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Montgomery Blair High School (MBHS) is a public high school in Four Corners, Maryland, United States, operated by Montgomery County Public Schools. Its enrollment of 3,600 makes it the largest school in Montgomery County and in the state.The school is named for Montgomery Blair, a lawyer who represented Dred Scott in his Supreme Court case and later served as Postmaster General under President Abraham Lincoln. Opened in 1925 as Takoma Park–Silver Spring High School, the school changed its name in 1935 when it moved to 313 Wayne Avenue overlooking Sligo Creek in Silver Spring. In 1998, the school moved two miles (3 km) north to the Kay Tract, a long-vacant site just north of the Capital Beltway.
About 20% of the student body is part of one of two magnet programs: the Science, Math, and Computer Science Magnet, and the Communication Arts Program (CAP), which draw students from the Silver Spring area and across Montgomery County. The school is a member of the National Consortium for Specialized Secondary Schools of Mathematics, Science and Technology (NCSSSMST).
The school sat in the Silver Spring census-designated place until the Four Corners CDP was created after the 2010 U.S. Census.
History
Philadelphia–Chicago campus era (1925–1935)
The school opened in 1925 as Takoma–Silver Spring High School with 86 students. The 3.8-acre (15,000 m2) campus sat at the corner of Philadelphia Avenue and Chicago Avenue in suburban Takoma Park, Maryland.
By the end of the 1920s, the school had added a junior high school (8th and 9th grades) to its senior high school (10th through 12th grades). Growing along with the communities of Silver Spring and Takoma Park, it eventually encompassed kindergarten to 12th grade. By 1934, the school was over-capacity with 450 students, and so, in 1935, the 10th, 11th, and 12 grades moved to a new high school named Montgomery Blair Senior High School. For a time, students, teachers, and administrators commuted between the two campuses. The annual yearbook, Silverlogue, was created around this time.
Wayne Avenue campus era (1935–1998)
When Montgomery Blair High School's 23.5-acre (95,000 m2) Wayne Avenue campus opened in March 1935, it was the sixth high school in Montgomery County, and the first in the lower county. One of several Montgomery County schools designed during that period by Howard Wright Cutler, the facility then consisted only of the C building, overlooking Sligo Creek. In 1936, the Auxiliary Gymnasium was added, followed by the B building in 1940, and the D building in 1942. MBHS's first football team was founded in 1944, and the War Memorial Stadium opened in 1947. In 1950, the A building was constructed, containing the Blair Library/Media Center. With the addition of the Main Gymnasium/Fieldhouse in 1954, MBHS possessed one of the finest basketball and football facilities in the county. The E building was added in 1959 as an administrative section, followed by the 1969 opening of the 1200-seat auditorium, named for long-time teacher and librarian Elizabeth Stickley. The most recent addition was the automotive shop building in 1973.During World War II, students from the University of Maryland taught several classes, and in some cases, able senior students taught sophomore classes. The Blair Library created the "Senior Corner" to honor those who died in war. Life magazine featured the school's Victory Corps close order drill team. Before to the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education, Blair was an all-white school. In 1955, the school began to integrate along with the rest of Montgomery County.With Silver Spring's growth, Blair's enrollment jumped from 600 students in 1946, to 1900 by 1956, peaking at 2900 in 1965 before being reduced from 1700 to 1400 after re-zoning in 1982. Enrollment was around 1,800 when the Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program brought 80 new students in the fall of 1985. The Communication Arts Program (CAP) followed in 1987, founded by Alicia Coleman, brought 75 new students. Overcrowding became an issue for Montgomery Blair High School, as portable buildings covered what was once open land and enrollment exceeded the building's capacity of 2,000. In 1994, it was decided that the school should move to an empty tract of land 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the north. Construction began on the Kay Tract in the mid-nineties and the Four Corners campus opened in the fall of 1998. After the move, Blair's Wayne Avenue campus was converted into an elementary and middle school; currently Sligo Creek Elementary School and Silver Spring International Middle School each take up half the campus. The Elizabeth Stickley Auditorium was not included in the conversion plans, and has remained closed and deteriorating since 1997. Several local politicians and leaders, including former Maryland state senator Ida Ruben, current U.S. representative Jamie Raskin and former U.S. Senator Barbara Mikulski, have endorsed projects to restore the auditorium to its former condition.
Four Corners campus era (1998–present)
Montgomery Blair High School remained at the Wayne Avenue campus for over six decades until its 1998 move to the current Four Corners campus at the intersection of University Boulevard, Colesville Road, and the Capital Beltway. When it opened, the new facilities were the largest in the county, spanning a 42-acre (170,000 m2) region, which was nearly twice as large as the old Wayne Avenue site. During the early to mid-2000s, the school population spiked to 3,400 students, rivaling that of some community colleges. Although enrollment has since receded to about 2,900 students, the school still has the largest student population in the county. 2008 brough interactive digital Promethean boards to many classrooms.
Notable events
In April 1992, Montgomery Blair High School was the first high school in the nation to initiate and sponsor a display of the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt. More than 5,000 children, their families, teachers and friends came to see the Quilt.
It has been a popular stop for many politicians because of the school's diversity, strong academic programs, and proximity to the nation's capital. On February 5, 1998, President Bill Clinton and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair stopped at Montgomery Blair High School during a state visit.On March 7, 2003, United States Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge and Secretary of Education Rod Paige visited Blair.On June 23, 2005, President George W. Bush visited the school to discuss his plan to partially privatize Social Security. Students were not permitted to attend. Despite the last-minute announcement of the visit, about 400 community members, students and union members showed up to question Bush's proposed policies and the fact that this town hall-style meeting was not open to the general public. The police tried to move the demonstration to a park more than a block away, but protesters pointed out that there was no reason they couldn't continue their peaceful protest on the public sidewalk outside the fence around the school.During the 2010–2011 school year, NBA Hall of Famer Kareem Abdul-Jabbar spoke to a packed auditorium of students about his upcoming film and his life. Abdul-Jabbar then spoke privately with both the varsity and junior varsity basketball teams before posing for photos and signing a few autographs.On June 1, 2016, Secretary of State John Kerry visited Blair to discuss ocean conservation.On February 26, 2018, U.S. Congressmen Jamie Raskin and Ted Deutch brought survivors of the Parkland high school shooting to Blair to meet with Blair students.
Campus
The current campus of Montgomery Blair High School covers 42 acres between the Capital Beltway, U.S. Route 29, and Maryland Route 193 in Silver Spring's Four Corners neighborhood. The school contains 386,567 sq ft (35,913.2 m2) of space and was originally designed for 2,830 students. Eight years after its completion, the school was more than 500 students over capacity, with a population of about 3,400. At one point, the school had eight auxiliary portable classrooms. Enrollment decreased slightly due to the opening of other schools and the creation of the Downcounty Consortium. Two portables were removed at the beginning of the 2006–2007 school year,and all were gone by April 2010, when enrollment was 2,788. Blair remains the county's largest school.
The school has baseball and softball fields to the east of the main building as well as Blazer Stadium which serves as the home of the school's football, soccer, field hockey, and lacrosse teams. There are three courtyards located throughout the main building. A greenhouse and accompanying patio is located on the second floor on the west side of the main building for the use of horticulture classes. The school building contains a 750-seat auditorium. The main hallway of the school, 'Blair Boulevard" displays flags from many countries, representing its extremely diverse student body.
In the school year of 2017–2018, Montgomery County Public School's Department of Facilities Management added four new portables to the school's campus, due to the large spike in enrollment. In 2022, Blair is expected to undergo construction for a new gym, a larger Student Activity Center and 18 new classrooms.
Academics
In 2021, MBHS was ranked 49th within Maryland and 2269th nationally by U.S. News & World Report. The school has an Honors Program and an Advanced Placement Program. The school is one of the few US high schools to have a .edu domain name, with its internet connection having gone live in the late 1980s. MBHS is home to two separately-run student news publications: Silver Chips is the school's print newspaper that is self-funded, and Silver Chips Online is an exclusively online publication which received the National Scholastic Press Association Online Pacemaker Award in 2004, 2005 and 2006. The editors-in-chief of Silver Chips for the 2020-2021 school year are Oliver Goldman, Tony González, Renata Muñoz, and Anika Seth. Blair is also home to Silver Quill, a literary arts magazine. Silver Quill is distributed with the school yearbook at the end of the school year.
Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program
In 1985, Montgomery County Public Schools opened its first Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program at Blair. At the time, Blair had the highest minority population among the high schools in the county and the lowest standardized test scores. The school board conducted a survey to decide that a specialized science magnet program would attract high-achieving white and Asian students to Blair. Although there was criticism of the program from some parents and students, the leaders of the PTA and the principal supported the program, noting that by 1989 more families were staying in the neighborhood to attend Blair and fewer students were seeking to transfer out. In 1993, the Superintendent of Montgomery County Public Schools told the New York Times: "I have never seen a high school's image turn around so quickly."Since its inception, the Magnet has offered accelerated, interdisciplinary courses in science, mathematics, and computer science. The Magnet offers dozens of electives, including Quantum Physics, Complex Analysis, Thermodynamics, Discrete Mathematics, Marine Biology, 3D Computer Graphics, Artificial Intelligence, Origins of Science, and Organic Chemistry as of 2022. Qualified students who are not in the program can and do enroll in its elective courses. In their senior year, Magnet students complete research projects to enter into the Science Talent Search, in which the program has a long history of success. In 2017, the Magnet had a mean SAT score of 1531 and a mean composite ACT score of 35, both of which are higher than any high school in the nation overall.The Blair Magnet is open to students from the southern and eastern areas of Montgomery County, who are selected through a competitive application and testing process (a program at Poolesville High School provides a similar curriculum for students in the northern and western areas of the county).The Magnet program has been criticized for being overwhelmingly white and Asian, enrolling few black and Hispanic students. The Magnet was threatened with proposed budget cuts in 2008, but after student protests, the most severe cuts were repealed. In 2018, a retired Magnet teacher was accused of sexual harassment by many former students.
Communication Arts Program
The Communication Arts Program (CAP) at was established at Blair soon after the Magnet, in 1988. It strives to provide a comprehensive educational approach to the humanities by offering accelerated, interdisciplinary courses in English, social studies, and media for participating students. CAP is open to students in the Downcounty Consortium and admission is competitive by application and testing.CAP offers courses in drama, photography, video production, history, government, English literature, writing composition, journalism and research. The number of CAP classes decreases by year, until students only complete one CAP class in 12th grade. The curriculum frequently builds off of existing Advanced Placement courses but uses the program's resources to add interdisciplinary experiences, such as a simulated presidential election that occurs over the course of a week at end of 10th grade, in which some students serve as candidates and others as campaign staff and reporters. CAP students also maintain portfolios of their work throughout the four years, which must include independent and service-based projects done outside of school. In 12th grade, they must successfully defend the portfolio's contents to a faculty committee in order to complete the program and graduate with a CAP Diploma.
English Department
In addition to offering standard English courses, the English Department also offers AP courses in Language and Literature, as well as studies in dramatics, journalism, and theater.
Fine Arts Department
The Fine Arts Department consists of two sub-departments of Music and Visual Arts. The Music Department includes instrumental music, choral music, and general music. Each year the department hosts a fine arts festival, in which students showcase their artistic talent.
Instrumental Music Department
MBHS's Instrumental Music Department consists of three orchestras, three bands, and two jazz bands. The orchestras are the Chamber Orchestra (Honors), Symphonic Orchestra, and Concert Orchestra. The bands include Wind Ensemble (Honors), Symphonic Band, and Concert Band. The jazz ensembles are Advanced Jazz Ensemble (Honors), and Jazz Lab Band. In addition, the music program also contains a marching band and a theatrical pit orchestra, as well as an audio library and a professional recording studio.
In 2014, MBHS's Chamber Orchestra hosted British Composer Paul Lewis as a Composer-in-Residence funded by the Wolf Trap Foundation. Students played the world premiere of a 5-movement piece called "Salute the Silents".
Choral Music Department
The Choral Music Department consists of Chorus, Show Choir, Chamber Choir (Honors), a Cabaret, and InToneNation, an a cappella group.
General Music Department
The General Music Department offers studies in music history, technology, business, composition, and theory. There are also courses offered in solo and ensemble techniques for piano and guitar playing.
Visual Arts Department
MBHS's Visual Arts Department offers studies in art & culture, ceramics & sculpture, digital art, photography, and studio art.
Foreign Language Department
The Foreign Language Department offers classes up to AP-level in Spanish, French, and Latin, and up to honors-level in Japanese and Arabic. It has recently added American Sign Language (ASL), which offer classes up to ASL 3.
Mathematics Department
The Mathematics Department offers a variety of honors- and AP-level courses, including: Algebra 1, Geometry, Algebra II, Precalculus, Calculus, Statistics, and Business Mathematics.
Science Department
The Science Department contains sub-departments in the core sciences of Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Earth Science.
Social Studies Department
MBHS's Social Studies Department offers honors and AP-level U.S. History, American Government and Politics, and World History, the department also offers elective courses such as African American History, Latin American History, European History, Middle East History, Comparative Government, Comparative religion, Cultural Anthropology, Administration of Justice, International Human Rights, Peace Studies Seminar, Economics, and Psychology. It was also the first in the region to offer courses in Women's Studies and the History of Hip-Hop.
Athletics
The student athletics program currently offers 23 different varsity and 8 junior varsity sports, with a total of 42 teams:
* indicates a sport for which there is also a junior varsity team.
^ indicates a sport that is not officially sanctioned by the school and is thus considered a club team.
Student activities and traditions
MBHS has over 95 teams or clubs, some of which are entirely student-run, including the Blair Radio Station, "Blazer Pride" Marching Band, Debate Team, and Jewish Culture Club and Philosophy Club.
Popular activities include: Knowledge Master Open, American Computer Science League, Envirothon, Science Bowl, Ocean Science Bowl, Doodle4Google, and Youth and Government.
Computer team
Montgomery Blair's computer team specializes in advanced computer science topics and programming algorithms which extend the classroom curriculum. Upperclassmen students teach new and complex algorithms, data structures, and programming techniques, including Dijkstra's shortest-path algorithm, dynamic programming, and greedy algorithms. The team also delves into other miscellaneous theoretical computer science topics including turing machines, nondeterministic polynomial time, random number generation, assembly language, lambda calculus, and relational databases. The Computer Team participates in the (ACSL), University of Pennsylvania Programming Contest, Loyola Programming Contest, University of Maryland Programming Contest, and the United States of America Computing Olympiad (USACO). The Computer Team won the ACSL All-Star Competition Senior Division in 1991, 1993, 2001, 2003, 2009, 2011 and 2013.
Robotics team
MBHS has an active FIRST Robotics Competition team, Team 449, nicknamed "The Blair Robot Project", inspired from the film The Blair Witch Project. The team was founded in 2000, and has competed in every year since except 2005.
Puzzlepalooza
MBHS has a puzzle tournament known as Puzzlepalooza. Puzzlepalooza has been self-proclaimed as "America's premier high school puzzle tournament." The tournament first began in 2010 and had taken place each May until 2020, when the tournament was canceled due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The tournament resumed for May 2022 after a two year hiatus. During a four-day period, teams have 12 hours to complete multiple-leveled puzzles. This puzzles produce a phrase that will be used in the final puzzle, which is the main goal of Puzzlepalooza. Completing this final puzzle results in prizes for the team that solves it. There are also many other prizes available for the teams such as the Spirit Award or the Iron Puzzler Award.
Science bowl
MBHS has an active science bowl team, consistently doing well in the Maryland Science Bowl and winning the National Science Bowl in 1999 and 2016. Blair won the National Ocean Sciences Bowl in 2018.
Quiz bowl
MBHS has an active quiz bowl team that competes in the local It's Academic competition. Blair won the It's Academic Super Bowl in 1995, 2017, and 2018.
BlackCAP
Established in 2016, BlackCAP is a student-run movement dedicated to helping students of color be accepted to and achieve in Montgomery County Public School application programs. BlackCAP was spearheaded by Alix Swann, Jaya Hinton, and Marley Majette (Class of 2018) and is sponsored by Mr. Kenneth Smith. BlackCAP has several components including a safe space for students of color in magnet programs and mentoring programs at Parkland Middle School and Silver Spring International Middle School.
History bowl
The Montgomery Blair History Bowl team won the 2020 National History Bowl Junior Varsity Championship. with team members Martin Brandenburg, Albert Ho, Jason Liu, and Leela Mehta-Harwitz.
Notable alumni
Blair has had many notable alumni in public service, the entertainment industry, sports, media, business, and academics.
Politics and public service
Tyras S. Athey, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates and Secretary of State of Maryland.
William A. Bronrott, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Robin Ficker, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Stan Greenberg, Democratic Party pollster and political strategist, known for his work on Bill Clinton’s Presidential campaign.
Thomas R. Norris, U.S. Navy SEAL who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Vietnam War.
William Addams Reitwiesner, genealogist and Library of Congress employee.
Craig L. Rice, former Montgomery County Councilmember and member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Jeff Waldstreicher, member of the Maryland Senate.
Christopher Williams, NASA astronaut candidate
Arts and entertainment
Cynthia Addai-Robinson, actress appearing in TV series Arrow, Spartacus, and Shooter.
Tyrone Giordano, film and stage actor, known for his lead role in Big River.
Eric Glover, writer for TV series Tom Swift and author of graphic novel Black Star.
Goldie Hawn, Oscar-winning actress in Hollywood movies including Cactus Flower, Private Benjamin, and The First Wives Club.
Ron Holloway, jazz saxophonist.
Eric Hutchinson, singer-songwriter known for his songs "Rock & Roll" and "Watching You Watch Him".
Rosamond S. King, poet and literary theorist.
Joshua Oppenheimer (finished high school in New Mexico), filmmaker of Oscar-nominated films The Act of Killing and The Look of Silence.
Chuck Redd, jazz percussionist.
Nora Roberts, bestselling romance novelist.
Sylvester Stallone, American actor, screenwriter, and film director (attended for short time before moving to Philadelphia).
Ben Stein, economist, actor, commentator, speech writer for U.S. President Richard Nixon.
Rebecca Sugar (traveled to Albert Einstein High School for Visual Art Center Program), artist, composer, and director, created the Cartoon Network series Steven Universe.
Lisa Ann Walter, actress and comedian, known for her roles in The Parent Trap and Abbott Elementary.
Sports and games
Steve Barber, baseball player for the Baltimore Orioles.
Tom Brown, baseball player for the Washington Senators and football player for the Green Bay Packers.
Dominique Dawes (finished high school in Gaithersburg), Olympic gymnast.
Steve Francis (completed GED), basketball player for the Maryland Terrapins and Houston Rockets.
Kelli Hill, coach of USA Women's Gymnastics Teams.
Wei-Hwa Huang, four-time World Puzzle Champion.
Sonny Jackson, baseball player for the Houston Colt .45's/Houston Astros and Atlanta Braves; the first black athlete at Blair.
Johnny Klippstein, baseball player for the Chicago Cubs, Minnesota Twins, and several other Major League Baseball teams, including the 1959 World Series champion Los Angeles Dodgers.
Jake Rozhansky, American-Israeli soccer player for Maryland Terrapins and Israel's Liga Leumit.
Visanthe Shiancoe, football player for the Minnesota Vikings.
Charlene Thomas-Swinson, college basketball player (Auburn) and coach (LSU).
Willis Wilson, former head men's basketball coach at Rice University.
Bob Windsor, football player for the San Francisco 49ers and New England Patriots.
David Vanterpool, basketball player for the Washington Wizards and assistant coach for Portland Trail Blazers.
Morgan Wootten, high school basketball coach for DeMatha.
Journalism and media
Erik Agard, crossword puzzle editor for USA Today.
Carl Bernstein, journalist and author known for breaking the Watergate scandal for The Washington Post.
Kiran Chetry, journalist and television news anchor for Fox News and CNN.
Connie Chung, journalist and television news anchor, known for co-hosting CBS Evening News.
Jon Fortt, CNBC anchor
Emily Gould, author and former co-editor of Gawker.
Rick Leventhal, broadcast journalist, Former Senior Correspondent for Fox News Channel.
Tom Marr, former Baltimore Orioles radio broadcaster, longtime radio talk show host on Baltimore's WCBM(680-AM).
Donna Richardson, fitness and aerobics instructor, author and ESPN commentator.
Inga Rundvold, broadcast reporter for WRC-TV
Eric Shansby, cartoonist for The Washington Post.
Daniel Zwerdling, journalist for NPR.
Business
Matias Duarte, Google Vice-President of Design.
Shervin Pishevar, entrepreneur and venture capitalist, known for co-founding Hyperoffice and Hyperloop One.
Chris T. Sullivan, co-founder of Outback Steakhouse.
Patrick Y. Lee, co-founder and CEO of Rotten Tomatoes.
Academics
Maneesh Agrawala, Professor of Computer Science at Stanford, Winner of 2009 MacArthur Fellowship.
Malcolm Beasley, Professor of Applied Physics at Stanford, former President of the American Physical Society.
Alexander Berg, Associate Professor of Computer Science at UC Irvine and computer-vision researcher at Meta AI.
Jonah Berger, bestselling author and marketing professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
Lorrie Cranor, Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University, former Chief Technologist of the Federal Trade Commission.
Samit Dasgupta, Professor of Mathematics at Duke University.
Jacob Lurie, Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University, winner of MacArthur Fellowship and Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics.
Stephen Vladeck, Professor of Law at the University of Texas, expert on the prosecution of war crimes.
Joshua Weitz, Professor of Biology at Georgia Tech, AAAS Fellow.
References
External links
Montgomery Blair High School
Statistics about Montgomery Blair High School
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Montgomery Blair High School (MBHS) is a public high school in Four Corners, Maryland, United States, operated by Montgomery County Public Schools. Its enrollment of 3,600 makes it the largest school in Montgomery County and in the state.The school is named for Montgomery Blair, a lawyer who represented Dred Scott in his Supreme Court case and later served as Postmaster General under President Abraham Lincoln. Opened in 1925 as Takoma Park–Silver Spring High School, the school changed its name in 1935 when it moved to 313 Wayne Avenue overlooking Sligo Creek in Silver Spring. In 1998, the school moved two miles (3 km) north to the Kay Tract, a long-vacant site just north of the Capital Beltway.
About 20% of the student body is part of one of two magnet programs: the Science, Math, and Computer Science Magnet, and the Communication Arts Program (CAP), which draw students from the Silver Spring area and across Montgomery County. The school is a member of the National Consortium for Specialized Secondary Schools of Mathematics, Science and Technology (NCSSSMST).
The school sat in the Silver Spring census-designated place until the Four Corners CDP was created after the 2010 U.S. Census.
History
Philadelphia–Chicago campus era (1925–1935)
The school opened in 1925 as Takoma–Silver Spring High School with 86 students. The 3.8-acre (15,000 m2) campus sat at the corner of Philadelphia Avenue and Chicago Avenue in suburban Takoma Park, Maryland.
By the end of the 1920s, the school had added a junior high school (8th and 9th grades) to its senior high school (10th through 12th grades). Growing along with the communities of Silver Spring and Takoma Park, it eventually encompassed kindergarten to 12th grade. By 1934, the school was over-capacity with 450 students, and so, in 1935, the 10th, 11th, and 12 grades moved to a new high school named Montgomery Blair Senior High School. For a time, students, teachers, and administrators commuted between the two campuses. The annual yearbook, Silverlogue, was created around this time.
Wayne Avenue campus era (1935–1998)
When Montgomery Blair High School's 23.5-acre (95,000 m2) Wayne Avenue campus opened in March 1935, it was the sixth high school in Montgomery County, and the first in the lower county. One of several Montgomery County schools designed during that period by Howard Wright Cutler, the facility then consisted only of the C building, overlooking Sligo Creek. In 1936, the Auxiliary Gymnasium was added, followed by the B building in 1940, and the D building in 1942. MBHS's first football team was founded in 1944, and the War Memorial Stadium opened in 1947. In 1950, the A building was constructed, containing the Blair Library/Media Center. With the addition of the Main Gymnasium/Fieldhouse in 1954, MBHS possessed one of the finest basketball and football facilities in the county. The E building was added in 1959 as an administrative section, followed by the 1969 opening of the 1200-seat auditorium, named for long-time teacher and librarian Elizabeth Stickley. The most recent addition was the automotive shop building in 1973.During World War II, students from the University of Maryland taught several classes, and in some cases, able senior students taught sophomore classes. The Blair Library created the "Senior Corner" to honor those who died in war. Life magazine featured the school's Victory Corps close order drill team. Before to the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education, Blair was an all-white school. In 1955, the school began to integrate along with the rest of Montgomery County.With Silver Spring's growth, Blair's enrollment jumped from 600 students in 1946, to 1900 by 1956, peaking at 2900 in 1965 before being reduced from 1700 to 1400 after re-zoning in 1982. Enrollment was around 1,800 when the Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program brought 80 new students in the fall of 1985. The Communication Arts Program (CAP) followed in 1987, founded by Alicia Coleman, brought 75 new students. Overcrowding became an issue for Montgomery Blair High School, as portable buildings covered what was once open land and enrollment exceeded the building's capacity of 2,000. In 1994, it was decided that the school should move to an empty tract of land 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the north. Construction began on the Kay Tract in the mid-nineties and the Four Corners campus opened in the fall of 1998. After the move, Blair's Wayne Avenue campus was converted into an elementary and middle school; currently Sligo Creek Elementary School and Silver Spring International Middle School each take up half the campus. The Elizabeth Stickley Auditorium was not included in the conversion plans, and has remained closed and deteriorating since 1997. Several local politicians and leaders, including former Maryland state senator Ida Ruben, current U.S. representative Jamie Raskin and former U.S. Senator Barbara Mikulski, have endorsed projects to restore the auditorium to its former condition.
Four Corners campus era (1998–present)
Montgomery Blair High School remained at the Wayne Avenue campus for over six decades until its 1998 move to the current Four Corners campus at the intersection of University Boulevard, Colesville Road, and the Capital Beltway. When it opened, the new facilities were the largest in the county, spanning a 42-acre (170,000 m2) region, which was nearly twice as large as the old Wayne Avenue site. During the early to mid-2000s, the school population spiked to 3,400 students, rivaling that of some community colleges. Although enrollment has since receded to about 2,900 students, the school still has the largest student population in the county. 2008 brough interactive digital Promethean boards to many classrooms.
Notable events
In April 1992, Montgomery Blair High School was the first high school in the nation to initiate and sponsor a display of the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt. More than 5,000 children, their families, teachers and friends came to see the Quilt.
It has been a popular stop for many politicians because of the school's diversity, strong academic programs, and proximity to the nation's capital. On February 5, 1998, President Bill Clinton and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair stopped at Montgomery Blair High School during a state visit.On March 7, 2003, United States Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge and Secretary of Education Rod Paige visited Blair.On June 23, 2005, President George W. Bush visited the school to discuss his plan to partially privatize Social Security. Students were not permitted to attend. Despite the last-minute announcement of the visit, about 400 community members, students and union members showed up to question Bush's proposed policies and the fact that this town hall-style meeting was not open to the general public. The police tried to move the demonstration to a park more than a block away, but protesters pointed out that there was no reason they couldn't continue their peaceful protest on the public sidewalk outside the fence around the school.During the 2010–2011 school year, NBA Hall of Famer Kareem Abdul-Jabbar spoke to a packed auditorium of students about his upcoming film and his life. Abdul-Jabbar then spoke privately with both the varsity and junior varsity basketball teams before posing for photos and signing a few autographs.On June 1, 2016, Secretary of State John Kerry visited Blair to discuss ocean conservation.On February 26, 2018, U.S. Congressmen Jamie Raskin and Ted Deutch brought survivors of the Parkland high school shooting to Blair to meet with Blair students.
Campus
The current campus of Montgomery Blair High School covers 42 acres between the Capital Beltway, U.S. Route 29, and Maryland Route 193 in Silver Spring's Four Corners neighborhood. The school contains 386,567 sq ft (35,913.2 m2) of space and was originally designed for 2,830 students. Eight years after its completion, the school was more than 500 students over capacity, with a population of about 3,400. At one point, the school had eight auxiliary portable classrooms. Enrollment decreased slightly due to the opening of other schools and the creation of the Downcounty Consortium. Two portables were removed at the beginning of the 2006–2007 school year,and all were gone by April 2010, when enrollment was 2,788. Blair remains the county's largest school.
The school has baseball and softball fields to the east of the main building as well as Blazer Stadium which serves as the home of the school's football, soccer, field hockey, and lacrosse teams. There are three courtyards located throughout the main building. A greenhouse and accompanying patio is located on the second floor on the west side of the main building for the use of horticulture classes. The school building contains a 750-seat auditorium. The main hallway of the school, 'Blair Boulevard" displays flags from many countries, representing its extremely diverse student body.
In the school year of 2017–2018, Montgomery County Public School's Department of Facilities Management added four new portables to the school's campus, due to the large spike in enrollment. In 2022, Blair is expected to undergo construction for a new gym, a larger Student Activity Center and 18 new classrooms.
Academics
In 2021, MBHS was ranked 49th within Maryland and 2269th nationally by U.S. News & World Report. The school has an Honors Program and an Advanced Placement Program. The school is one of the few US high schools to have a .edu domain name, with its internet connection having gone live in the late 1980s. MBHS is home to two separately-run student news publications: Silver Chips is the school's print newspaper that is self-funded, and Silver Chips Online is an exclusively online publication which received the National Scholastic Press Association Online Pacemaker Award in 2004, 2005 and 2006. The editors-in-chief of Silver Chips for the 2020-2021 school year are Oliver Goldman, Tony González, Renata Muñoz, and Anika Seth. Blair is also home to Silver Quill, a literary arts magazine. Silver Quill is distributed with the school yearbook at the end of the school year.
Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program
In 1985, Montgomery County Public Schools opened its first Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program at Blair. At the time, Blair had the highest minority population among the high schools in the county and the lowest standardized test scores. The school board conducted a survey to decide that a specialized science magnet program would attract high-achieving white and Asian students to Blair. Although there was criticism of the program from some parents and students, the leaders of the PTA and the principal supported the program, noting that by 1989 more families were staying in the neighborhood to attend Blair and fewer students were seeking to transfer out. In 1993, the Superintendent of Montgomery County Public Schools told the New York Times: "I have never seen a high school's image turn around so quickly."Since its inception, the Magnet has offered accelerated, interdisciplinary courses in science, mathematics, and computer science. The Magnet offers dozens of electives, including Quantum Physics, Complex Analysis, Thermodynamics, Discrete Mathematics, Marine Biology, 3D Computer Graphics, Artificial Intelligence, Origins of Science, and Organic Chemistry as of 2022. Qualified students who are not in the program can and do enroll in its elective courses. In their senior year, Magnet students complete research projects to enter into the Science Talent Search, in which the program has a long history of success. In 2017, the Magnet had a mean SAT score of 1531 and a mean composite ACT score of 35, both of which are higher than any high school in the nation overall.The Blair Magnet is open to students from the southern and eastern areas of Montgomery County, who are selected through a competitive application and testing process (a program at Poolesville High School provides a similar curriculum for students in the northern and western areas of the county).The Magnet program has been criticized for being overwhelmingly white and Asian, enrolling few black and Hispanic students. The Magnet was threatened with proposed budget cuts in 2008, but after student protests, the most severe cuts were repealed. In 2018, a retired Magnet teacher was accused of sexual harassment by many former students.
Communication Arts Program
The Communication Arts Program (CAP) at was established at Blair soon after the Magnet, in 1988. It strives to provide a comprehensive educational approach to the humanities by offering accelerated, interdisciplinary courses in English, social studies, and media for participating students. CAP is open to students in the Downcounty Consortium and admission is competitive by application and testing.CAP offers courses in drama, photography, video production, history, government, English literature, writing composition, journalism and research. The number of CAP classes decreases by year, until students only complete one CAP class in 12th grade. The curriculum frequently builds off of existing Advanced Placement courses but uses the program's resources to add interdisciplinary experiences, such as a simulated presidential election that occurs over the course of a week at end of 10th grade, in which some students serve as candidates and others as campaign staff and reporters. CAP students also maintain portfolios of their work throughout the four years, which must include independent and service-based projects done outside of school. In 12th grade, they must successfully defend the portfolio's contents to a faculty committee in order to complete the program and graduate with a CAP Diploma.
English Department
In addition to offering standard English courses, the English Department also offers AP courses in Language and Literature, as well as studies in dramatics, journalism, and theater.
Fine Arts Department
The Fine Arts Department consists of two sub-departments of Music and Visual Arts. The Music Department includes instrumental music, choral music, and general music. Each year the department hosts a fine arts festival, in which students showcase their artistic talent.
Instrumental Music Department
MBHS's Instrumental Music Department consists of three orchestras, three bands, and two jazz bands. The orchestras are the Chamber Orchestra (Honors), Symphonic Orchestra, and Concert Orchestra. The bands include Wind Ensemble (Honors), Symphonic Band, and Concert Band. The jazz ensembles are Advanced Jazz Ensemble (Honors), and Jazz Lab Band. In addition, the music program also contains a marching band and a theatrical pit orchestra, as well as an audio library and a professional recording studio.
In 2014, MBHS's Chamber Orchestra hosted British Composer Paul Lewis as a Composer-in-Residence funded by the Wolf Trap Foundation. Students played the world premiere of a 5-movement piece called "Salute the Silents".
Choral Music Department
The Choral Music Department consists of Chorus, Show Choir, Chamber Choir (Honors), a Cabaret, and InToneNation, an a cappella group.
General Music Department
The General Music Department offers studies in music history, technology, business, composition, and theory. There are also courses offered in solo and ensemble techniques for piano and guitar playing.
Visual Arts Department
MBHS's Visual Arts Department offers studies in art & culture, ceramics & sculpture, digital art, photography, and studio art.
Foreign Language Department
The Foreign Language Department offers classes up to AP-level in Spanish, French, and Latin, and up to honors-level in Japanese and Arabic. It has recently added American Sign Language (ASL), which offer classes up to ASL 3.
Mathematics Department
The Mathematics Department offers a variety of honors- and AP-level courses, including: Algebra 1, Geometry, Algebra II, Precalculus, Calculus, Statistics, and Business Mathematics.
Science Department
The Science Department contains sub-departments in the core sciences of Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Earth Science.
Social Studies Department
MBHS's Social Studies Department offers honors and AP-level U.S. History, American Government and Politics, and World History, the department also offers elective courses such as African American History, Latin American History, European History, Middle East History, Comparative Government, Comparative religion, Cultural Anthropology, Administration of Justice, International Human Rights, Peace Studies Seminar, Economics, and Psychology. It was also the first in the region to offer courses in Women's Studies and the History of Hip-Hop.
Athletics
The student athletics program currently offers 23 different varsity and 8 junior varsity sports, with a total of 42 teams:
* indicates a sport for which there is also a junior varsity team.
^ indicates a sport that is not officially sanctioned by the school and is thus considered a club team.
Student activities and traditions
MBHS has over 95 teams or clubs, some of which are entirely student-run, including the Blair Radio Station, "Blazer Pride" Marching Band, Debate Team, and Jewish Culture Club and Philosophy Club.
Popular activities include: Knowledge Master Open, American Computer Science League, Envirothon, Science Bowl, Ocean Science Bowl, Doodle4Google, and Youth and Government.
Computer team
Montgomery Blair's computer team specializes in advanced computer science topics and programming algorithms which extend the classroom curriculum. Upperclassmen students teach new and complex algorithms, data structures, and programming techniques, including Dijkstra's shortest-path algorithm, dynamic programming, and greedy algorithms. The team also delves into other miscellaneous theoretical computer science topics including turing machines, nondeterministic polynomial time, random number generation, assembly language, lambda calculus, and relational databases. The Computer Team participates in the (ACSL), University of Pennsylvania Programming Contest, Loyola Programming Contest, University of Maryland Programming Contest, and the United States of America Computing Olympiad (USACO). The Computer Team won the ACSL All-Star Competition Senior Division in 1991, 1993, 2001, 2003, 2009, 2011 and 2013.
Robotics team
MBHS has an active FIRST Robotics Competition team, Team 449, nicknamed "The Blair Robot Project", inspired from the film The Blair Witch Project. The team was founded in 2000, and has competed in every year since except 2005.
Puzzlepalooza
MBHS has a puzzle tournament known as Puzzlepalooza. Puzzlepalooza has been self-proclaimed as "America's premier high school puzzle tournament." The tournament first began in 2010 and had taken place each May until 2020, when the tournament was canceled due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The tournament resumed for May 2022 after a two year hiatus. During a four-day period, teams have 12 hours to complete multiple-leveled puzzles. This puzzles produce a phrase that will be used in the final puzzle, which is the main goal of Puzzlepalooza. Completing this final puzzle results in prizes for the team that solves it. There are also many other prizes available for the teams such as the Spirit Award or the Iron Puzzler Award.
Science bowl
MBHS has an active science bowl team, consistently doing well in the Maryland Science Bowl and winning the National Science Bowl in 1999 and 2016. Blair won the National Ocean Sciences Bowl in 2018.
Quiz bowl
MBHS has an active quiz bowl team that competes in the local It's Academic competition. Blair won the It's Academic Super Bowl in 1995, 2017, and 2018.
BlackCAP
Established in 2016, BlackCAP is a student-run movement dedicated to helping students of color be accepted to and achieve in Montgomery County Public School application programs. BlackCAP was spearheaded by Alix Swann, Jaya Hinton, and Marley Majette (Class of 2018) and is sponsored by Mr. Kenneth Smith. BlackCAP has several components including a safe space for students of color in magnet programs and mentoring programs at Parkland Middle School and Silver Spring International Middle School.
History bowl
The Montgomery Blair History Bowl team won the 2020 National History Bowl Junior Varsity Championship. with team members Martin Brandenburg, Albert Ho, Jason Liu, and Leela Mehta-Harwitz.
Notable alumni
Blair has had many notable alumni in public service, the entertainment industry, sports, media, business, and academics.
Politics and public service
Tyras S. Athey, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates and Secretary of State of Maryland.
William A. Bronrott, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Robin Ficker, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Stan Greenberg, Democratic Party pollster and political strategist, known for his work on Bill Clinton’s Presidential campaign.
Thomas R. Norris, U.S. Navy SEAL who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Vietnam War.
William Addams Reitwiesner, genealogist and Library of Congress employee.
Craig L. Rice, former Montgomery County Councilmember and member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Jeff Waldstreicher, member of the Maryland Senate.
Christopher Williams, NASA astronaut candidate
Arts and entertainment
Cynthia Addai-Robinson, actress appearing in TV series Arrow, Spartacus, and Shooter.
Tyrone Giordano, film and stage actor, known for his lead role in Big River.
Eric Glover, writer for TV series Tom Swift and author of graphic novel Black Star.
Goldie Hawn, Oscar-winning actress in Hollywood movies including Cactus Flower, Private Benjamin, and The First Wives Club.
Ron Holloway, jazz saxophonist.
Eric Hutchinson, singer-songwriter known for his songs "Rock & Roll" and "Watching You Watch Him".
Rosamond S. King, poet and literary theorist.
Joshua Oppenheimer (finished high school in New Mexico), filmmaker of Oscar-nominated films The Act of Killing and The Look of Silence.
Chuck Redd, jazz percussionist.
Nora Roberts, bestselling romance novelist.
Sylvester Stallone, American actor, screenwriter, and film director (attended for short time before moving to Philadelphia).
Ben Stein, economist, actor, commentator, speech writer for U.S. President Richard Nixon.
Rebecca Sugar (traveled to Albert Einstein High School for Visual Art Center Program), artist, composer, and director, created the Cartoon Network series Steven Universe.
Lisa Ann Walter, actress and comedian, known for her roles in The Parent Trap and Abbott Elementary.
Sports and games
Steve Barber, baseball player for the Baltimore Orioles.
Tom Brown, baseball player for the Washington Senators and football player for the Green Bay Packers.
Dominique Dawes (finished high school in Gaithersburg), Olympic gymnast.
Steve Francis (completed GED), basketball player for the Maryland Terrapins and Houston Rockets.
Kelli Hill, coach of USA Women's Gymnastics Teams.
Wei-Hwa Huang, four-time World Puzzle Champion.
Sonny Jackson, baseball player for the Houston Colt .45's/Houston Astros and Atlanta Braves; the first black athlete at Blair.
Johnny Klippstein, baseball player for the Chicago Cubs, Minnesota Twins, and several other Major League Baseball teams, including the 1959 World Series champion Los Angeles Dodgers.
Jake Rozhansky, American-Israeli soccer player for Maryland Terrapins and Israel's Liga Leumit.
Visanthe Shiancoe, football player for the Minnesota Vikings.
Charlene Thomas-Swinson, college basketball player (Auburn) and coach (LSU).
Willis Wilson, former head men's basketball coach at Rice University.
Bob Windsor, football player for the San Francisco 49ers and New England Patriots.
David Vanterpool, basketball player for the Washington Wizards and assistant coach for Portland Trail Blazers.
Morgan Wootten, high school basketball coach for DeMatha.
Journalism and media
Erik Agard, crossword puzzle editor for USA Today.
Carl Bernstein, journalist and author known for breaking the Watergate scandal for The Washington Post.
Kiran Chetry, journalist and television news anchor for Fox News and CNN.
Connie Chung, journalist and television news anchor, known for co-hosting CBS Evening News.
Jon Fortt, CNBC anchor
Emily Gould, author and former co-editor of Gawker.
Rick Leventhal, broadcast journalist, Former Senior Correspondent for Fox News Channel.
Tom Marr, former Baltimore Orioles radio broadcaster, longtime radio talk show host on Baltimore's WCBM(680-AM).
Donna Richardson, fitness and aerobics instructor, author and ESPN commentator.
Inga Rundvold, broadcast reporter for WRC-TV
Eric Shansby, cartoonist for The Washington Post.
Daniel Zwerdling, journalist for NPR.
Business
Matias Duarte, Google Vice-President of Design.
Shervin Pishevar, entrepreneur and venture capitalist, known for co-founding Hyperoffice and Hyperloop One.
Chris T. Sullivan, co-founder of Outback Steakhouse.
Patrick Y. Lee, co-founder and CEO of Rotten Tomatoes.
Academics
Maneesh Agrawala, Professor of Computer Science at Stanford, Winner of 2009 MacArthur Fellowship.
Malcolm Beasley, Professor of Applied Physics at Stanford, former President of the American Physical Society.
Alexander Berg, Associate Professor of Computer Science at UC Irvine and computer-vision researcher at Meta AI.
Jonah Berger, bestselling author and marketing professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
Lorrie Cranor, Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University, former Chief Technologist of the Federal Trade Commission.
Samit Dasgupta, Professor of Mathematics at Duke University.
Jacob Lurie, Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University, winner of MacArthur Fellowship and Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics.
Stephen Vladeck, Professor of Law at the University of Texas, expert on the prosecution of war crimes.
Joshua Weitz, Professor of Biology at Georgia Tech, AAAS Fellow.
References
External links
Montgomery Blair High School
Statistics about Montgomery Blair High School
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Montgomery Blair High School (MBHS) is a public high school in Four Corners, Maryland, United States, operated by Montgomery County Public Schools. Its enrollment of 3,600 makes it the largest school in Montgomery County and in the state.The school is named for Montgomery Blair, a lawyer who represented Dred Scott in his Supreme Court case and later served as Postmaster General under President Abraham Lincoln. Opened in 1925 as Takoma Park–Silver Spring High School, the school changed its name in 1935 when it moved to 313 Wayne Avenue overlooking Sligo Creek in Silver Spring. In 1998, the school moved two miles (3 km) north to the Kay Tract, a long-vacant site just north of the Capital Beltway.
About 20% of the student body is part of one of two magnet programs: the Science, Math, and Computer Science Magnet, and the Communication Arts Program (CAP), which draw students from the Silver Spring area and across Montgomery County. The school is a member of the National Consortium for Specialized Secondary Schools of Mathematics, Science and Technology (NCSSSMST).
The school sat in the Silver Spring census-designated place until the Four Corners CDP was created after the 2010 U.S. Census.
History
Philadelphia–Chicago campus era (1925–1935)
The school opened in 1925 as Takoma–Silver Spring High School with 86 students. The 3.8-acre (15,000 m2) campus sat at the corner of Philadelphia Avenue and Chicago Avenue in suburban Takoma Park, Maryland.
By the end of the 1920s, the school had added a junior high school (8th and 9th grades) to its senior high school (10th through 12th grades). Growing along with the communities of Silver Spring and Takoma Park, it eventually encompassed kindergarten to 12th grade. By 1934, the school was over-capacity with 450 students, and so, in 1935, the 10th, 11th, and 12 grades moved to a new high school named Montgomery Blair Senior High School. For a time, students, teachers, and administrators commuted between the two campuses. The annual yearbook, Silverlogue, was created around this time.
Wayne Avenue campus era (1935–1998)
When Montgomery Blair High School's 23.5-acre (95,000 m2) Wayne Avenue campus opened in March 1935, it was the sixth high school in Montgomery County, and the first in the lower county. One of several Montgomery County schools designed during that period by Howard Wright Cutler, the facility then consisted only of the C building, overlooking Sligo Creek. In 1936, the Auxiliary Gymnasium was added, followed by the B building in 1940, and the D building in 1942. MBHS's first football team was founded in 1944, and the War Memorial Stadium opened in 1947. In 1950, the A building was constructed, containing the Blair Library/Media Center. With the addition of the Main Gymnasium/Fieldhouse in 1954, MBHS possessed one of the finest basketball and football facilities in the county. The E building was added in 1959 as an administrative section, followed by the 1969 opening of the 1200-seat auditorium, named for long-time teacher and librarian Elizabeth Stickley. The most recent addition was the automotive shop building in 1973.During World War II, students from the University of Maryland taught several classes, and in some cases, able senior students taught sophomore classes. The Blair Library created the "Senior Corner" to honor those who died in war. Life magazine featured the school's Victory Corps close order drill team. Before to the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education, Blair was an all-white school. In 1955, the school began to integrate along with the rest of Montgomery County.With Silver Spring's growth, Blair's enrollment jumped from 600 students in 1946, to 1900 by 1956, peaking at 2900 in 1965 before being reduced from 1700 to 1400 after re-zoning in 1982. Enrollment was around 1,800 when the Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program brought 80 new students in the fall of 1985. The Communication Arts Program (CAP) followed in 1987, founded by Alicia Coleman, brought 75 new students. Overcrowding became an issue for Montgomery Blair High School, as portable buildings covered what was once open land and enrollment exceeded the building's capacity of 2,000. In 1994, it was decided that the school should move to an empty tract of land 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the north. Construction began on the Kay Tract in the mid-nineties and the Four Corners campus opened in the fall of 1998. After the move, Blair's Wayne Avenue campus was converted into an elementary and middle school; currently Sligo Creek Elementary School and Silver Spring International Middle School each take up half the campus. The Elizabeth Stickley Auditorium was not included in the conversion plans, and has remained closed and deteriorating since 1997. Several local politicians and leaders, including former Maryland state senator Ida Ruben, current U.S. representative Jamie Raskin and former U.S. Senator Barbara Mikulski, have endorsed projects to restore the auditorium to its former condition.
Four Corners campus era (1998–present)
Montgomery Blair High School remained at the Wayne Avenue campus for over six decades until its 1998 move to the current Four Corners campus at the intersection of University Boulevard, Colesville Road, and the Capital Beltway. When it opened, the new facilities were the largest in the county, spanning a 42-acre (170,000 m2) region, which was nearly twice as large as the old Wayne Avenue site. During the early to mid-2000s, the school population spiked to 3,400 students, rivaling that of some community colleges. Although enrollment has since receded to about 2,900 students, the school still has the largest student population in the county. 2008 brough interactive digital Promethean boards to many classrooms.
Notable events
In April 1992, Montgomery Blair High School was the first high school in the nation to initiate and sponsor a display of the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt. More than 5,000 children, their families, teachers and friends came to see the Quilt.
It has been a popular stop for many politicians because of the school's diversity, strong academic programs, and proximity to the nation's capital. On February 5, 1998, President Bill Clinton and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair stopped at Montgomery Blair High School during a state visit.On March 7, 2003, United States Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge and Secretary of Education Rod Paige visited Blair.On June 23, 2005, President George W. Bush visited the school to discuss his plan to partially privatize Social Security. Students were not permitted to attend. Despite the last-minute announcement of the visit, about 400 community members, students and union members showed up to question Bush's proposed policies and the fact that this town hall-style meeting was not open to the general public. The police tried to move the demonstration to a park more than a block away, but protesters pointed out that there was no reason they couldn't continue their peaceful protest on the public sidewalk outside the fence around the school.During the 2010–2011 school year, NBA Hall of Famer Kareem Abdul-Jabbar spoke to a packed auditorium of students about his upcoming film and his life. Abdul-Jabbar then spoke privately with both the varsity and junior varsity basketball teams before posing for photos and signing a few autographs.On June 1, 2016, Secretary of State John Kerry visited Blair to discuss ocean conservation.On February 26, 2018, U.S. Congressmen Jamie Raskin and Ted Deutch brought survivors of the Parkland high school shooting to Blair to meet with Blair students.
Campus
The current campus of Montgomery Blair High School covers 42 acres between the Capital Beltway, U.S. Route 29, and Maryland Route 193 in Silver Spring's Four Corners neighborhood. The school contains 386,567 sq ft (35,913.2 m2) of space and was originally designed for 2,830 students. Eight years after its completion, the school was more than 500 students over capacity, with a population of about 3,400. At one point, the school had eight auxiliary portable classrooms. Enrollment decreased slightly due to the opening of other schools and the creation of the Downcounty Consortium. Two portables were removed at the beginning of the 2006–2007 school year,and all were gone by April 2010, when enrollment was 2,788. Blair remains the county's largest school.
The school has baseball and softball fields to the east of the main building as well as Blazer Stadium which serves as the home of the school's football, soccer, field hockey, and lacrosse teams. There are three courtyards located throughout the main building. A greenhouse and accompanying patio is located on the second floor on the west side of the main building for the use of horticulture classes. The school building contains a 750-seat auditorium. The main hallway of the school, 'Blair Boulevard" displays flags from many countries, representing its extremely diverse student body.
In the school year of 2017–2018, Montgomery County Public School's Department of Facilities Management added four new portables to the school's campus, due to the large spike in enrollment. In 2022, Blair is expected to undergo construction for a new gym, a larger Student Activity Center and 18 new classrooms.
Academics
In 2021, MBHS was ranked 49th within Maryland and 2269th nationally by U.S. News & World Report. The school has an Honors Program and an Advanced Placement Program. The school is one of the few US high schools to have a .edu domain name, with its internet connection having gone live in the late 1980s. MBHS is home to two separately-run student news publications: Silver Chips is the school's print newspaper that is self-funded, and Silver Chips Online is an exclusively online publication which received the National Scholastic Press Association Online Pacemaker Award in 2004, 2005 and 2006. The editors-in-chief of Silver Chips for the 2020-2021 school year are Oliver Goldman, Tony González, Renata Muñoz, and Anika Seth. Blair is also home to Silver Quill, a literary arts magazine. Silver Quill is distributed with the school yearbook at the end of the school year.
Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program
In 1985, Montgomery County Public Schools opened its first Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program at Blair. At the time, Blair had the highest minority population among the high schools in the county and the lowest standardized test scores. The school board conducted a survey to decide that a specialized science magnet program would attract high-achieving white and Asian students to Blair. Although there was criticism of the program from some parents and students, the leaders of the PTA and the principal supported the program, noting that by 1989 more families were staying in the neighborhood to attend Blair and fewer students were seeking to transfer out. In 1993, the Superintendent of Montgomery County Public Schools told the New York Times: "I have never seen a high school's image turn around so quickly."Since its inception, the Magnet has offered accelerated, interdisciplinary courses in science, mathematics, and computer science. The Magnet offers dozens of electives, including Quantum Physics, Complex Analysis, Thermodynamics, Discrete Mathematics, Marine Biology, 3D Computer Graphics, Artificial Intelligence, Origins of Science, and Organic Chemistry as of 2022. Qualified students who are not in the program can and do enroll in its elective courses. In their senior year, Magnet students complete research projects to enter into the Science Talent Search, in which the program has a long history of success. In 2017, the Magnet had a mean SAT score of 1531 and a mean composite ACT score of 35, both of which are higher than any high school in the nation overall.The Blair Magnet is open to students from the southern and eastern areas of Montgomery County, who are selected through a competitive application and testing process (a program at Poolesville High School provides a similar curriculum for students in the northern and western areas of the county).The Magnet program has been criticized for being overwhelmingly white and Asian, enrolling few black and Hispanic students. The Magnet was threatened with proposed budget cuts in 2008, but after student protests, the most severe cuts were repealed. In 2018, a retired Magnet teacher was accused of sexual harassment by many former students.
Communication Arts Program
The Communication Arts Program (CAP) at was established at Blair soon after the Magnet, in 1988. It strives to provide a comprehensive educational approach to the humanities by offering accelerated, interdisciplinary courses in English, social studies, and media for participating students. CAP is open to students in the Downcounty Consortium and admission is competitive by application and testing.CAP offers courses in drama, photography, video production, history, government, English literature, writing composition, journalism and research. The number of CAP classes decreases by year, until students only complete one CAP class in 12th grade. The curriculum frequently builds off of existing Advanced Placement courses but uses the program's resources to add interdisciplinary experiences, such as a simulated presidential election that occurs over the course of a week at end of 10th grade, in which some students serve as candidates and others as campaign staff and reporters. CAP students also maintain portfolios of their work throughout the four years, which must include independent and service-based projects done outside of school. In 12th grade, they must successfully defend the portfolio's contents to a faculty committee in order to complete the program and graduate with a CAP Diploma.
English Department
In addition to offering standard English courses, the English Department also offers AP courses in Language and Literature, as well as studies in dramatics, journalism, and theater.
Fine Arts Department
The Fine Arts Department consists of two sub-departments of Music and Visual Arts. The Music Department includes instrumental music, choral music, and general music. Each year the department hosts a fine arts festival, in which students showcase their artistic talent.
Instrumental Music Department
MBHS's Instrumental Music Department consists of three orchestras, three bands, and two jazz bands. The orchestras are the Chamber Orchestra (Honors), Symphonic Orchestra, and Concert Orchestra. The bands include Wind Ensemble (Honors), Symphonic Band, and Concert Band. The jazz ensembles are Advanced Jazz Ensemble (Honors), and Jazz Lab Band. In addition, the music program also contains a marching band and a theatrical pit orchestra, as well as an audio library and a professional recording studio.
In 2014, MBHS's Chamber Orchestra hosted British Composer Paul Lewis as a Composer-in-Residence funded by the Wolf Trap Foundation. Students played the world premiere of a 5-movement piece called "Salute the Silents".
Choral Music Department
The Choral Music Department consists of Chorus, Show Choir, Chamber Choir (Honors), a Cabaret, and InToneNation, an a cappella group.
General Music Department
The General Music Department offers studies in music history, technology, business, composition, and theory. There are also courses offered in solo and ensemble techniques for piano and guitar playing.
Visual Arts Department
MBHS's Visual Arts Department offers studies in art & culture, ceramics & sculpture, digital art, photography, and studio art.
Foreign Language Department
The Foreign Language Department offers classes up to AP-level in Spanish, French, and Latin, and up to honors-level in Japanese and Arabic. It has recently added American Sign Language (ASL), which offer classes up to ASL 3.
Mathematics Department
The Mathematics Department offers a variety of honors- and AP-level courses, including: Algebra 1, Geometry, Algebra II, Precalculus, Calculus, Statistics, and Business Mathematics.
Science Department
The Science Department contains sub-departments in the core sciences of Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Earth Science.
Social Studies Department
MBHS's Social Studies Department offers honors and AP-level U.S. History, American Government and Politics, and World History, the department also offers elective courses such as African American History, Latin American History, European History, Middle East History, Comparative Government, Comparative religion, Cultural Anthropology, Administration of Justice, International Human Rights, Peace Studies Seminar, Economics, and Psychology. It was also the first in the region to offer courses in Women's Studies and the History of Hip-Hop.
Athletics
The student athletics program currently offers 23 different varsity and 8 junior varsity sports, with a total of 42 teams:
* indicates a sport for which there is also a junior varsity team.
^ indicates a sport that is not officially sanctioned by the school and is thus considered a club team.
Student activities and traditions
MBHS has over 95 teams or clubs, some of which are entirely student-run, including the Blair Radio Station, "Blazer Pride" Marching Band, Debate Team, and Jewish Culture Club and Philosophy Club.
Popular activities include: Knowledge Master Open, American Computer Science League, Envirothon, Science Bowl, Ocean Science Bowl, Doodle4Google, and Youth and Government.
Computer team
Montgomery Blair's computer team specializes in advanced computer science topics and programming algorithms which extend the classroom curriculum. Upperclassmen students teach new and complex algorithms, data structures, and programming techniques, including Dijkstra's shortest-path algorithm, dynamic programming, and greedy algorithms. The team also delves into other miscellaneous theoretical computer science topics including turing machines, nondeterministic polynomial time, random number generation, assembly language, lambda calculus, and relational databases. The Computer Team participates in the (ACSL), University of Pennsylvania Programming Contest, Loyola Programming Contest, University of Maryland Programming Contest, and the United States of America Computing Olympiad (USACO). The Computer Team won the ACSL All-Star Competition Senior Division in 1991, 1993, 2001, 2003, 2009, 2011 and 2013.
Robotics team
MBHS has an active FIRST Robotics Competition team, Team 449, nicknamed "The Blair Robot Project", inspired from the film The Blair Witch Project. The team was founded in 2000, and has competed in every year since except 2005.
Puzzlepalooza
MBHS has a puzzle tournament known as Puzzlepalooza. Puzzlepalooza has been self-proclaimed as "America's premier high school puzzle tournament." The tournament first began in 2010 and had taken place each May until 2020, when the tournament was canceled due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The tournament resumed for May 2022 after a two year hiatus. During a four-day period, teams have 12 hours to complete multiple-leveled puzzles. This puzzles produce a phrase that will be used in the final puzzle, which is the main goal of Puzzlepalooza. Completing this final puzzle results in prizes for the team that solves it. There are also many other prizes available for the teams such as the Spirit Award or the Iron Puzzler Award.
Science bowl
MBHS has an active science bowl team, consistently doing well in the Maryland Science Bowl and winning the National Science Bowl in 1999 and 2016. Blair won the National Ocean Sciences Bowl in 2018.
Quiz bowl
MBHS has an active quiz bowl team that competes in the local It's Academic competition. Blair won the It's Academic Super Bowl in 1995, 2017, and 2018.
BlackCAP
Established in 2016, BlackCAP is a student-run movement dedicated to helping students of color be accepted to and achieve in Montgomery County Public School application programs. BlackCAP was spearheaded by Alix Swann, Jaya Hinton, and Marley Majette (Class of 2018) and is sponsored by Mr. Kenneth Smith. BlackCAP has several components including a safe space for students of color in magnet programs and mentoring programs at Parkland Middle School and Silver Spring International Middle School.
History bowl
The Montgomery Blair History Bowl team won the 2020 National History Bowl Junior Varsity Championship. with team members Martin Brandenburg, Albert Ho, Jason Liu, and Leela Mehta-Harwitz.
Notable alumni
Blair has had many notable alumni in public service, the entertainment industry, sports, media, business, and academics.
Politics and public service
Tyras S. Athey, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates and Secretary of State of Maryland.
William A. Bronrott, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Robin Ficker, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Stan Greenberg, Democratic Party pollster and political strategist, known for his work on Bill Clinton’s Presidential campaign.
Thomas R. Norris, U.S. Navy SEAL who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Vietnam War.
William Addams Reitwiesner, genealogist and Library of Congress employee.
Craig L. Rice, former Montgomery County Councilmember and member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Jeff Waldstreicher, member of the Maryland Senate.
Christopher Williams, NASA astronaut candidate
Arts and entertainment
Cynthia Addai-Robinson, actress appearing in TV series Arrow, Spartacus, and Shooter.
Tyrone Giordano, film and stage actor, known for his lead role in Big River.
Eric Glover, writer for TV series Tom Swift and author of graphic novel Black Star.
Goldie Hawn, Oscar-winning actress in Hollywood movies including Cactus Flower, Private Benjamin, and The First Wives Club.
Ron Holloway, jazz saxophonist.
Eric Hutchinson, singer-songwriter known for his songs "Rock & Roll" and "Watching You Watch Him".
Rosamond S. King, poet and literary theorist.
Joshua Oppenheimer (finished high school in New Mexico), filmmaker of Oscar-nominated films The Act of Killing and The Look of Silence.
Chuck Redd, jazz percussionist.
Nora Roberts, bestselling romance novelist.
Sylvester Stallone, American actor, screenwriter, and film director (attended for short time before moving to Philadelphia).
Ben Stein, economist, actor, commentator, speech writer for U.S. President Richard Nixon.
Rebecca Sugar (traveled to Albert Einstein High School for Visual Art Center Program), artist, composer, and director, created the Cartoon Network series Steven Universe.
Lisa Ann Walter, actress and comedian, known for her roles in The Parent Trap and Abbott Elementary.
Sports and games
Steve Barber, baseball player for the Baltimore Orioles.
Tom Brown, baseball player for the Washington Senators and football player for the Green Bay Packers.
Dominique Dawes (finished high school in Gaithersburg), Olympic gymnast.
Steve Francis (completed GED), basketball player for the Maryland Terrapins and Houston Rockets.
Kelli Hill, coach of USA Women's Gymnastics Teams.
Wei-Hwa Huang, four-time World Puzzle Champion.
Sonny Jackson, baseball player for the Houston Colt .45's/Houston Astros and Atlanta Braves; the first black athlete at Blair.
Johnny Klippstein, baseball player for the Chicago Cubs, Minnesota Twins, and several other Major League Baseball teams, including the 1959 World Series champion Los Angeles Dodgers.
Jake Rozhansky, American-Israeli soccer player for Maryland Terrapins and Israel's Liga Leumit.
Visanthe Shiancoe, football player for the Minnesota Vikings.
Charlene Thomas-Swinson, college basketball player (Auburn) and coach (LSU).
Willis Wilson, former head men's basketball coach at Rice University.
Bob Windsor, football player for the San Francisco 49ers and New England Patriots.
David Vanterpool, basketball player for the Washington Wizards and assistant coach for Portland Trail Blazers.
Morgan Wootten, high school basketball coach for DeMatha.
Journalism and media
Erik Agard, crossword puzzle editor for USA Today.
Carl Bernstein, journalist and author known for breaking the Watergate scandal for The Washington Post.
Kiran Chetry, journalist and television news anchor for Fox News and CNN.
Connie Chung, journalist and television news anchor, known for co-hosting CBS Evening News.
Jon Fortt, CNBC anchor
Emily Gould, author and former co-editor of Gawker.
Rick Leventhal, broadcast journalist, Former Senior Correspondent for Fox News Channel.
Tom Marr, former Baltimore Orioles radio broadcaster, longtime radio talk show host on Baltimore's WCBM(680-AM).
Donna Richardson, fitness and aerobics instructor, author and ESPN commentator.
Inga Rundvold, broadcast reporter for WRC-TV
Eric Shansby, cartoonist for The Washington Post.
Daniel Zwerdling, journalist for NPR.
Business
Matias Duarte, Google Vice-President of Design.
Shervin Pishevar, entrepreneur and venture capitalist, known for co-founding Hyperoffice and Hyperloop One.
Chris T. Sullivan, co-founder of Outback Steakhouse.
Patrick Y. Lee, co-founder and CEO of Rotten Tomatoes.
Academics
Maneesh Agrawala, Professor of Computer Science at Stanford, Winner of 2009 MacArthur Fellowship.
Malcolm Beasley, Professor of Applied Physics at Stanford, former President of the American Physical Society.
Alexander Berg, Associate Professor of Computer Science at UC Irvine and computer-vision researcher at Meta AI.
Jonah Berger, bestselling author and marketing professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
Lorrie Cranor, Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University, former Chief Technologist of the Federal Trade Commission.
Samit Dasgupta, Professor of Mathematics at Duke University.
Jacob Lurie, Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University, winner of MacArthur Fellowship and Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics.
Stephen Vladeck, Professor of Law at the University of Texas, expert on the prosecution of war crimes.
Joshua Weitz, Professor of Biology at Georgia Tech, AAAS Fellow.
References
External links
Montgomery Blair High School
Statistics about Montgomery Blair High School
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located in the administrative territorial entity
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Montgomery Blair High School (MBHS) is a public high school in Four Corners, Maryland, United States, operated by Montgomery County Public Schools. Its enrollment of 3,600 makes it the largest school in Montgomery County and in the state.The school is named for Montgomery Blair, a lawyer who represented Dred Scott in his Supreme Court case and later served as Postmaster General under President Abraham Lincoln. Opened in 1925 as Takoma Park–Silver Spring High School, the school changed its name in 1935 when it moved to 313 Wayne Avenue overlooking Sligo Creek in Silver Spring. In 1998, the school moved two miles (3 km) north to the Kay Tract, a long-vacant site just north of the Capital Beltway.
About 20% of the student body is part of one of two magnet programs: the Science, Math, and Computer Science Magnet, and the Communication Arts Program (CAP), which draw students from the Silver Spring area and across Montgomery County. The school is a member of the National Consortium for Specialized Secondary Schools of Mathematics, Science and Technology (NCSSSMST).
The school sat in the Silver Spring census-designated place until the Four Corners CDP was created after the 2010 U.S. Census.
History
Philadelphia–Chicago campus era (1925–1935)
The school opened in 1925 as Takoma–Silver Spring High School with 86 students. The 3.8-acre (15,000 m2) campus sat at the corner of Philadelphia Avenue and Chicago Avenue in suburban Takoma Park, Maryland.
By the end of the 1920s, the school had added a junior high school (8th and 9th grades) to its senior high school (10th through 12th grades). Growing along with the communities of Silver Spring and Takoma Park, it eventually encompassed kindergarten to 12th grade. By 1934, the school was over-capacity with 450 students, and so, in 1935, the 10th, 11th, and 12 grades moved to a new high school named Montgomery Blair Senior High School. For a time, students, teachers, and administrators commuted between the two campuses. The annual yearbook, Silverlogue, was created around this time.
Wayne Avenue campus era (1935–1998)
When Montgomery Blair High School's 23.5-acre (95,000 m2) Wayne Avenue campus opened in March 1935, it was the sixth high school in Montgomery County, and the first in the lower county. One of several Montgomery County schools designed during that period by Howard Wright Cutler, the facility then consisted only of the C building, overlooking Sligo Creek. In 1936, the Auxiliary Gymnasium was added, followed by the B building in 1940, and the D building in 1942. MBHS's first football team was founded in 1944, and the War Memorial Stadium opened in 1947. In 1950, the A building was constructed, containing the Blair Library/Media Center. With the addition of the Main Gymnasium/Fieldhouse in 1954, MBHS possessed one of the finest basketball and football facilities in the county. The E building was added in 1959 as an administrative section, followed by the 1969 opening of the 1200-seat auditorium, named for long-time teacher and librarian Elizabeth Stickley. The most recent addition was the automotive shop building in 1973.During World War II, students from the University of Maryland taught several classes, and in some cases, able senior students taught sophomore classes. The Blair Library created the "Senior Corner" to honor those who died in war. Life magazine featured the school's Victory Corps close order drill team. Before to the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education, Blair was an all-white school. In 1955, the school began to integrate along with the rest of Montgomery County.With Silver Spring's growth, Blair's enrollment jumped from 600 students in 1946, to 1900 by 1956, peaking at 2900 in 1965 before being reduced from 1700 to 1400 after re-zoning in 1982. Enrollment was around 1,800 when the Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program brought 80 new students in the fall of 1985. The Communication Arts Program (CAP) followed in 1987, founded by Alicia Coleman, brought 75 new students. Overcrowding became an issue for Montgomery Blair High School, as portable buildings covered what was once open land and enrollment exceeded the building's capacity of 2,000. In 1994, it was decided that the school should move to an empty tract of land 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the north. Construction began on the Kay Tract in the mid-nineties and the Four Corners campus opened in the fall of 1998. After the move, Blair's Wayne Avenue campus was converted into an elementary and middle school; currently Sligo Creek Elementary School and Silver Spring International Middle School each take up half the campus. The Elizabeth Stickley Auditorium was not included in the conversion plans, and has remained closed and deteriorating since 1997. Several local politicians and leaders, including former Maryland state senator Ida Ruben, current U.S. representative Jamie Raskin and former U.S. Senator Barbara Mikulski, have endorsed projects to restore the auditorium to its former condition.
Four Corners campus era (1998–present)
Montgomery Blair High School remained at the Wayne Avenue campus for over six decades until its 1998 move to the current Four Corners campus at the intersection of University Boulevard, Colesville Road, and the Capital Beltway. When it opened, the new facilities were the largest in the county, spanning a 42-acre (170,000 m2) region, which was nearly twice as large as the old Wayne Avenue site. During the early to mid-2000s, the school population spiked to 3,400 students, rivaling that of some community colleges. Although enrollment has since receded to about 2,900 students, the school still has the largest student population in the county. 2008 brough interactive digital Promethean boards to many classrooms.
Notable events
In April 1992, Montgomery Blair High School was the first high school in the nation to initiate and sponsor a display of the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt. More than 5,000 children, their families, teachers and friends came to see the Quilt.
It has been a popular stop for many politicians because of the school's diversity, strong academic programs, and proximity to the nation's capital. On February 5, 1998, President Bill Clinton and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair stopped at Montgomery Blair High School during a state visit.On March 7, 2003, United States Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge and Secretary of Education Rod Paige visited Blair.On June 23, 2005, President George W. Bush visited the school to discuss his plan to partially privatize Social Security. Students were not permitted to attend. Despite the last-minute announcement of the visit, about 400 community members, students and union members showed up to question Bush's proposed policies and the fact that this town hall-style meeting was not open to the general public. The police tried to move the demonstration to a park more than a block away, but protesters pointed out that there was no reason they couldn't continue their peaceful protest on the public sidewalk outside the fence around the school.During the 2010–2011 school year, NBA Hall of Famer Kareem Abdul-Jabbar spoke to a packed auditorium of students about his upcoming film and his life. Abdul-Jabbar then spoke privately with both the varsity and junior varsity basketball teams before posing for photos and signing a few autographs.On June 1, 2016, Secretary of State John Kerry visited Blair to discuss ocean conservation.On February 26, 2018, U.S. Congressmen Jamie Raskin and Ted Deutch brought survivors of the Parkland high school shooting to Blair to meet with Blair students.
Campus
The current campus of Montgomery Blair High School covers 42 acres between the Capital Beltway, U.S. Route 29, and Maryland Route 193 in Silver Spring's Four Corners neighborhood. The school contains 386,567 sq ft (35,913.2 m2) of space and was originally designed for 2,830 students. Eight years after its completion, the school was more than 500 students over capacity, with a population of about 3,400. At one point, the school had eight auxiliary portable classrooms. Enrollment decreased slightly due to the opening of other schools and the creation of the Downcounty Consortium. Two portables were removed at the beginning of the 2006–2007 school year,and all were gone by April 2010, when enrollment was 2,788. Blair remains the county's largest school.
The school has baseball and softball fields to the east of the main building as well as Blazer Stadium which serves as the home of the school's football, soccer, field hockey, and lacrosse teams. There are three courtyards located throughout the main building. A greenhouse and accompanying patio is located on the second floor on the west side of the main building for the use of horticulture classes. The school building contains a 750-seat auditorium. The main hallway of the school, 'Blair Boulevard" displays flags from many countries, representing its extremely diverse student body.
In the school year of 2017–2018, Montgomery County Public School's Department of Facilities Management added four new portables to the school's campus, due to the large spike in enrollment. In 2022, Blair is expected to undergo construction for a new gym, a larger Student Activity Center and 18 new classrooms.
Academics
In 2021, MBHS was ranked 49th within Maryland and 2269th nationally by U.S. News & World Report. The school has an Honors Program and an Advanced Placement Program. The school is one of the few US high schools to have a .edu domain name, with its internet connection having gone live in the late 1980s. MBHS is home to two separately-run student news publications: Silver Chips is the school's print newspaper that is self-funded, and Silver Chips Online is an exclusively online publication which received the National Scholastic Press Association Online Pacemaker Award in 2004, 2005 and 2006. The editors-in-chief of Silver Chips for the 2020-2021 school year are Oliver Goldman, Tony González, Renata Muñoz, and Anika Seth. Blair is also home to Silver Quill, a literary arts magazine. Silver Quill is distributed with the school yearbook at the end of the school year.
Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program
In 1985, Montgomery County Public Schools opened its first Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program at Blair. At the time, Blair had the highest minority population among the high schools in the county and the lowest standardized test scores. The school board conducted a survey to decide that a specialized science magnet program would attract high-achieving white and Asian students to Blair. Although there was criticism of the program from some parents and students, the leaders of the PTA and the principal supported the program, noting that by 1989 more families were staying in the neighborhood to attend Blair and fewer students were seeking to transfer out. In 1993, the Superintendent of Montgomery County Public Schools told the New York Times: "I have never seen a high school's image turn around so quickly."Since its inception, the Magnet has offered accelerated, interdisciplinary courses in science, mathematics, and computer science. The Magnet offers dozens of electives, including Quantum Physics, Complex Analysis, Thermodynamics, Discrete Mathematics, Marine Biology, 3D Computer Graphics, Artificial Intelligence, Origins of Science, and Organic Chemistry as of 2022. Qualified students who are not in the program can and do enroll in its elective courses. In their senior year, Magnet students complete research projects to enter into the Science Talent Search, in which the program has a long history of success. In 2017, the Magnet had a mean SAT score of 1531 and a mean composite ACT score of 35, both of which are higher than any high school in the nation overall.The Blair Magnet is open to students from the southern and eastern areas of Montgomery County, who are selected through a competitive application and testing process (a program at Poolesville High School provides a similar curriculum for students in the northern and western areas of the county).The Magnet program has been criticized for being overwhelmingly white and Asian, enrolling few black and Hispanic students. The Magnet was threatened with proposed budget cuts in 2008, but after student protests, the most severe cuts were repealed. In 2018, a retired Magnet teacher was accused of sexual harassment by many former students.
Communication Arts Program
The Communication Arts Program (CAP) at was established at Blair soon after the Magnet, in 1988. It strives to provide a comprehensive educational approach to the humanities by offering accelerated, interdisciplinary courses in English, social studies, and media for participating students. CAP is open to students in the Downcounty Consortium and admission is competitive by application and testing.CAP offers courses in drama, photography, video production, history, government, English literature, writing composition, journalism and research. The number of CAP classes decreases by year, until students only complete one CAP class in 12th grade. The curriculum frequently builds off of existing Advanced Placement courses but uses the program's resources to add interdisciplinary experiences, such as a simulated presidential election that occurs over the course of a week at end of 10th grade, in which some students serve as candidates and others as campaign staff and reporters. CAP students also maintain portfolios of their work throughout the four years, which must include independent and service-based projects done outside of school. In 12th grade, they must successfully defend the portfolio's contents to a faculty committee in order to complete the program and graduate with a CAP Diploma.
English Department
In addition to offering standard English courses, the English Department also offers AP courses in Language and Literature, as well as studies in dramatics, journalism, and theater.
Fine Arts Department
The Fine Arts Department consists of two sub-departments of Music and Visual Arts. The Music Department includes instrumental music, choral music, and general music. Each year the department hosts a fine arts festival, in which students showcase their artistic talent.
Instrumental Music Department
MBHS's Instrumental Music Department consists of three orchestras, three bands, and two jazz bands. The orchestras are the Chamber Orchestra (Honors), Symphonic Orchestra, and Concert Orchestra. The bands include Wind Ensemble (Honors), Symphonic Band, and Concert Band. The jazz ensembles are Advanced Jazz Ensemble (Honors), and Jazz Lab Band. In addition, the music program also contains a marching band and a theatrical pit orchestra, as well as an audio library and a professional recording studio.
In 2014, MBHS's Chamber Orchestra hosted British Composer Paul Lewis as a Composer-in-Residence funded by the Wolf Trap Foundation. Students played the world premiere of a 5-movement piece called "Salute the Silents".
Choral Music Department
The Choral Music Department consists of Chorus, Show Choir, Chamber Choir (Honors), a Cabaret, and InToneNation, an a cappella group.
General Music Department
The General Music Department offers studies in music history, technology, business, composition, and theory. There are also courses offered in solo and ensemble techniques for piano and guitar playing.
Visual Arts Department
MBHS's Visual Arts Department offers studies in art & culture, ceramics & sculpture, digital art, photography, and studio art.
Foreign Language Department
The Foreign Language Department offers classes up to AP-level in Spanish, French, and Latin, and up to honors-level in Japanese and Arabic. It has recently added American Sign Language (ASL), which offer classes up to ASL 3.
Mathematics Department
The Mathematics Department offers a variety of honors- and AP-level courses, including: Algebra 1, Geometry, Algebra II, Precalculus, Calculus, Statistics, and Business Mathematics.
Science Department
The Science Department contains sub-departments in the core sciences of Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Earth Science.
Social Studies Department
MBHS's Social Studies Department offers honors and AP-level U.S. History, American Government and Politics, and World History, the department also offers elective courses such as African American History, Latin American History, European History, Middle East History, Comparative Government, Comparative religion, Cultural Anthropology, Administration of Justice, International Human Rights, Peace Studies Seminar, Economics, and Psychology. It was also the first in the region to offer courses in Women's Studies and the History of Hip-Hop.
Athletics
The student athletics program currently offers 23 different varsity and 8 junior varsity sports, with a total of 42 teams:
* indicates a sport for which there is also a junior varsity team.
^ indicates a sport that is not officially sanctioned by the school and is thus considered a club team.
Student activities and traditions
MBHS has over 95 teams or clubs, some of which are entirely student-run, including the Blair Radio Station, "Blazer Pride" Marching Band, Debate Team, and Jewish Culture Club and Philosophy Club.
Popular activities include: Knowledge Master Open, American Computer Science League, Envirothon, Science Bowl, Ocean Science Bowl, Doodle4Google, and Youth and Government.
Computer team
Montgomery Blair's computer team specializes in advanced computer science topics and programming algorithms which extend the classroom curriculum. Upperclassmen students teach new and complex algorithms, data structures, and programming techniques, including Dijkstra's shortest-path algorithm, dynamic programming, and greedy algorithms. The team also delves into other miscellaneous theoretical computer science topics including turing machines, nondeterministic polynomial time, random number generation, assembly language, lambda calculus, and relational databases. The Computer Team participates in the (ACSL), University of Pennsylvania Programming Contest, Loyola Programming Contest, University of Maryland Programming Contest, and the United States of America Computing Olympiad (USACO). The Computer Team won the ACSL All-Star Competition Senior Division in 1991, 1993, 2001, 2003, 2009, 2011 and 2013.
Robotics team
MBHS has an active FIRST Robotics Competition team, Team 449, nicknamed "The Blair Robot Project", inspired from the film The Blair Witch Project. The team was founded in 2000, and has competed in every year since except 2005.
Puzzlepalooza
MBHS has a puzzle tournament known as Puzzlepalooza. Puzzlepalooza has been self-proclaimed as "America's premier high school puzzle tournament." The tournament first began in 2010 and had taken place each May until 2020, when the tournament was canceled due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The tournament resumed for May 2022 after a two year hiatus. During a four-day period, teams have 12 hours to complete multiple-leveled puzzles. This puzzles produce a phrase that will be used in the final puzzle, which is the main goal of Puzzlepalooza. Completing this final puzzle results in prizes for the team that solves it. There are also many other prizes available for the teams such as the Spirit Award or the Iron Puzzler Award.
Science bowl
MBHS has an active science bowl team, consistently doing well in the Maryland Science Bowl and winning the National Science Bowl in 1999 and 2016. Blair won the National Ocean Sciences Bowl in 2018.
Quiz bowl
MBHS has an active quiz bowl team that competes in the local It's Academic competition. Blair won the It's Academic Super Bowl in 1995, 2017, and 2018.
BlackCAP
Established in 2016, BlackCAP is a student-run movement dedicated to helping students of color be accepted to and achieve in Montgomery County Public School application programs. BlackCAP was spearheaded by Alix Swann, Jaya Hinton, and Marley Majette (Class of 2018) and is sponsored by Mr. Kenneth Smith. BlackCAP has several components including a safe space for students of color in magnet programs and mentoring programs at Parkland Middle School and Silver Spring International Middle School.
History bowl
The Montgomery Blair History Bowl team won the 2020 National History Bowl Junior Varsity Championship. with team members Martin Brandenburg, Albert Ho, Jason Liu, and Leela Mehta-Harwitz.
Notable alumni
Blair has had many notable alumni in public service, the entertainment industry, sports, media, business, and academics.
Politics and public service
Tyras S. Athey, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates and Secretary of State of Maryland.
William A. Bronrott, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Robin Ficker, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Stan Greenberg, Democratic Party pollster and political strategist, known for his work on Bill Clinton’s Presidential campaign.
Thomas R. Norris, U.S. Navy SEAL who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Vietnam War.
William Addams Reitwiesner, genealogist and Library of Congress employee.
Craig L. Rice, former Montgomery County Councilmember and member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Jeff Waldstreicher, member of the Maryland Senate.
Christopher Williams, NASA astronaut candidate
Arts and entertainment
Cynthia Addai-Robinson, actress appearing in TV series Arrow, Spartacus, and Shooter.
Tyrone Giordano, film and stage actor, known for his lead role in Big River.
Eric Glover, writer for TV series Tom Swift and author of graphic novel Black Star.
Goldie Hawn, Oscar-winning actress in Hollywood movies including Cactus Flower, Private Benjamin, and The First Wives Club.
Ron Holloway, jazz saxophonist.
Eric Hutchinson, singer-songwriter known for his songs "Rock & Roll" and "Watching You Watch Him".
Rosamond S. King, poet and literary theorist.
Joshua Oppenheimer (finished high school in New Mexico), filmmaker of Oscar-nominated films The Act of Killing and The Look of Silence.
Chuck Redd, jazz percussionist.
Nora Roberts, bestselling romance novelist.
Sylvester Stallone, American actor, screenwriter, and film director (attended for short time before moving to Philadelphia).
Ben Stein, economist, actor, commentator, speech writer for U.S. President Richard Nixon.
Rebecca Sugar (traveled to Albert Einstein High School for Visual Art Center Program), artist, composer, and director, created the Cartoon Network series Steven Universe.
Lisa Ann Walter, actress and comedian, known for her roles in The Parent Trap and Abbott Elementary.
Sports and games
Steve Barber, baseball player for the Baltimore Orioles.
Tom Brown, baseball player for the Washington Senators and football player for the Green Bay Packers.
Dominique Dawes (finished high school in Gaithersburg), Olympic gymnast.
Steve Francis (completed GED), basketball player for the Maryland Terrapins and Houston Rockets.
Kelli Hill, coach of USA Women's Gymnastics Teams.
Wei-Hwa Huang, four-time World Puzzle Champion.
Sonny Jackson, baseball player for the Houston Colt .45's/Houston Astros and Atlanta Braves; the first black athlete at Blair.
Johnny Klippstein, baseball player for the Chicago Cubs, Minnesota Twins, and several other Major League Baseball teams, including the 1959 World Series champion Los Angeles Dodgers.
Jake Rozhansky, American-Israeli soccer player for Maryland Terrapins and Israel's Liga Leumit.
Visanthe Shiancoe, football player for the Minnesota Vikings.
Charlene Thomas-Swinson, college basketball player (Auburn) and coach (LSU).
Willis Wilson, former head men's basketball coach at Rice University.
Bob Windsor, football player for the San Francisco 49ers and New England Patriots.
David Vanterpool, basketball player for the Washington Wizards and assistant coach for Portland Trail Blazers.
Morgan Wootten, high school basketball coach for DeMatha.
Journalism and media
Erik Agard, crossword puzzle editor for USA Today.
Carl Bernstein, journalist and author known for breaking the Watergate scandal for The Washington Post.
Kiran Chetry, journalist and television news anchor for Fox News and CNN.
Connie Chung, journalist and television news anchor, known for co-hosting CBS Evening News.
Jon Fortt, CNBC anchor
Emily Gould, author and former co-editor of Gawker.
Rick Leventhal, broadcast journalist, Former Senior Correspondent for Fox News Channel.
Tom Marr, former Baltimore Orioles radio broadcaster, longtime radio talk show host on Baltimore's WCBM(680-AM).
Donna Richardson, fitness and aerobics instructor, author and ESPN commentator.
Inga Rundvold, broadcast reporter for WRC-TV
Eric Shansby, cartoonist for The Washington Post.
Daniel Zwerdling, journalist for NPR.
Business
Matias Duarte, Google Vice-President of Design.
Shervin Pishevar, entrepreneur and venture capitalist, known for co-founding Hyperoffice and Hyperloop One.
Chris T. Sullivan, co-founder of Outback Steakhouse.
Patrick Y. Lee, co-founder and CEO of Rotten Tomatoes.
Academics
Maneesh Agrawala, Professor of Computer Science at Stanford, Winner of 2009 MacArthur Fellowship.
Malcolm Beasley, Professor of Applied Physics at Stanford, former President of the American Physical Society.
Alexander Berg, Associate Professor of Computer Science at UC Irvine and computer-vision researcher at Meta AI.
Jonah Berger, bestselling author and marketing professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
Lorrie Cranor, Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University, former Chief Technologist of the Federal Trade Commission.
Samit Dasgupta, Professor of Mathematics at Duke University.
Jacob Lurie, Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University, winner of MacArthur Fellowship and Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics.
Stephen Vladeck, Professor of Law at the University of Texas, expert on the prosecution of war crimes.
Joshua Weitz, Professor of Biology at Georgia Tech, AAAS Fellow.
References
External links
Montgomery Blair High School
Statistics about Montgomery Blair High School
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Montgomery Blair High School (MBHS) is a public high school in Four Corners, Maryland, United States, operated by Montgomery County Public Schools. Its enrollment of 3,600 makes it the largest school in Montgomery County and in the state.The school is named for Montgomery Blair, a lawyer who represented Dred Scott in his Supreme Court case and later served as Postmaster General under President Abraham Lincoln. Opened in 1925 as Takoma Park–Silver Spring High School, the school changed its name in 1935 when it moved to 313 Wayne Avenue overlooking Sligo Creek in Silver Spring. In 1998, the school moved two miles (3 km) north to the Kay Tract, a long-vacant site just north of the Capital Beltway.
About 20% of the student body is part of one of two magnet programs: the Science, Math, and Computer Science Magnet, and the Communication Arts Program (CAP), which draw students from the Silver Spring area and across Montgomery County. The school is a member of the National Consortium for Specialized Secondary Schools of Mathematics, Science and Technology (NCSSSMST).
The school sat in the Silver Spring census-designated place until the Four Corners CDP was created after the 2010 U.S. Census.
History
Philadelphia–Chicago campus era (1925–1935)
The school opened in 1925 as Takoma–Silver Spring High School with 86 students. The 3.8-acre (15,000 m2) campus sat at the corner of Philadelphia Avenue and Chicago Avenue in suburban Takoma Park, Maryland.
By the end of the 1920s, the school had added a junior high school (8th and 9th grades) to its senior high school (10th through 12th grades). Growing along with the communities of Silver Spring and Takoma Park, it eventually encompassed kindergarten to 12th grade. By 1934, the school was over-capacity with 450 students, and so, in 1935, the 10th, 11th, and 12 grades moved to a new high school named Montgomery Blair Senior High School. For a time, students, teachers, and administrators commuted between the two campuses. The annual yearbook, Silverlogue, was created around this time.
Wayne Avenue campus era (1935–1998)
When Montgomery Blair High School's 23.5-acre (95,000 m2) Wayne Avenue campus opened in March 1935, it was the sixth high school in Montgomery County, and the first in the lower county. One of several Montgomery County schools designed during that period by Howard Wright Cutler, the facility then consisted only of the C building, overlooking Sligo Creek. In 1936, the Auxiliary Gymnasium was added, followed by the B building in 1940, and the D building in 1942. MBHS's first football team was founded in 1944, and the War Memorial Stadium opened in 1947. In 1950, the A building was constructed, containing the Blair Library/Media Center. With the addition of the Main Gymnasium/Fieldhouse in 1954, MBHS possessed one of the finest basketball and football facilities in the county. The E building was added in 1959 as an administrative section, followed by the 1969 opening of the 1200-seat auditorium, named for long-time teacher and librarian Elizabeth Stickley. The most recent addition was the automotive shop building in 1973.During World War II, students from the University of Maryland taught several classes, and in some cases, able senior students taught sophomore classes. The Blair Library created the "Senior Corner" to honor those who died in war. Life magazine featured the school's Victory Corps close order drill team. Before to the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education, Blair was an all-white school. In 1955, the school began to integrate along with the rest of Montgomery County.With Silver Spring's growth, Blair's enrollment jumped from 600 students in 1946, to 1900 by 1956, peaking at 2900 in 1965 before being reduced from 1700 to 1400 after re-zoning in 1982. Enrollment was around 1,800 when the Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program brought 80 new students in the fall of 1985. The Communication Arts Program (CAP) followed in 1987, founded by Alicia Coleman, brought 75 new students. Overcrowding became an issue for Montgomery Blair High School, as portable buildings covered what was once open land and enrollment exceeded the building's capacity of 2,000. In 1994, it was decided that the school should move to an empty tract of land 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the north. Construction began on the Kay Tract in the mid-nineties and the Four Corners campus opened in the fall of 1998. After the move, Blair's Wayne Avenue campus was converted into an elementary and middle school; currently Sligo Creek Elementary School and Silver Spring International Middle School each take up half the campus. The Elizabeth Stickley Auditorium was not included in the conversion plans, and has remained closed and deteriorating since 1997. Several local politicians and leaders, including former Maryland state senator Ida Ruben, current U.S. representative Jamie Raskin and former U.S. Senator Barbara Mikulski, have endorsed projects to restore the auditorium to its former condition.
Four Corners campus era (1998–present)
Montgomery Blair High School remained at the Wayne Avenue campus for over six decades until its 1998 move to the current Four Corners campus at the intersection of University Boulevard, Colesville Road, and the Capital Beltway. When it opened, the new facilities were the largest in the county, spanning a 42-acre (170,000 m2) region, which was nearly twice as large as the old Wayne Avenue site. During the early to mid-2000s, the school population spiked to 3,400 students, rivaling that of some community colleges. Although enrollment has since receded to about 2,900 students, the school still has the largest student population in the county. 2008 brough interactive digital Promethean boards to many classrooms.
Notable events
In April 1992, Montgomery Blair High School was the first high school in the nation to initiate and sponsor a display of the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt. More than 5,000 children, their families, teachers and friends came to see the Quilt.
It has been a popular stop for many politicians because of the school's diversity, strong academic programs, and proximity to the nation's capital. On February 5, 1998, President Bill Clinton and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair stopped at Montgomery Blair High School during a state visit.On March 7, 2003, United States Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge and Secretary of Education Rod Paige visited Blair.On June 23, 2005, President George W. Bush visited the school to discuss his plan to partially privatize Social Security. Students were not permitted to attend. Despite the last-minute announcement of the visit, about 400 community members, students and union members showed up to question Bush's proposed policies and the fact that this town hall-style meeting was not open to the general public. The police tried to move the demonstration to a park more than a block away, but protesters pointed out that there was no reason they couldn't continue their peaceful protest on the public sidewalk outside the fence around the school.During the 2010–2011 school year, NBA Hall of Famer Kareem Abdul-Jabbar spoke to a packed auditorium of students about his upcoming film and his life. Abdul-Jabbar then spoke privately with both the varsity and junior varsity basketball teams before posing for photos and signing a few autographs.On June 1, 2016, Secretary of State John Kerry visited Blair to discuss ocean conservation.On February 26, 2018, U.S. Congressmen Jamie Raskin and Ted Deutch brought survivors of the Parkland high school shooting to Blair to meet with Blair students.
Campus
The current campus of Montgomery Blair High School covers 42 acres between the Capital Beltway, U.S. Route 29, and Maryland Route 193 in Silver Spring's Four Corners neighborhood. The school contains 386,567 sq ft (35,913.2 m2) of space and was originally designed for 2,830 students. Eight years after its completion, the school was more than 500 students over capacity, with a population of about 3,400. At one point, the school had eight auxiliary portable classrooms. Enrollment decreased slightly due to the opening of other schools and the creation of the Downcounty Consortium. Two portables were removed at the beginning of the 2006–2007 school year,and all were gone by April 2010, when enrollment was 2,788. Blair remains the county's largest school.
The school has baseball and softball fields to the east of the main building as well as Blazer Stadium which serves as the home of the school's football, soccer, field hockey, and lacrosse teams. There are three courtyards located throughout the main building. A greenhouse and accompanying patio is located on the second floor on the west side of the main building for the use of horticulture classes. The school building contains a 750-seat auditorium. The main hallway of the school, 'Blair Boulevard" displays flags from many countries, representing its extremely diverse student body.
In the school year of 2017–2018, Montgomery County Public School's Department of Facilities Management added four new portables to the school's campus, due to the large spike in enrollment. In 2022, Blair is expected to undergo construction for a new gym, a larger Student Activity Center and 18 new classrooms.
Academics
In 2021, MBHS was ranked 49th within Maryland and 2269th nationally by U.S. News & World Report. The school has an Honors Program and an Advanced Placement Program. The school is one of the few US high schools to have a .edu domain name, with its internet connection having gone live in the late 1980s. MBHS is home to two separately-run student news publications: Silver Chips is the school's print newspaper that is self-funded, and Silver Chips Online is an exclusively online publication which received the National Scholastic Press Association Online Pacemaker Award in 2004, 2005 and 2006. The editors-in-chief of Silver Chips for the 2020-2021 school year are Oliver Goldman, Tony González, Renata Muñoz, and Anika Seth. Blair is also home to Silver Quill, a literary arts magazine. Silver Quill is distributed with the school yearbook at the end of the school year.
Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program
In 1985, Montgomery County Public Schools opened its first Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program at Blair. At the time, Blair had the highest minority population among the high schools in the county and the lowest standardized test scores. The school board conducted a survey to decide that a specialized science magnet program would attract high-achieving white and Asian students to Blair. Although there was criticism of the program from some parents and students, the leaders of the PTA and the principal supported the program, noting that by 1989 more families were staying in the neighborhood to attend Blair and fewer students were seeking to transfer out. In 1993, the Superintendent of Montgomery County Public Schools told the New York Times: "I have never seen a high school's image turn around so quickly."Since its inception, the Magnet has offered accelerated, interdisciplinary courses in science, mathematics, and computer science. The Magnet offers dozens of electives, including Quantum Physics, Complex Analysis, Thermodynamics, Discrete Mathematics, Marine Biology, 3D Computer Graphics, Artificial Intelligence, Origins of Science, and Organic Chemistry as of 2022. Qualified students who are not in the program can and do enroll in its elective courses. In their senior year, Magnet students complete research projects to enter into the Science Talent Search, in which the program has a long history of success. In 2017, the Magnet had a mean SAT score of 1531 and a mean composite ACT score of 35, both of which are higher than any high school in the nation overall.The Blair Magnet is open to students from the southern and eastern areas of Montgomery County, who are selected through a competitive application and testing process (a program at Poolesville High School provides a similar curriculum for students in the northern and western areas of the county).The Magnet program has been criticized for being overwhelmingly white and Asian, enrolling few black and Hispanic students. The Magnet was threatened with proposed budget cuts in 2008, but after student protests, the most severe cuts were repealed. In 2018, a retired Magnet teacher was accused of sexual harassment by many former students.
Communication Arts Program
The Communication Arts Program (CAP) at was established at Blair soon after the Magnet, in 1988. It strives to provide a comprehensive educational approach to the humanities by offering accelerated, interdisciplinary courses in English, social studies, and media for participating students. CAP is open to students in the Downcounty Consortium and admission is competitive by application and testing.CAP offers courses in drama, photography, video production, history, government, English literature, writing composition, journalism and research. The number of CAP classes decreases by year, until students only complete one CAP class in 12th grade. The curriculum frequently builds off of existing Advanced Placement courses but uses the program's resources to add interdisciplinary experiences, such as a simulated presidential election that occurs over the course of a week at end of 10th grade, in which some students serve as candidates and others as campaign staff and reporters. CAP students also maintain portfolios of their work throughout the four years, which must include independent and service-based projects done outside of school. In 12th grade, they must successfully defend the portfolio's contents to a faculty committee in order to complete the program and graduate with a CAP Diploma.
English Department
In addition to offering standard English courses, the English Department also offers AP courses in Language and Literature, as well as studies in dramatics, journalism, and theater.
Fine Arts Department
The Fine Arts Department consists of two sub-departments of Music and Visual Arts. The Music Department includes instrumental music, choral music, and general music. Each year the department hosts a fine arts festival, in which students showcase their artistic talent.
Instrumental Music Department
MBHS's Instrumental Music Department consists of three orchestras, three bands, and two jazz bands. The orchestras are the Chamber Orchestra (Honors), Symphonic Orchestra, and Concert Orchestra. The bands include Wind Ensemble (Honors), Symphonic Band, and Concert Band. The jazz ensembles are Advanced Jazz Ensemble (Honors), and Jazz Lab Band. In addition, the music program also contains a marching band and a theatrical pit orchestra, as well as an audio library and a professional recording studio.
In 2014, MBHS's Chamber Orchestra hosted British Composer Paul Lewis as a Composer-in-Residence funded by the Wolf Trap Foundation. Students played the world premiere of a 5-movement piece called "Salute the Silents".
Choral Music Department
The Choral Music Department consists of Chorus, Show Choir, Chamber Choir (Honors), a Cabaret, and InToneNation, an a cappella group.
General Music Department
The General Music Department offers studies in music history, technology, business, composition, and theory. There are also courses offered in solo and ensemble techniques for piano and guitar playing.
Visual Arts Department
MBHS's Visual Arts Department offers studies in art & culture, ceramics & sculpture, digital art, photography, and studio art.
Foreign Language Department
The Foreign Language Department offers classes up to AP-level in Spanish, French, and Latin, and up to honors-level in Japanese and Arabic. It has recently added American Sign Language (ASL), which offer classes up to ASL 3.
Mathematics Department
The Mathematics Department offers a variety of honors- and AP-level courses, including: Algebra 1, Geometry, Algebra II, Precalculus, Calculus, Statistics, and Business Mathematics.
Science Department
The Science Department contains sub-departments in the core sciences of Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Earth Science.
Social Studies Department
MBHS's Social Studies Department offers honors and AP-level U.S. History, American Government and Politics, and World History, the department also offers elective courses such as African American History, Latin American History, European History, Middle East History, Comparative Government, Comparative religion, Cultural Anthropology, Administration of Justice, International Human Rights, Peace Studies Seminar, Economics, and Psychology. It was also the first in the region to offer courses in Women's Studies and the History of Hip-Hop.
Athletics
The student athletics program currently offers 23 different varsity and 8 junior varsity sports, with a total of 42 teams:
* indicates a sport for which there is also a junior varsity team.
^ indicates a sport that is not officially sanctioned by the school and is thus considered a club team.
Student activities and traditions
MBHS has over 95 teams or clubs, some of which are entirely student-run, including the Blair Radio Station, "Blazer Pride" Marching Band, Debate Team, and Jewish Culture Club and Philosophy Club.
Popular activities include: Knowledge Master Open, American Computer Science League, Envirothon, Science Bowl, Ocean Science Bowl, Doodle4Google, and Youth and Government.
Computer team
Montgomery Blair's computer team specializes in advanced computer science topics and programming algorithms which extend the classroom curriculum. Upperclassmen students teach new and complex algorithms, data structures, and programming techniques, including Dijkstra's shortest-path algorithm, dynamic programming, and greedy algorithms. The team also delves into other miscellaneous theoretical computer science topics including turing machines, nondeterministic polynomial time, random number generation, assembly language, lambda calculus, and relational databases. The Computer Team participates in the (ACSL), University of Pennsylvania Programming Contest, Loyola Programming Contest, University of Maryland Programming Contest, and the United States of America Computing Olympiad (USACO). The Computer Team won the ACSL All-Star Competition Senior Division in 1991, 1993, 2001, 2003, 2009, 2011 and 2013.
Robotics team
MBHS has an active FIRST Robotics Competition team, Team 449, nicknamed "The Blair Robot Project", inspired from the film The Blair Witch Project. The team was founded in 2000, and has competed in every year since except 2005.
Puzzlepalooza
MBHS has a puzzle tournament known as Puzzlepalooza. Puzzlepalooza has been self-proclaimed as "America's premier high school puzzle tournament." The tournament first began in 2010 and had taken place each May until 2020, when the tournament was canceled due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The tournament resumed for May 2022 after a two year hiatus. During a four-day period, teams have 12 hours to complete multiple-leveled puzzles. This puzzles produce a phrase that will be used in the final puzzle, which is the main goal of Puzzlepalooza. Completing this final puzzle results in prizes for the team that solves it. There are also many other prizes available for the teams such as the Spirit Award or the Iron Puzzler Award.
Science bowl
MBHS has an active science bowl team, consistently doing well in the Maryland Science Bowl and winning the National Science Bowl in 1999 and 2016. Blair won the National Ocean Sciences Bowl in 2018.
Quiz bowl
MBHS has an active quiz bowl team that competes in the local It's Academic competition. Blair won the It's Academic Super Bowl in 1995, 2017, and 2018.
BlackCAP
Established in 2016, BlackCAP is a student-run movement dedicated to helping students of color be accepted to and achieve in Montgomery County Public School application programs. BlackCAP was spearheaded by Alix Swann, Jaya Hinton, and Marley Majette (Class of 2018) and is sponsored by Mr. Kenneth Smith. BlackCAP has several components including a safe space for students of color in magnet programs and mentoring programs at Parkland Middle School and Silver Spring International Middle School.
History bowl
The Montgomery Blair History Bowl team won the 2020 National History Bowl Junior Varsity Championship. with team members Martin Brandenburg, Albert Ho, Jason Liu, and Leela Mehta-Harwitz.
Notable alumni
Blair has had many notable alumni in public service, the entertainment industry, sports, media, business, and academics.
Politics and public service
Tyras S. Athey, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates and Secretary of State of Maryland.
William A. Bronrott, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Robin Ficker, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Stan Greenberg, Democratic Party pollster and political strategist, known for his work on Bill Clinton’s Presidential campaign.
Thomas R. Norris, U.S. Navy SEAL who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Vietnam War.
William Addams Reitwiesner, genealogist and Library of Congress employee.
Craig L. Rice, former Montgomery County Councilmember and member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Jeff Waldstreicher, member of the Maryland Senate.
Christopher Williams, NASA astronaut candidate
Arts and entertainment
Cynthia Addai-Robinson, actress appearing in TV series Arrow, Spartacus, and Shooter.
Tyrone Giordano, film and stage actor, known for his lead role in Big River.
Eric Glover, writer for TV series Tom Swift and author of graphic novel Black Star.
Goldie Hawn, Oscar-winning actress in Hollywood movies including Cactus Flower, Private Benjamin, and The First Wives Club.
Ron Holloway, jazz saxophonist.
Eric Hutchinson, singer-songwriter known for his songs "Rock & Roll" and "Watching You Watch Him".
Rosamond S. King, poet and literary theorist.
Joshua Oppenheimer (finished high school in New Mexico), filmmaker of Oscar-nominated films The Act of Killing and The Look of Silence.
Chuck Redd, jazz percussionist.
Nora Roberts, bestselling romance novelist.
Sylvester Stallone, American actor, screenwriter, and film director (attended for short time before moving to Philadelphia).
Ben Stein, economist, actor, commentator, speech writer for U.S. President Richard Nixon.
Rebecca Sugar (traveled to Albert Einstein High School for Visual Art Center Program), artist, composer, and director, created the Cartoon Network series Steven Universe.
Lisa Ann Walter, actress and comedian, known for her roles in The Parent Trap and Abbott Elementary.
Sports and games
Steve Barber, baseball player for the Baltimore Orioles.
Tom Brown, baseball player for the Washington Senators and football player for the Green Bay Packers.
Dominique Dawes (finished high school in Gaithersburg), Olympic gymnast.
Steve Francis (completed GED), basketball player for the Maryland Terrapins and Houston Rockets.
Kelli Hill, coach of USA Women's Gymnastics Teams.
Wei-Hwa Huang, four-time World Puzzle Champion.
Sonny Jackson, baseball player for the Houston Colt .45's/Houston Astros and Atlanta Braves; the first black athlete at Blair.
Johnny Klippstein, baseball player for the Chicago Cubs, Minnesota Twins, and several other Major League Baseball teams, including the 1959 World Series champion Los Angeles Dodgers.
Jake Rozhansky, American-Israeli soccer player for Maryland Terrapins and Israel's Liga Leumit.
Visanthe Shiancoe, football player for the Minnesota Vikings.
Charlene Thomas-Swinson, college basketball player (Auburn) and coach (LSU).
Willis Wilson, former head men's basketball coach at Rice University.
Bob Windsor, football player for the San Francisco 49ers and New England Patriots.
David Vanterpool, basketball player for the Washington Wizards and assistant coach for Portland Trail Blazers.
Morgan Wootten, high school basketball coach for DeMatha.
Journalism and media
Erik Agard, crossword puzzle editor for USA Today.
Carl Bernstein, journalist and author known for breaking the Watergate scandal for The Washington Post.
Kiran Chetry, journalist and television news anchor for Fox News and CNN.
Connie Chung, journalist and television news anchor, known for co-hosting CBS Evening News.
Jon Fortt, CNBC anchor
Emily Gould, author and former co-editor of Gawker.
Rick Leventhal, broadcast journalist, Former Senior Correspondent for Fox News Channel.
Tom Marr, former Baltimore Orioles radio broadcaster, longtime radio talk show host on Baltimore's WCBM(680-AM).
Donna Richardson, fitness and aerobics instructor, author and ESPN commentator.
Inga Rundvold, broadcast reporter for WRC-TV
Eric Shansby, cartoonist for The Washington Post.
Daniel Zwerdling, journalist for NPR.
Business
Matias Duarte, Google Vice-President of Design.
Shervin Pishevar, entrepreneur and venture capitalist, known for co-founding Hyperoffice and Hyperloop One.
Chris T. Sullivan, co-founder of Outback Steakhouse.
Patrick Y. Lee, co-founder and CEO of Rotten Tomatoes.
Academics
Maneesh Agrawala, Professor of Computer Science at Stanford, Winner of 2009 MacArthur Fellowship.
Malcolm Beasley, Professor of Applied Physics at Stanford, former President of the American Physical Society.
Alexander Berg, Associate Professor of Computer Science at UC Irvine and computer-vision researcher at Meta AI.
Jonah Berger, bestselling author and marketing professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
Lorrie Cranor, Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University, former Chief Technologist of the Federal Trade Commission.
Samit Dasgupta, Professor of Mathematics at Duke University.
Jacob Lurie, Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University, winner of MacArthur Fellowship and Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics.
Stephen Vladeck, Professor of Law at the University of Texas, expert on the prosecution of war crimes.
Joshua Weitz, Professor of Biology at Georgia Tech, AAAS Fellow.
References
External links
Montgomery Blair High School
Statistics about Montgomery Blair High School
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Montgomery Blair High School (MBHS) is a public high school in Four Corners, Maryland, United States, operated by Montgomery County Public Schools. Its enrollment of 3,600 makes it the largest school in Montgomery County and in the state.The school is named for Montgomery Blair, a lawyer who represented Dred Scott in his Supreme Court case and later served as Postmaster General under President Abraham Lincoln. Opened in 1925 as Takoma Park–Silver Spring High School, the school changed its name in 1935 when it moved to 313 Wayne Avenue overlooking Sligo Creek in Silver Spring. In 1998, the school moved two miles (3 km) north to the Kay Tract, a long-vacant site just north of the Capital Beltway.
About 20% of the student body is part of one of two magnet programs: the Science, Math, and Computer Science Magnet, and the Communication Arts Program (CAP), which draw students from the Silver Spring area and across Montgomery County. The school is a member of the National Consortium for Specialized Secondary Schools of Mathematics, Science and Technology (NCSSSMST).
The school sat in the Silver Spring census-designated place until the Four Corners CDP was created after the 2010 U.S. Census.
History
Philadelphia–Chicago campus era (1925–1935)
The school opened in 1925 as Takoma–Silver Spring High School with 86 students. The 3.8-acre (15,000 m2) campus sat at the corner of Philadelphia Avenue and Chicago Avenue in suburban Takoma Park, Maryland.
By the end of the 1920s, the school had added a junior high school (8th and 9th grades) to its senior high school (10th through 12th grades). Growing along with the communities of Silver Spring and Takoma Park, it eventually encompassed kindergarten to 12th grade. By 1934, the school was over-capacity with 450 students, and so, in 1935, the 10th, 11th, and 12 grades moved to a new high school named Montgomery Blair Senior High School. For a time, students, teachers, and administrators commuted between the two campuses. The annual yearbook, Silverlogue, was created around this time.
Wayne Avenue campus era (1935–1998)
When Montgomery Blair High School's 23.5-acre (95,000 m2) Wayne Avenue campus opened in March 1935, it was the sixth high school in Montgomery County, and the first in the lower county. One of several Montgomery County schools designed during that period by Howard Wright Cutler, the facility then consisted only of the C building, overlooking Sligo Creek. In 1936, the Auxiliary Gymnasium was added, followed by the B building in 1940, and the D building in 1942. MBHS's first football team was founded in 1944, and the War Memorial Stadium opened in 1947. In 1950, the A building was constructed, containing the Blair Library/Media Center. With the addition of the Main Gymnasium/Fieldhouse in 1954, MBHS possessed one of the finest basketball and football facilities in the county. The E building was added in 1959 as an administrative section, followed by the 1969 opening of the 1200-seat auditorium, named for long-time teacher and librarian Elizabeth Stickley. The most recent addition was the automotive shop building in 1973.During World War II, students from the University of Maryland taught several classes, and in some cases, able senior students taught sophomore classes. The Blair Library created the "Senior Corner" to honor those who died in war. Life magazine featured the school's Victory Corps close order drill team. Before to the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education, Blair was an all-white school. In 1955, the school began to integrate along with the rest of Montgomery County.With Silver Spring's growth, Blair's enrollment jumped from 600 students in 1946, to 1900 by 1956, peaking at 2900 in 1965 before being reduced from 1700 to 1400 after re-zoning in 1982. Enrollment was around 1,800 when the Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program brought 80 new students in the fall of 1985. The Communication Arts Program (CAP) followed in 1987, founded by Alicia Coleman, brought 75 new students. Overcrowding became an issue for Montgomery Blair High School, as portable buildings covered what was once open land and enrollment exceeded the building's capacity of 2,000. In 1994, it was decided that the school should move to an empty tract of land 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the north. Construction began on the Kay Tract in the mid-nineties and the Four Corners campus opened in the fall of 1998. After the move, Blair's Wayne Avenue campus was converted into an elementary and middle school; currently Sligo Creek Elementary School and Silver Spring International Middle School each take up half the campus. The Elizabeth Stickley Auditorium was not included in the conversion plans, and has remained closed and deteriorating since 1997. Several local politicians and leaders, including former Maryland state senator Ida Ruben, current U.S. representative Jamie Raskin and former U.S. Senator Barbara Mikulski, have endorsed projects to restore the auditorium to its former condition.
Four Corners campus era (1998–present)
Montgomery Blair High School remained at the Wayne Avenue campus for over six decades until its 1998 move to the current Four Corners campus at the intersection of University Boulevard, Colesville Road, and the Capital Beltway. When it opened, the new facilities were the largest in the county, spanning a 42-acre (170,000 m2) region, which was nearly twice as large as the old Wayne Avenue site. During the early to mid-2000s, the school population spiked to 3,400 students, rivaling that of some community colleges. Although enrollment has since receded to about 2,900 students, the school still has the largest student population in the county. 2008 brough interactive digital Promethean boards to many classrooms.
Notable events
In April 1992, Montgomery Blair High School was the first high school in the nation to initiate and sponsor a display of the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt. More than 5,000 children, their families, teachers and friends came to see the Quilt.
It has been a popular stop for many politicians because of the school's diversity, strong academic programs, and proximity to the nation's capital. On February 5, 1998, President Bill Clinton and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair stopped at Montgomery Blair High School during a state visit.On March 7, 2003, United States Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge and Secretary of Education Rod Paige visited Blair.On June 23, 2005, President George W. Bush visited the school to discuss his plan to partially privatize Social Security. Students were not permitted to attend. Despite the last-minute announcement of the visit, about 400 community members, students and union members showed up to question Bush's proposed policies and the fact that this town hall-style meeting was not open to the general public. The police tried to move the demonstration to a park more than a block away, but protesters pointed out that there was no reason they couldn't continue their peaceful protest on the public sidewalk outside the fence around the school.During the 2010–2011 school year, NBA Hall of Famer Kareem Abdul-Jabbar spoke to a packed auditorium of students about his upcoming film and his life. Abdul-Jabbar then spoke privately with both the varsity and junior varsity basketball teams before posing for photos and signing a few autographs.On June 1, 2016, Secretary of State John Kerry visited Blair to discuss ocean conservation.On February 26, 2018, U.S. Congressmen Jamie Raskin and Ted Deutch brought survivors of the Parkland high school shooting to Blair to meet with Blair students.
Campus
The current campus of Montgomery Blair High School covers 42 acres between the Capital Beltway, U.S. Route 29, and Maryland Route 193 in Silver Spring's Four Corners neighborhood. The school contains 386,567 sq ft (35,913.2 m2) of space and was originally designed for 2,830 students. Eight years after its completion, the school was more than 500 students over capacity, with a population of about 3,400. At one point, the school had eight auxiliary portable classrooms. Enrollment decreased slightly due to the opening of other schools and the creation of the Downcounty Consortium. Two portables were removed at the beginning of the 2006–2007 school year,and all were gone by April 2010, when enrollment was 2,788. Blair remains the county's largest school.
The school has baseball and softball fields to the east of the main building as well as Blazer Stadium which serves as the home of the school's football, soccer, field hockey, and lacrosse teams. There are three courtyards located throughout the main building. A greenhouse and accompanying patio is located on the second floor on the west side of the main building for the use of horticulture classes. The school building contains a 750-seat auditorium. The main hallway of the school, 'Blair Boulevard" displays flags from many countries, representing its extremely diverse student body.
In the school year of 2017–2018, Montgomery County Public School's Department of Facilities Management added four new portables to the school's campus, due to the large spike in enrollment. In 2022, Blair is expected to undergo construction for a new gym, a larger Student Activity Center and 18 new classrooms.
Academics
In 2021, MBHS was ranked 49th within Maryland and 2269th nationally by U.S. News & World Report. The school has an Honors Program and an Advanced Placement Program. The school is one of the few US high schools to have a .edu domain name, with its internet connection having gone live in the late 1980s. MBHS is home to two separately-run student news publications: Silver Chips is the school's print newspaper that is self-funded, and Silver Chips Online is an exclusively online publication which received the National Scholastic Press Association Online Pacemaker Award in 2004, 2005 and 2006. The editors-in-chief of Silver Chips for the 2020-2021 school year are Oliver Goldman, Tony González, Renata Muñoz, and Anika Seth. Blair is also home to Silver Quill, a literary arts magazine. Silver Quill is distributed with the school yearbook at the end of the school year.
Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program
In 1985, Montgomery County Public Schools opened its first Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program at Blair. At the time, Blair had the highest minority population among the high schools in the county and the lowest standardized test scores. The school board conducted a survey to decide that a specialized science magnet program would attract high-achieving white and Asian students to Blair. Although there was criticism of the program from some parents and students, the leaders of the PTA and the principal supported the program, noting that by 1989 more families were staying in the neighborhood to attend Blair and fewer students were seeking to transfer out. In 1993, the Superintendent of Montgomery County Public Schools told the New York Times: "I have never seen a high school's image turn around so quickly."Since its inception, the Magnet has offered accelerated, interdisciplinary courses in science, mathematics, and computer science. The Magnet offers dozens of electives, including Quantum Physics, Complex Analysis, Thermodynamics, Discrete Mathematics, Marine Biology, 3D Computer Graphics, Artificial Intelligence, Origins of Science, and Organic Chemistry as of 2022. Qualified students who are not in the program can and do enroll in its elective courses. In their senior year, Magnet students complete research projects to enter into the Science Talent Search, in which the program has a long history of success. In 2017, the Magnet had a mean SAT score of 1531 and a mean composite ACT score of 35, both of which are higher than any high school in the nation overall.The Blair Magnet is open to students from the southern and eastern areas of Montgomery County, who are selected through a competitive application and testing process (a program at Poolesville High School provides a similar curriculum for students in the northern and western areas of the county).The Magnet program has been criticized for being overwhelmingly white and Asian, enrolling few black and Hispanic students. The Magnet was threatened with proposed budget cuts in 2008, but after student protests, the most severe cuts were repealed. In 2018, a retired Magnet teacher was accused of sexual harassment by many former students.
Communication Arts Program
The Communication Arts Program (CAP) at was established at Blair soon after the Magnet, in 1988. It strives to provide a comprehensive educational approach to the humanities by offering accelerated, interdisciplinary courses in English, social studies, and media for participating students. CAP is open to students in the Downcounty Consortium and admission is competitive by application and testing.CAP offers courses in drama, photography, video production, history, government, English literature, writing composition, journalism and research. The number of CAP classes decreases by year, until students only complete one CAP class in 12th grade. The curriculum frequently builds off of existing Advanced Placement courses but uses the program's resources to add interdisciplinary experiences, such as a simulated presidential election that occurs over the course of a week at end of 10th grade, in which some students serve as candidates and others as campaign staff and reporters. CAP students also maintain portfolios of their work throughout the four years, which must include independent and service-based projects done outside of school. In 12th grade, they must successfully defend the portfolio's contents to a faculty committee in order to complete the program and graduate with a CAP Diploma.
English Department
In addition to offering standard English courses, the English Department also offers AP courses in Language and Literature, as well as studies in dramatics, journalism, and theater.
Fine Arts Department
The Fine Arts Department consists of two sub-departments of Music and Visual Arts. The Music Department includes instrumental music, choral music, and general music. Each year the department hosts a fine arts festival, in which students showcase their artistic talent.
Instrumental Music Department
MBHS's Instrumental Music Department consists of three orchestras, three bands, and two jazz bands. The orchestras are the Chamber Orchestra (Honors), Symphonic Orchestra, and Concert Orchestra. The bands include Wind Ensemble (Honors), Symphonic Band, and Concert Band. The jazz ensembles are Advanced Jazz Ensemble (Honors), and Jazz Lab Band. In addition, the music program also contains a marching band and a theatrical pit orchestra, as well as an audio library and a professional recording studio.
In 2014, MBHS's Chamber Orchestra hosted British Composer Paul Lewis as a Composer-in-Residence funded by the Wolf Trap Foundation. Students played the world premiere of a 5-movement piece called "Salute the Silents".
Choral Music Department
The Choral Music Department consists of Chorus, Show Choir, Chamber Choir (Honors), a Cabaret, and InToneNation, an a cappella group.
General Music Department
The General Music Department offers studies in music history, technology, business, composition, and theory. There are also courses offered in solo and ensemble techniques for piano and guitar playing.
Visual Arts Department
MBHS's Visual Arts Department offers studies in art & culture, ceramics & sculpture, digital art, photography, and studio art.
Foreign Language Department
The Foreign Language Department offers classes up to AP-level in Spanish, French, and Latin, and up to honors-level in Japanese and Arabic. It has recently added American Sign Language (ASL), which offer classes up to ASL 3.
Mathematics Department
The Mathematics Department offers a variety of honors- and AP-level courses, including: Algebra 1, Geometry, Algebra II, Precalculus, Calculus, Statistics, and Business Mathematics.
Science Department
The Science Department contains sub-departments in the core sciences of Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Earth Science.
Social Studies Department
MBHS's Social Studies Department offers honors and AP-level U.S. History, American Government and Politics, and World History, the department also offers elective courses such as African American History, Latin American History, European History, Middle East History, Comparative Government, Comparative religion, Cultural Anthropology, Administration of Justice, International Human Rights, Peace Studies Seminar, Economics, and Psychology. It was also the first in the region to offer courses in Women's Studies and the History of Hip-Hop.
Athletics
The student athletics program currently offers 23 different varsity and 8 junior varsity sports, with a total of 42 teams:
* indicates a sport for which there is also a junior varsity team.
^ indicates a sport that is not officially sanctioned by the school and is thus considered a club team.
Student activities and traditions
MBHS has over 95 teams or clubs, some of which are entirely student-run, including the Blair Radio Station, "Blazer Pride" Marching Band, Debate Team, and Jewish Culture Club and Philosophy Club.
Popular activities include: Knowledge Master Open, American Computer Science League, Envirothon, Science Bowl, Ocean Science Bowl, Doodle4Google, and Youth and Government.
Computer team
Montgomery Blair's computer team specializes in advanced computer science topics and programming algorithms which extend the classroom curriculum. Upperclassmen students teach new and complex algorithms, data structures, and programming techniques, including Dijkstra's shortest-path algorithm, dynamic programming, and greedy algorithms. The team also delves into other miscellaneous theoretical computer science topics including turing machines, nondeterministic polynomial time, random number generation, assembly language, lambda calculus, and relational databases. The Computer Team participates in the (ACSL), University of Pennsylvania Programming Contest, Loyola Programming Contest, University of Maryland Programming Contest, and the United States of America Computing Olympiad (USACO). The Computer Team won the ACSL All-Star Competition Senior Division in 1991, 1993, 2001, 2003, 2009, 2011 and 2013.
Robotics team
MBHS has an active FIRST Robotics Competition team, Team 449, nicknamed "The Blair Robot Project", inspired from the film The Blair Witch Project. The team was founded in 2000, and has competed in every year since except 2005.
Puzzlepalooza
MBHS has a puzzle tournament known as Puzzlepalooza. Puzzlepalooza has been self-proclaimed as "America's premier high school puzzle tournament." The tournament first began in 2010 and had taken place each May until 2020, when the tournament was canceled due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The tournament resumed for May 2022 after a two year hiatus. During a four-day period, teams have 12 hours to complete multiple-leveled puzzles. This puzzles produce a phrase that will be used in the final puzzle, which is the main goal of Puzzlepalooza. Completing this final puzzle results in prizes for the team that solves it. There are also many other prizes available for the teams such as the Spirit Award or the Iron Puzzler Award.
Science bowl
MBHS has an active science bowl team, consistently doing well in the Maryland Science Bowl and winning the National Science Bowl in 1999 and 2016. Blair won the National Ocean Sciences Bowl in 2018.
Quiz bowl
MBHS has an active quiz bowl team that competes in the local It's Academic competition. Blair won the It's Academic Super Bowl in 1995, 2017, and 2018.
BlackCAP
Established in 2016, BlackCAP is a student-run movement dedicated to helping students of color be accepted to and achieve in Montgomery County Public School application programs. BlackCAP was spearheaded by Alix Swann, Jaya Hinton, and Marley Majette (Class of 2018) and is sponsored by Mr. Kenneth Smith. BlackCAP has several components including a safe space for students of color in magnet programs and mentoring programs at Parkland Middle School and Silver Spring International Middle School.
History bowl
The Montgomery Blair History Bowl team won the 2020 National History Bowl Junior Varsity Championship. with team members Martin Brandenburg, Albert Ho, Jason Liu, and Leela Mehta-Harwitz.
Notable alumni
Blair has had many notable alumni in public service, the entertainment industry, sports, media, business, and academics.
Politics and public service
Tyras S. Athey, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates and Secretary of State of Maryland.
William A. Bronrott, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Robin Ficker, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Stan Greenberg, Democratic Party pollster and political strategist, known for his work on Bill Clinton’s Presidential campaign.
Thomas R. Norris, U.S. Navy SEAL who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Vietnam War.
William Addams Reitwiesner, genealogist and Library of Congress employee.
Craig L. Rice, former Montgomery County Councilmember and member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Jeff Waldstreicher, member of the Maryland Senate.
Christopher Williams, NASA astronaut candidate
Arts and entertainment
Cynthia Addai-Robinson, actress appearing in TV series Arrow, Spartacus, and Shooter.
Tyrone Giordano, film and stage actor, known for his lead role in Big River.
Eric Glover, writer for TV series Tom Swift and author of graphic novel Black Star.
Goldie Hawn, Oscar-winning actress in Hollywood movies including Cactus Flower, Private Benjamin, and The First Wives Club.
Ron Holloway, jazz saxophonist.
Eric Hutchinson, singer-songwriter known for his songs "Rock & Roll" and "Watching You Watch Him".
Rosamond S. King, poet and literary theorist.
Joshua Oppenheimer (finished high school in New Mexico), filmmaker of Oscar-nominated films The Act of Killing and The Look of Silence.
Chuck Redd, jazz percussionist.
Nora Roberts, bestselling romance novelist.
Sylvester Stallone, American actor, screenwriter, and film director (attended for short time before moving to Philadelphia).
Ben Stein, economist, actor, commentator, speech writer for U.S. President Richard Nixon.
Rebecca Sugar (traveled to Albert Einstein High School for Visual Art Center Program), artist, composer, and director, created the Cartoon Network series Steven Universe.
Lisa Ann Walter, actress and comedian, known for her roles in The Parent Trap and Abbott Elementary.
Sports and games
Steve Barber, baseball player for the Baltimore Orioles.
Tom Brown, baseball player for the Washington Senators and football player for the Green Bay Packers.
Dominique Dawes (finished high school in Gaithersburg), Olympic gymnast.
Steve Francis (completed GED), basketball player for the Maryland Terrapins and Houston Rockets.
Kelli Hill, coach of USA Women's Gymnastics Teams.
Wei-Hwa Huang, four-time World Puzzle Champion.
Sonny Jackson, baseball player for the Houston Colt .45's/Houston Astros and Atlanta Braves; the first black athlete at Blair.
Johnny Klippstein, baseball player for the Chicago Cubs, Minnesota Twins, and several other Major League Baseball teams, including the 1959 World Series champion Los Angeles Dodgers.
Jake Rozhansky, American-Israeli soccer player for Maryland Terrapins and Israel's Liga Leumit.
Visanthe Shiancoe, football player for the Minnesota Vikings.
Charlene Thomas-Swinson, college basketball player (Auburn) and coach (LSU).
Willis Wilson, former head men's basketball coach at Rice University.
Bob Windsor, football player for the San Francisco 49ers and New England Patriots.
David Vanterpool, basketball player for the Washington Wizards and assistant coach for Portland Trail Blazers.
Morgan Wootten, high school basketball coach for DeMatha.
Journalism and media
Erik Agard, crossword puzzle editor for USA Today.
Carl Bernstein, journalist and author known for breaking the Watergate scandal for The Washington Post.
Kiran Chetry, journalist and television news anchor for Fox News and CNN.
Connie Chung, journalist and television news anchor, known for co-hosting CBS Evening News.
Jon Fortt, CNBC anchor
Emily Gould, author and former co-editor of Gawker.
Rick Leventhal, broadcast journalist, Former Senior Correspondent for Fox News Channel.
Tom Marr, former Baltimore Orioles radio broadcaster, longtime radio talk show host on Baltimore's WCBM(680-AM).
Donna Richardson, fitness and aerobics instructor, author and ESPN commentator.
Inga Rundvold, broadcast reporter for WRC-TV
Eric Shansby, cartoonist for The Washington Post.
Daniel Zwerdling, journalist for NPR.
Business
Matias Duarte, Google Vice-President of Design.
Shervin Pishevar, entrepreneur and venture capitalist, known for co-founding Hyperoffice and Hyperloop One.
Chris T. Sullivan, co-founder of Outback Steakhouse.
Patrick Y. Lee, co-founder and CEO of Rotten Tomatoes.
Academics
Maneesh Agrawala, Professor of Computer Science at Stanford, Winner of 2009 MacArthur Fellowship.
Malcolm Beasley, Professor of Applied Physics at Stanford, former President of the American Physical Society.
Alexander Berg, Associate Professor of Computer Science at UC Irvine and computer-vision researcher at Meta AI.
Jonah Berger, bestselling author and marketing professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
Lorrie Cranor, Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University, former Chief Technologist of the Federal Trade Commission.
Samit Dasgupta, Professor of Mathematics at Duke University.
Jacob Lurie, Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University, winner of MacArthur Fellowship and Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics.
Stephen Vladeck, Professor of Law at the University of Texas, expert on the prosecution of war crimes.
Joshua Weitz, Professor of Biology at Georgia Tech, AAAS Fellow.
References
External links
Montgomery Blair High School
Statistics about Montgomery Blair High School
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location
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Montgomery Blair High School (MBHS) is a public high school in Four Corners, Maryland, United States, operated by Montgomery County Public Schools. Its enrollment of 3,600 makes it the largest school in Montgomery County and in the state.The school is named for Montgomery Blair, a lawyer who represented Dred Scott in his Supreme Court case and later served as Postmaster General under President Abraham Lincoln. Opened in 1925 as Takoma Park–Silver Spring High School, the school changed its name in 1935 when it moved to 313 Wayne Avenue overlooking Sligo Creek in Silver Spring. In 1998, the school moved two miles (3 km) north to the Kay Tract, a long-vacant site just north of the Capital Beltway.
About 20% of the student body is part of one of two magnet programs: the Science, Math, and Computer Science Magnet, and the Communication Arts Program (CAP), which draw students from the Silver Spring area and across Montgomery County. The school is a member of the National Consortium for Specialized Secondary Schools of Mathematics, Science and Technology (NCSSSMST).
The school sat in the Silver Spring census-designated place until the Four Corners CDP was created after the 2010 U.S. Census.
History
Philadelphia–Chicago campus era (1925–1935)
The school opened in 1925 as Takoma–Silver Spring High School with 86 students. The 3.8-acre (15,000 m2) campus sat at the corner of Philadelphia Avenue and Chicago Avenue in suburban Takoma Park, Maryland.
By the end of the 1920s, the school had added a junior high school (8th and 9th grades) to its senior high school (10th through 12th grades). Growing along with the communities of Silver Spring and Takoma Park, it eventually encompassed kindergarten to 12th grade. By 1934, the school was over-capacity with 450 students, and so, in 1935, the 10th, 11th, and 12 grades moved to a new high school named Montgomery Blair Senior High School. For a time, students, teachers, and administrators commuted between the two campuses. The annual yearbook, Silverlogue, was created around this time.
Wayne Avenue campus era (1935–1998)
When Montgomery Blair High School's 23.5-acre (95,000 m2) Wayne Avenue campus opened in March 1935, it was the sixth high school in Montgomery County, and the first in the lower county. One of several Montgomery County schools designed during that period by Howard Wright Cutler, the facility then consisted only of the C building, overlooking Sligo Creek. In 1936, the Auxiliary Gymnasium was added, followed by the B building in 1940, and the D building in 1942. MBHS's first football team was founded in 1944, and the War Memorial Stadium opened in 1947. In 1950, the A building was constructed, containing the Blair Library/Media Center. With the addition of the Main Gymnasium/Fieldhouse in 1954, MBHS possessed one of the finest basketball and football facilities in the county. The E building was added in 1959 as an administrative section, followed by the 1969 opening of the 1200-seat auditorium, named for long-time teacher and librarian Elizabeth Stickley. The most recent addition was the automotive shop building in 1973.During World War II, students from the University of Maryland taught several classes, and in some cases, able senior students taught sophomore classes. The Blair Library created the "Senior Corner" to honor those who died in war. Life magazine featured the school's Victory Corps close order drill team. Before to the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education, Blair was an all-white school. In 1955, the school began to integrate along with the rest of Montgomery County.With Silver Spring's growth, Blair's enrollment jumped from 600 students in 1946, to 1900 by 1956, peaking at 2900 in 1965 before being reduced from 1700 to 1400 after re-zoning in 1982. Enrollment was around 1,800 when the Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program brought 80 new students in the fall of 1985. The Communication Arts Program (CAP) followed in 1987, founded by Alicia Coleman, brought 75 new students. Overcrowding became an issue for Montgomery Blair High School, as portable buildings covered what was once open land and enrollment exceeded the building's capacity of 2,000. In 1994, it was decided that the school should move to an empty tract of land 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the north. Construction began on the Kay Tract in the mid-nineties and the Four Corners campus opened in the fall of 1998. After the move, Blair's Wayne Avenue campus was converted into an elementary and middle school; currently Sligo Creek Elementary School and Silver Spring International Middle School each take up half the campus. The Elizabeth Stickley Auditorium was not included in the conversion plans, and has remained closed and deteriorating since 1997. Several local politicians and leaders, including former Maryland state senator Ida Ruben, current U.S. representative Jamie Raskin and former U.S. Senator Barbara Mikulski, have endorsed projects to restore the auditorium to its former condition.
Four Corners campus era (1998–present)
Montgomery Blair High School remained at the Wayne Avenue campus for over six decades until its 1998 move to the current Four Corners campus at the intersection of University Boulevard, Colesville Road, and the Capital Beltway. When it opened, the new facilities were the largest in the county, spanning a 42-acre (170,000 m2) region, which was nearly twice as large as the old Wayne Avenue site. During the early to mid-2000s, the school population spiked to 3,400 students, rivaling that of some community colleges. Although enrollment has since receded to about 2,900 students, the school still has the largest student population in the county. 2008 brough interactive digital Promethean boards to many classrooms.
Notable events
In April 1992, Montgomery Blair High School was the first high school in the nation to initiate and sponsor a display of the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt. More than 5,000 children, their families, teachers and friends came to see the Quilt.
It has been a popular stop for many politicians because of the school's diversity, strong academic programs, and proximity to the nation's capital. On February 5, 1998, President Bill Clinton and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair stopped at Montgomery Blair High School during a state visit.On March 7, 2003, United States Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge and Secretary of Education Rod Paige visited Blair.On June 23, 2005, President George W. Bush visited the school to discuss his plan to partially privatize Social Security. Students were not permitted to attend. Despite the last-minute announcement of the visit, about 400 community members, students and union members showed up to question Bush's proposed policies and the fact that this town hall-style meeting was not open to the general public. The police tried to move the demonstration to a park more than a block away, but protesters pointed out that there was no reason they couldn't continue their peaceful protest on the public sidewalk outside the fence around the school.During the 2010–2011 school year, NBA Hall of Famer Kareem Abdul-Jabbar spoke to a packed auditorium of students about his upcoming film and his life. Abdul-Jabbar then spoke privately with both the varsity and junior varsity basketball teams before posing for photos and signing a few autographs.On June 1, 2016, Secretary of State John Kerry visited Blair to discuss ocean conservation.On February 26, 2018, U.S. Congressmen Jamie Raskin and Ted Deutch brought survivors of the Parkland high school shooting to Blair to meet with Blair students.
Campus
The current campus of Montgomery Blair High School covers 42 acres between the Capital Beltway, U.S. Route 29, and Maryland Route 193 in Silver Spring's Four Corners neighborhood. The school contains 386,567 sq ft (35,913.2 m2) of space and was originally designed for 2,830 students. Eight years after its completion, the school was more than 500 students over capacity, with a population of about 3,400. At one point, the school had eight auxiliary portable classrooms. Enrollment decreased slightly due to the opening of other schools and the creation of the Downcounty Consortium. Two portables were removed at the beginning of the 2006–2007 school year,and all were gone by April 2010, when enrollment was 2,788. Blair remains the county's largest school.
The school has baseball and softball fields to the east of the main building as well as Blazer Stadium which serves as the home of the school's football, soccer, field hockey, and lacrosse teams. There are three courtyards located throughout the main building. A greenhouse and accompanying patio is located on the second floor on the west side of the main building for the use of horticulture classes. The school building contains a 750-seat auditorium. The main hallway of the school, 'Blair Boulevard" displays flags from many countries, representing its extremely diverse student body.
In the school year of 2017–2018, Montgomery County Public School's Department of Facilities Management added four new portables to the school's campus, due to the large spike in enrollment. In 2022, Blair is expected to undergo construction for a new gym, a larger Student Activity Center and 18 new classrooms.
Academics
In 2021, MBHS was ranked 49th within Maryland and 2269th nationally by U.S. News & World Report. The school has an Honors Program and an Advanced Placement Program. The school is one of the few US high schools to have a .edu domain name, with its internet connection having gone live in the late 1980s. MBHS is home to two separately-run student news publications: Silver Chips is the school's print newspaper that is self-funded, and Silver Chips Online is an exclusively online publication which received the National Scholastic Press Association Online Pacemaker Award in 2004, 2005 and 2006. The editors-in-chief of Silver Chips for the 2020-2021 school year are Oliver Goldman, Tony González, Renata Muñoz, and Anika Seth. Blair is also home to Silver Quill, a literary arts magazine. Silver Quill is distributed with the school yearbook at the end of the school year.
Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program
In 1985, Montgomery County Public Schools opened its first Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program at Blair. At the time, Blair had the highest minority population among the high schools in the county and the lowest standardized test scores. The school board conducted a survey to decide that a specialized science magnet program would attract high-achieving white and Asian students to Blair. Although there was criticism of the program from some parents and students, the leaders of the PTA and the principal supported the program, noting that by 1989 more families were staying in the neighborhood to attend Blair and fewer students were seeking to transfer out. In 1993, the Superintendent of Montgomery County Public Schools told the New York Times: "I have never seen a high school's image turn around so quickly."Since its inception, the Magnet has offered accelerated, interdisciplinary courses in science, mathematics, and computer science. The Magnet offers dozens of electives, including Quantum Physics, Complex Analysis, Thermodynamics, Discrete Mathematics, Marine Biology, 3D Computer Graphics, Artificial Intelligence, Origins of Science, and Organic Chemistry as of 2022. Qualified students who are not in the program can and do enroll in its elective courses. In their senior year, Magnet students complete research projects to enter into the Science Talent Search, in which the program has a long history of success. In 2017, the Magnet had a mean SAT score of 1531 and a mean composite ACT score of 35, both of which are higher than any high school in the nation overall.The Blair Magnet is open to students from the southern and eastern areas of Montgomery County, who are selected through a competitive application and testing process (a program at Poolesville High School provides a similar curriculum for students in the northern and western areas of the county).The Magnet program has been criticized for being overwhelmingly white and Asian, enrolling few black and Hispanic students. The Magnet was threatened with proposed budget cuts in 2008, but after student protests, the most severe cuts were repealed. In 2018, a retired Magnet teacher was accused of sexual harassment by many former students.
Communication Arts Program
The Communication Arts Program (CAP) at was established at Blair soon after the Magnet, in 1988. It strives to provide a comprehensive educational approach to the humanities by offering accelerated, interdisciplinary courses in English, social studies, and media for participating students. CAP is open to students in the Downcounty Consortium and admission is competitive by application and testing.CAP offers courses in drama, photography, video production, history, government, English literature, writing composition, journalism and research. The number of CAP classes decreases by year, until students only complete one CAP class in 12th grade. The curriculum frequently builds off of existing Advanced Placement courses but uses the program's resources to add interdisciplinary experiences, such as a simulated presidential election that occurs over the course of a week at end of 10th grade, in which some students serve as candidates and others as campaign staff and reporters. CAP students also maintain portfolios of their work throughout the four years, which must include independent and service-based projects done outside of school. In 12th grade, they must successfully defend the portfolio's contents to a faculty committee in order to complete the program and graduate with a CAP Diploma.
English Department
In addition to offering standard English courses, the English Department also offers AP courses in Language and Literature, as well as studies in dramatics, journalism, and theater.
Fine Arts Department
The Fine Arts Department consists of two sub-departments of Music and Visual Arts. The Music Department includes instrumental music, choral music, and general music. Each year the department hosts a fine arts festival, in which students showcase their artistic talent.
Instrumental Music Department
MBHS's Instrumental Music Department consists of three orchestras, three bands, and two jazz bands. The orchestras are the Chamber Orchestra (Honors), Symphonic Orchestra, and Concert Orchestra. The bands include Wind Ensemble (Honors), Symphonic Band, and Concert Band. The jazz ensembles are Advanced Jazz Ensemble (Honors), and Jazz Lab Band. In addition, the music program also contains a marching band and a theatrical pit orchestra, as well as an audio library and a professional recording studio.
In 2014, MBHS's Chamber Orchestra hosted British Composer Paul Lewis as a Composer-in-Residence funded by the Wolf Trap Foundation. Students played the world premiere of a 5-movement piece called "Salute the Silents".
Choral Music Department
The Choral Music Department consists of Chorus, Show Choir, Chamber Choir (Honors), a Cabaret, and InToneNation, an a cappella group.
General Music Department
The General Music Department offers studies in music history, technology, business, composition, and theory. There are also courses offered in solo and ensemble techniques for piano and guitar playing.
Visual Arts Department
MBHS's Visual Arts Department offers studies in art & culture, ceramics & sculpture, digital art, photography, and studio art.
Foreign Language Department
The Foreign Language Department offers classes up to AP-level in Spanish, French, and Latin, and up to honors-level in Japanese and Arabic. It has recently added American Sign Language (ASL), which offer classes up to ASL 3.
Mathematics Department
The Mathematics Department offers a variety of honors- and AP-level courses, including: Algebra 1, Geometry, Algebra II, Precalculus, Calculus, Statistics, and Business Mathematics.
Science Department
The Science Department contains sub-departments in the core sciences of Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Earth Science.
Social Studies Department
MBHS's Social Studies Department offers honors and AP-level U.S. History, American Government and Politics, and World History, the department also offers elective courses such as African American History, Latin American History, European History, Middle East History, Comparative Government, Comparative religion, Cultural Anthropology, Administration of Justice, International Human Rights, Peace Studies Seminar, Economics, and Psychology. It was also the first in the region to offer courses in Women's Studies and the History of Hip-Hop.
Athletics
The student athletics program currently offers 23 different varsity and 8 junior varsity sports, with a total of 42 teams:
* indicates a sport for which there is also a junior varsity team.
^ indicates a sport that is not officially sanctioned by the school and is thus considered a club team.
Student activities and traditions
MBHS has over 95 teams or clubs, some of which are entirely student-run, including the Blair Radio Station, "Blazer Pride" Marching Band, Debate Team, and Jewish Culture Club and Philosophy Club.
Popular activities include: Knowledge Master Open, American Computer Science League, Envirothon, Science Bowl, Ocean Science Bowl, Doodle4Google, and Youth and Government.
Computer team
Montgomery Blair's computer team specializes in advanced computer science topics and programming algorithms which extend the classroom curriculum. Upperclassmen students teach new and complex algorithms, data structures, and programming techniques, including Dijkstra's shortest-path algorithm, dynamic programming, and greedy algorithms. The team also delves into other miscellaneous theoretical computer science topics including turing machines, nondeterministic polynomial time, random number generation, assembly language, lambda calculus, and relational databases. The Computer Team participates in the (ACSL), University of Pennsylvania Programming Contest, Loyola Programming Contest, University of Maryland Programming Contest, and the United States of America Computing Olympiad (USACO). The Computer Team won the ACSL All-Star Competition Senior Division in 1991, 1993, 2001, 2003, 2009, 2011 and 2013.
Robotics team
MBHS has an active FIRST Robotics Competition team, Team 449, nicknamed "The Blair Robot Project", inspired from the film The Blair Witch Project. The team was founded in 2000, and has competed in every year since except 2005.
Puzzlepalooza
MBHS has a puzzle tournament known as Puzzlepalooza. Puzzlepalooza has been self-proclaimed as "America's premier high school puzzle tournament." The tournament first began in 2010 and had taken place each May until 2020, when the tournament was canceled due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The tournament resumed for May 2022 after a two year hiatus. During a four-day period, teams have 12 hours to complete multiple-leveled puzzles. This puzzles produce a phrase that will be used in the final puzzle, which is the main goal of Puzzlepalooza. Completing this final puzzle results in prizes for the team that solves it. There are also many other prizes available for the teams such as the Spirit Award or the Iron Puzzler Award.
Science bowl
MBHS has an active science bowl team, consistently doing well in the Maryland Science Bowl and winning the National Science Bowl in 1999 and 2016. Blair won the National Ocean Sciences Bowl in 2018.
Quiz bowl
MBHS has an active quiz bowl team that competes in the local It's Academic competition. Blair won the It's Academic Super Bowl in 1995, 2017, and 2018.
BlackCAP
Established in 2016, BlackCAP is a student-run movement dedicated to helping students of color be accepted to and achieve in Montgomery County Public School application programs. BlackCAP was spearheaded by Alix Swann, Jaya Hinton, and Marley Majette (Class of 2018) and is sponsored by Mr. Kenneth Smith. BlackCAP has several components including a safe space for students of color in magnet programs and mentoring programs at Parkland Middle School and Silver Spring International Middle School.
History bowl
The Montgomery Blair History Bowl team won the 2020 National History Bowl Junior Varsity Championship. with team members Martin Brandenburg, Albert Ho, Jason Liu, and Leela Mehta-Harwitz.
Notable alumni
Blair has had many notable alumni in public service, the entertainment industry, sports, media, business, and academics.
Politics and public service
Tyras S. Athey, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates and Secretary of State of Maryland.
William A. Bronrott, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Robin Ficker, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Stan Greenberg, Democratic Party pollster and political strategist, known for his work on Bill Clinton’s Presidential campaign.
Thomas R. Norris, U.S. Navy SEAL who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Vietnam War.
William Addams Reitwiesner, genealogist and Library of Congress employee.
Craig L. Rice, former Montgomery County Councilmember and member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Jeff Waldstreicher, member of the Maryland Senate.
Christopher Williams, NASA astronaut candidate
Arts and entertainment
Cynthia Addai-Robinson, actress appearing in TV series Arrow, Spartacus, and Shooter.
Tyrone Giordano, film and stage actor, known for his lead role in Big River.
Eric Glover, writer for TV series Tom Swift and author of graphic novel Black Star.
Goldie Hawn, Oscar-winning actress in Hollywood movies including Cactus Flower, Private Benjamin, and The First Wives Club.
Ron Holloway, jazz saxophonist.
Eric Hutchinson, singer-songwriter known for his songs "Rock & Roll" and "Watching You Watch Him".
Rosamond S. King, poet and literary theorist.
Joshua Oppenheimer (finished high school in New Mexico), filmmaker of Oscar-nominated films The Act of Killing and The Look of Silence.
Chuck Redd, jazz percussionist.
Nora Roberts, bestselling romance novelist.
Sylvester Stallone, American actor, screenwriter, and film director (attended for short time before moving to Philadelphia).
Ben Stein, economist, actor, commentator, speech writer for U.S. President Richard Nixon.
Rebecca Sugar (traveled to Albert Einstein High School for Visual Art Center Program), artist, composer, and director, created the Cartoon Network series Steven Universe.
Lisa Ann Walter, actress and comedian, known for her roles in The Parent Trap and Abbott Elementary.
Sports and games
Steve Barber, baseball player for the Baltimore Orioles.
Tom Brown, baseball player for the Washington Senators and football player for the Green Bay Packers.
Dominique Dawes (finished high school in Gaithersburg), Olympic gymnast.
Steve Francis (completed GED), basketball player for the Maryland Terrapins and Houston Rockets.
Kelli Hill, coach of USA Women's Gymnastics Teams.
Wei-Hwa Huang, four-time World Puzzle Champion.
Sonny Jackson, baseball player for the Houston Colt .45's/Houston Astros and Atlanta Braves; the first black athlete at Blair.
Johnny Klippstein, baseball player for the Chicago Cubs, Minnesota Twins, and several other Major League Baseball teams, including the 1959 World Series champion Los Angeles Dodgers.
Jake Rozhansky, American-Israeli soccer player for Maryland Terrapins and Israel's Liga Leumit.
Visanthe Shiancoe, football player for the Minnesota Vikings.
Charlene Thomas-Swinson, college basketball player (Auburn) and coach (LSU).
Willis Wilson, former head men's basketball coach at Rice University.
Bob Windsor, football player for the San Francisco 49ers and New England Patriots.
David Vanterpool, basketball player for the Washington Wizards and assistant coach for Portland Trail Blazers.
Morgan Wootten, high school basketball coach for DeMatha.
Journalism and media
Erik Agard, crossword puzzle editor for USA Today.
Carl Bernstein, journalist and author known for breaking the Watergate scandal for The Washington Post.
Kiran Chetry, journalist and television news anchor for Fox News and CNN.
Connie Chung, journalist and television news anchor, known for co-hosting CBS Evening News.
Jon Fortt, CNBC anchor
Emily Gould, author and former co-editor of Gawker.
Rick Leventhal, broadcast journalist, Former Senior Correspondent for Fox News Channel.
Tom Marr, former Baltimore Orioles radio broadcaster, longtime radio talk show host on Baltimore's WCBM(680-AM).
Donna Richardson, fitness and aerobics instructor, author and ESPN commentator.
Inga Rundvold, broadcast reporter for WRC-TV
Eric Shansby, cartoonist for The Washington Post.
Daniel Zwerdling, journalist for NPR.
Business
Matias Duarte, Google Vice-President of Design.
Shervin Pishevar, entrepreneur and venture capitalist, known for co-founding Hyperoffice and Hyperloop One.
Chris T. Sullivan, co-founder of Outback Steakhouse.
Patrick Y. Lee, co-founder and CEO of Rotten Tomatoes.
Academics
Maneesh Agrawala, Professor of Computer Science at Stanford, Winner of 2009 MacArthur Fellowship.
Malcolm Beasley, Professor of Applied Physics at Stanford, former President of the American Physical Society.
Alexander Berg, Associate Professor of Computer Science at UC Irvine and computer-vision researcher at Meta AI.
Jonah Berger, bestselling author and marketing professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
Lorrie Cranor, Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University, former Chief Technologist of the Federal Trade Commission.
Samit Dasgupta, Professor of Mathematics at Duke University.
Jacob Lurie, Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University, winner of MacArthur Fellowship and Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics.
Stephen Vladeck, Professor of Law at the University of Texas, expert on the prosecution of war crimes.
Joshua Weitz, Professor of Biology at Georgia Tech, AAAS Fellow.
References
External links
Montgomery Blair High School
Statistics about Montgomery Blair High School
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Montgomery Blair High School (MBHS) is a public high school in Four Corners, Maryland, United States, operated by Montgomery County Public Schools. Its enrollment of 3,600 makes it the largest school in Montgomery County and in the state.The school is named for Montgomery Blair, a lawyer who represented Dred Scott in his Supreme Court case and later served as Postmaster General under President Abraham Lincoln. Opened in 1925 as Takoma Park–Silver Spring High School, the school changed its name in 1935 when it moved to 313 Wayne Avenue overlooking Sligo Creek in Silver Spring. In 1998, the school moved two miles (3 km) north to the Kay Tract, a long-vacant site just north of the Capital Beltway.
About 20% of the student body is part of one of two magnet programs: the Science, Math, and Computer Science Magnet, and the Communication Arts Program (CAP), which draw students from the Silver Spring area and across Montgomery County. The school is a member of the National Consortium for Specialized Secondary Schools of Mathematics, Science and Technology (NCSSSMST).
The school sat in the Silver Spring census-designated place until the Four Corners CDP was created after the 2010 U.S. Census.
History
Philadelphia–Chicago campus era (1925–1935)
The school opened in 1925 as Takoma–Silver Spring High School with 86 students. The 3.8-acre (15,000 m2) campus sat at the corner of Philadelphia Avenue and Chicago Avenue in suburban Takoma Park, Maryland.
By the end of the 1920s, the school had added a junior high school (8th and 9th grades) to its senior high school (10th through 12th grades). Growing along with the communities of Silver Spring and Takoma Park, it eventually encompassed kindergarten to 12th grade. By 1934, the school was over-capacity with 450 students, and so, in 1935, the 10th, 11th, and 12 grades moved to a new high school named Montgomery Blair Senior High School. For a time, students, teachers, and administrators commuted between the two campuses. The annual yearbook, Silverlogue, was created around this time.
Wayne Avenue campus era (1935–1998)
When Montgomery Blair High School's 23.5-acre (95,000 m2) Wayne Avenue campus opened in March 1935, it was the sixth high school in Montgomery County, and the first in the lower county. One of several Montgomery County schools designed during that period by Howard Wright Cutler, the facility then consisted only of the C building, overlooking Sligo Creek. In 1936, the Auxiliary Gymnasium was added, followed by the B building in 1940, and the D building in 1942. MBHS's first football team was founded in 1944, and the War Memorial Stadium opened in 1947. In 1950, the A building was constructed, containing the Blair Library/Media Center. With the addition of the Main Gymnasium/Fieldhouse in 1954, MBHS possessed one of the finest basketball and football facilities in the county. The E building was added in 1959 as an administrative section, followed by the 1969 opening of the 1200-seat auditorium, named for long-time teacher and librarian Elizabeth Stickley. The most recent addition was the automotive shop building in 1973.During World War II, students from the University of Maryland taught several classes, and in some cases, able senior students taught sophomore classes. The Blair Library created the "Senior Corner" to honor those who died in war. Life magazine featured the school's Victory Corps close order drill team. Before to the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education, Blair was an all-white school. In 1955, the school began to integrate along with the rest of Montgomery County.With Silver Spring's growth, Blair's enrollment jumped from 600 students in 1946, to 1900 by 1956, peaking at 2900 in 1965 before being reduced from 1700 to 1400 after re-zoning in 1982. Enrollment was around 1,800 when the Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program brought 80 new students in the fall of 1985. The Communication Arts Program (CAP) followed in 1987, founded by Alicia Coleman, brought 75 new students. Overcrowding became an issue for Montgomery Blair High School, as portable buildings covered what was once open land and enrollment exceeded the building's capacity of 2,000. In 1994, it was decided that the school should move to an empty tract of land 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the north. Construction began on the Kay Tract in the mid-nineties and the Four Corners campus opened in the fall of 1998. After the move, Blair's Wayne Avenue campus was converted into an elementary and middle school; currently Sligo Creek Elementary School and Silver Spring International Middle School each take up half the campus. The Elizabeth Stickley Auditorium was not included in the conversion plans, and has remained closed and deteriorating since 1997. Several local politicians and leaders, including former Maryland state senator Ida Ruben, current U.S. representative Jamie Raskin and former U.S. Senator Barbara Mikulski, have endorsed projects to restore the auditorium to its former condition.
Four Corners campus era (1998–present)
Montgomery Blair High School remained at the Wayne Avenue campus for over six decades until its 1998 move to the current Four Corners campus at the intersection of University Boulevard, Colesville Road, and the Capital Beltway. When it opened, the new facilities were the largest in the county, spanning a 42-acre (170,000 m2) region, which was nearly twice as large as the old Wayne Avenue site. During the early to mid-2000s, the school population spiked to 3,400 students, rivaling that of some community colleges. Although enrollment has since receded to about 2,900 students, the school still has the largest student population in the county. 2008 brough interactive digital Promethean boards to many classrooms.
Notable events
In April 1992, Montgomery Blair High School was the first high school in the nation to initiate and sponsor a display of the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt. More than 5,000 children, their families, teachers and friends came to see the Quilt.
It has been a popular stop for many politicians because of the school's diversity, strong academic programs, and proximity to the nation's capital. On February 5, 1998, President Bill Clinton and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair stopped at Montgomery Blair High School during a state visit.On March 7, 2003, United States Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge and Secretary of Education Rod Paige visited Blair.On June 23, 2005, President George W. Bush visited the school to discuss his plan to partially privatize Social Security. Students were not permitted to attend. Despite the last-minute announcement of the visit, about 400 community members, students and union members showed up to question Bush's proposed policies and the fact that this town hall-style meeting was not open to the general public. The police tried to move the demonstration to a park more than a block away, but protesters pointed out that there was no reason they couldn't continue their peaceful protest on the public sidewalk outside the fence around the school.During the 2010–2011 school year, NBA Hall of Famer Kareem Abdul-Jabbar spoke to a packed auditorium of students about his upcoming film and his life. Abdul-Jabbar then spoke privately with both the varsity and junior varsity basketball teams before posing for photos and signing a few autographs.On June 1, 2016, Secretary of State John Kerry visited Blair to discuss ocean conservation.On February 26, 2018, U.S. Congressmen Jamie Raskin and Ted Deutch brought survivors of the Parkland high school shooting to Blair to meet with Blair students.
Campus
The current campus of Montgomery Blair High School covers 42 acres between the Capital Beltway, U.S. Route 29, and Maryland Route 193 in Silver Spring's Four Corners neighborhood. The school contains 386,567 sq ft (35,913.2 m2) of space and was originally designed for 2,830 students. Eight years after its completion, the school was more than 500 students over capacity, with a population of about 3,400. At one point, the school had eight auxiliary portable classrooms. Enrollment decreased slightly due to the opening of other schools and the creation of the Downcounty Consortium. Two portables were removed at the beginning of the 2006–2007 school year,and all were gone by April 2010, when enrollment was 2,788. Blair remains the county's largest school.
The school has baseball and softball fields to the east of the main building as well as Blazer Stadium which serves as the home of the school's football, soccer, field hockey, and lacrosse teams. There are three courtyards located throughout the main building. A greenhouse and accompanying patio is located on the second floor on the west side of the main building for the use of horticulture classes. The school building contains a 750-seat auditorium. The main hallway of the school, 'Blair Boulevard" displays flags from many countries, representing its extremely diverse student body.
In the school year of 2017–2018, Montgomery County Public School's Department of Facilities Management added four new portables to the school's campus, due to the large spike in enrollment. In 2022, Blair is expected to undergo construction for a new gym, a larger Student Activity Center and 18 new classrooms.
Academics
In 2021, MBHS was ranked 49th within Maryland and 2269th nationally by U.S. News & World Report. The school has an Honors Program and an Advanced Placement Program. The school is one of the few US high schools to have a .edu domain name, with its internet connection having gone live in the late 1980s. MBHS is home to two separately-run student news publications: Silver Chips is the school's print newspaper that is self-funded, and Silver Chips Online is an exclusively online publication which received the National Scholastic Press Association Online Pacemaker Award in 2004, 2005 and 2006. The editors-in-chief of Silver Chips for the 2020-2021 school year are Oliver Goldman, Tony González, Renata Muñoz, and Anika Seth. Blair is also home to Silver Quill, a literary arts magazine. Silver Quill is distributed with the school yearbook at the end of the school year.
Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program
In 1985, Montgomery County Public Schools opened its first Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program at Blair. At the time, Blair had the highest minority population among the high schools in the county and the lowest standardized test scores. The school board conducted a survey to decide that a specialized science magnet program would attract high-achieving white and Asian students to Blair. Although there was criticism of the program from some parents and students, the leaders of the PTA and the principal supported the program, noting that by 1989 more families were staying in the neighborhood to attend Blair and fewer students were seeking to transfer out. In 1993, the Superintendent of Montgomery County Public Schools told the New York Times: "I have never seen a high school's image turn around so quickly."Since its inception, the Magnet has offered accelerated, interdisciplinary courses in science, mathematics, and computer science. The Magnet offers dozens of electives, including Quantum Physics, Complex Analysis, Thermodynamics, Discrete Mathematics, Marine Biology, 3D Computer Graphics, Artificial Intelligence, Origins of Science, and Organic Chemistry as of 2022. Qualified students who are not in the program can and do enroll in its elective courses. In their senior year, Magnet students complete research projects to enter into the Science Talent Search, in which the program has a long history of success. In 2017, the Magnet had a mean SAT score of 1531 and a mean composite ACT score of 35, both of which are higher than any high school in the nation overall.The Blair Magnet is open to students from the southern and eastern areas of Montgomery County, who are selected through a competitive application and testing process (a program at Poolesville High School provides a similar curriculum for students in the northern and western areas of the county).The Magnet program has been criticized for being overwhelmingly white and Asian, enrolling few black and Hispanic students. The Magnet was threatened with proposed budget cuts in 2008, but after student protests, the most severe cuts were repealed. In 2018, a retired Magnet teacher was accused of sexual harassment by many former students.
Communication Arts Program
The Communication Arts Program (CAP) at was established at Blair soon after the Magnet, in 1988. It strives to provide a comprehensive educational approach to the humanities by offering accelerated, interdisciplinary courses in English, social studies, and media for participating students. CAP is open to students in the Downcounty Consortium and admission is competitive by application and testing.CAP offers courses in drama, photography, video production, history, government, English literature, writing composition, journalism and research. The number of CAP classes decreases by year, until students only complete one CAP class in 12th grade. The curriculum frequently builds off of existing Advanced Placement courses but uses the program's resources to add interdisciplinary experiences, such as a simulated presidential election that occurs over the course of a week at end of 10th grade, in which some students serve as candidates and others as campaign staff and reporters. CAP students also maintain portfolios of their work throughout the four years, which must include independent and service-based projects done outside of school. In 12th grade, they must successfully defend the portfolio's contents to a faculty committee in order to complete the program and graduate with a CAP Diploma.
English Department
In addition to offering standard English courses, the English Department also offers AP courses in Language and Literature, as well as studies in dramatics, journalism, and theater.
Fine Arts Department
The Fine Arts Department consists of two sub-departments of Music and Visual Arts. The Music Department includes instrumental music, choral music, and general music. Each year the department hosts a fine arts festival, in which students showcase their artistic talent.
Instrumental Music Department
MBHS's Instrumental Music Department consists of three orchestras, three bands, and two jazz bands. The orchestras are the Chamber Orchestra (Honors), Symphonic Orchestra, and Concert Orchestra. The bands include Wind Ensemble (Honors), Symphonic Band, and Concert Band. The jazz ensembles are Advanced Jazz Ensemble (Honors), and Jazz Lab Band. In addition, the music program also contains a marching band and a theatrical pit orchestra, as well as an audio library and a professional recording studio.
In 2014, MBHS's Chamber Orchestra hosted British Composer Paul Lewis as a Composer-in-Residence funded by the Wolf Trap Foundation. Students played the world premiere of a 5-movement piece called "Salute the Silents".
Choral Music Department
The Choral Music Department consists of Chorus, Show Choir, Chamber Choir (Honors), a Cabaret, and InToneNation, an a cappella group.
General Music Department
The General Music Department offers studies in music history, technology, business, composition, and theory. There are also courses offered in solo and ensemble techniques for piano and guitar playing.
Visual Arts Department
MBHS's Visual Arts Department offers studies in art & culture, ceramics & sculpture, digital art, photography, and studio art.
Foreign Language Department
The Foreign Language Department offers classes up to AP-level in Spanish, French, and Latin, and up to honors-level in Japanese and Arabic. It has recently added American Sign Language (ASL), which offer classes up to ASL 3.
Mathematics Department
The Mathematics Department offers a variety of honors- and AP-level courses, including: Algebra 1, Geometry, Algebra II, Precalculus, Calculus, Statistics, and Business Mathematics.
Science Department
The Science Department contains sub-departments in the core sciences of Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Earth Science.
Social Studies Department
MBHS's Social Studies Department offers honors and AP-level U.S. History, American Government and Politics, and World History, the department also offers elective courses such as African American History, Latin American History, European History, Middle East History, Comparative Government, Comparative religion, Cultural Anthropology, Administration of Justice, International Human Rights, Peace Studies Seminar, Economics, and Psychology. It was also the first in the region to offer courses in Women's Studies and the History of Hip-Hop.
Athletics
The student athletics program currently offers 23 different varsity and 8 junior varsity sports, with a total of 42 teams:
* indicates a sport for which there is also a junior varsity team.
^ indicates a sport that is not officially sanctioned by the school and is thus considered a club team.
Student activities and traditions
MBHS has over 95 teams or clubs, some of which are entirely student-run, including the Blair Radio Station, "Blazer Pride" Marching Band, Debate Team, and Jewish Culture Club and Philosophy Club.
Popular activities include: Knowledge Master Open, American Computer Science League, Envirothon, Science Bowl, Ocean Science Bowl, Doodle4Google, and Youth and Government.
Computer team
Montgomery Blair's computer team specializes in advanced computer science topics and programming algorithms which extend the classroom curriculum. Upperclassmen students teach new and complex algorithms, data structures, and programming techniques, including Dijkstra's shortest-path algorithm, dynamic programming, and greedy algorithms. The team also delves into other miscellaneous theoretical computer science topics including turing machines, nondeterministic polynomial time, random number generation, assembly language, lambda calculus, and relational databases. The Computer Team participates in the (ACSL), University of Pennsylvania Programming Contest, Loyola Programming Contest, University of Maryland Programming Contest, and the United States of America Computing Olympiad (USACO). The Computer Team won the ACSL All-Star Competition Senior Division in 1991, 1993, 2001, 2003, 2009, 2011 and 2013.
Robotics team
MBHS has an active FIRST Robotics Competition team, Team 449, nicknamed "The Blair Robot Project", inspired from the film The Blair Witch Project. The team was founded in 2000, and has competed in every year since except 2005.
Puzzlepalooza
MBHS has a puzzle tournament known as Puzzlepalooza. Puzzlepalooza has been self-proclaimed as "America's premier high school puzzle tournament." The tournament first began in 2010 and had taken place each May until 2020, when the tournament was canceled due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The tournament resumed for May 2022 after a two year hiatus. During a four-day period, teams have 12 hours to complete multiple-leveled puzzles. This puzzles produce a phrase that will be used in the final puzzle, which is the main goal of Puzzlepalooza. Completing this final puzzle results in prizes for the team that solves it. There are also many other prizes available for the teams such as the Spirit Award or the Iron Puzzler Award.
Science bowl
MBHS has an active science bowl team, consistently doing well in the Maryland Science Bowl and winning the National Science Bowl in 1999 and 2016. Blair won the National Ocean Sciences Bowl in 2018.
Quiz bowl
MBHS has an active quiz bowl team that competes in the local It's Academic competition. Blair won the It's Academic Super Bowl in 1995, 2017, and 2018.
BlackCAP
Established in 2016, BlackCAP is a student-run movement dedicated to helping students of color be accepted to and achieve in Montgomery County Public School application programs. BlackCAP was spearheaded by Alix Swann, Jaya Hinton, and Marley Majette (Class of 2018) and is sponsored by Mr. Kenneth Smith. BlackCAP has several components including a safe space for students of color in magnet programs and mentoring programs at Parkland Middle School and Silver Spring International Middle School.
History bowl
The Montgomery Blair History Bowl team won the 2020 National History Bowl Junior Varsity Championship. with team members Martin Brandenburg, Albert Ho, Jason Liu, and Leela Mehta-Harwitz.
Notable alumni
Blair has had many notable alumni in public service, the entertainment industry, sports, media, business, and academics.
Politics and public service
Tyras S. Athey, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates and Secretary of State of Maryland.
William A. Bronrott, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Robin Ficker, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Stan Greenberg, Democratic Party pollster and political strategist, known for his work on Bill Clinton’s Presidential campaign.
Thomas R. Norris, U.S. Navy SEAL who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Vietnam War.
William Addams Reitwiesner, genealogist and Library of Congress employee.
Craig L. Rice, former Montgomery County Councilmember and member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Jeff Waldstreicher, member of the Maryland Senate.
Christopher Williams, NASA astronaut candidate
Arts and entertainment
Cynthia Addai-Robinson, actress appearing in TV series Arrow, Spartacus, and Shooter.
Tyrone Giordano, film and stage actor, known for his lead role in Big River.
Eric Glover, writer for TV series Tom Swift and author of graphic novel Black Star.
Goldie Hawn, Oscar-winning actress in Hollywood movies including Cactus Flower, Private Benjamin, and The First Wives Club.
Ron Holloway, jazz saxophonist.
Eric Hutchinson, singer-songwriter known for his songs "Rock & Roll" and "Watching You Watch Him".
Rosamond S. King, poet and literary theorist.
Joshua Oppenheimer (finished high school in New Mexico), filmmaker of Oscar-nominated films The Act of Killing and The Look of Silence.
Chuck Redd, jazz percussionist.
Nora Roberts, bestselling romance novelist.
Sylvester Stallone, American actor, screenwriter, and film director (attended for short time before moving to Philadelphia).
Ben Stein, economist, actor, commentator, speech writer for U.S. President Richard Nixon.
Rebecca Sugar (traveled to Albert Einstein High School for Visual Art Center Program), artist, composer, and director, created the Cartoon Network series Steven Universe.
Lisa Ann Walter, actress and comedian, known for her roles in The Parent Trap and Abbott Elementary.
Sports and games
Steve Barber, baseball player for the Baltimore Orioles.
Tom Brown, baseball player for the Washington Senators and football player for the Green Bay Packers.
Dominique Dawes (finished high school in Gaithersburg), Olympic gymnast.
Steve Francis (completed GED), basketball player for the Maryland Terrapins and Houston Rockets.
Kelli Hill, coach of USA Women's Gymnastics Teams.
Wei-Hwa Huang, four-time World Puzzle Champion.
Sonny Jackson, baseball player for the Houston Colt .45's/Houston Astros and Atlanta Braves; the first black athlete at Blair.
Johnny Klippstein, baseball player for the Chicago Cubs, Minnesota Twins, and several other Major League Baseball teams, including the 1959 World Series champion Los Angeles Dodgers.
Jake Rozhansky, American-Israeli soccer player for Maryland Terrapins and Israel's Liga Leumit.
Visanthe Shiancoe, football player for the Minnesota Vikings.
Charlene Thomas-Swinson, college basketball player (Auburn) and coach (LSU).
Willis Wilson, former head men's basketball coach at Rice University.
Bob Windsor, football player for the San Francisco 49ers and New England Patriots.
David Vanterpool, basketball player for the Washington Wizards and assistant coach for Portland Trail Blazers.
Morgan Wootten, high school basketball coach for DeMatha.
Journalism and media
Erik Agard, crossword puzzle editor for USA Today.
Carl Bernstein, journalist and author known for breaking the Watergate scandal for The Washington Post.
Kiran Chetry, journalist and television news anchor for Fox News and CNN.
Connie Chung, journalist and television news anchor, known for co-hosting CBS Evening News.
Jon Fortt, CNBC anchor
Emily Gould, author and former co-editor of Gawker.
Rick Leventhal, broadcast journalist, Former Senior Correspondent for Fox News Channel.
Tom Marr, former Baltimore Orioles radio broadcaster, longtime radio talk show host on Baltimore's WCBM(680-AM).
Donna Richardson, fitness and aerobics instructor, author and ESPN commentator.
Inga Rundvold, broadcast reporter for WRC-TV
Eric Shansby, cartoonist for The Washington Post.
Daniel Zwerdling, journalist for NPR.
Business
Matias Duarte, Google Vice-President of Design.
Shervin Pishevar, entrepreneur and venture capitalist, known for co-founding Hyperoffice and Hyperloop One.
Chris T. Sullivan, co-founder of Outback Steakhouse.
Patrick Y. Lee, co-founder and CEO of Rotten Tomatoes.
Academics
Maneesh Agrawala, Professor of Computer Science at Stanford, Winner of 2009 MacArthur Fellowship.
Malcolm Beasley, Professor of Applied Physics at Stanford, former President of the American Physical Society.
Alexander Berg, Associate Professor of Computer Science at UC Irvine and computer-vision researcher at Meta AI.
Jonah Berger, bestselling author and marketing professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
Lorrie Cranor, Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University, former Chief Technologist of the Federal Trade Commission.
Samit Dasgupta, Professor of Mathematics at Duke University.
Jacob Lurie, Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University, winner of MacArthur Fellowship and Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics.
Stephen Vladeck, Professor of Law at the University of Texas, expert on the prosecution of war crimes.
Joshua Weitz, Professor of Biology at Georgia Tech, AAAS Fellow.
References
External links
Montgomery Blair High School
Statistics about Montgomery Blair High School
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Montgomery Blair High School (MBHS) is a public high school in Four Corners, Maryland, United States, operated by Montgomery County Public Schools. Its enrollment of 3,600 makes it the largest school in Montgomery County and in the state.The school is named for Montgomery Blair, a lawyer who represented Dred Scott in his Supreme Court case and later served as Postmaster General under President Abraham Lincoln. Opened in 1925 as Takoma Park–Silver Spring High School, the school changed its name in 1935 when it moved to 313 Wayne Avenue overlooking Sligo Creek in Silver Spring. In 1998, the school moved two miles (3 km) north to the Kay Tract, a long-vacant site just north of the Capital Beltway.
About 20% of the student body is part of one of two magnet programs: the Science, Math, and Computer Science Magnet, and the Communication Arts Program (CAP), which draw students from the Silver Spring area and across Montgomery County. The school is a member of the National Consortium for Specialized Secondary Schools of Mathematics, Science and Technology (NCSSSMST).
The school sat in the Silver Spring census-designated place until the Four Corners CDP was created after the 2010 U.S. Census.
History
Philadelphia–Chicago campus era (1925–1935)
The school opened in 1925 as Takoma–Silver Spring High School with 86 students. The 3.8-acre (15,000 m2) campus sat at the corner of Philadelphia Avenue and Chicago Avenue in suburban Takoma Park, Maryland.
By the end of the 1920s, the school had added a junior high school (8th and 9th grades) to its senior high school (10th through 12th grades). Growing along with the communities of Silver Spring and Takoma Park, it eventually encompassed kindergarten to 12th grade. By 1934, the school was over-capacity with 450 students, and so, in 1935, the 10th, 11th, and 12 grades moved to a new high school named Montgomery Blair Senior High School. For a time, students, teachers, and administrators commuted between the two campuses. The annual yearbook, Silverlogue, was created around this time.
Wayne Avenue campus era (1935–1998)
When Montgomery Blair High School's 23.5-acre (95,000 m2) Wayne Avenue campus opened in March 1935, it was the sixth high school in Montgomery County, and the first in the lower county. One of several Montgomery County schools designed during that period by Howard Wright Cutler, the facility then consisted only of the C building, overlooking Sligo Creek. In 1936, the Auxiliary Gymnasium was added, followed by the B building in 1940, and the D building in 1942. MBHS's first football team was founded in 1944, and the War Memorial Stadium opened in 1947. In 1950, the A building was constructed, containing the Blair Library/Media Center. With the addition of the Main Gymnasium/Fieldhouse in 1954, MBHS possessed one of the finest basketball and football facilities in the county. The E building was added in 1959 as an administrative section, followed by the 1969 opening of the 1200-seat auditorium, named for long-time teacher and librarian Elizabeth Stickley. The most recent addition was the automotive shop building in 1973.During World War II, students from the University of Maryland taught several classes, and in some cases, able senior students taught sophomore classes. The Blair Library created the "Senior Corner" to honor those who died in war. Life magazine featured the school's Victory Corps close order drill team. Before to the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education, Blair was an all-white school. In 1955, the school began to integrate along with the rest of Montgomery County.With Silver Spring's growth, Blair's enrollment jumped from 600 students in 1946, to 1900 by 1956, peaking at 2900 in 1965 before being reduced from 1700 to 1400 after re-zoning in 1982. Enrollment was around 1,800 when the Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program brought 80 new students in the fall of 1985. The Communication Arts Program (CAP) followed in 1987, founded by Alicia Coleman, brought 75 new students. Overcrowding became an issue for Montgomery Blair High School, as portable buildings covered what was once open land and enrollment exceeded the building's capacity of 2,000. In 1994, it was decided that the school should move to an empty tract of land 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the north. Construction began on the Kay Tract in the mid-nineties and the Four Corners campus opened in the fall of 1998. After the move, Blair's Wayne Avenue campus was converted into an elementary and middle school; currently Sligo Creek Elementary School and Silver Spring International Middle School each take up half the campus. The Elizabeth Stickley Auditorium was not included in the conversion plans, and has remained closed and deteriorating since 1997. Several local politicians and leaders, including former Maryland state senator Ida Ruben, current U.S. representative Jamie Raskin and former U.S. Senator Barbara Mikulski, have endorsed projects to restore the auditorium to its former condition.
Four Corners campus era (1998–present)
Montgomery Blair High School remained at the Wayne Avenue campus for over six decades until its 1998 move to the current Four Corners campus at the intersection of University Boulevard, Colesville Road, and the Capital Beltway. When it opened, the new facilities were the largest in the county, spanning a 42-acre (170,000 m2) region, which was nearly twice as large as the old Wayne Avenue site. During the early to mid-2000s, the school population spiked to 3,400 students, rivaling that of some community colleges. Although enrollment has since receded to about 2,900 students, the school still has the largest student population in the county. 2008 brough interactive digital Promethean boards to many classrooms.
Notable events
In April 1992, Montgomery Blair High School was the first high school in the nation to initiate and sponsor a display of the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt. More than 5,000 children, their families, teachers and friends came to see the Quilt.
It has been a popular stop for many politicians because of the school's diversity, strong academic programs, and proximity to the nation's capital. On February 5, 1998, President Bill Clinton and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair stopped at Montgomery Blair High School during a state visit.On March 7, 2003, United States Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge and Secretary of Education Rod Paige visited Blair.On June 23, 2005, President George W. Bush visited the school to discuss his plan to partially privatize Social Security. Students were not permitted to attend. Despite the last-minute announcement of the visit, about 400 community members, students and union members showed up to question Bush's proposed policies and the fact that this town hall-style meeting was not open to the general public. The police tried to move the demonstration to a park more than a block away, but protesters pointed out that there was no reason they couldn't continue their peaceful protest on the public sidewalk outside the fence around the school.During the 2010–2011 school year, NBA Hall of Famer Kareem Abdul-Jabbar spoke to a packed auditorium of students about his upcoming film and his life. Abdul-Jabbar then spoke privately with both the varsity and junior varsity basketball teams before posing for photos and signing a few autographs.On June 1, 2016, Secretary of State John Kerry visited Blair to discuss ocean conservation.On February 26, 2018, U.S. Congressmen Jamie Raskin and Ted Deutch brought survivors of the Parkland high school shooting to Blair to meet with Blair students.
Campus
The current campus of Montgomery Blair High School covers 42 acres between the Capital Beltway, U.S. Route 29, and Maryland Route 193 in Silver Spring's Four Corners neighborhood. The school contains 386,567 sq ft (35,913.2 m2) of space and was originally designed for 2,830 students. Eight years after its completion, the school was more than 500 students over capacity, with a population of about 3,400. At one point, the school had eight auxiliary portable classrooms. Enrollment decreased slightly due to the opening of other schools and the creation of the Downcounty Consortium. Two portables were removed at the beginning of the 2006–2007 school year,and all were gone by April 2010, when enrollment was 2,788. Blair remains the county's largest school.
The school has baseball and softball fields to the east of the main building as well as Blazer Stadium which serves as the home of the school's football, soccer, field hockey, and lacrosse teams. There are three courtyards located throughout the main building. A greenhouse and accompanying patio is located on the second floor on the west side of the main building for the use of horticulture classes. The school building contains a 750-seat auditorium. The main hallway of the school, 'Blair Boulevard" displays flags from many countries, representing its extremely diverse student body.
In the school year of 2017–2018, Montgomery County Public School's Department of Facilities Management added four new portables to the school's campus, due to the large spike in enrollment. In 2022, Blair is expected to undergo construction for a new gym, a larger Student Activity Center and 18 new classrooms.
Academics
In 2021, MBHS was ranked 49th within Maryland and 2269th nationally by U.S. News & World Report. The school has an Honors Program and an Advanced Placement Program. The school is one of the few US high schools to have a .edu domain name, with its internet connection having gone live in the late 1980s. MBHS is home to two separately-run student news publications: Silver Chips is the school's print newspaper that is self-funded, and Silver Chips Online is an exclusively online publication which received the National Scholastic Press Association Online Pacemaker Award in 2004, 2005 and 2006. The editors-in-chief of Silver Chips for the 2020-2021 school year are Oliver Goldman, Tony González, Renata Muñoz, and Anika Seth. Blair is also home to Silver Quill, a literary arts magazine. Silver Quill is distributed with the school yearbook at the end of the school year.
Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program
In 1985, Montgomery County Public Schools opened its first Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program at Blair. At the time, Blair had the highest minority population among the high schools in the county and the lowest standardized test scores. The school board conducted a survey to decide that a specialized science magnet program would attract high-achieving white and Asian students to Blair. Although there was criticism of the program from some parents and students, the leaders of the PTA and the principal supported the program, noting that by 1989 more families were staying in the neighborhood to attend Blair and fewer students were seeking to transfer out. In 1993, the Superintendent of Montgomery County Public Schools told the New York Times: "I have never seen a high school's image turn around so quickly."Since its inception, the Magnet has offered accelerated, interdisciplinary courses in science, mathematics, and computer science. The Magnet offers dozens of electives, including Quantum Physics, Complex Analysis, Thermodynamics, Discrete Mathematics, Marine Biology, 3D Computer Graphics, Artificial Intelligence, Origins of Science, and Organic Chemistry as of 2022. Qualified students who are not in the program can and do enroll in its elective courses. In their senior year, Magnet students complete research projects to enter into the Science Talent Search, in which the program has a long history of success. In 2017, the Magnet had a mean SAT score of 1531 and a mean composite ACT score of 35, both of which are higher than any high school in the nation overall.The Blair Magnet is open to students from the southern and eastern areas of Montgomery County, who are selected through a competitive application and testing process (a program at Poolesville High School provides a similar curriculum for students in the northern and western areas of the county).The Magnet program has been criticized for being overwhelmingly white and Asian, enrolling few black and Hispanic students. The Magnet was threatened with proposed budget cuts in 2008, but after student protests, the most severe cuts were repealed. In 2018, a retired Magnet teacher was accused of sexual harassment by many former students.
Communication Arts Program
The Communication Arts Program (CAP) at was established at Blair soon after the Magnet, in 1988. It strives to provide a comprehensive educational approach to the humanities by offering accelerated, interdisciplinary courses in English, social studies, and media for participating students. CAP is open to students in the Downcounty Consortium and admission is competitive by application and testing.CAP offers courses in drama, photography, video production, history, government, English literature, writing composition, journalism and research. The number of CAP classes decreases by year, until students only complete one CAP class in 12th grade. The curriculum frequently builds off of existing Advanced Placement courses but uses the program's resources to add interdisciplinary experiences, such as a simulated presidential election that occurs over the course of a week at end of 10th grade, in which some students serve as candidates and others as campaign staff and reporters. CAP students also maintain portfolios of their work throughout the four years, which must include independent and service-based projects done outside of school. In 12th grade, they must successfully defend the portfolio's contents to a faculty committee in order to complete the program and graduate with a CAP Diploma.
English Department
In addition to offering standard English courses, the English Department also offers AP courses in Language and Literature, as well as studies in dramatics, journalism, and theater.
Fine Arts Department
The Fine Arts Department consists of two sub-departments of Music and Visual Arts. The Music Department includes instrumental music, choral music, and general music. Each year the department hosts a fine arts festival, in which students showcase their artistic talent.
Instrumental Music Department
MBHS's Instrumental Music Department consists of three orchestras, three bands, and two jazz bands. The orchestras are the Chamber Orchestra (Honors), Symphonic Orchestra, and Concert Orchestra. The bands include Wind Ensemble (Honors), Symphonic Band, and Concert Band. The jazz ensembles are Advanced Jazz Ensemble (Honors), and Jazz Lab Band. In addition, the music program also contains a marching band and a theatrical pit orchestra, as well as an audio library and a professional recording studio.
In 2014, MBHS's Chamber Orchestra hosted British Composer Paul Lewis as a Composer-in-Residence funded by the Wolf Trap Foundation. Students played the world premiere of a 5-movement piece called "Salute the Silents".
Choral Music Department
The Choral Music Department consists of Chorus, Show Choir, Chamber Choir (Honors), a Cabaret, and InToneNation, an a cappella group.
General Music Department
The General Music Department offers studies in music history, technology, business, composition, and theory. There are also courses offered in solo and ensemble techniques for piano and guitar playing.
Visual Arts Department
MBHS's Visual Arts Department offers studies in art & culture, ceramics & sculpture, digital art, photography, and studio art.
Foreign Language Department
The Foreign Language Department offers classes up to AP-level in Spanish, French, and Latin, and up to honors-level in Japanese and Arabic. It has recently added American Sign Language (ASL), which offer classes up to ASL 3.
Mathematics Department
The Mathematics Department offers a variety of honors- and AP-level courses, including: Algebra 1, Geometry, Algebra II, Precalculus, Calculus, Statistics, and Business Mathematics.
Science Department
The Science Department contains sub-departments in the core sciences of Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Earth Science.
Social Studies Department
MBHS's Social Studies Department offers honors and AP-level U.S. History, American Government and Politics, and World History, the department also offers elective courses such as African American History, Latin American History, European History, Middle East History, Comparative Government, Comparative religion, Cultural Anthropology, Administration of Justice, International Human Rights, Peace Studies Seminar, Economics, and Psychology. It was also the first in the region to offer courses in Women's Studies and the History of Hip-Hop.
Athletics
The student athletics program currently offers 23 different varsity and 8 junior varsity sports, with a total of 42 teams:
* indicates a sport for which there is also a junior varsity team.
^ indicates a sport that is not officially sanctioned by the school and is thus considered a club team.
Student activities and traditions
MBHS has over 95 teams or clubs, some of which are entirely student-run, including the Blair Radio Station, "Blazer Pride" Marching Band, Debate Team, and Jewish Culture Club and Philosophy Club.
Popular activities include: Knowledge Master Open, American Computer Science League, Envirothon, Science Bowl, Ocean Science Bowl, Doodle4Google, and Youth and Government.
Computer team
Montgomery Blair's computer team specializes in advanced computer science topics and programming algorithms which extend the classroom curriculum. Upperclassmen students teach new and complex algorithms, data structures, and programming techniques, including Dijkstra's shortest-path algorithm, dynamic programming, and greedy algorithms. The team also delves into other miscellaneous theoretical computer science topics including turing machines, nondeterministic polynomial time, random number generation, assembly language, lambda calculus, and relational databases. The Computer Team participates in the (ACSL), University of Pennsylvania Programming Contest, Loyola Programming Contest, University of Maryland Programming Contest, and the United States of America Computing Olympiad (USACO). The Computer Team won the ACSL All-Star Competition Senior Division in 1991, 1993, 2001, 2003, 2009, 2011 and 2013.
Robotics team
MBHS has an active FIRST Robotics Competition team, Team 449, nicknamed "The Blair Robot Project", inspired from the film The Blair Witch Project. The team was founded in 2000, and has competed in every year since except 2005.
Puzzlepalooza
MBHS has a puzzle tournament known as Puzzlepalooza. Puzzlepalooza has been self-proclaimed as "America's premier high school puzzle tournament." The tournament first began in 2010 and had taken place each May until 2020, when the tournament was canceled due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The tournament resumed for May 2022 after a two year hiatus. During a four-day period, teams have 12 hours to complete multiple-leveled puzzles. This puzzles produce a phrase that will be used in the final puzzle, which is the main goal of Puzzlepalooza. Completing this final puzzle results in prizes for the team that solves it. There are also many other prizes available for the teams such as the Spirit Award or the Iron Puzzler Award.
Science bowl
MBHS has an active science bowl team, consistently doing well in the Maryland Science Bowl and winning the National Science Bowl in 1999 and 2016. Blair won the National Ocean Sciences Bowl in 2018.
Quiz bowl
MBHS has an active quiz bowl team that competes in the local It's Academic competition. Blair won the It's Academic Super Bowl in 1995, 2017, and 2018.
BlackCAP
Established in 2016, BlackCAP is a student-run movement dedicated to helping students of color be accepted to and achieve in Montgomery County Public School application programs. BlackCAP was spearheaded by Alix Swann, Jaya Hinton, and Marley Majette (Class of 2018) and is sponsored by Mr. Kenneth Smith. BlackCAP has several components including a safe space for students of color in magnet programs and mentoring programs at Parkland Middle School and Silver Spring International Middle School.
History bowl
The Montgomery Blair History Bowl team won the 2020 National History Bowl Junior Varsity Championship. with team members Martin Brandenburg, Albert Ho, Jason Liu, and Leela Mehta-Harwitz.
Notable alumni
Blair has had many notable alumni in public service, the entertainment industry, sports, media, business, and academics.
Politics and public service
Tyras S. Athey, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates and Secretary of State of Maryland.
William A. Bronrott, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Robin Ficker, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Stan Greenberg, Democratic Party pollster and political strategist, known for his work on Bill Clinton’s Presidential campaign.
Thomas R. Norris, U.S. Navy SEAL who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Vietnam War.
William Addams Reitwiesner, genealogist and Library of Congress employee.
Craig L. Rice, former Montgomery County Councilmember and member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Jeff Waldstreicher, member of the Maryland Senate.
Christopher Williams, NASA astronaut candidate
Arts and entertainment
Cynthia Addai-Robinson, actress appearing in TV series Arrow, Spartacus, and Shooter.
Tyrone Giordano, film and stage actor, known for his lead role in Big River.
Eric Glover, writer for TV series Tom Swift and author of graphic novel Black Star.
Goldie Hawn, Oscar-winning actress in Hollywood movies including Cactus Flower, Private Benjamin, and The First Wives Club.
Ron Holloway, jazz saxophonist.
Eric Hutchinson, singer-songwriter known for his songs "Rock & Roll" and "Watching You Watch Him".
Rosamond S. King, poet and literary theorist.
Joshua Oppenheimer (finished high school in New Mexico), filmmaker of Oscar-nominated films The Act of Killing and The Look of Silence.
Chuck Redd, jazz percussionist.
Nora Roberts, bestselling romance novelist.
Sylvester Stallone, American actor, screenwriter, and film director (attended for short time before moving to Philadelphia).
Ben Stein, economist, actor, commentator, speech writer for U.S. President Richard Nixon.
Rebecca Sugar (traveled to Albert Einstein High School for Visual Art Center Program), artist, composer, and director, created the Cartoon Network series Steven Universe.
Lisa Ann Walter, actress and comedian, known for her roles in The Parent Trap and Abbott Elementary.
Sports and games
Steve Barber, baseball player for the Baltimore Orioles.
Tom Brown, baseball player for the Washington Senators and football player for the Green Bay Packers.
Dominique Dawes (finished high school in Gaithersburg), Olympic gymnast.
Steve Francis (completed GED), basketball player for the Maryland Terrapins and Houston Rockets.
Kelli Hill, coach of USA Women's Gymnastics Teams.
Wei-Hwa Huang, four-time World Puzzle Champion.
Sonny Jackson, baseball player for the Houston Colt .45's/Houston Astros and Atlanta Braves; the first black athlete at Blair.
Johnny Klippstein, baseball player for the Chicago Cubs, Minnesota Twins, and several other Major League Baseball teams, including the 1959 World Series champion Los Angeles Dodgers.
Jake Rozhansky, American-Israeli soccer player for Maryland Terrapins and Israel's Liga Leumit.
Visanthe Shiancoe, football player for the Minnesota Vikings.
Charlene Thomas-Swinson, college basketball player (Auburn) and coach (LSU).
Willis Wilson, former head men's basketball coach at Rice University.
Bob Windsor, football player for the San Francisco 49ers and New England Patriots.
David Vanterpool, basketball player for the Washington Wizards and assistant coach for Portland Trail Blazers.
Morgan Wootten, high school basketball coach for DeMatha.
Journalism and media
Erik Agard, crossword puzzle editor for USA Today.
Carl Bernstein, journalist and author known for breaking the Watergate scandal for The Washington Post.
Kiran Chetry, journalist and television news anchor for Fox News and CNN.
Connie Chung, journalist and television news anchor, known for co-hosting CBS Evening News.
Jon Fortt, CNBC anchor
Emily Gould, author and former co-editor of Gawker.
Rick Leventhal, broadcast journalist, Former Senior Correspondent for Fox News Channel.
Tom Marr, former Baltimore Orioles radio broadcaster, longtime radio talk show host on Baltimore's WCBM(680-AM).
Donna Richardson, fitness and aerobics instructor, author and ESPN commentator.
Inga Rundvold, broadcast reporter for WRC-TV
Eric Shansby, cartoonist for The Washington Post.
Daniel Zwerdling, journalist for NPR.
Business
Matias Duarte, Google Vice-President of Design.
Shervin Pishevar, entrepreneur and venture capitalist, known for co-founding Hyperoffice and Hyperloop One.
Chris T. Sullivan, co-founder of Outback Steakhouse.
Patrick Y. Lee, co-founder and CEO of Rotten Tomatoes.
Academics
Maneesh Agrawala, Professor of Computer Science at Stanford, Winner of 2009 MacArthur Fellowship.
Malcolm Beasley, Professor of Applied Physics at Stanford, former President of the American Physical Society.
Alexander Berg, Associate Professor of Computer Science at UC Irvine and computer-vision researcher at Meta AI.
Jonah Berger, bestselling author and marketing professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
Lorrie Cranor, Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University, former Chief Technologist of the Federal Trade Commission.
Samit Dasgupta, Professor of Mathematics at Duke University.
Jacob Lurie, Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University, winner of MacArthur Fellowship and Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics.
Stephen Vladeck, Professor of Law at the University of Texas, expert on the prosecution of war crimes.
Joshua Weitz, Professor of Biology at Georgia Tech, AAAS Fellow.
References
External links
Montgomery Blair High School
Statistics about Montgomery Blair High School
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significant person
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Montgomery Blair High School (MBHS) is a public high school in Four Corners, Maryland, United States, operated by Montgomery County Public Schools. Its enrollment of 3,600 makes it the largest school in Montgomery County and in the state.The school is named for Montgomery Blair, a lawyer who represented Dred Scott in his Supreme Court case and later served as Postmaster General under President Abraham Lincoln. Opened in 1925 as Takoma Park–Silver Spring High School, the school changed its name in 1935 when it moved to 313 Wayne Avenue overlooking Sligo Creek in Silver Spring. In 1998, the school moved two miles (3 km) north to the Kay Tract, a long-vacant site just north of the Capital Beltway.
About 20% of the student body is part of one of two magnet programs: the Science, Math, and Computer Science Magnet, and the Communication Arts Program (CAP), which draw students from the Silver Spring area and across Montgomery County. The school is a member of the National Consortium for Specialized Secondary Schools of Mathematics, Science and Technology (NCSSSMST).
The school sat in the Silver Spring census-designated place until the Four Corners CDP was created after the 2010 U.S. Census.
History
Philadelphia–Chicago campus era (1925–1935)
The school opened in 1925 as Takoma–Silver Spring High School with 86 students. The 3.8-acre (15,000 m2) campus sat at the corner of Philadelphia Avenue and Chicago Avenue in suburban Takoma Park, Maryland.
By the end of the 1920s, the school had added a junior high school (8th and 9th grades) to its senior high school (10th through 12th grades). Growing along with the communities of Silver Spring and Takoma Park, it eventually encompassed kindergarten to 12th grade. By 1934, the school was over-capacity with 450 students, and so, in 1935, the 10th, 11th, and 12 grades moved to a new high school named Montgomery Blair Senior High School. For a time, students, teachers, and administrators commuted between the two campuses. The annual yearbook, Silverlogue, was created around this time.
Wayne Avenue campus era (1935–1998)
When Montgomery Blair High School's 23.5-acre (95,000 m2) Wayne Avenue campus opened in March 1935, it was the sixth high school in Montgomery County, and the first in the lower county. One of several Montgomery County schools designed during that period by Howard Wright Cutler, the facility then consisted only of the C building, overlooking Sligo Creek. In 1936, the Auxiliary Gymnasium was added, followed by the B building in 1940, and the D building in 1942. MBHS's first football team was founded in 1944, and the War Memorial Stadium opened in 1947. In 1950, the A building was constructed, containing the Blair Library/Media Center. With the addition of the Main Gymnasium/Fieldhouse in 1954, MBHS possessed one of the finest basketball and football facilities in the county. The E building was added in 1959 as an administrative section, followed by the 1969 opening of the 1200-seat auditorium, named for long-time teacher and librarian Elizabeth Stickley. The most recent addition was the automotive shop building in 1973.During World War II, students from the University of Maryland taught several classes, and in some cases, able senior students taught sophomore classes. The Blair Library created the "Senior Corner" to honor those who died in war. Life magazine featured the school's Victory Corps close order drill team. Before to the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education, Blair was an all-white school. In 1955, the school began to integrate along with the rest of Montgomery County.With Silver Spring's growth, Blair's enrollment jumped from 600 students in 1946, to 1900 by 1956, peaking at 2900 in 1965 before being reduced from 1700 to 1400 after re-zoning in 1982. Enrollment was around 1,800 when the Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program brought 80 new students in the fall of 1985. The Communication Arts Program (CAP) followed in 1987, founded by Alicia Coleman, brought 75 new students. Overcrowding became an issue for Montgomery Blair High School, as portable buildings covered what was once open land and enrollment exceeded the building's capacity of 2,000. In 1994, it was decided that the school should move to an empty tract of land 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the north. Construction began on the Kay Tract in the mid-nineties and the Four Corners campus opened in the fall of 1998. After the move, Blair's Wayne Avenue campus was converted into an elementary and middle school; currently Sligo Creek Elementary School and Silver Spring International Middle School each take up half the campus. The Elizabeth Stickley Auditorium was not included in the conversion plans, and has remained closed and deteriorating since 1997. Several local politicians and leaders, including former Maryland state senator Ida Ruben, current U.S. representative Jamie Raskin and former U.S. Senator Barbara Mikulski, have endorsed projects to restore the auditorium to its former condition.
Four Corners campus era (1998–present)
Montgomery Blair High School remained at the Wayne Avenue campus for over six decades until its 1998 move to the current Four Corners campus at the intersection of University Boulevard, Colesville Road, and the Capital Beltway. When it opened, the new facilities were the largest in the county, spanning a 42-acre (170,000 m2) region, which was nearly twice as large as the old Wayne Avenue site. During the early to mid-2000s, the school population spiked to 3,400 students, rivaling that of some community colleges. Although enrollment has since receded to about 2,900 students, the school still has the largest student population in the county. 2008 brough interactive digital Promethean boards to many classrooms.
Notable events
In April 1992, Montgomery Blair High School was the first high school in the nation to initiate and sponsor a display of the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt. More than 5,000 children, their families, teachers and friends came to see the Quilt.
It has been a popular stop for many politicians because of the school's diversity, strong academic programs, and proximity to the nation's capital. On February 5, 1998, President Bill Clinton and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair stopped at Montgomery Blair High School during a state visit.On March 7, 2003, United States Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge and Secretary of Education Rod Paige visited Blair.On June 23, 2005, President George W. Bush visited the school to discuss his plan to partially privatize Social Security. Students were not permitted to attend. Despite the last-minute announcement of the visit, about 400 community members, students and union members showed up to question Bush's proposed policies and the fact that this town hall-style meeting was not open to the general public. The police tried to move the demonstration to a park more than a block away, but protesters pointed out that there was no reason they couldn't continue their peaceful protest on the public sidewalk outside the fence around the school.During the 2010–2011 school year, NBA Hall of Famer Kareem Abdul-Jabbar spoke to a packed auditorium of students about his upcoming film and his life. Abdul-Jabbar then spoke privately with both the varsity and junior varsity basketball teams before posing for photos and signing a few autographs.On June 1, 2016, Secretary of State John Kerry visited Blair to discuss ocean conservation.On February 26, 2018, U.S. Congressmen Jamie Raskin and Ted Deutch brought survivors of the Parkland high school shooting to Blair to meet with Blair students.
Campus
The current campus of Montgomery Blair High School covers 42 acres between the Capital Beltway, U.S. Route 29, and Maryland Route 193 in Silver Spring's Four Corners neighborhood. The school contains 386,567 sq ft (35,913.2 m2) of space and was originally designed for 2,830 students. Eight years after its completion, the school was more than 500 students over capacity, with a population of about 3,400. At one point, the school had eight auxiliary portable classrooms. Enrollment decreased slightly due to the opening of other schools and the creation of the Downcounty Consortium. Two portables were removed at the beginning of the 2006–2007 school year,and all were gone by April 2010, when enrollment was 2,788. Blair remains the county's largest school.
The school has baseball and softball fields to the east of the main building as well as Blazer Stadium which serves as the home of the school's football, soccer, field hockey, and lacrosse teams. There are three courtyards located throughout the main building. A greenhouse and accompanying patio is located on the second floor on the west side of the main building for the use of horticulture classes. The school building contains a 750-seat auditorium. The main hallway of the school, 'Blair Boulevard" displays flags from many countries, representing its extremely diverse student body.
In the school year of 2017–2018, Montgomery County Public School's Department of Facilities Management added four new portables to the school's campus, due to the large spike in enrollment. In 2022, Blair is expected to undergo construction for a new gym, a larger Student Activity Center and 18 new classrooms.
Academics
In 2021, MBHS was ranked 49th within Maryland and 2269th nationally by U.S. News & World Report. The school has an Honors Program and an Advanced Placement Program. The school is one of the few US high schools to have a .edu domain name, with its internet connection having gone live in the late 1980s. MBHS is home to two separately-run student news publications: Silver Chips is the school's print newspaper that is self-funded, and Silver Chips Online is an exclusively online publication which received the National Scholastic Press Association Online Pacemaker Award in 2004, 2005 and 2006. The editors-in-chief of Silver Chips for the 2020-2021 school year are Oliver Goldman, Tony González, Renata Muñoz, and Anika Seth. Blair is also home to Silver Quill, a literary arts magazine. Silver Quill is distributed with the school yearbook at the end of the school year.
Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program
In 1985, Montgomery County Public Schools opened its first Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet program at Blair. At the time, Blair had the highest minority population among the high schools in the county and the lowest standardized test scores. The school board conducted a survey to decide that a specialized science magnet program would attract high-achieving white and Asian students to Blair. Although there was criticism of the program from some parents and students, the leaders of the PTA and the principal supported the program, noting that by 1989 more families were staying in the neighborhood to attend Blair and fewer students were seeking to transfer out. In 1993, the Superintendent of Montgomery County Public Schools told the New York Times: "I have never seen a high school's image turn around so quickly."Since its inception, the Magnet has offered accelerated, interdisciplinary courses in science, mathematics, and computer science. The Magnet offers dozens of electives, including Quantum Physics, Complex Analysis, Thermodynamics, Discrete Mathematics, Marine Biology, 3D Computer Graphics, Artificial Intelligence, Origins of Science, and Organic Chemistry as of 2022. Qualified students who are not in the program can and do enroll in its elective courses. In their senior year, Magnet students complete research projects to enter into the Science Talent Search, in which the program has a long history of success. In 2017, the Magnet had a mean SAT score of 1531 and a mean composite ACT score of 35, both of which are higher than any high school in the nation overall.The Blair Magnet is open to students from the southern and eastern areas of Montgomery County, who are selected through a competitive application and testing process (a program at Poolesville High School provides a similar curriculum for students in the northern and western areas of the county).The Magnet program has been criticized for being overwhelmingly white and Asian, enrolling few black and Hispanic students. The Magnet was threatened with proposed budget cuts in 2008, but after student protests, the most severe cuts were repealed. In 2018, a retired Magnet teacher was accused of sexual harassment by many former students.
Communication Arts Program
The Communication Arts Program (CAP) at was established at Blair soon after the Magnet, in 1988. It strives to provide a comprehensive educational approach to the humanities by offering accelerated, interdisciplinary courses in English, social studies, and media for participating students. CAP is open to students in the Downcounty Consortium and admission is competitive by application and testing.CAP offers courses in drama, photography, video production, history, government, English literature, writing composition, journalism and research. The number of CAP classes decreases by year, until students only complete one CAP class in 12th grade. The curriculum frequently builds off of existing Advanced Placement courses but uses the program's resources to add interdisciplinary experiences, such as a simulated presidential election that occurs over the course of a week at end of 10th grade, in which some students serve as candidates and others as campaign staff and reporters. CAP students also maintain portfolios of their work throughout the four years, which must include independent and service-based projects done outside of school. In 12th grade, they must successfully defend the portfolio's contents to a faculty committee in order to complete the program and graduate with a CAP Diploma.
English Department
In addition to offering standard English courses, the English Department also offers AP courses in Language and Literature, as well as studies in dramatics, journalism, and theater.
Fine Arts Department
The Fine Arts Department consists of two sub-departments of Music and Visual Arts. The Music Department includes instrumental music, choral music, and general music. Each year the department hosts a fine arts festival, in which students showcase their artistic talent.
Instrumental Music Department
MBHS's Instrumental Music Department consists of three orchestras, three bands, and two jazz bands. The orchestras are the Chamber Orchestra (Honors), Symphonic Orchestra, and Concert Orchestra. The bands include Wind Ensemble (Honors), Symphonic Band, and Concert Band. The jazz ensembles are Advanced Jazz Ensemble (Honors), and Jazz Lab Band. In addition, the music program also contains a marching band and a theatrical pit orchestra, as well as an audio library and a professional recording studio.
In 2014, MBHS's Chamber Orchestra hosted British Composer Paul Lewis as a Composer-in-Residence funded by the Wolf Trap Foundation. Students played the world premiere of a 5-movement piece called "Salute the Silents".
Choral Music Department
The Choral Music Department consists of Chorus, Show Choir, Chamber Choir (Honors), a Cabaret, and InToneNation, an a cappella group.
General Music Department
The General Music Department offers studies in music history, technology, business, composition, and theory. There are also courses offered in solo and ensemble techniques for piano and guitar playing.
Visual Arts Department
MBHS's Visual Arts Department offers studies in art & culture, ceramics & sculpture, digital art, photography, and studio art.
Foreign Language Department
The Foreign Language Department offers classes up to AP-level in Spanish, French, and Latin, and up to honors-level in Japanese and Arabic. It has recently added American Sign Language (ASL), which offer classes up to ASL 3.
Mathematics Department
The Mathematics Department offers a variety of honors- and AP-level courses, including: Algebra 1, Geometry, Algebra II, Precalculus, Calculus, Statistics, and Business Mathematics.
Science Department
The Science Department contains sub-departments in the core sciences of Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Earth Science.
Social Studies Department
MBHS's Social Studies Department offers honors and AP-level U.S. History, American Government and Politics, and World History, the department also offers elective courses such as African American History, Latin American History, European History, Middle East History, Comparative Government, Comparative religion, Cultural Anthropology, Administration of Justice, International Human Rights, Peace Studies Seminar, Economics, and Psychology. It was also the first in the region to offer courses in Women's Studies and the History of Hip-Hop.
Athletics
The student athletics program currently offers 23 different varsity and 8 junior varsity sports, with a total of 42 teams:
* indicates a sport for which there is also a junior varsity team.
^ indicates a sport that is not officially sanctioned by the school and is thus considered a club team.
Student activities and traditions
MBHS has over 95 teams or clubs, some of which are entirely student-run, including the Blair Radio Station, "Blazer Pride" Marching Band, Debate Team, and Jewish Culture Club and Philosophy Club.
Popular activities include: Knowledge Master Open, American Computer Science League, Envirothon, Science Bowl, Ocean Science Bowl, Doodle4Google, and Youth and Government.
Computer team
Montgomery Blair's computer team specializes in advanced computer science topics and programming algorithms which extend the classroom curriculum. Upperclassmen students teach new and complex algorithms, data structures, and programming techniques, including Dijkstra's shortest-path algorithm, dynamic programming, and greedy algorithms. The team also delves into other miscellaneous theoretical computer science topics including turing machines, nondeterministic polynomial time, random number generation, assembly language, lambda calculus, and relational databases. The Computer Team participates in the (ACSL), University of Pennsylvania Programming Contest, Loyola Programming Contest, University of Maryland Programming Contest, and the United States of America Computing Olympiad (USACO). The Computer Team won the ACSL All-Star Competition Senior Division in 1991, 1993, 2001, 2003, 2009, 2011 and 2013.
Robotics team
MBHS has an active FIRST Robotics Competition team, Team 449, nicknamed "The Blair Robot Project", inspired from the film The Blair Witch Project. The team was founded in 2000, and has competed in every year since except 2005.
Puzzlepalooza
MBHS has a puzzle tournament known as Puzzlepalooza. Puzzlepalooza has been self-proclaimed as "America's premier high school puzzle tournament." The tournament first began in 2010 and had taken place each May until 2020, when the tournament was canceled due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The tournament resumed for May 2022 after a two year hiatus. During a four-day period, teams have 12 hours to complete multiple-leveled puzzles. This puzzles produce a phrase that will be used in the final puzzle, which is the main goal of Puzzlepalooza. Completing this final puzzle results in prizes for the team that solves it. There are also many other prizes available for the teams such as the Spirit Award or the Iron Puzzler Award.
Science bowl
MBHS has an active science bowl team, consistently doing well in the Maryland Science Bowl and winning the National Science Bowl in 1999 and 2016. Blair won the National Ocean Sciences Bowl in 2018.
Quiz bowl
MBHS has an active quiz bowl team that competes in the local It's Academic competition. Blair won the It's Academic Super Bowl in 1995, 2017, and 2018.
BlackCAP
Established in 2016, BlackCAP is a student-run movement dedicated to helping students of color be accepted to and achieve in Montgomery County Public School application programs. BlackCAP was spearheaded by Alix Swann, Jaya Hinton, and Marley Majette (Class of 2018) and is sponsored by Mr. Kenneth Smith. BlackCAP has several components including a safe space for students of color in magnet programs and mentoring programs at Parkland Middle School and Silver Spring International Middle School.
History bowl
The Montgomery Blair History Bowl team won the 2020 National History Bowl Junior Varsity Championship. with team members Martin Brandenburg, Albert Ho, Jason Liu, and Leela Mehta-Harwitz.
Notable alumni
Blair has had many notable alumni in public service, the entertainment industry, sports, media, business, and academics.
Politics and public service
Tyras S. Athey, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates and Secretary of State of Maryland.
William A. Bronrott, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Robin Ficker, former member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Stan Greenberg, Democratic Party pollster and political strategist, known for his work on Bill Clinton’s Presidential campaign.
Thomas R. Norris, U.S. Navy SEAL who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Vietnam War.
William Addams Reitwiesner, genealogist and Library of Congress employee.
Craig L. Rice, former Montgomery County Councilmember and member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Jeff Waldstreicher, member of the Maryland Senate.
Christopher Williams, NASA astronaut candidate
Arts and entertainment
Cynthia Addai-Robinson, actress appearing in TV series Arrow, Spartacus, and Shooter.
Tyrone Giordano, film and stage actor, known for his lead role in Big River.
Eric Glover, writer for TV series Tom Swift and author of graphic novel Black Star.
Goldie Hawn, Oscar-winning actress in Hollywood movies including Cactus Flower, Private Benjamin, and The First Wives Club.
Ron Holloway, jazz saxophonist.
Eric Hutchinson, singer-songwriter known for his songs "Rock & Roll" and "Watching You Watch Him".
Rosamond S. King, poet and literary theorist.
Joshua Oppenheimer (finished high school in New Mexico), filmmaker of Oscar-nominated films The Act of Killing and The Look of Silence.
Chuck Redd, jazz percussionist.
Nora Roberts, bestselling romance novelist.
Sylvester Stallone, American actor, screenwriter, and film director (attended for short time before moving to Philadelphia).
Ben Stein, economist, actor, commentator, speech writer for U.S. President Richard Nixon.
Rebecca Sugar (traveled to Albert Einstein High School for Visual Art Center Program), artist, composer, and director, created the Cartoon Network series Steven Universe.
Lisa Ann Walter, actress and comedian, known for her roles in The Parent Trap and Abbott Elementary.
Sports and games
Steve Barber, baseball player for the Baltimore Orioles.
Tom Brown, baseball player for the Washington Senators and football player for the Green Bay Packers.
Dominique Dawes (finished high school in Gaithersburg), Olympic gymnast.
Steve Francis (completed GED), basketball player for the Maryland Terrapins and Houston Rockets.
Kelli Hill, coach of USA Women's Gymnastics Teams.
Wei-Hwa Huang, four-time World Puzzle Champion.
Sonny Jackson, baseball player for the Houston Colt .45's/Houston Astros and Atlanta Braves; the first black athlete at Blair.
Johnny Klippstein, baseball player for the Chicago Cubs, Minnesota Twins, and several other Major League Baseball teams, including the 1959 World Series champion Los Angeles Dodgers.
Jake Rozhansky, American-Israeli soccer player for Maryland Terrapins and Israel's Liga Leumit.
Visanthe Shiancoe, football player for the Minnesota Vikings.
Charlene Thomas-Swinson, college basketball player (Auburn) and coach (LSU).
Willis Wilson, former head men's basketball coach at Rice University.
Bob Windsor, football player for the San Francisco 49ers and New England Patriots.
David Vanterpool, basketball player for the Washington Wizards and assistant coach for Portland Trail Blazers.
Morgan Wootten, high school basketball coach for DeMatha.
Journalism and media
Erik Agard, crossword puzzle editor for USA Today.
Carl Bernstein, journalist and author known for breaking the Watergate scandal for The Washington Post.
Kiran Chetry, journalist and television news anchor for Fox News and CNN.
Connie Chung, journalist and television news anchor, known for co-hosting CBS Evening News.
Jon Fortt, CNBC anchor
Emily Gould, author and former co-editor of Gawker.
Rick Leventhal, broadcast journalist, Former Senior Correspondent for Fox News Channel.
Tom Marr, former Baltimore Orioles radio broadcaster, longtime radio talk show host on Baltimore's WCBM(680-AM).
Donna Richardson, fitness and aerobics instructor, author and ESPN commentator.
Inga Rundvold, broadcast reporter for WRC-TV
Eric Shansby, cartoonist for The Washington Post.
Daniel Zwerdling, journalist for NPR.
Business
Matias Duarte, Google Vice-President of Design.
Shervin Pishevar, entrepreneur and venture capitalist, known for co-founding Hyperoffice and Hyperloop One.
Chris T. Sullivan, co-founder of Outback Steakhouse.
Patrick Y. Lee, co-founder and CEO of Rotten Tomatoes.
Academics
Maneesh Agrawala, Professor of Computer Science at Stanford, Winner of 2009 MacArthur Fellowship.
Malcolm Beasley, Professor of Applied Physics at Stanford, former President of the American Physical Society.
Alexander Berg, Associate Professor of Computer Science at UC Irvine and computer-vision researcher at Meta AI.
Jonah Berger, bestselling author and marketing professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
Lorrie Cranor, Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University, former Chief Technologist of the Federal Trade Commission.
Samit Dasgupta, Professor of Mathematics at Duke University.
Jacob Lurie, Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University, winner of MacArthur Fellowship and Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics.
Stephen Vladeck, Professor of Law at the University of Texas, expert on the prosecution of war crimes.
Joshua Weitz, Professor of Biology at Georgia Tech, AAAS Fellow.
References
External links
Montgomery Blair High School
Statistics about Montgomery Blair High School
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school district
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"text": [
"Montgomery County Public Schools"
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The Little Rann of Kutch is a salt marsh which is part of the Rann of Kutch in Kutch district, Gujarat, India.
Attractions
Indian wild ass sanctuary
The Little Rann of Kutch is home to the Indian wild ass (khur). To conserve this species, the Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary (IWAS) was created in 1973 and covers nearly five thousand square km. The sanctuary is also home to many species of migratory birds, such as the sarus crane, ducks, the Dalmatian pelican, and flamingoes, as well as land birds like the sandgrouse, the francolin and the Indian bustard. It is also home to various mammals such as the Indian wolf, desert fox and nilgai.
Kutch biosphere reserve
In 2008, to project Kutch as an international nature destination, the Government of Gujarat designated the area as the Kutch Biosphere Reserve. Biosphere reserves aim to promote sustainable development in the surrounding area, which is reserved for conservation and research. Such reserves are protected under the Wildlife Protection Act, the Indian Forest Act and the Forest Conservation Act. The government provides funds for the conservation of the landscape's biological diversity and its cultural heritage.
The reserve's vegetation is mainly xerophytic as groundwater is scarce. The 74 elevated plateaus (also called islands or bets) have around 253 flowering species. According to some estimates, about 70,000 to 75,000 birds nest in an area of about 250 acres.
Economy
Salt panning
Salt panning is a crucial seasonal activity in the Rann of Kutch, producing the majority of India's inland salt. During the monsoon season, the underwater table of the Kutch is filled with saltwater. After the water recedes in October, salt workers temporarily settle and use diesel pumps to pump the saltwater into fields. Then, the natural climate conditions allow evaporation of the water, leaving only the salt crystals. Salt panning workers face severe health issues due to working in the harsh conditions in the fields continuously for 6–7 months. In 2019, as a means of financially supporting the salt pan workers and promoting a move from diesel to solar-powered pumps, the government of Gujarat allowed the state to purchase excess solar power generated during the off-season. Using solar-powered as opposed to diesel pumps can reduce the cost of salt production by one-third.
Ginger prawn fishing
Prawn fishing plays a role in the economy due to its high demand in domestic and international markets. Ginger prawn (Metapenaeus kutchensis) are endemic to the area, and their fishing is highly seasonal. During the monsoon season, which begins around July, the Little Rann is flooded and temporarily connected to the Gulf of Kutch, allowing passage of ginger prawn juveniles into the Rann. This marks the beginning of the prawn fishing season, which lasts from August to September. Fishermen are mostly seasonal workers, spending the majority of the year as salt pan workers.
Ginger prawn fishing dates back to the early 16th century, when it was practiced by Muslim subsistence fishermen during the Mughal dynasty. Their method, known as "Pagadia fishing" due to its being carried out by hand and barefoot, continues to be practiced by traditional fishermen in the region. Commercial prawn fishing only began in the mid-1900s after the use of bottom trawls became common.
Dam
The Government of Gujarat is planning to dam the 1.26 km stretch of Hadakiya Creek so that the water within it can be used for recreational and fisheries purposes.
See also
Arid Forest Research Institute (AFRI)
Great Rann of Kutch
Indian wild ass
Kutch District
References
"Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. This text was originally published in the book Terrestrial ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a conservation assessment from Island Press. Also see: World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001). "Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh". WildWorld Ecoregion Profile. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2010-03-08.
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
104
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"text": [
"India"
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}
|
The Little Rann of Kutch is a salt marsh which is part of the Rann of Kutch in Kutch district, Gujarat, India.
Attractions
Indian wild ass sanctuary
The Little Rann of Kutch is home to the Indian wild ass (khur). To conserve this species, the Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary (IWAS) was created in 1973 and covers nearly five thousand square km. The sanctuary is also home to many species of migratory birds, such as the sarus crane, ducks, the Dalmatian pelican, and flamingoes, as well as land birds like the sandgrouse, the francolin and the Indian bustard. It is also home to various mammals such as the Indian wolf, desert fox and nilgai.
Kutch biosphere reserve
In 2008, to project Kutch as an international nature destination, the Government of Gujarat designated the area as the Kutch Biosphere Reserve. Biosphere reserves aim to promote sustainable development in the surrounding area, which is reserved for conservation and research. Such reserves are protected under the Wildlife Protection Act, the Indian Forest Act and the Forest Conservation Act. The government provides funds for the conservation of the landscape's biological diversity and its cultural heritage.
The reserve's vegetation is mainly xerophytic as groundwater is scarce. The 74 elevated plateaus (also called islands or bets) have around 253 flowering species. According to some estimates, about 70,000 to 75,000 birds nest in an area of about 250 acres.
Economy
Salt panning
Salt panning is a crucial seasonal activity in the Rann of Kutch, producing the majority of India's inland salt. During the monsoon season, the underwater table of the Kutch is filled with saltwater. After the water recedes in October, salt workers temporarily settle and use diesel pumps to pump the saltwater into fields. Then, the natural climate conditions allow evaporation of the water, leaving only the salt crystals. Salt panning workers face severe health issues due to working in the harsh conditions in the fields continuously for 6–7 months. In 2019, as a means of financially supporting the salt pan workers and promoting a move from diesel to solar-powered pumps, the government of Gujarat allowed the state to purchase excess solar power generated during the off-season. Using solar-powered as opposed to diesel pumps can reduce the cost of salt production by one-third.
Ginger prawn fishing
Prawn fishing plays a role in the economy due to its high demand in domestic and international markets. Ginger prawn (Metapenaeus kutchensis) are endemic to the area, and their fishing is highly seasonal. During the monsoon season, which begins around July, the Little Rann is flooded and temporarily connected to the Gulf of Kutch, allowing passage of ginger prawn juveniles into the Rann. This marks the beginning of the prawn fishing season, which lasts from August to September. Fishermen are mostly seasonal workers, spending the majority of the year as salt pan workers.
Ginger prawn fishing dates back to the early 16th century, when it was practiced by Muslim subsistence fishermen during the Mughal dynasty. Their method, known as "Pagadia fishing" due to its being carried out by hand and barefoot, continues to be practiced by traditional fishermen in the region. Commercial prawn fishing only began in the mid-1900s after the use of bottom trawls became common.
Dam
The Government of Gujarat is planning to dam the 1.26 km stretch of Hadakiya Creek so that the water within it can be used for recreational and fisheries purposes.
See also
Arid Forest Research Institute (AFRI)
Great Rann of Kutch
Indian wild ass
Kutch District
References
"Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. This text was originally published in the book Terrestrial ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a conservation assessment from Island Press. Also see: World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001). "Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh". WildWorld Ecoregion Profile. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2010-03-08.
|
instance of
|
{
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30
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|
The Little Rann of Kutch is a salt marsh which is part of the Rann of Kutch in Kutch district, Gujarat, India.
Attractions
Indian wild ass sanctuary
The Little Rann of Kutch is home to the Indian wild ass (khur). To conserve this species, the Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary (IWAS) was created in 1973 and covers nearly five thousand square km. The sanctuary is also home to many species of migratory birds, such as the sarus crane, ducks, the Dalmatian pelican, and flamingoes, as well as land birds like the sandgrouse, the francolin and the Indian bustard. It is also home to various mammals such as the Indian wolf, desert fox and nilgai.
Kutch biosphere reserve
In 2008, to project Kutch as an international nature destination, the Government of Gujarat designated the area as the Kutch Biosphere Reserve. Biosphere reserves aim to promote sustainable development in the surrounding area, which is reserved for conservation and research. Such reserves are protected under the Wildlife Protection Act, the Indian Forest Act and the Forest Conservation Act. The government provides funds for the conservation of the landscape's biological diversity and its cultural heritage.
The reserve's vegetation is mainly xerophytic as groundwater is scarce. The 74 elevated plateaus (also called islands or bets) have around 253 flowering species. According to some estimates, about 70,000 to 75,000 birds nest in an area of about 250 acres.
Economy
Salt panning
Salt panning is a crucial seasonal activity in the Rann of Kutch, producing the majority of India's inland salt. During the monsoon season, the underwater table of the Kutch is filled with saltwater. After the water recedes in October, salt workers temporarily settle and use diesel pumps to pump the saltwater into fields. Then, the natural climate conditions allow evaporation of the water, leaving only the salt crystals. Salt panning workers face severe health issues due to working in the harsh conditions in the fields continuously for 6–7 months. In 2019, as a means of financially supporting the salt pan workers and promoting a move from diesel to solar-powered pumps, the government of Gujarat allowed the state to purchase excess solar power generated during the off-season. Using solar-powered as opposed to diesel pumps can reduce the cost of salt production by one-third.
Ginger prawn fishing
Prawn fishing plays a role in the economy due to its high demand in domestic and international markets. Ginger prawn (Metapenaeus kutchensis) are endemic to the area, and their fishing is highly seasonal. During the monsoon season, which begins around July, the Little Rann is flooded and temporarily connected to the Gulf of Kutch, allowing passage of ginger prawn juveniles into the Rann. This marks the beginning of the prawn fishing season, which lasts from August to September. Fishermen are mostly seasonal workers, spending the majority of the year as salt pan workers.
Ginger prawn fishing dates back to the early 16th century, when it was practiced by Muslim subsistence fishermen during the Mughal dynasty. Their method, known as "Pagadia fishing" due to its being carried out by hand and barefoot, continues to be practiced by traditional fishermen in the region. Commercial prawn fishing only began in the mid-1900s after the use of bottom trawls became common.
Dam
The Government of Gujarat is planning to dam the 1.26 km stretch of Hadakiya Creek so that the water within it can be used for recreational and fisheries purposes.
See also
Arid Forest Research Institute (AFRI)
Great Rann of Kutch
Indian wild ass
Kutch District
References
"Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. This text was originally published in the book Terrestrial ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a conservation assessment from Island Press. Also see: World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001). "Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh". WildWorld Ecoregion Profile. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2010-03-08.
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
79
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"text": [
"Kutch district"
]
}
|
The Little Rann of Kutch is a salt marsh which is part of the Rann of Kutch in Kutch district, Gujarat, India.
Attractions
Indian wild ass sanctuary
The Little Rann of Kutch is home to the Indian wild ass (khur). To conserve this species, the Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary (IWAS) was created in 1973 and covers nearly five thousand square km. The sanctuary is also home to many species of migratory birds, such as the sarus crane, ducks, the Dalmatian pelican, and flamingoes, as well as land birds like the sandgrouse, the francolin and the Indian bustard. It is also home to various mammals such as the Indian wolf, desert fox and nilgai.
Kutch biosphere reserve
In 2008, to project Kutch as an international nature destination, the Government of Gujarat designated the area as the Kutch Biosphere Reserve. Biosphere reserves aim to promote sustainable development in the surrounding area, which is reserved for conservation and research. Such reserves are protected under the Wildlife Protection Act, the Indian Forest Act and the Forest Conservation Act. The government provides funds for the conservation of the landscape's biological diversity and its cultural heritage.
The reserve's vegetation is mainly xerophytic as groundwater is scarce. The 74 elevated plateaus (also called islands or bets) have around 253 flowering species. According to some estimates, about 70,000 to 75,000 birds nest in an area of about 250 acres.
Economy
Salt panning
Salt panning is a crucial seasonal activity in the Rann of Kutch, producing the majority of India's inland salt. During the monsoon season, the underwater table of the Kutch is filled with saltwater. After the water recedes in October, salt workers temporarily settle and use diesel pumps to pump the saltwater into fields. Then, the natural climate conditions allow evaporation of the water, leaving only the salt crystals. Salt panning workers face severe health issues due to working in the harsh conditions in the fields continuously for 6–7 months. In 2019, as a means of financially supporting the salt pan workers and promoting a move from diesel to solar-powered pumps, the government of Gujarat allowed the state to purchase excess solar power generated during the off-season. Using solar-powered as opposed to diesel pumps can reduce the cost of salt production by one-third.
Ginger prawn fishing
Prawn fishing plays a role in the economy due to its high demand in domestic and international markets. Ginger prawn (Metapenaeus kutchensis) are endemic to the area, and their fishing is highly seasonal. During the monsoon season, which begins around July, the Little Rann is flooded and temporarily connected to the Gulf of Kutch, allowing passage of ginger prawn juveniles into the Rann. This marks the beginning of the prawn fishing season, which lasts from August to September. Fishermen are mostly seasonal workers, spending the majority of the year as salt pan workers.
Ginger prawn fishing dates back to the early 16th century, when it was practiced by Muslim subsistence fishermen during the Mughal dynasty. Their method, known as "Pagadia fishing" due to its being carried out by hand and barefoot, continues to be practiced by traditional fishermen in the region. Commercial prawn fishing only began in the mid-1900s after the use of bottom trawls became common.
Dam
The Government of Gujarat is planning to dam the 1.26 km stretch of Hadakiya Creek so that the water within it can be used for recreational and fisheries purposes.
See also
Arid Forest Research Institute (AFRI)
Great Rann of Kutch
Indian wild ass
Kutch District
References
"Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. This text was originally published in the book Terrestrial ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a conservation assessment from Island Press. Also see: World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001). "Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh". WildWorld Ecoregion Profile. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2010-03-08.
|
located in/on physical feature
|
{
"answer_start": [
11
],
"text": [
"Rann of Kutch"
]
}
|
The Little Rann of Kutch is a salt marsh which is part of the Rann of Kutch in Kutch district, Gujarat, India.
Attractions
Indian wild ass sanctuary
The Little Rann of Kutch is home to the Indian wild ass (khur). To conserve this species, the Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary (IWAS) was created in 1973 and covers nearly five thousand square km. The sanctuary is also home to many species of migratory birds, such as the sarus crane, ducks, the Dalmatian pelican, and flamingoes, as well as land birds like the sandgrouse, the francolin and the Indian bustard. It is also home to various mammals such as the Indian wolf, desert fox and nilgai.
Kutch biosphere reserve
In 2008, to project Kutch as an international nature destination, the Government of Gujarat designated the area as the Kutch Biosphere Reserve. Biosphere reserves aim to promote sustainable development in the surrounding area, which is reserved for conservation and research. Such reserves are protected under the Wildlife Protection Act, the Indian Forest Act and the Forest Conservation Act. The government provides funds for the conservation of the landscape's biological diversity and its cultural heritage.
The reserve's vegetation is mainly xerophytic as groundwater is scarce. The 74 elevated plateaus (also called islands or bets) have around 253 flowering species. According to some estimates, about 70,000 to 75,000 birds nest in an area of about 250 acres.
Economy
Salt panning
Salt panning is a crucial seasonal activity in the Rann of Kutch, producing the majority of India's inland salt. During the monsoon season, the underwater table of the Kutch is filled with saltwater. After the water recedes in October, salt workers temporarily settle and use diesel pumps to pump the saltwater into fields. Then, the natural climate conditions allow evaporation of the water, leaving only the salt crystals. Salt panning workers face severe health issues due to working in the harsh conditions in the fields continuously for 6–7 months. In 2019, as a means of financially supporting the salt pan workers and promoting a move from diesel to solar-powered pumps, the government of Gujarat allowed the state to purchase excess solar power generated during the off-season. Using solar-powered as opposed to diesel pumps can reduce the cost of salt production by one-third.
Ginger prawn fishing
Prawn fishing plays a role in the economy due to its high demand in domestic and international markets. Ginger prawn (Metapenaeus kutchensis) are endemic to the area, and their fishing is highly seasonal. During the monsoon season, which begins around July, the Little Rann is flooded and temporarily connected to the Gulf of Kutch, allowing passage of ginger prawn juveniles into the Rann. This marks the beginning of the prawn fishing season, which lasts from August to September. Fishermen are mostly seasonal workers, spending the majority of the year as salt pan workers.
Ginger prawn fishing dates back to the early 16th century, when it was practiced by Muslim subsistence fishermen during the Mughal dynasty. Their method, known as "Pagadia fishing" due to its being carried out by hand and barefoot, continues to be practiced by traditional fishermen in the region. Commercial prawn fishing only began in the mid-1900s after the use of bottom trawls became common.
Dam
The Government of Gujarat is planning to dam the 1.26 km stretch of Hadakiya Creek so that the water within it can be used for recreational and fisheries purposes.
See also
Arid Forest Research Institute (AFRI)
Great Rann of Kutch
Indian wild ass
Kutch District
References
"Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. This text was originally published in the book Terrestrial ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a conservation assessment from Island Press. Also see: World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001). "Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh". WildWorld Ecoregion Profile. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2010-03-08.
|
different from
|
{
"answer_start": [
11
],
"text": [
"Rann of Kutch"
]
}
|
Thomas Laybourn (born 30 September 1977) is a retired badminton player from Denmark. He is a World Champion, two times European Champion and was ranked as world number 1 in the mixed doubles in January 2011.
Career
Laybourn won the 2006 European Badminton Championships in the mixed doubles with partner Kamilla Rytter Juhl. He also competed at the 2006 IBF World Championships in mixed doubles (with Juhl), and were defeated in the quarterfinals by Nathan Robertson and Gail Emms 14–21, 17–21.
Laybourn made his first appearance at the Olympic Games in 2008 Beijing in the mixed doubles event with Juhl. They defeated Singaporean pair Hendri Kurniawan Saputra and Li Yujia in the first round, but lost to Flandy Limpele and Vita Marissa of Indonesia in the quarter-finals with a close rubber games.His biggest success was the title in the 2009 World Championships in the mixed doubles with partner Kamilla Rytter Juhl. It was the first Danish World Championships win since 2003 when Lars Paaske and Jonas Rasmussen won the men's doubles competition.
In 2012, Laybourn played at the London Olympics, reaching in to the quarter-finals stage with Partner Juhl. The duo beat Valiyaveetil Diju and Jwala Gutta of India, Lee Yong-dae and Ha Jung-eun of South Korea, and defeated by Tontowi Ahmad and Liliyana Natsir of Indonesia to stand as runners-up in Group C. They then lost to eventual gold medalists Zhang Nan and Zhao Yunlei of China in the quarter-finals in straight games. After the London Olympic, Laybourn retired from the international competitions.Laybourn created a site named Badminton Famly to share knowledge, opinions, and tips about badminton. Badminton Famly also active on several platforms such as YouTube, Instagram, and Facebook.
Achievements
BWF World Championships
Mixed doubles
European Championships
Mixed doubles
BWF Superseries
The BWF Superseries, which was launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007, is a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries levels are Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries consists of twelve tournaments around the world that have been introduced since 2011. Successful players are invited to the Superseries Finals, which are held at the end of each year.
Mixed doubles
BWF Superseries Finals tournament
BWF Superseries Premier tournament
BWF Superseries tournament
BWF Grand Prix
The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) which was held from 2007 to 2017. The World Badminton Grand Prix sanctioned by International Badminton Federation (IBF) from 1983 to 2006.
Men's doubles
Mixed doubles
BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament
BWF & IBF Grand Prix tournament
IBF International
Men's doubles
Mixed doubles
Record against selected opponents
Mixed doubles results with Kamilla Rytter Juhl against Superseries Final finalists, Worlds Semi-finalists, and Olympic quarterfinalists.
References
External links
Official site
Thomas Laybourn at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"badminton player"
]
}
|
Thomas Laybourn (born 30 September 1977) is a retired badminton player from Denmark. He is a World Champion, two times European Champion and was ranked as world number 1 in the mixed doubles in January 2011.
Career
Laybourn won the 2006 European Badminton Championships in the mixed doubles with partner Kamilla Rytter Juhl. He also competed at the 2006 IBF World Championships in mixed doubles (with Juhl), and were defeated in the quarterfinals by Nathan Robertson and Gail Emms 14–21, 17–21.
Laybourn made his first appearance at the Olympic Games in 2008 Beijing in the mixed doubles event with Juhl. They defeated Singaporean pair Hendri Kurniawan Saputra and Li Yujia in the first round, but lost to Flandy Limpele and Vita Marissa of Indonesia in the quarter-finals with a close rubber games.His biggest success was the title in the 2009 World Championships in the mixed doubles with partner Kamilla Rytter Juhl. It was the first Danish World Championships win since 2003 when Lars Paaske and Jonas Rasmussen won the men's doubles competition.
In 2012, Laybourn played at the London Olympics, reaching in to the quarter-finals stage with Partner Juhl. The duo beat Valiyaveetil Diju and Jwala Gutta of India, Lee Yong-dae and Ha Jung-eun of South Korea, and defeated by Tontowi Ahmad and Liliyana Natsir of Indonesia to stand as runners-up in Group C. They then lost to eventual gold medalists Zhang Nan and Zhao Yunlei of China in the quarter-finals in straight games. After the London Olympic, Laybourn retired from the international competitions.Laybourn created a site named Badminton Famly to share knowledge, opinions, and tips about badminton. Badminton Famly also active on several platforms such as YouTube, Instagram, and Facebook.
Achievements
BWF World Championships
Mixed doubles
European Championships
Mixed doubles
BWF Superseries
The BWF Superseries, which was launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007, is a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries levels are Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries consists of twelve tournaments around the world that have been introduced since 2011. Successful players are invited to the Superseries Finals, which are held at the end of each year.
Mixed doubles
BWF Superseries Finals tournament
BWF Superseries Premier tournament
BWF Superseries tournament
BWF Grand Prix
The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) which was held from 2007 to 2017. The World Badminton Grand Prix sanctioned by International Badminton Federation (IBF) from 1983 to 2006.
Men's doubles
Mixed doubles
BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament
BWF & IBF Grand Prix tournament
IBF International
Men's doubles
Mixed doubles
Record against selected opponents
Mixed doubles results with Kamilla Rytter Juhl against Superseries Final finalists, Worlds Semi-finalists, and Olympic quarterfinalists.
References
External links
Official site
Thomas Laybourn at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Thomas Laybourn"
]
}
|
Thomas Laybourn (born 30 September 1977) is a retired badminton player from Denmark. He is a World Champion, two times European Champion and was ranked as world number 1 in the mixed doubles in January 2011.
Career
Laybourn won the 2006 European Badminton Championships in the mixed doubles with partner Kamilla Rytter Juhl. He also competed at the 2006 IBF World Championships in mixed doubles (with Juhl), and were defeated in the quarterfinals by Nathan Robertson and Gail Emms 14–21, 17–21.
Laybourn made his first appearance at the Olympic Games in 2008 Beijing in the mixed doubles event with Juhl. They defeated Singaporean pair Hendri Kurniawan Saputra and Li Yujia in the first round, but lost to Flandy Limpele and Vita Marissa of Indonesia in the quarter-finals with a close rubber games.His biggest success was the title in the 2009 World Championships in the mixed doubles with partner Kamilla Rytter Juhl. It was the first Danish World Championships win since 2003 when Lars Paaske and Jonas Rasmussen won the men's doubles competition.
In 2012, Laybourn played at the London Olympics, reaching in to the quarter-finals stage with Partner Juhl. The duo beat Valiyaveetil Diju and Jwala Gutta of India, Lee Yong-dae and Ha Jung-eun of South Korea, and defeated by Tontowi Ahmad and Liliyana Natsir of Indonesia to stand as runners-up in Group C. They then lost to eventual gold medalists Zhang Nan and Zhao Yunlei of China in the quarter-finals in straight games. After the London Olympic, Laybourn retired from the international competitions.Laybourn created a site named Badminton Famly to share knowledge, opinions, and tips about badminton. Badminton Famly also active on several platforms such as YouTube, Instagram, and Facebook.
Achievements
BWF World Championships
Mixed doubles
European Championships
Mixed doubles
BWF Superseries
The BWF Superseries, which was launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007, is a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries levels are Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries consists of twelve tournaments around the world that have been introduced since 2011. Successful players are invited to the Superseries Finals, which are held at the end of each year.
Mixed doubles
BWF Superseries Finals tournament
BWF Superseries Premier tournament
BWF Superseries tournament
BWF Grand Prix
The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) which was held from 2007 to 2017. The World Badminton Grand Prix sanctioned by International Badminton Federation (IBF) from 1983 to 2006.
Men's doubles
Mixed doubles
BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament
BWF & IBF Grand Prix tournament
IBF International
Men's doubles
Mixed doubles
Record against selected opponents
Mixed doubles results with Kamilla Rytter Juhl against Superseries Final finalists, Worlds Semi-finalists, and Olympic quarterfinalists.
References
External links
Official site
Thomas Laybourn at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"badminton"
]
}
|
Thomas Laybourn (born 30 September 1977) is a retired badminton player from Denmark. He is a World Champion, two times European Champion and was ranked as world number 1 in the mixed doubles in January 2011.
Career
Laybourn won the 2006 European Badminton Championships in the mixed doubles with partner Kamilla Rytter Juhl. He also competed at the 2006 IBF World Championships in mixed doubles (with Juhl), and were defeated in the quarterfinals by Nathan Robertson and Gail Emms 14–21, 17–21.
Laybourn made his first appearance at the Olympic Games in 2008 Beijing in the mixed doubles event with Juhl. They defeated Singaporean pair Hendri Kurniawan Saputra and Li Yujia in the first round, but lost to Flandy Limpele and Vita Marissa of Indonesia in the quarter-finals with a close rubber games.His biggest success was the title in the 2009 World Championships in the mixed doubles with partner Kamilla Rytter Juhl. It was the first Danish World Championships win since 2003 when Lars Paaske and Jonas Rasmussen won the men's doubles competition.
In 2012, Laybourn played at the London Olympics, reaching in to the quarter-finals stage with Partner Juhl. The duo beat Valiyaveetil Diju and Jwala Gutta of India, Lee Yong-dae and Ha Jung-eun of South Korea, and defeated by Tontowi Ahmad and Liliyana Natsir of Indonesia to stand as runners-up in Group C. They then lost to eventual gold medalists Zhang Nan and Zhao Yunlei of China in the quarter-finals in straight games. After the London Olympic, Laybourn retired from the international competitions.Laybourn created a site named Badminton Famly to share knowledge, opinions, and tips about badminton. Badminton Famly also active on several platforms such as YouTube, Instagram, and Facebook.
Achievements
BWF World Championships
Mixed doubles
European Championships
Mixed doubles
BWF Superseries
The BWF Superseries, which was launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007, is a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries levels are Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries consists of twelve tournaments around the world that have been introduced since 2011. Successful players are invited to the Superseries Finals, which are held at the end of each year.
Mixed doubles
BWF Superseries Finals tournament
BWF Superseries Premier tournament
BWF Superseries tournament
BWF Grand Prix
The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) which was held from 2007 to 2017. The World Badminton Grand Prix sanctioned by International Badminton Federation (IBF) from 1983 to 2006.
Men's doubles
Mixed doubles
BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament
BWF & IBF Grand Prix tournament
IBF International
Men's doubles
Mixed doubles
Record against selected opponents
Mixed doubles results with Kamilla Rytter Juhl against Superseries Final finalists, Worlds Semi-finalists, and Olympic quarterfinalists.
References
External links
Official site
Thomas Laybourn at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
7
],
"text": [
"Laybourn"
]
}
|
Thomas Laybourn (born 30 September 1977) is a retired badminton player from Denmark. He is a World Champion, two times European Champion and was ranked as world number 1 in the mixed doubles in January 2011.
Career
Laybourn won the 2006 European Badminton Championships in the mixed doubles with partner Kamilla Rytter Juhl. He also competed at the 2006 IBF World Championships in mixed doubles (with Juhl), and were defeated in the quarterfinals by Nathan Robertson and Gail Emms 14–21, 17–21.
Laybourn made his first appearance at the Olympic Games in 2008 Beijing in the mixed doubles event with Juhl. They defeated Singaporean pair Hendri Kurniawan Saputra and Li Yujia in the first round, but lost to Flandy Limpele and Vita Marissa of Indonesia in the quarter-finals with a close rubber games.His biggest success was the title in the 2009 World Championships in the mixed doubles with partner Kamilla Rytter Juhl. It was the first Danish World Championships win since 2003 when Lars Paaske and Jonas Rasmussen won the men's doubles competition.
In 2012, Laybourn played at the London Olympics, reaching in to the quarter-finals stage with Partner Juhl. The duo beat Valiyaveetil Diju and Jwala Gutta of India, Lee Yong-dae and Ha Jung-eun of South Korea, and defeated by Tontowi Ahmad and Liliyana Natsir of Indonesia to stand as runners-up in Group C. They then lost to eventual gold medalists Zhang Nan and Zhao Yunlei of China in the quarter-finals in straight games. After the London Olympic, Laybourn retired from the international competitions.Laybourn created a site named Badminton Famly to share knowledge, opinions, and tips about badminton. Badminton Famly also active on several platforms such as YouTube, Instagram, and Facebook.
Achievements
BWF World Championships
Mixed doubles
European Championships
Mixed doubles
BWF Superseries
The BWF Superseries, which was launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007, is a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries levels are Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries consists of twelve tournaments around the world that have been introduced since 2011. Successful players are invited to the Superseries Finals, which are held at the end of each year.
Mixed doubles
BWF Superseries Finals tournament
BWF Superseries Premier tournament
BWF Superseries tournament
BWF Grand Prix
The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) which was held from 2007 to 2017. The World Badminton Grand Prix sanctioned by International Badminton Federation (IBF) from 1983 to 2006.
Men's doubles
Mixed doubles
BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament
BWF & IBF Grand Prix tournament
IBF International
Men's doubles
Mixed doubles
Record against selected opponents
Mixed doubles results with Kamilla Rytter Juhl against Superseries Final finalists, Worlds Semi-finalists, and Olympic quarterfinalists.
References
External links
Official site
Thomas Laybourn at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Thomas"
]
}
|
Thomas Laybourn (born 30 September 1977) is a retired badminton player from Denmark. He is a World Champion, two times European Champion and was ranked as world number 1 in the mixed doubles in January 2011.
Career
Laybourn won the 2006 European Badminton Championships in the mixed doubles with partner Kamilla Rytter Juhl. He also competed at the 2006 IBF World Championships in mixed doubles (with Juhl), and were defeated in the quarterfinals by Nathan Robertson and Gail Emms 14–21, 17–21.
Laybourn made his first appearance at the Olympic Games in 2008 Beijing in the mixed doubles event with Juhl. They defeated Singaporean pair Hendri Kurniawan Saputra and Li Yujia in the first round, but lost to Flandy Limpele and Vita Marissa of Indonesia in the quarter-finals with a close rubber games.His biggest success was the title in the 2009 World Championships in the mixed doubles with partner Kamilla Rytter Juhl. It was the first Danish World Championships win since 2003 when Lars Paaske and Jonas Rasmussen won the men's doubles competition.
In 2012, Laybourn played at the London Olympics, reaching in to the quarter-finals stage with Partner Juhl. The duo beat Valiyaveetil Diju and Jwala Gutta of India, Lee Yong-dae and Ha Jung-eun of South Korea, and defeated by Tontowi Ahmad and Liliyana Natsir of Indonesia to stand as runners-up in Group C. They then lost to eventual gold medalists Zhang Nan and Zhao Yunlei of China in the quarter-finals in straight games. After the London Olympic, Laybourn retired from the international competitions.Laybourn created a site named Badminton Famly to share knowledge, opinions, and tips about badminton. Badminton Famly also active on several platforms such as YouTube, Instagram, and Facebook.
Achievements
BWF World Championships
Mixed doubles
European Championships
Mixed doubles
BWF Superseries
The BWF Superseries, which was launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007, is a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries levels are Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries consists of twelve tournaments around the world that have been introduced since 2011. Successful players are invited to the Superseries Finals, which are held at the end of each year.
Mixed doubles
BWF Superseries Finals tournament
BWF Superseries Premier tournament
BWF Superseries tournament
BWF Grand Prix
The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) which was held from 2007 to 2017. The World Badminton Grand Prix sanctioned by International Badminton Federation (IBF) from 1983 to 2006.
Men's doubles
Mixed doubles
BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament
BWF & IBF Grand Prix tournament
IBF International
Men's doubles
Mixed doubles
Record against selected opponents
Mixed doubles results with Kamilla Rytter Juhl against Superseries Final finalists, Worlds Semi-finalists, and Olympic quarterfinalists.
References
External links
Official site
Thomas Laybourn at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com
|
country for sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
76
],
"text": [
"Denmark"
]
}
|
Thomas Laybourn (born 30 September 1977) is a retired badminton player from Denmark. He is a World Champion, two times European Champion and was ranked as world number 1 in the mixed doubles in January 2011.
Career
Laybourn won the 2006 European Badminton Championships in the mixed doubles with partner Kamilla Rytter Juhl. He also competed at the 2006 IBF World Championships in mixed doubles (with Juhl), and were defeated in the quarterfinals by Nathan Robertson and Gail Emms 14–21, 17–21.
Laybourn made his first appearance at the Olympic Games in 2008 Beijing in the mixed doubles event with Juhl. They defeated Singaporean pair Hendri Kurniawan Saputra and Li Yujia in the first round, but lost to Flandy Limpele and Vita Marissa of Indonesia in the quarter-finals with a close rubber games.His biggest success was the title in the 2009 World Championships in the mixed doubles with partner Kamilla Rytter Juhl. It was the first Danish World Championships win since 2003 when Lars Paaske and Jonas Rasmussen won the men's doubles competition.
In 2012, Laybourn played at the London Olympics, reaching in to the quarter-finals stage with Partner Juhl. The duo beat Valiyaveetil Diju and Jwala Gutta of India, Lee Yong-dae and Ha Jung-eun of South Korea, and defeated by Tontowi Ahmad and Liliyana Natsir of Indonesia to stand as runners-up in Group C. They then lost to eventual gold medalists Zhang Nan and Zhao Yunlei of China in the quarter-finals in straight games. After the London Olympic, Laybourn retired from the international competitions.Laybourn created a site named Badminton Famly to share knowledge, opinions, and tips about badminton. Badminton Famly also active on several platforms such as YouTube, Instagram, and Facebook.
Achievements
BWF World Championships
Mixed doubles
European Championships
Mixed doubles
BWF Superseries
The BWF Superseries, which was launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007, is a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries levels are Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries consists of twelve tournaments around the world that have been introduced since 2011. Successful players are invited to the Superseries Finals, which are held at the end of each year.
Mixed doubles
BWF Superseries Finals tournament
BWF Superseries Premier tournament
BWF Superseries tournament
BWF Grand Prix
The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) which was held from 2007 to 2017. The World Badminton Grand Prix sanctioned by International Badminton Federation (IBF) from 1983 to 2006.
Men's doubles
Mixed doubles
BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament
BWF & IBF Grand Prix tournament
IBF International
Men's doubles
Mixed doubles
Record against selected opponents
Mixed doubles results with Kamilla Rytter Juhl against Superseries Final finalists, Worlds Semi-finalists, and Olympic quarterfinalists.
References
External links
Official site
Thomas Laybourn at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com
|
name in native language
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Thomas Laybourn"
]
}
|
Thomas Laybourn (born 30 September 1977) is a retired badminton player from Denmark. He is a World Champion, two times European Champion and was ranked as world number 1 in the mixed doubles in January 2011.
Career
Laybourn won the 2006 European Badminton Championships in the mixed doubles with partner Kamilla Rytter Juhl. He also competed at the 2006 IBF World Championships in mixed doubles (with Juhl), and were defeated in the quarterfinals by Nathan Robertson and Gail Emms 14–21, 17–21.
Laybourn made his first appearance at the Olympic Games in 2008 Beijing in the mixed doubles event with Juhl. They defeated Singaporean pair Hendri Kurniawan Saputra and Li Yujia in the first round, but lost to Flandy Limpele and Vita Marissa of Indonesia in the quarter-finals with a close rubber games.His biggest success was the title in the 2009 World Championships in the mixed doubles with partner Kamilla Rytter Juhl. It was the first Danish World Championships win since 2003 when Lars Paaske and Jonas Rasmussen won the men's doubles competition.
In 2012, Laybourn played at the London Olympics, reaching in to the quarter-finals stage with Partner Juhl. The duo beat Valiyaveetil Diju and Jwala Gutta of India, Lee Yong-dae and Ha Jung-eun of South Korea, and defeated by Tontowi Ahmad and Liliyana Natsir of Indonesia to stand as runners-up in Group C. They then lost to eventual gold medalists Zhang Nan and Zhao Yunlei of China in the quarter-finals in straight games. After the London Olympic, Laybourn retired from the international competitions.Laybourn created a site named Badminton Famly to share knowledge, opinions, and tips about badminton. Badminton Famly also active on several platforms such as YouTube, Instagram, and Facebook.
Achievements
BWF World Championships
Mixed doubles
European Championships
Mixed doubles
BWF Superseries
The BWF Superseries, which was launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007, is a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries levels are Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries consists of twelve tournaments around the world that have been introduced since 2011. Successful players are invited to the Superseries Finals, which are held at the end of each year.
Mixed doubles
BWF Superseries Finals tournament
BWF Superseries Premier tournament
BWF Superseries tournament
BWF Grand Prix
The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) which was held from 2007 to 2017. The World Badminton Grand Prix sanctioned by International Badminton Federation (IBF) from 1983 to 2006.
Men's doubles
Mixed doubles
BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament
BWF & IBF Grand Prix tournament
IBF International
Men's doubles
Mixed doubles
Record against selected opponents
Mixed doubles results with Kamilla Rytter Juhl against Superseries Final finalists, Worlds Semi-finalists, and Olympic quarterfinalists.
References
External links
Official site
Thomas Laybourn at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com
|
mass
|
{
"answer_start": [
37
],
"text": [
"77"
]
}
|
The Latin word exeat ("he/she may leave") is most commonly used to describe a period of absence from a centre of learning.
In Britain
Exeat is used in Britain to describe leave of absence from a boarding school.It is also used at certain colleges to define a required note to take absence -- such as for entire days, parts of a day, for appointments, interviews, open days and other fixtures. Students at Oxford University, Cambridge University, and other British universities have in the past also been required to obtain such permission to leave college overnight, though such regulations are now less stringent.
In the Commonwealth
A similar method of exeat notifications is used in many Commonwealth schools. It is common for Australian schools to call the long weekends of leave enjoyed by boarders an exeat weekend. This results in the boarding house closing for the weekend. This typically involves an extra day of leave associated with a public holiday to create a long weekend.In New Zealand or South Africa, an exeat may refer to a period of day leave from a school. This is used as a way to record the coming and going of students from the campus.
See also
List of boarding schools
List of Latin phrases (E)
== References ==
|
language of work or name
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Latin"
]
}
|
Philipp Horn (born 8 November 1994) is a German biathlete. He competed at the Biathlon World Championships 2020.
Biathlon results
All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union.
World Championships
1 medal (1 bronze)
*During Olympic seasons competitions are only held for those events not included in the Olympic program.
References
External links
Philipp Horn at IBU BiathlonWorld.comPhilipp Horn at IBU BiathlonResults.com
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
8
],
"text": [
"Horn"
]
}
|
Philipp Horn (born 8 November 1994) is a German biathlete. He competed at the Biathlon World Championships 2020.
Biathlon results
All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union.
World Championships
1 medal (1 bronze)
*During Olympic seasons competitions are only held for those events not included in the Olympic program.
References
External links
Philipp Horn at IBU BiathlonWorld.comPhilipp Horn at IBU BiathlonResults.com
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Philipp"
]
}
|
Philipp Horn (born 8 November 1994) is a German biathlete. He competed at the Biathlon World Championships 2020.
Biathlon results
All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union.
World Championships
1 medal (1 bronze)
*During Olympic seasons competitions are only held for those events not included in the Olympic program.
References
External links
Philipp Horn at IBU BiathlonWorld.comPhilipp Horn at IBU BiathlonResults.com
|
name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Philipp Horn"
]
}
|
Philipp Horn (born 8 November 1994) is a German biathlete. He competed at the Biathlon World Championships 2020.
Biathlon results
All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union.
World Championships
1 medal (1 bronze)
*During Olympic seasons competitions are only held for those events not included in the Olympic program.
References
External links
Philipp Horn at IBU BiathlonWorld.comPhilipp Horn at IBU BiathlonResults.com
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"biathlete"
]
}
|
Philipp Horn (born 8 November 1994) is a German biathlete. He competed at the Biathlon World Championships 2020.
Biathlon results
All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union.
World Championships
1 medal (1 bronze)
*During Olympic seasons competitions are only held for those events not included in the Olympic program.
References
External links
Philipp Horn at IBU BiathlonWorld.comPhilipp Horn at IBU BiathlonResults.com
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Philipp Horn"
]
}
|
Philipp Horn (born 8 November 1994) is a German biathlete. He competed at the Biathlon World Championships 2020.
Biathlon results
All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union.
World Championships
1 medal (1 bronze)
*During Olympic seasons competitions are only held for those events not included in the Olympic program.
References
External links
Philipp Horn at IBU BiathlonWorld.comPhilipp Horn at IBU BiathlonResults.com
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
41
],
"text": [
"German"
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}
|
The Jamaica Civil Service Association is an association representing the civil servants of Jamaica.
History
Approval was given by the government of the day to the Public Officers Memorial Committee for the formation of the Jamaica Civil Service Association (JCSA) on 6 May 1919.
In 1912, due to poor working conditions and low salaries in the public service in Jamaica, public officers petitioned the government to get improvements in these areas for the various grades of officers in the service. Although the colonial government admitted that the public officer's claim was justified, because of the austerity that World War I which was raging in Europe brought on the government, the claims could not be met. As such public officers were unable to seriously press their claims for improvements until 1918 when the First World War had ended and the country's economic conditions became less acute.
With the war over and normality returning, a meeting of public officers was called and it was decided that the officers would make further representation to the government for increases. The responsibility of preparing the petition to the government was given to a committee which the officers formed, called the Public Officers Memorial Committee. The members of this committee were drawn from all departments in the central government. This committee was also mandated to report to the officers on the advisability of forming an association.
On the advice of this committee the JCSA was formed on 6 May 1919, with the government's approval. The island's Colonial Secretary at the tine, Hon. Colonel H. Bryan was made the Honorary President of the Association. The regular meetings of the Association were chaired by the First Vice President Mr. Walter M. Frazer who was a public officer.
The work of the Memorial Committee was merged into the work of the association and the managing committees worked to secure the increases and improvements. Through their efforts increases were given.
Being closely linked with the government (this being a product of having the Colonial Secretary as the Honorary President) the Association focused on primarily using petitions and persuasion rather than direct confrontation to secure improvements in the service. This method proved successful initially and the Association was able to secure the regrading of public officers, receipts of grant-in-aid and bonuses and secured the admission of women to the permanent service. The association also gained equal representation with government on a number of important committees which had been set up to consider reforms to the service.
The JCSA agitated for the formation of the Whitely Councils to deal with grievances and disputes. These Whitely Councils were later replaced by the Staff Relations Council.
Realizing that simply petitioning or advocating for improvements from the government would not be enough to bring about significant improvements in the living standards of its members, the association promoted the development of cooperative activities among its members to help secure these improvements. In 1939 the Jamaica Civil Service Thrift Society Ltd. was formed to render financial assistance to the association's members. In 1956 the Jamaica Civil Service Housing Company Ltd. was established to assist the members in acquiring their own homes.
During the 1950s the JCSA was able to lease and buy land which would go on to play an important role in the development of the Association and the services that they offer. In 1955 the Association was able to acquire land at Tarrant Pen under lease from the government. This land was used to establish a club and complex which was built in 1966. This complex now goes under the name JACISERA (an acronym for Jamaica Civil Service Association) Park and is the hub of all sporting activities, social activities and mass meetings of the Association.
During the 1950s the association also acquired land at 10 Caledonia Avenue in Kingston and constructed an office building which was opened in 1976. This building houses the association's secretariat, the Jamaica Civil Service Mutual Thrift Society, the JCSA Ltd, the JCS Housing Company Ltd., and the offices of the National Environment and Planning Agency (NEPA).
Additionally the association was also able to acquire twenty acres of land in each parish for housing civil servants through its contractual agreements with the government. The association through its housing company was responsible for the development of Blue Castle Housing Project in 1958; this project provided 47 houses for civil servants and the Union Estate Housing Project in 2009 which provided 767 houses for public servants. The JCSA members received 40% percent of the total units which represents 308 units.
Despite their initial close relationships with the government, following the country's independence, the association found it increasingly difficulty to secure the improvements that its members desired through petitions and advocacy. As a result, the association and its members had become much more militant and have begun to operate more like a traditional union. Strikes which were once unheard of among civil servants have now become a feature of the association when the need arose.
In 2006 at the JCSA's 88th Annual General Meeting (AGM) Business Session a constitutional change by a resolution was passed indicating that the leadership of the organisation should take steps to introduce amendment to the organization structure to bring into being the office of the General Secretary. It was stated that the position should be full-time and in January 2011, Mrs. Chelsie Shellie-Vernon- Senior Director of Conciliation at the Ministry of Labour and Social Security was appointed the association's first General Secretary.
The JCSA is enshrined in the Constitution of Jamaica as the body to represent public servants and is the only union so named in the Constitution. As a result, public servants are not subject to representation rights as prescribed under the LRIDA regulations of 1975.
Structure
The association is governed by its Officers and General Council.
Officers
The officers of the association are President, First Vice President, Second Vice President, Third Vice President, Honorary Treasurer and Honorary Secretary. However, at the JCSA's 88th Annual General Meeting (AGM) Business Session as a result of deliberation by the members a decision was taken that the leadership of the organisation should take steps to introduce amendment to the organization structure to bring into being the office of the General Secretary. It was decided that the position should be full-time and in January 2011 the association appointed its first General Secretary.
Founding officers
Mr. H. Bryan, President
Mr. Walter Fraser, 1st Vice President
R.H. Fletcher, 2nd Vice President
F. P. Bond, Honorary Secretary
Current officers
Mr. O’Neil W. Grant, MBA, President
Mrs. Techa Clarke Griffiths, 1st Vice President
Mr. Kelvin Thomas, 2nd Vice President
Mr. Clarence Frater, 3rd Vice President
Mrs. Melani Mullings-Arnold, Honorary Treasurer
General Council
The General Council is the highest decision making body outside the association's Annual General Meeting. These council members are elected by their constituents in the various ministries, departments and executive agencies on a yearly basis to represent its members; this council meets quarterly.
The Officers and General Council Members have the responsibility to elect ten other members and also the members of the National Staff Relations Council (NSRC) along with the Immediate Past President to form the Executive Committee and this process is conducted at the Association's first General Council Meeting after the Annual General Meeting. The role of the NSRC is to provide special expertise and act as special advisors to the Officers, Executive and General Council.
Executive committee
The Executive Committee monthly and is responsible for the operation of the organisation. The committee responds to issues of political, social or economic nature. However, the day-to-day management of the association is the responsibility of General Secretary and the Secretariat Staff.
Committees
Along with the General Secretary and the staff of the association the activities of the association are also carried out by various committees. Each committee has a chairman that is appointed by the General Council at the association's annual retreat. Below are the names of the current committees:
Human Resource Development (HRD)
Jacisera Management
Young Workers
Claims Development
Women's Action
Constitution and Policy
National Staff Relations
Members Benefit and Feasibility
Sports
Public Education
Benefits
Apart from representing its members, some of the other benefits that the organisation has secured over the years are as follows:
20 acres of land in each parish
Development of housing solutions
Loan scheme for motor vehicle insurance
The celebration of civil service week in the third week of November each year
Consumer discounts at popular stores
Loans for the purchase of computers
Education grant
Transportation for workers
Computer loan
Long service award for civil servants - 25 year and over
The payment of pension based on the salary at retirement.
Training and workshops to educate and inform workers
Health insurance (Sagicor)
Saturday, Sunday and Holiday should cease to be computed in the calculation of vacation leave
Reduction of work week from 5 ½ days to 5 days
Conversation on non-pensionable post to pensionable
Tuition refund
Tertiary Education Assistance Programme
MoU between JCSA and MIND for the Development and Delivery of training in Industrial Relations on behalf of the Jamaica Civil Service Association
EMed Jamaica Ltd
Affiliated organisations
Jamaica Confederation of Trade Unions
Caribbean Public Service Association (CPSA)
Public Service International (PSI)
References
"History of the Jamaica Civil Service Association." Jamaica Gleaner. 20 May 1988.
N.A. (28 January 2013) "Civil Service Association opens office in Mandeville." Jamaica Observer.
N.A. (24 February 2013) "Jamaica Civil Service signed MoU with First Heritage Co-operative Credit Union." The Sunday Gleaner.
N.A. (7 March 2013) "A Huge Sacrifice." Jamaica Gleaner.
N.A. (20 December 2013) "Deal Sealed". Jamaica Observer.
N.A. (23 December 2013) "Pringle Children’s Home finally disposes of its garbage with ease." Jamaica Observer.
Jamaica Civil Service Association Women's Action Committee Report "Jacisera Kids for Change Summer Camp 2013" 9 September 2013.
Jamaica Civil Service Association St. Catherine Chapter Annual Report. 6 January 2014.
Jamaica Civil Service Association Young Workers’Committee Report. 2 December 2013.
Jamaica Civil Service Association Women's Action Committee Report. 6 December 2013.
Circular Number 1 From the Ministry of Finance and Planning "Tertiary Grant for Children of Public Sector Workers". 7 January 2014
References
External links
Official website
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Jamaica"
]
}
|
The Jamaica Civil Service Association is an association representing the civil servants of Jamaica.
History
Approval was given by the government of the day to the Public Officers Memorial Committee for the formation of the Jamaica Civil Service Association (JCSA) on 6 May 1919.
In 1912, due to poor working conditions and low salaries in the public service in Jamaica, public officers petitioned the government to get improvements in these areas for the various grades of officers in the service. Although the colonial government admitted that the public officer's claim was justified, because of the austerity that World War I which was raging in Europe brought on the government, the claims could not be met. As such public officers were unable to seriously press their claims for improvements until 1918 when the First World War had ended and the country's economic conditions became less acute.
With the war over and normality returning, a meeting of public officers was called and it was decided that the officers would make further representation to the government for increases. The responsibility of preparing the petition to the government was given to a committee which the officers formed, called the Public Officers Memorial Committee. The members of this committee were drawn from all departments in the central government. This committee was also mandated to report to the officers on the advisability of forming an association.
On the advice of this committee the JCSA was formed on 6 May 1919, with the government's approval. The island's Colonial Secretary at the tine, Hon. Colonel H. Bryan was made the Honorary President of the Association. The regular meetings of the Association were chaired by the First Vice President Mr. Walter M. Frazer who was a public officer.
The work of the Memorial Committee was merged into the work of the association and the managing committees worked to secure the increases and improvements. Through their efforts increases were given.
Being closely linked with the government (this being a product of having the Colonial Secretary as the Honorary President) the Association focused on primarily using petitions and persuasion rather than direct confrontation to secure improvements in the service. This method proved successful initially and the Association was able to secure the regrading of public officers, receipts of grant-in-aid and bonuses and secured the admission of women to the permanent service. The association also gained equal representation with government on a number of important committees which had been set up to consider reforms to the service.
The JCSA agitated for the formation of the Whitely Councils to deal with grievances and disputes. These Whitely Councils were later replaced by the Staff Relations Council.
Realizing that simply petitioning or advocating for improvements from the government would not be enough to bring about significant improvements in the living standards of its members, the association promoted the development of cooperative activities among its members to help secure these improvements. In 1939 the Jamaica Civil Service Thrift Society Ltd. was formed to render financial assistance to the association's members. In 1956 the Jamaica Civil Service Housing Company Ltd. was established to assist the members in acquiring their own homes.
During the 1950s the JCSA was able to lease and buy land which would go on to play an important role in the development of the Association and the services that they offer. In 1955 the Association was able to acquire land at Tarrant Pen under lease from the government. This land was used to establish a club and complex which was built in 1966. This complex now goes under the name JACISERA (an acronym for Jamaica Civil Service Association) Park and is the hub of all sporting activities, social activities and mass meetings of the Association.
During the 1950s the association also acquired land at 10 Caledonia Avenue in Kingston and constructed an office building which was opened in 1976. This building houses the association's secretariat, the Jamaica Civil Service Mutual Thrift Society, the JCSA Ltd, the JCS Housing Company Ltd., and the offices of the National Environment and Planning Agency (NEPA).
Additionally the association was also able to acquire twenty acres of land in each parish for housing civil servants through its contractual agreements with the government. The association through its housing company was responsible for the development of Blue Castle Housing Project in 1958; this project provided 47 houses for civil servants and the Union Estate Housing Project in 2009 which provided 767 houses for public servants. The JCSA members received 40% percent of the total units which represents 308 units.
Despite their initial close relationships with the government, following the country's independence, the association found it increasingly difficulty to secure the improvements that its members desired through petitions and advocacy. As a result, the association and its members had become much more militant and have begun to operate more like a traditional union. Strikes which were once unheard of among civil servants have now become a feature of the association when the need arose.
In 2006 at the JCSA's 88th Annual General Meeting (AGM) Business Session a constitutional change by a resolution was passed indicating that the leadership of the organisation should take steps to introduce amendment to the organization structure to bring into being the office of the General Secretary. It was stated that the position should be full-time and in January 2011, Mrs. Chelsie Shellie-Vernon- Senior Director of Conciliation at the Ministry of Labour and Social Security was appointed the association's first General Secretary.
The JCSA is enshrined in the Constitution of Jamaica as the body to represent public servants and is the only union so named in the Constitution. As a result, public servants are not subject to representation rights as prescribed under the LRIDA regulations of 1975.
Structure
The association is governed by its Officers and General Council.
Officers
The officers of the association are President, First Vice President, Second Vice President, Third Vice President, Honorary Treasurer and Honorary Secretary. However, at the JCSA's 88th Annual General Meeting (AGM) Business Session as a result of deliberation by the members a decision was taken that the leadership of the organisation should take steps to introduce amendment to the organization structure to bring into being the office of the General Secretary. It was decided that the position should be full-time and in January 2011 the association appointed its first General Secretary.
Founding officers
Mr. H. Bryan, President
Mr. Walter Fraser, 1st Vice President
R.H. Fletcher, 2nd Vice President
F. P. Bond, Honorary Secretary
Current officers
Mr. O’Neil W. Grant, MBA, President
Mrs. Techa Clarke Griffiths, 1st Vice President
Mr. Kelvin Thomas, 2nd Vice President
Mr. Clarence Frater, 3rd Vice President
Mrs. Melani Mullings-Arnold, Honorary Treasurer
General Council
The General Council is the highest decision making body outside the association's Annual General Meeting. These council members are elected by their constituents in the various ministries, departments and executive agencies on a yearly basis to represent its members; this council meets quarterly.
The Officers and General Council Members have the responsibility to elect ten other members and also the members of the National Staff Relations Council (NSRC) along with the Immediate Past President to form the Executive Committee and this process is conducted at the Association's first General Council Meeting after the Annual General Meeting. The role of the NSRC is to provide special expertise and act as special advisors to the Officers, Executive and General Council.
Executive committee
The Executive Committee monthly and is responsible for the operation of the organisation. The committee responds to issues of political, social or economic nature. However, the day-to-day management of the association is the responsibility of General Secretary and the Secretariat Staff.
Committees
Along with the General Secretary and the staff of the association the activities of the association are also carried out by various committees. Each committee has a chairman that is appointed by the General Council at the association's annual retreat. Below are the names of the current committees:
Human Resource Development (HRD)
Jacisera Management
Young Workers
Claims Development
Women's Action
Constitution and Policy
National Staff Relations
Members Benefit and Feasibility
Sports
Public Education
Benefits
Apart from representing its members, some of the other benefits that the organisation has secured over the years are as follows:
20 acres of land in each parish
Development of housing solutions
Loan scheme for motor vehicle insurance
The celebration of civil service week in the third week of November each year
Consumer discounts at popular stores
Loans for the purchase of computers
Education grant
Transportation for workers
Computer loan
Long service award for civil servants - 25 year and over
The payment of pension based on the salary at retirement.
Training and workshops to educate and inform workers
Health insurance (Sagicor)
Saturday, Sunday and Holiday should cease to be computed in the calculation of vacation leave
Reduction of work week from 5 ½ days to 5 days
Conversation on non-pensionable post to pensionable
Tuition refund
Tertiary Education Assistance Programme
MoU between JCSA and MIND for the Development and Delivery of training in Industrial Relations on behalf of the Jamaica Civil Service Association
EMed Jamaica Ltd
Affiliated organisations
Jamaica Confederation of Trade Unions
Caribbean Public Service Association (CPSA)
Public Service International (PSI)
References
"History of the Jamaica Civil Service Association." Jamaica Gleaner. 20 May 1988.
N.A. (28 January 2013) "Civil Service Association opens office in Mandeville." Jamaica Observer.
N.A. (24 February 2013) "Jamaica Civil Service signed MoU with First Heritage Co-operative Credit Union." The Sunday Gleaner.
N.A. (7 March 2013) "A Huge Sacrifice." Jamaica Gleaner.
N.A. (20 December 2013) "Deal Sealed". Jamaica Observer.
N.A. (23 December 2013) "Pringle Children’s Home finally disposes of its garbage with ease." Jamaica Observer.
Jamaica Civil Service Association Women's Action Committee Report "Jacisera Kids for Change Summer Camp 2013" 9 September 2013.
Jamaica Civil Service Association St. Catherine Chapter Annual Report. 6 January 2014.
Jamaica Civil Service Association Young Workers’Committee Report. 2 December 2013.
Jamaica Civil Service Association Women's Action Committee Report. 6 December 2013.
Circular Number 1 From the Ministry of Finance and Planning "Tertiary Grant for Children of Public Sector Workers". 7 January 2014
References
External links
Official website
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
44
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"text": [
"association"
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}
|
The Jamaica Civil Service Association is an association representing the civil servants of Jamaica.
History
Approval was given by the government of the day to the Public Officers Memorial Committee for the formation of the Jamaica Civil Service Association (JCSA) on 6 May 1919.
In 1912, due to poor working conditions and low salaries in the public service in Jamaica, public officers petitioned the government to get improvements in these areas for the various grades of officers in the service. Although the colonial government admitted that the public officer's claim was justified, because of the austerity that World War I which was raging in Europe brought on the government, the claims could not be met. As such public officers were unable to seriously press their claims for improvements until 1918 when the First World War had ended and the country's economic conditions became less acute.
With the war over and normality returning, a meeting of public officers was called and it was decided that the officers would make further representation to the government for increases. The responsibility of preparing the petition to the government was given to a committee which the officers formed, called the Public Officers Memorial Committee. The members of this committee were drawn from all departments in the central government. This committee was also mandated to report to the officers on the advisability of forming an association.
On the advice of this committee the JCSA was formed on 6 May 1919, with the government's approval. The island's Colonial Secretary at the tine, Hon. Colonel H. Bryan was made the Honorary President of the Association. The regular meetings of the Association were chaired by the First Vice President Mr. Walter M. Frazer who was a public officer.
The work of the Memorial Committee was merged into the work of the association and the managing committees worked to secure the increases and improvements. Through their efforts increases were given.
Being closely linked with the government (this being a product of having the Colonial Secretary as the Honorary President) the Association focused on primarily using petitions and persuasion rather than direct confrontation to secure improvements in the service. This method proved successful initially and the Association was able to secure the regrading of public officers, receipts of grant-in-aid and bonuses and secured the admission of women to the permanent service. The association also gained equal representation with government on a number of important committees which had been set up to consider reforms to the service.
The JCSA agitated for the formation of the Whitely Councils to deal with grievances and disputes. These Whitely Councils were later replaced by the Staff Relations Council.
Realizing that simply petitioning or advocating for improvements from the government would not be enough to bring about significant improvements in the living standards of its members, the association promoted the development of cooperative activities among its members to help secure these improvements. In 1939 the Jamaica Civil Service Thrift Society Ltd. was formed to render financial assistance to the association's members. In 1956 the Jamaica Civil Service Housing Company Ltd. was established to assist the members in acquiring their own homes.
During the 1950s the JCSA was able to lease and buy land which would go on to play an important role in the development of the Association and the services that they offer. In 1955 the Association was able to acquire land at Tarrant Pen under lease from the government. This land was used to establish a club and complex which was built in 1966. This complex now goes under the name JACISERA (an acronym for Jamaica Civil Service Association) Park and is the hub of all sporting activities, social activities and mass meetings of the Association.
During the 1950s the association also acquired land at 10 Caledonia Avenue in Kingston and constructed an office building which was opened in 1976. This building houses the association's secretariat, the Jamaica Civil Service Mutual Thrift Society, the JCSA Ltd, the JCS Housing Company Ltd., and the offices of the National Environment and Planning Agency (NEPA).
Additionally the association was also able to acquire twenty acres of land in each parish for housing civil servants through its contractual agreements with the government. The association through its housing company was responsible for the development of Blue Castle Housing Project in 1958; this project provided 47 houses for civil servants and the Union Estate Housing Project in 2009 which provided 767 houses for public servants. The JCSA members received 40% percent of the total units which represents 308 units.
Despite their initial close relationships with the government, following the country's independence, the association found it increasingly difficulty to secure the improvements that its members desired through petitions and advocacy. As a result, the association and its members had become much more militant and have begun to operate more like a traditional union. Strikes which were once unheard of among civil servants have now become a feature of the association when the need arose.
In 2006 at the JCSA's 88th Annual General Meeting (AGM) Business Session a constitutional change by a resolution was passed indicating that the leadership of the organisation should take steps to introduce amendment to the organization structure to bring into being the office of the General Secretary. It was stated that the position should be full-time and in January 2011, Mrs. Chelsie Shellie-Vernon- Senior Director of Conciliation at the Ministry of Labour and Social Security was appointed the association's first General Secretary.
The JCSA is enshrined in the Constitution of Jamaica as the body to represent public servants and is the only union so named in the Constitution. As a result, public servants are not subject to representation rights as prescribed under the LRIDA regulations of 1975.
Structure
The association is governed by its Officers and General Council.
Officers
The officers of the association are President, First Vice President, Second Vice President, Third Vice President, Honorary Treasurer and Honorary Secretary. However, at the JCSA's 88th Annual General Meeting (AGM) Business Session as a result of deliberation by the members a decision was taken that the leadership of the organisation should take steps to introduce amendment to the organization structure to bring into being the office of the General Secretary. It was decided that the position should be full-time and in January 2011 the association appointed its first General Secretary.
Founding officers
Mr. H. Bryan, President
Mr. Walter Fraser, 1st Vice President
R.H. Fletcher, 2nd Vice President
F. P. Bond, Honorary Secretary
Current officers
Mr. O’Neil W. Grant, MBA, President
Mrs. Techa Clarke Griffiths, 1st Vice President
Mr. Kelvin Thomas, 2nd Vice President
Mr. Clarence Frater, 3rd Vice President
Mrs. Melani Mullings-Arnold, Honorary Treasurer
General Council
The General Council is the highest decision making body outside the association's Annual General Meeting. These council members are elected by their constituents in the various ministries, departments and executive agencies on a yearly basis to represent its members; this council meets quarterly.
The Officers and General Council Members have the responsibility to elect ten other members and also the members of the National Staff Relations Council (NSRC) along with the Immediate Past President to form the Executive Committee and this process is conducted at the Association's first General Council Meeting after the Annual General Meeting. The role of the NSRC is to provide special expertise and act as special advisors to the Officers, Executive and General Council.
Executive committee
The Executive Committee monthly and is responsible for the operation of the organisation. The committee responds to issues of political, social or economic nature. However, the day-to-day management of the association is the responsibility of General Secretary and the Secretariat Staff.
Committees
Along with the General Secretary and the staff of the association the activities of the association are also carried out by various committees. Each committee has a chairman that is appointed by the General Council at the association's annual retreat. Below are the names of the current committees:
Human Resource Development (HRD)
Jacisera Management
Young Workers
Claims Development
Women's Action
Constitution and Policy
National Staff Relations
Members Benefit and Feasibility
Sports
Public Education
Benefits
Apart from representing its members, some of the other benefits that the organisation has secured over the years are as follows:
20 acres of land in each parish
Development of housing solutions
Loan scheme for motor vehicle insurance
The celebration of civil service week in the third week of November each year
Consumer discounts at popular stores
Loans for the purchase of computers
Education grant
Transportation for workers
Computer loan
Long service award for civil servants - 25 year and over
The payment of pension based on the salary at retirement.
Training and workshops to educate and inform workers
Health insurance (Sagicor)
Saturday, Sunday and Holiday should cease to be computed in the calculation of vacation leave
Reduction of work week from 5 ½ days to 5 days
Conversation on non-pensionable post to pensionable
Tuition refund
Tertiary Education Assistance Programme
MoU between JCSA and MIND for the Development and Delivery of training in Industrial Relations on behalf of the Jamaica Civil Service Association
EMed Jamaica Ltd
Affiliated organisations
Jamaica Confederation of Trade Unions
Caribbean Public Service Association (CPSA)
Public Service International (PSI)
References
"History of the Jamaica Civil Service Association." Jamaica Gleaner. 20 May 1988.
N.A. (28 January 2013) "Civil Service Association opens office in Mandeville." Jamaica Observer.
N.A. (24 February 2013) "Jamaica Civil Service signed MoU with First Heritage Co-operative Credit Union." The Sunday Gleaner.
N.A. (7 March 2013) "A Huge Sacrifice." Jamaica Gleaner.
N.A. (20 December 2013) "Deal Sealed". Jamaica Observer.
N.A. (23 December 2013) "Pringle Children’s Home finally disposes of its garbage with ease." Jamaica Observer.
Jamaica Civil Service Association Women's Action Committee Report "Jacisera Kids for Change Summer Camp 2013" 9 September 2013.
Jamaica Civil Service Association St. Catherine Chapter Annual Report. 6 January 2014.
Jamaica Civil Service Association Young Workers’Committee Report. 2 December 2013.
Jamaica Civil Service Association Women's Action Committee Report. 6 December 2013.
Circular Number 1 From the Ministry of Finance and Planning "Tertiary Grant for Children of Public Sector Workers". 7 January 2014
References
External links
Official website
|
official name
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Jamaica Civil Service Association"
]
}
|
The Jamaica Civil Service Association is an association representing the civil servants of Jamaica.
History
Approval was given by the government of the day to the Public Officers Memorial Committee for the formation of the Jamaica Civil Service Association (JCSA) on 6 May 1919.
In 1912, due to poor working conditions and low salaries in the public service in Jamaica, public officers petitioned the government to get improvements in these areas for the various grades of officers in the service. Although the colonial government admitted that the public officer's claim was justified, because of the austerity that World War I which was raging in Europe brought on the government, the claims could not be met. As such public officers were unable to seriously press their claims for improvements until 1918 when the First World War had ended and the country's economic conditions became less acute.
With the war over and normality returning, a meeting of public officers was called and it was decided that the officers would make further representation to the government for increases. The responsibility of preparing the petition to the government was given to a committee which the officers formed, called the Public Officers Memorial Committee. The members of this committee were drawn from all departments in the central government. This committee was also mandated to report to the officers on the advisability of forming an association.
On the advice of this committee the JCSA was formed on 6 May 1919, with the government's approval. The island's Colonial Secretary at the tine, Hon. Colonel H. Bryan was made the Honorary President of the Association. The regular meetings of the Association were chaired by the First Vice President Mr. Walter M. Frazer who was a public officer.
The work of the Memorial Committee was merged into the work of the association and the managing committees worked to secure the increases and improvements. Through their efforts increases were given.
Being closely linked with the government (this being a product of having the Colonial Secretary as the Honorary President) the Association focused on primarily using petitions and persuasion rather than direct confrontation to secure improvements in the service. This method proved successful initially and the Association was able to secure the regrading of public officers, receipts of grant-in-aid and bonuses and secured the admission of women to the permanent service. The association also gained equal representation with government on a number of important committees which had been set up to consider reforms to the service.
The JCSA agitated for the formation of the Whitely Councils to deal with grievances and disputes. These Whitely Councils were later replaced by the Staff Relations Council.
Realizing that simply petitioning or advocating for improvements from the government would not be enough to bring about significant improvements in the living standards of its members, the association promoted the development of cooperative activities among its members to help secure these improvements. In 1939 the Jamaica Civil Service Thrift Society Ltd. was formed to render financial assistance to the association's members. In 1956 the Jamaica Civil Service Housing Company Ltd. was established to assist the members in acquiring their own homes.
During the 1950s the JCSA was able to lease and buy land which would go on to play an important role in the development of the Association and the services that they offer. In 1955 the Association was able to acquire land at Tarrant Pen under lease from the government. This land was used to establish a club and complex which was built in 1966. This complex now goes under the name JACISERA (an acronym for Jamaica Civil Service Association) Park and is the hub of all sporting activities, social activities and mass meetings of the Association.
During the 1950s the association also acquired land at 10 Caledonia Avenue in Kingston and constructed an office building which was opened in 1976. This building houses the association's secretariat, the Jamaica Civil Service Mutual Thrift Society, the JCSA Ltd, the JCS Housing Company Ltd., and the offices of the National Environment and Planning Agency (NEPA).
Additionally the association was also able to acquire twenty acres of land in each parish for housing civil servants through its contractual agreements with the government. The association through its housing company was responsible for the development of Blue Castle Housing Project in 1958; this project provided 47 houses for civil servants and the Union Estate Housing Project in 2009 which provided 767 houses for public servants. The JCSA members received 40% percent of the total units which represents 308 units.
Despite their initial close relationships with the government, following the country's independence, the association found it increasingly difficulty to secure the improvements that its members desired through petitions and advocacy. As a result, the association and its members had become much more militant and have begun to operate more like a traditional union. Strikes which were once unheard of among civil servants have now become a feature of the association when the need arose.
In 2006 at the JCSA's 88th Annual General Meeting (AGM) Business Session a constitutional change by a resolution was passed indicating that the leadership of the organisation should take steps to introduce amendment to the organization structure to bring into being the office of the General Secretary. It was stated that the position should be full-time and in January 2011, Mrs. Chelsie Shellie-Vernon- Senior Director of Conciliation at the Ministry of Labour and Social Security was appointed the association's first General Secretary.
The JCSA is enshrined in the Constitution of Jamaica as the body to represent public servants and is the only union so named in the Constitution. As a result, public servants are not subject to representation rights as prescribed under the LRIDA regulations of 1975.
Structure
The association is governed by its Officers and General Council.
Officers
The officers of the association are President, First Vice President, Second Vice President, Third Vice President, Honorary Treasurer and Honorary Secretary. However, at the JCSA's 88th Annual General Meeting (AGM) Business Session as a result of deliberation by the members a decision was taken that the leadership of the organisation should take steps to introduce amendment to the organization structure to bring into being the office of the General Secretary. It was decided that the position should be full-time and in January 2011 the association appointed its first General Secretary.
Founding officers
Mr. H. Bryan, President
Mr. Walter Fraser, 1st Vice President
R.H. Fletcher, 2nd Vice President
F. P. Bond, Honorary Secretary
Current officers
Mr. O’Neil W. Grant, MBA, President
Mrs. Techa Clarke Griffiths, 1st Vice President
Mr. Kelvin Thomas, 2nd Vice President
Mr. Clarence Frater, 3rd Vice President
Mrs. Melani Mullings-Arnold, Honorary Treasurer
General Council
The General Council is the highest decision making body outside the association's Annual General Meeting. These council members are elected by their constituents in the various ministries, departments and executive agencies on a yearly basis to represent its members; this council meets quarterly.
The Officers and General Council Members have the responsibility to elect ten other members and also the members of the National Staff Relations Council (NSRC) along with the Immediate Past President to form the Executive Committee and this process is conducted at the Association's first General Council Meeting after the Annual General Meeting. The role of the NSRC is to provide special expertise and act as special advisors to the Officers, Executive and General Council.
Executive committee
The Executive Committee monthly and is responsible for the operation of the organisation. The committee responds to issues of political, social or economic nature. However, the day-to-day management of the association is the responsibility of General Secretary and the Secretariat Staff.
Committees
Along with the General Secretary and the staff of the association the activities of the association are also carried out by various committees. Each committee has a chairman that is appointed by the General Council at the association's annual retreat. Below are the names of the current committees:
Human Resource Development (HRD)
Jacisera Management
Young Workers
Claims Development
Women's Action
Constitution and Policy
National Staff Relations
Members Benefit and Feasibility
Sports
Public Education
Benefits
Apart from representing its members, some of the other benefits that the organisation has secured over the years are as follows:
20 acres of land in each parish
Development of housing solutions
Loan scheme for motor vehicle insurance
The celebration of civil service week in the third week of November each year
Consumer discounts at popular stores
Loans for the purchase of computers
Education grant
Transportation for workers
Computer loan
Long service award for civil servants - 25 year and over
The payment of pension based on the salary at retirement.
Training and workshops to educate and inform workers
Health insurance (Sagicor)
Saturday, Sunday and Holiday should cease to be computed in the calculation of vacation leave
Reduction of work week from 5 ½ days to 5 days
Conversation on non-pensionable post to pensionable
Tuition refund
Tertiary Education Assistance Programme
MoU between JCSA and MIND for the Development and Delivery of training in Industrial Relations on behalf of the Jamaica Civil Service Association
EMed Jamaica Ltd
Affiliated organisations
Jamaica Confederation of Trade Unions
Caribbean Public Service Association (CPSA)
Public Service International (PSI)
References
"History of the Jamaica Civil Service Association." Jamaica Gleaner. 20 May 1988.
N.A. (28 January 2013) "Civil Service Association opens office in Mandeville." Jamaica Observer.
N.A. (24 February 2013) "Jamaica Civil Service signed MoU with First Heritage Co-operative Credit Union." The Sunday Gleaner.
N.A. (7 March 2013) "A Huge Sacrifice." Jamaica Gleaner.
N.A. (20 December 2013) "Deal Sealed". Jamaica Observer.
N.A. (23 December 2013) "Pringle Children’s Home finally disposes of its garbage with ease." Jamaica Observer.
Jamaica Civil Service Association Women's Action Committee Report "Jacisera Kids for Change Summer Camp 2013" 9 September 2013.
Jamaica Civil Service Association St. Catherine Chapter Annual Report. 6 January 2014.
Jamaica Civil Service Association Young Workers’Committee Report. 2 December 2013.
Jamaica Civil Service Association Women's Action Committee Report. 6 December 2013.
Circular Number 1 From the Ministry of Finance and Planning "Tertiary Grant for Children of Public Sector Workers". 7 January 2014
References
External links
Official website
|
short name
|
{
"answer_start": [
259
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"text": [
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|
Alfred Howard Hawkins (August 6, 1906 – 1981) was a Canadian politician. He served in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1960 to 1967 as member of the Liberal party.
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"Hawkins"
]
}
|
Alfred Howard Hawkins (August 6, 1906 – 1981) was a Canadian politician. He served in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1960 to 1967 as member of the Liberal party.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Alfred"
]
}
|
The Balts' Award (Latvian: Baltu balva, Lithuanian: Baltų apdovanojimas) is an annual award given to recognise excellence and achievements in the areas of Latvian-Lithuanian culture, history and language.The award was inaugurated in 2018.
List of recipients
2018: Laimute Balode, professor and linguist
See also
List of history awards
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
40
],
"text": [
"Lithuania"
]
}
|
The Balts' Award (Latvian: Baltu balva, Lithuanian: Baltų apdovanojimas) is an annual award given to recognise excellence and achievements in the areas of Latvian-Lithuanian culture, history and language.The award was inaugurated in 2018.
List of recipients
2018: Laimute Balode, professor and linguist
See also
List of history awards
== References ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
86
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"text": [
"award"
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|
Centro ("downtown") is a bairro in the District of Sede in the municipality of Santa Maria, in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. It is the economical heart of Santa Maria.
Villages
The bairro contains the following villages: Astrogildo de Azevedo A, Astrogildo de Azevedo B, Centro, Parque Centenário, Parque Itaimbé, Rizzato Irmãos, Vila Belga, Vila Crispim Pereira, Vila Felipe de Oliveira, Vila José Azenha, Vila José Moraes, Vila Major Duarte, Vila Zulmira.;
Gallery of photos
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
99
],
"text": [
"Brazil"
]
}
|
Centro ("downtown") is a bairro in the District of Sede in the municipality of Santa Maria, in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. It is the economical heart of Santa Maria.
Villages
The bairro contains the following villages: Astrogildo de Azevedo A, Astrogildo de Azevedo B, Centro, Parque Centenário, Parque Itaimbé, Rizzato Irmãos, Vila Belga, Vila Crispim Pereira, Vila Felipe de Oliveira, Vila José Azenha, Vila José Moraes, Vila Major Duarte, Vila Zulmira.;
Gallery of photos
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
79
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"text": [
"Santa Maria"
]
}
|
Ing. arch. Dr. Jaroslav Otruba (11 November 1916 – 5 February 2007) was a Czech architect, urban planner, designer and artist.
Jaroslav Otruba was born in Olomouc, Morava, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was the son of a cabinetmaker. His life spanned several turbulent periods of Czech Republic's history: World War I before the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918; under Nazi occupation from 1939 until the end of World War II in 1945; and under the rule of the communist Soviet Republic from 1948 to 1989.
Jaroslav Otruba's most prolific work, particularly in architecture, was produced during the latter part of the 20th century. He contributed to the urban design and planning of Prague and the rest of Czech Republic. He is best known for his contributions to the creation, design, and development of the Prague Metro system.Jaroslav Otruba was both an architect and urban planner. One of his more visited contributions are the colorful aluminum tiles found in Line A of the Prague Metro. The artistic style of the tiles draws on the op-art movement of the 1960s and it is considered a Prague tourist attraction.
Education
After graduating from technical school, he began studying at the University of Architecture and Civil Engineering in Prague. His mentors included Antonín Mendl, under whom Jaroslav Otruba studied Architecture; Alois Mikuškovic, under whom he studied Town Planning and Landscaping; and Oldřich Blažíček, who directed his courses on Drawing and Painting. The Nazis closed all universities in 1939, delaying Otruba's graduation until June 1945, which he then completed with Honors. The Ministry of Education later back-dated his graduation to 1940.
During the closure of Czech universities Jaroslav Otruba joined the studio-office of F. Stalmach and J. Svoboda as an architect.
In August 1945, the University of Architecture and Civil Engineering hired Jaroslav Otruba as an assistant professor, participating in a vast study of surgical hospital departments for his dissertation. During this period, he helped create the Department of Medical Architecture at the University. In 1953, he received his Doctorate in Architecture. From 1956 to 1959 he completed a second dissertation on maternity wards.
Career and legacy
Jaroslav Otruba's works consisted mainly of transportation buildings: the main building for a railroad station and two apartment buildings for railroad employees in Prostějov in 1947 (completed in 1952), followed by a railroad station in Řečkovice near Brno (completed in 1952). He also completed a project in Přibyslav, a complex of three railroad stations at the line Havlíčkův Brod – Brno (completed in 1949).
In the 1960s and 1970s he created a complex of engineering and industrial buildings in Prague-Vršovice (completed in 1967), an administrative building in Prague, Kubánské náměstí (completed in 1966), a building for the administration of railroads in Prague at Vinohradská Boulevard (completed in 1974), and an administrative building for the Ministry of Transportation in Prague Žižkov at Olšanká Street (completed in 1974).
Otruba designed a thermal colonnade in Karlovy Vary in 1961, as part of a larger urban design for the spa town. The colonnade was never completed.
Jiri Siegel, an architect and engineer who was one of Otruba's many students, wrote: "[Otruba] was respected for his positive attitude, professional assurance, success and maximum tact" while working with his students. As a result of the pressure for political (read: Communist) conformity among the faculty of the University, Otruba resigned his teaching post in 1960. He subsequently took a job at the State Department of Transportation, spending ten years as a lead designer within the department.
In 1979 Jaroslav Otruba was transferred to Metroproject, a new department tasked with building the massive Prague public transportation system. As lead architect and designer, he oversaw the creation of the A and C lines of the Prague Metro. Jaroslav Otruba is the designer of the distinctive aluminum tiles that can be found throughout the Metro A line.
Competitions
Jaroslav Otruba participated in many national and international architectural competitions. Among the more prestigious national competitions were the competition for the State Theater and Opera in Brno 1956, (third place in the open competition and second place in an invitation-only competition), in 1960 a competition for the town plan design for a spa center in Karlovy Vary (first place in an exclusive competition), in 1966 a competition for a town plan for the spa area in Františkovy Lázně (first place). In 1970 he collaborated with architect Šrámek in an architectural competition for the design of the dispatcher building at the Main Railroad Station in Prague (first place).
Otrubova participated in several international competitions, placing fifth in an architectural competition for the design of the Plaza for UN in Geneva in 1957. In 1958 he participated in an international architectural competition for the design of the town hall in Toronto, Canada and a memorial to victims in former Nazi German Auschwitz concentration camp in occupied Poland (now Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, Oświęcim). In 1962 he collaborated with architect Jindřich Krise in a competition for the design of the main railroad station in Sofia, Bulgaria and in 1965 in the EUROKURSAL competition in San Sebestian, Spain.
For his basic concept for stations of the Prague Metro line C in 1974 Jaroslav Otruba was presented with 1973‘s Prague City Award.
Timeline of Awards and Competitions
The Artist
Jaroslav Otruba's second profession as an artist. His painting evolved in different styles, influenced by the heavy political pressure of the early 1950s. At the beginning of his painting career he used oil paints on canvas, but later discovered synthetic acrylic paints which he applied to paper. Otruba's early paintings reflect abstract configurations of communication: antennas and various objects from outer space. As he became further immersed in the world of architecture, Otruba's paintings often portrayed architectural objects, such as Gothic cathedrals and imaginary abstract cities. After a trip to the United States, his paintings consisted of countless variations on skyscrapers and cities full of color, often in congruence with his earlier European cities and historical styles.
In the 1990s he experimented with abstract painting, concentrating on lines and colors, movement of lines and circles, sometimes interpreting a city within a dramatic storm. In 2000 he started to paint different cities and small towns from old maps. In 2001 an illness prevented him from continuing his passion for painting.
Jaroslav Otruba did not pursue exhibition or compensation for his paintings. He had one art exhibition at Most Hospital in 1983. His paintings are held in private collections in Europe, the United States, and Australia. After his death in 2007, his wife sold one of his paintings in an art auction at Prague Gallery Kodl in 2009
References
== Further reading ==
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
155
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"text": [
"Olomouc"
]
}
|
Ing. arch. Dr. Jaroslav Otruba (11 November 1916 – 5 February 2007) was a Czech architect, urban planner, designer and artist.
Jaroslav Otruba was born in Olomouc, Morava, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was the son of a cabinetmaker. His life spanned several turbulent periods of Czech Republic's history: World War I before the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918; under Nazi occupation from 1939 until the end of World War II in 1945; and under the rule of the communist Soviet Republic from 1948 to 1989.
Jaroslav Otruba's most prolific work, particularly in architecture, was produced during the latter part of the 20th century. He contributed to the urban design and planning of Prague and the rest of Czech Republic. He is best known for his contributions to the creation, design, and development of the Prague Metro system.Jaroslav Otruba was both an architect and urban planner. One of his more visited contributions are the colorful aluminum tiles found in Line A of the Prague Metro. The artistic style of the tiles draws on the op-art movement of the 1960s and it is considered a Prague tourist attraction.
Education
After graduating from technical school, he began studying at the University of Architecture and Civil Engineering in Prague. His mentors included Antonín Mendl, under whom Jaroslav Otruba studied Architecture; Alois Mikuškovic, under whom he studied Town Planning and Landscaping; and Oldřich Blažíček, who directed his courses on Drawing and Painting. The Nazis closed all universities in 1939, delaying Otruba's graduation until June 1945, which he then completed with Honors. The Ministry of Education later back-dated his graduation to 1940.
During the closure of Czech universities Jaroslav Otruba joined the studio-office of F. Stalmach and J. Svoboda as an architect.
In August 1945, the University of Architecture and Civil Engineering hired Jaroslav Otruba as an assistant professor, participating in a vast study of surgical hospital departments for his dissertation. During this period, he helped create the Department of Medical Architecture at the University. In 1953, he received his Doctorate in Architecture. From 1956 to 1959 he completed a second dissertation on maternity wards.
Career and legacy
Jaroslav Otruba's works consisted mainly of transportation buildings: the main building for a railroad station and two apartment buildings for railroad employees in Prostějov in 1947 (completed in 1952), followed by a railroad station in Řečkovice near Brno (completed in 1952). He also completed a project in Přibyslav, a complex of three railroad stations at the line Havlíčkův Brod – Brno (completed in 1949).
In the 1960s and 1970s he created a complex of engineering and industrial buildings in Prague-Vršovice (completed in 1967), an administrative building in Prague, Kubánské náměstí (completed in 1966), a building for the administration of railroads in Prague at Vinohradská Boulevard (completed in 1974), and an administrative building for the Ministry of Transportation in Prague Žižkov at Olšanká Street (completed in 1974).
Otruba designed a thermal colonnade in Karlovy Vary in 1961, as part of a larger urban design for the spa town. The colonnade was never completed.
Jiri Siegel, an architect and engineer who was one of Otruba's many students, wrote: "[Otruba] was respected for his positive attitude, professional assurance, success and maximum tact" while working with his students. As a result of the pressure for political (read: Communist) conformity among the faculty of the University, Otruba resigned his teaching post in 1960. He subsequently took a job at the State Department of Transportation, spending ten years as a lead designer within the department.
In 1979 Jaroslav Otruba was transferred to Metroproject, a new department tasked with building the massive Prague public transportation system. As lead architect and designer, he oversaw the creation of the A and C lines of the Prague Metro. Jaroslav Otruba is the designer of the distinctive aluminum tiles that can be found throughout the Metro A line.
Competitions
Jaroslav Otruba participated in many national and international architectural competitions. Among the more prestigious national competitions were the competition for the State Theater and Opera in Brno 1956, (third place in the open competition and second place in an invitation-only competition), in 1960 a competition for the town plan design for a spa center in Karlovy Vary (first place in an exclusive competition), in 1966 a competition for a town plan for the spa area in Františkovy Lázně (first place). In 1970 he collaborated with architect Šrámek in an architectural competition for the design of the dispatcher building at the Main Railroad Station in Prague (first place).
Otrubova participated in several international competitions, placing fifth in an architectural competition for the design of the Plaza for UN in Geneva in 1957. In 1958 he participated in an international architectural competition for the design of the town hall in Toronto, Canada and a memorial to victims in former Nazi German Auschwitz concentration camp in occupied Poland (now Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, Oświęcim). In 1962 he collaborated with architect Jindřich Krise in a competition for the design of the main railroad station in Sofia, Bulgaria and in 1965 in the EUROKURSAL competition in San Sebestian, Spain.
For his basic concept for stations of the Prague Metro line C in 1974 Jaroslav Otruba was presented with 1973‘s Prague City Award.
Timeline of Awards and Competitions
The Artist
Jaroslav Otruba's second profession as an artist. His painting evolved in different styles, influenced by the heavy political pressure of the early 1950s. At the beginning of his painting career he used oil paints on canvas, but later discovered synthetic acrylic paints which he applied to paper. Otruba's early paintings reflect abstract configurations of communication: antennas and various objects from outer space. As he became further immersed in the world of architecture, Otruba's paintings often portrayed architectural objects, such as Gothic cathedrals and imaginary abstract cities. After a trip to the United States, his paintings consisted of countless variations on skyscrapers and cities full of color, often in congruence with his earlier European cities and historical styles.
In the 1990s he experimented with abstract painting, concentrating on lines and colors, movement of lines and circles, sometimes interpreting a city within a dramatic storm. In 2000 he started to paint different cities and small towns from old maps. In 2001 an illness prevented him from continuing his passion for painting.
Jaroslav Otruba did not pursue exhibition or compensation for his paintings. He had one art exhibition at Most Hospital in 1983. His paintings are held in private collections in Europe, the United States, and Australia. After his death in 2007, his wife sold one of his paintings in an art auction at Prague Gallery Kodl in 2009
References
== Further reading ==
|
place of death
|
{
"answer_start": [
714
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"text": [
"Prague"
]
}
|
Ing. arch. Dr. Jaroslav Otruba (11 November 1916 – 5 February 2007) was a Czech architect, urban planner, designer and artist.
Jaroslav Otruba was born in Olomouc, Morava, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was the son of a cabinetmaker. His life spanned several turbulent periods of Czech Republic's history: World War I before the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918; under Nazi occupation from 1939 until the end of World War II in 1945; and under the rule of the communist Soviet Republic from 1948 to 1989.
Jaroslav Otruba's most prolific work, particularly in architecture, was produced during the latter part of the 20th century. He contributed to the urban design and planning of Prague and the rest of Czech Republic. He is best known for his contributions to the creation, design, and development of the Prague Metro system.Jaroslav Otruba was both an architect and urban planner. One of his more visited contributions are the colorful aluminum tiles found in Line A of the Prague Metro. The artistic style of the tiles draws on the op-art movement of the 1960s and it is considered a Prague tourist attraction.
Education
After graduating from technical school, he began studying at the University of Architecture and Civil Engineering in Prague. His mentors included Antonín Mendl, under whom Jaroslav Otruba studied Architecture; Alois Mikuškovic, under whom he studied Town Planning and Landscaping; and Oldřich Blažíček, who directed his courses on Drawing and Painting. The Nazis closed all universities in 1939, delaying Otruba's graduation until June 1945, which he then completed with Honors. The Ministry of Education later back-dated his graduation to 1940.
During the closure of Czech universities Jaroslav Otruba joined the studio-office of F. Stalmach and J. Svoboda as an architect.
In August 1945, the University of Architecture and Civil Engineering hired Jaroslav Otruba as an assistant professor, participating in a vast study of surgical hospital departments for his dissertation. During this period, he helped create the Department of Medical Architecture at the University. In 1953, he received his Doctorate in Architecture. From 1956 to 1959 he completed a second dissertation on maternity wards.
Career and legacy
Jaroslav Otruba's works consisted mainly of transportation buildings: the main building for a railroad station and two apartment buildings for railroad employees in Prostějov in 1947 (completed in 1952), followed by a railroad station in Řečkovice near Brno (completed in 1952). He also completed a project in Přibyslav, a complex of three railroad stations at the line Havlíčkův Brod – Brno (completed in 1949).
In the 1960s and 1970s he created a complex of engineering and industrial buildings in Prague-Vršovice (completed in 1967), an administrative building in Prague, Kubánské náměstí (completed in 1966), a building for the administration of railroads in Prague at Vinohradská Boulevard (completed in 1974), and an administrative building for the Ministry of Transportation in Prague Žižkov at Olšanká Street (completed in 1974).
Otruba designed a thermal colonnade in Karlovy Vary in 1961, as part of a larger urban design for the spa town. The colonnade was never completed.
Jiri Siegel, an architect and engineer who was one of Otruba's many students, wrote: "[Otruba] was respected for his positive attitude, professional assurance, success and maximum tact" while working with his students. As a result of the pressure for political (read: Communist) conformity among the faculty of the University, Otruba resigned his teaching post in 1960. He subsequently took a job at the State Department of Transportation, spending ten years as a lead designer within the department.
In 1979 Jaroslav Otruba was transferred to Metroproject, a new department tasked with building the massive Prague public transportation system. As lead architect and designer, he oversaw the creation of the A and C lines of the Prague Metro. Jaroslav Otruba is the designer of the distinctive aluminum tiles that can be found throughout the Metro A line.
Competitions
Jaroslav Otruba participated in many national and international architectural competitions. Among the more prestigious national competitions were the competition for the State Theater and Opera in Brno 1956, (third place in the open competition and second place in an invitation-only competition), in 1960 a competition for the town plan design for a spa center in Karlovy Vary (first place in an exclusive competition), in 1966 a competition for a town plan for the spa area in Františkovy Lázně (first place). In 1970 he collaborated with architect Šrámek in an architectural competition for the design of the dispatcher building at the Main Railroad Station in Prague (first place).
Otrubova participated in several international competitions, placing fifth in an architectural competition for the design of the Plaza for UN in Geneva in 1957. In 1958 he participated in an international architectural competition for the design of the town hall in Toronto, Canada and a memorial to victims in former Nazi German Auschwitz concentration camp in occupied Poland (now Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, Oświęcim). In 1962 he collaborated with architect Jindřich Krise in a competition for the design of the main railroad station in Sofia, Bulgaria and in 1965 in the EUROKURSAL competition in San Sebestian, Spain.
For his basic concept for stations of the Prague Metro line C in 1974 Jaroslav Otruba was presented with 1973‘s Prague City Award.
Timeline of Awards and Competitions
The Artist
Jaroslav Otruba's second profession as an artist. His painting evolved in different styles, influenced by the heavy political pressure of the early 1950s. At the beginning of his painting career he used oil paints on canvas, but later discovered synthetic acrylic paints which he applied to paper. Otruba's early paintings reflect abstract configurations of communication: antennas and various objects from outer space. As he became further immersed in the world of architecture, Otruba's paintings often portrayed architectural objects, such as Gothic cathedrals and imaginary abstract cities. After a trip to the United States, his paintings consisted of countless variations on skyscrapers and cities full of color, often in congruence with his earlier European cities and historical styles.
In the 1990s he experimented with abstract painting, concentrating on lines and colors, movement of lines and circles, sometimes interpreting a city within a dramatic storm. In 2000 he started to paint different cities and small towns from old maps. In 2001 an illness prevented him from continuing his passion for painting.
Jaroslav Otruba did not pursue exhibition or compensation for his paintings. He had one art exhibition at Most Hospital in 1983. His paintings are held in private collections in Europe, the United States, and Australia. After his death in 2007, his wife sold one of his paintings in an art auction at Prague Gallery Kodl in 2009
References
== Further reading ==
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
294
],
"text": [
"Czech Republic"
]
}
|
Ing. arch. Dr. Jaroslav Otruba (11 November 1916 – 5 February 2007) was a Czech architect, urban planner, designer and artist.
Jaroslav Otruba was born in Olomouc, Morava, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was the son of a cabinetmaker. His life spanned several turbulent periods of Czech Republic's history: World War I before the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918; under Nazi occupation from 1939 until the end of World War II in 1945; and under the rule of the communist Soviet Republic from 1948 to 1989.
Jaroslav Otruba's most prolific work, particularly in architecture, was produced during the latter part of the 20th century. He contributed to the urban design and planning of Prague and the rest of Czech Republic. He is best known for his contributions to the creation, design, and development of the Prague Metro system.Jaroslav Otruba was both an architect and urban planner. One of his more visited contributions are the colorful aluminum tiles found in Line A of the Prague Metro. The artistic style of the tiles draws on the op-art movement of the 1960s and it is considered a Prague tourist attraction.
Education
After graduating from technical school, he began studying at the University of Architecture and Civil Engineering in Prague. His mentors included Antonín Mendl, under whom Jaroslav Otruba studied Architecture; Alois Mikuškovic, under whom he studied Town Planning and Landscaping; and Oldřich Blažíček, who directed his courses on Drawing and Painting. The Nazis closed all universities in 1939, delaying Otruba's graduation until June 1945, which he then completed with Honors. The Ministry of Education later back-dated his graduation to 1940.
During the closure of Czech universities Jaroslav Otruba joined the studio-office of F. Stalmach and J. Svoboda as an architect.
In August 1945, the University of Architecture and Civil Engineering hired Jaroslav Otruba as an assistant professor, participating in a vast study of surgical hospital departments for his dissertation. During this period, he helped create the Department of Medical Architecture at the University. In 1953, he received his Doctorate in Architecture. From 1956 to 1959 he completed a second dissertation on maternity wards.
Career and legacy
Jaroslav Otruba's works consisted mainly of transportation buildings: the main building for a railroad station and two apartment buildings for railroad employees in Prostějov in 1947 (completed in 1952), followed by a railroad station in Řečkovice near Brno (completed in 1952). He also completed a project in Přibyslav, a complex of three railroad stations at the line Havlíčkův Brod – Brno (completed in 1949).
In the 1960s and 1970s he created a complex of engineering and industrial buildings in Prague-Vršovice (completed in 1967), an administrative building in Prague, Kubánské náměstí (completed in 1966), a building for the administration of railroads in Prague at Vinohradská Boulevard (completed in 1974), and an administrative building for the Ministry of Transportation in Prague Žižkov at Olšanká Street (completed in 1974).
Otruba designed a thermal colonnade in Karlovy Vary in 1961, as part of a larger urban design for the spa town. The colonnade was never completed.
Jiri Siegel, an architect and engineer who was one of Otruba's many students, wrote: "[Otruba] was respected for his positive attitude, professional assurance, success and maximum tact" while working with his students. As a result of the pressure for political (read: Communist) conformity among the faculty of the University, Otruba resigned his teaching post in 1960. He subsequently took a job at the State Department of Transportation, spending ten years as a lead designer within the department.
In 1979 Jaroslav Otruba was transferred to Metroproject, a new department tasked with building the massive Prague public transportation system. As lead architect and designer, he oversaw the creation of the A and C lines of the Prague Metro. Jaroslav Otruba is the designer of the distinctive aluminum tiles that can be found throughout the Metro A line.
Competitions
Jaroslav Otruba participated in many national and international architectural competitions. Among the more prestigious national competitions were the competition for the State Theater and Opera in Brno 1956, (third place in the open competition and second place in an invitation-only competition), in 1960 a competition for the town plan design for a spa center in Karlovy Vary (first place in an exclusive competition), in 1966 a competition for a town plan for the spa area in Františkovy Lázně (first place). In 1970 he collaborated with architect Šrámek in an architectural competition for the design of the dispatcher building at the Main Railroad Station in Prague (first place).
Otrubova participated in several international competitions, placing fifth in an architectural competition for the design of the Plaza for UN in Geneva in 1957. In 1958 he participated in an international architectural competition for the design of the town hall in Toronto, Canada and a memorial to victims in former Nazi German Auschwitz concentration camp in occupied Poland (now Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, Oświęcim). In 1962 he collaborated with architect Jindřich Krise in a competition for the design of the main railroad station in Sofia, Bulgaria and in 1965 in the EUROKURSAL competition in San Sebestian, Spain.
For his basic concept for stations of the Prague Metro line C in 1974 Jaroslav Otruba was presented with 1973‘s Prague City Award.
Timeline of Awards and Competitions
The Artist
Jaroslav Otruba's second profession as an artist. His painting evolved in different styles, influenced by the heavy political pressure of the early 1950s. At the beginning of his painting career he used oil paints on canvas, but later discovered synthetic acrylic paints which he applied to paper. Otruba's early paintings reflect abstract configurations of communication: antennas and various objects from outer space. As he became further immersed in the world of architecture, Otruba's paintings often portrayed architectural objects, such as Gothic cathedrals and imaginary abstract cities. After a trip to the United States, his paintings consisted of countless variations on skyscrapers and cities full of color, often in congruence with his earlier European cities and historical styles.
In the 1990s he experimented with abstract painting, concentrating on lines and colors, movement of lines and circles, sometimes interpreting a city within a dramatic storm. In 2000 he started to paint different cities and small towns from old maps. In 2001 an illness prevented him from continuing his passion for painting.
Jaroslav Otruba did not pursue exhibition or compensation for his paintings. He had one art exhibition at Most Hospital in 1983. His paintings are held in private collections in Europe, the United States, and Australia. After his death in 2007, his wife sold one of his paintings in an art auction at Prague Gallery Kodl in 2009
References
== Further reading ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
80
],
"text": [
"architect"
]
}
|
Ing. arch. Dr. Jaroslav Otruba (11 November 1916 – 5 February 2007) was a Czech architect, urban planner, designer and artist.
Jaroslav Otruba was born in Olomouc, Morava, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was the son of a cabinetmaker. His life spanned several turbulent periods of Czech Republic's history: World War I before the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918; under Nazi occupation from 1939 until the end of World War II in 1945; and under the rule of the communist Soviet Republic from 1948 to 1989.
Jaroslav Otruba's most prolific work, particularly in architecture, was produced during the latter part of the 20th century. He contributed to the urban design and planning of Prague and the rest of Czech Republic. He is best known for his contributions to the creation, design, and development of the Prague Metro system.Jaroslav Otruba was both an architect and urban planner. One of his more visited contributions are the colorful aluminum tiles found in Line A of the Prague Metro. The artistic style of the tiles draws on the op-art movement of the 1960s and it is considered a Prague tourist attraction.
Education
After graduating from technical school, he began studying at the University of Architecture and Civil Engineering in Prague. His mentors included Antonín Mendl, under whom Jaroslav Otruba studied Architecture; Alois Mikuškovic, under whom he studied Town Planning and Landscaping; and Oldřich Blažíček, who directed his courses on Drawing and Painting. The Nazis closed all universities in 1939, delaying Otruba's graduation until June 1945, which he then completed with Honors. The Ministry of Education later back-dated his graduation to 1940.
During the closure of Czech universities Jaroslav Otruba joined the studio-office of F. Stalmach and J. Svoboda as an architect.
In August 1945, the University of Architecture and Civil Engineering hired Jaroslav Otruba as an assistant professor, participating in a vast study of surgical hospital departments for his dissertation. During this period, he helped create the Department of Medical Architecture at the University. In 1953, he received his Doctorate in Architecture. From 1956 to 1959 he completed a second dissertation on maternity wards.
Career and legacy
Jaroslav Otruba's works consisted mainly of transportation buildings: the main building for a railroad station and two apartment buildings for railroad employees in Prostějov in 1947 (completed in 1952), followed by a railroad station in Řečkovice near Brno (completed in 1952). He also completed a project in Přibyslav, a complex of three railroad stations at the line Havlíčkův Brod – Brno (completed in 1949).
In the 1960s and 1970s he created a complex of engineering and industrial buildings in Prague-Vršovice (completed in 1967), an administrative building in Prague, Kubánské náměstí (completed in 1966), a building for the administration of railroads in Prague at Vinohradská Boulevard (completed in 1974), and an administrative building for the Ministry of Transportation in Prague Žižkov at Olšanká Street (completed in 1974).
Otruba designed a thermal colonnade in Karlovy Vary in 1961, as part of a larger urban design for the spa town. The colonnade was never completed.
Jiri Siegel, an architect and engineer who was one of Otruba's many students, wrote: "[Otruba] was respected for his positive attitude, professional assurance, success and maximum tact" while working with his students. As a result of the pressure for political (read: Communist) conformity among the faculty of the University, Otruba resigned his teaching post in 1960. He subsequently took a job at the State Department of Transportation, spending ten years as a lead designer within the department.
In 1979 Jaroslav Otruba was transferred to Metroproject, a new department tasked with building the massive Prague public transportation system. As lead architect and designer, he oversaw the creation of the A and C lines of the Prague Metro. Jaroslav Otruba is the designer of the distinctive aluminum tiles that can be found throughout the Metro A line.
Competitions
Jaroslav Otruba participated in many national and international architectural competitions. Among the more prestigious national competitions were the competition for the State Theater and Opera in Brno 1956, (third place in the open competition and second place in an invitation-only competition), in 1960 a competition for the town plan design for a spa center in Karlovy Vary (first place in an exclusive competition), in 1966 a competition for a town plan for the spa area in Františkovy Lázně (first place). In 1970 he collaborated with architect Šrámek in an architectural competition for the design of the dispatcher building at the Main Railroad Station in Prague (first place).
Otrubova participated in several international competitions, placing fifth in an architectural competition for the design of the Plaza for UN in Geneva in 1957. In 1958 he participated in an international architectural competition for the design of the town hall in Toronto, Canada and a memorial to victims in former Nazi German Auschwitz concentration camp in occupied Poland (now Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, Oświęcim). In 1962 he collaborated with architect Jindřich Krise in a competition for the design of the main railroad station in Sofia, Bulgaria and in 1965 in the EUROKURSAL competition in San Sebestian, Spain.
For his basic concept for stations of the Prague Metro line C in 1974 Jaroslav Otruba was presented with 1973‘s Prague City Award.
Timeline of Awards and Competitions
The Artist
Jaroslav Otruba's second profession as an artist. His painting evolved in different styles, influenced by the heavy political pressure of the early 1950s. At the beginning of his painting career he used oil paints on canvas, but later discovered synthetic acrylic paints which he applied to paper. Otruba's early paintings reflect abstract configurations of communication: antennas and various objects from outer space. As he became further immersed in the world of architecture, Otruba's paintings often portrayed architectural objects, such as Gothic cathedrals and imaginary abstract cities. After a trip to the United States, his paintings consisted of countless variations on skyscrapers and cities full of color, often in congruence with his earlier European cities and historical styles.
In the 1990s he experimented with abstract painting, concentrating on lines and colors, movement of lines and circles, sometimes interpreting a city within a dramatic storm. In 2000 he started to paint different cities and small towns from old maps. In 2001 an illness prevented him from continuing his passion for painting.
Jaroslav Otruba did not pursue exhibition or compensation for his paintings. He had one art exhibition at Most Hospital in 1983. His paintings are held in private collections in Europe, the United States, and Australia. After his death in 2007, his wife sold one of his paintings in an art auction at Prague Gallery Kodl in 2009
References
== Further reading ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
15
],
"text": [
"Jaroslav Otruba"
]
}
|
Ing. arch. Dr. Jaroslav Otruba (11 November 1916 – 5 February 2007) was a Czech architect, urban planner, designer and artist.
Jaroslav Otruba was born in Olomouc, Morava, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was the son of a cabinetmaker. His life spanned several turbulent periods of Czech Republic's history: World War I before the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918; under Nazi occupation from 1939 until the end of World War II in 1945; and under the rule of the communist Soviet Republic from 1948 to 1989.
Jaroslav Otruba's most prolific work, particularly in architecture, was produced during the latter part of the 20th century. He contributed to the urban design and planning of Prague and the rest of Czech Republic. He is best known for his contributions to the creation, design, and development of the Prague Metro system.Jaroslav Otruba was both an architect and urban planner. One of his more visited contributions are the colorful aluminum tiles found in Line A of the Prague Metro. The artistic style of the tiles draws on the op-art movement of the 1960s and it is considered a Prague tourist attraction.
Education
After graduating from technical school, he began studying at the University of Architecture and Civil Engineering in Prague. His mentors included Antonín Mendl, under whom Jaroslav Otruba studied Architecture; Alois Mikuškovic, under whom he studied Town Planning and Landscaping; and Oldřich Blažíček, who directed his courses on Drawing and Painting. The Nazis closed all universities in 1939, delaying Otruba's graduation until June 1945, which he then completed with Honors. The Ministry of Education later back-dated his graduation to 1940.
During the closure of Czech universities Jaroslav Otruba joined the studio-office of F. Stalmach and J. Svoboda as an architect.
In August 1945, the University of Architecture and Civil Engineering hired Jaroslav Otruba as an assistant professor, participating in a vast study of surgical hospital departments for his dissertation. During this period, he helped create the Department of Medical Architecture at the University. In 1953, he received his Doctorate in Architecture. From 1956 to 1959 he completed a second dissertation on maternity wards.
Career and legacy
Jaroslav Otruba's works consisted mainly of transportation buildings: the main building for a railroad station and two apartment buildings for railroad employees in Prostějov in 1947 (completed in 1952), followed by a railroad station in Řečkovice near Brno (completed in 1952). He also completed a project in Přibyslav, a complex of three railroad stations at the line Havlíčkův Brod – Brno (completed in 1949).
In the 1960s and 1970s he created a complex of engineering and industrial buildings in Prague-Vršovice (completed in 1967), an administrative building in Prague, Kubánské náměstí (completed in 1966), a building for the administration of railroads in Prague at Vinohradská Boulevard (completed in 1974), and an administrative building for the Ministry of Transportation in Prague Žižkov at Olšanká Street (completed in 1974).
Otruba designed a thermal colonnade in Karlovy Vary in 1961, as part of a larger urban design for the spa town. The colonnade was never completed.
Jiri Siegel, an architect and engineer who was one of Otruba's many students, wrote: "[Otruba] was respected for his positive attitude, professional assurance, success and maximum tact" while working with his students. As a result of the pressure for political (read: Communist) conformity among the faculty of the University, Otruba resigned his teaching post in 1960. He subsequently took a job at the State Department of Transportation, spending ten years as a lead designer within the department.
In 1979 Jaroslav Otruba was transferred to Metroproject, a new department tasked with building the massive Prague public transportation system. As lead architect and designer, he oversaw the creation of the A and C lines of the Prague Metro. Jaroslav Otruba is the designer of the distinctive aluminum tiles that can be found throughout the Metro A line.
Competitions
Jaroslav Otruba participated in many national and international architectural competitions. Among the more prestigious national competitions were the competition for the State Theater and Opera in Brno 1956, (third place in the open competition and second place in an invitation-only competition), in 1960 a competition for the town plan design for a spa center in Karlovy Vary (first place in an exclusive competition), in 1966 a competition for a town plan for the spa area in Františkovy Lázně (first place). In 1970 he collaborated with architect Šrámek in an architectural competition for the design of the dispatcher building at the Main Railroad Station in Prague (first place).
Otrubova participated in several international competitions, placing fifth in an architectural competition for the design of the Plaza for UN in Geneva in 1957. In 1958 he participated in an international architectural competition for the design of the town hall in Toronto, Canada and a memorial to victims in former Nazi German Auschwitz concentration camp in occupied Poland (now Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, Oświęcim). In 1962 he collaborated with architect Jindřich Krise in a competition for the design of the main railroad station in Sofia, Bulgaria and in 1965 in the EUROKURSAL competition in San Sebestian, Spain.
For his basic concept for stations of the Prague Metro line C in 1974 Jaroslav Otruba was presented with 1973‘s Prague City Award.
Timeline of Awards and Competitions
The Artist
Jaroslav Otruba's second profession as an artist. His painting evolved in different styles, influenced by the heavy political pressure of the early 1950s. At the beginning of his painting career he used oil paints on canvas, but later discovered synthetic acrylic paints which he applied to paper. Otruba's early paintings reflect abstract configurations of communication: antennas and various objects from outer space. As he became further immersed in the world of architecture, Otruba's paintings often portrayed architectural objects, such as Gothic cathedrals and imaginary abstract cities. After a trip to the United States, his paintings consisted of countless variations on skyscrapers and cities full of color, often in congruence with his earlier European cities and historical styles.
In the 1990s he experimented with abstract painting, concentrating on lines and colors, movement of lines and circles, sometimes interpreting a city within a dramatic storm. In 2000 he started to paint different cities and small towns from old maps. In 2001 an illness prevented him from continuing his passion for painting.
Jaroslav Otruba did not pursue exhibition or compensation for his paintings. He had one art exhibition at Most Hospital in 1983. His paintings are held in private collections in Europe, the United States, and Australia. After his death in 2007, his wife sold one of his paintings in an art auction at Prague Gallery Kodl in 2009
References
== Further reading ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
24
],
"text": [
"Otruba"
]
}
|
Ing. arch. Dr. Jaroslav Otruba (11 November 1916 – 5 February 2007) was a Czech architect, urban planner, designer and artist.
Jaroslav Otruba was born in Olomouc, Morava, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was the son of a cabinetmaker. His life spanned several turbulent periods of Czech Republic's history: World War I before the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918; under Nazi occupation from 1939 until the end of World War II in 1945; and under the rule of the communist Soviet Republic from 1948 to 1989.
Jaroslav Otruba's most prolific work, particularly in architecture, was produced during the latter part of the 20th century. He contributed to the urban design and planning of Prague and the rest of Czech Republic. He is best known for his contributions to the creation, design, and development of the Prague Metro system.Jaroslav Otruba was both an architect and urban planner. One of his more visited contributions are the colorful aluminum tiles found in Line A of the Prague Metro. The artistic style of the tiles draws on the op-art movement of the 1960s and it is considered a Prague tourist attraction.
Education
After graduating from technical school, he began studying at the University of Architecture and Civil Engineering in Prague. His mentors included Antonín Mendl, under whom Jaroslav Otruba studied Architecture; Alois Mikuškovic, under whom he studied Town Planning and Landscaping; and Oldřich Blažíček, who directed his courses on Drawing and Painting. The Nazis closed all universities in 1939, delaying Otruba's graduation until June 1945, which he then completed with Honors. The Ministry of Education later back-dated his graduation to 1940.
During the closure of Czech universities Jaroslav Otruba joined the studio-office of F. Stalmach and J. Svoboda as an architect.
In August 1945, the University of Architecture and Civil Engineering hired Jaroslav Otruba as an assistant professor, participating in a vast study of surgical hospital departments for his dissertation. During this period, he helped create the Department of Medical Architecture at the University. In 1953, he received his Doctorate in Architecture. From 1956 to 1959 he completed a second dissertation on maternity wards.
Career and legacy
Jaroslav Otruba's works consisted mainly of transportation buildings: the main building for a railroad station and two apartment buildings for railroad employees in Prostějov in 1947 (completed in 1952), followed by a railroad station in Řečkovice near Brno (completed in 1952). He also completed a project in Přibyslav, a complex of three railroad stations at the line Havlíčkův Brod – Brno (completed in 1949).
In the 1960s and 1970s he created a complex of engineering and industrial buildings in Prague-Vršovice (completed in 1967), an administrative building in Prague, Kubánské náměstí (completed in 1966), a building for the administration of railroads in Prague at Vinohradská Boulevard (completed in 1974), and an administrative building for the Ministry of Transportation in Prague Žižkov at Olšanká Street (completed in 1974).
Otruba designed a thermal colonnade in Karlovy Vary in 1961, as part of a larger urban design for the spa town. The colonnade was never completed.
Jiri Siegel, an architect and engineer who was one of Otruba's many students, wrote: "[Otruba] was respected for his positive attitude, professional assurance, success and maximum tact" while working with his students. As a result of the pressure for political (read: Communist) conformity among the faculty of the University, Otruba resigned his teaching post in 1960. He subsequently took a job at the State Department of Transportation, spending ten years as a lead designer within the department.
In 1979 Jaroslav Otruba was transferred to Metroproject, a new department tasked with building the massive Prague public transportation system. As lead architect and designer, he oversaw the creation of the A and C lines of the Prague Metro. Jaroslav Otruba is the designer of the distinctive aluminum tiles that can be found throughout the Metro A line.
Competitions
Jaroslav Otruba participated in many national and international architectural competitions. Among the more prestigious national competitions were the competition for the State Theater and Opera in Brno 1956, (third place in the open competition and second place in an invitation-only competition), in 1960 a competition for the town plan design for a spa center in Karlovy Vary (first place in an exclusive competition), in 1966 a competition for a town plan for the spa area in Františkovy Lázně (first place). In 1970 he collaborated with architect Šrámek in an architectural competition for the design of the dispatcher building at the Main Railroad Station in Prague (first place).
Otrubova participated in several international competitions, placing fifth in an architectural competition for the design of the Plaza for UN in Geneva in 1957. In 1958 he participated in an international architectural competition for the design of the town hall in Toronto, Canada and a memorial to victims in former Nazi German Auschwitz concentration camp in occupied Poland (now Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, Oświęcim). In 1962 he collaborated with architect Jindřich Krise in a competition for the design of the main railroad station in Sofia, Bulgaria and in 1965 in the EUROKURSAL competition in San Sebestian, Spain.
For his basic concept for stations of the Prague Metro line C in 1974 Jaroslav Otruba was presented with 1973‘s Prague City Award.
Timeline of Awards and Competitions
The Artist
Jaroslav Otruba's second profession as an artist. His painting evolved in different styles, influenced by the heavy political pressure of the early 1950s. At the beginning of his painting career he used oil paints on canvas, but later discovered synthetic acrylic paints which he applied to paper. Otruba's early paintings reflect abstract configurations of communication: antennas and various objects from outer space. As he became further immersed in the world of architecture, Otruba's paintings often portrayed architectural objects, such as Gothic cathedrals and imaginary abstract cities. After a trip to the United States, his paintings consisted of countless variations on skyscrapers and cities full of color, often in congruence with his earlier European cities and historical styles.
In the 1990s he experimented with abstract painting, concentrating on lines and colors, movement of lines and circles, sometimes interpreting a city within a dramatic storm. In 2000 he started to paint different cities and small towns from old maps. In 2001 an illness prevented him from continuing his passion for painting.
Jaroslav Otruba did not pursue exhibition or compensation for his paintings. He had one art exhibition at Most Hospital in 1983. His paintings are held in private collections in Europe, the United States, and Australia. After his death in 2007, his wife sold one of his paintings in an art auction at Prague Gallery Kodl in 2009
References
== Further reading ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
15
],
"text": [
"Jaroslav"
]
}
|
Ing. arch. Dr. Jaroslav Otruba (11 November 1916 – 5 February 2007) was a Czech architect, urban planner, designer and artist.
Jaroslav Otruba was born in Olomouc, Morava, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was the son of a cabinetmaker. His life spanned several turbulent periods of Czech Republic's history: World War I before the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918; under Nazi occupation from 1939 until the end of World War II in 1945; and under the rule of the communist Soviet Republic from 1948 to 1989.
Jaroslav Otruba's most prolific work, particularly in architecture, was produced during the latter part of the 20th century. He contributed to the urban design and planning of Prague and the rest of Czech Republic. He is best known for his contributions to the creation, design, and development of the Prague Metro system.Jaroslav Otruba was both an architect and urban planner. One of his more visited contributions are the colorful aluminum tiles found in Line A of the Prague Metro. The artistic style of the tiles draws on the op-art movement of the 1960s and it is considered a Prague tourist attraction.
Education
After graduating from technical school, he began studying at the University of Architecture and Civil Engineering in Prague. His mentors included Antonín Mendl, under whom Jaroslav Otruba studied Architecture; Alois Mikuškovic, under whom he studied Town Planning and Landscaping; and Oldřich Blažíček, who directed his courses on Drawing and Painting. The Nazis closed all universities in 1939, delaying Otruba's graduation until June 1945, which he then completed with Honors. The Ministry of Education later back-dated his graduation to 1940.
During the closure of Czech universities Jaroslav Otruba joined the studio-office of F. Stalmach and J. Svoboda as an architect.
In August 1945, the University of Architecture and Civil Engineering hired Jaroslav Otruba as an assistant professor, participating in a vast study of surgical hospital departments for his dissertation. During this period, he helped create the Department of Medical Architecture at the University. In 1953, he received his Doctorate in Architecture. From 1956 to 1959 he completed a second dissertation on maternity wards.
Career and legacy
Jaroslav Otruba's works consisted mainly of transportation buildings: the main building for a railroad station and two apartment buildings for railroad employees in Prostějov in 1947 (completed in 1952), followed by a railroad station in Řečkovice near Brno (completed in 1952). He also completed a project in Přibyslav, a complex of three railroad stations at the line Havlíčkův Brod – Brno (completed in 1949).
In the 1960s and 1970s he created a complex of engineering and industrial buildings in Prague-Vršovice (completed in 1967), an administrative building in Prague, Kubánské náměstí (completed in 1966), a building for the administration of railroads in Prague at Vinohradská Boulevard (completed in 1974), and an administrative building for the Ministry of Transportation in Prague Žižkov at Olšanká Street (completed in 1974).
Otruba designed a thermal colonnade in Karlovy Vary in 1961, as part of a larger urban design for the spa town. The colonnade was never completed.
Jiri Siegel, an architect and engineer who was one of Otruba's many students, wrote: "[Otruba] was respected for his positive attitude, professional assurance, success and maximum tact" while working with his students. As a result of the pressure for political (read: Communist) conformity among the faculty of the University, Otruba resigned his teaching post in 1960. He subsequently took a job at the State Department of Transportation, spending ten years as a lead designer within the department.
In 1979 Jaroslav Otruba was transferred to Metroproject, a new department tasked with building the massive Prague public transportation system. As lead architect and designer, he oversaw the creation of the A and C lines of the Prague Metro. Jaroslav Otruba is the designer of the distinctive aluminum tiles that can be found throughout the Metro A line.
Competitions
Jaroslav Otruba participated in many national and international architectural competitions. Among the more prestigious national competitions were the competition for the State Theater and Opera in Brno 1956, (third place in the open competition and second place in an invitation-only competition), in 1960 a competition for the town plan design for a spa center in Karlovy Vary (first place in an exclusive competition), in 1966 a competition for a town plan for the spa area in Františkovy Lázně (first place). In 1970 he collaborated with architect Šrámek in an architectural competition for the design of the dispatcher building at the Main Railroad Station in Prague (first place).
Otrubova participated in several international competitions, placing fifth in an architectural competition for the design of the Plaza for UN in Geneva in 1957. In 1958 he participated in an international architectural competition for the design of the town hall in Toronto, Canada and a memorial to victims in former Nazi German Auschwitz concentration camp in occupied Poland (now Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, Oświęcim). In 1962 he collaborated with architect Jindřich Krise in a competition for the design of the main railroad station in Sofia, Bulgaria and in 1965 in the EUROKURSAL competition in San Sebestian, Spain.
For his basic concept for stations of the Prague Metro line C in 1974 Jaroslav Otruba was presented with 1973‘s Prague City Award.
Timeline of Awards and Competitions
The Artist
Jaroslav Otruba's second profession as an artist. His painting evolved in different styles, influenced by the heavy political pressure of the early 1950s. At the beginning of his painting career he used oil paints on canvas, but later discovered synthetic acrylic paints which he applied to paper. Otruba's early paintings reflect abstract configurations of communication: antennas and various objects from outer space. As he became further immersed in the world of architecture, Otruba's paintings often portrayed architectural objects, such as Gothic cathedrals and imaginary abstract cities. After a trip to the United States, his paintings consisted of countless variations on skyscrapers and cities full of color, often in congruence with his earlier European cities and historical styles.
In the 1990s he experimented with abstract painting, concentrating on lines and colors, movement of lines and circles, sometimes interpreting a city within a dramatic storm. In 2000 he started to paint different cities and small towns from old maps. In 2001 an illness prevented him from continuing his passion for painting.
Jaroslav Otruba did not pursue exhibition or compensation for his paintings. He had one art exhibition at Most Hospital in 1983. His paintings are held in private collections in Europe, the United States, and Australia. After his death in 2007, his wife sold one of his paintings in an art auction at Prague Gallery Kodl in 2009
References
== Further reading ==
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
74
],
"text": [
"Czech"
]
}
|
Kang Dongyun (born January 23, 1989) is a professional Go player.
Biography
Kang became a professional in 2002. In 2007, he was promoted to the rank of 7 dan. He is a disciple of Kwon Kab-ryong. He is now a 9-dan professional player.
He is one of the most promising go players. His current record in the 2007 Korean Baduk League is 7 wins 1 loss. So far in this tournament he beat some of the top Korean players like Cho Hunhyun, Lee Chang-ho, Mok Jin-seok and Cho Han-seung.
Kang had a remarkable result in the 10th Nongshim Cup, beating the dominant player of the first stage, Tuo Jiaxi (who had beaten all four of his opponents), and going on to win against Kimio Yamada, Piao Wenyao, Naoki Hane and Qiu Jun in the respective order for 5 straight wins. His reign was ended by Shinji Takao, who was, at that stage, the last remaining member of the Japanese team. Though it was a difficult loss with white, as all of Kang's matches beforehand had been with black, it still made the Korean Team gain an advantage in members remaining, and with fellow Korean baduk kings Lee Se-dol and Lee Chang-ho remaining, Korea was still the strongest contender for the cup. The Chinese team had world number 2 Gu Li and former champion Chang Hao, but the rivalry between the two Lee's and Gu and Chang made the matches seem extra important. However, Lee Chang-ho never got to play, as Lee Se-dol defeated both Chang Hao and Gu Li.
Kang played Park Yeong-hun in the semifinals at the 22nd Fujitsu Cup, defeating Park in 200 moves. This was the first time Kang had ever been in a World Go Championship final. In the final, he went up against Lee Chang-ho, who defeated Chang Hao by 4 and a half points with black in the semifinals. Kang prevailed in the final, defeating Lee with white by two and a half points to win his first world championship.
After several years of decent international tournament placings, Kang made another breakthrough to reach the final of the 2015-16 edition of the LG Cup, alongside compatriot Park Yeong-hun. He defeated Park 2–1 in the final to win his second world championship.
Promotion record
Titles and runners-up
Total: 8 titles, 6 runners-up.
External links
Korea Baduk Association profile (in Korean)
Interview
|
native language
|
{
"answer_start": [
310
],
"text": [
"Korean"
]
}
|
Kang Dongyun (born January 23, 1989) is a professional Go player.
Biography
Kang became a professional in 2002. In 2007, he was promoted to the rank of 7 dan. He is a disciple of Kwon Kab-ryong. He is now a 9-dan professional player.
He is one of the most promising go players. His current record in the 2007 Korean Baduk League is 7 wins 1 loss. So far in this tournament he beat some of the top Korean players like Cho Hunhyun, Lee Chang-ho, Mok Jin-seok and Cho Han-seung.
Kang had a remarkable result in the 10th Nongshim Cup, beating the dominant player of the first stage, Tuo Jiaxi (who had beaten all four of his opponents), and going on to win against Kimio Yamada, Piao Wenyao, Naoki Hane and Qiu Jun in the respective order for 5 straight wins. His reign was ended by Shinji Takao, who was, at that stage, the last remaining member of the Japanese team. Though it was a difficult loss with white, as all of Kang's matches beforehand had been with black, it still made the Korean Team gain an advantage in members remaining, and with fellow Korean baduk kings Lee Se-dol and Lee Chang-ho remaining, Korea was still the strongest contender for the cup. The Chinese team had world number 2 Gu Li and former champion Chang Hao, but the rivalry between the two Lee's and Gu and Chang made the matches seem extra important. However, Lee Chang-ho never got to play, as Lee Se-dol defeated both Chang Hao and Gu Li.
Kang played Park Yeong-hun in the semifinals at the 22nd Fujitsu Cup, defeating Park in 200 moves. This was the first time Kang had ever been in a World Go Championship final. In the final, he went up against Lee Chang-ho, who defeated Chang Hao by 4 and a half points with black in the semifinals. Kang prevailed in the final, defeating Lee with white by two and a half points to win his first world championship.
After several years of decent international tournament placings, Kang made another breakthrough to reach the final of the 2015-16 edition of the LG Cup, alongside compatriot Park Yeong-hun. He defeated Park 2–1 in the final to win his second world championship.
Promotion record
Titles and runners-up
Total: 8 titles, 6 runners-up.
External links
Korea Baduk Association profile (in Korean)
Interview
|
dan/kyu rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
153
],
"text": [
"7 dan"
]
}
|
Kang Dongyun (born January 23, 1989) is a professional Go player.
Biography
Kang became a professional in 2002. In 2007, he was promoted to the rank of 7 dan. He is a disciple of Kwon Kab-ryong. He is now a 9-dan professional player.
He is one of the most promising go players. His current record in the 2007 Korean Baduk League is 7 wins 1 loss. So far in this tournament he beat some of the top Korean players like Cho Hunhyun, Lee Chang-ho, Mok Jin-seok and Cho Han-seung.
Kang had a remarkable result in the 10th Nongshim Cup, beating the dominant player of the first stage, Tuo Jiaxi (who had beaten all four of his opponents), and going on to win against Kimio Yamada, Piao Wenyao, Naoki Hane and Qiu Jun in the respective order for 5 straight wins. His reign was ended by Shinji Takao, who was, at that stage, the last remaining member of the Japanese team. Though it was a difficult loss with white, as all of Kang's matches beforehand had been with black, it still made the Korean Team gain an advantage in members remaining, and with fellow Korean baduk kings Lee Se-dol and Lee Chang-ho remaining, Korea was still the strongest contender for the cup. The Chinese team had world number 2 Gu Li and former champion Chang Hao, but the rivalry between the two Lee's and Gu and Chang made the matches seem extra important. However, Lee Chang-ho never got to play, as Lee Se-dol defeated both Chang Hao and Gu Li.
Kang played Park Yeong-hun in the semifinals at the 22nd Fujitsu Cup, defeating Park in 200 moves. This was the first time Kang had ever been in a World Go Championship final. In the final, he went up against Lee Chang-ho, who defeated Chang Hao by 4 and a half points with black in the semifinals. Kang prevailed in the final, defeating Lee with white by two and a half points to win his first world championship.
After several years of decent international tournament placings, Kang made another breakthrough to reach the final of the 2015-16 edition of the LG Cup, alongside compatriot Park Yeong-hun. He defeated Park 2–1 in the final to win his second world championship.
Promotion record
Titles and runners-up
Total: 8 titles, 6 runners-up.
External links
Korea Baduk Association profile (in Korean)
Interview
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
267
],
"text": [
"go"
]
}
|
Kang Dongyun (born January 23, 1989) is a professional Go player.
Biography
Kang became a professional in 2002. In 2007, he was promoted to the rank of 7 dan. He is a disciple of Kwon Kab-ryong. He is now a 9-dan professional player.
He is one of the most promising go players. His current record in the 2007 Korean Baduk League is 7 wins 1 loss. So far in this tournament he beat some of the top Korean players like Cho Hunhyun, Lee Chang-ho, Mok Jin-seok and Cho Han-seung.
Kang had a remarkable result in the 10th Nongshim Cup, beating the dominant player of the first stage, Tuo Jiaxi (who had beaten all four of his opponents), and going on to win against Kimio Yamada, Piao Wenyao, Naoki Hane and Qiu Jun in the respective order for 5 straight wins. His reign was ended by Shinji Takao, who was, at that stage, the last remaining member of the Japanese team. Though it was a difficult loss with white, as all of Kang's matches beforehand had been with black, it still made the Korean Team gain an advantage in members remaining, and with fellow Korean baduk kings Lee Se-dol and Lee Chang-ho remaining, Korea was still the strongest contender for the cup. The Chinese team had world number 2 Gu Li and former champion Chang Hao, but the rivalry between the two Lee's and Gu and Chang made the matches seem extra important. However, Lee Chang-ho never got to play, as Lee Se-dol defeated both Chang Hao and Gu Li.
Kang played Park Yeong-hun in the semifinals at the 22nd Fujitsu Cup, defeating Park in 200 moves. This was the first time Kang had ever been in a World Go Championship final. In the final, he went up against Lee Chang-ho, who defeated Chang Hao by 4 and a half points with black in the semifinals. Kang prevailed in the final, defeating Lee with white by two and a half points to win his first world championship.
After several years of decent international tournament placings, Kang made another breakthrough to reach the final of the 2015-16 edition of the LG Cup, alongside compatriot Park Yeong-hun. He defeated Park 2–1 in the final to win his second world championship.
Promotion record
Titles and runners-up
Total: 8 titles, 6 runners-up.
External links
Korea Baduk Association profile (in Korean)
Interview
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Kang"
]
}
|
Kang Dongyun (born January 23, 1989) is a professional Go player.
Biography
Kang became a professional in 2002. In 2007, he was promoted to the rank of 7 dan. He is a disciple of Kwon Kab-ryong. He is now a 9-dan professional player.
He is one of the most promising go players. His current record in the 2007 Korean Baduk League is 7 wins 1 loss. So far in this tournament he beat some of the top Korean players like Cho Hunhyun, Lee Chang-ho, Mok Jin-seok and Cho Han-seung.
Kang had a remarkable result in the 10th Nongshim Cup, beating the dominant player of the first stage, Tuo Jiaxi (who had beaten all four of his opponents), and going on to win against Kimio Yamada, Piao Wenyao, Naoki Hane and Qiu Jun in the respective order for 5 straight wins. His reign was ended by Shinji Takao, who was, at that stage, the last remaining member of the Japanese team. Though it was a difficult loss with white, as all of Kang's matches beforehand had been with black, it still made the Korean Team gain an advantage in members remaining, and with fellow Korean baduk kings Lee Se-dol and Lee Chang-ho remaining, Korea was still the strongest contender for the cup. The Chinese team had world number 2 Gu Li and former champion Chang Hao, but the rivalry between the two Lee's and Gu and Chang made the matches seem extra important. However, Lee Chang-ho never got to play, as Lee Se-dol defeated both Chang Hao and Gu Li.
Kang played Park Yeong-hun in the semifinals at the 22nd Fujitsu Cup, defeating Park in 200 moves. This was the first time Kang had ever been in a World Go Championship final. In the final, he went up against Lee Chang-ho, who defeated Chang Hao by 4 and a half points with black in the semifinals. Kang prevailed in the final, defeating Lee with white by two and a half points to win his first world championship.
After several years of decent international tournament placings, Kang made another breakthrough to reach the final of the 2015-16 edition of the LG Cup, alongside compatriot Park Yeong-hun. He defeated Park 2–1 in the final to win his second world championship.
Promotion record
Titles and runners-up
Total: 8 titles, 6 runners-up.
External links
Korea Baduk Association profile (in Korean)
Interview
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
310
],
"text": [
"Korean"
]
}
|
Kang Dongyun (born January 23, 1989) is a professional Go player.
Biography
Kang became a professional in 2002. In 2007, he was promoted to the rank of 7 dan. He is a disciple of Kwon Kab-ryong. He is now a 9-dan professional player.
He is one of the most promising go players. His current record in the 2007 Korean Baduk League is 7 wins 1 loss. So far in this tournament he beat some of the top Korean players like Cho Hunhyun, Lee Chang-ho, Mok Jin-seok and Cho Han-seung.
Kang had a remarkable result in the 10th Nongshim Cup, beating the dominant player of the first stage, Tuo Jiaxi (who had beaten all four of his opponents), and going on to win against Kimio Yamada, Piao Wenyao, Naoki Hane and Qiu Jun in the respective order for 5 straight wins. His reign was ended by Shinji Takao, who was, at that stage, the last remaining member of the Japanese team. Though it was a difficult loss with white, as all of Kang's matches beforehand had been with black, it still made the Korean Team gain an advantage in members remaining, and with fellow Korean baduk kings Lee Se-dol and Lee Chang-ho remaining, Korea was still the strongest contender for the cup. The Chinese team had world number 2 Gu Li and former champion Chang Hao, but the rivalry between the two Lee's and Gu and Chang made the matches seem extra important. However, Lee Chang-ho never got to play, as Lee Se-dol defeated both Chang Hao and Gu Li.
Kang played Park Yeong-hun in the semifinals at the 22nd Fujitsu Cup, defeating Park in 200 moves. This was the first time Kang had ever been in a World Go Championship final. In the final, he went up against Lee Chang-ho, who defeated Chang Hao by 4 and a half points with black in the semifinals. Kang prevailed in the final, defeating Lee with white by two and a half points to win his first world championship.
After several years of decent international tournament placings, Kang made another breakthrough to reach the final of the 2015-16 edition of the LG Cup, alongside compatriot Park Yeong-hun. He defeated Park 2–1 in the final to win his second world championship.
Promotion record
Titles and runners-up
Total: 8 titles, 6 runners-up.
External links
Korea Baduk Association profile (in Korean)
Interview
|
affiliation
|
{
"answer_start": [
2184
],
"text": [
"Korea Baduk Association"
]
}
|
Kenton Harper (1801 – December 25, 1867) was an American newspaper editor, soldier, Indian agent, plantation owner, banker and politician. An officer of the Virginia militia then U.S. Army during the Mexican–American War, Harper later became a Confederate general officer during the American Civil War, and reportedly helped nickname Stonewall Jackson.
Early and family life
Harper was born in 1801 in the city of Chambersburg in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. He was a son of George Kenton Harper, publisher of the Franklin County Repository newspaper, and his wife Nancy McClintock.
By the U.S. Census of 1860, Harper had married Ellen Calhoun. They had four children together; two son's named Samuel and George Kenton, and two daughters named Nancy and Mary. Ellen's sister Catherine Calhoun also lived with the family at this time. Harper's son Samuel C. Harper (1831-1901) would also serve in the Confederate Army, enlisting on August 6, 1862, in Staunton and becoming a quartermaster sergeant in the 62nd Virginia Infantry. Like his father, Samuel survived the war, and but unlike him be buried in the Augusta Stone Presbyterian Church Cemetery.
Publishing and politics
During his youth Harper worked as a printer in Chambersburg. In 1823 he moved southward along to Appalachian foothills to Staunton, Virginia in the Shenandoah Valley. He bought a local newspaper called the Republican Farmer. In time it would become known as the Staunton Spectator, which he would publish until 1849. In 1836, voters in Staunton and surrounding Augusta County, Virginia elected Harper as one of their two representatives (beside veteran Alexander H.H.Stuart) in the Virginia House of Delegates, but he failed to win re-election. Later, voters elected him as Staunton's mayor.During the Mexican War, Harper became a captain in the 1st Virginia Infantry, commanding the volunteer company from Augusta County that served in the northern frontier of Mexico. However he never saw combat and returned home to muster out in August 1848. Harper then was appointed acting inspector general of his brigade, and later was the military governor of Parras in the Mexican state of Coahuila. In 1860 Harper was appointed a major general in Virginia's state militia.From 1851 to 1852, Harper was the United States agent to the Chickasaws at Fort Washita in the Indian Territory, then became an assistant U.S. Secretary of the Interior in Washington, D.C. He also was president of a Staunton-area bank.
American Civil War
When the Civil War began in 1861 Harper chose to follow the Confederate cause. Still a major general in Virginia's state militia, he was given command of the 5th Virginia Infantry Regiment on April 10. Eight days later a force of 2,400 men led by Harper and Brig. Gen. William H. Harman seized the U.S. Army arsenal located at Harpers Ferry in modern-day West Virginia. Despite the fires set by the Union Army forces as they withdrew, Harper's militia managed to salvage 4,000 of the approximately 15,000 muskets in storage there, as well as 300 of the arsenal's milling machines and metal working lathes, plus about 57,000 tools and wooden stocks (all items used in rifle production), which were sent to the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, Virginia. On April 28 Confederate Col. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson arrived to assume command of the forces at Harpers Ferry and began to organize the militia into regiments.On May 1, 1861, Harper was appointed a brigadier general in the Virginia Provisional Army, an organization soon added to the overall Confederate States Army. Seven days later he was commissioned a colonel and given command of the 5th Virginia Infantry, one of the regiments that made up the Stonewall Brigade. Harper and the 5th Virginia fought well during the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, "where his soldierly ability attracted the notice of the army commander." However, Harper resigned from the Confederate Army on September 11, because Jackson refused to allow Harper permission to return home where his wife lay dying.
Upon returning to the Shenandoah Valley, Augusta County voters again elected Harper to the Virginia House of Delegates, where he served until 1864. On June 2 of that year, after abolitionist Union General David Hunter's raid into the Shenandoah Valley, Harper accepted re-appointment as a colonel in the Confederate Army in order to form a regiment from reservist companies located in the Shenandoah Valley. During the Valley Campaigns of 1864 under General Jubal Early, Confederate raiders destroyed Harper's original hometown, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania on July 30, 1864 in retaliation for Hunter's campaign as well as its failure to pay ransom. However, Union forces continued to attack the Shenandoah valley. Col. Harper and his troops (under General Early) were routed at the Battle of Piedmont on June 5–6, 1864 and then the Battle of Waynesboro, Virginia on March 2, 1865.
Postbellum
After the conflict, Harper returned home to Staunton in 1865. Two years later he died of pneumonia on Christmas Day at his plantation, "Glen Allen", and was buried in Staunton's Thornrose Cemetery. During his lifetime, Harper was allegedly credited with drawing the attention of Brig. Gen. Bernard E. Bee to Stonewall Jackson's performance during the First Battle of Bull Run, inspiring Jackson's famous sobriquet.
See also
List of American Civil War generals (Acting Confederate)
Notes
References
printAllardice, Bruce S., More Generals in Gray, Louisiana State University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-8071-3148-2.
Cozzens, Peter, Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign. University of North Carolina Press, 2008. ISBN 0-8078-3200-6.
Eicher, David J., The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War, Simon & Schuster, 2001, ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
Waddell, Joseph A., Annals of Augusta County, Virginia. Richmond: William Ellis Jones, 1886.onlineencyclopediavirginia.org Harpers Ferry during the Civil War.
valley.lib.virginia.edu A 1860 Population Census, Virginia Center for Digital History, University of Virginia.
valley.lib.virginia.edu B Samuel Harper Confederate service file.
Further reading
Hearn, Chester G., Six Years of Hell: Harpers Ferry During the Civil War, Louisiana State University Press, 1996, ISBN 978-0-8071-2440-6.
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
415
],
"text": [
"Chambersburg"
]
}
|
Kenton Harper (1801 – December 25, 1867) was an American newspaper editor, soldier, Indian agent, plantation owner, banker and politician. An officer of the Virginia militia then U.S. Army during the Mexican–American War, Harper later became a Confederate general officer during the American Civil War, and reportedly helped nickname Stonewall Jackson.
Early and family life
Harper was born in 1801 in the city of Chambersburg in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. He was a son of George Kenton Harper, publisher of the Franklin County Repository newspaper, and his wife Nancy McClintock.
By the U.S. Census of 1860, Harper had married Ellen Calhoun. They had four children together; two son's named Samuel and George Kenton, and two daughters named Nancy and Mary. Ellen's sister Catherine Calhoun also lived with the family at this time. Harper's son Samuel C. Harper (1831-1901) would also serve in the Confederate Army, enlisting on August 6, 1862, in Staunton and becoming a quartermaster sergeant in the 62nd Virginia Infantry. Like his father, Samuel survived the war, and but unlike him be buried in the Augusta Stone Presbyterian Church Cemetery.
Publishing and politics
During his youth Harper worked as a printer in Chambersburg. In 1823 he moved southward along to Appalachian foothills to Staunton, Virginia in the Shenandoah Valley. He bought a local newspaper called the Republican Farmer. In time it would become known as the Staunton Spectator, which he would publish until 1849. In 1836, voters in Staunton and surrounding Augusta County, Virginia elected Harper as one of their two representatives (beside veteran Alexander H.H.Stuart) in the Virginia House of Delegates, but he failed to win re-election. Later, voters elected him as Staunton's mayor.During the Mexican War, Harper became a captain in the 1st Virginia Infantry, commanding the volunteer company from Augusta County that served in the northern frontier of Mexico. However he never saw combat and returned home to muster out in August 1848. Harper then was appointed acting inspector general of his brigade, and later was the military governor of Parras in the Mexican state of Coahuila. In 1860 Harper was appointed a major general in Virginia's state militia.From 1851 to 1852, Harper was the United States agent to the Chickasaws at Fort Washita in the Indian Territory, then became an assistant U.S. Secretary of the Interior in Washington, D.C. He also was president of a Staunton-area bank.
American Civil War
When the Civil War began in 1861 Harper chose to follow the Confederate cause. Still a major general in Virginia's state militia, he was given command of the 5th Virginia Infantry Regiment on April 10. Eight days later a force of 2,400 men led by Harper and Brig. Gen. William H. Harman seized the U.S. Army arsenal located at Harpers Ferry in modern-day West Virginia. Despite the fires set by the Union Army forces as they withdrew, Harper's militia managed to salvage 4,000 of the approximately 15,000 muskets in storage there, as well as 300 of the arsenal's milling machines and metal working lathes, plus about 57,000 tools and wooden stocks (all items used in rifle production), which were sent to the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, Virginia. On April 28 Confederate Col. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson arrived to assume command of the forces at Harpers Ferry and began to organize the militia into regiments.On May 1, 1861, Harper was appointed a brigadier general in the Virginia Provisional Army, an organization soon added to the overall Confederate States Army. Seven days later he was commissioned a colonel and given command of the 5th Virginia Infantry, one of the regiments that made up the Stonewall Brigade. Harper and the 5th Virginia fought well during the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, "where his soldierly ability attracted the notice of the army commander." However, Harper resigned from the Confederate Army on September 11, because Jackson refused to allow Harper permission to return home where his wife lay dying.
Upon returning to the Shenandoah Valley, Augusta County voters again elected Harper to the Virginia House of Delegates, where he served until 1864. On June 2 of that year, after abolitionist Union General David Hunter's raid into the Shenandoah Valley, Harper accepted re-appointment as a colonel in the Confederate Army in order to form a regiment from reservist companies located in the Shenandoah Valley. During the Valley Campaigns of 1864 under General Jubal Early, Confederate raiders destroyed Harper's original hometown, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania on July 30, 1864 in retaliation for Hunter's campaign as well as its failure to pay ransom. However, Union forces continued to attack the Shenandoah valley. Col. Harper and his troops (under General Early) were routed at the Battle of Piedmont on June 5–6, 1864 and then the Battle of Waynesboro, Virginia on March 2, 1865.
Postbellum
After the conflict, Harper returned home to Staunton in 1865. Two years later he died of pneumonia on Christmas Day at his plantation, "Glen Allen", and was buried in Staunton's Thornrose Cemetery. During his lifetime, Harper was allegedly credited with drawing the attention of Brig. Gen. Bernard E. Bee to Stonewall Jackson's performance during the First Battle of Bull Run, inspiring Jackson's famous sobriquet.
See also
List of American Civil War generals (Acting Confederate)
Notes
References
printAllardice, Bruce S., More Generals in Gray, Louisiana State University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-8071-3148-2.
Cozzens, Peter, Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign. University of North Carolina Press, 2008. ISBN 0-8078-3200-6.
Eicher, David J., The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War, Simon & Schuster, 2001, ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
Waddell, Joseph A., Annals of Augusta County, Virginia. Richmond: William Ellis Jones, 1886.onlineencyclopediavirginia.org Harpers Ferry during the Civil War.
valley.lib.virginia.edu A 1860 Population Census, Virginia Center for Digital History, University of Virginia.
valley.lib.virginia.edu B Samuel Harper Confederate service file.
Further reading
Hearn, Chester G., Six Years of Hell: Harpers Ferry During the Civil War, Louisiana State University Press, 1996, ISBN 978-0-8071-2440-6.
|
place of death
|
{
"answer_start": [
953
],
"text": [
"Staunton"
]
}
|
Kenton Harper (1801 – December 25, 1867) was an American newspaper editor, soldier, Indian agent, plantation owner, banker and politician. An officer of the Virginia militia then U.S. Army during the Mexican–American War, Harper later became a Confederate general officer during the American Civil War, and reportedly helped nickname Stonewall Jackson.
Early and family life
Harper was born in 1801 in the city of Chambersburg in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. He was a son of George Kenton Harper, publisher of the Franklin County Repository newspaper, and his wife Nancy McClintock.
By the U.S. Census of 1860, Harper had married Ellen Calhoun. They had four children together; two son's named Samuel and George Kenton, and two daughters named Nancy and Mary. Ellen's sister Catherine Calhoun also lived with the family at this time. Harper's son Samuel C. Harper (1831-1901) would also serve in the Confederate Army, enlisting on August 6, 1862, in Staunton and becoming a quartermaster sergeant in the 62nd Virginia Infantry. Like his father, Samuel survived the war, and but unlike him be buried in the Augusta Stone Presbyterian Church Cemetery.
Publishing and politics
During his youth Harper worked as a printer in Chambersburg. In 1823 he moved southward along to Appalachian foothills to Staunton, Virginia in the Shenandoah Valley. He bought a local newspaper called the Republican Farmer. In time it would become known as the Staunton Spectator, which he would publish until 1849. In 1836, voters in Staunton and surrounding Augusta County, Virginia elected Harper as one of their two representatives (beside veteran Alexander H.H.Stuart) in the Virginia House of Delegates, but he failed to win re-election. Later, voters elected him as Staunton's mayor.During the Mexican War, Harper became a captain in the 1st Virginia Infantry, commanding the volunteer company from Augusta County that served in the northern frontier of Mexico. However he never saw combat and returned home to muster out in August 1848. Harper then was appointed acting inspector general of his brigade, and later was the military governor of Parras in the Mexican state of Coahuila. In 1860 Harper was appointed a major general in Virginia's state militia.From 1851 to 1852, Harper was the United States agent to the Chickasaws at Fort Washita in the Indian Territory, then became an assistant U.S. Secretary of the Interior in Washington, D.C. He also was president of a Staunton-area bank.
American Civil War
When the Civil War began in 1861 Harper chose to follow the Confederate cause. Still a major general in Virginia's state militia, he was given command of the 5th Virginia Infantry Regiment on April 10. Eight days later a force of 2,400 men led by Harper and Brig. Gen. William H. Harman seized the U.S. Army arsenal located at Harpers Ferry in modern-day West Virginia. Despite the fires set by the Union Army forces as they withdrew, Harper's militia managed to salvage 4,000 of the approximately 15,000 muskets in storage there, as well as 300 of the arsenal's milling machines and metal working lathes, plus about 57,000 tools and wooden stocks (all items used in rifle production), which were sent to the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, Virginia. On April 28 Confederate Col. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson arrived to assume command of the forces at Harpers Ferry and began to organize the militia into regiments.On May 1, 1861, Harper was appointed a brigadier general in the Virginia Provisional Army, an organization soon added to the overall Confederate States Army. Seven days later he was commissioned a colonel and given command of the 5th Virginia Infantry, one of the regiments that made up the Stonewall Brigade. Harper and the 5th Virginia fought well during the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, "where his soldierly ability attracted the notice of the army commander." However, Harper resigned from the Confederate Army on September 11, because Jackson refused to allow Harper permission to return home where his wife lay dying.
Upon returning to the Shenandoah Valley, Augusta County voters again elected Harper to the Virginia House of Delegates, where he served until 1864. On June 2 of that year, after abolitionist Union General David Hunter's raid into the Shenandoah Valley, Harper accepted re-appointment as a colonel in the Confederate Army in order to form a regiment from reservist companies located in the Shenandoah Valley. During the Valley Campaigns of 1864 under General Jubal Early, Confederate raiders destroyed Harper's original hometown, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania on July 30, 1864 in retaliation for Hunter's campaign as well as its failure to pay ransom. However, Union forces continued to attack the Shenandoah valley. Col. Harper and his troops (under General Early) were routed at the Battle of Piedmont on June 5–6, 1864 and then the Battle of Waynesboro, Virginia on March 2, 1865.
Postbellum
After the conflict, Harper returned home to Staunton in 1865. Two years later he died of pneumonia on Christmas Day at his plantation, "Glen Allen", and was buried in Staunton's Thornrose Cemetery. During his lifetime, Harper was allegedly credited with drawing the attention of Brig. Gen. Bernard E. Bee to Stonewall Jackson's performance during the First Battle of Bull Run, inspiring Jackson's famous sobriquet.
See also
List of American Civil War generals (Acting Confederate)
Notes
References
printAllardice, Bruce S., More Generals in Gray, Louisiana State University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-8071-3148-2.
Cozzens, Peter, Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign. University of North Carolina Press, 2008. ISBN 0-8078-3200-6.
Eicher, David J., The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War, Simon & Schuster, 2001, ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
Waddell, Joseph A., Annals of Augusta County, Virginia. Richmond: William Ellis Jones, 1886.onlineencyclopediavirginia.org Harpers Ferry during the Civil War.
valley.lib.virginia.edu A 1860 Population Census, Virginia Center for Digital History, University of Virginia.
valley.lib.virginia.edu B Samuel Harper Confederate service file.
Further reading
Hearn, Chester G., Six Years of Hell: Harpers Ferry During the Civil War, Louisiana State University Press, 1996, ISBN 978-0-8071-2440-6.
|
military branch
|
{
"answer_start": [
3550
],
"text": [
"Confederate States Army"
]
}
|
Kenton Harper (1801 – December 25, 1867) was an American newspaper editor, soldier, Indian agent, plantation owner, banker and politician. An officer of the Virginia militia then U.S. Army during the Mexican–American War, Harper later became a Confederate general officer during the American Civil War, and reportedly helped nickname Stonewall Jackson.
Early and family life
Harper was born in 1801 in the city of Chambersburg in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. He was a son of George Kenton Harper, publisher of the Franklin County Repository newspaper, and his wife Nancy McClintock.
By the U.S. Census of 1860, Harper had married Ellen Calhoun. They had four children together; two son's named Samuel and George Kenton, and two daughters named Nancy and Mary. Ellen's sister Catherine Calhoun also lived with the family at this time. Harper's son Samuel C. Harper (1831-1901) would also serve in the Confederate Army, enlisting on August 6, 1862, in Staunton and becoming a quartermaster sergeant in the 62nd Virginia Infantry. Like his father, Samuel survived the war, and but unlike him be buried in the Augusta Stone Presbyterian Church Cemetery.
Publishing and politics
During his youth Harper worked as a printer in Chambersburg. In 1823 he moved southward along to Appalachian foothills to Staunton, Virginia in the Shenandoah Valley. He bought a local newspaper called the Republican Farmer. In time it would become known as the Staunton Spectator, which he would publish until 1849. In 1836, voters in Staunton and surrounding Augusta County, Virginia elected Harper as one of their two representatives (beside veteran Alexander H.H.Stuart) in the Virginia House of Delegates, but he failed to win re-election. Later, voters elected him as Staunton's mayor.During the Mexican War, Harper became a captain in the 1st Virginia Infantry, commanding the volunteer company from Augusta County that served in the northern frontier of Mexico. However he never saw combat and returned home to muster out in August 1848. Harper then was appointed acting inspector general of his brigade, and later was the military governor of Parras in the Mexican state of Coahuila. In 1860 Harper was appointed a major general in Virginia's state militia.From 1851 to 1852, Harper was the United States agent to the Chickasaws at Fort Washita in the Indian Territory, then became an assistant U.S. Secretary of the Interior in Washington, D.C. He also was president of a Staunton-area bank.
American Civil War
When the Civil War began in 1861 Harper chose to follow the Confederate cause. Still a major general in Virginia's state militia, he was given command of the 5th Virginia Infantry Regiment on April 10. Eight days later a force of 2,400 men led by Harper and Brig. Gen. William H. Harman seized the U.S. Army arsenal located at Harpers Ferry in modern-day West Virginia. Despite the fires set by the Union Army forces as they withdrew, Harper's militia managed to salvage 4,000 of the approximately 15,000 muskets in storage there, as well as 300 of the arsenal's milling machines and metal working lathes, plus about 57,000 tools and wooden stocks (all items used in rifle production), which were sent to the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, Virginia. On April 28 Confederate Col. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson arrived to assume command of the forces at Harpers Ferry and began to organize the militia into regiments.On May 1, 1861, Harper was appointed a brigadier general in the Virginia Provisional Army, an organization soon added to the overall Confederate States Army. Seven days later he was commissioned a colonel and given command of the 5th Virginia Infantry, one of the regiments that made up the Stonewall Brigade. Harper and the 5th Virginia fought well during the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, "where his soldierly ability attracted the notice of the army commander." However, Harper resigned from the Confederate Army on September 11, because Jackson refused to allow Harper permission to return home where his wife lay dying.
Upon returning to the Shenandoah Valley, Augusta County voters again elected Harper to the Virginia House of Delegates, where he served until 1864. On June 2 of that year, after abolitionist Union General David Hunter's raid into the Shenandoah Valley, Harper accepted re-appointment as a colonel in the Confederate Army in order to form a regiment from reservist companies located in the Shenandoah Valley. During the Valley Campaigns of 1864 under General Jubal Early, Confederate raiders destroyed Harper's original hometown, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania on July 30, 1864 in retaliation for Hunter's campaign as well as its failure to pay ransom. However, Union forces continued to attack the Shenandoah valley. Col. Harper and his troops (under General Early) were routed at the Battle of Piedmont on June 5–6, 1864 and then the Battle of Waynesboro, Virginia on March 2, 1865.
Postbellum
After the conflict, Harper returned home to Staunton in 1865. Two years later he died of pneumonia on Christmas Day at his plantation, "Glen Allen", and was buried in Staunton's Thornrose Cemetery. During his lifetime, Harper was allegedly credited with drawing the attention of Brig. Gen. Bernard E. Bee to Stonewall Jackson's performance during the First Battle of Bull Run, inspiring Jackson's famous sobriquet.
See also
List of American Civil War generals (Acting Confederate)
Notes
References
printAllardice, Bruce S., More Generals in Gray, Louisiana State University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-8071-3148-2.
Cozzens, Peter, Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign. University of North Carolina Press, 2008. ISBN 0-8078-3200-6.
Eicher, David J., The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War, Simon & Schuster, 2001, ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
Waddell, Joseph A., Annals of Augusta County, Virginia. Richmond: William Ellis Jones, 1886.onlineencyclopediavirginia.org Harpers Ferry during the Civil War.
valley.lib.virginia.edu A 1860 Population Census, Virginia Center for Digital History, University of Virginia.
valley.lib.virginia.edu B Samuel Harper Confederate service file.
Further reading
Hearn, Chester G., Six Years of Hell: Harpers Ferry During the Civil War, Louisiana State University Press, 1996, ISBN 978-0-8071-2440-6.
|
military rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
256
],
"text": [
"general"
]
}
|
Kenton Harper (1801 – December 25, 1867) was an American newspaper editor, soldier, Indian agent, plantation owner, banker and politician. An officer of the Virginia militia then U.S. Army during the Mexican–American War, Harper later became a Confederate general officer during the American Civil War, and reportedly helped nickname Stonewall Jackson.
Early and family life
Harper was born in 1801 in the city of Chambersburg in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. He was a son of George Kenton Harper, publisher of the Franklin County Repository newspaper, and his wife Nancy McClintock.
By the U.S. Census of 1860, Harper had married Ellen Calhoun. They had four children together; two son's named Samuel and George Kenton, and two daughters named Nancy and Mary. Ellen's sister Catherine Calhoun also lived with the family at this time. Harper's son Samuel C. Harper (1831-1901) would also serve in the Confederate Army, enlisting on August 6, 1862, in Staunton and becoming a quartermaster sergeant in the 62nd Virginia Infantry. Like his father, Samuel survived the war, and but unlike him be buried in the Augusta Stone Presbyterian Church Cemetery.
Publishing and politics
During his youth Harper worked as a printer in Chambersburg. In 1823 he moved southward along to Appalachian foothills to Staunton, Virginia in the Shenandoah Valley. He bought a local newspaper called the Republican Farmer. In time it would become known as the Staunton Spectator, which he would publish until 1849. In 1836, voters in Staunton and surrounding Augusta County, Virginia elected Harper as one of their two representatives (beside veteran Alexander H.H.Stuart) in the Virginia House of Delegates, but he failed to win re-election. Later, voters elected him as Staunton's mayor.During the Mexican War, Harper became a captain in the 1st Virginia Infantry, commanding the volunteer company from Augusta County that served in the northern frontier of Mexico. However he never saw combat and returned home to muster out in August 1848. Harper then was appointed acting inspector general of his brigade, and later was the military governor of Parras in the Mexican state of Coahuila. In 1860 Harper was appointed a major general in Virginia's state militia.From 1851 to 1852, Harper was the United States agent to the Chickasaws at Fort Washita in the Indian Territory, then became an assistant U.S. Secretary of the Interior in Washington, D.C. He also was president of a Staunton-area bank.
American Civil War
When the Civil War began in 1861 Harper chose to follow the Confederate cause. Still a major general in Virginia's state militia, he was given command of the 5th Virginia Infantry Regiment on April 10. Eight days later a force of 2,400 men led by Harper and Brig. Gen. William H. Harman seized the U.S. Army arsenal located at Harpers Ferry in modern-day West Virginia. Despite the fires set by the Union Army forces as they withdrew, Harper's militia managed to salvage 4,000 of the approximately 15,000 muskets in storage there, as well as 300 of the arsenal's milling machines and metal working lathes, plus about 57,000 tools and wooden stocks (all items used in rifle production), which were sent to the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, Virginia. On April 28 Confederate Col. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson arrived to assume command of the forces at Harpers Ferry and began to organize the militia into regiments.On May 1, 1861, Harper was appointed a brigadier general in the Virginia Provisional Army, an organization soon added to the overall Confederate States Army. Seven days later he was commissioned a colonel and given command of the 5th Virginia Infantry, one of the regiments that made up the Stonewall Brigade. Harper and the 5th Virginia fought well during the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, "where his soldierly ability attracted the notice of the army commander." However, Harper resigned from the Confederate Army on September 11, because Jackson refused to allow Harper permission to return home where his wife lay dying.
Upon returning to the Shenandoah Valley, Augusta County voters again elected Harper to the Virginia House of Delegates, where he served until 1864. On June 2 of that year, after abolitionist Union General David Hunter's raid into the Shenandoah Valley, Harper accepted re-appointment as a colonel in the Confederate Army in order to form a regiment from reservist companies located in the Shenandoah Valley. During the Valley Campaigns of 1864 under General Jubal Early, Confederate raiders destroyed Harper's original hometown, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania on July 30, 1864 in retaliation for Hunter's campaign as well as its failure to pay ransom. However, Union forces continued to attack the Shenandoah valley. Col. Harper and his troops (under General Early) were routed at the Battle of Piedmont on June 5–6, 1864 and then the Battle of Waynesboro, Virginia on March 2, 1865.
Postbellum
After the conflict, Harper returned home to Staunton in 1865. Two years later he died of pneumonia on Christmas Day at his plantation, "Glen Allen", and was buried in Staunton's Thornrose Cemetery. During his lifetime, Harper was allegedly credited with drawing the attention of Brig. Gen. Bernard E. Bee to Stonewall Jackson's performance during the First Battle of Bull Run, inspiring Jackson's famous sobriquet.
See also
List of American Civil War generals (Acting Confederate)
Notes
References
printAllardice, Bruce S., More Generals in Gray, Louisiana State University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-8071-3148-2.
Cozzens, Peter, Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign. University of North Carolina Press, 2008. ISBN 0-8078-3200-6.
Eicher, David J., The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War, Simon & Schuster, 2001, ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
Waddell, Joseph A., Annals of Augusta County, Virginia. Richmond: William Ellis Jones, 1886.onlineencyclopediavirginia.org Harpers Ferry during the Civil War.
valley.lib.virginia.edu A 1860 Population Census, Virginia Center for Digital History, University of Virginia.
valley.lib.virginia.edu B Samuel Harper Confederate service file.
Further reading
Hearn, Chester G., Six Years of Hell: Harpers Ferry During the Civil War, Louisiana State University Press, 1996, ISBN 978-0-8071-2440-6.
|
conflict
|
{
"answer_start": [
283
],
"text": [
"American Civil War"
]
}
|
Kenton Harper (1801 – December 25, 1867) was an American newspaper editor, soldier, Indian agent, plantation owner, banker and politician. An officer of the Virginia militia then U.S. Army during the Mexican–American War, Harper later became a Confederate general officer during the American Civil War, and reportedly helped nickname Stonewall Jackson.
Early and family life
Harper was born in 1801 in the city of Chambersburg in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. He was a son of George Kenton Harper, publisher of the Franklin County Repository newspaper, and his wife Nancy McClintock.
By the U.S. Census of 1860, Harper had married Ellen Calhoun. They had four children together; two son's named Samuel and George Kenton, and two daughters named Nancy and Mary. Ellen's sister Catherine Calhoun also lived with the family at this time. Harper's son Samuel C. Harper (1831-1901) would also serve in the Confederate Army, enlisting on August 6, 1862, in Staunton and becoming a quartermaster sergeant in the 62nd Virginia Infantry. Like his father, Samuel survived the war, and but unlike him be buried in the Augusta Stone Presbyterian Church Cemetery.
Publishing and politics
During his youth Harper worked as a printer in Chambersburg. In 1823 he moved southward along to Appalachian foothills to Staunton, Virginia in the Shenandoah Valley. He bought a local newspaper called the Republican Farmer. In time it would become known as the Staunton Spectator, which he would publish until 1849. In 1836, voters in Staunton and surrounding Augusta County, Virginia elected Harper as one of their two representatives (beside veteran Alexander H.H.Stuart) in the Virginia House of Delegates, but he failed to win re-election. Later, voters elected him as Staunton's mayor.During the Mexican War, Harper became a captain in the 1st Virginia Infantry, commanding the volunteer company from Augusta County that served in the northern frontier of Mexico. However he never saw combat and returned home to muster out in August 1848. Harper then was appointed acting inspector general of his brigade, and later was the military governor of Parras in the Mexican state of Coahuila. In 1860 Harper was appointed a major general in Virginia's state militia.From 1851 to 1852, Harper was the United States agent to the Chickasaws at Fort Washita in the Indian Territory, then became an assistant U.S. Secretary of the Interior in Washington, D.C. He also was president of a Staunton-area bank.
American Civil War
When the Civil War began in 1861 Harper chose to follow the Confederate cause. Still a major general in Virginia's state militia, he was given command of the 5th Virginia Infantry Regiment on April 10. Eight days later a force of 2,400 men led by Harper and Brig. Gen. William H. Harman seized the U.S. Army arsenal located at Harpers Ferry in modern-day West Virginia. Despite the fires set by the Union Army forces as they withdrew, Harper's militia managed to salvage 4,000 of the approximately 15,000 muskets in storage there, as well as 300 of the arsenal's milling machines and metal working lathes, plus about 57,000 tools and wooden stocks (all items used in rifle production), which were sent to the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, Virginia. On April 28 Confederate Col. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson arrived to assume command of the forces at Harpers Ferry and began to organize the militia into regiments.On May 1, 1861, Harper was appointed a brigadier general in the Virginia Provisional Army, an organization soon added to the overall Confederate States Army. Seven days later he was commissioned a colonel and given command of the 5th Virginia Infantry, one of the regiments that made up the Stonewall Brigade. Harper and the 5th Virginia fought well during the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, "where his soldierly ability attracted the notice of the army commander." However, Harper resigned from the Confederate Army on September 11, because Jackson refused to allow Harper permission to return home where his wife lay dying.
Upon returning to the Shenandoah Valley, Augusta County voters again elected Harper to the Virginia House of Delegates, where he served until 1864. On June 2 of that year, after abolitionist Union General David Hunter's raid into the Shenandoah Valley, Harper accepted re-appointment as a colonel in the Confederate Army in order to form a regiment from reservist companies located in the Shenandoah Valley. During the Valley Campaigns of 1864 under General Jubal Early, Confederate raiders destroyed Harper's original hometown, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania on July 30, 1864 in retaliation for Hunter's campaign as well as its failure to pay ransom. However, Union forces continued to attack the Shenandoah valley. Col. Harper and his troops (under General Early) were routed at the Battle of Piedmont on June 5–6, 1864 and then the Battle of Waynesboro, Virginia on March 2, 1865.
Postbellum
After the conflict, Harper returned home to Staunton in 1865. Two years later he died of pneumonia on Christmas Day at his plantation, "Glen Allen", and was buried in Staunton's Thornrose Cemetery. During his lifetime, Harper was allegedly credited with drawing the attention of Brig. Gen. Bernard E. Bee to Stonewall Jackson's performance during the First Battle of Bull Run, inspiring Jackson's famous sobriquet.
See also
List of American Civil War generals (Acting Confederate)
Notes
References
printAllardice, Bruce S., More Generals in Gray, Louisiana State University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-8071-3148-2.
Cozzens, Peter, Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign. University of North Carolina Press, 2008. ISBN 0-8078-3200-6.
Eicher, David J., The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War, Simon & Schuster, 2001, ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
Waddell, Joseph A., Annals of Augusta County, Virginia. Richmond: William Ellis Jones, 1886.onlineencyclopediavirginia.org Harpers Ferry during the Civil War.
valley.lib.virginia.edu A 1860 Population Census, Virginia Center for Digital History, University of Virginia.
valley.lib.virginia.edu B Samuel Harper Confederate service file.
Further reading
Hearn, Chester G., Six Years of Hell: Harpers Ferry During the Civil War, Louisiana State University Press, 1996, ISBN 978-0-8071-2440-6.
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
7
],
"text": [
"Harper"
]
}
|
Joseph Cotton a.k.a. Jah Walton (born Silbert Walton, 1957, St. Ann, Jamaica) is a reggae singer active since the mid-1970s.
Biography
After spending a year working in the Jamaican police force, Walton turned to recording, initially working with Joe Gibbs in 1976, under the name Jah Walton. He then moved to Harry Mudie, recording popular tracks such as "Stay a Yard and Praise God", "Touch Her Where She Want It Most" (the title track from his debut album), and "Married to a Bank Cashier". In the mid-1980s, he began recording under the name Joseph Cotton, immediately having success in the United Kingdom with "No Touch the Style", leading to a television appearance on Channel 4's Club Mix programme in 1987. Several more reggae chart hits followed in the form of "Things Running Slow", "Pat Ha Fe Cook", "Tutoring", "Judge Cotton", and "What Is This". Cotton continued to perform and record into the 1990s, 2000s and the present day. He now lives in France where he performs at venues throughout the country and elsewhere in Europe both solo and in collaboration with other reggae artists.
Albums
Touch Her Where She Want It Most (1981) Music Force
Talk of the Town (1984) Thunder Bolt
Cotton Style (1990) South East - credited to Joseph Cotton and the Lord Son (Glen Brown)
No Touch the Style (1987) Blue Mountain/VP
Dancehall Days (1998) Moll Selekta (compilation)
The Good Old Days of the 70s (1998) Teem (Joseph Cotton & Mike Brooks)
Things You Should Know (1999)
Kingston a Run Red (2002) China Visit
Black & White Ting (200?) P.O.T.
100% Pure Cotton (2005) P.O.T.
Worldpeace (2005) P.O.T.
Unity Amongst the Youths (2006) Jet Star
Showcase (200?)
Joseph Cotton Meets Lion Stepper (2009)
True Life (2013) Disco-Box Music
Nightlife (2014) Atili Bandelero Records
References
External links
Joseph Cotton at Roots Archives
Joseph Cotton_My People_Video on YouTube
|
child
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Joseph Cotton"
]
}
|
Joseph Cotton a.k.a. Jah Walton (born Silbert Walton, 1957, St. Ann, Jamaica) is a reggae singer active since the mid-1970s.
Biography
After spending a year working in the Jamaican police force, Walton turned to recording, initially working with Joe Gibbs in 1976, under the name Jah Walton. He then moved to Harry Mudie, recording popular tracks such as "Stay a Yard and Praise God", "Touch Her Where She Want It Most" (the title track from his debut album), and "Married to a Bank Cashier". In the mid-1980s, he began recording under the name Joseph Cotton, immediately having success in the United Kingdom with "No Touch the Style", leading to a television appearance on Channel 4's Club Mix programme in 1987. Several more reggae chart hits followed in the form of "Things Running Slow", "Pat Ha Fe Cook", "Tutoring", "Judge Cotton", and "What Is This". Cotton continued to perform and record into the 1990s, 2000s and the present day. He now lives in France where he performs at venues throughout the country and elsewhere in Europe both solo and in collaboration with other reggae artists.
Albums
Touch Her Where She Want It Most (1981) Music Force
Talk of the Town (1984) Thunder Bolt
Cotton Style (1990) South East - credited to Joseph Cotton and the Lord Son (Glen Brown)
No Touch the Style (1987) Blue Mountain/VP
Dancehall Days (1998) Moll Selekta (compilation)
The Good Old Days of the 70s (1998) Teem (Joseph Cotton & Mike Brooks)
Things You Should Know (1999)
Kingston a Run Red (2002) China Visit
Black & White Ting (200?) P.O.T.
100% Pure Cotton (2005) P.O.T.
Worldpeace (2005) P.O.T.
Unity Amongst the Youths (2006) Jet Star
Showcase (200?)
Joseph Cotton Meets Lion Stepper (2009)
True Life (2013) Disco-Box Music
Nightlife (2014) Atili Bandelero Records
References
External links
Joseph Cotton at Roots Archives
Joseph Cotton_My People_Video on YouTube
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
69
],
"text": [
"Jamaica"
]
}
|
Joseph Cotton a.k.a. Jah Walton (born Silbert Walton, 1957, St. Ann, Jamaica) is a reggae singer active since the mid-1970s.
Biography
After spending a year working in the Jamaican police force, Walton turned to recording, initially working with Joe Gibbs in 1976, under the name Jah Walton. He then moved to Harry Mudie, recording popular tracks such as "Stay a Yard and Praise God", "Touch Her Where She Want It Most" (the title track from his debut album), and "Married to a Bank Cashier". In the mid-1980s, he began recording under the name Joseph Cotton, immediately having success in the United Kingdom with "No Touch the Style", leading to a television appearance on Channel 4's Club Mix programme in 1987. Several more reggae chart hits followed in the form of "Things Running Slow", "Pat Ha Fe Cook", "Tutoring", "Judge Cotton", and "What Is This". Cotton continued to perform and record into the 1990s, 2000s and the present day. He now lives in France where he performs at venues throughout the country and elsewhere in Europe both solo and in collaboration with other reggae artists.
Albums
Touch Her Where She Want It Most (1981) Music Force
Talk of the Town (1984) Thunder Bolt
Cotton Style (1990) South East - credited to Joseph Cotton and the Lord Son (Glen Brown)
No Touch the Style (1987) Blue Mountain/VP
Dancehall Days (1998) Moll Selekta (compilation)
The Good Old Days of the 70s (1998) Teem (Joseph Cotton & Mike Brooks)
Things You Should Know (1999)
Kingston a Run Red (2002) China Visit
Black & White Ting (200?) P.O.T.
100% Pure Cotton (2005) P.O.T.
Worldpeace (2005) P.O.T.
Unity Amongst the Youths (2006) Jet Star
Showcase (200?)
Joseph Cotton Meets Lion Stepper (2009)
True Life (2013) Disco-Box Music
Nightlife (2014) Atili Bandelero Records
References
External links
Joseph Cotton at Roots Archives
Joseph Cotton_My People_Video on YouTube
|
genre
|
{
"answer_start": [
83
],
"text": [
"reggae"
]
}
|
Joseph Cotton a.k.a. Jah Walton (born Silbert Walton, 1957, St. Ann, Jamaica) is a reggae singer active since the mid-1970s.
Biography
After spending a year working in the Jamaican police force, Walton turned to recording, initially working with Joe Gibbs in 1976, under the name Jah Walton. He then moved to Harry Mudie, recording popular tracks such as "Stay a Yard and Praise God", "Touch Her Where She Want It Most" (the title track from his debut album), and "Married to a Bank Cashier". In the mid-1980s, he began recording under the name Joseph Cotton, immediately having success in the United Kingdom with "No Touch the Style", leading to a television appearance on Channel 4's Club Mix programme in 1987. Several more reggae chart hits followed in the form of "Things Running Slow", "Pat Ha Fe Cook", "Tutoring", "Judge Cotton", and "What Is This". Cotton continued to perform and record into the 1990s, 2000s and the present day. He now lives in France where he performs at venues throughout the country and elsewhere in Europe both solo and in collaboration with other reggae artists.
Albums
Touch Her Where She Want It Most (1981) Music Force
Talk of the Town (1984) Thunder Bolt
Cotton Style (1990) South East - credited to Joseph Cotton and the Lord Son (Glen Brown)
No Touch the Style (1987) Blue Mountain/VP
Dancehall Days (1998) Moll Selekta (compilation)
The Good Old Days of the 70s (1998) Teem (Joseph Cotton & Mike Brooks)
Things You Should Know (1999)
Kingston a Run Red (2002) China Visit
Black & White Ting (200?) P.O.T.
100% Pure Cotton (2005) P.O.T.
Worldpeace (2005) P.O.T.
Unity Amongst the Youths (2006) Jet Star
Showcase (200?)
Joseph Cotton Meets Lion Stepper (2009)
True Life (2013) Disco-Box Music
Nightlife (2014) Atili Bandelero Records
References
External links
Joseph Cotton at Roots Archives
Joseph Cotton_My People_Video on YouTube
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
7
],
"text": [
"Cotton"
]
}
|
Joseph Cotton a.k.a. Jah Walton (born Silbert Walton, 1957, St. Ann, Jamaica) is a reggae singer active since the mid-1970s.
Biography
After spending a year working in the Jamaican police force, Walton turned to recording, initially working with Joe Gibbs in 1976, under the name Jah Walton. He then moved to Harry Mudie, recording popular tracks such as "Stay a Yard and Praise God", "Touch Her Where She Want It Most" (the title track from his debut album), and "Married to a Bank Cashier". In the mid-1980s, he began recording under the name Joseph Cotton, immediately having success in the United Kingdom with "No Touch the Style", leading to a television appearance on Channel 4's Club Mix programme in 1987. Several more reggae chart hits followed in the form of "Things Running Slow", "Pat Ha Fe Cook", "Tutoring", "Judge Cotton", and "What Is This". Cotton continued to perform and record into the 1990s, 2000s and the present day. He now lives in France where he performs at venues throughout the country and elsewhere in Europe both solo and in collaboration with other reggae artists.
Albums
Touch Her Where She Want It Most (1981) Music Force
Talk of the Town (1984) Thunder Bolt
Cotton Style (1990) South East - credited to Joseph Cotton and the Lord Son (Glen Brown)
No Touch the Style (1987) Blue Mountain/VP
Dancehall Days (1998) Moll Selekta (compilation)
The Good Old Days of the 70s (1998) Teem (Joseph Cotton & Mike Brooks)
Things You Should Know (1999)
Kingston a Run Red (2002) China Visit
Black & White Ting (200?) P.O.T.
100% Pure Cotton (2005) P.O.T.
Worldpeace (2005) P.O.T.
Unity Amongst the Youths (2006) Jet Star
Showcase (200?)
Joseph Cotton Meets Lion Stepper (2009)
True Life (2013) Disco-Box Music
Nightlife (2014) Atili Bandelero Records
References
External links
Joseph Cotton at Roots Archives
Joseph Cotton_My People_Video on YouTube
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Joseph"
]
}
|
Joseph Cotton a.k.a. Jah Walton (born Silbert Walton, 1957, St. Ann, Jamaica) is a reggae singer active since the mid-1970s.
Biography
After spending a year working in the Jamaican police force, Walton turned to recording, initially working with Joe Gibbs in 1976, under the name Jah Walton. He then moved to Harry Mudie, recording popular tracks such as "Stay a Yard and Praise God", "Touch Her Where She Want It Most" (the title track from his debut album), and "Married to a Bank Cashier". In the mid-1980s, he began recording under the name Joseph Cotton, immediately having success in the United Kingdom with "No Touch the Style", leading to a television appearance on Channel 4's Club Mix programme in 1987. Several more reggae chart hits followed in the form of "Things Running Slow", "Pat Ha Fe Cook", "Tutoring", "Judge Cotton", and "What Is This". Cotton continued to perform and record into the 1990s, 2000s and the present day. He now lives in France where he performs at venues throughout the country and elsewhere in Europe both solo and in collaboration with other reggae artists.
Albums
Touch Her Where She Want It Most (1981) Music Force
Talk of the Town (1984) Thunder Bolt
Cotton Style (1990) South East - credited to Joseph Cotton and the Lord Son (Glen Brown)
No Touch the Style (1987) Blue Mountain/VP
Dancehall Days (1998) Moll Selekta (compilation)
The Good Old Days of the 70s (1998) Teem (Joseph Cotton & Mike Brooks)
Things You Should Know (1999)
Kingston a Run Red (2002) China Visit
Black & White Ting (200?) P.O.T.
100% Pure Cotton (2005) P.O.T.
Worldpeace (2005) P.O.T.
Unity Amongst the Youths (2006) Jet Star
Showcase (200?)
Joseph Cotton Meets Lion Stepper (2009)
True Life (2013) Disco-Box Music
Nightlife (2014) Atili Bandelero Records
References
External links
Joseph Cotton at Roots Archives
Joseph Cotton_My People_Video on YouTube
|
father
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Joseph Cotton"
]
}
|
The American School of Milan (ASM) is a non-profit international college preparatory day school located south of Milan, Italy. The school’s mission is to provide a modern and rigorous education for international students to excel in the changing world of tomorrow. ASM is accredited through the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and is an IB World School offering the Diploma Program since 1983. ASM offers a student-centered, American-style education that encourages children to develop their full potential, achieve personal excellence and become global citizens committed to lifelong learning. ASM embraces the IB learner profile along with the school values of respect, curiosity, integrity, courage and kindness. Technology is a key focus at ASM and an integral part of student learning. The elementary school integrates iPads to prepare students for the 1:1 laptop program that begins in Grade 6. The school also offers 3D design, robotics, digital art, photography and film courses in a modern film studio. There is Wi-Fi campus wide. More than 60% of the student population is international.
The school offers instruction in English from Early Childhood through High School and the student body is composed of around 800 children aged 3–18.
Campus History
In 1962, a small group of English speaking parents in Milan decided that they wanted to provide their children with an Anglo-American education. They formed a non-profit association dedicated to providing an American-style education for their children, hence, American Community School of Milan was launched. The association was financed through the School's small but growing community. In the early years, ASM had many different homes in Milan but in 1976, the building committee reached an agreement with a local real estate developer who donated a 9-acre property to the school in Noverasco di Opera, just south of Milan. The school was built on this site where it still stands today. It is flanked by a golf course and there is a community tennis center and pool across the street. The school has had several expansions and renovations since its establishment, the most recent was in 2019 when the school inaugurated a 500-seat auditorium.
Affiliations and accreditations
ASM offers an American-international curriculum to its students with a mix of programs that combine American programs and standards with international ones. ASM has been an International Baccalaureate (IB) World School since June 1983. It offers the Diploma Programme (DP) [1] in grades 11-12. ASM is also accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools.
School governance and board of trustees
ASM is an association under Italian law and is a nonprofit organization run by a board of trustees elected by the parent community. The ASM board of trustees is composed of twelve volunteering members. The board appoints the director to carry out the school's day-to-day operations.
School system
ASM is divided into different scholastic areas: the Early Childhood, Elementary and Upper School.
Early Childhood (ages 3–4), a full day pre-school program where children learn through play and exploration.
Elementary (grade Kindergarten-5): American International Program with specials that include science lab, art, music, gym, library and Italian lessons.
Middle School (grades 6-8): ASM designed program aligned to US common core standards, mixing required and elective classes.
High School (grades 9-12). The High School program is composed of a Diploma Preparation Program for grades 9-10 (to prepare students for the IB Diploma programme). The program offers a mix of core subjects and elective courses in the arts, technology and other academic areas; Grades 11-12 follow the IB Diploma programme and students also finish with an American High School Diploma.
Technology
All classrooms are equipped with interactive whiteboards and there is Wi-Fi throughout the school. In the Elementary school, students use iPads as part of their school day, while from Grade 6 and up, students use personal laptops.
After-School Activities
ASM offers a variety of after-school activities. Active or sport activities include swimming, tennis, golf, gymnastics, rock climbing, karate, taekwondo, soccer, and middle school and varsity sports (basketball, athletics, soccer, volleyball, golf, badminton, tennis). Creative options include yearbook, the elementary and upper school musicals, violin and band/orchestra, while academic options include chess, Model United Nations (MUN), technology, SAT Math & English Prep and Italian Math Prep for Italian Terza Media Exam.
Volunteering
After the recent earthquake in Central Italy, ASM organized a fundraising event to help the victims of the Amatrice earthquake. In June 2016 and 2017, a group of students went to Nuwakot District in Nepal to help rebuild a school that was destroyed by the Gorkha earthquake in 2015. Most recently in June 2018, students traveled to Puerto Rico to help communities rebuild following Hurricane Maria.
PTO
The PTO is the Parent Teacher Organization and its purpose is to enhance the students' academic, cultural, physical and social development as well as foster a sense of community for all ASM families and staff members. The PTO organizes many events during the school year including a Halloween party, International Night and Back-to-School Picnic.
See also
La Scuola d'Italia Guglielmo Marconi - Italian international school in New York City
American Overseas School of Rome
Aviano American High School
Marymount International School of Rome
Naples American High School
References
^ ASM on the IB official site http://www.ibo.org/school/000261/.
^ The American School of Milan chooses Dell Premier Page http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/casestudies/FY2008_Q2_id350.
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The American School of Milan (ASM) is a non-profit international college preparatory day school located south of Milan, Italy. The school’s mission is to provide a modern and rigorous education for international students to excel in the changing world of tomorrow. ASM is accredited through the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and is an IB World School offering the Diploma Program since 1983. ASM offers a student-centered, American-style education that encourages children to develop their full potential, achieve personal excellence and become global citizens committed to lifelong learning. ASM embraces the IB learner profile along with the school values of respect, curiosity, integrity, courage and kindness. Technology is a key focus at ASM and an integral part of student learning. The elementary school integrates iPads to prepare students for the 1:1 laptop program that begins in Grade 6. The school also offers 3D design, robotics, digital art, photography and film courses in a modern film studio. There is Wi-Fi campus wide. More than 60% of the student population is international.
The school offers instruction in English from Early Childhood through High School and the student body is composed of around 800 children aged 3–18.
Campus History
In 1962, a small group of English speaking parents in Milan decided that they wanted to provide their children with an Anglo-American education. They formed a non-profit association dedicated to providing an American-style education for their children, hence, American Community School of Milan was launched. The association was financed through the School's small but growing community. In the early years, ASM had many different homes in Milan but in 1976, the building committee reached an agreement with a local real estate developer who donated a 9-acre property to the school in Noverasco di Opera, just south of Milan. The school was built on this site where it still stands today. It is flanked by a golf course and there is a community tennis center and pool across the street. The school has had several expansions and renovations since its establishment, the most recent was in 2019 when the school inaugurated a 500-seat auditorium.
Affiliations and accreditations
ASM offers an American-international curriculum to its students with a mix of programs that combine American programs and standards with international ones. ASM has been an International Baccalaureate (IB) World School since June 1983. It offers the Diploma Programme (DP) [1] in grades 11-12. ASM is also accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools.
School governance and board of trustees
ASM is an association under Italian law and is a nonprofit organization run by a board of trustees elected by the parent community. The ASM board of trustees is composed of twelve volunteering members. The board appoints the director to carry out the school's day-to-day operations.
School system
ASM is divided into different scholastic areas: the Early Childhood, Elementary and Upper School.
Early Childhood (ages 3–4), a full day pre-school program where children learn through play and exploration.
Elementary (grade Kindergarten-5): American International Program with specials that include science lab, art, music, gym, library and Italian lessons.
Middle School (grades 6-8): ASM designed program aligned to US common core standards, mixing required and elective classes.
High School (grades 9-12). The High School program is composed of a Diploma Preparation Program for grades 9-10 (to prepare students for the IB Diploma programme). The program offers a mix of core subjects and elective courses in the arts, technology and other academic areas; Grades 11-12 follow the IB Diploma programme and students also finish with an American High School Diploma.
Technology
All classrooms are equipped with interactive whiteboards and there is Wi-Fi throughout the school. In the Elementary school, students use iPads as part of their school day, while from Grade 6 and up, students use personal laptops.
After-School Activities
ASM offers a variety of after-school activities. Active or sport activities include swimming, tennis, golf, gymnastics, rock climbing, karate, taekwondo, soccer, and middle school and varsity sports (basketball, athletics, soccer, volleyball, golf, badminton, tennis). Creative options include yearbook, the elementary and upper school musicals, violin and band/orchestra, while academic options include chess, Model United Nations (MUN), technology, SAT Math & English Prep and Italian Math Prep for Italian Terza Media Exam.
Volunteering
After the recent earthquake in Central Italy, ASM organized a fundraising event to help the victims of the Amatrice earthquake. In June 2016 and 2017, a group of students went to Nuwakot District in Nepal to help rebuild a school that was destroyed by the Gorkha earthquake in 2015. Most recently in June 2018, students traveled to Puerto Rico to help communities rebuild following Hurricane Maria.
PTO
The PTO is the Parent Teacher Organization and its purpose is to enhance the students' academic, cultural, physical and social development as well as foster a sense of community for all ASM families and staff members. The PTO organizes many events during the school year including a Halloween party, International Night and Back-to-School Picnic.
See also
La Scuola d'Italia Guglielmo Marconi - Italian international school in New York City
American Overseas School of Rome
Aviano American High School
Marymount International School of Rome
Naples American High School
References
^ ASM on the IB official site http://www.ibo.org/school/000261/.
^ The American School of Milan chooses Dell Premier Page http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/casestudies/FY2008_Q2_id350.
|
instance of
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The American School of Milan (ASM) is a non-profit international college preparatory day school located south of Milan, Italy. The school’s mission is to provide a modern and rigorous education for international students to excel in the changing world of tomorrow. ASM is accredited through the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and is an IB World School offering the Diploma Program since 1983. ASM offers a student-centered, American-style education that encourages children to develop their full potential, achieve personal excellence and become global citizens committed to lifelong learning. ASM embraces the IB learner profile along with the school values of respect, curiosity, integrity, courage and kindness. Technology is a key focus at ASM and an integral part of student learning. The elementary school integrates iPads to prepare students for the 1:1 laptop program that begins in Grade 6. The school also offers 3D design, robotics, digital art, photography and film courses in a modern film studio. There is Wi-Fi campus wide. More than 60% of the student population is international.
The school offers instruction in English from Early Childhood through High School and the student body is composed of around 800 children aged 3–18.
Campus History
In 1962, a small group of English speaking parents in Milan decided that they wanted to provide their children with an Anglo-American education. They formed a non-profit association dedicated to providing an American-style education for their children, hence, American Community School of Milan was launched. The association was financed through the School's small but growing community. In the early years, ASM had many different homes in Milan but in 1976, the building committee reached an agreement with a local real estate developer who donated a 9-acre property to the school in Noverasco di Opera, just south of Milan. The school was built on this site where it still stands today. It is flanked by a golf course and there is a community tennis center and pool across the street. The school has had several expansions and renovations since its establishment, the most recent was in 2019 when the school inaugurated a 500-seat auditorium.
Affiliations and accreditations
ASM offers an American-international curriculum to its students with a mix of programs that combine American programs and standards with international ones. ASM has been an International Baccalaureate (IB) World School since June 1983. It offers the Diploma Programme (DP) [1] in grades 11-12. ASM is also accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools.
School governance and board of trustees
ASM is an association under Italian law and is a nonprofit organization run by a board of trustees elected by the parent community. The ASM board of trustees is composed of twelve volunteering members. The board appoints the director to carry out the school's day-to-day operations.
School system
ASM is divided into different scholastic areas: the Early Childhood, Elementary and Upper School.
Early Childhood (ages 3–4), a full day pre-school program where children learn through play and exploration.
Elementary (grade Kindergarten-5): American International Program with specials that include science lab, art, music, gym, library and Italian lessons.
Middle School (grades 6-8): ASM designed program aligned to US common core standards, mixing required and elective classes.
High School (grades 9-12). The High School program is composed of a Diploma Preparation Program for grades 9-10 (to prepare students for the IB Diploma programme). The program offers a mix of core subjects and elective courses in the arts, technology and other academic areas; Grades 11-12 follow the IB Diploma programme and students also finish with an American High School Diploma.
Technology
All classrooms are equipped with interactive whiteboards and there is Wi-Fi throughout the school. In the Elementary school, students use iPads as part of their school day, while from Grade 6 and up, students use personal laptops.
After-School Activities
ASM offers a variety of after-school activities. Active or sport activities include swimming, tennis, golf, gymnastics, rock climbing, karate, taekwondo, soccer, and middle school and varsity sports (basketball, athletics, soccer, volleyball, golf, badminton, tennis). Creative options include yearbook, the elementary and upper school musicals, violin and band/orchestra, while academic options include chess, Model United Nations (MUN), technology, SAT Math & English Prep and Italian Math Prep for Italian Terza Media Exam.
Volunteering
After the recent earthquake in Central Italy, ASM organized a fundraising event to help the victims of the Amatrice earthquake. In June 2016 and 2017, a group of students went to Nuwakot District in Nepal to help rebuild a school that was destroyed by the Gorkha earthquake in 2015. Most recently in June 2018, students traveled to Puerto Rico to help communities rebuild following Hurricane Maria.
PTO
The PTO is the Parent Teacher Organization and its purpose is to enhance the students' academic, cultural, physical and social development as well as foster a sense of community for all ASM families and staff members. The PTO organizes many events during the school year including a Halloween party, International Night and Back-to-School Picnic.
See also
La Scuola d'Italia Guglielmo Marconi - Italian international school in New York City
American Overseas School of Rome
Aviano American High School
Marymount International School of Rome
Naples American High School
References
^ ASM on the IB official site http://www.ibo.org/school/000261/.
^ The American School of Milan chooses Dell Premier Page http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/casestudies/FY2008_Q2_id350.
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
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The American School of Milan (ASM) is a non-profit international college preparatory day school located south of Milan, Italy. The school’s mission is to provide a modern and rigorous education for international students to excel in the changing world of tomorrow. ASM is accredited through the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and is an IB World School offering the Diploma Program since 1983. ASM offers a student-centered, American-style education that encourages children to develop their full potential, achieve personal excellence and become global citizens committed to lifelong learning. ASM embraces the IB learner profile along with the school values of respect, curiosity, integrity, courage and kindness. Technology is a key focus at ASM and an integral part of student learning. The elementary school integrates iPads to prepare students for the 1:1 laptop program that begins in Grade 6. The school also offers 3D design, robotics, digital art, photography and film courses in a modern film studio. There is Wi-Fi campus wide. More than 60% of the student population is international.
The school offers instruction in English from Early Childhood through High School and the student body is composed of around 800 children aged 3–18.
Campus History
In 1962, a small group of English speaking parents in Milan decided that they wanted to provide their children with an Anglo-American education. They formed a non-profit association dedicated to providing an American-style education for their children, hence, American Community School of Milan was launched. The association was financed through the School's small but growing community. In the early years, ASM had many different homes in Milan but in 1976, the building committee reached an agreement with a local real estate developer who donated a 9-acre property to the school in Noverasco di Opera, just south of Milan. The school was built on this site where it still stands today. It is flanked by a golf course and there is a community tennis center and pool across the street. The school has had several expansions and renovations since its establishment, the most recent was in 2019 when the school inaugurated a 500-seat auditorium.
Affiliations and accreditations
ASM offers an American-international curriculum to its students with a mix of programs that combine American programs and standards with international ones. ASM has been an International Baccalaureate (IB) World School since June 1983. It offers the Diploma Programme (DP) [1] in grades 11-12. ASM is also accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools.
School governance and board of trustees
ASM is an association under Italian law and is a nonprofit organization run by a board of trustees elected by the parent community. The ASM board of trustees is composed of twelve volunteering members. The board appoints the director to carry out the school's day-to-day operations.
School system
ASM is divided into different scholastic areas: the Early Childhood, Elementary and Upper School.
Early Childhood (ages 3–4), a full day pre-school program where children learn through play and exploration.
Elementary (grade Kindergarten-5): American International Program with specials that include science lab, art, music, gym, library and Italian lessons.
Middle School (grades 6-8): ASM designed program aligned to US common core standards, mixing required and elective classes.
High School (grades 9-12). The High School program is composed of a Diploma Preparation Program for grades 9-10 (to prepare students for the IB Diploma programme). The program offers a mix of core subjects and elective courses in the arts, technology and other academic areas; Grades 11-12 follow the IB Diploma programme and students also finish with an American High School Diploma.
Technology
All classrooms are equipped with interactive whiteboards and there is Wi-Fi throughout the school. In the Elementary school, students use iPads as part of their school day, while from Grade 6 and up, students use personal laptops.
After-School Activities
ASM offers a variety of after-school activities. Active or sport activities include swimming, tennis, golf, gymnastics, rock climbing, karate, taekwondo, soccer, and middle school and varsity sports (basketball, athletics, soccer, volleyball, golf, badminton, tennis). Creative options include yearbook, the elementary and upper school musicals, violin and band/orchestra, while academic options include chess, Model United Nations (MUN), technology, SAT Math & English Prep and Italian Math Prep for Italian Terza Media Exam.
Volunteering
After the recent earthquake in Central Italy, ASM organized a fundraising event to help the victims of the Amatrice earthquake. In June 2016 and 2017, a group of students went to Nuwakot District in Nepal to help rebuild a school that was destroyed by the Gorkha earthquake in 2015. Most recently in June 2018, students traveled to Puerto Rico to help communities rebuild following Hurricane Maria.
PTO
The PTO is the Parent Teacher Organization and its purpose is to enhance the students' academic, cultural, physical and social development as well as foster a sense of community for all ASM families and staff members. The PTO organizes many events during the school year including a Halloween party, International Night and Back-to-School Picnic.
See also
La Scuola d'Italia Guglielmo Marconi - Italian international school in New York City
American Overseas School of Rome
Aviano American High School
Marymount International School of Rome
Naples American High School
References
^ ASM on the IB official site http://www.ibo.org/school/000261/.
^ The American School of Milan chooses Dell Premier Page http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/casestudies/FY2008_Q2_id350.
|
International Baccalaureate school ID
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Wilson's Creek National Battlefield, located near Republic, Missouri, preserves the site of the Battle of Wilson's Creek. Fought on August 10, 1861, the battle was the first major American Civil War engagement west of the Mississippi River. In the battle, a Confederate army commanded by Benjamin McCulloch and Sterling Price defeated a smaller Union army commanded by Nathaniel Lyon. However, the Confederates were unable to hold much of Missouri, and a Confederate defeat at the Battle of Pea Ridge effectively solidified Union control of the state. Major features include a five-mile automobile tour loop, the restored 1852 Ray House, and "Bloody Hill", the site of the final stage of the battle. The site is located near Republic in southwestern Missouri just southwest of the city of Springfield. It has been a unit of the National Park Service since 1960, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.
Battle at Wilson's Creek
In early 1861, President Abraham Lincoln issued a call for the state of Missouri to enlist four regiments to fight against the Confederate States of America. However, then-Missouri governor Claiborne F. Jackson, a supporter of the Confederate States of America, refused to distribute the call and prepared, instead, to use the Missouri State Guard to seize a United States government arsenal in St. Louis, Missouri. In response, Union general Nathaniel Lyon moved aggressively against the pro-Confederate Guard, driving the force away from St. Louis and removing Jackson from official government leadership. The Missouri State Guard, now commanded by Sterling Price, fell back towards the city of Springfield in southwestern Missouri, followed by Lyon and his Union army.Meanwhile, Price had been reinforced by a small Confederate army under the command of Benjamin McCulloch. On August 10, Lyon decided to attack Price and McCulloch's combined forces while the Confederate were encamped along the banks of Wilson's Creek. Lyon split his outnumbered forces into wings commanded by himself and Col. Franz Sigel in order to attack the Confederate camp from both the front and the rear. Sigel's force was soon driven from the field, allowing Price and McCulloch to combine their forces against Lyon's column, which had taken position on Bloody Hill. Lyon was killed, and the Union forces retreated from the field. It was the first major military engagement in the American Civil War to take place west of the Mississippi river.After the battle, Price and McCulloch strongly disagreed over command issues. Price would move towards Kansas, fearing a counterstroke from Union troops there, leaving McCulloch with an army that soon dwindled after terms of enlistments expired and some of the remaining troops were reassigned elsewhere. Price followed up Wilson's Creek with a strike northwards towards the Missouri River, and was victorious at the Siege of Lexington. However, news that Union troops were marching to intercept his army led Price to retreat back towards Springfield. In March of the next year, Price and McCulloch would command wings of a Confederate army under the command of Earl Van Dorn at the Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas. The Confederate army was defeated and McCulloch was killed. The defeat at Pea Ridge ended any serious Confederate chance of holding a position in Missouri.
Park history
The battle site was established as Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Park on April 22, 1960, and was re-designated a National Battlefield on December 16, 1970. The battlefield was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. The official area of the park was expanded by 615 acres in 2004 in accordance with Public Law 108-394, and an additional 60 acres were added in 2018 after the land was purchased by the American Battlefield Trust, formerly known as The Civil War Trust.The park is located near Republic, Missouri, which is southwest of Springfield in Greene County, Missouri. The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved 278 acres (1.13 km2) of the battlefield, most of which has been sold to the National Park Service and incorporated into the park. In total, the park preserves 1,750 acres of the battlefield.
Features
Wilson's Creek National Battlefield is open seven days a week from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. The visitor center contains exhibits about the battle, a short film, fiber optic maps and a bookstore. The battlefield is accessed by a five-mile long self-guided automobile-tour loop, which connects eight stops highlighting historically important facets of the battlefield. The tour loop also features hiking trails and a seven-mile long horseback riding trail. On August 10, the anniversary of the battle, the park hosts commemorative events.
The Ray House, which is still preserved on the battlefield, dates to before the Civil War, and was used as a field hospital following the battle. General Lyon's body was brought to the Ray House by Confederate soldiers after the Union army retreated from the field. The house is open for tours during limited hours over the summer. The tour loop also includes a stop at Bloody Hill, the site of heavy fighting during the battle, as well as the site of Lyon's death. The site of Lyon's death is marked with a monument, which was dedicated in 1928. Several cannons are also on display at Bloody Hill.The battlefield also includes several features besides those on the tour road. One of these is the John K. and Ruth Hulston Civil War Research Library, which was founded in 1985. The library contains over 12,000 books about the Civil War, with an emphasis on the Trans-Mississippi Theater. The library also has digital access to Civil War genealogical information and some regimental histories. Also on the battlefield site is the Wilson's Creek Civil War Museum (formerly known as the General Sweeny Museum), which contains artifacts and exhibits relating to the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War.
Newtonia
The Mathew H. Ritchey House and 25 acres of battlefields of the First Battle of Newtonia and Second Battle of Newtonia including the Old Newtonia Cemetery in Newtonia, Missouri, about 45 miles away, were added to Wilson's Creek National Battlefield in 2022 by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, despite National Park Service opposition due to the lack of connection, need for protection, or enhancement of public enjoyment.
References
Sources
Kennedy, Frances (1998). The Civil War Battlefield Guide. Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-74012-5.
Piston, William Garrett; Hatcher, Richard W. (2000). Wilson's Creek. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-5575-1.
Stevens, Joseph E. (1990). America's National Battlefield Parks. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2319-2.
External links
Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Foundation
|
instance of
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{
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"text": [
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|
Wilson's Creek National Battlefield, located near Republic, Missouri, preserves the site of the Battle of Wilson's Creek. Fought on August 10, 1861, the battle was the first major American Civil War engagement west of the Mississippi River. In the battle, a Confederate army commanded by Benjamin McCulloch and Sterling Price defeated a smaller Union army commanded by Nathaniel Lyon. However, the Confederates were unable to hold much of Missouri, and a Confederate defeat at the Battle of Pea Ridge effectively solidified Union control of the state. Major features include a five-mile automobile tour loop, the restored 1852 Ray House, and "Bloody Hill", the site of the final stage of the battle. The site is located near Republic in southwestern Missouri just southwest of the city of Springfield. It has been a unit of the National Park Service since 1960, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.
Battle at Wilson's Creek
In early 1861, President Abraham Lincoln issued a call for the state of Missouri to enlist four regiments to fight against the Confederate States of America. However, then-Missouri governor Claiborne F. Jackson, a supporter of the Confederate States of America, refused to distribute the call and prepared, instead, to use the Missouri State Guard to seize a United States government arsenal in St. Louis, Missouri. In response, Union general Nathaniel Lyon moved aggressively against the pro-Confederate Guard, driving the force away from St. Louis and removing Jackson from official government leadership. The Missouri State Guard, now commanded by Sterling Price, fell back towards the city of Springfield in southwestern Missouri, followed by Lyon and his Union army.Meanwhile, Price had been reinforced by a small Confederate army under the command of Benjamin McCulloch. On August 10, Lyon decided to attack Price and McCulloch's combined forces while the Confederate were encamped along the banks of Wilson's Creek. Lyon split his outnumbered forces into wings commanded by himself and Col. Franz Sigel in order to attack the Confederate camp from both the front and the rear. Sigel's force was soon driven from the field, allowing Price and McCulloch to combine their forces against Lyon's column, which had taken position on Bloody Hill. Lyon was killed, and the Union forces retreated from the field. It was the first major military engagement in the American Civil War to take place west of the Mississippi river.After the battle, Price and McCulloch strongly disagreed over command issues. Price would move towards Kansas, fearing a counterstroke from Union troops there, leaving McCulloch with an army that soon dwindled after terms of enlistments expired and some of the remaining troops were reassigned elsewhere. Price followed up Wilson's Creek with a strike northwards towards the Missouri River, and was victorious at the Siege of Lexington. However, news that Union troops were marching to intercept his army led Price to retreat back towards Springfield. In March of the next year, Price and McCulloch would command wings of a Confederate army under the command of Earl Van Dorn at the Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas. The Confederate army was defeated and McCulloch was killed. The defeat at Pea Ridge ended any serious Confederate chance of holding a position in Missouri.
Park history
The battle site was established as Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Park on April 22, 1960, and was re-designated a National Battlefield on December 16, 1970. The battlefield was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. The official area of the park was expanded by 615 acres in 2004 in accordance with Public Law 108-394, and an additional 60 acres were added in 2018 after the land was purchased by the American Battlefield Trust, formerly known as The Civil War Trust.The park is located near Republic, Missouri, which is southwest of Springfield in Greene County, Missouri. The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved 278 acres (1.13 km2) of the battlefield, most of which has been sold to the National Park Service and incorporated into the park. In total, the park preserves 1,750 acres of the battlefield.
Features
Wilson's Creek National Battlefield is open seven days a week from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. The visitor center contains exhibits about the battle, a short film, fiber optic maps and a bookstore. The battlefield is accessed by a five-mile long self-guided automobile-tour loop, which connects eight stops highlighting historically important facets of the battlefield. The tour loop also features hiking trails and a seven-mile long horseback riding trail. On August 10, the anniversary of the battle, the park hosts commemorative events.
The Ray House, which is still preserved on the battlefield, dates to before the Civil War, and was used as a field hospital following the battle. General Lyon's body was brought to the Ray House by Confederate soldiers after the Union army retreated from the field. The house is open for tours during limited hours over the summer. The tour loop also includes a stop at Bloody Hill, the site of heavy fighting during the battle, as well as the site of Lyon's death. The site of Lyon's death is marked with a monument, which was dedicated in 1928. Several cannons are also on display at Bloody Hill.The battlefield also includes several features besides those on the tour road. One of these is the John K. and Ruth Hulston Civil War Research Library, which was founded in 1985. The library contains over 12,000 books about the Civil War, with an emphasis on the Trans-Mississippi Theater. The library also has digital access to Civil War genealogical information and some regimental histories. Also on the battlefield site is the Wilson's Creek Civil War Museum (formerly known as the General Sweeny Museum), which contains artifacts and exhibits relating to the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War.
Newtonia
The Mathew H. Ritchey House and 25 acres of battlefields of the First Battle of Newtonia and Second Battle of Newtonia including the Old Newtonia Cemetery in Newtonia, Missouri, about 45 miles away, were added to Wilson's Creek National Battlefield in 2022 by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, despite National Park Service opposition due to the lack of connection, need for protection, or enhancement of public enjoyment.
References
Sources
Kennedy, Frances (1998). The Civil War Battlefield Guide. Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-74012-5.
Piston, William Garrett; Hatcher, Richard W. (2000). Wilson's Creek. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-5575-1.
Stevens, Joseph E. (1990). America's National Battlefield Parks. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2319-2.
External links
Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Foundation
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
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Wilson's Creek National Battlefield, located near Republic, Missouri, preserves the site of the Battle of Wilson's Creek. Fought on August 10, 1861, the battle was the first major American Civil War engagement west of the Mississippi River. In the battle, a Confederate army commanded by Benjamin McCulloch and Sterling Price defeated a smaller Union army commanded by Nathaniel Lyon. However, the Confederates were unable to hold much of Missouri, and a Confederate defeat at the Battle of Pea Ridge effectively solidified Union control of the state. Major features include a five-mile automobile tour loop, the restored 1852 Ray House, and "Bloody Hill", the site of the final stage of the battle. The site is located near Republic in southwestern Missouri just southwest of the city of Springfield. It has been a unit of the National Park Service since 1960, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.
Battle at Wilson's Creek
In early 1861, President Abraham Lincoln issued a call for the state of Missouri to enlist four regiments to fight against the Confederate States of America. However, then-Missouri governor Claiborne F. Jackson, a supporter of the Confederate States of America, refused to distribute the call and prepared, instead, to use the Missouri State Guard to seize a United States government arsenal in St. Louis, Missouri. In response, Union general Nathaniel Lyon moved aggressively against the pro-Confederate Guard, driving the force away from St. Louis and removing Jackson from official government leadership. The Missouri State Guard, now commanded by Sterling Price, fell back towards the city of Springfield in southwestern Missouri, followed by Lyon and his Union army.Meanwhile, Price had been reinforced by a small Confederate army under the command of Benjamin McCulloch. On August 10, Lyon decided to attack Price and McCulloch's combined forces while the Confederate were encamped along the banks of Wilson's Creek. Lyon split his outnumbered forces into wings commanded by himself and Col. Franz Sigel in order to attack the Confederate camp from both the front and the rear. Sigel's force was soon driven from the field, allowing Price and McCulloch to combine their forces against Lyon's column, which had taken position on Bloody Hill. Lyon was killed, and the Union forces retreated from the field. It was the first major military engagement in the American Civil War to take place west of the Mississippi river.After the battle, Price and McCulloch strongly disagreed over command issues. Price would move towards Kansas, fearing a counterstroke from Union troops there, leaving McCulloch with an army that soon dwindled after terms of enlistments expired and some of the remaining troops were reassigned elsewhere. Price followed up Wilson's Creek with a strike northwards towards the Missouri River, and was victorious at the Siege of Lexington. However, news that Union troops were marching to intercept his army led Price to retreat back towards Springfield. In March of the next year, Price and McCulloch would command wings of a Confederate army under the command of Earl Van Dorn at the Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas. The Confederate army was defeated and McCulloch was killed. The defeat at Pea Ridge ended any serious Confederate chance of holding a position in Missouri.
Park history
The battle site was established as Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Park on April 22, 1960, and was re-designated a National Battlefield on December 16, 1970. The battlefield was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. The official area of the park was expanded by 615 acres in 2004 in accordance with Public Law 108-394, and an additional 60 acres were added in 2018 after the land was purchased by the American Battlefield Trust, formerly known as The Civil War Trust.The park is located near Republic, Missouri, which is southwest of Springfield in Greene County, Missouri. The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved 278 acres (1.13 km2) of the battlefield, most of which has been sold to the National Park Service and incorporated into the park. In total, the park preserves 1,750 acres of the battlefield.
Features
Wilson's Creek National Battlefield is open seven days a week from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. The visitor center contains exhibits about the battle, a short film, fiber optic maps and a bookstore. The battlefield is accessed by a five-mile long self-guided automobile-tour loop, which connects eight stops highlighting historically important facets of the battlefield. The tour loop also features hiking trails and a seven-mile long horseback riding trail. On August 10, the anniversary of the battle, the park hosts commemorative events.
The Ray House, which is still preserved on the battlefield, dates to before the Civil War, and was used as a field hospital following the battle. General Lyon's body was brought to the Ray House by Confederate soldiers after the Union army retreated from the field. The house is open for tours during limited hours over the summer. The tour loop also includes a stop at Bloody Hill, the site of heavy fighting during the battle, as well as the site of Lyon's death. The site of Lyon's death is marked with a monument, which was dedicated in 1928. Several cannons are also on display at Bloody Hill.The battlefield also includes several features besides those on the tour road. One of these is the John K. and Ruth Hulston Civil War Research Library, which was founded in 1985. The library contains over 12,000 books about the Civil War, with an emphasis on the Trans-Mississippi Theater. The library also has digital access to Civil War genealogical information and some regimental histories. Also on the battlefield site is the Wilson's Creek Civil War Museum (formerly known as the General Sweeny Museum), which contains artifacts and exhibits relating to the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War.
Newtonia
The Mathew H. Ritchey House and 25 acres of battlefields of the First Battle of Newtonia and Second Battle of Newtonia including the Old Newtonia Cemetery in Newtonia, Missouri, about 45 miles away, were added to Wilson's Creek National Battlefield in 2022 by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, despite National Park Service opposition due to the lack of connection, need for protection, or enhancement of public enjoyment.
References
Sources
Kennedy, Frances (1998). The Civil War Battlefield Guide. Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-74012-5.
Piston, William Garrett; Hatcher, Richard W. (2000). Wilson's Creek. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-5575-1.
Stevens, Joseph E. (1990). America's National Battlefield Parks. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2319-2.
External links
Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Foundation
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operator
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Wilson's Creek National Battlefield, located near Republic, Missouri, preserves the site of the Battle of Wilson's Creek. Fought on August 10, 1861, the battle was the first major American Civil War engagement west of the Mississippi River. In the battle, a Confederate army commanded by Benjamin McCulloch and Sterling Price defeated a smaller Union army commanded by Nathaniel Lyon. However, the Confederates were unable to hold much of Missouri, and a Confederate defeat at the Battle of Pea Ridge effectively solidified Union control of the state. Major features include a five-mile automobile tour loop, the restored 1852 Ray House, and "Bloody Hill", the site of the final stage of the battle. The site is located near Republic in southwestern Missouri just southwest of the city of Springfield. It has been a unit of the National Park Service since 1960, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.
Battle at Wilson's Creek
In early 1861, President Abraham Lincoln issued a call for the state of Missouri to enlist four regiments to fight against the Confederate States of America. However, then-Missouri governor Claiborne F. Jackson, a supporter of the Confederate States of America, refused to distribute the call and prepared, instead, to use the Missouri State Guard to seize a United States government arsenal in St. Louis, Missouri. In response, Union general Nathaniel Lyon moved aggressively against the pro-Confederate Guard, driving the force away from St. Louis and removing Jackson from official government leadership. The Missouri State Guard, now commanded by Sterling Price, fell back towards the city of Springfield in southwestern Missouri, followed by Lyon and his Union army.Meanwhile, Price had been reinforced by a small Confederate army under the command of Benjamin McCulloch. On August 10, Lyon decided to attack Price and McCulloch's combined forces while the Confederate were encamped along the banks of Wilson's Creek. Lyon split his outnumbered forces into wings commanded by himself and Col. Franz Sigel in order to attack the Confederate camp from both the front and the rear. Sigel's force was soon driven from the field, allowing Price and McCulloch to combine their forces against Lyon's column, which had taken position on Bloody Hill. Lyon was killed, and the Union forces retreated from the field. It was the first major military engagement in the American Civil War to take place west of the Mississippi river.After the battle, Price and McCulloch strongly disagreed over command issues. Price would move towards Kansas, fearing a counterstroke from Union troops there, leaving McCulloch with an army that soon dwindled after terms of enlistments expired and some of the remaining troops were reassigned elsewhere. Price followed up Wilson's Creek with a strike northwards towards the Missouri River, and was victorious at the Siege of Lexington. However, news that Union troops were marching to intercept his army led Price to retreat back towards Springfield. In March of the next year, Price and McCulloch would command wings of a Confederate army under the command of Earl Van Dorn at the Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas. The Confederate army was defeated and McCulloch was killed. The defeat at Pea Ridge ended any serious Confederate chance of holding a position in Missouri.
Park history
The battle site was established as Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Park on April 22, 1960, and was re-designated a National Battlefield on December 16, 1970. The battlefield was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. The official area of the park was expanded by 615 acres in 2004 in accordance with Public Law 108-394, and an additional 60 acres were added in 2018 after the land was purchased by the American Battlefield Trust, formerly known as The Civil War Trust.The park is located near Republic, Missouri, which is southwest of Springfield in Greene County, Missouri. The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved 278 acres (1.13 km2) of the battlefield, most of which has been sold to the National Park Service and incorporated into the park. In total, the park preserves 1,750 acres of the battlefield.
Features
Wilson's Creek National Battlefield is open seven days a week from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. The visitor center contains exhibits about the battle, a short film, fiber optic maps and a bookstore. The battlefield is accessed by a five-mile long self-guided automobile-tour loop, which connects eight stops highlighting historically important facets of the battlefield. The tour loop also features hiking trails and a seven-mile long horseback riding trail. On August 10, the anniversary of the battle, the park hosts commemorative events.
The Ray House, which is still preserved on the battlefield, dates to before the Civil War, and was used as a field hospital following the battle. General Lyon's body was brought to the Ray House by Confederate soldiers after the Union army retreated from the field. The house is open for tours during limited hours over the summer. The tour loop also includes a stop at Bloody Hill, the site of heavy fighting during the battle, as well as the site of Lyon's death. The site of Lyon's death is marked with a monument, which was dedicated in 1928. Several cannons are also on display at Bloody Hill.The battlefield also includes several features besides those on the tour road. One of these is the John K. and Ruth Hulston Civil War Research Library, which was founded in 1985. The library contains over 12,000 books about the Civil War, with an emphasis on the Trans-Mississippi Theater. The library also has digital access to Civil War genealogical information and some regimental histories. Also on the battlefield site is the Wilson's Creek Civil War Museum (formerly known as the General Sweeny Museum), which contains artifacts and exhibits relating to the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War.
Newtonia
The Mathew H. Ritchey House and 25 acres of battlefields of the First Battle of Newtonia and Second Battle of Newtonia including the Old Newtonia Cemetery in Newtonia, Missouri, about 45 miles away, were added to Wilson's Creek National Battlefield in 2022 by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, despite National Park Service opposition due to the lack of connection, need for protection, or enhancement of public enjoyment.
References
Sources
Kennedy, Frances (1998). The Civil War Battlefield Guide. Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-74012-5.
Piston, William Garrett; Hatcher, Richard W. (2000). Wilson's Creek. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-5575-1.
Stevens, Joseph E. (1990). America's National Battlefield Parks. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2319-2.
External links
Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Foundation
|
Commons category
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Wilson's Creek National Battlefield, located near Republic, Missouri, preserves the site of the Battle of Wilson's Creek. Fought on August 10, 1861, the battle was the first major American Civil War engagement west of the Mississippi River. In the battle, a Confederate army commanded by Benjamin McCulloch and Sterling Price defeated a smaller Union army commanded by Nathaniel Lyon. However, the Confederates were unable to hold much of Missouri, and a Confederate defeat at the Battle of Pea Ridge effectively solidified Union control of the state. Major features include a five-mile automobile tour loop, the restored 1852 Ray House, and "Bloody Hill", the site of the final stage of the battle. The site is located near Republic in southwestern Missouri just southwest of the city of Springfield. It has been a unit of the National Park Service since 1960, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.
Battle at Wilson's Creek
In early 1861, President Abraham Lincoln issued a call for the state of Missouri to enlist four regiments to fight against the Confederate States of America. However, then-Missouri governor Claiborne F. Jackson, a supporter of the Confederate States of America, refused to distribute the call and prepared, instead, to use the Missouri State Guard to seize a United States government arsenal in St. Louis, Missouri. In response, Union general Nathaniel Lyon moved aggressively against the pro-Confederate Guard, driving the force away from St. Louis and removing Jackson from official government leadership. The Missouri State Guard, now commanded by Sterling Price, fell back towards the city of Springfield in southwestern Missouri, followed by Lyon and his Union army.Meanwhile, Price had been reinforced by a small Confederate army under the command of Benjamin McCulloch. On August 10, Lyon decided to attack Price and McCulloch's combined forces while the Confederate were encamped along the banks of Wilson's Creek. Lyon split his outnumbered forces into wings commanded by himself and Col. Franz Sigel in order to attack the Confederate camp from both the front and the rear. Sigel's force was soon driven from the field, allowing Price and McCulloch to combine their forces against Lyon's column, which had taken position on Bloody Hill. Lyon was killed, and the Union forces retreated from the field. It was the first major military engagement in the American Civil War to take place west of the Mississippi river.After the battle, Price and McCulloch strongly disagreed over command issues. Price would move towards Kansas, fearing a counterstroke from Union troops there, leaving McCulloch with an army that soon dwindled after terms of enlistments expired and some of the remaining troops were reassigned elsewhere. Price followed up Wilson's Creek with a strike northwards towards the Missouri River, and was victorious at the Siege of Lexington. However, news that Union troops were marching to intercept his army led Price to retreat back towards Springfield. In March of the next year, Price and McCulloch would command wings of a Confederate army under the command of Earl Van Dorn at the Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas. The Confederate army was defeated and McCulloch was killed. The defeat at Pea Ridge ended any serious Confederate chance of holding a position in Missouri.
Park history
The battle site was established as Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Park on April 22, 1960, and was re-designated a National Battlefield on December 16, 1970. The battlefield was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. The official area of the park was expanded by 615 acres in 2004 in accordance with Public Law 108-394, and an additional 60 acres were added in 2018 after the land was purchased by the American Battlefield Trust, formerly known as The Civil War Trust.The park is located near Republic, Missouri, which is southwest of Springfield in Greene County, Missouri. The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved 278 acres (1.13 km2) of the battlefield, most of which has been sold to the National Park Service and incorporated into the park. In total, the park preserves 1,750 acres of the battlefield.
Features
Wilson's Creek National Battlefield is open seven days a week from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. The visitor center contains exhibits about the battle, a short film, fiber optic maps and a bookstore. The battlefield is accessed by a five-mile long self-guided automobile-tour loop, which connects eight stops highlighting historically important facets of the battlefield. The tour loop also features hiking trails and a seven-mile long horseback riding trail. On August 10, the anniversary of the battle, the park hosts commemorative events.
The Ray House, which is still preserved on the battlefield, dates to before the Civil War, and was used as a field hospital following the battle. General Lyon's body was brought to the Ray House by Confederate soldiers after the Union army retreated from the field. The house is open for tours during limited hours over the summer. The tour loop also includes a stop at Bloody Hill, the site of heavy fighting during the battle, as well as the site of Lyon's death. The site of Lyon's death is marked with a monument, which was dedicated in 1928. Several cannons are also on display at Bloody Hill.The battlefield also includes several features besides those on the tour road. One of these is the John K. and Ruth Hulston Civil War Research Library, which was founded in 1985. The library contains over 12,000 books about the Civil War, with an emphasis on the Trans-Mississippi Theater. The library also has digital access to Civil War genealogical information and some regimental histories. Also on the battlefield site is the Wilson's Creek Civil War Museum (formerly known as the General Sweeny Museum), which contains artifacts and exhibits relating to the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War.
Newtonia
The Mathew H. Ritchey House and 25 acres of battlefields of the First Battle of Newtonia and Second Battle of Newtonia including the Old Newtonia Cemetery in Newtonia, Missouri, about 45 miles away, were added to Wilson's Creek National Battlefield in 2022 by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, despite National Park Service opposition due to the lack of connection, need for protection, or enhancement of public enjoyment.
References
Sources
Kennedy, Frances (1998). The Civil War Battlefield Guide. Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-74012-5.
Piston, William Garrett; Hatcher, Richard W. (2000). Wilson's Creek. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-5575-1.
Stevens, Joseph E. (1990). America's National Battlefield Parks. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2319-2.
External links
Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Foundation
|
commemorates
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Wilson's Creek National Battlefield, located near Republic, Missouri, preserves the site of the Battle of Wilson's Creek. Fought on August 10, 1861, the battle was the first major American Civil War engagement west of the Mississippi River. In the battle, a Confederate army commanded by Benjamin McCulloch and Sterling Price defeated a smaller Union army commanded by Nathaniel Lyon. However, the Confederates were unable to hold much of Missouri, and a Confederate defeat at the Battle of Pea Ridge effectively solidified Union control of the state. Major features include a five-mile automobile tour loop, the restored 1852 Ray House, and "Bloody Hill", the site of the final stage of the battle. The site is located near Republic in southwestern Missouri just southwest of the city of Springfield. It has been a unit of the National Park Service since 1960, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.
Battle at Wilson's Creek
In early 1861, President Abraham Lincoln issued a call for the state of Missouri to enlist four regiments to fight against the Confederate States of America. However, then-Missouri governor Claiborne F. Jackson, a supporter of the Confederate States of America, refused to distribute the call and prepared, instead, to use the Missouri State Guard to seize a United States government arsenal in St. Louis, Missouri. In response, Union general Nathaniel Lyon moved aggressively against the pro-Confederate Guard, driving the force away from St. Louis and removing Jackson from official government leadership. The Missouri State Guard, now commanded by Sterling Price, fell back towards the city of Springfield in southwestern Missouri, followed by Lyon and his Union army.Meanwhile, Price had been reinforced by a small Confederate army under the command of Benjamin McCulloch. On August 10, Lyon decided to attack Price and McCulloch's combined forces while the Confederate were encamped along the banks of Wilson's Creek. Lyon split his outnumbered forces into wings commanded by himself and Col. Franz Sigel in order to attack the Confederate camp from both the front and the rear. Sigel's force was soon driven from the field, allowing Price and McCulloch to combine their forces against Lyon's column, which had taken position on Bloody Hill. Lyon was killed, and the Union forces retreated from the field. It was the first major military engagement in the American Civil War to take place west of the Mississippi river.After the battle, Price and McCulloch strongly disagreed over command issues. Price would move towards Kansas, fearing a counterstroke from Union troops there, leaving McCulloch with an army that soon dwindled after terms of enlistments expired and some of the remaining troops were reassigned elsewhere. Price followed up Wilson's Creek with a strike northwards towards the Missouri River, and was victorious at the Siege of Lexington. However, news that Union troops were marching to intercept his army led Price to retreat back towards Springfield. In March of the next year, Price and McCulloch would command wings of a Confederate army under the command of Earl Van Dorn at the Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas. The Confederate army was defeated and McCulloch was killed. The defeat at Pea Ridge ended any serious Confederate chance of holding a position in Missouri.
Park history
The battle site was established as Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Park on April 22, 1960, and was re-designated a National Battlefield on December 16, 1970. The battlefield was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. The official area of the park was expanded by 615 acres in 2004 in accordance with Public Law 108-394, and an additional 60 acres were added in 2018 after the land was purchased by the American Battlefield Trust, formerly known as The Civil War Trust.The park is located near Republic, Missouri, which is southwest of Springfield in Greene County, Missouri. The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved 278 acres (1.13 km2) of the battlefield, most of which has been sold to the National Park Service and incorporated into the park. In total, the park preserves 1,750 acres of the battlefield.
Features
Wilson's Creek National Battlefield is open seven days a week from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. The visitor center contains exhibits about the battle, a short film, fiber optic maps and a bookstore. The battlefield is accessed by a five-mile long self-guided automobile-tour loop, which connects eight stops highlighting historically important facets of the battlefield. The tour loop also features hiking trails and a seven-mile long horseback riding trail. On August 10, the anniversary of the battle, the park hosts commemorative events.
The Ray House, which is still preserved on the battlefield, dates to before the Civil War, and was used as a field hospital following the battle. General Lyon's body was brought to the Ray House by Confederate soldiers after the Union army retreated from the field. The house is open for tours during limited hours over the summer. The tour loop also includes a stop at Bloody Hill, the site of heavy fighting during the battle, as well as the site of Lyon's death. The site of Lyon's death is marked with a monument, which was dedicated in 1928. Several cannons are also on display at Bloody Hill.The battlefield also includes several features besides those on the tour road. One of these is the John K. and Ruth Hulston Civil War Research Library, which was founded in 1985. The library contains over 12,000 books about the Civil War, with an emphasis on the Trans-Mississippi Theater. The library also has digital access to Civil War genealogical information and some regimental histories. Also on the battlefield site is the Wilson's Creek Civil War Museum (formerly known as the General Sweeny Museum), which contains artifacts and exhibits relating to the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War.
Newtonia
The Mathew H. Ritchey House and 25 acres of battlefields of the First Battle of Newtonia and Second Battle of Newtonia including the Old Newtonia Cemetery in Newtonia, Missouri, about 45 miles away, were added to Wilson's Creek National Battlefield in 2022 by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, despite National Park Service opposition due to the lack of connection, need for protection, or enhancement of public enjoyment.
References
Sources
Kennedy, Frances (1998). The Civil War Battlefield Guide. Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-74012-5.
Piston, William Garrett; Hatcher, Richard W. (2000). Wilson's Creek. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-5575-1.
Stevens, Joseph E. (1990). America's National Battlefield Parks. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2319-2.
External links
Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Foundation
|
native label
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Wilson's Creek National Battlefield, located near Republic, Missouri, preserves the site of the Battle of Wilson's Creek. Fought on August 10, 1861, the battle was the first major American Civil War engagement west of the Mississippi River. In the battle, a Confederate army commanded by Benjamin McCulloch and Sterling Price defeated a smaller Union army commanded by Nathaniel Lyon. However, the Confederates were unable to hold much of Missouri, and a Confederate defeat at the Battle of Pea Ridge effectively solidified Union control of the state. Major features include a five-mile automobile tour loop, the restored 1852 Ray House, and "Bloody Hill", the site of the final stage of the battle. The site is located near Republic in southwestern Missouri just southwest of the city of Springfield. It has been a unit of the National Park Service since 1960, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.
Battle at Wilson's Creek
In early 1861, President Abraham Lincoln issued a call for the state of Missouri to enlist four regiments to fight against the Confederate States of America. However, then-Missouri governor Claiborne F. Jackson, a supporter of the Confederate States of America, refused to distribute the call and prepared, instead, to use the Missouri State Guard to seize a United States government arsenal in St. Louis, Missouri. In response, Union general Nathaniel Lyon moved aggressively against the pro-Confederate Guard, driving the force away from St. Louis and removing Jackson from official government leadership. The Missouri State Guard, now commanded by Sterling Price, fell back towards the city of Springfield in southwestern Missouri, followed by Lyon and his Union army.Meanwhile, Price had been reinforced by a small Confederate army under the command of Benjamin McCulloch. On August 10, Lyon decided to attack Price and McCulloch's combined forces while the Confederate were encamped along the banks of Wilson's Creek. Lyon split his outnumbered forces into wings commanded by himself and Col. Franz Sigel in order to attack the Confederate camp from both the front and the rear. Sigel's force was soon driven from the field, allowing Price and McCulloch to combine their forces against Lyon's column, which had taken position on Bloody Hill. Lyon was killed, and the Union forces retreated from the field. It was the first major military engagement in the American Civil War to take place west of the Mississippi river.After the battle, Price and McCulloch strongly disagreed over command issues. Price would move towards Kansas, fearing a counterstroke from Union troops there, leaving McCulloch with an army that soon dwindled after terms of enlistments expired and some of the remaining troops were reassigned elsewhere. Price followed up Wilson's Creek with a strike northwards towards the Missouri River, and was victorious at the Siege of Lexington. However, news that Union troops were marching to intercept his army led Price to retreat back towards Springfield. In March of the next year, Price and McCulloch would command wings of a Confederate army under the command of Earl Van Dorn at the Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas. The Confederate army was defeated and McCulloch was killed. The defeat at Pea Ridge ended any serious Confederate chance of holding a position in Missouri.
Park history
The battle site was established as Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Park on April 22, 1960, and was re-designated a National Battlefield on December 16, 1970. The battlefield was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. The official area of the park was expanded by 615 acres in 2004 in accordance with Public Law 108-394, and an additional 60 acres were added in 2018 after the land was purchased by the American Battlefield Trust, formerly known as The Civil War Trust.The park is located near Republic, Missouri, which is southwest of Springfield in Greene County, Missouri. The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved 278 acres (1.13 km2) of the battlefield, most of which has been sold to the National Park Service and incorporated into the park. In total, the park preserves 1,750 acres of the battlefield.
Features
Wilson's Creek National Battlefield is open seven days a week from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. The visitor center contains exhibits about the battle, a short film, fiber optic maps and a bookstore. The battlefield is accessed by a five-mile long self-guided automobile-tour loop, which connects eight stops highlighting historically important facets of the battlefield. The tour loop also features hiking trails and a seven-mile long horseback riding trail. On August 10, the anniversary of the battle, the park hosts commemorative events.
The Ray House, which is still preserved on the battlefield, dates to before the Civil War, and was used as a field hospital following the battle. General Lyon's body was brought to the Ray House by Confederate soldiers after the Union army retreated from the field. The house is open for tours during limited hours over the summer. The tour loop also includes a stop at Bloody Hill, the site of heavy fighting during the battle, as well as the site of Lyon's death. The site of Lyon's death is marked with a monument, which was dedicated in 1928. Several cannons are also on display at Bloody Hill.The battlefield also includes several features besides those on the tour road. One of these is the John K. and Ruth Hulston Civil War Research Library, which was founded in 1985. The library contains over 12,000 books about the Civil War, with an emphasis on the Trans-Mississippi Theater. The library also has digital access to Civil War genealogical information and some regimental histories. Also on the battlefield site is the Wilson's Creek Civil War Museum (formerly known as the General Sweeny Museum), which contains artifacts and exhibits relating to the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War.
Newtonia
The Mathew H. Ritchey House and 25 acres of battlefields of the First Battle of Newtonia and Second Battle of Newtonia including the Old Newtonia Cemetery in Newtonia, Missouri, about 45 miles away, were added to Wilson's Creek National Battlefield in 2022 by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, despite National Park Service opposition due to the lack of connection, need for protection, or enhancement of public enjoyment.
References
Sources
Kennedy, Frances (1998). The Civil War Battlefield Guide. Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-74012-5.
Piston, William Garrett; Hatcher, Richard W. (2000). Wilson's Creek. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-5575-1.
Stevens, Joseph E. (1990). America's National Battlefield Parks. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2319-2.
External links
Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Foundation
|
significant place
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Central Sport Club, usually known simply as Central, is a Brazilian football club. Based in Caruaru, Pernambuco state, the club competes in the Série D.
History
On June 15, 1919, at Sociedade Musical Comercial Caruaruense, the club was founded by Francisco Porto de Oliveira and the club name was a suggestion by Severino Bezerra.In 1986, Central competed in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B, which was named Taça de Prata and Torneio Paralelo. The club won its group and was promoted to the same year's first level. However, the club finished in the last position of its Série A group, and was relegated to the following year's second level.
Current squad
As of 4 May 2020Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Achievements
Campeonato Pernambucano
Runners-up (2): 2007, 2018
Copa Pernambuco
Winners (1): 2001
Campeonato Pernambucano Série A2
Winners (2): 1999, 2022
Rival
Central's greatest rival is from the same city: Clube Atlético do Porto. The game between the two is called "Clássico Matuto".
Mascot
Central's mascot is the Patativa, the local name for the Plumbeous Seedeater; a bird that habitates the hilly and fertile region of the Agreste.
References
External links
(in Portuguese) Central Sport Club official website
(in Portuguese) Torcida Central Net
|
country
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{
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Central Sport Club, usually known simply as Central, is a Brazilian football club. Based in Caruaru, Pernambuco state, the club competes in the Série D.
History
On June 15, 1919, at Sociedade Musical Comercial Caruaruense, the club was founded by Francisco Porto de Oliveira and the club name was a suggestion by Severino Bezerra.In 1986, Central competed in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B, which was named Taça de Prata and Torneio Paralelo. The club won its group and was promoted to the same year's first level. However, the club finished in the last position of its Série A group, and was relegated to the following year's second level.
Current squad
As of 4 May 2020Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Achievements
Campeonato Pernambucano
Runners-up (2): 2007, 2018
Copa Pernambuco
Winners (1): 2001
Campeonato Pernambucano Série A2
Winners (2): 1999, 2022
Rival
Central's greatest rival is from the same city: Clube Atlético do Porto. The game between the two is called "Clássico Matuto".
Mascot
Central's mascot is the Patativa, the local name for the Plumbeous Seedeater; a bird that habitates the hilly and fertile region of the Agreste.
References
External links
(in Portuguese) Central Sport Club official website
(in Portuguese) Torcida Central Net
|
headquarters location
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Central Sport Club, usually known simply as Central, is a Brazilian football club. Based in Caruaru, Pernambuco state, the club competes in the Série D.
History
On June 15, 1919, at Sociedade Musical Comercial Caruaruense, the club was founded by Francisco Porto de Oliveira and the club name was a suggestion by Severino Bezerra.In 1986, Central competed in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B, which was named Taça de Prata and Torneio Paralelo. The club won its group and was promoted to the same year's first level. However, the club finished in the last position of its Série A group, and was relegated to the following year's second level.
Current squad
As of 4 May 2020Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Achievements
Campeonato Pernambucano
Runners-up (2): 2007, 2018
Copa Pernambuco
Winners (1): 2001
Campeonato Pernambucano Série A2
Winners (2): 1999, 2022
Rival
Central's greatest rival is from the same city: Clube Atlético do Porto. The game between the two is called "Clássico Matuto".
Mascot
Central's mascot is the Patativa, the local name for the Plumbeous Seedeater; a bird that habitates the hilly and fertile region of the Agreste.
References
External links
(in Portuguese) Central Sport Club official website
(in Portuguese) Torcida Central Net
|
Commons category
|
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Stobaera is a genus of delphacid planthoppers in the family Delphacidae. There are about 14 described species in Stobaera.
Species
These 14 species belong to the genus Stobaera:
References
== Further reading ==
|
taxon rank
|
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Stobaera is a genus of delphacid planthoppers in the family Delphacidae. There are about 14 described species in Stobaera.
Species
These 14 species belong to the genus Stobaera:
References
== Further reading ==
|
taxon name
|
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Stobaera is a genus of delphacid planthoppers in the family Delphacidae. There are about 14 described species in Stobaera.
Species
These 14 species belong to the genus Stobaera:
References
== Further reading ==
|
Commons category
|
{
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Stobaera is a genus of delphacid planthoppers in the family Delphacidae. There are about 14 described species in Stobaera.
Species
These 14 species belong to the genus Stobaera:
References
== Further reading ==
|
Australian Faunal Directory ID
|
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Herbert Paul "Babe" Barna (March 2, 1915 – May 18, 1972) was a left fielder in Major League Baseball who played for the Philadelphia Athletics (1937–1938), New York Giants (1941–1943) and Boston Red Sox (1943). Barna batted left-handed and threw right-handed. He was born in Clarksburg, West Virginia, and attended West Virginia University, where he played football, basketball and college baseball for the Mountaineers from 1935–1937. He was drafted in the seventh round of the 1937 NFL Draft.In a five-season career, Barna was a .232 hitter with 12 home runs and 96 RBI in 207 games played. His best season statistically was 1942, when he posted 85 hits, seven triples, six home runs, 39 runs, 58 RBI, 104 games – all career-highs.
He was inducted into the West Virginia University Sports Hall of Fame in 1996.
Barna died in Charleston, West Virginia, at the age of 57.
References
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
The Baseball Page
Babe Barna at Find a Grave
|
place of birth
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Herbert Paul "Babe" Barna (March 2, 1915 – May 18, 1972) was a left fielder in Major League Baseball who played for the Philadelphia Athletics (1937–1938), New York Giants (1941–1943) and Boston Red Sox (1943). Barna batted left-handed and threw right-handed. He was born in Clarksburg, West Virginia, and attended West Virginia University, where he played football, basketball and college baseball for the Mountaineers from 1935–1937. He was drafted in the seventh round of the 1937 NFL Draft.In a five-season career, Barna was a .232 hitter with 12 home runs and 96 RBI in 207 games played. His best season statistically was 1942, when he posted 85 hits, seven triples, six home runs, 39 runs, 58 RBI, 104 games – all career-highs.
He was inducted into the West Virginia University Sports Hall of Fame in 1996.
Barna died in Charleston, West Virginia, at the age of 57.
References
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
The Baseball Page
Babe Barna at Find a Grave
|
place of death
|
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Herbert Paul "Babe" Barna (March 2, 1915 – May 18, 1972) was a left fielder in Major League Baseball who played for the Philadelphia Athletics (1937–1938), New York Giants (1941–1943) and Boston Red Sox (1943). Barna batted left-handed and threw right-handed. He was born in Clarksburg, West Virginia, and attended West Virginia University, where he played football, basketball and college baseball for the Mountaineers from 1935–1937. He was drafted in the seventh round of the 1937 NFL Draft.In a five-season career, Barna was a .232 hitter with 12 home runs and 96 RBI in 207 games played. His best season statistically was 1942, when he posted 85 hits, seven triples, six home runs, 39 runs, 58 RBI, 104 games – all career-highs.
He was inducted into the West Virginia University Sports Hall of Fame in 1996.
Barna died in Charleston, West Virginia, at the age of 57.
References
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
The Baseball Page
Babe Barna at Find a Grave
|
member of sports team
|
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Herbert Paul "Babe" Barna (March 2, 1915 – May 18, 1972) was a left fielder in Major League Baseball who played for the Philadelphia Athletics (1937–1938), New York Giants (1941–1943) and Boston Red Sox (1943). Barna batted left-handed and threw right-handed. He was born in Clarksburg, West Virginia, and attended West Virginia University, where he played football, basketball and college baseball for the Mountaineers from 1935–1937. He was drafted in the seventh round of the 1937 NFL Draft.In a five-season career, Barna was a .232 hitter with 12 home runs and 96 RBI in 207 games played. His best season statistically was 1942, when he posted 85 hits, seven triples, six home runs, 39 runs, 58 RBI, 104 games – all career-highs.
He was inducted into the West Virginia University Sports Hall of Fame in 1996.
Barna died in Charleston, West Virginia, at the age of 57.
References
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
The Baseball Page
Babe Barna at Find a Grave
|
league
|
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Herbert Paul "Babe" Barna (March 2, 1915 – May 18, 1972) was a left fielder in Major League Baseball who played for the Philadelphia Athletics (1937–1938), New York Giants (1941–1943) and Boston Red Sox (1943). Barna batted left-handed and threw right-handed. He was born in Clarksburg, West Virginia, and attended West Virginia University, where he played football, basketball and college baseball for the Mountaineers from 1935–1937. He was drafted in the seventh round of the 1937 NFL Draft.In a five-season career, Barna was a .232 hitter with 12 home runs and 96 RBI in 207 games played. His best season statistically was 1942, when he posted 85 hits, seven triples, six home runs, 39 runs, 58 RBI, 104 games – all career-highs.
He was inducted into the West Virginia University Sports Hall of Fame in 1996.
Barna died in Charleston, West Virginia, at the age of 57.
References
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
The Baseball Page
Babe Barna at Find a Grave
|
position played on team / speciality
|
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Herbert Paul "Babe" Barna (March 2, 1915 – May 18, 1972) was a left fielder in Major League Baseball who played for the Philadelphia Athletics (1937–1938), New York Giants (1941–1943) and Boston Red Sox (1943). Barna batted left-handed and threw right-handed. He was born in Clarksburg, West Virginia, and attended West Virginia University, where he played football, basketball and college baseball for the Mountaineers from 1935–1937. He was drafted in the seventh round of the 1937 NFL Draft.In a five-season career, Barna was a .232 hitter with 12 home runs and 96 RBI in 207 games played. His best season statistically was 1942, when he posted 85 hits, seven triples, six home runs, 39 runs, 58 RBI, 104 games – all career-highs.
He was inducted into the West Virginia University Sports Hall of Fame in 1996.
Barna died in Charleston, West Virginia, at the age of 57.
References
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
The Baseball Page
Babe Barna at Find a Grave
|
sport
|
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Herbert Paul "Babe" Barna (March 2, 1915 – May 18, 1972) was a left fielder in Major League Baseball who played for the Philadelphia Athletics (1937–1938), New York Giants (1941–1943) and Boston Red Sox (1943). Barna batted left-handed and threw right-handed. He was born in Clarksburg, West Virginia, and attended West Virginia University, where he played football, basketball and college baseball for the Mountaineers from 1935–1937. He was drafted in the seventh round of the 1937 NFL Draft.In a five-season career, Barna was a .232 hitter with 12 home runs and 96 RBI in 207 games played. His best season statistically was 1942, when he posted 85 hits, seven triples, six home runs, 39 runs, 58 RBI, 104 games – all career-highs.
He was inducted into the West Virginia University Sports Hall of Fame in 1996.
Barna died in Charleston, West Virginia, at the age of 57.
References
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
The Baseball Page
Babe Barna at Find a Grave
|
family name
|
{
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20
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Herbert Paul "Babe" Barna (March 2, 1915 – May 18, 1972) was a left fielder in Major League Baseball who played for the Philadelphia Athletics (1937–1938), New York Giants (1941–1943) and Boston Red Sox (1943). Barna batted left-handed and threw right-handed. He was born in Clarksburg, West Virginia, and attended West Virginia University, where he played football, basketball and college baseball for the Mountaineers from 1935–1937. He was drafted in the seventh round of the 1937 NFL Draft.In a five-season career, Barna was a .232 hitter with 12 home runs and 96 RBI in 207 games played. His best season statistically was 1942, when he posted 85 hits, seven triples, six home runs, 39 runs, 58 RBI, 104 games – all career-highs.
He was inducted into the West Virginia University Sports Hall of Fame in 1996.
Barna died in Charleston, West Virginia, at the age of 57.
References
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
The Baseball Page
Babe Barna at Find a Grave
|
given name
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Della Moneta (On Money) is a book written by Ferdinando Galiani, and is considered one of the first specific treatises on economics, especially monetary theory, preceding Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations by twenty-five years.
Summary
Della Moneta is divided into five sections, covering what are still seen today as the standard aspects of monetary theory. These include the origin of money, its value (including inflation and deflation), interest, and monetary policy.
The Origin of Money
The author, only 23 years old at the time, started with the history of Italian coinage, going back to the Greeks and Romans. Discarding the contemporary view of the origin of money through centrally planned contracts, Galiani proposes that money tends to arise spontaneously, through the need for trade, anticipating the Austrian school of economics by well over a century. He describes a sort of thought experiment, in which a government would attempt to trade or confiscate through taxes a portion of all goods in the kingdom, until it finds that the plunder is too diverse and complex to manage, and would then turn to demanding only the trade equivalent in some simple commodities that happen to have the traits seen as useful for money at the time, like compactness, ease of distribution and ease of storage.
The Value of Money
Interwoven into the other themes throughout the book is a second premise, that money, and material goods in general, have value based on their utility to people: a premise that was only rediscovered with examination of marginal utility 120 years later. He even touches upon a modern idea that would not be deeply examined again until the mid 20th century: that the value of money and goods may reach an equilibrium in price, based on supply and demand. This may also be the first modern examination of supply and demand as an economic driver.
Methodology
In Della Moneta, Galiani attempts to use philosophical methodology in the presentation and organization of his book. He also criticizes other early economic texts as failing to do so. For example, he mentions Montesquieu, whose book he argues was harmful to France, because it commits the is-ought fallacy, contains wishful thinking, and lacks scientific rigour.
Influences
Galiani appears to have been well-versed in the complex debates about how and why money had such an impact on Europe in the previous two centuries, brought on by incidents like the price revolution in Spain in the 16th century, where an influx of gold plundered from the New World caused dramatic inflation in first Spain, then all of Europe, a crisis that continued to varying degrees until around the time of Galiani's book.
He makes mention, in the book, of previous thoughts on topics of political economy by others, including John Locke and Ludovico Antonio Muratori.
Impact
This book has widely cited by economists from different schools of economic thought from Adam Smith's time on, from Karl Marx through Joseph Schumpeter.
Translations
On money : a translation of Della moneta (translated into English by Peter R Toscano), 1977, Ann Arbor, Michigan, University Microfilms International for University of Chicago
References
External links
Internet archive of full text of Della Moneta
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Della Moneta (On Money) is a book written by Ferdinando Galiani, and is considered one of the first specific treatises on economics, especially monetary theory, preceding Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations by twenty-five years.
Summary
Della Moneta is divided into five sections, covering what are still seen today as the standard aspects of monetary theory. These include the origin of money, its value (including inflation and deflation), interest, and monetary policy.
The Origin of Money
The author, only 23 years old at the time, started with the history of Italian coinage, going back to the Greeks and Romans. Discarding the contemporary view of the origin of money through centrally planned contracts, Galiani proposes that money tends to arise spontaneously, through the need for trade, anticipating the Austrian school of economics by well over a century. He describes a sort of thought experiment, in which a government would attempt to trade or confiscate through taxes a portion of all goods in the kingdom, until it finds that the plunder is too diverse and complex to manage, and would then turn to demanding only the trade equivalent in some simple commodities that happen to have the traits seen as useful for money at the time, like compactness, ease of distribution and ease of storage.
The Value of Money
Interwoven into the other themes throughout the book is a second premise, that money, and material goods in general, have value based on their utility to people: a premise that was only rediscovered with examination of marginal utility 120 years later. He even touches upon a modern idea that would not be deeply examined again until the mid 20th century: that the value of money and goods may reach an equilibrium in price, based on supply and demand. This may also be the first modern examination of supply and demand as an economic driver.
Methodology
In Della Moneta, Galiani attempts to use philosophical methodology in the presentation and organization of his book. He also criticizes other early economic texts as failing to do so. For example, he mentions Montesquieu, whose book he argues was harmful to France, because it commits the is-ought fallacy, contains wishful thinking, and lacks scientific rigour.
Influences
Galiani appears to have been well-versed in the complex debates about how and why money had such an impact on Europe in the previous two centuries, brought on by incidents like the price revolution in Spain in the 16th century, where an influx of gold plundered from the New World caused dramatic inflation in first Spain, then all of Europe, a crisis that continued to varying degrees until around the time of Galiani's book.
He makes mention, in the book, of previous thoughts on topics of political economy by others, including John Locke and Ludovico Antonio Muratori.
Impact
This book has widely cited by economists from different schools of economic thought from Adam Smith's time on, from Karl Marx through Joseph Schumpeter.
Translations
On money : a translation of Della moneta (translated into English by Peter R Toscano), 1977, Ann Arbor, Michigan, University Microfilms International for University of Chicago
References
External links
Internet archive of full text of Della Moneta
|
author
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Della Moneta (On Money) is a book written by Ferdinando Galiani, and is considered one of the first specific treatises on economics, especially monetary theory, preceding Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations by twenty-five years.
Summary
Della Moneta is divided into five sections, covering what are still seen today as the standard aspects of monetary theory. These include the origin of money, its value (including inflation and deflation), interest, and monetary policy.
The Origin of Money
The author, only 23 years old at the time, started with the history of Italian coinage, going back to the Greeks and Romans. Discarding the contemporary view of the origin of money through centrally planned contracts, Galiani proposes that money tends to arise spontaneously, through the need for trade, anticipating the Austrian school of economics by well over a century. He describes a sort of thought experiment, in which a government would attempt to trade or confiscate through taxes a portion of all goods in the kingdom, until it finds that the plunder is too diverse and complex to manage, and would then turn to demanding only the trade equivalent in some simple commodities that happen to have the traits seen as useful for money at the time, like compactness, ease of distribution and ease of storage.
The Value of Money
Interwoven into the other themes throughout the book is a second premise, that money, and material goods in general, have value based on their utility to people: a premise that was only rediscovered with examination of marginal utility 120 years later. He even touches upon a modern idea that would not be deeply examined again until the mid 20th century: that the value of money and goods may reach an equilibrium in price, based on supply and demand. This may also be the first modern examination of supply and demand as an economic driver.
Methodology
In Della Moneta, Galiani attempts to use philosophical methodology in the presentation and organization of his book. He also criticizes other early economic texts as failing to do so. For example, he mentions Montesquieu, whose book he argues was harmful to France, because it commits the is-ought fallacy, contains wishful thinking, and lacks scientific rigour.
Influences
Galiani appears to have been well-versed in the complex debates about how and why money had such an impact on Europe in the previous two centuries, brought on by incidents like the price revolution in Spain in the 16th century, where an influx of gold plundered from the New World caused dramatic inflation in first Spain, then all of Europe, a crisis that continued to varying degrees until around the time of Galiani's book.
He makes mention, in the book, of previous thoughts on topics of political economy by others, including John Locke and Ludovico Antonio Muratori.
Impact
This book has widely cited by economists from different schools of economic thought from Adam Smith's time on, from Karl Marx through Joseph Schumpeter.
Translations
On money : a translation of Della moneta (translated into English by Peter R Toscano), 1977, Ann Arbor, Michigan, University Microfilms International for University of Chicago
References
External links
Internet archive of full text of Della Moneta
|
language of work or name
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Della Moneta (On Money) is a book written by Ferdinando Galiani, and is considered one of the first specific treatises on economics, especially monetary theory, preceding Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations by twenty-five years.
Summary
Della Moneta is divided into five sections, covering what are still seen today as the standard aspects of monetary theory. These include the origin of money, its value (including inflation and deflation), interest, and monetary policy.
The Origin of Money
The author, only 23 years old at the time, started with the history of Italian coinage, going back to the Greeks and Romans. Discarding the contemporary view of the origin of money through centrally planned contracts, Galiani proposes that money tends to arise spontaneously, through the need for trade, anticipating the Austrian school of economics by well over a century. He describes a sort of thought experiment, in which a government would attempt to trade or confiscate through taxes a portion of all goods in the kingdom, until it finds that the plunder is too diverse and complex to manage, and would then turn to demanding only the trade equivalent in some simple commodities that happen to have the traits seen as useful for money at the time, like compactness, ease of distribution and ease of storage.
The Value of Money
Interwoven into the other themes throughout the book is a second premise, that money, and material goods in general, have value based on their utility to people: a premise that was only rediscovered with examination of marginal utility 120 years later. He even touches upon a modern idea that would not be deeply examined again until the mid 20th century: that the value of money and goods may reach an equilibrium in price, based on supply and demand. This may also be the first modern examination of supply and demand as an economic driver.
Methodology
In Della Moneta, Galiani attempts to use philosophical methodology in the presentation and organization of his book. He also criticizes other early economic texts as failing to do so. For example, he mentions Montesquieu, whose book he argues was harmful to France, because it commits the is-ought fallacy, contains wishful thinking, and lacks scientific rigour.
Influences
Galiani appears to have been well-versed in the complex debates about how and why money had such an impact on Europe in the previous two centuries, brought on by incidents like the price revolution in Spain in the 16th century, where an influx of gold plundered from the New World caused dramatic inflation in first Spain, then all of Europe, a crisis that continued to varying degrees until around the time of Galiani's book.
He makes mention, in the book, of previous thoughts on topics of political economy by others, including John Locke and Ludovico Antonio Muratori.
Impact
This book has widely cited by economists from different schools of economic thought from Adam Smith's time on, from Karl Marx through Joseph Schumpeter.
Translations
On money : a translation of Della moneta (translated into English by Peter R Toscano), 1977, Ann Arbor, Michigan, University Microfilms International for University of Chicago
References
External links
Internet archive of full text of Della Moneta
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Finland is Christian majority country, with Islam being a minority faith. The constitution of Finland ensures freedom of religion and Muslims are free to proselytize and build places of worship in the country.
The first Muslims were Tatars who immigrated mainly between 1870 and 1920. Since the late 20th century the number of Muslims in Finland has increased due to immigration. Nowadays, there are dozens of Islamic communities in Finland, but only a minority of Muslims have joined them. According to the Finland official census (2021), there are 20,876 people in Finland belonging to registered Muslim communities, representing 0.37% of the total population. However, majority of Muslims in Finland do not belong to any registered communities. It is estimated that there are between 120,000 and 130,000 Muslims in Finland (2.3%).
Baltic Tatars
The Baltic Tatars arrived in Finland as merchants and soldiers at the end of the 19th century. They were adherents of Sunni Islam and spoke one of the Turkic languages. They were later joined by other family members and formed the first Islamic congregation, the Finnish Islamic Association (Finnish: Suomen Islam-seurakunta), which was founded in 1925, after Finland declared it's full independence (1917). 1922 was a year when a law on religious freedom was passed. In practice, this society only accepts people from Tatar origin, or Turkic origin in general, as members, excluding non-Turkic speaking Muslims. The Finnish Tatars's Islamic congregations have a total of about 1,000 members these days. By and large, Tatars remained the only Muslims in Finland until the start of the 1960s.
Modern immigration
By the early 1980s, several hundred Muslims predominantly from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) had immigrated as students, laborers and spouses. In 1987 they formed the Suomen islamilainen yhdyskunta association.Due to the number of immigrants and refugees, the number of Muslims in Finland rose considerably in the early 1990s, predominantly they were from the aforementioned MENA countries as well as Somalia and the Balkans. Soon new immigrants established their own mosques and societies. In 1996 these groups came together to form a cooperative organ - the Federation of Islamic Organizations in Finland. It is estimated that approximately 1,000 Finns have converted to Islam. The vast majority of these are women who have married Muslim men.By 2003, the number of Muslims had increased to 20 000 and there were about 30 mosques. The majority of Muslims were Sunni as well as some Shia refugees from Iraq.Like most countries in Western Europe, Muslims tend to live in the larger cities of Finland like Helsinki, Tampere, Oulu and Turku.Hundreds of Muslim asylum seekers and refugees from Iraq and Afghanistan convert to Christianity after having had their first asylum application rejected by the Finnish Immigration Service (Migri), in order to re-apply for asylum on the grounds of religious persecution.In 2018, the Minister of Justice Antti Häkkänen ruled out the use of Islamic law in Finland.
Islamic societies
There are dozens of independent Islamic societies in Finland. The oldest one is Finnish Islamic Association which was established in 1925. It has about 700 members of whom all are Tatars. The society has mosques in Helsinki, Tampere and Lahti. The only building established only as mosque in Finland is Järvenpää Mosque.The Islamic Society of Finland was established in 1987. Its members are mainly Arabs, but also Finnish converts. The society has a mosque and Koran school in Helsinki. The Helsinki Islamic Center is currently the biggest society with almost 2,000 members. Furthermore, there are a dozen other Islamic societies in Helsinki region, some of them are not officially registered.
Most of mosques are multilingual, but the most commonly used languages are usually English and Finnish. Religious services are held in Arabic.
Demographics
The population of Muslims in Finland from 2008 to 2018 ,according to the Statistics Finland:
Muslim majority ethnic groups by language
Numbers are based on the Statistics Finland (language, 2019).
Arabic language (30,467)
Somali language (20,997)
Kurdish language (14,327)
Persian language (12,090)
Albanian language (10,391)
Turkish language (7,739)
Bengali language (3,599)
Urdu language (2,983)
Bosnian language (2,322)
Punjabi language (1,028)
Chechen language (636)
Uzbek language (604)
Indonesian language (589)
Azerbaijani language (467)
Turkmen language (447)Total: 102,696
Terrorism and radicalisation
The ICCT report from April 2016 showed that at least 70 individuals had left Finland to enter the conflict zone and the majority joined jihadist groups in Syria and Iraq. They started leaving in the 2012-13 time span and the male-female ratio was about 80-20%.The first terrorist attack in Finland was the 2017 Turku attack where Abderrahman Bouanane, a failed asylum seeker from Morocco, stabbed two women to death and wounded eight other people in his stabbing attack.Islamic militants constituted the majority of those under surveillance by the Finnish Security Intelligence Service (SUPO) in 2020 and Finland is portrayed as an enemy state in Islamic State propaganda. The militant Islamist networks in Finland are multiethnic and span across generations, where the third generation of a number of Muslim immigrant families are radicalised. This leads to Muslim children growing up in a radicalized environment. The Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars movement has amplified transnational contacts for the Islamist movements in Finland. A number of militants have arrived from the conflict zone in Syria and the Al-Hawl refugee camp and constitute both a short and long term security threat.
Gallery
See also
Turks in Finland
Finnish Islamic Party
History of Islam in the Arctic and Subarctic regions
Islam in Sweden
References
External links
Report on Islam: Finnish Islam arises slowly (in Finnish).
Finnish Islamic Congregation Archived 2014-03-06 at the Wayback Machine (in Finnish).
Some of the mosques in Finland (map)
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country
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"Finland"
]
}
|
Finland is Christian majority country, with Islam being a minority faith. The constitution of Finland ensures freedom of religion and Muslims are free to proselytize and build places of worship in the country.
The first Muslims were Tatars who immigrated mainly between 1870 and 1920. Since the late 20th century the number of Muslims in Finland has increased due to immigration. Nowadays, there are dozens of Islamic communities in Finland, but only a minority of Muslims have joined them. According to the Finland official census (2021), there are 20,876 people in Finland belonging to registered Muslim communities, representing 0.37% of the total population. However, majority of Muslims in Finland do not belong to any registered communities. It is estimated that there are between 120,000 and 130,000 Muslims in Finland (2.3%).
Baltic Tatars
The Baltic Tatars arrived in Finland as merchants and soldiers at the end of the 19th century. They were adherents of Sunni Islam and spoke one of the Turkic languages. They were later joined by other family members and formed the first Islamic congregation, the Finnish Islamic Association (Finnish: Suomen Islam-seurakunta), which was founded in 1925, after Finland declared it's full independence (1917). 1922 was a year when a law on religious freedom was passed. In practice, this society only accepts people from Tatar origin, or Turkic origin in general, as members, excluding non-Turkic speaking Muslims. The Finnish Tatars's Islamic congregations have a total of about 1,000 members these days. By and large, Tatars remained the only Muslims in Finland until the start of the 1960s.
Modern immigration
By the early 1980s, several hundred Muslims predominantly from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) had immigrated as students, laborers and spouses. In 1987 they formed the Suomen islamilainen yhdyskunta association.Due to the number of immigrants and refugees, the number of Muslims in Finland rose considerably in the early 1990s, predominantly they were from the aforementioned MENA countries as well as Somalia and the Balkans. Soon new immigrants established their own mosques and societies. In 1996 these groups came together to form a cooperative organ - the Federation of Islamic Organizations in Finland. It is estimated that approximately 1,000 Finns have converted to Islam. The vast majority of these are women who have married Muslim men.By 2003, the number of Muslims had increased to 20 000 and there were about 30 mosques. The majority of Muslims were Sunni as well as some Shia refugees from Iraq.Like most countries in Western Europe, Muslims tend to live in the larger cities of Finland like Helsinki, Tampere, Oulu and Turku.Hundreds of Muslim asylum seekers and refugees from Iraq and Afghanistan convert to Christianity after having had their first asylum application rejected by the Finnish Immigration Service (Migri), in order to re-apply for asylum on the grounds of religious persecution.In 2018, the Minister of Justice Antti Häkkänen ruled out the use of Islamic law in Finland.
Islamic societies
There are dozens of independent Islamic societies in Finland. The oldest one is Finnish Islamic Association which was established in 1925. It has about 700 members of whom all are Tatars. The society has mosques in Helsinki, Tampere and Lahti. The only building established only as mosque in Finland is Järvenpää Mosque.The Islamic Society of Finland was established in 1987. Its members are mainly Arabs, but also Finnish converts. The society has a mosque and Koran school in Helsinki. The Helsinki Islamic Center is currently the biggest society with almost 2,000 members. Furthermore, there are a dozen other Islamic societies in Helsinki region, some of them are not officially registered.
Most of mosques are multilingual, but the most commonly used languages are usually English and Finnish. Religious services are held in Arabic.
Demographics
The population of Muslims in Finland from 2008 to 2018 ,according to the Statistics Finland:
Muslim majority ethnic groups by language
Numbers are based on the Statistics Finland (language, 2019).
Arabic language (30,467)
Somali language (20,997)
Kurdish language (14,327)
Persian language (12,090)
Albanian language (10,391)
Turkish language (7,739)
Bengali language (3,599)
Urdu language (2,983)
Bosnian language (2,322)
Punjabi language (1,028)
Chechen language (636)
Uzbek language (604)
Indonesian language (589)
Azerbaijani language (467)
Turkmen language (447)Total: 102,696
Terrorism and radicalisation
The ICCT report from April 2016 showed that at least 70 individuals had left Finland to enter the conflict zone and the majority joined jihadist groups in Syria and Iraq. They started leaving in the 2012-13 time span and the male-female ratio was about 80-20%.The first terrorist attack in Finland was the 2017 Turku attack where Abderrahman Bouanane, a failed asylum seeker from Morocco, stabbed two women to death and wounded eight other people in his stabbing attack.Islamic militants constituted the majority of those under surveillance by the Finnish Security Intelligence Service (SUPO) in 2020 and Finland is portrayed as an enemy state in Islamic State propaganda. The militant Islamist networks in Finland are multiethnic and span across generations, where the third generation of a number of Muslim immigrant families are radicalised. This leads to Muslim children growing up in a radicalized environment. The Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars movement has amplified transnational contacts for the Islamist movements in Finland. A number of militants have arrived from the conflict zone in Syria and the Al-Hawl refugee camp and constitute both a short and long term security threat.
Gallery
See also
Turks in Finland
Finnish Islamic Party
History of Islam in the Arctic and Subarctic regions
Islam in Sweden
References
External links
Report on Islam: Finnish Islam arises slowly (in Finnish).
Finnish Islamic Congregation Archived 2014-03-06 at the Wayback Machine (in Finnish).
Some of the mosques in Finland (map)
|
subclass of
|
{
"answer_start": [
44
],
"text": [
"Islam"
]
}
|
Finland is Christian majority country, with Islam being a minority faith. The constitution of Finland ensures freedom of religion and Muslims are free to proselytize and build places of worship in the country.
The first Muslims were Tatars who immigrated mainly between 1870 and 1920. Since the late 20th century the number of Muslims in Finland has increased due to immigration. Nowadays, there are dozens of Islamic communities in Finland, but only a minority of Muslims have joined them. According to the Finland official census (2021), there are 20,876 people in Finland belonging to registered Muslim communities, representing 0.37% of the total population. However, majority of Muslims in Finland do not belong to any registered communities. It is estimated that there are between 120,000 and 130,000 Muslims in Finland (2.3%).
Baltic Tatars
The Baltic Tatars arrived in Finland as merchants and soldiers at the end of the 19th century. They were adherents of Sunni Islam and spoke one of the Turkic languages. They were later joined by other family members and formed the first Islamic congregation, the Finnish Islamic Association (Finnish: Suomen Islam-seurakunta), which was founded in 1925, after Finland declared it's full independence (1917). 1922 was a year when a law on religious freedom was passed. In practice, this society only accepts people from Tatar origin, or Turkic origin in general, as members, excluding non-Turkic speaking Muslims. The Finnish Tatars's Islamic congregations have a total of about 1,000 members these days. By and large, Tatars remained the only Muslims in Finland until the start of the 1960s.
Modern immigration
By the early 1980s, several hundred Muslims predominantly from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) had immigrated as students, laborers and spouses. In 1987 they formed the Suomen islamilainen yhdyskunta association.Due to the number of immigrants and refugees, the number of Muslims in Finland rose considerably in the early 1990s, predominantly they were from the aforementioned MENA countries as well as Somalia and the Balkans. Soon new immigrants established their own mosques and societies. In 1996 these groups came together to form a cooperative organ - the Federation of Islamic Organizations in Finland. It is estimated that approximately 1,000 Finns have converted to Islam. The vast majority of these are women who have married Muslim men.By 2003, the number of Muslims had increased to 20 000 and there were about 30 mosques. The majority of Muslims were Sunni as well as some Shia refugees from Iraq.Like most countries in Western Europe, Muslims tend to live in the larger cities of Finland like Helsinki, Tampere, Oulu and Turku.Hundreds of Muslim asylum seekers and refugees from Iraq and Afghanistan convert to Christianity after having had their first asylum application rejected by the Finnish Immigration Service (Migri), in order to re-apply for asylum on the grounds of religious persecution.In 2018, the Minister of Justice Antti Häkkänen ruled out the use of Islamic law in Finland.
Islamic societies
There are dozens of independent Islamic societies in Finland. The oldest one is Finnish Islamic Association which was established in 1925. It has about 700 members of whom all are Tatars. The society has mosques in Helsinki, Tampere and Lahti. The only building established only as mosque in Finland is Järvenpää Mosque.The Islamic Society of Finland was established in 1987. Its members are mainly Arabs, but also Finnish converts. The society has a mosque and Koran school in Helsinki. The Helsinki Islamic Center is currently the biggest society with almost 2,000 members. Furthermore, there are a dozen other Islamic societies in Helsinki region, some of them are not officially registered.
Most of mosques are multilingual, but the most commonly used languages are usually English and Finnish. Religious services are held in Arabic.
Demographics
The population of Muslims in Finland from 2008 to 2018 ,according to the Statistics Finland:
Muslim majority ethnic groups by language
Numbers are based on the Statistics Finland (language, 2019).
Arabic language (30,467)
Somali language (20,997)
Kurdish language (14,327)
Persian language (12,090)
Albanian language (10,391)
Turkish language (7,739)
Bengali language (3,599)
Urdu language (2,983)
Bosnian language (2,322)
Punjabi language (1,028)
Chechen language (636)
Uzbek language (604)
Indonesian language (589)
Azerbaijani language (467)
Turkmen language (447)Total: 102,696
Terrorism and radicalisation
The ICCT report from April 2016 showed that at least 70 individuals had left Finland to enter the conflict zone and the majority joined jihadist groups in Syria and Iraq. They started leaving in the 2012-13 time span and the male-female ratio was about 80-20%.The first terrorist attack in Finland was the 2017 Turku attack where Abderrahman Bouanane, a failed asylum seeker from Morocco, stabbed two women to death and wounded eight other people in his stabbing attack.Islamic militants constituted the majority of those under surveillance by the Finnish Security Intelligence Service (SUPO) in 2020 and Finland is portrayed as an enemy state in Islamic State propaganda. The militant Islamist networks in Finland are multiethnic and span across generations, where the third generation of a number of Muslim immigrant families are radicalised. This leads to Muslim children growing up in a radicalized environment. The Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars movement has amplified transnational contacts for the Islamist movements in Finland. A number of militants have arrived from the conflict zone in Syria and the Al-Hawl refugee camp and constitute both a short and long term security threat.
Gallery
See also
Turks in Finland
Finnish Islamic Party
History of Islam in the Arctic and Subarctic regions
Islam in Sweden
References
External links
Report on Islam: Finnish Islam arises slowly (in Finnish).
Finnish Islamic Congregation Archived 2014-03-06 at the Wayback Machine (in Finnish).
Some of the mosques in Finland (map)
|
facet of
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Finland"
]
}
|
"The One with the Blackout" is the seventh episode of the first season of the NBC television series Friends. The seventh episode of the show overall, it was first broadcast on November 3, 1994.
In the episode, there's a blackout in the city, and Chandler gets stuck in an ATM vestibule with Jill Goodacre and Ross attempts to tell Rachel his feelings for her.
This episode coined the term "friend zone".
Plot
The episode begins with Monica, Rachel, Ross, and Joey watching Phoebe begin an acoustic set at Central Perk, only to get interrupted by a sudden blackout in New York City.
Chandler gets trapped in an ATM vestibule with Jill Goodacre, a Victoria's Secret model, and nervously tries to impress her in various ways. When she offers him some chewing gum, he reluctantly accepts and tries to blow a bubble with the gum only to spit it out accidentally. He then tries to chew the gum again, only to realize it is someone else's gum and then proceeds to choke on it from the shock. Jill gives him the Heimlich maneuver and saves his life, and the two spend the rest of the night hanging out and playing games together. When the lights come back on, Jill kisses Chandler on the cheek. A desperate Chandler then turns to the security camera in the corner and asks for a copy of the tape.
Back at Monica's apartment, the rest of the friends have a discussion on the weirdest place they have ever had sex and Rachel confesses that hers was "the foot of the bed". This leads to a conversation between her and Ross about how she wishes she had more excitement in her love life. Ross transposes his infatuation for her by predicting that her wish will come true in the future. Joey convinces Ross that he needs to tell Rachel how he feels about her before Ross enters the "friend zone".
Ross works up the courage to speak to Rachel but before he can confess his feelings, a stray cat attacks him. Rachel and Phoebe search for the owner in the building. The owner turns out to be new Italian neighbor Paolo, whose sudden appearance is disconcerting to Ross, who even tries to warn him off of Rachel despite him not understanding English. The last candle in the apartment goes out and everyone tries to make the scariest noise possible. During Ross's turn, the lights come back on and everyone sees Rachel and Paolo kissing.
Reception
Purple Clover called the episode one of the 20 funniest episodes of Friends.The A.V. Club called the episode "a little bit bland, a little too distressingly cliché".The British website Digital Spy put the episode on their list of "Friends: The 15 Best Episodes of All Time".Rolling Stone ranked the episode as one of the top 25 episodes of Friends.The Hollywood Reporter ranked the episode as of the show's top 25, calling it "perfection".
== References ==
|
cast member
|
{
"answer_start": [
291
],
"text": [
"Jill Goodacre"
]
}
|
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