black Swamp to the south. Because of this, Detroit was less suited to new transportation projects such as canals, and later railroads, than was Toledo. From this perspective on the rapidly developing Midwest of the 1820s and 1830s, both states had much to gain by controlling the land in the Toledo Strip.In addition, the Strip west of the Toledo area is good for agriculture, because of its well-drained, fertile loam soil. The area had for many years produced large amounts of corn and wheat per acre. Michigan and Ohio both wanted what seemed strategically and economically destined to become an important port and prosperous farmland.
Prelude to conflict
In 1820–21, the federal land surveys had reached the disputed area from two directions, progressing southward from a baseline in Michigan and northward from one in Ohio. For unknown reasons, Surveyor General Tiffin ordered the two surveys to close on the Northwest Ordinance (Fulton) line, rather than Harris' line, perhaps lending implicit support to Michigan's claims over Ohio's. Thus, townships that were established north of the line assumed they were part of the Michigan Territory. By the early 1820s, the growing Michigan Territory reached the minimum population threshold of 60,000 to qualify for statehood. When it sought to hold a state constitutional convention in 1833, Congress rejected the request because of the still-disputed Toledo Strip.
Ohio asserted that the boundary was firmly established in its constitution and thus Michigan's citizens were simply intruders; the state government refused to negotiate the issue with them. The Ohio Congressional delegation was active in blocking Michigan from attaining statehood, lobbying other states to vote against it. In January 1835, frustrated by the political stalemate, Michigan's territorial governor Stevens T. Mason called for a constitutional convention to be held in May of that year, despite Congress' refusal to approve an enabling act authorizing one.In February 1835, Ohio passed legislation that set up county governments in the Strip. The county in which Toledo sat would, later in 1835, be named after incumbent Governor Robert Lucas, a move that further exacerbated the growing tensions with Michigan. Also, during this period, Ohio attempted to use its power in Congress to revive a previously rejected boundary bill that would formally set the state border to be the Harris Line.Michigan, led by the young and hot-headed Mason, responded with the passage of the Pains and Penalties Act just six days after Lucas County was formed; the act made it a criminal offense for Ohioans to carry out governmental actions in the Strip, under penalty of a fine up to $1,000 (equivalent to $28,000 in 2022), up to five years imprisonment at hard labor, or both. Acting as commander-in-chief of the territory, Mason appointed Brigadier General Joseph W. Brown of the Third U.S. Brigade to head the state militia, with the instructions to be ready to act against Ohio trespassers. Lucas obtained legislative approval for a militia of his own, and he soon sent forces to the Strip area. The Toledo War had begun.Former United States President John Quincy Adams, who at the time represented Massachusetts in Congress, backed Michigan's claim. In 1833, when Congress rejected Michigan's request for a convention, Adams summed up his opinion on the dispute: "Never in the course of my life have I known a controversy of which all the right was so clearly on one side and all the power so overwhelmingly on the other."
War
Acting as commander-in-chief of Ohio's militia, Governor Lucas—along with General John Bell and about 600 other fully armed militiamen—arrived in Perrysburg, Ohio, 10 miles (16 km) southwest of Toledo, on March 31, 1835. Shortly thereafter, Governor Mason and General Brown arrived to occupy the city of Toledo proper with around 1,000 armed men, intending to prevent Ohio advances into the Toledo area as well as stopping further border marking from taking place.
Presidential intervention
In a desperate attempt to prevent armed battle and to avert the resulting political crisis, U.S. President Andrew Jackson consulted his Attorney General, Benjamin Butler, for his legal opinion on the border dispute. At the time, Ohio was a growing political power in the Union, with 19 U.S. representatives and two senators. In contrast, Michigan, still a territory, had only a single non-voting delegate. Ohio was a crucial swing state in presidential elections, and it would have been devastating to the fledgling Democratic Party to lose its electoral votes. Jackson calculated that his party's best interest would be served by keeping the Toledo Strip as part of Ohio. However, Butler held that until Congress dictated otherwise, the land rightfully belonged to Michigan. This presented a political dilemma for Jackson that spurred him to take action that would greatly influence the outcome.
On April 3, 1835, Jackson sent two representatives from Washington, D.C. – Richard Rush of Pennsylvania and Benjamin Chew Howard of Maryland – to Toledo to arbitrate the conflict and present a compromise to both governments. The proposal, presented on April 7, recommended that a re-survey to mark the Harris Line commence without further interruption by Michigan, and that the residents of the affected region be allowed to choose their own state or territorial governments until Congress could definitively settle the matter.Lucas reluctantly agreed to the proposal and began to disband his militia, believing the debate to be settled. Three days later, elections in the region were held under Ohio law. Mason refused the deal and continued to prepare for possible armed conflict.During the elections, Ohio officials were harassed by Michigan authorities, and the area residents were threatened with arrest if they submitted to Ohio's authority. On April 8, 1835, the Monroe County, Michigan sheriff arrived at the home of Major Benjamin F. Stickney, an Ohio partisan. In the first contact between Michigan partisans and the Stickney family, the sheriff arrested two Ohioans under the Pains and Penalties Act on the basis that the men had voted in the Ohio elections.
Battle of Phillips Corners
After the election, Lucas believed that the commissioners' actions had alleviated the situation and once again sent out surveyors to mark the Harris Line. The project proceeded without serious incident until April 26, 1835, when the surveying group was attacked by 50 to 60 members of General Brown's militia in the Battle of Phillips Corners. As the only site of armed conflict, the battle's name is sometimes used as a synonym for the entire Toledo War.
Surveyors wrote to Lucas afterward that while observing "the blessings of the Sabbath", Michigan militia forces advised them to retreat. In the ensuing chase, "nine of our men, who did not leave the ground in time after being fired upon by the enemy, from thirty to fifty shots, were taken prisoners and carried away into Tecumseh, Michigan." While the details of the attack are disputed—Michigan claimed it fired no shots, only discharging a few musket rounds in the air as the Ohio group retreated—the battle further infuriated both Ohioans and Michiganders and brought the two sides to the brink of all-out war.
Bloodshed in 1835
In response to allegations that Michigan's militia fired upon Ohioans, Lucas called a special session of Ohio's legislature on June 8 to pass several more controversial acts, including the establishment of Toledo as the county seat of Lucas County, the establishment of a Court of Common Pleas in the city, a law to prevent the forcible abduction of Ohio citizens from the area, and a budget of $300,000 ($8.5 million in 2021) to implement the legislation. Michigan's territorial legislature responded with a budget appropriation of $315,000 to fund its militia.In May and June, Michigan drafted a state constitution, with provisions for a bicameral legislature, a supreme court, and other components of a functional state government. Congress was still not willing to allow Michigan's entry into the Union, and Jackson vowed to reject Michigan's statehood until the border issue and "war" were resolved.Lucas ordered his adjutant general, Samuel C. Andrews, to conduct a count of the militia, and was told that 10,000 volunteers were ready to fight. That news became exaggerated as it traveled north, and soon thereafter the Michigan territorial press dared the Ohio "million" to enter the Strip as they "welcomed them to hospitable graves".In June 1835, Lucas dispatched a delegation consisting of U.S. Attorney Noah Haynes Swayne, former Congressman William Allen, and David T. Disney to Washington D.C. to confer with Jackson. The delegation presented Ohio's case and urged Jackson to address the situation swiftly.Throughout mid-1835, both governments continued their practice of oneupmanship, and constant skirmishes and arrests occurred. Citizens of Monroe County joined in a posse to make arrests in Toledo. Partisans from Ohio, angered by the harassment, targeted the offenders with criminal prosecutions. Lawsuits were rampant and served as a basis for retaliatory lawsuits from the opposite side. Partisans of both sides organized spying parties to keep track of the sheriffs of Wood County, Ohio, and Monroe County, Michigan, who were entrusted with the security of the border.On July 15, Monroe County, Michigan, Deputy Sheriff Joseph Wood went into Toledo to arrest Major Benjamin Stickney, but when Stickney and his family resisted, the whole family was subdued and taken into custody. During the scuffle, the major's son Two Stickney stabbed Wood with a penknife and fled into Ohio. Wood's injuries were not life-threatening. When Lucas refused Mason's demand to extradite Two Stickney to Michigan for trial, Mason wrote to Jackson for help, suggesting that the matter be referred to the United States Supreme Court. At the time of the conflict it was not established that the Supreme Court could resolve state boundary disputes, and Jackson declined the request. Looking for peace, Lucas began making his own efforts to end the conflict, again through federal intervention via Ohio's congressional delegation.
In August 1835, at the strong urging of Ohio's members of Congress, Jackson removed Mason as Michigan's territorial governor and appointed John S. ("Little Jack") Horner in his stead. Before his replacement arrived, Mason ordered 1,000 Michigan militiamen to enter Toledo and prevent the symbolically important first session of the Ohio Court of Common Pleas. While the idea was popular with Michigan residents, the effort failed: the judges held a midnight court before quickly retreating south of the Maumee River, where Ohio forces were positioned.
Frostbitten Convention and the end of the Toledo War
Horner proved extremely unpopular as governor and his tenure was very short. Residents disliked him so much they burned him in effigy and pelted him with vegetables upon his entry into the territorial capital. In the October 1835 elections, voters approved the draft constitution and re-elected Mason governor. The same election saw Isaac E. Crary chosen as Michigan's first U.S. Representative to Congress. Because of the dispute Congress refused to accept his credentials and seated him as a non-voting delegate. The two U.S. Senators chosen by the state legislature in November, Lucius Lyon and John Norvell, were treated with even less respect, being allowed to sit only as spectators in the Senate gallery.
On June 15, 1836, Jackson signed a bill that allowed Michigan to become a state, but only after it ceded the Toledo Strip. In exchange for this concession, Michigan would be granted the western three-quarters of what is now known as the Upper Peninsula (the easternmost portion had already been included in the state boundaries). Because of the perceived worthlessness of the Upper Peninsula's remote wilderness, which was ill-suited for agriculture, a September 1836 special convention in Ann Arbor rejected the offer.As the year wore on, Michigan found itself deep in financial crisis, nearly bankrupt because of the high militia expenses. The government was spurred to action by the realization that a $400,000 surplus ($11 million in 2021) in the United States Treasury was about to be distributed to the 25 states but not to territorial governments; Michigan would have been ineligible to receive a share.
The "war" unofficially ended on December 14, 1836, at a second convention in Ann Arbor. Delegates passed a resolution to accept Congress's terms. The calling of the convention was itself controversial. It came about only because of an upswelling of private summonses, petitions, and public meetings. Since the legislature did not approve a call to convention, some said the convention was illegal. Whigs boycotted the convention. As a consequence, the resolution was ridiculed by many Michigan residents. Congress questioned the convention's legality, but accepted its results. Because of these factors, as well as a notable cold spell, the event became known as the Frostbitten Convention.On January 26, 1837, Michigan was admitted to the Union as the 26th state, without the Toledo Strip but with the entire Upper Peninsula.
Subsequent history
The Toledo strip became a permanent part of Ohio. The Upper Peninsula was considered a worthless wilderness by almost all familiar with the area, valuable only for timber and fur trapping. However, the discovery of copper in the Keweenaw Peninsula and iron in the Central Upper Peninsula in the 1840s led to a mining boom that lasted long into the 20th century. Michigan's loss of 1,100 square miles (2,800 km2) of agricultural land and the port of Toledo was offset by the gain of 9,000 square miles (23,000 km2) of timber and ore-rich land.Differences of opinion about the exact boundary location continued until a definitive re-survey was performed in 1915. Re-survey protocol ordinarily required the surveyors to follow the Harris line exactly, but in this case, the surveyors deviated from it in places. This was done to prevent certain residents near the border from being subject to changes in state residence and land owners from having parcels in both states. The 1915 survey was delineated by 71 granite markers, 12 inches (30 cm) wide by 18 inches (46 cm) high. Upon completion, the two states' governors, Woodbridge N. Ferris of Michigan and Frank B. Willis of Ohio, shook hands at the border.Traces of the original Ordinance Line can still be seen in northwestern Ohio and northern Indiana. The northernmost boundaries of Ottawa and Wood counties follow it, as well as many township boundaries in Fulton and Williams counties. Many old north–south roads are offset as they cross the line, forcing traffic to jog east while traveling north. The line is identified on United States Geological Survey topographical maps as the "South [Boundary] Michigan Survey", and on Lucas County and Fulton County road maps as "Old State Line Road".While the land border was firmly set in the early 20th century, the two states still disagreed on the path of the border to the east, in Lake Erie. In 1973, they finally obtained a hearing before the U.S. Supreme Court on their competing claims to the Lake Erie waters. In Michigan v. Ohio, the court upheld a special master's report and ruled that the boundary between the two states in Lake Erie was angled to the northeast, as described in Ohio's state constitution, and not a straight east–west line. One consequence of the decision was that Turtle Island, just outside Maumee Bay and originally treated as wholly in Michigan, was split between the two states.This decision was the last border adjustment, putting an end to years of debate. In modern times, although a general rivalry between Michiganders and Ohioans persists, overt conflict between the states is restricted primarily to the Michigan–Ohio State rivalry in American football and to a lesser degree to the rivalry between the Detroit Tigers and Cleveland Guardians in American League baseball; the Toledo War is sometimes cited as the origin of the animosity represented in today's rivalry.
See also
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
List of Michigan county name etymologies
Ohio Lands
Timeline of the Toledo Strip
References
Footnotes
Works cited
== Further reading == | Commons category | {
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The Toledo War (1835–36), also known as the Michigan–Ohio War or the Ohio–Michigan War, was a boundary dispute between the U.S. state of Ohio and the adjoining territory of Michigan over what is now known as the Toledo Strip. Control of the mouth of the Maumee River and the inland shipping opportunities it represented, and the good farmland to the west were seen by both parties as valuable economic assets.
Poor geographical understanding of the Great Lakes helped produce conflicting state and federal legislation between 1787 and 1805, and varying interpretations of the laws led the governments of Ohio and Michigan to both claim jurisdiction over a 468-square-mile (1,210 km2) region along their border. The situation came to a head when Michigan petitioned for statehood in 1835 and sought to include the disputed territory within its boundaries. Both sides passed legislation attempting to force the other side's capitulation, and Ohio's Governor Robert Lucas and Michigan's 24-year-old "Boy Governor" Stevens T. Mason helped institute criminal penalties for residents submitting to the other's authority. Both states deployed militias on opposite sides of the Maumee River near Toledo, but besides mutual taunting, there was little interaction between the two forces. The single military confrontation of the "war" ended with a report of shots being fired into the air, incurring no casualties. The only blood spilled was the non-fatal stabbing of a law enforcement officer.
During the summer of 1836, the United States Congress proposed a compromise whereby Michigan gave up its claim to the strip in exchange for its statehood and the remaining three-quarters of the Upper Peninsula. The northern region's mineral wealth later became an economic asset to Michigan, but at the time the compromise was considered a poor deal for the new state, and voters in a statehood convention in September soundly rejected it. But in December, facing a dire financial crisis and pressure from Congress and President Andrew Jackson, the Michigan government called another convention (called the "Frostbitten Convention"), which accepted the compromise, resolving the Toledo War.
Origins
In 1787, the Congress of the Confederation enacted the Northwest Ordinance, which created the Northwest Territory in what is now the upper Midwestern United States. The Ordinance specified that the territory was eventually to be divided into "not less than three nor more than five" future states. One of the boundaries between them was to be "an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan". When Congress passed the Enabling Act of 1802, which authorized Ohio to begin the process of becoming a U.S. state, the language defining Ohio's northern boundary elaborated on that, but was fundamentally the same: "an east and west line drawn through the southerly extreme of Lake Michigan, running east ... until it shall intersect Lake Erie or the territorial line [with British North America, now Canada], and thence with the same through Lake Erie to the Pennsylvania line aforesaid".
The most highly regarded map of the time, the "Mitchell Map", showed the southerly extreme of Lake Michigan at a latitude north of the mouth of the Detroit River, suggesting that an east–west line would not intersect with Lake Erie at all, until well across the international border. The framers of the 1802 Ohio Constitution therefore believed it was the intent of Congress that Ohio's northern boundary should certainly be north of the mouth of the Maumee River, and possibly even of the Detroit River. Ohio would thus be granted access to most or all of the Lake Erie shoreline west of Pennsylvania, and any other new states carved out of the Northwest Territory would have access to only Lakes Michigan, Huron, or Superior.However, the delegates allegedly received reports from a fur trapper that Lake Michigan extended significantly farther south than had previously been believed (or mapped). Thus, it was possible that an east–west line extending east from Lake Michigan's southern tip might intersect Lake Erie somewhere southeast of Maumee Bay, or worse, might not intersect the lake at all; the farther south that Lake Michigan actually extended, the more land Ohio would lose, conceivably even the entire Lake Erie shoreline west of Pennsylvania.
Addressing this contingency, the Ohio delegates included a provision in the draft Ohio constitution that if this report about Lake Michigan's position was correct, the state boundary line would be angled slightly northeast so as to intersect Lake Erie at the "most northerly cape of the Miami [Maumee] Bay". This provision would guarantee that most of the Maumee River watershed and the southern shore of Lake Erie west of Pennsylvania would fall in Ohio. The draft constitution with this proviso was accepted by the United States Congress, but before Ohio's admission to the Union in February 1803, the proposed constitution was referred to a Congressional committee. The committee's report stated that the clause defining the northern boundary depended on "a fact not yet ascertained" (the latitude of the southern extreme of Lake Michigan), and the members "thought it unnecessary to take it [the provision], at the time, into consideration."When Congress created the Michigan Territory in 1805, it used the Northwest Ordinance's language to define the territory's southern boundary, disregarding that provision in Ohio's state constitution. This difference, and its potential ramifications, apparently went unnoticed at the time, but it established the legal basis for the conflict that would erupt 30 years later.
Creation of the Toledo Strip
The location of the border was contested throughout the early 19th century. Residents of the Port of Miami—which would later become Toledo—urged the Ohio government to resolve the border issue. The Ohio legislature, in turn, passed repeated resolutions and requests asking Congress to take up the matter. In 1812, Congress approved a request for an official survey of the line. Delayed because of the War of 1812, it was only after Indiana's admission to the Union in 1816 that work on the survey commenced. At that time, the border between Michigan and Indiana was altered from the Northwest Ordinance boundary – over the protests of the Michigan Territory – moving it 10 miles (16 km) northward to give the new state substantial frontage on Lake Michigan.U.S. Surveyor General Edward Tiffin, who was in charge of the survey, was a former Ohio governor, and employed William Harris to survey not the Ordinance Line, but the line described in the Ohio Constitution of 1802. When completed, the "Harris Line" placed the mouth of the Maumee River completely in Ohio, as intended by the drafters of the state constitution. When the results of the survey were made public, Michigan territorial governor Lewis Cass objected, writing in a letter to Tiffin that the survey was biased to favor Ohio and "is only adding strength to the strong, and making the weak still weaker."
In response, Michigan commissioned a second survey that was carried out by John A. Fulton. The Fulton survey was based upon the original 1787 Ordinance Line, and after measuring the line eastward from Lake Michigan to Lake Erie, it found the Ohio boundary to lie just southeast of the mouth of the Maumee River. The region between the Harris and Fulton survey lines formed what is now known as the "Toledo Strip". This ribbon of land between northern Ohio and southern Michigan spanned a region five to eight miles (8 to 13 km) wide, over which both jurisdictions claimed sovereignty. While Ohio refused to cede its claim, Michigan quietly occupied it for the next several years, setting up local governments, building roads, and collecting taxes throughout the area.
Economic significance
The Toledo Strip was and still is a commercially important area. Prior to the rise of the railroad industry, rivers and canals were the major "highways of commerce" in the American Midwest. A small but important part of the Strip—the area around present-day Toledo and Maumee Bay—fell within the Great Black Swamp, and this area was nearly impossible to navigate by road, especially after spring and summer rains. Draining into Lake Erie, the Maumee River was not necessarily well-suited for large ships, but it did provide an easy connection to Indiana's Fort Wayne. At the time, there were plans to connect the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes through a series of canals. One such canal system approved by the Ohio legislature in 1825 was the Miami and Erie Canal that included a connection to the Ohio River and an outflow into Lake Erie via the Maumee River.During the conflict over the Toledo Strip, the Erie Canal was built, linking New York City and the Eastern seaboard to the Great Lakes at Buffalo. The canal finished in 1825, and immediately became a major route for trade and migration. Corn and other farm products (from the Midwest) could be shipped to eastern markets for much less expense than the older route along the Mississippi River. In addition, the migration of settlers to the Midwest increased sharply after the canal was finished, turning Buffalo and other port cities into boomtowns.The success of the Erie Canal inspired many other canal projects. Because the western end of Lake Erie offered the shortest overland route to the frontiers of Indiana and Illinois, Maumee Harbor was seen as a site of immediate importance and great value. Detroit was 20 miles (32 km) up the Detroit River from Lake Erie, and faced the difficult barrier of the Great Black Swamp to the south. Because of this, Detroit was less suited to new transportation projects such as canals, and later railroads, than was Toledo. From this perspective on the rapidly developing Midwest of the 1820s and 1830s, both states had much to gain by controlling the land in the Toledo Strip.In addition, the Strip west of the Toledo area is good for agriculture, because of its well-drained, fertile loam soil. The area had for many years produced large amounts of corn and wheat per acre. Michigan and Ohio both wanted what seemed strategically and economically destined to become an important port and prosperous farmland.
Prelude to conflict
In 1820–21, the federal land surveys had reached the disputed area from two directions, progressing southward from a baseline in Michigan and northward from one in Ohio. For unknown reasons, Surveyor General Tiffin ordered the two surveys to close on the Northwest Ordinance (Fulton) line, rather than Harris' line, perhaps lending implicit support to Michigan's claims over Ohio's. Thus, townships that were established north of the line assumed they were part of the Michigan Territory. By the early 1820s, the growing Michigan Territory reached the minimum population threshold of 60,000 to qualify for statehood. When it sought to hold a state constitutional convention in 1833, Congress rejected the request because of the still-disputed Toledo Strip.
Ohio asserted that the boundary was firmly established in its constitution and thus Michigan's citizens were simply intruders; the state government refused to negotiate the issue with them. The Ohio Congressional delegation was active in blocking Michigan from attaining statehood, lobbying other states to vote against it. In January 1835, frustrated by the political stalemate, Michigan's territorial governor Stevens T. Mason called for a constitutional convention to be held in May of that year, despite Congress' refusal to approve an enabling act authorizing one.In February 1835, Ohio passed legislation that set up county governments in the Strip. The county in which Toledo sat would, later in 1835, be named after incumbent Governor Robert Lucas, a move that further exacerbated the growing tensions with Michigan. Also, during this period, Ohio attempted to use its power in Congress to revive a previously rejected boundary bill that would formally set the state border to be the Harris Line.Michigan, led by the young and hot-headed Mason, responded with the passage of the Pains and Penalties Act just six days after Lucas County was formed; the act made it a criminal offense for Ohioans to carry out governmental actions in the Strip, under penalty of a fine up to $1,000 (equivalent to $28,000 in 2022), up to five years imprisonment at hard labor, or both. Acting as commander-in-chief of the territory, Mason appointed Brigadier General Joseph W. Brown of the Third U.S. Brigade to head the state militia, with the instructions to be ready to act against Ohio trespassers. Lucas obtained legislative approval for a militia of his own, and he soon sent forces to the Strip area. The Toledo War had begun.Former United States President John Quincy Adams, who at the time represented Massachusetts in Congress, backed Michigan's claim. In 1833, when Congress rejected Michigan's request for a convention, Adams summed up his opinion on the dispute: "Never in the course of my life have I known a controversy of which all the right was so clearly on one side and all the power so overwhelmingly on the other."
War
Acting as commander-in-chief of Ohio's militia, Governor Lucas—along with General John Bell and about 600 other fully armed militiamen—arrived in Perrysburg, Ohio, 10 miles (16 km) southwest of Toledo, on March 31, 1835. Shortly thereafter, Governor Mason and General Brown arrived to occupy the city of Toledo proper with around 1,000 armed men, intending to prevent Ohio advances into the Toledo area as well as stopping further border marking from taking place.
Presidential intervention
In a desperate attempt to prevent armed battle and to avert the resulting political crisis, U.S. President Andrew Jackson consulted his Attorney General, Benjamin Butler, for his legal opinion on the border dispute. At the time, Ohio was a growing political power in the Union, with 19 U.S. representatives and two senators. In contrast, Michigan, still a territory, had only a single non-voting delegate. Ohio was a crucial swing state in presidential elections, and it would have been devastating to the fledgling Democratic Party to lose its electoral votes. Jackson calculated that his party's best interest would be served by keeping the Toledo Strip as part of Ohio. However, Butler held that until Congress dictated otherwise, the land rightfully belonged to Michigan. This presented a political dilemma for Jackson that spurred him to take action that would greatly influence the outcome.
On April 3, 1835, Jackson sent two representatives from Washington, D.C. – Richard Rush of Pennsylvania and Benjamin Chew Howard of Maryland – to Toledo to arbitrate the conflict and present a compromise to both governments. The proposal, presented on April 7, recommended that a re-survey to mark the Harris Line commence without further interruption by Michigan, and that the residents of the affected region be allowed to choose their own state or territorial governments until Congress could definitively settle the matter.Lucas reluctantly agreed to the proposal and began to disband his militia, believing the debate to be settled. Three days later, elections in the region were held under Ohio law. Mason refused the deal and continued to prepare for possible armed conflict.During the elections, Ohio officials were harassed by Michigan authorities, and the area residents were threatened with arrest if they submitted to Ohio's authority. On April 8, 1835, the Monroe County, Michigan sheriff arrived at the home of Major Benjamin F. Stickney, an Ohio partisan. In the first contact between Michigan partisans and the Stickney family, the sheriff arrested two Ohioans under the Pains and Penalties Act on the basis that the men had voted in the Ohio elections.
Battle of Phillips Corners
After the election, Lucas believed that the commissioners' actions had alleviated the situation and once again sent out surveyors to mark the Harris Line. The project proceeded without serious incident until April 26, 1835, when the surveying group was attacked by 50 to 60 members of General Brown's militia in the Battle of Phillips Corners. As the only site of armed conflict, the battle's name is sometimes used as a synonym for the entire Toledo War.
Surveyors wrote to Lucas afterward that while observing "the blessings of the Sabbath", Michigan militia forces advised them to retreat. In the ensuing chase, "nine of our men, who did not leave the ground in time after being fired upon by the enemy, from thirty to fifty shots, were taken prisoners and carried away into Tecumseh, Michigan." While the details of the attack are disputed—Michigan claimed it fired no shots, only discharging a few musket rounds in the air as the Ohio group retreated—the battle further infuriated both Ohioans and Michiganders and brought the two sides to the brink of all-out war.
Bloodshed in 1835
In response to allegations that Michigan's militia fired upon Ohioans, Lucas called a special session of Ohio's legislature on June 8 to pass several more controversial acts, including the establishment of Toledo as the county seat of Lucas County, the establishment of a Court of Common Pleas in the city, a law to prevent the forcible abduction of Ohio citizens from the area, and a budget of $300,000 ($8.5 million in 2021) to implement the legislation. Michigan's territorial legislature responded with a budget appropriation of $315,000 to fund its militia.In May and June, Michigan drafted a state constitution, with provisions for a bicameral legislature, a supreme court, and other components of a functional state government. Congress was still not willing to allow Michigan's entry into the Union, and Jackson vowed to reject Michigan's statehood until the border issue and "war" were resolved.Lucas ordered his adjutant general, Samuel C. Andrews, to conduct a count of the militia, and was told that 10,000 volunteers were ready to fight. That news became exaggerated as it traveled north, and soon thereafter the Michigan territorial press dared the Ohio "million" to enter the Strip as they "welcomed them to hospitable graves".In June 1835, Lucas dispatched a delegation consisting of U.S. Attorney Noah Haynes Swayne, former Congressman William Allen, and David T. Disney to Washington D.C. to confer with Jackson. The delegation presented Ohio's case and urged Jackson to address the situation swiftly.Throughout mid-1835, both governments continued their practice of oneupmanship, and constant skirmishes and arrests occurred. Citizens of Monroe County joined in a posse to make arrests in Toledo. Partisans from Ohio, angered by the harassment, targeted the offenders with criminal prosecutions. Lawsuits were rampant and served as a basis for retaliatory lawsuits from the opposite side. Partisans of both sides organized spying parties to keep track of the sheriffs of Wood County, Ohio, and Monroe County, Michigan, who were entrusted with the security of the border.On July 15, Monroe County, Michigan, Deputy Sheriff Joseph Wood went into Toledo to arrest Major Benjamin Stickney, but when Stickney and his family resisted, the whole family was subdued and taken into custody. During the scuffle, the major's son Two Stickney stabbed Wood with a penknife and fled into Ohio. Wood's injuries were not life-threatening. When Lucas refused Mason's demand to extradite Two Stickney to Michigan for trial, Mason wrote to Jackson for help, suggesting that the matter be referred to the United States Supreme Court. At the time of the conflict it was not established that the Supreme Court could resolve state boundary disputes, and Jackson declined the request. Looking for peace, Lucas began making his own efforts to end the conflict, again through federal intervention via Ohio's congressional delegation.
In August 1835, at the strong urging of Ohio's members of Congress, Jackson removed Mason as Michigan's territorial governor and appointed John S. ("Little Jack") Horner in his stead. Before his replacement arrived, Mason ordered 1,000 Michigan militiamen to enter Toledo and prevent the symbolically important first session of the Ohio Court of Common Pleas. While the idea was popular with Michigan residents, the effort failed: the judges held a midnight court before quickly retreating south of the Maumee River, where Ohio forces were positioned.
Frostbitten Convention and the end of the Toledo War
Horner proved extremely unpopular as governor and his tenure was very short. Residents disliked him so much they burned him in effigy and pelted him with vegetables upon his entry into the territorial capital. In the October 1835 elections, voters approved the draft constitution and re-elected Mason governor. The same election saw Isaac E. Crary chosen as Michigan's first U.S. Representative to Congress. Because of the dispute Congress refused to accept his credentials and seated him as a non-voting delegate. The two U.S. Senators chosen by the state legislature in November, Lucius Lyon and John Norvell, were treated with even less respect, being allowed to sit only as spectators in the Senate gallery.
On June 15, 1836, Jackson signed a bill that allowed Michigan to become a state, but only after it ceded the Toledo Strip. In exchange for this concession, Michigan would be granted the western three-quarters of what is now known as the Upper Peninsula (the easternmost portion had already been included in the state boundaries). Because of the perceived worthlessness of the Upper Peninsula's remote wilderness, which was ill-suited for agriculture, a September 1836 special convention in Ann Arbor rejected the offer.As the year wore on, Michigan found itself deep in financial crisis, nearly bankrupt because of the high militia expenses. The government was spurred to action by the realization that a $400,000 surplus ($11 million in 2021) in the United States Treasury was about to be distributed to the 25 states but not to territorial governments; Michigan would have been ineligible to receive a share.
The "war" unofficially ended on December 14, 1836, at a second convention in Ann Arbor. Delegates passed a resolution to accept Congress's terms. The calling of the convention was itself controversial. It came about only because of an upswelling of private summonses, petitions, and public meetings. Since the legislature did not approve a call to convention, some said the convention was illegal. Whigs boycotted the convention. As a consequence, the resolution was ridiculed by many Michigan residents. Congress questioned the convention's legality, but accepted its results. Because of these factors, as well as a notable cold spell, the event became known as the Frostbitten Convention.On January 26, 1837, Michigan was admitted to the Union as the 26th state, without the Toledo Strip but with the entire Upper Peninsula.
Subsequent history
The Toledo strip became a permanent part of Ohio. The Upper Peninsula was considered a worthless wilderness by almost all familiar with the area, valuable only for timber and fur trapping. However, the discovery of copper in the Keweenaw Peninsula and iron in the Central Upper Peninsula in the 1840s led to a mining boom that lasted long into the 20th century. Michigan's loss of 1,100 square miles (2,800 km2) of agricultural land and the port of Toledo was offset by the gain of 9,000 square miles (23,000 km2) of timber and ore-rich land.Differences of opinion about the exact boundary location continued until a definitive re-survey was performed in 1915. Re-survey protocol ordinarily required the surveyors to follow the Harris line exactly, but in this case, the surveyors deviated from it in places. This was done to prevent certain residents near the border from being subject to changes in state residence and land owners from having parcels in both states. The 1915 survey was delineated by 71 granite markers, 12 inches (30 cm) wide by 18 inches (46 cm) high. Upon completion, the two states' governors, Woodbridge N. Ferris of Michigan and Frank B. Willis of Ohio, shook hands at the border.Traces of the original Ordinance Line can still be seen in northwestern Ohio and northern Indiana. The northernmost boundaries of Ottawa and Wood counties follow it, as well as many township boundaries in Fulton and Williams counties. Many old north–south roads are offset as they cross the line, forcing traffic to jog east while traveling north. The line is identified on United States Geological Survey topographical maps as the "South [Boundary] Michigan Survey", and on Lucas County and Fulton County road maps as "Old State Line Road".While the land border was firmly set in the early 20th century, the two states still disagreed on the path of the border to the east, in Lake Erie. In 1973, they finally obtained a hearing before the U.S. Supreme Court on their competing claims to the Lake Erie waters. In Michigan v. Ohio, the court upheld a special master's report and ruled that the boundary between the two states in Lake Erie was angled to the northeast, as described in Ohio's state constitution, and not a straight east–west line. One consequence of the decision was that Turtle Island, just outside Maumee Bay and originally treated as wholly in Michigan, was split between the two states.This decision was the last border adjustment, putting an end to years of debate. In modern times, although a general rivalry between Michiganders and Ohioans persists, overt conflict between the states is restricted primarily to the Michigan–Ohio State rivalry in American football and to a lesser degree to the rivalry between the Detroit Tigers and Cleveland Guardians in American League baseball; the Toledo War is sometimes cited as the origin of the animosity represented in today's rivalry.
See also
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
List of Michigan county name etymologies
Ohio Lands
Timeline of the Toledo Strip
References
Footnotes
Works cited
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The 2009 San Diego County Credit Union Poinsettia Bowl was the fifth edition of the college football bowl game and was played at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California. The game started at 5 PM US PST on Wednesday, December 23, 2009 on ESPN. The Utah Utes defeated the California Golden Bears by a score of 37–27 to win their ninth straight bowl game. The Bears lost their first bowl game since 2004, snapping a winning streak of four post-season victories.
Pre-game buildup
The Utes from the Mountain West Conference had won eight straight bowl appearances, including the last season's Sugar Bowl against Alabama. The Utes also faced their former offensive coordinator, Andy Ludwig, who had helped guide them the previous year to a 13–0 record and #2 ranking.
Cal played its third bowl game in San Diego in six years, having made two previous trips to the Holiday Bowl in 2004 and 2006. The Bears had not lost a bowl game since 2004. It was the seventh straight year that Cal head coach Jeff Tedford had guided Cal to a bowl appearance, the longest streak in school history. The game was Cal's first appearance in the Poinsettia Bowl, while Utah was playing in its second. The Utes defeated Navy by a score of 35–32 in the 2007 game. It was the seventh overall meeting between the two schools and their first in post-season. Cal held a 4–2 advantage in the series, the first game of which took place in 1920. The last matchup between them was in 2003, a game won by Utah 31–24.
Game summary
Cal wore their home navy blue jerseys and Utah wore their away white jerseys.
First quarter
Cal won the coin toss and elected to defer until the second half. The game started promisingly for the Bears, who were able to hold the Utes on their first two possessions. Midway through the first quarter, Cal scored first on a 36-yard run by Shane Vereen. The Bears quickly struck again when linebacker Eddie Young intercepted Jordan Wynn for a 30-yard touchdown return on the ensuing possession. From this point on however, the game belonged to the Utes. Utah's comeback began with a 61-yard kickoff return by Shaky Smithson that helped set up the first touchdown pass of the night for Wynn on a 6-yard strike to Kendrick Moeai.
Second quarter
Cal struggled offensively in the second quarter and could not get past midfield. Utah scored on all three of its possessions with a field goal, 15-yard touchdown reception by Moeai, and 21-yard touchdown reception by Jereme Brooks. The Utes led 24–14 at the half and had scored 24 unanswered points.
Third quarter
The second half saw the game seesaw back and forth defensively until Kevin Riley was sacked, resulting in a fumble which the Utes recovered late in the third quarter. Cal was able to hold Utah to a field goal and responded on the next possession by driving downfield, allowing Vereen to score his second touchdown of the night on a 1-yard run.
Fourth quarter
Utah put up the first points of the fourth quarter on a field goal, and Stevenson Sylvester intercepted Riley on a tipped pass that he was able to return for a 27-yard touchdown. Riley threw a second straight interception, but the defense was able to hold the Utes. The final score of the game came late in the quarter on a 24-yard touchdown reception by Jeremy Ross to make the score 37–27 Utah. Cal attempted a two-point conversion, which failed. An attempt at an onside kick was recovered by Utah, allowing Wynn to take three straight knees.
Scoring summary
Game notes
Utah's true freshman quarterback Jordan Wynn, who grew up less than an hour from San Diego, returned home and threw for a career-high 338 yards and three touchdowns on his way to being named the game's offensive MVP. Linebacker Stevenson Sylvester, who had an interception return for a touchdown, was the game's defensive MVP. Wide receiver David Reed set school records for catches (81) and receiving yards (1,188) in a season. Both records came on a 39-yard catch in the fourth quarter. The Utes scored 27 straight points to win their ninth straight bowl game, which tied them (with USC's 1923-1945 teams) for the second longest bowl winning streak in history. Shane Vereen, who scored twice, was the seventh Cal running back to gain more than 100 yards in a bowl, finishing with 122 yards on 20 carries. Vereen had been filling in for star running back Jahvid Best, who was sitting out his fourth straight game after sustaining a concussion on November 7.
The attendance of 32,665 was the second-lowest in the bowl's history.
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Uganda has competed in fifteen Commonwealth Games, from 1954.
Medallists
List of medallists
Overall medal tally
With 39 medals, Uganda ranked eighteenth as of 2008 in the all-time tally of medals.
References
External links
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Uganda has competed in fifteen Commonwealth Games, from 1954.
Medallists
List of medallists
Overall medal tally
With 39 medals, Uganda ranked eighteenth as of 2008 in the all-time tally of medals.
References
External links
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Wenceslao Carrillo Alonso-Forjador (9 October 1889 in Valladolid, Spain – 7 November 1963 in Charleroi, Belgium) was a prominent Spanish Socialist leader, father of Santiago Carrillo. He belonged to the "Caballerist" faction of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. He took in Casado's coup of March 1939.
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Wenceslao Carrillo Alonso-Forjador (9 October 1889 in Valladolid, Spain – 7 November 1963 in Charleroi, Belgium) was a prominent Spanish Socialist leader, father of Santiago Carrillo. He belonged to the "Caballerist" faction of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. He took in Casado's coup of March 1939.
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Wenceslao Carrillo Alonso-Forjador (9 October 1889 in Valladolid, Spain – 7 November 1963 in Charleroi, Belgium) was a prominent Spanish Socialist leader, father of Santiago Carrillo. He belonged to the "Caballerist" faction of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. He took in Casado's coup of March 1939.
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Wenceslao Carrillo Alonso-Forjador (9 October 1889 in Valladolid, Spain – 7 November 1963 in Charleroi, Belgium) was a prominent Spanish Socialist leader, father of Santiago Carrillo. He belonged to the "Caballerist" faction of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. He took in Casado's coup of March 1939.
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Wenceslao Carrillo Alonso-Forjador (9 October 1889 in Valladolid, Spain – 7 November 1963 in Charleroi, Belgium) was a prominent Spanish Socialist leader, father of Santiago Carrillo. He belonged to the "Caballerist" faction of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. He took in Casado's coup of March 1939.
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Wenceslao Carrillo Alonso-Forjador (9 October 1889 in Valladolid, Spain – 7 November 1963 in Charleroi, Belgium) was a prominent Spanish Socialist leader, father of Santiago Carrillo. He belonged to the "Caballerist" faction of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. He took in Casado's coup of March 1939.
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Wenceslao Carrillo Alonso-Forjador (9 October 1889 in Valladolid, Spain – 7 November 1963 in Charleroi, Belgium) was a prominent Spanish Socialist leader, father of Santiago Carrillo. He belonged to the "Caballerist" faction of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. He took in Casado's coup of March 1939.
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Wenceslao Carrillo Alonso-Forjador (9 October 1889 in Valladolid, Spain – 7 November 1963 in Charleroi, Belgium) was a prominent Spanish Socialist leader, father of Santiago Carrillo. He belonged to the "Caballerist" faction of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. He took in Casado's coup of March 1939.
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Wenceslao Carrillo Alonso-Forjador (9 October 1889 in Valladolid, Spain – 7 November 1963 in Charleroi, Belgium) was a prominent Spanish Socialist leader, father of Santiago Carrillo. He belonged to the "Caballerist" faction of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. He took in Casado's coup of March 1939.
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Guided Missile was a British, London-based, independent record label set up by Paul Kearney in 1994, and active until the early 2000s.
History
Guided Missile Records focused on releases by underground indie bands through the late 1990s.
A tribute record Orchestral Manoeuvres In The Darkness by Diff'rent Darkness charted at 66 on UK Official Charts Company chart in 2003.
Post history
Guided Missile continued to at least 2013 as an events promoter, at venues such as The Islington, The Lexington and, until closure, The Buffalo Bar.
Artists
Bis
Country Teasers
God Is My Co-Pilot
Kling Klang
Lungleg
The Male Nurse
The Yummy Fur
See also
List of record labels
References
External links
Discogs
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The Kwee family of Ciledug was an influential bureaucratic and business dynasty of the 'Cabang Atas' or the Chinese gentry of the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia). From the mid-nineteenth until the mid-twentieth century, they featured prominently in the colonial bureaucracy of Java as Chinese officers, and played an important role in the sugar industry. Like many in the Cabang Atas, they were pioneering, early adopters of European education and modernity in colonial Indonesia. During the Indonesian Revolution, they also hosted most of the negotiations leading to the Linggadjati Agreement of 1946.
Origin and rise
The family is descended from Kwee Giok San, a Chinese migrant who left his native Fujian in the 1820s for Nanyang – the 'South Sea' – before finally settling down around the 1840s in Ciledug, a small town in the Residency of Cirebon on the border of West Java and Central Java. By the mid-nineteenth century, Kwee had associated himself with the Cabang Atas through his wife, Oei Tjoen Nio, a probable sister-in-law of Tan Kim Lim, Kapitein der Chinezen (grandfather of Tan Tjin Kie, Majoor-titulair der Chinezen), whose family had served as Chinese officers since the start of the nineteenth century in Cirebon and Batavia, capital of the Indies. By the 1860s, Kwee had acquired his own sugar factory.Kwee's descendants through his two sons, Kwee Ban Hok and Kwee Boen Pien, continued the family's ascent. The youngest, Boen Pien, bought the important Djatipiring sugar factory, from its previous European owners in August 1873. In October 1874, Boen Pien was installed as Luitenant der Chinezen of the districts of Sindanglaut, Losari and Ciledug – the family's first Chinese officer. In 1884, Luitenant Kwee Boen Pien died in office and was succeeded in both his Chinese lieutenancy and Djatipiring by his second son, Kwee Keng Liem. That same year, Kwee Keng Eng, also part of the family's third generation through his father Kwee Ban Hok, was appointed Luitenant der Chinezen of Cirebon, serving under the city's Kapitein. The latter was, like his cousin, also the owner of an important sugar factory, that of Kalitandjoeng.In the fourth generation, Luitenant Kwee Keng Liem's eldest son Kwee Zwan Hong succeeded his father in 1908 as Luitenant of Sindanglaut, Losari and Ciledug, and was further elevated to the higher rank of Kapitein-titulair in 1924. Kapitein-titulair Kwee Zwan Hong was in office until 1934, when the institution of Chinese officers was abolished in Java, and was the last sitting Chinese officer in Cirebon. The Kapitein's half-brother, Kwee Zwan Lwan, won a seat on the Regency Council of Cirebon in 1925, and by the 1930s had succeeded his eldest brother as a de facto head and Chinese community leader of Cirebon.Like their ancestor Kwee Giok San, successive generations of his descendants contracted strategic marriages with other families of the Cabang Atas. The third generation typified this web of alliances: Luitenant Kwee Keng Eng was married to Tan Oen Tok Nio, Majoor-titulair Tan Tjin Kie's sister, while the former's cousin, Luitenant Kwee Keng Liem was married to the Majoor's cousin, Tjoa Swie Lan Nio. On his first wife's death, Luitenant Kwee Keng Liem then married the much younger and western-educated Tan Hok Nio, grandniece of Luitenant Tan Kong Hoa of Batavia and Luitenant Tan Yoe Hoa of Bekasi. In addition to Kapitein-titulair Kwee Zwan Hong from his first marriage, Luitenant Kwee Keng Liem had one daughter and three sons from his second marriage: Kwee Der Tjie, Kwee Zwan Lwan, Kwee Zwan Liang and Kwee Zwan Ho.In the fourth generation, Kapitein-titulair Kwee Zwan Hong married Lim Ke Tie Nio, daughter of Lim Goan Tjeng, Luitenant der Chinezen of Batavia, while his half-sister, Der Tjie, married Han Tiauw Bing, son of Kapitein Han Hoo Tjoan of the Pasuruan branch of the powerful Han family of Lasem. Their brothers, Zwan Lwan, Zwan Liang and Zwan Ho were married respectively to Jenny Be Kiam Nio, daughter of the bureaucrat and courtier Be Kwat Koen, Majoor-titulair der Chinezen of Surakarta; to Roos Liem Hwat Nio, heiress of a Surabaya family and grandniece of Luitenant Liem Bong Lien of Pasuruan; and to Betty Tan Ing Nio, granddaughter Tan Goan Piauw, Kapitein der Chinezen of Buitenzorg and Landheer (or landlord) of the vast Tegalwaroe domains.
Pioneers of modernity and an international outlook
Family members of the fourth and fifth generations who matured in the 1910s were 'agents of change' and 'carriers of modernity' in the words of the Dutch historian Peter Post, in particular the daughter and three sons of Luitenant Kwee Keng Liem's second marriage. The Luitenant and his wife employed European tutors and governesses to give their children a modern western education, and later sent some of them to board with European families in Batavia in order to attend the colonial capital's superior western-style educational institutions. Kwee women, like the men of the family, enjoyed a lot of freedom and embraced western-style modernity.Another example of their modern outlook to their peers was the family's enthusiastic adoption of car ownership. The first car in the Dutch East Indies belonged to the colony's premier native monarch, Pakubuwono X, Susuhunan of Surakarta, who bought a Mercedes Benz in 1894, thereby becoming the world's first car-owning monarch. A cousin of the Kwee family, Tan Gin Han, son of Majoor Tan Tjin Kie, bought a luxurious six-metre Fiat in 1914. Later that year, inspired by their cousin, the Kwee brothers bought a Lancia Theta Coloniale. By 1916, the family had four automobiles; and by the 1920s they had acquired two luxury cars: a Pierce-Arrow (also owned by the likes of Emperor Hirohito of Japan and Shah Reza Pahlavi of Iran) and a Marmon.In 1929, the Kwee family of Ciledug played host to King Rama VII of Siam at Djatipiring thanks to the intercession of their well-connected in-law, Majoor-titulair Be Kwat Koen of Surakarta, whose family had earlier hosted the monarch's father, King Chulalongkorn, in 1896. This visit gave the family much prestige, highlighting as it did their modern outlook and international connections.
Beyond sugar, revolution and exile
Due to the sugar crisis during the Great Depression, the Kwee brothers of the fourth generation sold Djatipiring in 1931. Kwee Zwan Liang moved to Bandung, capital of West Java, while his other brothers, Kapitein-titulair Kwee Zwan Hong, Kwee Zwan Lwan and Kwee Zwan Ho moved to Linggadjati, a fashionable hill station outside Cirebon, where they built their villas. The Kwee family compound and garden in Linggadjati became a well-known attraction of West Java all through the 1930s; and the family often hosted visiting dignitaries.During the Indonesian Revolution (1945—1949), the Kwee family befriended their neighbor in Linggadjati, Sutan Sjahrir, the first Prime Minister of Indonesia, and offered their compound as a venue for Dutch-Indonesian peace negotiations. Linggadjati had the benefit of being located halfway between the headquarters of the two warring factions: Batavia, where the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration had reestablished itself on the one hand; and Yogyakarta, where the revolutionary government was based on the other hand. It was, thus, at the family compound that the historically momentous Linggadjati Agreement of 15 November 1946 was negotiated.With the increasing radicalization of newly independent Indonesia under Sukarno's revolutionary government in the 1950s, members of the Kwee family of Ciledug began leaving Indonesia for the Netherlands, where most of them reside today.
See also
Tan Tjin Kie, Majoor-titulair der Chinezen, a high-ranking bureaucrat and cousin
Cabang Atas
The Tan family of Cirebon
Linggadjati Agreement
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Gorgonocephalidae is a family of basket stars. They have characteristic many-branched arms.
Gorgonocephalidae are the largest ophiuroids (Gorgonocephalus stimpsoni can measure up to 70 cm in arm length with a disk diameter of 14 cm).
Systematics and phylogeny
The family is divided into the following genera:
Fossil record of Gorgonocephalidae dates back to Miocene.
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Gorgonocephalidae is a family of basket stars. They have characteristic many-branched arms.
Gorgonocephalidae are the largest ophiuroids (Gorgonocephalus stimpsoni can measure up to 70 cm in arm length with a disk diameter of 14 cm).
Systematics and phylogeny
The family is divided into the following genera:
Fossil record of Gorgonocephalidae dates back to Miocene.
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Gorgonocephalidae is a family of basket stars. They have characteristic many-branched arms.
Gorgonocephalidae are the largest ophiuroids (Gorgonocephalus stimpsoni can measure up to 70 cm in arm length with a disk diameter of 14 cm).
Systematics and phylogeny
The family is divided into the following genera:
Fossil record of Gorgonocephalidae dates back to Miocene.
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Gorgonocephalidae is a family of basket stars. They have characteristic many-branched arms.
Gorgonocephalidae are the largest ophiuroids (Gorgonocephalus stimpsoni can measure up to 70 cm in arm length with a disk diameter of 14 cm).
Systematics and phylogeny
The family is divided into the following genera:
Fossil record of Gorgonocephalidae dates back to Miocene.
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Gorgonocephalidae is a family of basket stars. They have characteristic many-branched arms.
Gorgonocephalidae are the largest ophiuroids (Gorgonocephalus stimpsoni can measure up to 70 cm in arm length with a disk diameter of 14 cm).
Systematics and phylogeny
The family is divided into the following genera:
Fossil record of Gorgonocephalidae dates back to Miocene.
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Gorgonocephalidae is a family of basket stars. They have characteristic many-branched arms.
Gorgonocephalidae are the largest ophiuroids (Gorgonocephalus stimpsoni can measure up to 70 cm in arm length with a disk diameter of 14 cm).
Systematics and phylogeny
The family is divided into the following genera:
Fossil record of Gorgonocephalidae dates back to Miocene.
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]
} |
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