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WJBM (1480 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a Country music format. It is licensed to Jerseyville, Illinois, United States. The station is currently owned by DJ Two Rivers Radio which purchased WJBM in 2003, along with its sister station WBBA-FM, from Brown Radio Group Inc. for $320,000. WJBM broadcast an oldies format at the time of its sale.
Current programming
Monday - Friday
12–6 am – Real Country
6–8 am – Real Country Morning Show w/Alley Ringhausen
8 am – 9 am – Real Country Morning Show w/Craig Baalman
9 am – 10 am – RFD Today
10 am – 11 am – Adams on Agriculture
11 am – noon – Real Country
noon – 1 pm – Real Country Lunch Break w/Craig Baalman
1–midnight – Real CountrySaturday
12–8 am – Real Country
8–9 am – Real Country Morning Show Saturday w/Craig Baalman
9–midnight – Real Country
References
External links
WJBM Real Country facebook
Station Website
WJBM in the FCC AM station database
WJBM on Radio-Locator
WJBM in Nielsen Audio's AM station database
W284DN in the FCC FM station database
|
licensed to broadcast to
|
{
"answer_start": [
90
],
"text": [
"Jerseyville"
]
}
|
Eugene Robert Kenna (24 October 1908 – 17 September 1971) was an Australian rules footballer who played with St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Notes
External links
Bob Kenna at AustralianFootball.com
Bob Kenna's playing statistics from AFL Tables
Bob Kenna's playing statistics from The VFA Project
|
place of death
|
{
"answer_start": [
109
],
"text": [
"St Kilda"
]
}
|
Eugene Robert Kenna (24 October 1908 – 17 September 1971) was an Australian rules footballer who played with St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Notes
External links
Bob Kenna at AustralianFootball.com
Bob Kenna's playing statistics from AFL Tables
Bob Kenna's playing statistics from The VFA Project
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
65
],
"text": [
"Australian rules football"
]
}
|
Eugene Robert Kenna (24 October 1908 – 17 September 1971) was an Australian rules footballer who played with St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Notes
External links
Bob Kenna at AustralianFootball.com
Bob Kenna's playing statistics from AFL Tables
Bob Kenna's playing statistics from The VFA Project
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"Kenna"
]
}
|
Eugene Robert Kenna (24 October 1908 – 17 September 1971) was an Australian rules footballer who played with St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Notes
External links
Bob Kenna at AustralianFootball.com
Bob Kenna's playing statistics from AFL Tables
Bob Kenna's playing statistics from The VFA Project
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Eugene"
]
}
|
Ghanasyam Prabhu is an Indian cricket umpire. He has umpired 2 First-class, 8 women's one day and 8 women's Twenty20 matches.
Born in Thrissur, Kerala. Father Prabhu V P, mother Lizy Prabhu, wife Anjaly biju,Sister Meghana Prabhu.Started school in St.Rock's L P school, then moved to St. Xavier's H S chevoor, finished Plus two, from St. Antony's H S ammadam. Degree in Physics from St. Thomas college, Thrissur. MBA from Kerala University.joined Canara Bank in 2013, as single window operator. Resigned from Canara Bank in 2015.Become BCCI national panel umpire in the year 2015. Ranji trophy debut in March 2022. Delhi vs chathisgarh match.
== References ==
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
23
],
"text": [
"India"
]
}
|
Ghanasyam Prabhu is an Indian cricket umpire. He has umpired 2 First-class, 8 women's one day and 8 women's Twenty20 matches.
Born in Thrissur, Kerala. Father Prabhu V P, mother Lizy Prabhu, wife Anjaly biju,Sister Meghana Prabhu.Started school in St.Rock's L P school, then moved to St. Xavier's H S chevoor, finished Plus two, from St. Antony's H S ammadam. Degree in Physics from St. Thomas college, Thrissur. MBA from Kerala University.joined Canara Bank in 2013, as single window operator. Resigned from Canara Bank in 2015.Become BCCI national panel umpire in the year 2015. Ranji trophy debut in March 2022. Delhi vs chathisgarh match.
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"cricket umpire"
]
}
|
Ghanasyam Prabhu is an Indian cricket umpire. He has umpired 2 First-class, 8 women's one day and 8 women's Twenty20 matches.
Born in Thrissur, Kerala. Father Prabhu V P, mother Lizy Prabhu, wife Anjaly biju,Sister Meghana Prabhu.Started school in St.Rock's L P school, then moved to St. Xavier's H S chevoor, finished Plus two, from St. Antony's H S ammadam. Degree in Physics from St. Thomas college, Thrissur. MBA from Kerala University.joined Canara Bank in 2013, as single window operator. Resigned from Canara Bank in 2015.Become BCCI national panel umpire in the year 2015. Ranji trophy debut in March 2022. Delhi vs chathisgarh match.
== References ==
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"cricket"
]
}
|
In the APG IV system (2016) for the classification of flowering plants, the name asterids denotes a clade (a monophyletic group). Asterids is the largest group of flowering plants, with more than 80,000 species, about a third of the total flowering plant species. Well-known plants in this clade include the common daisy, forget-me-nots, nightshades (including potatoes, eggplants, tomatoes, chili peppers and tobacco), the common sunflower, petunias, yacon, morning glory, sweet potato, coffee, lavender, lilac, olive, jasmine, honeysuckle, ash tree, teak, snapdragon, sesame, psyllium, garden sage, table herbs such as mint, basil, and rosemary, and rainforest trees such as Brazil nut.
Most of the taxa belonging to this clade had been referred to as Asteridae in the Cronquist system (1981) and as Sympetalae in earlier systems. The name asterids (not necessarily capitalised) resembles the earlier botanical name but is intended to be the name of a clade rather than a formal ranked name, in the sense of the ICBN.
History
Genetic analysis carried out after APG II maintains that the sister to all other asterids are the Cornales. A second order that split from the base of the asterids are the Ericales. The remaining orders cluster into two clades, the lamiids and the campanulids. The structure of both of these clades has changed in APG III.In the APG III system, the following clades were renamed:
euasterids I → lamiids
euasterids II → campanulids
Phylogeny
The phylogenetic tree presented hereinafter has been proposed by the APG IV project.
Subdivision
LamiidsThe lamiid subclade consists of about 40,000 species and account for about 15% of angiosperm diversity, characterized in general by superior ovaries and corollas with any fusion of the petals (sympetaly) occurring late in the process of development. The major part of lamiid diversity occurs in the group of five orders from Boraginales to Solanales, referred to informally as "core lamiids" (sometimes called Laminae), although Vahliales consists of the single small genus Vahlia. The remainder of the lamiids are referred to as "basal lamiids", in which Garryales is the sister group to the core lamiids. It has been suggested that the core lamiids radiated from an ancestral line of tropical trees in which the flowers were inconspicuous and the fruit large, drupaceous and often single-seeded.
See also
List of lamiid families
List of basal asterid families
References
Bibliography
External links
Media related to Asterids at Wikimedia Commons
Asterids in Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 7, May 2006.
|
title
|
{
"answer_start": [
130
],
"text": [
"Asterids"
]
}
|
Çukurköy can refer to:
Çukurköy, Akseki
Çukurköy, Hani
Çukurköy, Havsa
Çukurköy, İskilip
Çukurköy, Yomra
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"Hani"
]
}
|
Cheryl Ann "Cherrie" Dallas-Smith (née Loydstrom, formerly Ireland), MBE is an Australian former wheelchair athlete, swimmer and table tennis player who represented her country at two Paralympic Games and two Commonwealth Paraplegic Games in the 1960s and 1970s. Born in Darwin, She was on holiday in Melbourne when she was paralysed by polio at the age of five. Her family moved to Brisbane and she became involved in competitive sport through the Queensland Sports and Social Club for the Disabled.She became Queensland’s first female Paralympian when she was selected to compete for Australia at the 1968 Tel Aviv Paralympics. She later recalled: "It’s hard to put into words the feeling of pride, excitement and exhilaration at being selected for the team to represent Australia...It was a truly wonderful experience." She participated in athletics, swimming and table tennis events, but did not medal.At the 1970 Commonwealth Paraplegic Games in Edinburgh, Cherrie won 11 medals, including five gold medals in discus, shot put, wheelchair slalom and swimming (50 m freestyle and 3×50 m individual medley).
She was awarded an MBE for her success at the games in 1971. She participated in athletics and swimming events at the 1972 Heidelberg Paralympics. She and husband Maurie were both selected to represent Australia at the 1974 Commonwealth Paraplegic Games in Dunedin. She broke her Commonwealth 50 m freestyle record and won four silver medals and a bronze medal.
References
External links
Loydstrom at the International Paralympic Committee (1968)
Ireland at the International Paralympic Committee (1972)
|
sex or gender
|
{
"answer_start": [
530
],
"text": [
"female"
]
}
|
Cheryl Ann "Cherrie" Dallas-Smith (née Loydstrom, formerly Ireland), MBE is an Australian former wheelchair athlete, swimmer and table tennis player who represented her country at two Paralympic Games and two Commonwealth Paraplegic Games in the 1960s and 1970s. Born in Darwin, She was on holiday in Melbourne when she was paralysed by polio at the age of five. Her family moved to Brisbane and she became involved in competitive sport through the Queensland Sports and Social Club for the Disabled.She became Queensland’s first female Paralympian when she was selected to compete for Australia at the 1968 Tel Aviv Paralympics. She later recalled: "It’s hard to put into words the feeling of pride, excitement and exhilaration at being selected for the team to represent Australia...It was a truly wonderful experience." She participated in athletics, swimming and table tennis events, but did not medal.At the 1970 Commonwealth Paraplegic Games in Edinburgh, Cherrie won 11 medals, including five gold medals in discus, shot put, wheelchair slalom and swimming (50 m freestyle and 3×50 m individual medley).
She was awarded an MBE for her success at the games in 1971. She participated in athletics and swimming events at the 1972 Heidelberg Paralympics. She and husband Maurie were both selected to represent Australia at the 1974 Commonwealth Paraplegic Games in Dunedin. She broke her Commonwealth 50 m freestyle record and won four silver medals and a bronze medal.
References
External links
Loydstrom at the International Paralympic Committee (1968)
Ireland at the International Paralympic Committee (1972)
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
79
],
"text": [
"Australia"
]
}
|
Cheryl Ann "Cherrie" Dallas-Smith (née Loydstrom, formerly Ireland), MBE is an Australian former wheelchair athlete, swimmer and table tennis player who represented her country at two Paralympic Games and two Commonwealth Paraplegic Games in the 1960s and 1970s. Born in Darwin, She was on holiday in Melbourne when she was paralysed by polio at the age of five. Her family moved to Brisbane and she became involved in competitive sport through the Queensland Sports and Social Club for the Disabled.She became Queensland’s first female Paralympian when she was selected to compete for Australia at the 1968 Tel Aviv Paralympics. She later recalled: "It’s hard to put into words the feeling of pride, excitement and exhilaration at being selected for the team to represent Australia...It was a truly wonderful experience." She participated in athletics, swimming and table tennis events, but did not medal.At the 1970 Commonwealth Paraplegic Games in Edinburgh, Cherrie won 11 medals, including five gold medals in discus, shot put, wheelchair slalom and swimming (50 m freestyle and 3×50 m individual medley).
She was awarded an MBE for her success at the games in 1971. She participated in athletics and swimming events at the 1972 Heidelberg Paralympics. She and husband Maurie were both selected to represent Australia at the 1974 Commonwealth Paraplegic Games in Dunedin. She broke her Commonwealth 50 m freestyle record and won four silver medals and a bronze medal.
References
External links
Loydstrom at the International Paralympic Committee (1968)
Ireland at the International Paralympic Committee (1972)
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
117
],
"text": [
"swimmer"
]
}
|
Cheryl Ann "Cherrie" Dallas-Smith (née Loydstrom, formerly Ireland), MBE is an Australian former wheelchair athlete, swimmer and table tennis player who represented her country at two Paralympic Games and two Commonwealth Paraplegic Games in the 1960s and 1970s. Born in Darwin, She was on holiday in Melbourne when she was paralysed by polio at the age of five. Her family moved to Brisbane and she became involved in competitive sport through the Queensland Sports and Social Club for the Disabled.She became Queensland’s first female Paralympian when she was selected to compete for Australia at the 1968 Tel Aviv Paralympics. She later recalled: "It’s hard to put into words the feeling of pride, excitement and exhilaration at being selected for the team to represent Australia...It was a truly wonderful experience." She participated in athletics, swimming and table tennis events, but did not medal.At the 1970 Commonwealth Paraplegic Games in Edinburgh, Cherrie won 11 medals, including five gold medals in discus, shot put, wheelchair slalom and swimming (50 m freestyle and 3×50 m individual medley).
She was awarded an MBE for her success at the games in 1971. She participated in athletics and swimming events at the 1972 Heidelberg Paralympics. She and husband Maurie were both selected to represent Australia at the 1974 Commonwealth Paraplegic Games in Dunedin. She broke her Commonwealth 50 m freestyle record and won four silver medals and a bronze medal.
References
External links
Loydstrom at the International Paralympic Committee (1968)
Ireland at the International Paralympic Committee (1972)
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
843
],
"text": [
"athletics"
]
}
|
Cheryl Ann "Cherrie" Dallas-Smith (née Loydstrom, formerly Ireland), MBE is an Australian former wheelchair athlete, swimmer and table tennis player who represented her country at two Paralympic Games and two Commonwealth Paraplegic Games in the 1960s and 1970s. Born in Darwin, She was on holiday in Melbourne when she was paralysed by polio at the age of five. Her family moved to Brisbane and she became involved in competitive sport through the Queensland Sports and Social Club for the Disabled.She became Queensland’s first female Paralympian when she was selected to compete for Australia at the 1968 Tel Aviv Paralympics. She later recalled: "It’s hard to put into words the feeling of pride, excitement and exhilaration at being selected for the team to represent Australia...It was a truly wonderful experience." She participated in athletics, swimming and table tennis events, but did not medal.At the 1970 Commonwealth Paraplegic Games in Edinburgh, Cherrie won 11 medals, including five gold medals in discus, shot put, wheelchair slalom and swimming (50 m freestyle and 3×50 m individual medley).
She was awarded an MBE for her success at the games in 1971. She participated in athletics and swimming events at the 1972 Heidelberg Paralympics. She and husband Maurie were both selected to represent Australia at the 1974 Commonwealth Paraplegic Games in Dunedin. She broke her Commonwealth 50 m freestyle record and won four silver medals and a bronze medal.
References
External links
Loydstrom at the International Paralympic Committee (1968)
Ireland at the International Paralympic Committee (1972)
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"Ireland"
]
}
|
General Sir Henry Brasnell Tuson (30 April 1836 – 21 December 1916) was a Royal Marines officer who served as Deputy Adjutant-General Royal Marines.
Military career
Educated at Christ's Hospital, Tuson was commissioned into the Royal Marine Artillery on 20 April 1854. After serving in China during the Second Opium War, he commanded the Royal Marine Artillery at the Battle of Tel el-Kebir in September 1882 during the Anglo-Egyptian War and then commanded again at the First and Second Battles of El Teb in February 1884 during the Mahdist War for which he was awarded the Order of Osmanieh, second class, on 5 October 1885. He was appointed colonel second commandant of the Royal Marine Artillery on 5 October 1886 and Deputy Adjutant-General Royal Marines (the professional head of the Royal Marines) in August 1893 before retiring in March 1900.
== References ==
|
conflict
|
{
"answer_start": [
305
],
"text": [
"Second Opium War"
]
}
|
General Sir Henry Brasnell Tuson (30 April 1836 – 21 December 1916) was a Royal Marines officer who served as Deputy Adjutant-General Royal Marines.
Military career
Educated at Christ's Hospital, Tuson was commissioned into the Royal Marine Artillery on 20 April 1854. After serving in China during the Second Opium War, he commanded the Royal Marine Artillery at the Battle of Tel el-Kebir in September 1882 during the Anglo-Egyptian War and then commanded again at the First and Second Battles of El Teb in February 1884 during the Mahdist War for which he was awarded the Order of Osmanieh, second class, on 5 October 1885. He was appointed colonel second commandant of the Royal Marine Artillery on 5 October 1886 and Deputy Adjutant-General Royal Marines (the professional head of the Royal Marines) in August 1893 before retiring in March 1900.
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"Tuson"
]
}
|
General Sir Henry Brasnell Tuson (30 April 1836 – 21 December 1916) was a Royal Marines officer who served as Deputy Adjutant-General Royal Marines.
Military career
Educated at Christ's Hospital, Tuson was commissioned into the Royal Marine Artillery on 20 April 1854. After serving in China during the Second Opium War, he commanded the Royal Marine Artillery at the Battle of Tel el-Kebir in September 1882 during the Anglo-Egyptian War and then commanded again at the First and Second Battles of El Teb in February 1884 during the Mahdist War for which he was awarded the Order of Osmanieh, second class, on 5 October 1885. He was appointed colonel second commandant of the Royal Marine Artillery on 5 October 1886 and Deputy Adjutant-General Royal Marines (the professional head of the Royal Marines) in August 1893 before retiring in March 1900.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
12
],
"text": [
"Henry"
]
}
|
Kristina Nordt (née Scherer; born 17 February 1982) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and political scientist. She was a member of the German Bundestag from March 2021 to October 2021.
Early life and family
After graduating from the Edith Stein School in Erfurt in 2000, Nordt completed a bachelor's degree with a major in political science-social sciences and a minor in political science-legal studies at the then newly founded Faculty of Political Science at the University of Erfurt until 2003. She completed the subsequent master's degree in political science-social sciences in Erfurt with the Magister Artium. During her studies, she worked as a research assistant at the Chair of Sociology of Education at the University of Erfurt.
Nordt was an advisor at the Thuringian Ministry of Social Affairs, Family and Health from 2005 to 2007. She then worked as an advisor at the CDU parliamentary group in the Thuringian state parliament from 2008 to 2020 in the areas of education, youth and sports, and equality. Since 2021, Nordt has been employed by the Kolping-Bildungswerk Thüringen.Kristina Nordt is married, has one child and lives in Erfurt.
Her father is the former Thuringian Minister of the Interior, President of the Thuringian Court of Audit and Member of the State Parliament Manfred Scherer.
Political career
Nordt joined the Junge Union and the CDU in 2008. She was an assessor in JU state executive and deputy district chairwoman of the JU in Erfurt. From 2010 to 2016, she was a member of the federal board of the JU. There she was, among other things, university policy spokesperson for the youth association.
Nordt is deputy chairwoman of a local CDU association in Erfurt and has been a member of the Erfurt CDU district executive committee since 2011. She was a member of the CDU Germany's Federal Committee on Education, Research and Innovation from 2013 to 2017.
In the 2017 Bundestag election, Nordt ran for the German Bundestag in 6th place on the CDU state list for Thuringia. She has been in the Bundestag since March 22, 2021, as the successor to Mark Hauptmann, who renounced his membership in the Bundestag in March 2021. She is a member of the Committee on Economic Affairs and Energy. She is a deputy member of the Committee on Health and Committee on Foreign Affairs.From 2009 to 2014, Nordt was a member of the Committee for Social Affairs, Labor Market and Equality of the City of Erfurt.
References
External links
Biography, German Bundestag
Official website (in German)
|
father
|
{
"answer_start": [
1323
],
"text": [
"Manfred Scherer"
]
}
|
Kristina Nordt (née Scherer; born 17 February 1982) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and political scientist. She was a member of the German Bundestag from March 2021 to October 2021.
Early life and family
After graduating from the Edith Stein School in Erfurt in 2000, Nordt completed a bachelor's degree with a major in political science-social sciences and a minor in political science-legal studies at the then newly founded Faculty of Political Science at the University of Erfurt until 2003. She completed the subsequent master's degree in political science-social sciences in Erfurt with the Magister Artium. During her studies, she worked as a research assistant at the Chair of Sociology of Education at the University of Erfurt.
Nordt was an advisor at the Thuringian Ministry of Social Affairs, Family and Health from 2005 to 2007. She then worked as an advisor at the CDU parliamentary group in the Thuringian state parliament from 2008 to 2020 in the areas of education, youth and sports, and equality. Since 2021, Nordt has been employed by the Kolping-Bildungswerk Thüringen.Kristina Nordt is married, has one child and lives in Erfurt.
Her father is the former Thuringian Minister of the Interior, President of the Thuringian Court of Audit and Member of the State Parliament Manfred Scherer.
Political career
Nordt joined the Junge Union and the CDU in 2008. She was an assessor in JU state executive and deputy district chairwoman of the JU in Erfurt. From 2010 to 2016, she was a member of the federal board of the JU. There she was, among other things, university policy spokesperson for the youth association.
Nordt is deputy chairwoman of a local CDU association in Erfurt and has been a member of the Erfurt CDU district executive committee since 2011. She was a member of the CDU Germany's Federal Committee on Education, Research and Innovation from 2013 to 2017.
In the 2017 Bundestag election, Nordt ran for the German Bundestag in 6th place on the CDU state list for Thuringia. She has been in the Bundestag since March 22, 2021, as the successor to Mark Hauptmann, who renounced his membership in the Bundestag in March 2021. She is a member of the Committee on Economic Affairs and Energy. She is a deputy member of the Committee on Health and Committee on Foreign Affairs.From 2009 to 2014, Nordt was a member of the Committee for Social Affairs, Labor Market and Equality of the City of Erfurt.
References
External links
Biography, German Bundestag
Official website (in German)
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
1836
],
"text": [
"Germany"
]
}
|
Kristina Nordt (née Scherer; born 17 February 1982) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and political scientist. She was a member of the German Bundestag from March 2021 to October 2021.
Early life and family
After graduating from the Edith Stein School in Erfurt in 2000, Nordt completed a bachelor's degree with a major in political science-social sciences and a minor in political science-legal studies at the then newly founded Faculty of Political Science at the University of Erfurt until 2003. She completed the subsequent master's degree in political science-social sciences in Erfurt with the Magister Artium. During her studies, she worked as a research assistant at the Chair of Sociology of Education at the University of Erfurt.
Nordt was an advisor at the Thuringian Ministry of Social Affairs, Family and Health from 2005 to 2007. She then worked as an advisor at the CDU parliamentary group in the Thuringian state parliament from 2008 to 2020 in the areas of education, youth and sports, and equality. Since 2021, Nordt has been employed by the Kolping-Bildungswerk Thüringen.Kristina Nordt is married, has one child and lives in Erfurt.
Her father is the former Thuringian Minister of the Interior, President of the Thuringian Court of Audit and Member of the State Parliament Manfred Scherer.
Political career
Nordt joined the Junge Union and the CDU in 2008. She was an assessor in JU state executive and deputy district chairwoman of the JU in Erfurt. From 2010 to 2016, she was a member of the federal board of the JU. There she was, among other things, university policy spokesperson for the youth association.
Nordt is deputy chairwoman of a local CDU association in Erfurt and has been a member of the Erfurt CDU district executive committee since 2011. She was a member of the CDU Germany's Federal Committee on Education, Research and Innovation from 2013 to 2017.
In the 2017 Bundestag election, Nordt ran for the German Bundestag in 6th place on the CDU state list for Thuringia. She has been in the Bundestag since March 22, 2021, as the successor to Mark Hauptmann, who renounced his membership in the Bundestag in March 2021. She is a member of the Committee on Economic Affairs and Energy. She is a deputy member of the Committee on Health and Committee on Foreign Affairs.From 2009 to 2014, Nordt was a member of the Committee for Social Affairs, Labor Market and Equality of the City of Erfurt.
References
External links
Biography, German Bundestag
Official website (in German)
|
position held
|
{
"answer_start": [
150
],
"text": [
"member of the German Bundestag"
]
}
|
Kristina Nordt (née Scherer; born 17 February 1982) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and political scientist. She was a member of the German Bundestag from March 2021 to October 2021.
Early life and family
After graduating from the Edith Stein School in Erfurt in 2000, Nordt completed a bachelor's degree with a major in political science-social sciences and a minor in political science-legal studies at the then newly founded Faculty of Political Science at the University of Erfurt until 2003. She completed the subsequent master's degree in political science-social sciences in Erfurt with the Magister Artium. During her studies, she worked as a research assistant at the Chair of Sociology of Education at the University of Erfurt.
Nordt was an advisor at the Thuringian Ministry of Social Affairs, Family and Health from 2005 to 2007. She then worked as an advisor at the CDU parliamentary group in the Thuringian state parliament from 2008 to 2020 in the areas of education, youth and sports, and equality. Since 2021, Nordt has been employed by the Kolping-Bildungswerk Thüringen.Kristina Nordt is married, has one child and lives in Erfurt.
Her father is the former Thuringian Minister of the Interior, President of the Thuringian Court of Audit and Member of the State Parliament Manfred Scherer.
Political career
Nordt joined the Junge Union and the CDU in 2008. She was an assessor in JU state executive and deputy district chairwoman of the JU in Erfurt. From 2010 to 2016, she was a member of the federal board of the JU. There she was, among other things, university policy spokesperson for the youth association.
Nordt is deputy chairwoman of a local CDU association in Erfurt and has been a member of the Erfurt CDU district executive committee since 2011. She was a member of the CDU Germany's Federal Committee on Education, Research and Innovation from 2013 to 2017.
In the 2017 Bundestag election, Nordt ran for the German Bundestag in 6th place on the CDU state list for Thuringia. She has been in the Bundestag since March 22, 2021, as the successor to Mark Hauptmann, who renounced his membership in the Bundestag in March 2021. She is a member of the Committee on Economic Affairs and Energy. She is a deputy member of the Committee on Health and Committee on Foreign Affairs.From 2009 to 2014, Nordt was a member of the Committee for Social Affairs, Labor Market and Equality of the City of Erfurt.
References
External links
Biography, German Bundestag
Official website (in German)
|
educated at
|
{
"answer_start": [
496
],
"text": [
"University of Erfurt"
]
}
|
Kristina Nordt (née Scherer; born 17 February 1982) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and political scientist. She was a member of the German Bundestag from March 2021 to October 2021.
Early life and family
After graduating from the Edith Stein School in Erfurt in 2000, Nordt completed a bachelor's degree with a major in political science-social sciences and a minor in political science-legal studies at the then newly founded Faculty of Political Science at the University of Erfurt until 2003. She completed the subsequent master's degree in political science-social sciences in Erfurt with the Magister Artium. During her studies, she worked as a research assistant at the Chair of Sociology of Education at the University of Erfurt.
Nordt was an advisor at the Thuringian Ministry of Social Affairs, Family and Health from 2005 to 2007. She then worked as an advisor at the CDU parliamentary group in the Thuringian state parliament from 2008 to 2020 in the areas of education, youth and sports, and equality. Since 2021, Nordt has been employed by the Kolping-Bildungswerk Thüringen.Kristina Nordt is married, has one child and lives in Erfurt.
Her father is the former Thuringian Minister of the Interior, President of the Thuringian Court of Audit and Member of the State Parliament Manfred Scherer.
Political career
Nordt joined the Junge Union and the CDU in 2008. She was an assessor in JU state executive and deputy district chairwoman of the JU in Erfurt. From 2010 to 2016, she was a member of the federal board of the JU. There she was, among other things, university policy spokesperson for the youth association.
Nordt is deputy chairwoman of a local CDU association in Erfurt and has been a member of the Erfurt CDU district executive committee since 2011. She was a member of the CDU Germany's Federal Committee on Education, Research and Innovation from 2013 to 2017.
In the 2017 Bundestag election, Nordt ran for the German Bundestag in 6th place on the CDU state list for Thuringia. She has been in the Bundestag since March 22, 2021, as the successor to Mark Hauptmann, who renounced his membership in the Bundestag in March 2021. She is a member of the Committee on Economic Affairs and Energy. She is a deputy member of the Committee on Health and Committee on Foreign Affairs.From 2009 to 2014, Nordt was a member of the Committee for Social Affairs, Labor Market and Equality of the City of Erfurt.
References
External links
Biography, German Bundestag
Official website (in German)
|
member of political party
|
{
"answer_start": [
82
],
"text": [
"Christian Democratic Union"
]
}
|
Kristina Nordt (née Scherer; born 17 February 1982) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and political scientist. She was a member of the German Bundestag from March 2021 to October 2021.
Early life and family
After graduating from the Edith Stein School in Erfurt in 2000, Nordt completed a bachelor's degree with a major in political science-social sciences and a minor in political science-legal studies at the then newly founded Faculty of Political Science at the University of Erfurt until 2003. She completed the subsequent master's degree in political science-social sciences in Erfurt with the Magister Artium. During her studies, she worked as a research assistant at the Chair of Sociology of Education at the University of Erfurt.
Nordt was an advisor at the Thuringian Ministry of Social Affairs, Family and Health from 2005 to 2007. She then worked as an advisor at the CDU parliamentary group in the Thuringian state parliament from 2008 to 2020 in the areas of education, youth and sports, and equality. Since 2021, Nordt has been employed by the Kolping-Bildungswerk Thüringen.Kristina Nordt is married, has one child and lives in Erfurt.
Her father is the former Thuringian Minister of the Interior, President of the Thuringian Court of Audit and Member of the State Parliament Manfred Scherer.
Political career
Nordt joined the Junge Union and the CDU in 2008. She was an assessor in JU state executive and deputy district chairwoman of the JU in Erfurt. From 2010 to 2016, she was a member of the federal board of the JU. There she was, among other things, university policy spokesperson for the youth association.
Nordt is deputy chairwoman of a local CDU association in Erfurt and has been a member of the Erfurt CDU district executive committee since 2011. She was a member of the CDU Germany's Federal Committee on Education, Research and Innovation from 2013 to 2017.
In the 2017 Bundestag election, Nordt ran for the German Bundestag in 6th place on the CDU state list for Thuringia. She has been in the Bundestag since March 22, 2021, as the successor to Mark Hauptmann, who renounced his membership in the Bundestag in March 2021. She is a member of the Committee on Economic Affairs and Energy. She is a deputy member of the Committee on Health and Committee on Foreign Affairs.From 2009 to 2014, Nordt was a member of the Committee for Social Affairs, Labor Market and Equality of the City of Erfurt.
References
External links
Biography, German Bundestag
Official website (in German)
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
64
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"text": [
"politician"
]
}
|
Kristina Nordt (née Scherer; born 17 February 1982) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and political scientist. She was a member of the German Bundestag from March 2021 to October 2021.
Early life and family
After graduating from the Edith Stein School in Erfurt in 2000, Nordt completed a bachelor's degree with a major in political science-social sciences and a minor in political science-legal studies at the then newly founded Faculty of Political Science at the University of Erfurt until 2003. She completed the subsequent master's degree in political science-social sciences in Erfurt with the Magister Artium. During her studies, she worked as a research assistant at the Chair of Sociology of Education at the University of Erfurt.
Nordt was an advisor at the Thuringian Ministry of Social Affairs, Family and Health from 2005 to 2007. She then worked as an advisor at the CDU parliamentary group in the Thuringian state parliament from 2008 to 2020 in the areas of education, youth and sports, and equality. Since 2021, Nordt has been employed by the Kolping-Bildungswerk Thüringen.Kristina Nordt is married, has one child and lives in Erfurt.
Her father is the former Thuringian Minister of the Interior, President of the Thuringian Court of Audit and Member of the State Parliament Manfred Scherer.
Political career
Nordt joined the Junge Union and the CDU in 2008. She was an assessor in JU state executive and deputy district chairwoman of the JU in Erfurt. From 2010 to 2016, she was a member of the federal board of the JU. There she was, among other things, university policy spokesperson for the youth association.
Nordt is deputy chairwoman of a local CDU association in Erfurt and has been a member of the Erfurt CDU district executive committee since 2011. She was a member of the CDU Germany's Federal Committee on Education, Research and Innovation from 2013 to 2017.
In the 2017 Bundestag election, Nordt ran for the German Bundestag in 6th place on the CDU state list for Thuringia. She has been in the Bundestag since March 22, 2021, as the successor to Mark Hauptmann, who renounced his membership in the Bundestag in March 2021. She is a member of the Committee on Economic Affairs and Energy. She is a deputy member of the Committee on Health and Committee on Foreign Affairs.From 2009 to 2014, Nordt was a member of the Committee for Social Affairs, Labor Market and Equality of the City of Erfurt.
References
External links
Biography, German Bundestag
Official website (in German)
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Kristina Nordt"
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}
|
Kristina Nordt (née Scherer; born 17 February 1982) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and political scientist. She was a member of the German Bundestag from March 2021 to October 2021.
Early life and family
After graduating from the Edith Stein School in Erfurt in 2000, Nordt completed a bachelor's degree with a major in political science-social sciences and a minor in political science-legal studies at the then newly founded Faculty of Political Science at the University of Erfurt until 2003. She completed the subsequent master's degree in political science-social sciences in Erfurt with the Magister Artium. During her studies, she worked as a research assistant at the Chair of Sociology of Education at the University of Erfurt.
Nordt was an advisor at the Thuringian Ministry of Social Affairs, Family and Health from 2005 to 2007. She then worked as an advisor at the CDU parliamentary group in the Thuringian state parliament from 2008 to 2020 in the areas of education, youth and sports, and equality. Since 2021, Nordt has been employed by the Kolping-Bildungswerk Thüringen.Kristina Nordt is married, has one child and lives in Erfurt.
Her father is the former Thuringian Minister of the Interior, President of the Thuringian Court of Audit and Member of the State Parliament Manfred Scherer.
Political career
Nordt joined the Junge Union and the CDU in 2008. She was an assessor in JU state executive and deputy district chairwoman of the JU in Erfurt. From 2010 to 2016, she was a member of the federal board of the JU. There she was, among other things, university policy spokesperson for the youth association.
Nordt is deputy chairwoman of a local CDU association in Erfurt and has been a member of the Erfurt CDU district executive committee since 2011. She was a member of the CDU Germany's Federal Committee on Education, Research and Innovation from 2013 to 2017.
In the 2017 Bundestag election, Nordt ran for the German Bundestag in 6th place on the CDU state list for Thuringia. She has been in the Bundestag since March 22, 2021, as the successor to Mark Hauptmann, who renounced his membership in the Bundestag in March 2021. She is a member of the Committee on Economic Affairs and Energy. She is a deputy member of the Committee on Health and Committee on Foreign Affairs.From 2009 to 2014, Nordt was a member of the Committee for Social Affairs, Labor Market and Equality of the City of Erfurt.
References
External links
Biography, German Bundestag
Official website (in German)
|
residence
|
{
"answer_start": [
285
],
"text": [
"Erfurt"
]
}
|
Kristina Nordt (née Scherer; born 17 February 1982) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and political scientist. She was a member of the German Bundestag from March 2021 to October 2021.
Early life and family
After graduating from the Edith Stein School in Erfurt in 2000, Nordt completed a bachelor's degree with a major in political science-social sciences and a minor in political science-legal studies at the then newly founded Faculty of Political Science at the University of Erfurt until 2003. She completed the subsequent master's degree in political science-social sciences in Erfurt with the Magister Artium. During her studies, she worked as a research assistant at the Chair of Sociology of Education at the University of Erfurt.
Nordt was an advisor at the Thuringian Ministry of Social Affairs, Family and Health from 2005 to 2007. She then worked as an advisor at the CDU parliamentary group in the Thuringian state parliament from 2008 to 2020 in the areas of education, youth and sports, and equality. Since 2021, Nordt has been employed by the Kolping-Bildungswerk Thüringen.Kristina Nordt is married, has one child and lives in Erfurt.
Her father is the former Thuringian Minister of the Interior, President of the Thuringian Court of Audit and Member of the State Parliament Manfred Scherer.
Political career
Nordt joined the Junge Union and the CDU in 2008. She was an assessor in JU state executive and deputy district chairwoman of the JU in Erfurt. From 2010 to 2016, she was a member of the federal board of the JU. There she was, among other things, university policy spokesperson for the youth association.
Nordt is deputy chairwoman of a local CDU association in Erfurt and has been a member of the Erfurt CDU district executive committee since 2011. She was a member of the CDU Germany's Federal Committee on Education, Research and Innovation from 2013 to 2017.
In the 2017 Bundestag election, Nordt ran for the German Bundestag in 6th place on the CDU state list for Thuringia. She has been in the Bundestag since March 22, 2021, as the successor to Mark Hauptmann, who renounced his membership in the Bundestag in March 2021. She is a member of the Committee on Economic Affairs and Energy. She is a deputy member of the Committee on Health and Committee on Foreign Affairs.From 2009 to 2014, Nordt was a member of the Committee for Social Affairs, Labor Market and Equality of the City of Erfurt.
References
External links
Biography, German Bundestag
Official website (in German)
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"Nordt"
]
}
|
Kristina Nordt (née Scherer; born 17 February 1982) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and political scientist. She was a member of the German Bundestag from March 2021 to October 2021.
Early life and family
After graduating from the Edith Stein School in Erfurt in 2000, Nordt completed a bachelor's degree with a major in political science-social sciences and a minor in political science-legal studies at the then newly founded Faculty of Political Science at the University of Erfurt until 2003. She completed the subsequent master's degree in political science-social sciences in Erfurt with the Magister Artium. During her studies, she worked as a research assistant at the Chair of Sociology of Education at the University of Erfurt.
Nordt was an advisor at the Thuringian Ministry of Social Affairs, Family and Health from 2005 to 2007. She then worked as an advisor at the CDU parliamentary group in the Thuringian state parliament from 2008 to 2020 in the areas of education, youth and sports, and equality. Since 2021, Nordt has been employed by the Kolping-Bildungswerk Thüringen.Kristina Nordt is married, has one child and lives in Erfurt.
Her father is the former Thuringian Minister of the Interior, President of the Thuringian Court of Audit and Member of the State Parliament Manfred Scherer.
Political career
Nordt joined the Junge Union and the CDU in 2008. She was an assessor in JU state executive and deputy district chairwoman of the JU in Erfurt. From 2010 to 2016, she was a member of the federal board of the JU. There she was, among other things, university policy spokesperson for the youth association.
Nordt is deputy chairwoman of a local CDU association in Erfurt and has been a member of the Erfurt CDU district executive committee since 2011. She was a member of the CDU Germany's Federal Committee on Education, Research and Innovation from 2013 to 2017.
In the 2017 Bundestag election, Nordt ran for the German Bundestag in 6th place on the CDU state list for Thuringia. She has been in the Bundestag since March 22, 2021, as the successor to Mark Hauptmann, who renounced his membership in the Bundestag in March 2021. She is a member of the Committee on Economic Affairs and Energy. She is a deputy member of the Committee on Health and Committee on Foreign Affairs.From 2009 to 2014, Nordt was a member of the Committee for Social Affairs, Labor Market and Equality of the City of Erfurt.
References
External links
Biography, German Bundestag
Official website (in German)
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Kristina"
]
}
|
Kristina Nordt (née Scherer; born 17 February 1982) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and political scientist. She was a member of the German Bundestag from March 2021 to October 2021.
Early life and family
After graduating from the Edith Stein School in Erfurt in 2000, Nordt completed a bachelor's degree with a major in political science-social sciences and a minor in political science-legal studies at the then newly founded Faculty of Political Science at the University of Erfurt until 2003. She completed the subsequent master's degree in political science-social sciences in Erfurt with the Magister Artium. During her studies, she worked as a research assistant at the Chair of Sociology of Education at the University of Erfurt.
Nordt was an advisor at the Thuringian Ministry of Social Affairs, Family and Health from 2005 to 2007. She then worked as an advisor at the CDU parliamentary group in the Thuringian state parliament from 2008 to 2020 in the areas of education, youth and sports, and equality. Since 2021, Nordt has been employed by the Kolping-Bildungswerk Thüringen.Kristina Nordt is married, has one child and lives in Erfurt.
Her father is the former Thuringian Minister of the Interior, President of the Thuringian Court of Audit and Member of the State Parliament Manfred Scherer.
Political career
Nordt joined the Junge Union and the CDU in 2008. She was an assessor in JU state executive and deputy district chairwoman of the JU in Erfurt. From 2010 to 2016, she was a member of the federal board of the JU. There she was, among other things, university policy spokesperson for the youth association.
Nordt is deputy chairwoman of a local CDU association in Erfurt and has been a member of the Erfurt CDU district executive committee since 2011. She was a member of the CDU Germany's Federal Committee on Education, Research and Innovation from 2013 to 2017.
In the 2017 Bundestag election, Nordt ran for the German Bundestag in 6th place on the CDU state list for Thuringia. She has been in the Bundestag since March 22, 2021, as the successor to Mark Hauptmann, who renounced his membership in the Bundestag in March 2021. She is a member of the Committee on Economic Affairs and Energy. She is a deputy member of the Committee on Health and Committee on Foreign Affairs.From 2009 to 2014, Nordt was a member of the Committee for Social Affairs, Labor Market and Equality of the City of Erfurt.
References
External links
Biography, German Bundestag
Official website (in German)
|
work location
|
{
"answer_start": [
285
],
"text": [
"Erfurt"
]
}
|
Kristina Nordt (née Scherer; born 17 February 1982) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and political scientist. She was a member of the German Bundestag from March 2021 to October 2021.
Early life and family
After graduating from the Edith Stein School in Erfurt in 2000, Nordt completed a bachelor's degree with a major in political science-social sciences and a minor in political science-legal studies at the then newly founded Faculty of Political Science at the University of Erfurt until 2003. She completed the subsequent master's degree in political science-social sciences in Erfurt with the Magister Artium. During her studies, she worked as a research assistant at the Chair of Sociology of Education at the University of Erfurt.
Nordt was an advisor at the Thuringian Ministry of Social Affairs, Family and Health from 2005 to 2007. She then worked as an advisor at the CDU parliamentary group in the Thuringian state parliament from 2008 to 2020 in the areas of education, youth and sports, and equality. Since 2021, Nordt has been employed by the Kolping-Bildungswerk Thüringen.Kristina Nordt is married, has one child and lives in Erfurt.
Her father is the former Thuringian Minister of the Interior, President of the Thuringian Court of Audit and Member of the State Parliament Manfred Scherer.
Political career
Nordt joined the Junge Union and the CDU in 2008. She was an assessor in JU state executive and deputy district chairwoman of the JU in Erfurt. From 2010 to 2016, she was a member of the federal board of the JU. There she was, among other things, university policy spokesperson for the youth association.
Nordt is deputy chairwoman of a local CDU association in Erfurt and has been a member of the Erfurt CDU district executive committee since 2011. She was a member of the CDU Germany's Federal Committee on Education, Research and Innovation from 2013 to 2017.
In the 2017 Bundestag election, Nordt ran for the German Bundestag in 6th place on the CDU state list for Thuringia. She has been in the Bundestag since March 22, 2021, as the successor to Mark Hauptmann, who renounced his membership in the Bundestag in March 2021. She is a member of the Committee on Economic Affairs and Energy. She is a deputy member of the Committee on Health and Committee on Foreign Affairs.From 2009 to 2014, Nordt was a member of the Committee for Social Affairs, Labor Market and Equality of the City of Erfurt.
References
External links
Biography, German Bundestag
Official website (in German)
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"German"
]
}
|
Canaanism was a cultural and ideological movement founded in 1939 that reached its peak in the 1940s among the Jews of Mandatory Palestine. It has had significant effect on the course of Israeli art, literature and spiritual and political thought. Its adherents were called Canaanites (Hebrew: כנענים). The movement's original name was the Council for the Coalition of Hebrew Youth (הוועד לגיבוש הנוער העברי) or less formally, the Young Hebrews; "Canaanism" was originally a pejorative term. It grew out of Revisionist Zionism and according to Ron Kuzar had "its early roots in European extreme right-wing movements, notably Italian fascism". Most of its members were part of the Irgun or Lehi.Canaanism never had more than around two dozen registered members, but because most of these were influential intellectuals and artists, the movement had an influence far beyond its size. Its members believed that much of the Middle East had been a Hebrew-speaking civilization in antiquity. Kuzar also says they hoped to revive this civilization, creating a "Hebrew" nation disconnected from the Jewish past, which would embrace the Middle East's Arab population as well. They saw both "world Jewry and world Islam" as backward and medieval; Ron Kuzar writes that the movement "exhibited an interesting blend of militarism and power politics toward the Arabs as an organized community on the one hand and a welcoming acceptance of them as individuals to be redeemed from medieval darkness on the other."
The Canaanites and Judaism
The movement was founded in 1939. In 1943 the Jewish-Palestinian poet Yonatan Ratosh published an Epistle to the Hebrew Youth, the first manifesto of the Canaanites. In this tract, Ratosh called upon Hebrew youth to disaffiliate themselves from Judaism, and declared that no meaningful bond united Hebrew youth residing in Palestine and Judaism. Ratosh argued that Judaism was not a nation but a religion, and as such it was universal, without territorial claims; one could be Jewish anywhere. For a nation to genuinely arise in Palestine, he maintained, the youth must uncouple from Judaism and form a Hebrew nation with its own unique identity. (The term "Hebrew" had been associated with the Zionist aspiration to create a strong, self-confident "new Jew" since the late nineteenth century). The birthplace and geographical coordinates of this nation is the Fertile Crescent.
The Council for the Coalition of Hebrew Youth calls upon you as a Hebrew, as one for whom the Hebrew homeland is a homeland in actuality: not as vision, nor as desire; and not as solution for the Jewish question, nor as solution to cosmic questions, and not as solution to the variegated neuroses of those stricken by the diaspora. As one for whom the Hebrew language is a language in actuality and practicality, a mother tongue, a language of culture and of the soul; the one and only language for emotion and thought. As one whose character and intellect were determined in the Hebrew reality, whose internal landscape is the landscape of the nation and whose past is the past of the nation alone. As one who, despite the best efforts of rootless parents, teachers, statesmen and religious leaders, could not be made to like and affiliate with the Shtetl and the history of the diaspora, the pogroms and expulsions and martyrs, and whose natural estrangement from all prophets of Zionism, the fathers of Jewish Literature in the Hebrew tongue, and the diaspora mentality and the diaspora problem, cannot be expunged. Whereas all these were conferred upon you by force, like a borrowed cloth, faded and tattered and too-tight.
Out of their estrangement from Judaism the Canaanites were also estranged from Zionism. The State of Israel ought to be, they argued, a Hebrew state, not a solution to the Jewish Question. Following the first Aliyah, a generation arose in Palestine that spoke Hebrew as a native language and did not always identify with Judaism. Designating the Israeli People as a "Jewish People", the Canaanites argued, was misleading. If it was possible to be a Jew anywhere, then the State of Israel was merely an anecdote in the history of Judaism. A nation must be rooted in a territory and a language—things which Judaism, in its very nature, could not provide.
Canaanites and history
The movement promoted the idea that the Land of Israel was that of ancient Canaan (or, according to others, the whole of the Fertile Crescent) in which ancient peoples and cultures had lived, and that the historical occasion of the reemergence of an Israeli people constituted a veritable revival of these selfsame ancient Hebrews and their civilization, and consequently a rejection of religious Judaism in favor of a native and rooted Hebrew identity.
Because the Canaanites sought to create in Israel a new people, they mandated the dissociation of Israelis from Judaism and the history of Judaism. In their stead they placed the culture and history of the Ancient Near East, which they considered the true historical reference. They argued that the people of the Land of Israel in the days of the biblical monarchs had not been Jewish but Hebrew, and had shared a cultural context with other peoples of the region. Citing contemporary biblical criticism, the Canaanites argued that the Tanakh reflected this ancient history, but only partly, since it had been compiled in the period of the Second Temple by Jewish scribes who had rewritten the history of the region to suit their world-view.
Much of the Canaanite effort was dedicated to researching the history of the Middle East and its peoples. The Canaanites cited approvingly the work of Umberto Cassuto, who translated Ugaritic poetry into Hebrew. (Ugarit was an ancient city located in modern-day northern Syria, where in the early 20th century many important ancient texts, written in the Ugaritic language, were discovered.) Ugaritic verse bore an uncanny resemblance to the language of the Tanakh. The Canaanites argued that these texts proved that the people of the Land of Israel had been much closer socially and culturally to other peoples of the region than they had been to Judaism.
Canaanites and literature
In his book, Sifrut Yehudit ba-lashon ha-ʻIvrit (Jewish Literature in the Hebrew Tongue), Yonatan Ratosh sought to differentiate between Hebrew literature and Jewish literature written in the Hebrew language. Jewish literature, Ratosh claimed, could be and was written in any number of languages. The ideas and writing style that characterize Jewish literature in Hebrew were not substantially different from those of Jewish literature in other languages. Ratosh and his fellow Canaanites (especially Aharon Amir) thought that Hebrew literature should be rooted to its historical origins in the Land of Israel and the Hebrew language. As an example they noted American literature, which in their mind was newly created for the new American people.
Canaanite verse is often obscure to those unfamiliar with ancient Ugaritic and Canaanite mythology. One of the principal techniques used by the Canaanites to produce Hebrew literature was to adopt words and phrases (especially hapax legomena, which the Canaanites regarded as traces of the original unedited Hebraic Tanakh) from the Tanakh, and use them in a poetic that approximated biblical and Ugaritic verse, especially in their use of repetitive structures and parallelism. The Canaanites did not rule out the use of new Hebrew words, but many of them did avoid Mishnaic Hebrew. However, these characteristics represent only the core of the Canaanite movement, and not its full breadth.
The late literary scholar Baruch Kurzweil argued that the Canaanites were not sui generis, but a direct continuation (albeit a radical one) of the literature of Micha Josef Berdyczewski and Shaul Tchernichovsky.
Canaanites and language
Ratosh and his brother, Uzzi Ornan, also sought for the Romanization of Hebrew in order to further divorce the language from the older Hebrew alphabet. Writing articles in the Hebrew-language press in the 1960s and 1970s, they criticized the Hebrew alphabet for its graphical shortcomings and relationship with Judaism, and proposed for official Romanization of the language in order to further free secular Hebrew Israelis from the hold of religion and integrate them into the larger Levantine region. Their proposals for wholesale Romanization met condemnation from various public figures due to the perception that Romanization was a means of assimilation and Levantinization.Aytürk later compared the Canaanite proposal for Romanization to the more successful reform of the Turkish alphabet as undertaken by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Turkey; the reform of Turkish spelling, which had previously been written in the Arabic-based Ottoman Turkish alphabet for over 1,000 years until the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, was similarly motivated by Atatürk's attempts to secularize and modernize post-Ottoman Turkish society.
Activities
The Coalition published a journal, Aleph, which ran from 1948–1953, featuring the works of several luminaries of the movement including Ratosh, Adia Horon, Uzzi Ornan, Amos Kenan and Benjamin Tammuz. It was edited by Aharon Amir, and the journal circulated erratically throughout its existence. The journal was named after a Young Hebrews' flag designed by Ratosh, that featured an aleph in the more figurative shape of an ox's head, as in the Phoenician or Paleo-Hebrew alphabet.
The history of the Coalition and the movement was fraught with controversy and opposition. In 1951, leaflets were distributed by self-identified Canaanites in opposition to Zionism during the World Zionist Congress in Jerusalem that year. Later that year, the Coalition was formally organized at a conference of ideologues, but the permit to formally register as an NGO was deliberately delayed by the Interior Ministry; the ministry's representative explained that the approval has been delayed because "the group did not complete the standard inquiry of the granting of approvals for political societies". The group claimed as many as 500 members at its height, although outside commentators only assessed the membership at around 100.
After the arrest of Amos Kenan in June 1952 on suspicion of throwing a bomb onto the doorstep of David-Zvi Pinkas, newspaper editorials were lodged against the Canaanite movement and its members. The Coalition claimed to have no connection to Kenan or his act, and both Amir and Ratosh filed a libel suit against Isaiah Bernstein of HaTzofe and Ezriel Carlebach from Maariv on behalf of the Coalition, but the suit was rejected for technical reasons.
In the 1960s, the movement's members participated in group discussions called "Hebrew Thought Clubs" and issued a booklet of their discussions as "the first claw." Among participants in the discussions were also identified individuals who were Canaanites, as Rostam Bastuni, an Israeli Arab who was a member of the second Knesset for Mapam, and Yehoshua Palmon.
Scope and influence
The political influence of the Canaanites was limited, but their influence on literary and intellectual life in Israel was great. Among the avowed Canaanites were the poet Yonatan Ratosh and thinkers such as Edya Horon. A series of articles which Horon published in the journal "Keshet" in 1965 were compiled after his death into a book and published in 2000. These articles constituted political and cultural manifestos that sought to create a direct connection between Semitic culture from the second millennium BCE and contemporary Israeli culture, relying on advancements in the fields of archeology and research of Semitic languages in linguistics.
Some of the artists who took after the movement were the sculptor Yitzhak Danziger (whose Nimrod became a visual emblem of the Canaanite idea), novelist Benjamin Tammuz, writer Amos Kenan, novelist and translator Aharon Amir, thinker and linguist Uzzi Ornan and many others.
The journalist Uri Avnery praised Horon's journal Shem in 1942 but did not subscribe to Ratosh's orthodoxy; in 1947 he derided the Canaanites as romantic, anachronistic, and divorced from reality. However, the influence of Canaanism is still evident in some of his political thought, such as his 1947 proposal for a pan-Semitic union of Middle Eastern states. Avnery, along with several former Canaanites (notably Kenan and Boaz Evron) later changed positions drastically, becoming advocates for a Palestinian state. Israeli leftists and secularists are sometimes accused of Canaanism or Canaanite influence by their opponents.The idea of creating a new people in Palestine different from the Jewish life in the diaspora which preceded it never materialized in purist Canaanite conception, but nevertheless had a lasting effect on the self-understanding of many spheres of Israeli public life.
Criticism
The Canaanite movement, since soon after its inception, has met with heavy criticism. In 1945 Nathan Alterman published the poem "Summer Quarrel" (later included in the collection City of the Dove, published in 1958), which took issue with the central tenets of the Canaanite movement. Alterman and others claimed that so many years in the diaspora cannot be simply expunged. Alterman argued that no one should coerce the Jewish settlement to adopt an identity; its identity will be determined through its experience in time.
Ratosh responded with an article in 1950 in which he claimed that Alterman was dodging important questions about Israeli identity. He argued that a return to ancient Hebrew traditions is not only feasible but necessary.
Alterman was not the only person to speak out against the Canaanites. Among the important critics of the movement was Baruch Kurzweil, who published The Roots and Quintessence of the 'Young Hebrews' Movement in 1953, which analyzed and sharply criticized Canaanite ideas. Kurzweil argued that the Canaanite ambition to motivate the variegated ethnography of the region in a single direction was not as easy as the Canaanites believed. Kurzweil believed the Canaanites replaced logos with mythos, producing a religious delusion:
Since it itself neglects the historical continuity of its people, introduces obscure concepts into their political vision in its declarations of a 'Hebrew Land on the Euphrates', and relies on increasingly irrational argumentation, the movement is liable to find itself an escape into the realm of myth.
The Young Hebrews are not the first to launch themselves into the task of mythic renewal. Their original contribution is rather stale. For over a hundred years, the world has pined for a return to the lap of myth. The escapes into various myths have hitherto inflicted disasters upon humanity. In the spirit of good faith, it is best to assume that the whole chapter of mythic renewal in European thought is unclear to them. For the moment, we shall content ourselves with this quotation from Huizinga: "Barbarization sets in when, in an old culture… the vapors of the magic and fantastic rise up again from the seething brew of passions to cloud the understanding: when the mythos supplants the logos."
In the same article Kurzweil argues that, if no viable alternative was found, the Canaanite movement might become the leading political ideology in Israel.
See also
Citations
References
Hofmann, Klaus. Canaanism, Middle Eastern Studies, 47, 2 (March 2011), 273 – 294.
Kuzar, Ron. Hebrew and Zionism: A Discourse Analytic Cultural Study. (New York: Mounton de Gruyter, 2001). ISBN 978-3110169935
Shavit, Jacob (1987). The new Hebrew nation. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-3302-2.
van der Toorn, Karel (1995). Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. New York: E.J. Brill. ISBN 0-8028-2491-9.
External links
Ron Kuzar, "Two Brief Introductions to Hebrew Canaanism," from Hebrew and Zionism: A Discourse Analytic Cultural Study (Mounton De Gruyter, 2001), pages 12–14 and 197–202. Retrieved 22-11-2013.
Uri Avnery, "Benjamin's Inn: A tribute to artist, writer and editor Benjamin Tammuz, the 'Canaanite,' on the occasion of the publication of a new edition of his writings in Hebrew," Haaretz, Dec. 27, 2007. Retrieved 22-11-2013.
Boas Evron, "'Canaanism': Solutions and Problems," from The Jerusalem Quarterly, Number 44, Fall 1987, ISSN 0334-4800, and also published in revised form as Chapter 11 of the author's book Jewish State or Israeli Nation? (Indiana University Press, 1995) a translation from the Hebrew of Haheshbon Haleumi (1988). Retrieved 22-11-2013.
|
named after
|
{
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Canaanism was a cultural and ideological movement founded in 1939 that reached its peak in the 1940s among the Jews of Mandatory Palestine. It has had significant effect on the course of Israeli art, literature and spiritual and political thought. Its adherents were called Canaanites (Hebrew: כנענים). The movement's original name was the Council for the Coalition of Hebrew Youth (הוועד לגיבוש הנוער העברי) or less formally, the Young Hebrews; "Canaanism" was originally a pejorative term. It grew out of Revisionist Zionism and according to Ron Kuzar had "its early roots in European extreme right-wing movements, notably Italian fascism". Most of its members were part of the Irgun or Lehi.Canaanism never had more than around two dozen registered members, but because most of these were influential intellectuals and artists, the movement had an influence far beyond its size. Its members believed that much of the Middle East had been a Hebrew-speaking civilization in antiquity. Kuzar also says they hoped to revive this civilization, creating a "Hebrew" nation disconnected from the Jewish past, which would embrace the Middle East's Arab population as well. They saw both "world Jewry and world Islam" as backward and medieval; Ron Kuzar writes that the movement "exhibited an interesting blend of militarism and power politics toward the Arabs as an organized community on the one hand and a welcoming acceptance of them as individuals to be redeemed from medieval darkness on the other."
The Canaanites and Judaism
The movement was founded in 1939. In 1943 the Jewish-Palestinian poet Yonatan Ratosh published an Epistle to the Hebrew Youth, the first manifesto of the Canaanites. In this tract, Ratosh called upon Hebrew youth to disaffiliate themselves from Judaism, and declared that no meaningful bond united Hebrew youth residing in Palestine and Judaism. Ratosh argued that Judaism was not a nation but a religion, and as such it was universal, without territorial claims; one could be Jewish anywhere. For a nation to genuinely arise in Palestine, he maintained, the youth must uncouple from Judaism and form a Hebrew nation with its own unique identity. (The term "Hebrew" had been associated with the Zionist aspiration to create a strong, self-confident "new Jew" since the late nineteenth century). The birthplace and geographical coordinates of this nation is the Fertile Crescent.
The Council for the Coalition of Hebrew Youth calls upon you as a Hebrew, as one for whom the Hebrew homeland is a homeland in actuality: not as vision, nor as desire; and not as solution for the Jewish question, nor as solution to cosmic questions, and not as solution to the variegated neuroses of those stricken by the diaspora. As one for whom the Hebrew language is a language in actuality and practicality, a mother tongue, a language of culture and of the soul; the one and only language for emotion and thought. As one whose character and intellect were determined in the Hebrew reality, whose internal landscape is the landscape of the nation and whose past is the past of the nation alone. As one who, despite the best efforts of rootless parents, teachers, statesmen and religious leaders, could not be made to like and affiliate with the Shtetl and the history of the diaspora, the pogroms and expulsions and martyrs, and whose natural estrangement from all prophets of Zionism, the fathers of Jewish Literature in the Hebrew tongue, and the diaspora mentality and the diaspora problem, cannot be expunged. Whereas all these were conferred upon you by force, like a borrowed cloth, faded and tattered and too-tight.
Out of their estrangement from Judaism the Canaanites were also estranged from Zionism. The State of Israel ought to be, they argued, a Hebrew state, not a solution to the Jewish Question. Following the first Aliyah, a generation arose in Palestine that spoke Hebrew as a native language and did not always identify with Judaism. Designating the Israeli People as a "Jewish People", the Canaanites argued, was misleading. If it was possible to be a Jew anywhere, then the State of Israel was merely an anecdote in the history of Judaism. A nation must be rooted in a territory and a language—things which Judaism, in its very nature, could not provide.
Canaanites and history
The movement promoted the idea that the Land of Israel was that of ancient Canaan (or, according to others, the whole of the Fertile Crescent) in which ancient peoples and cultures had lived, and that the historical occasion of the reemergence of an Israeli people constituted a veritable revival of these selfsame ancient Hebrews and their civilization, and consequently a rejection of religious Judaism in favor of a native and rooted Hebrew identity.
Because the Canaanites sought to create in Israel a new people, they mandated the dissociation of Israelis from Judaism and the history of Judaism. In their stead they placed the culture and history of the Ancient Near East, which they considered the true historical reference. They argued that the people of the Land of Israel in the days of the biblical monarchs had not been Jewish but Hebrew, and had shared a cultural context with other peoples of the region. Citing contemporary biblical criticism, the Canaanites argued that the Tanakh reflected this ancient history, but only partly, since it had been compiled in the period of the Second Temple by Jewish scribes who had rewritten the history of the region to suit their world-view.
Much of the Canaanite effort was dedicated to researching the history of the Middle East and its peoples. The Canaanites cited approvingly the work of Umberto Cassuto, who translated Ugaritic poetry into Hebrew. (Ugarit was an ancient city located in modern-day northern Syria, where in the early 20th century many important ancient texts, written in the Ugaritic language, were discovered.) Ugaritic verse bore an uncanny resemblance to the language of the Tanakh. The Canaanites argued that these texts proved that the people of the Land of Israel had been much closer socially and culturally to other peoples of the region than they had been to Judaism.
Canaanites and literature
In his book, Sifrut Yehudit ba-lashon ha-ʻIvrit (Jewish Literature in the Hebrew Tongue), Yonatan Ratosh sought to differentiate between Hebrew literature and Jewish literature written in the Hebrew language. Jewish literature, Ratosh claimed, could be and was written in any number of languages. The ideas and writing style that characterize Jewish literature in Hebrew were not substantially different from those of Jewish literature in other languages. Ratosh and his fellow Canaanites (especially Aharon Amir) thought that Hebrew literature should be rooted to its historical origins in the Land of Israel and the Hebrew language. As an example they noted American literature, which in their mind was newly created for the new American people.
Canaanite verse is often obscure to those unfamiliar with ancient Ugaritic and Canaanite mythology. One of the principal techniques used by the Canaanites to produce Hebrew literature was to adopt words and phrases (especially hapax legomena, which the Canaanites regarded as traces of the original unedited Hebraic Tanakh) from the Tanakh, and use them in a poetic that approximated biblical and Ugaritic verse, especially in their use of repetitive structures and parallelism. The Canaanites did not rule out the use of new Hebrew words, but many of them did avoid Mishnaic Hebrew. However, these characteristics represent only the core of the Canaanite movement, and not its full breadth.
The late literary scholar Baruch Kurzweil argued that the Canaanites were not sui generis, but a direct continuation (albeit a radical one) of the literature of Micha Josef Berdyczewski and Shaul Tchernichovsky.
Canaanites and language
Ratosh and his brother, Uzzi Ornan, also sought for the Romanization of Hebrew in order to further divorce the language from the older Hebrew alphabet. Writing articles in the Hebrew-language press in the 1960s and 1970s, they criticized the Hebrew alphabet for its graphical shortcomings and relationship with Judaism, and proposed for official Romanization of the language in order to further free secular Hebrew Israelis from the hold of religion and integrate them into the larger Levantine region. Their proposals for wholesale Romanization met condemnation from various public figures due to the perception that Romanization was a means of assimilation and Levantinization.Aytürk later compared the Canaanite proposal for Romanization to the more successful reform of the Turkish alphabet as undertaken by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Turkey; the reform of Turkish spelling, which had previously been written in the Arabic-based Ottoman Turkish alphabet for over 1,000 years until the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, was similarly motivated by Atatürk's attempts to secularize and modernize post-Ottoman Turkish society.
Activities
The Coalition published a journal, Aleph, which ran from 1948–1953, featuring the works of several luminaries of the movement including Ratosh, Adia Horon, Uzzi Ornan, Amos Kenan and Benjamin Tammuz. It was edited by Aharon Amir, and the journal circulated erratically throughout its existence. The journal was named after a Young Hebrews' flag designed by Ratosh, that featured an aleph in the more figurative shape of an ox's head, as in the Phoenician or Paleo-Hebrew alphabet.
The history of the Coalition and the movement was fraught with controversy and opposition. In 1951, leaflets were distributed by self-identified Canaanites in opposition to Zionism during the World Zionist Congress in Jerusalem that year. Later that year, the Coalition was formally organized at a conference of ideologues, but the permit to formally register as an NGO was deliberately delayed by the Interior Ministry; the ministry's representative explained that the approval has been delayed because "the group did not complete the standard inquiry of the granting of approvals for political societies". The group claimed as many as 500 members at its height, although outside commentators only assessed the membership at around 100.
After the arrest of Amos Kenan in June 1952 on suspicion of throwing a bomb onto the doorstep of David-Zvi Pinkas, newspaper editorials were lodged against the Canaanite movement and its members. The Coalition claimed to have no connection to Kenan or his act, and both Amir and Ratosh filed a libel suit against Isaiah Bernstein of HaTzofe and Ezriel Carlebach from Maariv on behalf of the Coalition, but the suit was rejected for technical reasons.
In the 1960s, the movement's members participated in group discussions called "Hebrew Thought Clubs" and issued a booklet of their discussions as "the first claw." Among participants in the discussions were also identified individuals who were Canaanites, as Rostam Bastuni, an Israeli Arab who was a member of the second Knesset for Mapam, and Yehoshua Palmon.
Scope and influence
The political influence of the Canaanites was limited, but their influence on literary and intellectual life in Israel was great. Among the avowed Canaanites were the poet Yonatan Ratosh and thinkers such as Edya Horon. A series of articles which Horon published in the journal "Keshet" in 1965 were compiled after his death into a book and published in 2000. These articles constituted political and cultural manifestos that sought to create a direct connection between Semitic culture from the second millennium BCE and contemporary Israeli culture, relying on advancements in the fields of archeology and research of Semitic languages in linguistics.
Some of the artists who took after the movement were the sculptor Yitzhak Danziger (whose Nimrod became a visual emblem of the Canaanite idea), novelist Benjamin Tammuz, writer Amos Kenan, novelist and translator Aharon Amir, thinker and linguist Uzzi Ornan and many others.
The journalist Uri Avnery praised Horon's journal Shem in 1942 but did not subscribe to Ratosh's orthodoxy; in 1947 he derided the Canaanites as romantic, anachronistic, and divorced from reality. However, the influence of Canaanism is still evident in some of his political thought, such as his 1947 proposal for a pan-Semitic union of Middle Eastern states. Avnery, along with several former Canaanites (notably Kenan and Boaz Evron) later changed positions drastically, becoming advocates for a Palestinian state. Israeli leftists and secularists are sometimes accused of Canaanism or Canaanite influence by their opponents.The idea of creating a new people in Palestine different from the Jewish life in the diaspora which preceded it never materialized in purist Canaanite conception, but nevertheless had a lasting effect on the self-understanding of many spheres of Israeli public life.
Criticism
The Canaanite movement, since soon after its inception, has met with heavy criticism. In 1945 Nathan Alterman published the poem "Summer Quarrel" (later included in the collection City of the Dove, published in 1958), which took issue with the central tenets of the Canaanite movement. Alterman and others claimed that so many years in the diaspora cannot be simply expunged. Alterman argued that no one should coerce the Jewish settlement to adopt an identity; its identity will be determined through its experience in time.
Ratosh responded with an article in 1950 in which he claimed that Alterman was dodging important questions about Israeli identity. He argued that a return to ancient Hebrew traditions is not only feasible but necessary.
Alterman was not the only person to speak out against the Canaanites. Among the important critics of the movement was Baruch Kurzweil, who published The Roots and Quintessence of the 'Young Hebrews' Movement in 1953, which analyzed and sharply criticized Canaanite ideas. Kurzweil argued that the Canaanite ambition to motivate the variegated ethnography of the region in a single direction was not as easy as the Canaanites believed. Kurzweil believed the Canaanites replaced logos with mythos, producing a religious delusion:
Since it itself neglects the historical continuity of its people, introduces obscure concepts into their political vision in its declarations of a 'Hebrew Land on the Euphrates', and relies on increasingly irrational argumentation, the movement is liable to find itself an escape into the realm of myth.
The Young Hebrews are not the first to launch themselves into the task of mythic renewal. Their original contribution is rather stale. For over a hundred years, the world has pined for a return to the lap of myth. The escapes into various myths have hitherto inflicted disasters upon humanity. In the spirit of good faith, it is best to assume that the whole chapter of mythic renewal in European thought is unclear to them. For the moment, we shall content ourselves with this quotation from Huizinga: "Barbarization sets in when, in an old culture… the vapors of the magic and fantastic rise up again from the seething brew of passions to cloud the understanding: when the mythos supplants the logos."
In the same article Kurzweil argues that, if no viable alternative was found, the Canaanite movement might become the leading political ideology in Israel.
See also
Citations
References
Hofmann, Klaus. Canaanism, Middle Eastern Studies, 47, 2 (March 2011), 273 – 294.
Kuzar, Ron. Hebrew and Zionism: A Discourse Analytic Cultural Study. (New York: Mounton de Gruyter, 2001). ISBN 978-3110169935
Shavit, Jacob (1987). The new Hebrew nation. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-3302-2.
van der Toorn, Karel (1995). Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. New York: E.J. Brill. ISBN 0-8028-2491-9.
External links
Ron Kuzar, "Two Brief Introductions to Hebrew Canaanism," from Hebrew and Zionism: A Discourse Analytic Cultural Study (Mounton De Gruyter, 2001), pages 12–14 and 197–202. Retrieved 22-11-2013.
Uri Avnery, "Benjamin's Inn: A tribute to artist, writer and editor Benjamin Tammuz, the 'Canaanite,' on the occasion of the publication of a new edition of his writings in Hebrew," Haaretz, Dec. 27, 2007. Retrieved 22-11-2013.
Boas Evron, "'Canaanism': Solutions and Problems," from The Jerusalem Quarterly, Number 44, Fall 1987, ISSN 0334-4800, and also published in revised form as Chapter 11 of the author's book Jewish State or Israeli Nation? (Indiana University Press, 1995) a translation from the Hebrew of Haheshbon Haleumi (1988). Retrieved 22-11-2013.
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Råde is a municipality in Viken county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Karlshus. The parish of Raade was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt).
The neighbouring municipalities are Rygge, Våler, Sarpsborg, and Fredrikstad. There are four major villages in the municipality: Karlshus, Saltnes, Missingmyr, and Slangsvold.
General information
Name
The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old Råde farm (Old Norse: Róða), since the first church was built here. The name is identical with the word róða which means "bar, pole, or rod". Here it is referring to one of Norway's many terminal moraines, and the farm and the church named after it. Prior to 1921, the name was written "Raade".
History
Traces of settlements from 3000 BC have been located at Vansjø.
Coat-of-arms
The coat-of-arms is from modern times. They were granted on 30 May 1980. The arms are canting for the name of the municipality. It shows a yellow bend on a green background. The arms thus symbolise the moraine and glacial path from the Ice ages that runs through the municipality. The colour green symbolises the fertile soil.
Demography
Råde Church
Råde church (Råde kirke) is a medieval era church in Råde parish. The church belongs to Vestre Borgesyssel deanery in Diocese of Borg. The church dates from 1185 and is of Romanesque style. The edifice is of brick and stone and has 300 seats. The church has a rectangular nave and narrow choir with an apse which is semicircular. The baptismal font is from the 1500s and the altarpiece is from 1638. The altarpiece was painted both in 1862 and 1918. In 1950–60, the altarpiece was restored. The church was extensively repaired in 1860–1862. In the late 1950s, restoration work initiated.
Climate
Climate data is supplied by Rygge meteorological station by the airport, located right on the border between Rygge and Råde.
Culture
Helleristning [ petroglyphs ] from the Bronze Age have been found in Råde.
Notable people
Johannes Gerckens Bassøe (born 1878 in Råde – 1962) a Norwegian jurist and civil servant who was the first Governor of Svalbard
Egil Hovland (born 1924 in Råde – 2013) a Norwegian composer who wrote in diverse styles
Hermund Nygård (born 1979 in Råde) a Norwegian jazz drummer
Vidar Martinsen (born 1982 in Råde) a Norwegian footballer with over 250 club caps
References
External links
Media related to Råde at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of Råde at Wiktionary
Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway
Østfold travel guide from Wikivoyage
|
country
|
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40
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Råde is a municipality in Viken county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Karlshus. The parish of Raade was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt).
The neighbouring municipalities are Rygge, Våler, Sarpsborg, and Fredrikstad. There are four major villages in the municipality: Karlshus, Saltnes, Missingmyr, and Slangsvold.
General information
Name
The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old Råde farm (Old Norse: Róða), since the first church was built here. The name is identical with the word róða which means "bar, pole, or rod". Here it is referring to one of Norway's many terminal moraines, and the farm and the church named after it. Prior to 1921, the name was written "Raade".
History
Traces of settlements from 3000 BC have been located at Vansjø.
Coat-of-arms
The coat-of-arms is from modern times. They were granted on 30 May 1980. The arms are canting for the name of the municipality. It shows a yellow bend on a green background. The arms thus symbolise the moraine and glacial path from the Ice ages that runs through the municipality. The colour green symbolises the fertile soil.
Demography
Råde Church
Råde church (Råde kirke) is a medieval era church in Råde parish. The church belongs to Vestre Borgesyssel deanery in Diocese of Borg. The church dates from 1185 and is of Romanesque style. The edifice is of brick and stone and has 300 seats. The church has a rectangular nave and narrow choir with an apse which is semicircular. The baptismal font is from the 1500s and the altarpiece is from 1638. The altarpiece was painted both in 1862 and 1918. In 1950–60, the altarpiece was restored. The church was extensively repaired in 1860–1862. In the late 1950s, restoration work initiated.
Climate
Climate data is supplied by Rygge meteorological station by the airport, located right on the border between Rygge and Råde.
Culture
Helleristning [ petroglyphs ] from the Bronze Age have been found in Råde.
Notable people
Johannes Gerckens Bassøe (born 1878 in Råde – 1962) a Norwegian jurist and civil servant who was the first Governor of Svalbard
Egil Hovland (born 1924 in Råde – 2013) a Norwegian composer who wrote in diverse styles
Hermund Nygård (born 1979 in Råde) a Norwegian jazz drummer
Vidar Martinsen (born 1982 in Råde) a Norwegian footballer with over 250 club caps
References
External links
Media related to Råde at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of Råde at Wiktionary
Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway
Østfold travel guide from Wikivoyage
|
capital
|
{
"answer_start": [
113
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"text": [
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|
Råde is a municipality in Viken county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Karlshus. The parish of Raade was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt).
The neighbouring municipalities are Rygge, Våler, Sarpsborg, and Fredrikstad. There are four major villages in the municipality: Karlshus, Saltnes, Missingmyr, and Slangsvold.
General information
Name
The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old Råde farm (Old Norse: Róða), since the first church was built here. The name is identical with the word róða which means "bar, pole, or rod". Here it is referring to one of Norway's many terminal moraines, and the farm and the church named after it. Prior to 1921, the name was written "Raade".
History
Traces of settlements from 3000 BC have been located at Vansjø.
Coat-of-arms
The coat-of-arms is from modern times. They were granted on 30 May 1980. The arms are canting for the name of the municipality. It shows a yellow bend on a green background. The arms thus symbolise the moraine and glacial path from the Ice ages that runs through the municipality. The colour green symbolises the fertile soil.
Demography
Råde Church
Råde church (Råde kirke) is a medieval era church in Råde parish. The church belongs to Vestre Borgesyssel deanery in Diocese of Borg. The church dates from 1185 and is of Romanesque style. The edifice is of brick and stone and has 300 seats. The church has a rectangular nave and narrow choir with an apse which is semicircular. The baptismal font is from the 1500s and the altarpiece is from 1638. The altarpiece was painted both in 1862 and 1918. In 1950–60, the altarpiece was restored. The church was extensively repaired in 1860–1862. In the late 1950s, restoration work initiated.
Climate
Climate data is supplied by Rygge meteorological station by the airport, located right on the border between Rygge and Råde.
Culture
Helleristning [ petroglyphs ] from the Bronze Age have been found in Råde.
Notable people
Johannes Gerckens Bassøe (born 1878 in Råde – 1962) a Norwegian jurist and civil servant who was the first Governor of Svalbard
Egil Hovland (born 1924 in Råde – 2013) a Norwegian composer who wrote in diverse styles
Hermund Nygård (born 1979 in Råde) a Norwegian jazz drummer
Vidar Martinsen (born 1982 in Råde) a Norwegian footballer with over 250 club caps
References
External links
Media related to Råde at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of Råde at Wiktionary
Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway
Østfold travel guide from Wikivoyage
|
shares border with
|
{
"answer_start": [
260
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"text": [
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|
Råde is a municipality in Viken county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Karlshus. The parish of Raade was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt).
The neighbouring municipalities are Rygge, Våler, Sarpsborg, and Fredrikstad. There are four major villages in the municipality: Karlshus, Saltnes, Missingmyr, and Slangsvold.
General information
Name
The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old Råde farm (Old Norse: Róða), since the first church was built here. The name is identical with the word róða which means "bar, pole, or rod". Here it is referring to one of Norway's many terminal moraines, and the farm and the church named after it. Prior to 1921, the name was written "Raade".
History
Traces of settlements from 3000 BC have been located at Vansjø.
Coat-of-arms
The coat-of-arms is from modern times. They were granted on 30 May 1980. The arms are canting for the name of the municipality. It shows a yellow bend on a green background. The arms thus symbolise the moraine and glacial path from the Ice ages that runs through the municipality. The colour green symbolises the fertile soil.
Demography
Råde Church
Råde church (Råde kirke) is a medieval era church in Råde parish. The church belongs to Vestre Borgesyssel deanery in Diocese of Borg. The church dates from 1185 and is of Romanesque style. The edifice is of brick and stone and has 300 seats. The church has a rectangular nave and narrow choir with an apse which is semicircular. The baptismal font is from the 1500s and the altarpiece is from 1638. The altarpiece was painted both in 1862 and 1918. In 1950–60, the altarpiece was restored. The church was extensively repaired in 1860–1862. In the late 1950s, restoration work initiated.
Climate
Climate data is supplied by Rygge meteorological station by the airport, located right on the border between Rygge and Råde.
Culture
Helleristning [ petroglyphs ] from the Bronze Age have been found in Råde.
Notable people
Johannes Gerckens Bassøe (born 1878 in Råde – 1962) a Norwegian jurist and civil servant who was the first Governor of Svalbard
Egil Hovland (born 1924 in Råde – 2013) a Norwegian composer who wrote in diverse styles
Hermund Nygård (born 1979 in Råde) a Norwegian jazz drummer
Vidar Martinsen (born 1982 in Råde) a Norwegian footballer with over 250 club caps
References
External links
Media related to Råde at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of Råde at Wiktionary
Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway
Østfold travel guide from Wikivoyage
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
26
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"text": [
"Viken"
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|
Råde is a municipality in Viken county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Karlshus. The parish of Raade was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt).
The neighbouring municipalities are Rygge, Våler, Sarpsborg, and Fredrikstad. There are four major villages in the municipality: Karlshus, Saltnes, Missingmyr, and Slangsvold.
General information
Name
The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old Råde farm (Old Norse: Róða), since the first church was built here. The name is identical with the word róða which means "bar, pole, or rod". Here it is referring to one of Norway's many terminal moraines, and the farm and the church named after it. Prior to 1921, the name was written "Raade".
History
Traces of settlements from 3000 BC have been located at Vansjø.
Coat-of-arms
The coat-of-arms is from modern times. They were granted on 30 May 1980. The arms are canting for the name of the municipality. It shows a yellow bend on a green background. The arms thus symbolise the moraine and glacial path from the Ice ages that runs through the municipality. The colour green symbolises the fertile soil.
Demography
Råde Church
Råde church (Råde kirke) is a medieval era church in Råde parish. The church belongs to Vestre Borgesyssel deanery in Diocese of Borg. The church dates from 1185 and is of Romanesque style. The edifice is of brick and stone and has 300 seats. The church has a rectangular nave and narrow choir with an apse which is semicircular. The baptismal font is from the 1500s and the altarpiece is from 1638. The altarpiece was painted both in 1862 and 1918. In 1950–60, the altarpiece was restored. The church was extensively repaired in 1860–1862. In the late 1950s, restoration work initiated.
Climate
Climate data is supplied by Rygge meteorological station by the airport, located right on the border between Rygge and Råde.
Culture
Helleristning [ petroglyphs ] from the Bronze Age have been found in Råde.
Notable people
Johannes Gerckens Bassøe (born 1878 in Råde – 1962) a Norwegian jurist and civil servant who was the first Governor of Svalbard
Egil Hovland (born 1924 in Råde – 2013) a Norwegian composer who wrote in diverse styles
Hermund Nygård (born 1979 in Råde) a Norwegian jazz drummer
Vidar Martinsen (born 1982 in Råde) a Norwegian footballer with over 250 club caps
References
External links
Media related to Råde at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of Råde at Wiktionary
Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway
Østfold travel guide from Wikivoyage
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Råde"
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|
Råde is a municipality in Viken county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Karlshus. The parish of Raade was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt).
The neighbouring municipalities are Rygge, Våler, Sarpsborg, and Fredrikstad. There are four major villages in the municipality: Karlshus, Saltnes, Missingmyr, and Slangsvold.
General information
Name
The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old Råde farm (Old Norse: Róða), since the first church was built here. The name is identical with the word róða which means "bar, pole, or rod". Here it is referring to one of Norway's many terminal moraines, and the farm and the church named after it. Prior to 1921, the name was written "Raade".
History
Traces of settlements from 3000 BC have been located at Vansjø.
Coat-of-arms
The coat-of-arms is from modern times. They were granted on 30 May 1980. The arms are canting for the name of the municipality. It shows a yellow bend on a green background. The arms thus symbolise the moraine and glacial path from the Ice ages that runs through the municipality. The colour green symbolises the fertile soil.
Demography
Råde Church
Råde church (Råde kirke) is a medieval era church in Råde parish. The church belongs to Vestre Borgesyssel deanery in Diocese of Borg. The church dates from 1185 and is of Romanesque style. The edifice is of brick and stone and has 300 seats. The church has a rectangular nave and narrow choir with an apse which is semicircular. The baptismal font is from the 1500s and the altarpiece is from 1638. The altarpiece was painted both in 1862 and 1918. In 1950–60, the altarpiece was restored. The church was extensively repaired in 1860–1862. In the late 1950s, restoration work initiated.
Climate
Climate data is supplied by Rygge meteorological station by the airport, located right on the border between Rygge and Råde.
Culture
Helleristning [ petroglyphs ] from the Bronze Age have been found in Råde.
Notable people
Johannes Gerckens Bassøe (born 1878 in Råde – 1962) a Norwegian jurist and civil servant who was the first Governor of Svalbard
Egil Hovland (born 1924 in Råde – 2013) a Norwegian composer who wrote in diverse styles
Hermund Nygård (born 1979 in Råde) a Norwegian jazz drummer
Vidar Martinsen (born 1982 in Råde) a Norwegian footballer with over 250 club caps
References
External links
Media related to Råde at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of Råde at Wiktionary
Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway
Østfold travel guide from Wikivoyage
|
Commons gallery
|
{
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0
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"Råde"
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|
Råde is a municipality in Viken county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Karlshus. The parish of Raade was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt).
The neighbouring municipalities are Rygge, Våler, Sarpsborg, and Fredrikstad. There are four major villages in the municipality: Karlshus, Saltnes, Missingmyr, and Slangsvold.
General information
Name
The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old Råde farm (Old Norse: Róða), since the first church was built here. The name is identical with the word róða which means "bar, pole, or rod". Here it is referring to one of Norway's many terminal moraines, and the farm and the church named after it. Prior to 1921, the name was written "Raade".
History
Traces of settlements from 3000 BC have been located at Vansjø.
Coat-of-arms
The coat-of-arms is from modern times. They were granted on 30 May 1980. The arms are canting for the name of the municipality. It shows a yellow bend on a green background. The arms thus symbolise the moraine and glacial path from the Ice ages that runs through the municipality. The colour green symbolises the fertile soil.
Demography
Råde Church
Råde church (Råde kirke) is a medieval era church in Råde parish. The church belongs to Vestre Borgesyssel deanery in Diocese of Borg. The church dates from 1185 and is of Romanesque style. The edifice is of brick and stone and has 300 seats. The church has a rectangular nave and narrow choir with an apse which is semicircular. The baptismal font is from the 1500s and the altarpiece is from 1638. The altarpiece was painted both in 1862 and 1918. In 1950–60, the altarpiece was restored. The church was extensively repaired in 1860–1862. In the late 1950s, restoration work initiated.
Climate
Climate data is supplied by Rygge meteorological station by the airport, located right on the border between Rygge and Råde.
Culture
Helleristning [ petroglyphs ] from the Bronze Age have been found in Råde.
Notable people
Johannes Gerckens Bassøe (born 1878 in Råde – 1962) a Norwegian jurist and civil servant who was the first Governor of Svalbard
Egil Hovland (born 1924 in Råde – 2013) a Norwegian composer who wrote in diverse styles
Hermund Nygård (born 1979 in Råde) a Norwegian jazz drummer
Vidar Martinsen (born 1982 in Råde) a Norwegian footballer with over 250 club caps
References
External links
Media related to Råde at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of Råde at Wiktionary
Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway
Østfold travel guide from Wikivoyage
|
Store norske leksikon ID
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Råde"
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|
Råde is a municipality in Viken county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Karlshus. The parish of Raade was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt).
The neighbouring municipalities are Rygge, Våler, Sarpsborg, and Fredrikstad. There are four major villages in the municipality: Karlshus, Saltnes, Missingmyr, and Slangsvold.
General information
Name
The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old Råde farm (Old Norse: Róða), since the first church was built here. The name is identical with the word róða which means "bar, pole, or rod". Here it is referring to one of Norway's many terminal moraines, and the farm and the church named after it. Prior to 1921, the name was written "Raade".
History
Traces of settlements from 3000 BC have been located at Vansjø.
Coat-of-arms
The coat-of-arms is from modern times. They were granted on 30 May 1980. The arms are canting for the name of the municipality. It shows a yellow bend on a green background. The arms thus symbolise the moraine and glacial path from the Ice ages that runs through the municipality. The colour green symbolises the fertile soil.
Demography
Råde Church
Råde church (Råde kirke) is a medieval era church in Råde parish. The church belongs to Vestre Borgesyssel deanery in Diocese of Borg. The church dates from 1185 and is of Romanesque style. The edifice is of brick and stone and has 300 seats. The church has a rectangular nave and narrow choir with an apse which is semicircular. The baptismal font is from the 1500s and the altarpiece is from 1638. The altarpiece was painted both in 1862 and 1918. In 1950–60, the altarpiece was restored. The church was extensively repaired in 1860–1862. In the late 1950s, restoration work initiated.
Climate
Climate data is supplied by Rygge meteorological station by the airport, located right on the border between Rygge and Råde.
Culture
Helleristning [ petroglyphs ] from the Bronze Age have been found in Råde.
Notable people
Johannes Gerckens Bassøe (born 1878 in Råde – 1962) a Norwegian jurist and civil servant who was the first Governor of Svalbard
Egil Hovland (born 1924 in Råde – 2013) a Norwegian composer who wrote in diverse styles
Hermund Nygård (born 1979 in Råde) a Norwegian jazz drummer
Vidar Martinsen (born 1982 in Råde) a Norwegian footballer with over 250 club caps
References
External links
Media related to Råde at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of Råde at Wiktionary
Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway
Østfold travel guide from Wikivoyage
|
Speiderhistorisk leksikon ID
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Råde"
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|
An ice floe () is a large pack of floating ice often defined as a flat piece at least 20 m across at its widest point, and up to more than 10 km across. Drift ice is a floating field of sea ice composed of several ice floes. They may cause ice jams on freshwater rivers, and in the open ocean may damage the hulls of ships.
Gallery
== References ==
|
issue
|
{
"answer_start": [
139
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"text": [
"1"
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|
Paul Fabre (1867 – 18 December 1902) was a French-Canadian actor, theatre critic and journalist who was active in Paris in the 1890s.
Early years
Fabre was born in Montreal in 1867. He was the son of Hector Fabre (1834–1910) of Montreal, a French Canadian lawyer, journalist, diplomat and senator, and Flora Stein of Arthabaska, Quebec. His father was appointed Canada's first General Agent in Paris, holding office from 1882 until his death in 1910. Fabre was aged 15 when he accompanied his parents to Paris.Fabre became an actor and theatre critic. In 1887 he founded Gardénia, a theatrical and artistic circle. Gardénia included many members of Le Chat Noir, such as Alphonse Allais, George Auriol, Paul Delmet, Jean-Louis Dubut de Laforest, Hugues Delorme, Georges Fragerolle and Georges Courteline.
The comedian and singer Pierre Trimouillat also became a member.
Paris-Canada
In February 1892 Fabre was appointed editorial secretary of the journal Paris-Canada, and two years later was made editor. Paris-Canada had been founded in 1882 with offices in Montreal, Quebec and Paris, with the purpose of making Canada well known in France, and France better known in Canada. Paris-Canada had a sophisticated Rive Droite flavor, covering Montmartre, the Grands Boulevards and the Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin. It included sections on literature, music and the theatre.In 1896 Fabre said that Paris-Canada reflected ideas, sentiments and interests of both sides of the Atlantic. He stressed that the practical goal of promoting business ties between the two countries was of great importance. However, the journal had little commercial influence compared to its significant cultural impact.
Quebec Commissariat
On 2 October 1896, at his father's recommendation, the Canadian government appointed Fabre secretary to the Commissariat of the Province of Quebec in Paris with a salary of $500. His father's salary was reduced by the same amount. Fabre transformed the Commissariat of Quebec into a cultural center that influenced the whole artistic community of Paris.
However, his health was poor. Fabre died on 18 December 1902 at the age of 35.
References
Citations
Sources
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
165
],
"text": [
"Montreal"
]
}
|
Paul Fabre (1867 – 18 December 1902) was a French-Canadian actor, theatre critic and journalist who was active in Paris in the 1890s.
Early years
Fabre was born in Montreal in 1867. He was the son of Hector Fabre (1834–1910) of Montreal, a French Canadian lawyer, journalist, diplomat and senator, and Flora Stein of Arthabaska, Quebec. His father was appointed Canada's first General Agent in Paris, holding office from 1882 until his death in 1910. Fabre was aged 15 when he accompanied his parents to Paris.Fabre became an actor and theatre critic. In 1887 he founded Gardénia, a theatrical and artistic circle. Gardénia included many members of Le Chat Noir, such as Alphonse Allais, George Auriol, Paul Delmet, Jean-Louis Dubut de Laforest, Hugues Delorme, Georges Fragerolle and Georges Courteline.
The comedian and singer Pierre Trimouillat also became a member.
Paris-Canada
In February 1892 Fabre was appointed editorial secretary of the journal Paris-Canada, and two years later was made editor. Paris-Canada had been founded in 1882 with offices in Montreal, Quebec and Paris, with the purpose of making Canada well known in France, and France better known in Canada. Paris-Canada had a sophisticated Rive Droite flavor, covering Montmartre, the Grands Boulevards and the Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin. It included sections on literature, music and the theatre.In 1896 Fabre said that Paris-Canada reflected ideas, sentiments and interests of both sides of the Atlantic. He stressed that the practical goal of promoting business ties between the two countries was of great importance. However, the journal had little commercial influence compared to its significant cultural impact.
Quebec Commissariat
On 2 October 1896, at his father's recommendation, the Canadian government appointed Fabre secretary to the Commissariat of the Province of Quebec in Paris with a salary of $500. His father's salary was reduced by the same amount. Fabre transformed the Commissariat of Quebec into a cultural center that influenced the whole artistic community of Paris.
However, his health was poor. Fabre died on 18 December 1902 at the age of 35.
References
Citations
Sources
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
85
],
"text": [
"journalist"
]
}
|
Paul Fabre (1867 – 18 December 1902) was a French-Canadian actor, theatre critic and journalist who was active in Paris in the 1890s.
Early years
Fabre was born in Montreal in 1867. He was the son of Hector Fabre (1834–1910) of Montreal, a French Canadian lawyer, journalist, diplomat and senator, and Flora Stein of Arthabaska, Quebec. His father was appointed Canada's first General Agent in Paris, holding office from 1882 until his death in 1910. Fabre was aged 15 when he accompanied his parents to Paris.Fabre became an actor and theatre critic. In 1887 he founded Gardénia, a theatrical and artistic circle. Gardénia included many members of Le Chat Noir, such as Alphonse Allais, George Auriol, Paul Delmet, Jean-Louis Dubut de Laforest, Hugues Delorme, Georges Fragerolle and Georges Courteline.
The comedian and singer Pierre Trimouillat also became a member.
Paris-Canada
In February 1892 Fabre was appointed editorial secretary of the journal Paris-Canada, and two years later was made editor. Paris-Canada had been founded in 1882 with offices in Montreal, Quebec and Paris, with the purpose of making Canada well known in France, and France better known in Canada. Paris-Canada had a sophisticated Rive Droite flavor, covering Montmartre, the Grands Boulevards and the Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin. It included sections on literature, music and the theatre.In 1896 Fabre said that Paris-Canada reflected ideas, sentiments and interests of both sides of the Atlantic. He stressed that the practical goal of promoting business ties between the two countries was of great importance. However, the journal had little commercial influence compared to its significant cultural impact.
Quebec Commissariat
On 2 October 1896, at his father's recommendation, the Canadian government appointed Fabre secretary to the Commissariat of the Province of Quebec in Paris with a salary of $500. His father's salary was reduced by the same amount. Fabre transformed the Commissariat of Quebec into a cultural center that influenced the whole artistic community of Paris.
However, his health was poor. Fabre died on 18 December 1902 at the age of 35.
References
Citations
Sources
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
5
],
"text": [
"Fabre"
]
}
|
Paul Fabre (1867 – 18 December 1902) was a French-Canadian actor, theatre critic and journalist who was active in Paris in the 1890s.
Early years
Fabre was born in Montreal in 1867. He was the son of Hector Fabre (1834–1910) of Montreal, a French Canadian lawyer, journalist, diplomat and senator, and Flora Stein of Arthabaska, Quebec. His father was appointed Canada's first General Agent in Paris, holding office from 1882 until his death in 1910. Fabre was aged 15 when he accompanied his parents to Paris.Fabre became an actor and theatre critic. In 1887 he founded Gardénia, a theatrical and artistic circle. Gardénia included many members of Le Chat Noir, such as Alphonse Allais, George Auriol, Paul Delmet, Jean-Louis Dubut de Laforest, Hugues Delorme, Georges Fragerolle and Georges Courteline.
The comedian and singer Pierre Trimouillat also became a member.
Paris-Canada
In February 1892 Fabre was appointed editorial secretary of the journal Paris-Canada, and two years later was made editor. Paris-Canada had been founded in 1882 with offices in Montreal, Quebec and Paris, with the purpose of making Canada well known in France, and France better known in Canada. Paris-Canada had a sophisticated Rive Droite flavor, covering Montmartre, the Grands Boulevards and the Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin. It included sections on literature, music and the theatre.In 1896 Fabre said that Paris-Canada reflected ideas, sentiments and interests of both sides of the Atlantic. He stressed that the practical goal of promoting business ties between the two countries was of great importance. However, the journal had little commercial influence compared to its significant cultural impact.
Quebec Commissariat
On 2 October 1896, at his father's recommendation, the Canadian government appointed Fabre secretary to the Commissariat of the Province of Quebec in Paris with a salary of $500. His father's salary was reduced by the same amount. Fabre transformed the Commissariat of Quebec into a cultural center that influenced the whole artistic community of Paris.
However, his health was poor. Fabre died on 18 December 1902 at the age of 35.
References
Citations
Sources
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Paul"
]
}
|
Paul Fabre (1867 – 18 December 1902) was a French-Canadian actor, theatre critic and journalist who was active in Paris in the 1890s.
Early years
Fabre was born in Montreal in 1867. He was the son of Hector Fabre (1834–1910) of Montreal, a French Canadian lawyer, journalist, diplomat and senator, and Flora Stein of Arthabaska, Quebec. His father was appointed Canada's first General Agent in Paris, holding office from 1882 until his death in 1910. Fabre was aged 15 when he accompanied his parents to Paris.Fabre became an actor and theatre critic. In 1887 he founded Gardénia, a theatrical and artistic circle. Gardénia included many members of Le Chat Noir, such as Alphonse Allais, George Auriol, Paul Delmet, Jean-Louis Dubut de Laforest, Hugues Delorme, Georges Fragerolle and Georges Courteline.
The comedian and singer Pierre Trimouillat also became a member.
Paris-Canada
In February 1892 Fabre was appointed editorial secretary of the journal Paris-Canada, and two years later was made editor. Paris-Canada had been founded in 1882 with offices in Montreal, Quebec and Paris, with the purpose of making Canada well known in France, and France better known in Canada. Paris-Canada had a sophisticated Rive Droite flavor, covering Montmartre, the Grands Boulevards and the Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin. It included sections on literature, music and the theatre.In 1896 Fabre said that Paris-Canada reflected ideas, sentiments and interests of both sides of the Atlantic. He stressed that the practical goal of promoting business ties between the two countries was of great importance. However, the journal had little commercial influence compared to its significant cultural impact.
Quebec Commissariat
On 2 October 1896, at his father's recommendation, the Canadian government appointed Fabre secretary to the Commissariat of the Province of Quebec in Paris with a salary of $500. His father's salary was reduced by the same amount. Fabre transformed the Commissariat of Quebec into a cultural center that influenced the whole artistic community of Paris.
However, his health was poor. Fabre died on 18 December 1902 at the age of 35.
References
Citations
Sources
|
different from
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Paul Fabre"
]
}
|
Paul Fabre (1867 – 18 December 1902) was a French-Canadian actor, theatre critic and journalist who was active in Paris in the 1890s.
Early years
Fabre was born in Montreal in 1867. He was the son of Hector Fabre (1834–1910) of Montreal, a French Canadian lawyer, journalist, diplomat and senator, and Flora Stein of Arthabaska, Quebec. His father was appointed Canada's first General Agent in Paris, holding office from 1882 until his death in 1910. Fabre was aged 15 when he accompanied his parents to Paris.Fabre became an actor and theatre critic. In 1887 he founded Gardénia, a theatrical and artistic circle. Gardénia included many members of Le Chat Noir, such as Alphonse Allais, George Auriol, Paul Delmet, Jean-Louis Dubut de Laforest, Hugues Delorme, Georges Fragerolle and Georges Courteline.
The comedian and singer Pierre Trimouillat also became a member.
Paris-Canada
In February 1892 Fabre was appointed editorial secretary of the journal Paris-Canada, and two years later was made editor. Paris-Canada had been founded in 1882 with offices in Montreal, Quebec and Paris, with the purpose of making Canada well known in France, and France better known in Canada. Paris-Canada had a sophisticated Rive Droite flavor, covering Montmartre, the Grands Boulevards and the Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin. It included sections on literature, music and the theatre.In 1896 Fabre said that Paris-Canada reflected ideas, sentiments and interests of both sides of the Atlantic. He stressed that the practical goal of promoting business ties between the two countries was of great importance. However, the journal had little commercial influence compared to its significant cultural impact.
Quebec Commissariat
On 2 October 1896, at his father's recommendation, the Canadian government appointed Fabre secretary to the Commissariat of the Province of Quebec in Paris with a salary of $500. His father's salary was reduced by the same amount. Fabre transformed the Commissariat of Quebec into a cultural center that influenced the whole artistic community of Paris.
However, his health was poor. Fabre died on 18 December 1902 at the age of 35.
References
Citations
Sources
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
1138
],
"text": [
"France"
]
}
|
Paul Fabre (1867 – 18 December 1902) was a French-Canadian actor, theatre critic and journalist who was active in Paris in the 1890s.
Early years
Fabre was born in Montreal in 1867. He was the son of Hector Fabre (1834–1910) of Montreal, a French Canadian lawyer, journalist, diplomat and senator, and Flora Stein of Arthabaska, Quebec. His father was appointed Canada's first General Agent in Paris, holding office from 1882 until his death in 1910. Fabre was aged 15 when he accompanied his parents to Paris.Fabre became an actor and theatre critic. In 1887 he founded Gardénia, a theatrical and artistic circle. Gardénia included many members of Le Chat Noir, such as Alphonse Allais, George Auriol, Paul Delmet, Jean-Louis Dubut de Laforest, Hugues Delorme, Georges Fragerolle and Georges Courteline.
The comedian and singer Pierre Trimouillat also became a member.
Paris-Canada
In February 1892 Fabre was appointed editorial secretary of the journal Paris-Canada, and two years later was made editor. Paris-Canada had been founded in 1882 with offices in Montreal, Quebec and Paris, with the purpose of making Canada well known in France, and France better known in Canada. Paris-Canada had a sophisticated Rive Droite flavor, covering Montmartre, the Grands Boulevards and the Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin. It included sections on literature, music and the theatre.In 1896 Fabre said that Paris-Canada reflected ideas, sentiments and interests of both sides of the Atlantic. He stressed that the practical goal of promoting business ties between the two countries was of great importance. However, the journal had little commercial influence compared to its significant cultural impact.
Quebec Commissariat
On 2 October 1896, at his father's recommendation, the Canadian government appointed Fabre secretary to the Commissariat of the Province of Quebec in Paris with a salary of $500. His father's salary was reduced by the same amount. Fabre transformed the Commissariat of Quebec into a cultural center that influenced the whole artistic community of Paris.
However, his health was poor. Fabre died on 18 December 1902 at the age of 35.
References
Citations
Sources
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"French"
]
}
|
Paul Fabre (1867 – 18 December 1902) was a French-Canadian actor, theatre critic and journalist who was active in Paris in the 1890s.
Early years
Fabre was born in Montreal in 1867. He was the son of Hector Fabre (1834–1910) of Montreal, a French Canadian lawyer, journalist, diplomat and senator, and Flora Stein of Arthabaska, Quebec. His father was appointed Canada's first General Agent in Paris, holding office from 1882 until his death in 1910. Fabre was aged 15 when he accompanied his parents to Paris.Fabre became an actor and theatre critic. In 1887 he founded Gardénia, a theatrical and artistic circle. Gardénia included many members of Le Chat Noir, such as Alphonse Allais, George Auriol, Paul Delmet, Jean-Louis Dubut de Laforest, Hugues Delorme, Georges Fragerolle and Georges Courteline.
The comedian and singer Pierre Trimouillat also became a member.
Paris-Canada
In February 1892 Fabre was appointed editorial secretary of the journal Paris-Canada, and two years later was made editor. Paris-Canada had been founded in 1882 with offices in Montreal, Quebec and Paris, with the purpose of making Canada well known in France, and France better known in Canada. Paris-Canada had a sophisticated Rive Droite flavor, covering Montmartre, the Grands Boulevards and the Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin. It included sections on literature, music and the theatre.In 1896 Fabre said that Paris-Canada reflected ideas, sentiments and interests of both sides of the Atlantic. He stressed that the practical goal of promoting business ties between the two countries was of great importance. However, the journal had little commercial influence compared to its significant cultural impact.
Quebec Commissariat
On 2 October 1896, at his father's recommendation, the Canadian government appointed Fabre secretary to the Commissariat of the Province of Quebec in Paris with a salary of $500. His father's salary was reduced by the same amount. Fabre transformed the Commissariat of Quebec into a cultural center that influenced the whole artistic community of Paris.
However, his health was poor. Fabre died on 18 December 1902 at the age of 35.
References
Citations
Sources
|
field of work
|
{
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"French"
]
}
|
Audrey Irmas is an American philanthropist and art collector. She has donated millions of dollars to Jewish causes, especially the Wilshire Boulevard Temple. She is one of the largest art collectors in the United States.
Early life
Audrey Irmas was born in Los Angeles, California. She was educated at Fairfax High School in Los Angeles, and attended the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
Philanthropy
Irmas co-founded the Audrey and Sydney Irmas Charitable Foundation in 1983. In 1997, the Audrey and Sydney Irmas Charitable Foundation donated US$1.5 million to endow the Sydney M. Irmas Chair in Public Interest Law and Legal Ethics at the University of Southern California. It is held by Professor Erwin Chemerinsky. It also endowed the Audrey and Sydney Irmas Campus of the Wilshire Boulevard Temple, a Reform synagogue in Los Angeles, was dedicated in 1998. It is located on the corner of Olympic and Barrington Boulevards in West Los Angeles.Irmas served on the board of trustees of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (MOCA) from 1992 to 2006. She has served as a life trustee since 2006. She served as Chairperson of the Los Angeles Family Housing Corporation, a non-profit organization which tackles homelessness in Los Angeles.In September 2015, Irmas auctioned a painting entitled "Untitled, 1968" by Cy Twombly that she owned at Sotheby's and donated half the proceeds (an estimated US$30 million) for the construction of the Audrey Irmas Pavilion, a "55,000-square-foot new events center in Koreatown, just east of the synagogue’s historic 1929 Byzantine-Revival sanctuary." The new addition to the Wilshire Boulevard Temple is designed by Shohei Shigematsu of the Office for Metropolitan Architecture's New York office.
Political activity
Irmas has made political contributions to many Democratic politicians, including Nancy Pelosi, Dick Durbin, Michelle Nunn, Tammy Duckworth, Karen Bass, Kay Hagan, Jeanne Shaheen and Henry Waxman. Additionally, she has donated to EMILY's List, an organization that helps elect pro-choice female Democrats.
Art collection
Irmas started collecting photographic self-portraits with her husband in the 1970s. In 1992, they donated their collection to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.The Audrey and Sydney Irmas Collection made its debut at San Jose Museum of Art. Many exhibitions have been held with their daughter- Debora Irmas- as guest curatorIrmas collects paintings and sculptures. She owns Emeralds (1961) by Roy Lichtenstein. She also owns paintings by Cy Twombly. She owned a triptych by Sigmar Polke and two sculptures by Robert Gover, which she donated to the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles. She owns additional artwork by sculptor Tony Smith, painters Francis Bacon and Ed Ruscha as well as Mes Voeux by Annette Messager.Irmas was named one of the largest American art collectors in 2003.The Audrey Irmas Pavilion- named after the lead donor Audrey Irmas- is located in Los Angeles and serves as a place to hold multiple cultural and religious events.
Personal life
Irmas is the widow of Sydney M. Irmas, a philanthropist and art collector. They had two sons, Robert and Matthew, and a daughter, Deborah. They resided in a house designed by architect Timothy Morgan Steele in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, across the street from The Manor and Holmby Park.Additionally, Irmas owns an apartment in The Mayfair, a historic luxury building on the Upper East Side in Manhattan, New York City.
== References ==
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
258
],
"text": [
"Los Angeles"
]
}
|
Audrey Irmas is an American philanthropist and art collector. She has donated millions of dollars to Jewish causes, especially the Wilshire Boulevard Temple. She is one of the largest art collectors in the United States.
Early life
Audrey Irmas was born in Los Angeles, California. She was educated at Fairfax High School in Los Angeles, and attended the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
Philanthropy
Irmas co-founded the Audrey and Sydney Irmas Charitable Foundation in 1983. In 1997, the Audrey and Sydney Irmas Charitable Foundation donated US$1.5 million to endow the Sydney M. Irmas Chair in Public Interest Law and Legal Ethics at the University of Southern California. It is held by Professor Erwin Chemerinsky. It also endowed the Audrey and Sydney Irmas Campus of the Wilshire Boulevard Temple, a Reform synagogue in Los Angeles, was dedicated in 1998. It is located on the corner of Olympic and Barrington Boulevards in West Los Angeles.Irmas served on the board of trustees of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (MOCA) from 1992 to 2006. She has served as a life trustee since 2006. She served as Chairperson of the Los Angeles Family Housing Corporation, a non-profit organization which tackles homelessness in Los Angeles.In September 2015, Irmas auctioned a painting entitled "Untitled, 1968" by Cy Twombly that she owned at Sotheby's and donated half the proceeds (an estimated US$30 million) for the construction of the Audrey Irmas Pavilion, a "55,000-square-foot new events center in Koreatown, just east of the synagogue’s historic 1929 Byzantine-Revival sanctuary." The new addition to the Wilshire Boulevard Temple is designed by Shohei Shigematsu of the Office for Metropolitan Architecture's New York office.
Political activity
Irmas has made political contributions to many Democratic politicians, including Nancy Pelosi, Dick Durbin, Michelle Nunn, Tammy Duckworth, Karen Bass, Kay Hagan, Jeanne Shaheen and Henry Waxman. Additionally, she has donated to EMILY's List, an organization that helps elect pro-choice female Democrats.
Art collection
Irmas started collecting photographic self-portraits with her husband in the 1970s. In 1992, they donated their collection to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.The Audrey and Sydney Irmas Collection made its debut at San Jose Museum of Art. Many exhibitions have been held with their daughter- Debora Irmas- as guest curatorIrmas collects paintings and sculptures. She owns Emeralds (1961) by Roy Lichtenstein. She also owns paintings by Cy Twombly. She owned a triptych by Sigmar Polke and two sculptures by Robert Gover, which she donated to the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles. She owns additional artwork by sculptor Tony Smith, painters Francis Bacon and Ed Ruscha as well as Mes Voeux by Annette Messager.Irmas was named one of the largest American art collectors in 2003.The Audrey Irmas Pavilion- named after the lead donor Audrey Irmas- is located in Los Angeles and serves as a place to hold multiple cultural and religious events.
Personal life
Irmas is the widow of Sydney M. Irmas, a philanthropist and art collector. They had two sons, Robert and Matthew, and a daughter, Deborah. They resided in a house designed by architect Timothy Morgan Steele in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, across the street from The Manor and Holmby Park.Additionally, Irmas owns an apartment in The Mayfair, a historic luxury building on the Upper East Side in Manhattan, New York City.
== References ==
|
sex or gender
|
{
"answer_start": [
2063
],
"text": [
"female"
]
}
|
Audrey Irmas is an American philanthropist and art collector. She has donated millions of dollars to Jewish causes, especially the Wilshire Boulevard Temple. She is one of the largest art collectors in the United States.
Early life
Audrey Irmas was born in Los Angeles, California. She was educated at Fairfax High School in Los Angeles, and attended the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
Philanthropy
Irmas co-founded the Audrey and Sydney Irmas Charitable Foundation in 1983. In 1997, the Audrey and Sydney Irmas Charitable Foundation donated US$1.5 million to endow the Sydney M. Irmas Chair in Public Interest Law and Legal Ethics at the University of Southern California. It is held by Professor Erwin Chemerinsky. It also endowed the Audrey and Sydney Irmas Campus of the Wilshire Boulevard Temple, a Reform synagogue in Los Angeles, was dedicated in 1998. It is located on the corner of Olympic and Barrington Boulevards in West Los Angeles.Irmas served on the board of trustees of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (MOCA) from 1992 to 2006. She has served as a life trustee since 2006. She served as Chairperson of the Los Angeles Family Housing Corporation, a non-profit organization which tackles homelessness in Los Angeles.In September 2015, Irmas auctioned a painting entitled "Untitled, 1968" by Cy Twombly that she owned at Sotheby's and donated half the proceeds (an estimated US$30 million) for the construction of the Audrey Irmas Pavilion, a "55,000-square-foot new events center in Koreatown, just east of the synagogue’s historic 1929 Byzantine-Revival sanctuary." The new addition to the Wilshire Boulevard Temple is designed by Shohei Shigematsu of the Office for Metropolitan Architecture's New York office.
Political activity
Irmas has made political contributions to many Democratic politicians, including Nancy Pelosi, Dick Durbin, Michelle Nunn, Tammy Duckworth, Karen Bass, Kay Hagan, Jeanne Shaheen and Henry Waxman. Additionally, she has donated to EMILY's List, an organization that helps elect pro-choice female Democrats.
Art collection
Irmas started collecting photographic self-portraits with her husband in the 1970s. In 1992, they donated their collection to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.The Audrey and Sydney Irmas Collection made its debut at San Jose Museum of Art. Many exhibitions have been held with their daughter- Debora Irmas- as guest curatorIrmas collects paintings and sculptures. She owns Emeralds (1961) by Roy Lichtenstein. She also owns paintings by Cy Twombly. She owned a triptych by Sigmar Polke and two sculptures by Robert Gover, which she donated to the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles. She owns additional artwork by sculptor Tony Smith, painters Francis Bacon and Ed Ruscha as well as Mes Voeux by Annette Messager.Irmas was named one of the largest American art collectors in 2003.The Audrey Irmas Pavilion- named after the lead donor Audrey Irmas- is located in Los Angeles and serves as a place to hold multiple cultural and religious events.
Personal life
Irmas is the widow of Sydney M. Irmas, a philanthropist and art collector. They had two sons, Robert and Matthew, and a daughter, Deborah. They resided in a house designed by architect Timothy Morgan Steele in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, across the street from The Manor and Holmby Park.Additionally, Irmas owns an apartment in The Mayfair, a historic luxury building on the Upper East Side in Manhattan, New York City.
== References ==
|
spouse
|
{
"answer_start": [
587
],
"text": [
"Sydney M. Irmas"
]
}
|
Audrey Irmas is an American philanthropist and art collector. She has donated millions of dollars to Jewish causes, especially the Wilshire Boulevard Temple. She is one of the largest art collectors in the United States.
Early life
Audrey Irmas was born in Los Angeles, California. She was educated at Fairfax High School in Los Angeles, and attended the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
Philanthropy
Irmas co-founded the Audrey and Sydney Irmas Charitable Foundation in 1983. In 1997, the Audrey and Sydney Irmas Charitable Foundation donated US$1.5 million to endow the Sydney M. Irmas Chair in Public Interest Law and Legal Ethics at the University of Southern California. It is held by Professor Erwin Chemerinsky. It also endowed the Audrey and Sydney Irmas Campus of the Wilshire Boulevard Temple, a Reform synagogue in Los Angeles, was dedicated in 1998. It is located on the corner of Olympic and Barrington Boulevards in West Los Angeles.Irmas served on the board of trustees of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (MOCA) from 1992 to 2006. She has served as a life trustee since 2006. She served as Chairperson of the Los Angeles Family Housing Corporation, a non-profit organization which tackles homelessness in Los Angeles.In September 2015, Irmas auctioned a painting entitled "Untitled, 1968" by Cy Twombly that she owned at Sotheby's and donated half the proceeds (an estimated US$30 million) for the construction of the Audrey Irmas Pavilion, a "55,000-square-foot new events center in Koreatown, just east of the synagogue’s historic 1929 Byzantine-Revival sanctuary." The new addition to the Wilshire Boulevard Temple is designed by Shohei Shigematsu of the Office for Metropolitan Architecture's New York office.
Political activity
Irmas has made political contributions to many Democratic politicians, including Nancy Pelosi, Dick Durbin, Michelle Nunn, Tammy Duckworth, Karen Bass, Kay Hagan, Jeanne Shaheen and Henry Waxman. Additionally, she has donated to EMILY's List, an organization that helps elect pro-choice female Democrats.
Art collection
Irmas started collecting photographic self-portraits with her husband in the 1970s. In 1992, they donated their collection to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.The Audrey and Sydney Irmas Collection made its debut at San Jose Museum of Art. Many exhibitions have been held with their daughter- Debora Irmas- as guest curatorIrmas collects paintings and sculptures. She owns Emeralds (1961) by Roy Lichtenstein. She also owns paintings by Cy Twombly. She owned a triptych by Sigmar Polke and two sculptures by Robert Gover, which she donated to the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles. She owns additional artwork by sculptor Tony Smith, painters Francis Bacon and Ed Ruscha as well as Mes Voeux by Annette Messager.Irmas was named one of the largest American art collectors in 2003.The Audrey Irmas Pavilion- named after the lead donor Audrey Irmas- is located in Los Angeles and serves as a place to hold multiple cultural and religious events.
Personal life
Irmas is the widow of Sydney M. Irmas, a philanthropist and art collector. They had two sons, Robert and Matthew, and a daughter, Deborah. They resided in a house designed by architect Timothy Morgan Steele in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, across the street from The Manor and Holmby Park.Additionally, Irmas owns an apartment in The Mayfair, a historic luxury building on the Upper East Side in Manhattan, New York City.
== References ==
|
educated at
|
{
"answer_start": [
356
],
"text": [
"University of California, Los Angeles"
]
}
|
Audrey Irmas is an American philanthropist and art collector. She has donated millions of dollars to Jewish causes, especially the Wilshire Boulevard Temple. She is one of the largest art collectors in the United States.
Early life
Audrey Irmas was born in Los Angeles, California. She was educated at Fairfax High School in Los Angeles, and attended the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
Philanthropy
Irmas co-founded the Audrey and Sydney Irmas Charitable Foundation in 1983. In 1997, the Audrey and Sydney Irmas Charitable Foundation donated US$1.5 million to endow the Sydney M. Irmas Chair in Public Interest Law and Legal Ethics at the University of Southern California. It is held by Professor Erwin Chemerinsky. It also endowed the Audrey and Sydney Irmas Campus of the Wilshire Boulevard Temple, a Reform synagogue in Los Angeles, was dedicated in 1998. It is located on the corner of Olympic and Barrington Boulevards in West Los Angeles.Irmas served on the board of trustees of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (MOCA) from 1992 to 2006. She has served as a life trustee since 2006. She served as Chairperson of the Los Angeles Family Housing Corporation, a non-profit organization which tackles homelessness in Los Angeles.In September 2015, Irmas auctioned a painting entitled "Untitled, 1968" by Cy Twombly that she owned at Sotheby's and donated half the proceeds (an estimated US$30 million) for the construction of the Audrey Irmas Pavilion, a "55,000-square-foot new events center in Koreatown, just east of the synagogue’s historic 1929 Byzantine-Revival sanctuary." The new addition to the Wilshire Boulevard Temple is designed by Shohei Shigematsu of the Office for Metropolitan Architecture's New York office.
Political activity
Irmas has made political contributions to many Democratic politicians, including Nancy Pelosi, Dick Durbin, Michelle Nunn, Tammy Duckworth, Karen Bass, Kay Hagan, Jeanne Shaheen and Henry Waxman. Additionally, she has donated to EMILY's List, an organization that helps elect pro-choice female Democrats.
Art collection
Irmas started collecting photographic self-portraits with her husband in the 1970s. In 1992, they donated their collection to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.The Audrey and Sydney Irmas Collection made its debut at San Jose Museum of Art. Many exhibitions have been held with their daughter- Debora Irmas- as guest curatorIrmas collects paintings and sculptures. She owns Emeralds (1961) by Roy Lichtenstein. She also owns paintings by Cy Twombly. She owned a triptych by Sigmar Polke and two sculptures by Robert Gover, which she donated to the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles. She owns additional artwork by sculptor Tony Smith, painters Francis Bacon and Ed Ruscha as well as Mes Voeux by Annette Messager.Irmas was named one of the largest American art collectors in 2003.The Audrey Irmas Pavilion- named after the lead donor Audrey Irmas- is located in Los Angeles and serves as a place to hold multiple cultural and religious events.
Personal life
Irmas is the widow of Sydney M. Irmas, a philanthropist and art collector. They had two sons, Robert and Matthew, and a daughter, Deborah. They resided in a house designed by architect Timothy Morgan Steele in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, across the street from The Manor and Holmby Park.Additionally, Irmas owns an apartment in The Mayfair, a historic luxury building on the Upper East Side in Manhattan, New York City.
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
47
],
"text": [
"art collector"
]
}
|
Audrey Irmas is an American philanthropist and art collector. She has donated millions of dollars to Jewish causes, especially the Wilshire Boulevard Temple. She is one of the largest art collectors in the United States.
Early life
Audrey Irmas was born in Los Angeles, California. She was educated at Fairfax High School in Los Angeles, and attended the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
Philanthropy
Irmas co-founded the Audrey and Sydney Irmas Charitable Foundation in 1983. In 1997, the Audrey and Sydney Irmas Charitable Foundation donated US$1.5 million to endow the Sydney M. Irmas Chair in Public Interest Law and Legal Ethics at the University of Southern California. It is held by Professor Erwin Chemerinsky. It also endowed the Audrey and Sydney Irmas Campus of the Wilshire Boulevard Temple, a Reform synagogue in Los Angeles, was dedicated in 1998. It is located on the corner of Olympic and Barrington Boulevards in West Los Angeles.Irmas served on the board of trustees of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (MOCA) from 1992 to 2006. She has served as a life trustee since 2006. She served as Chairperson of the Los Angeles Family Housing Corporation, a non-profit organization which tackles homelessness in Los Angeles.In September 2015, Irmas auctioned a painting entitled "Untitled, 1968" by Cy Twombly that she owned at Sotheby's and donated half the proceeds (an estimated US$30 million) for the construction of the Audrey Irmas Pavilion, a "55,000-square-foot new events center in Koreatown, just east of the synagogue’s historic 1929 Byzantine-Revival sanctuary." The new addition to the Wilshire Boulevard Temple is designed by Shohei Shigematsu of the Office for Metropolitan Architecture's New York office.
Political activity
Irmas has made political contributions to many Democratic politicians, including Nancy Pelosi, Dick Durbin, Michelle Nunn, Tammy Duckworth, Karen Bass, Kay Hagan, Jeanne Shaheen and Henry Waxman. Additionally, she has donated to EMILY's List, an organization that helps elect pro-choice female Democrats.
Art collection
Irmas started collecting photographic self-portraits with her husband in the 1970s. In 1992, they donated their collection to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.The Audrey and Sydney Irmas Collection made its debut at San Jose Museum of Art. Many exhibitions have been held with their daughter- Debora Irmas- as guest curatorIrmas collects paintings and sculptures. She owns Emeralds (1961) by Roy Lichtenstein. She also owns paintings by Cy Twombly. She owned a triptych by Sigmar Polke and two sculptures by Robert Gover, which she donated to the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles. She owns additional artwork by sculptor Tony Smith, painters Francis Bacon and Ed Ruscha as well as Mes Voeux by Annette Messager.Irmas was named one of the largest American art collectors in 2003.The Audrey Irmas Pavilion- named after the lead donor Audrey Irmas- is located in Los Angeles and serves as a place to hold multiple cultural and religious events.
Personal life
Irmas is the widow of Sydney M. Irmas, a philanthropist and art collector. They had two sons, Robert and Matthew, and a daughter, Deborah. They resided in a house designed by architect Timothy Morgan Steele in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, across the street from The Manor and Holmby Park.Additionally, Irmas owns an apartment in The Mayfair, a historic luxury building on the Upper East Side in Manhattan, New York City.
== References ==
|
residence
|
{
"answer_start": [
3275
],
"text": [
"Holmby Hills"
]
}
|
Audrey Irmas is an American philanthropist and art collector. She has donated millions of dollars to Jewish causes, especially the Wilshire Boulevard Temple. She is one of the largest art collectors in the United States.
Early life
Audrey Irmas was born in Los Angeles, California. She was educated at Fairfax High School in Los Angeles, and attended the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
Philanthropy
Irmas co-founded the Audrey and Sydney Irmas Charitable Foundation in 1983. In 1997, the Audrey and Sydney Irmas Charitable Foundation donated US$1.5 million to endow the Sydney M. Irmas Chair in Public Interest Law and Legal Ethics at the University of Southern California. It is held by Professor Erwin Chemerinsky. It also endowed the Audrey and Sydney Irmas Campus of the Wilshire Boulevard Temple, a Reform synagogue in Los Angeles, was dedicated in 1998. It is located on the corner of Olympic and Barrington Boulevards in West Los Angeles.Irmas served on the board of trustees of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (MOCA) from 1992 to 2006. She has served as a life trustee since 2006. She served as Chairperson of the Los Angeles Family Housing Corporation, a non-profit organization which tackles homelessness in Los Angeles.In September 2015, Irmas auctioned a painting entitled "Untitled, 1968" by Cy Twombly that she owned at Sotheby's and donated half the proceeds (an estimated US$30 million) for the construction of the Audrey Irmas Pavilion, a "55,000-square-foot new events center in Koreatown, just east of the synagogue’s historic 1929 Byzantine-Revival sanctuary." The new addition to the Wilshire Boulevard Temple is designed by Shohei Shigematsu of the Office for Metropolitan Architecture's New York office.
Political activity
Irmas has made political contributions to many Democratic politicians, including Nancy Pelosi, Dick Durbin, Michelle Nunn, Tammy Duckworth, Karen Bass, Kay Hagan, Jeanne Shaheen and Henry Waxman. Additionally, she has donated to EMILY's List, an organization that helps elect pro-choice female Democrats.
Art collection
Irmas started collecting photographic self-portraits with her husband in the 1970s. In 1992, they donated their collection to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.The Audrey and Sydney Irmas Collection made its debut at San Jose Museum of Art. Many exhibitions have been held with their daughter- Debora Irmas- as guest curatorIrmas collects paintings and sculptures. She owns Emeralds (1961) by Roy Lichtenstein. She also owns paintings by Cy Twombly. She owned a triptych by Sigmar Polke and two sculptures by Robert Gover, which she donated to the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles. She owns additional artwork by sculptor Tony Smith, painters Francis Bacon and Ed Ruscha as well as Mes Voeux by Annette Messager.Irmas was named one of the largest American art collectors in 2003.The Audrey Irmas Pavilion- named after the lead donor Audrey Irmas- is located in Los Angeles and serves as a place to hold multiple cultural and religious events.
Personal life
Irmas is the widow of Sydney M. Irmas, a philanthropist and art collector. They had two sons, Robert and Matthew, and a daughter, Deborah. They resided in a house designed by architect Timothy Morgan Steele in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, across the street from The Manor and Holmby Park.Additionally, Irmas owns an apartment in The Mayfair, a historic luxury building on the Upper East Side in Manhattan, New York City.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Audrey"
]
}
|
Landor Associates was a brand consulting firm founded in 1941 by Walter Landor, who pioneered some research, design, and consulting methods that the branding industry still uses.
Headquartered in San Francisco, the company maintains 26 offices in 20 countries, including China, France, Germany, India, Italy, the United Kingdom, Mexico, Singapore, Australia, Japan, South Africa, and the United States. Landor was a member of the Young & Rubicam Group network within WPP plc, the world's largest advertising company by revenues.Landor's work includes brand research and valuation, brand strategy and architecture, brand purpose and green design, corporate identity and packaging design, innovation, naming and writing, branded experience, brand equity management, employee engagement, and digital branding.
History
Origin
German immigrant Walter Landor and his wife Josephine (the original "associate") founded the company in 1941. Walter Landor intended to "...concentrate on designing everyday products that would make life more pleasant and more beautiful."Some of Landor's earliest designs were beer company logos that earned awards from the Brewers Association of America and the Small Brewers Association. For Arrowhead, Landor created a tilt bottle with two flat sides that could be poured without being lifted from the table. This unique design won several awards, drew media attention, and brought additional business to the firm. It was also selected by the U.S. Department of Commerce to appear in three International Trade Fairs.Walter Landor favored what he felt was a client-driven approach. He was one of the first to apply consumer research to package design, and relied heavily on observing consumers in real-life situations—even soliciting in-store feedback from shoppers regarding label design. In Walter Landor's philosophy, "The package itself must do the talking."As Landor's reputation grew, the company's client list expanded to encompass airlines, financial institutions, government agencies, hospitality services, and technology firms. Over time, Landor broadened its consulting services to offer corporate and product naming, brand positioning and architecture, retail environment design, copywriting, internal brand engagement, digital branding, and BrandAsset Valuator analysis, corporate identity, and package design.
1960s-1980s
From the 1960s to the 1980s, Landor established its headquarters on board the renovated ferryboat Klamath, moored in San Francisco Bay. This unusual arrangement was intended to foster creativity among the firm's employees. Mixing business with pleasure, the Klamath also hosted business symposia, cultural events and parties that included dignitaries, artists, business tycoons and celebrities. Although Landor's business eventually outgrew the ferryboat and moved to larger offices on land, the Klamath has remained its corporate symbol.
Recent years
In 1989 the company was acquired by advertising agency Young & Rubicam and subsequently became part of WPP Group.In 1994, the Walter Landor/Landor Collection was established at the National Museum of American History, part of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. The collection contains business records and personal papers belonging to Walter Landor, oral histories, and portfolio materials such as original designer notebooks.Since 2004, Landor has published an annual survey of brand strength measured over a three-year period. The Breakaway Brands list is based on data culled from the proprietary BrandAsset Valuator and is regularly cited in business publications including Fortune magazine and Forbes.In 2021, Landor merged with the experience design agency Fitch to form the new agency Landor & Fitch. Both companies have been working under that name since.
References
External links
Official website
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
1419
],
"text": [
"business"
]
}
|
Landor Associates was a brand consulting firm founded in 1941 by Walter Landor, who pioneered some research, design, and consulting methods that the branding industry still uses.
Headquartered in San Francisco, the company maintains 26 offices in 20 countries, including China, France, Germany, India, Italy, the United Kingdom, Mexico, Singapore, Australia, Japan, South Africa, and the United States. Landor was a member of the Young & Rubicam Group network within WPP plc, the world's largest advertising company by revenues.Landor's work includes brand research and valuation, brand strategy and architecture, brand purpose and green design, corporate identity and packaging design, innovation, naming and writing, branded experience, brand equity management, employee engagement, and digital branding.
History
Origin
German immigrant Walter Landor and his wife Josephine (the original "associate") founded the company in 1941. Walter Landor intended to "...concentrate on designing everyday products that would make life more pleasant and more beautiful."Some of Landor's earliest designs were beer company logos that earned awards from the Brewers Association of America and the Small Brewers Association. For Arrowhead, Landor created a tilt bottle with two flat sides that could be poured without being lifted from the table. This unique design won several awards, drew media attention, and brought additional business to the firm. It was also selected by the U.S. Department of Commerce to appear in three International Trade Fairs.Walter Landor favored what he felt was a client-driven approach. He was one of the first to apply consumer research to package design, and relied heavily on observing consumers in real-life situations—even soliciting in-store feedback from shoppers regarding label design. In Walter Landor's philosophy, "The package itself must do the talking."As Landor's reputation grew, the company's client list expanded to encompass airlines, financial institutions, government agencies, hospitality services, and technology firms. Over time, Landor broadened its consulting services to offer corporate and product naming, brand positioning and architecture, retail environment design, copywriting, internal brand engagement, digital branding, and BrandAsset Valuator analysis, corporate identity, and package design.
1960s-1980s
From the 1960s to the 1980s, Landor established its headquarters on board the renovated ferryboat Klamath, moored in San Francisco Bay. This unusual arrangement was intended to foster creativity among the firm's employees. Mixing business with pleasure, the Klamath also hosted business symposia, cultural events and parties that included dignitaries, artists, business tycoons and celebrities. Although Landor's business eventually outgrew the ferryboat and moved to larger offices on land, the Klamath has remained its corporate symbol.
Recent years
In 1989 the company was acquired by advertising agency Young & Rubicam and subsequently became part of WPP Group.In 1994, the Walter Landor/Landor Collection was established at the National Museum of American History, part of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. The collection contains business records and personal papers belonging to Walter Landor, oral histories, and portfolio materials such as original designer notebooks.Since 2004, Landor has published an annual survey of brand strength measured over a three-year period. The Breakaway Brands list is based on data culled from the proprietary BrandAsset Valuator and is regularly cited in business publications including Fortune magazine and Forbes.In 2021, Landor merged with the experience design agency Fitch to form the new agency Landor & Fitch. Both companies have been working under that name since.
References
External links
Official website
|
founded by
|
{
"answer_start": [
65
],
"text": [
"Walter Landor"
]
}
|
Landor Associates was a brand consulting firm founded in 1941 by Walter Landor, who pioneered some research, design, and consulting methods that the branding industry still uses.
Headquartered in San Francisco, the company maintains 26 offices in 20 countries, including China, France, Germany, India, Italy, the United Kingdom, Mexico, Singapore, Australia, Japan, South Africa, and the United States. Landor was a member of the Young & Rubicam Group network within WPP plc, the world's largest advertising company by revenues.Landor's work includes brand research and valuation, brand strategy and architecture, brand purpose and green design, corporate identity and packaging design, innovation, naming and writing, branded experience, brand equity management, employee engagement, and digital branding.
History
Origin
German immigrant Walter Landor and his wife Josephine (the original "associate") founded the company in 1941. Walter Landor intended to "...concentrate on designing everyday products that would make life more pleasant and more beautiful."Some of Landor's earliest designs were beer company logos that earned awards from the Brewers Association of America and the Small Brewers Association. For Arrowhead, Landor created a tilt bottle with two flat sides that could be poured without being lifted from the table. This unique design won several awards, drew media attention, and brought additional business to the firm. It was also selected by the U.S. Department of Commerce to appear in three International Trade Fairs.Walter Landor favored what he felt was a client-driven approach. He was one of the first to apply consumer research to package design, and relied heavily on observing consumers in real-life situations—even soliciting in-store feedback from shoppers regarding label design. In Walter Landor's philosophy, "The package itself must do the talking."As Landor's reputation grew, the company's client list expanded to encompass airlines, financial institutions, government agencies, hospitality services, and technology firms. Over time, Landor broadened its consulting services to offer corporate and product naming, brand positioning and architecture, retail environment design, copywriting, internal brand engagement, digital branding, and BrandAsset Valuator analysis, corporate identity, and package design.
1960s-1980s
From the 1960s to the 1980s, Landor established its headquarters on board the renovated ferryboat Klamath, moored in San Francisco Bay. This unusual arrangement was intended to foster creativity among the firm's employees. Mixing business with pleasure, the Klamath also hosted business symposia, cultural events and parties that included dignitaries, artists, business tycoons and celebrities. Although Landor's business eventually outgrew the ferryboat and moved to larger offices on land, the Klamath has remained its corporate symbol.
Recent years
In 1989 the company was acquired by advertising agency Young & Rubicam and subsequently became part of WPP Group.In 1994, the Walter Landor/Landor Collection was established at the National Museum of American History, part of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. The collection contains business records and personal papers belonging to Walter Landor, oral histories, and portfolio materials such as original designer notebooks.Since 2004, Landor has published an annual survey of brand strength measured over a three-year period. The Breakaway Brands list is based on data culled from the proprietary BrandAsset Valuator and is regularly cited in business publications including Fortune magazine and Forbes.In 2021, Landor merged with the experience design agency Fitch to form the new agency Landor & Fitch. Both companies have been working under that name since.
References
External links
Official website
|
owned by
|
{
"answer_start": [
467
],
"text": [
"WPP plc"
]
}
|
Landor Associates was a brand consulting firm founded in 1941 by Walter Landor, who pioneered some research, design, and consulting methods that the branding industry still uses.
Headquartered in San Francisco, the company maintains 26 offices in 20 countries, including China, France, Germany, India, Italy, the United Kingdom, Mexico, Singapore, Australia, Japan, South Africa, and the United States. Landor was a member of the Young & Rubicam Group network within WPP plc, the world's largest advertising company by revenues.Landor's work includes brand research and valuation, brand strategy and architecture, brand purpose and green design, corporate identity and packaging design, innovation, naming and writing, branded experience, brand equity management, employee engagement, and digital branding.
History
Origin
German immigrant Walter Landor and his wife Josephine (the original "associate") founded the company in 1941. Walter Landor intended to "...concentrate on designing everyday products that would make life more pleasant and more beautiful."Some of Landor's earliest designs were beer company logos that earned awards from the Brewers Association of America and the Small Brewers Association. For Arrowhead, Landor created a tilt bottle with two flat sides that could be poured without being lifted from the table. This unique design won several awards, drew media attention, and brought additional business to the firm. It was also selected by the U.S. Department of Commerce to appear in three International Trade Fairs.Walter Landor favored what he felt was a client-driven approach. He was one of the first to apply consumer research to package design, and relied heavily on observing consumers in real-life situations—even soliciting in-store feedback from shoppers regarding label design. In Walter Landor's philosophy, "The package itself must do the talking."As Landor's reputation grew, the company's client list expanded to encompass airlines, financial institutions, government agencies, hospitality services, and technology firms. Over time, Landor broadened its consulting services to offer corporate and product naming, brand positioning and architecture, retail environment design, copywriting, internal brand engagement, digital branding, and BrandAsset Valuator analysis, corporate identity, and package design.
1960s-1980s
From the 1960s to the 1980s, Landor established its headquarters on board the renovated ferryboat Klamath, moored in San Francisco Bay. This unusual arrangement was intended to foster creativity among the firm's employees. Mixing business with pleasure, the Klamath also hosted business symposia, cultural events and parties that included dignitaries, artists, business tycoons and celebrities. Although Landor's business eventually outgrew the ferryboat and moved to larger offices on land, the Klamath has remained its corporate symbol.
Recent years
In 1989 the company was acquired by advertising agency Young & Rubicam and subsequently became part of WPP Group.In 1994, the Walter Landor/Landor Collection was established at the National Museum of American History, part of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. The collection contains business records and personal papers belonging to Walter Landor, oral histories, and portfolio materials such as original designer notebooks.Since 2004, Landor has published an annual survey of brand strength measured over a three-year period. The Breakaway Brands list is based on data culled from the proprietary BrandAsset Valuator and is regularly cited in business publications including Fortune magazine and Forbes.In 2021, Landor merged with the experience design agency Fitch to form the new agency Landor & Fitch. Both companies have been working under that name since.
References
External links
Official website
|
headquarters location
|
{
"answer_start": [
196
],
"text": [
"San Francisco"
]
}
|
Utkarsh Ambudkar ( UUT-karsh am-BUUD-kar; born December 8, 1983), also known by his stage name UTK the INC, is an American actor, rapper, and singer. He is known for his film roles including Pitch Perfect (2012), Game Over, Man! (2018), Blindspotting (2018), Brittany Runs a Marathon (2019), The Broken Hearts Gallery (2020), Free Guy (2021), and Tick, Tick... Boom! (2021). His television roles include The Mindy Project, White Famous, Never Have I Ever, and Ghosts. He recently appeared in the Hulu limited series The Dropout (2022).
He made his Broadway debut in Lin-Manuel Miranda's improvisational hip-hop show Freestyle Love Supreme in 2019.
Early life
Ambudkar was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He grew up in the suburbs where his parents, who had emigrated from India in the 1980s, were research scientists at the National Institutes of Health. He starred in comedy roles at Thomas S. Wootton High School in Rockville, Maryland, and he earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the Tisch School of the Arts at New York University in 2004.Through his mother, Ambudkar is a descendant of the lawyer and jurist Sir Vembakkam Bhashyam Aiyangar.
Career
Ambudkar is a former VJ for MTV Desi. He appeared in the comedy film Pitch Perfect as the character Donald, and in the television shows The Mindy Project and The Muppets. He was set to star in the Fox series Eat, Pray, Thug but the show was not picked up. Ambudkar originated the role of Aaron Burr in the developmental readings of Hamilton. He formerly played Raj on the sitcom Brockmire. He played Jern in the 2019 film Brittany Runs a Marathon.
He played Skatch, a con artist, in a deleted scene of the 2020 Disney live-action remake of Mulan. That same year he appeared in Disney's Godmothered, and then in the 2021 action comedy Free Guy. In 2020, Ambudkar debuted as the mongoose Chikku in the Disney Junior animated series Mira, Royal Detective. He is currently starring in the CBS supernatural sitcom Ghosts (2021).He was a member of the musical group "The Beatards." Since 2005, Ambudkar has been a part of hip-hop improv group Freestyle Love Supreme under the name UTK the INC. As part of the group, he participated in the limited television series for Pivot in 2014 and made his Broadway debut in the group's self-titled show on October 2, 2019.Ambudkar has appeared in several Youtube sketch comedy skits including the comedy groups CollegeHumor and Key & Peele. Ambudkar starred in Force Grey: Giant Hunters (2016) and Force Grey: Lost City of Omu (2017), a Dungeons & Dragons actual play web series with Matthew Mercer as the Dungeon Master, where he played the character Hitch, a rogue with a nefarious past. In 2023, he appeared as a guest player in Critical Role's third campaign, also hosted by Mercer, as the sorcerer Bor'Dor.
Personal life
Ambudkar married in 2019, and has two children.
Discography
The Gold Tusk EP (2006)
Members Only EP (2012)
Vanity (2019)
Petty (2019)
Filmography
Film
Television
Web
Theatre
References
External links
Utkarsh Ambudkar at IMDb
Utkarsh Ambudkar at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
Utkarsh Ambudkar at the Internet Broadway Database
|
place of birth
|
{
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681
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"text": [
"Baltimore"
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|
Utkarsh Ambudkar ( UUT-karsh am-BUUD-kar; born December 8, 1983), also known by his stage name UTK the INC, is an American actor, rapper, and singer. He is known for his film roles including Pitch Perfect (2012), Game Over, Man! (2018), Blindspotting (2018), Brittany Runs a Marathon (2019), The Broken Hearts Gallery (2020), Free Guy (2021), and Tick, Tick... Boom! (2021). His television roles include The Mindy Project, White Famous, Never Have I Ever, and Ghosts. He recently appeared in the Hulu limited series The Dropout (2022).
He made his Broadway debut in Lin-Manuel Miranda's improvisational hip-hop show Freestyle Love Supreme in 2019.
Early life
Ambudkar was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He grew up in the suburbs where his parents, who had emigrated from India in the 1980s, were research scientists at the National Institutes of Health. He starred in comedy roles at Thomas S. Wootton High School in Rockville, Maryland, and he earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the Tisch School of the Arts at New York University in 2004.Through his mother, Ambudkar is a descendant of the lawyer and jurist Sir Vembakkam Bhashyam Aiyangar.
Career
Ambudkar is a former VJ for MTV Desi. He appeared in the comedy film Pitch Perfect as the character Donald, and in the television shows The Mindy Project and The Muppets. He was set to star in the Fox series Eat, Pray, Thug but the show was not picked up. Ambudkar originated the role of Aaron Burr in the developmental readings of Hamilton. He formerly played Raj on the sitcom Brockmire. He played Jern in the 2019 film Brittany Runs a Marathon.
He played Skatch, a con artist, in a deleted scene of the 2020 Disney live-action remake of Mulan. That same year he appeared in Disney's Godmothered, and then in the 2021 action comedy Free Guy. In 2020, Ambudkar debuted as the mongoose Chikku in the Disney Junior animated series Mira, Royal Detective. He is currently starring in the CBS supernatural sitcom Ghosts (2021).He was a member of the musical group "The Beatards." Since 2005, Ambudkar has been a part of hip-hop improv group Freestyle Love Supreme under the name UTK the INC. As part of the group, he participated in the limited television series for Pivot in 2014 and made his Broadway debut in the group's self-titled show on October 2, 2019.Ambudkar has appeared in several Youtube sketch comedy skits including the comedy groups CollegeHumor and Key & Peele. Ambudkar starred in Force Grey: Giant Hunters (2016) and Force Grey: Lost City of Omu (2017), a Dungeons & Dragons actual play web series with Matthew Mercer as the Dungeon Master, where he played the character Hitch, a rogue with a nefarious past. In 2023, he appeared as a guest player in Critical Role's third campaign, also hosted by Mercer, as the sorcerer Bor'Dor.
Personal life
Ambudkar married in 2019, and has two children.
Discography
The Gold Tusk EP (2006)
Members Only EP (2012)
Vanity (2019)
Petty (2019)
Filmography
Film
Television
Web
Theatre
References
External links
Utkarsh Ambudkar at IMDb
Utkarsh Ambudkar at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
Utkarsh Ambudkar at the Internet Broadway Database
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
123
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"text": [
"actor"
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|
Utkarsh Ambudkar ( UUT-karsh am-BUUD-kar; born December 8, 1983), also known by his stage name UTK the INC, is an American actor, rapper, and singer. He is known for his film roles including Pitch Perfect (2012), Game Over, Man! (2018), Blindspotting (2018), Brittany Runs a Marathon (2019), The Broken Hearts Gallery (2020), Free Guy (2021), and Tick, Tick... Boom! (2021). His television roles include The Mindy Project, White Famous, Never Have I Ever, and Ghosts. He recently appeared in the Hulu limited series The Dropout (2022).
He made his Broadway debut in Lin-Manuel Miranda's improvisational hip-hop show Freestyle Love Supreme in 2019.
Early life
Ambudkar was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He grew up in the suburbs where his parents, who had emigrated from India in the 1980s, were research scientists at the National Institutes of Health. He starred in comedy roles at Thomas S. Wootton High School in Rockville, Maryland, and he earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the Tisch School of the Arts at New York University in 2004.Through his mother, Ambudkar is a descendant of the lawyer and jurist Sir Vembakkam Bhashyam Aiyangar.
Career
Ambudkar is a former VJ for MTV Desi. He appeared in the comedy film Pitch Perfect as the character Donald, and in the television shows The Mindy Project and The Muppets. He was set to star in the Fox series Eat, Pray, Thug but the show was not picked up. Ambudkar originated the role of Aaron Burr in the developmental readings of Hamilton. He formerly played Raj on the sitcom Brockmire. He played Jern in the 2019 film Brittany Runs a Marathon.
He played Skatch, a con artist, in a deleted scene of the 2020 Disney live-action remake of Mulan. That same year he appeared in Disney's Godmothered, and then in the 2021 action comedy Free Guy. In 2020, Ambudkar debuted as the mongoose Chikku in the Disney Junior animated series Mira, Royal Detective. He is currently starring in the CBS supernatural sitcom Ghosts (2021).He was a member of the musical group "The Beatards." Since 2005, Ambudkar has been a part of hip-hop improv group Freestyle Love Supreme under the name UTK the INC. As part of the group, he participated in the limited television series for Pivot in 2014 and made his Broadway debut in the group's self-titled show on October 2, 2019.Ambudkar has appeared in several Youtube sketch comedy skits including the comedy groups CollegeHumor and Key & Peele. Ambudkar starred in Force Grey: Giant Hunters (2016) and Force Grey: Lost City of Omu (2017), a Dungeons & Dragons actual play web series with Matthew Mercer as the Dungeon Master, where he played the character Hitch, a rogue with a nefarious past. In 2023, he appeared as a guest player in Critical Role's third campaign, also hosted by Mercer, as the sorcerer Bor'Dor.
Personal life
Ambudkar married in 2019, and has two children.
Discography
The Gold Tusk EP (2006)
Members Only EP (2012)
Vanity (2019)
Petty (2019)
Filmography
Film
Television
Web
Theatre
References
External links
Utkarsh Ambudkar at IMDb
Utkarsh Ambudkar at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
Utkarsh Ambudkar at the Internet Broadway Database
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Utkarsh Ambudkar"
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}
|
Utkarsh Ambudkar ( UUT-karsh am-BUUD-kar; born December 8, 1983), also known by his stage name UTK the INC, is an American actor, rapper, and singer. He is known for his film roles including Pitch Perfect (2012), Game Over, Man! (2018), Blindspotting (2018), Brittany Runs a Marathon (2019), The Broken Hearts Gallery (2020), Free Guy (2021), and Tick, Tick... Boom! (2021). His television roles include The Mindy Project, White Famous, Never Have I Ever, and Ghosts. He recently appeared in the Hulu limited series The Dropout (2022).
He made his Broadway debut in Lin-Manuel Miranda's improvisational hip-hop show Freestyle Love Supreme in 2019.
Early life
Ambudkar was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He grew up in the suburbs where his parents, who had emigrated from India in the 1980s, were research scientists at the National Institutes of Health. He starred in comedy roles at Thomas S. Wootton High School in Rockville, Maryland, and he earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the Tisch School of the Arts at New York University in 2004.Through his mother, Ambudkar is a descendant of the lawyer and jurist Sir Vembakkam Bhashyam Aiyangar.
Career
Ambudkar is a former VJ for MTV Desi. He appeared in the comedy film Pitch Perfect as the character Donald, and in the television shows The Mindy Project and The Muppets. He was set to star in the Fox series Eat, Pray, Thug but the show was not picked up. Ambudkar originated the role of Aaron Burr in the developmental readings of Hamilton. He formerly played Raj on the sitcom Brockmire. He played Jern in the 2019 film Brittany Runs a Marathon.
He played Skatch, a con artist, in a deleted scene of the 2020 Disney live-action remake of Mulan. That same year he appeared in Disney's Godmothered, and then in the 2021 action comedy Free Guy. In 2020, Ambudkar debuted as the mongoose Chikku in the Disney Junior animated series Mira, Royal Detective. He is currently starring in the CBS supernatural sitcom Ghosts (2021).He was a member of the musical group "The Beatards." Since 2005, Ambudkar has been a part of hip-hop improv group Freestyle Love Supreme under the name UTK the INC. As part of the group, he participated in the limited television series for Pivot in 2014 and made his Broadway debut in the group's self-titled show on October 2, 2019.Ambudkar has appeared in several Youtube sketch comedy skits including the comedy groups CollegeHumor and Key & Peele. Ambudkar starred in Force Grey: Giant Hunters (2016) and Force Grey: Lost City of Omu (2017), a Dungeons & Dragons actual play web series with Matthew Mercer as the Dungeon Master, where he played the character Hitch, a rogue with a nefarious past. In 2023, he appeared as a guest player in Critical Role's third campaign, also hosted by Mercer, as the sorcerer Bor'Dor.
Personal life
Ambudkar married in 2019, and has two children.
Discography
The Gold Tusk EP (2006)
Members Only EP (2012)
Vanity (2019)
Petty (2019)
Filmography
Film
Television
Web
Theatre
References
External links
Utkarsh Ambudkar at IMDb
Utkarsh Ambudkar at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
Utkarsh Ambudkar at the Internet Broadway Database
|
number of children
|
{
"answer_start": [
206
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"text": [
"2"
]
}
|
Għaxaq (Maltese: Ħal Għaxaq, Maltese pronunciation: [ħal aːʃaʔ]) is a village in the Southern Region of Malta, with a population of 4,722 people as of March 2014. It is mainly a residential area surrounded by land used for agricultural purposes. The village's name is probably related to the noble family named Axiaq (also spelt Axiak or Asciak) which had feudal lands in the area in the fourteenth century, or it may be derived from the Maltese word meaning delight.
The village's main church is dedicated to the Assumption of Mary, popularly known in Maltese as Santa Marija, which is therefore the village's patron saint. Celebrations take place annually from 30 July to 15 August. A secondary feast is celebrated on the week before the first Sunday of June. This is dedicated to Saint Joseph, husband of Mary. He is also the saint patron of the church. During these feasts the village is decorated with highly artistic statues and colourful lights and banners.
Saint Mary's Parish Church
Għaxaq's main church is dedicated to the Assumption of Our Lady and it is known for its baroque architecture. The present church was consecrated on 2 May 1784, after around fifty years of hard work by the villagers, which gave a helping hand in building their religious shrine. One could find a large number of artistic and valuable items in this church which were made by renowned Maltese and foreign artists. Of these one could find a number of highly artistic statues which all seek great devotion in a way or another. The titular statue which depicts the Assumption in heaven of our Lady was carved in wood by Mariano Gerada in 1808. Another statue which could be found in this church is that of the Main Secondary Feast of Saint Joseph, which was made by Fratelli Bertarelli of Milan in Italy in 1932 and is also carved in wood. Other statues are those of Our Lady of the Rosary carved in wood by Alessandro Farrugia, Our Lady of Fátima, and a set of traditional eight statues depicting the passion of Jesus Christ. These were made throughout the years with statues of Maltese artists Peppi Vella, Carlo Darmanin and family Camilleri Cauchi, namely Alfred and Aaron Camilleri Cauchi. The statue of dead Christ known as Il-Monument was brought to Għaxaq from Rome in the 18th century. The paintings which decorate the church's ceiling were painted by Emvin Cremona during the 1960s while other works of art date back to the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries mostly painted by Maltese artists; Gio Nicola Buhagiar, Francesco Zahra, Rokku Buhagiar and Gianni Vella among others. Apart from the Titular feast of Saint Mary, which is celebrated annually on August 15th, other feasts are celebrated throughout the year. These are; the commemoration of the Passion of Jesus Christ and his rise from death- with the traditional Good Friday procession, which in Għaxaq is held on Palm Sunday evening, celebrated a Sunday before Easter, the Main Secondary feast of Saint Joseph celebrated on the first Sunday of June, Corpus Christi on the second Sunday of June, and Our Lady of the Rosary on the second Sunday of October. These are all organized by their respective confraternities. On the night between the 24th and 25th of December, a solemn mass is held to celebrate Christmas.
Band Clubs
Għaxaq is known for its two feasts which are celebrated on the 15th of August and the first Sunday of June. The Holy family seeks a great devotion in this village, in fact it is the only village in Malta which has its Titular and Main Secondary feast dedicated to Saint Mary and Saint Joseph respectively, which together with Jesus, they form the Holy Family. Throughout the years, two Social and Musical Societies emerged in the village and they contribute for the external celebrations of their respective patron saint.
Saint Mary Band Club Ħal Għaxaq A.D 1873
In 1808, this club was set up from simply a wine shop to the majestic band club present today.
The feast of St Mary has been and still is a popular feast among the Maltese people, especially where the village church has as its Titular St. Mary. Traditionally St Mary is linked to the Santa Maria Convoy which brought much needed food supplies to the Maltese. This took place exactly on August 15th,1942, during the peak of the Second World War. Having its church dedicated to the Assumption of Mary since 1511, the village of Għaxaq in the south east of Malta is no exception.
Since 1808, the village has been documented to have celebrated this feast, both the religious part and the secular part, with vigor and pomp. The religious aspect was reflected in the fact that an artistic statue was made by a well known sculptor Mariano Gerada. This was financed by Gio Maria Farrugia (1763–1828) and cost 800 scudi. An artistic plinth was also made. The Farrugia family tree is endorsed at St. Mary's Band Club. In those days they had their wine shop. They talked mostly about the feast, year in year out. One shop was called Ta’ Indri l-Mikk. People used to meet there and given the aspirations of the locals, this stop was the forerunner of the present band club. Indri took it upon himself to organize the outside (secular) feast of St. Mary. The square in front of the church was decorated with colourful bundings. The church's façade was illuminated with hundreds of oil lamps. This was the work of the Gatt, Duca, Desira and Scicluna's families.
In 1873 the people named above explored the possibility of moving from this shop to much bigger premises. Agreement was reached on buying a big house in the square known as Ta’ Bukkettuwa. After initial work was completed, the club came to be known as Circolo La Stella.
It was at Ta' Petistina that the first general sitting was held, and it was agreed that the first official committee members were to be drawn following a ballot. The first steering committee was elected, and was made up of Felic Gatt, Joseph Grima, Joseph Scicluna and Geraldu Scicluna. More members were added, like Agius, Abdilla and Gravina. Later on, in 1935, a band was also formed under the name Santa Maria Band.
Many years passed since then and today the band club has a great number of members and followers. Today, the Band Club is also renowned for the organization of the Ghaxaq Music Festival, a 2 to 5 day festival organized before the feast of Saint Mary in August. Since 2008, the Festival has featured renowned World Artists and Tribute Bands such as: Tracy Shields in a Tribute to Celine Dion (2008), Rhapsody UK in a Tribute to the legendary Queen (2009 and 2011), U2UK (2009), ABBA UK (2010), Gimme ABBA (2011), Sheyla Bonnick from the original BoneyM (2011) and the legendary group SMOKIE (2012). This festival started in 1998 as a Street Concert and since then it has also featured a lot of Maltese groups and singers such as: Tribali, Wintermoods, Scream Daisy, Freddie Portelli, Joe Brown Band and renowned Maltese "Għannejja" among other well known local artists and DJs such as; Carl Bee, DJ Ruby and DJ Armani.
The Club also possesses a lot of artistic street decorations, having a large number of statues and their pedestals dating back to more than 100 years ago. These together with new sets of drapes, chandeliers and other statues decorate the village during the first two weeks of August.
Fireworks also play an important part during the Maltese traditional feast. The Saint Mary Fireworks Factory consists of a number of voluntary professionals in the art of firework production. These people have also achieved 1st place in a number of local and International Fireworks Festivals both for the aerial as well as the ground fireworks. The Saint Mary Fireworks Team was also invited to take part as International guests in The 2011 FireworksOne Festival at Foggia,San Severo, Italy. Moreover, after the huge success they achieved in 2011, the Ghaxaq Local Council also presented them with the "Ġieħ Ħal Għaxaq", a prestigious award given annually to people who work and achieve success for the village.
Thus, although a small village, the people of Ghaxaq have at heart the feast of St. Mary, and this is reflected in their dedication shown during 3 whole weeks of religious and secular activities for St. Mary's feast.
Saint Joseph Band Club
The Saint Joseph Band Club was established in 1874 with the principal object of organizing and enhancing the feast of St. Joseph in collaboration with the Confraternity of Saint Joseph, an older Catholic Church organization dating back to around 1689. Since then, the Band Club has taken under its remit the external festivities while the Confraternity has concentrated on the liturgical celebrations. The Club used to also participate in the feast of the Assumption of St. Mary until the early 1950s, when this participation was discontinued.
Presently, the feast of Saint Joseph is celebrated annually on the first Sunday of June, though in past years the date was earlier in May.
The Band Club's biggest ever project is surely its premises. During a project spanning from the early 1980s until the official opening in May 2000, the Club acquired both previously rented and adjacent property, demolished the existing structures and rebuilt a unitary building. The building is considered as a prime example of Maltese baroque-style architecture, and in certain aspects takes Maltese craftsmanship to new heights. A visitor to the building should not fail to note the symmetrical curved staircase topped by a dome structure, the various relief sculpture adorning various walls, ceilings, cornices and pedestals, and the first floor halls.
On the first floor, there is also a niche with the older statue of Saint Joseph, which was replaced in 1933 with the present devotional statue retained in the Church for the devotion of the Catholic community. The older statue has been restored this year 2010 and it transpired that the wooden statue was probably manufactured in Malta at around 1650. This date is corroborated both by the style of the carving and by the evident aging of the wood. The present Għaxaq church was built at around that same time. The statue is therefore key proof to the longevity of the devotion to Saint Joseph and has also significant historical and artistic value, being in absolute terms the oldest existing devotional statue in Għaxaq and one of the oldest still in existence on the entire Maltese Islands.
The Band Club is also in possession of two other separate properties: a fireworks factory that is renowned for the quality of its festive fiery production; and a feast decorations factory, comprising a workshop and stores for the Baroque-style festive street decorations. The fireworks factory won the Villa de Bilbao international fireworks festival edition of 2010 against world-renowned international opponents.The actual feast of Saint Joseph is celebrated throughout ten days. While big crowds of people throng the streets of Għaxaq, the village puts on its best dress in green (the colour of the Saint Joseph clan) and is entirely decorated with the decorations manufactured or otherwise managed by the above-mentioned workshop. The Club's own band and other guest bands play the typical Maltese band-marches to the general merry-making of the Josephite supporters, guests and tourists who are always welcome to join. Street concerts are also held, many times attracting national attention. Various fireworks displays are held throughout the week, culminating in the Saturday night show known as 'The Flames of Fire' and the Sunday evening 'kaxxa nfernali'. The final celebration is the devotional procession of the statue of Saint Joseph through the village streets - a fitting conclusion for the Patron Saint. This feast has increased its popularity over the years and has become a regular crowd-puller, putting Għaxaq in the top echelons of Maltese festivals.
"Ite ad Josef".
Carnival
Another annual event is the carnival celebration held in February.The carnival celebration is reported to have been around for roughly 150 years, and also features a children's parade, an idea backed by the local council to encourage more children to take an interest in their local culture.
Interesting places in Għaxaq
Dar tal-Bebbux/Dar tal-Massi - sea-shells decorated house (St. Mary Street, behind the parish church)
St. Philip's Chapel (at St. Philip Square)
St. Lucy's Chapel (at the Outskirts of the village)
Christ the Redeemer Chapel (at the outskirts of the village)
Together with the Parish Church and the two masterpieces, the Band Clubs (as mentioned above)
Għaxaq Semaphore Tower
Zones in Għaxaq
Bir id-Deheb (Well of Gold)
Ħas-Saptan (Saptan Town)
Il-Miksur (The Broken)
Qasam Ħal-Dmikki
Tal-Barrani (Foreigner's Village)
Tal-Garda
Tal-Ġebel (Rocks' Village)
Tal-Millieri
Tal-Qattus (Cat's Village)
Tal-Wilġa (Open Field's Village)
Għaxaq main roads
Dawret Ħal Għaxaq (Għaxaq By-Pass)
Triq G.M. Farrugia (G.M. Farrugia Street)
Triq il-Belt Valletta (Valletta Road)
Triq il-Ġistakor (Tail-Coat Street)
Triq il-Garakol (Garakol Street)
Triq il-Gudja (Gudja Road)
Triq il-Milwa (Skein Street)
Triq iż-Żejtun (Zejtun Road)
Triq San Filippu (St. Philip Street)
Pjazza San Filippu (St. Philip Square)
Triq Santa Marija (St. Mary Street)
Vjal il-Labour (Labour Avenue)
Triq it-Tgezwira
Triq Ganmari Dalli
Pjazza Santu Rokku (St. Rocco Square)
Triq San Pawl (St. Paul Street)
Triq il-Knisja (church's street)
Triq Marjanu Gerada
Għaxaq Local Council
The current Għaxaq local council members are:
Darren Abela (Mayor - PL)
Christine Dalli (PL)
Rose Agius (PN)
Keith Fenech (PL)
Andreas Gatt (PL)
Sport
Ghaxaq F.C.
References
External links
Għaxaq Local Council
St. Mary's Band Club
St. Joseph's Band Club
The village of Għaxaq
Labour Party Għaxaq
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
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Għaxaq (Maltese: Ħal Għaxaq, Maltese pronunciation: [ħal aːʃaʔ]) is a village in the Southern Region of Malta, with a population of 4,722 people as of March 2014. It is mainly a residential area surrounded by land used for agricultural purposes. The village's name is probably related to the noble family named Axiaq (also spelt Axiak or Asciak) which had feudal lands in the area in the fourteenth century, or it may be derived from the Maltese word meaning delight.
The village's main church is dedicated to the Assumption of Mary, popularly known in Maltese as Santa Marija, which is therefore the village's patron saint. Celebrations take place annually from 30 July to 15 August. A secondary feast is celebrated on the week before the first Sunday of June. This is dedicated to Saint Joseph, husband of Mary. He is also the saint patron of the church. During these feasts the village is decorated with highly artistic statues and colourful lights and banners.
Saint Mary's Parish Church
Għaxaq's main church is dedicated to the Assumption of Our Lady and it is known for its baroque architecture. The present church was consecrated on 2 May 1784, after around fifty years of hard work by the villagers, which gave a helping hand in building their religious shrine. One could find a large number of artistic and valuable items in this church which were made by renowned Maltese and foreign artists. Of these one could find a number of highly artistic statues which all seek great devotion in a way or another. The titular statue which depicts the Assumption in heaven of our Lady was carved in wood by Mariano Gerada in 1808. Another statue which could be found in this church is that of the Main Secondary Feast of Saint Joseph, which was made by Fratelli Bertarelli of Milan in Italy in 1932 and is also carved in wood. Other statues are those of Our Lady of the Rosary carved in wood by Alessandro Farrugia, Our Lady of Fátima, and a set of traditional eight statues depicting the passion of Jesus Christ. These were made throughout the years with statues of Maltese artists Peppi Vella, Carlo Darmanin and family Camilleri Cauchi, namely Alfred and Aaron Camilleri Cauchi. The statue of dead Christ known as Il-Monument was brought to Għaxaq from Rome in the 18th century. The paintings which decorate the church's ceiling were painted by Emvin Cremona during the 1960s while other works of art date back to the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries mostly painted by Maltese artists; Gio Nicola Buhagiar, Francesco Zahra, Rokku Buhagiar and Gianni Vella among others. Apart from the Titular feast of Saint Mary, which is celebrated annually on August 15th, other feasts are celebrated throughout the year. These are; the commemoration of the Passion of Jesus Christ and his rise from death- with the traditional Good Friday procession, which in Għaxaq is held on Palm Sunday evening, celebrated a Sunday before Easter, the Main Secondary feast of Saint Joseph celebrated on the first Sunday of June, Corpus Christi on the second Sunday of June, and Our Lady of the Rosary on the second Sunday of October. These are all organized by their respective confraternities. On the night between the 24th and 25th of December, a solemn mass is held to celebrate Christmas.
Band Clubs
Għaxaq is known for its two feasts which are celebrated on the 15th of August and the first Sunday of June. The Holy family seeks a great devotion in this village, in fact it is the only village in Malta which has its Titular and Main Secondary feast dedicated to Saint Mary and Saint Joseph respectively, which together with Jesus, they form the Holy Family. Throughout the years, two Social and Musical Societies emerged in the village and they contribute for the external celebrations of their respective patron saint.
Saint Mary Band Club Ħal Għaxaq A.D 1873
In 1808, this club was set up from simply a wine shop to the majestic band club present today.
The feast of St Mary has been and still is a popular feast among the Maltese people, especially where the village church has as its Titular St. Mary. Traditionally St Mary is linked to the Santa Maria Convoy which brought much needed food supplies to the Maltese. This took place exactly on August 15th,1942, during the peak of the Second World War. Having its church dedicated to the Assumption of Mary since 1511, the village of Għaxaq in the south east of Malta is no exception.
Since 1808, the village has been documented to have celebrated this feast, both the religious part and the secular part, with vigor and pomp. The religious aspect was reflected in the fact that an artistic statue was made by a well known sculptor Mariano Gerada. This was financed by Gio Maria Farrugia (1763–1828) and cost 800 scudi. An artistic plinth was also made. The Farrugia family tree is endorsed at St. Mary's Band Club. In those days they had their wine shop. They talked mostly about the feast, year in year out. One shop was called Ta’ Indri l-Mikk. People used to meet there and given the aspirations of the locals, this stop was the forerunner of the present band club. Indri took it upon himself to organize the outside (secular) feast of St. Mary. The square in front of the church was decorated with colourful bundings. The church's façade was illuminated with hundreds of oil lamps. This was the work of the Gatt, Duca, Desira and Scicluna's families.
In 1873 the people named above explored the possibility of moving from this shop to much bigger premises. Agreement was reached on buying a big house in the square known as Ta’ Bukkettuwa. After initial work was completed, the club came to be known as Circolo La Stella.
It was at Ta' Petistina that the first general sitting was held, and it was agreed that the first official committee members were to be drawn following a ballot. The first steering committee was elected, and was made up of Felic Gatt, Joseph Grima, Joseph Scicluna and Geraldu Scicluna. More members were added, like Agius, Abdilla and Gravina. Later on, in 1935, a band was also formed under the name Santa Maria Band.
Many years passed since then and today the band club has a great number of members and followers. Today, the Band Club is also renowned for the organization of the Ghaxaq Music Festival, a 2 to 5 day festival organized before the feast of Saint Mary in August. Since 2008, the Festival has featured renowned World Artists and Tribute Bands such as: Tracy Shields in a Tribute to Celine Dion (2008), Rhapsody UK in a Tribute to the legendary Queen (2009 and 2011), U2UK (2009), ABBA UK (2010), Gimme ABBA (2011), Sheyla Bonnick from the original BoneyM (2011) and the legendary group SMOKIE (2012). This festival started in 1998 as a Street Concert and since then it has also featured a lot of Maltese groups and singers such as: Tribali, Wintermoods, Scream Daisy, Freddie Portelli, Joe Brown Band and renowned Maltese "Għannejja" among other well known local artists and DJs such as; Carl Bee, DJ Ruby and DJ Armani.
The Club also possesses a lot of artistic street decorations, having a large number of statues and their pedestals dating back to more than 100 years ago. These together with new sets of drapes, chandeliers and other statues decorate the village during the first two weeks of August.
Fireworks also play an important part during the Maltese traditional feast. The Saint Mary Fireworks Factory consists of a number of voluntary professionals in the art of firework production. These people have also achieved 1st place in a number of local and International Fireworks Festivals both for the aerial as well as the ground fireworks. The Saint Mary Fireworks Team was also invited to take part as International guests in The 2011 FireworksOne Festival at Foggia,San Severo, Italy. Moreover, after the huge success they achieved in 2011, the Ghaxaq Local Council also presented them with the "Ġieħ Ħal Għaxaq", a prestigious award given annually to people who work and achieve success for the village.
Thus, although a small village, the people of Ghaxaq have at heart the feast of St. Mary, and this is reflected in their dedication shown during 3 whole weeks of religious and secular activities for St. Mary's feast.
Saint Joseph Band Club
The Saint Joseph Band Club was established in 1874 with the principal object of organizing and enhancing the feast of St. Joseph in collaboration with the Confraternity of Saint Joseph, an older Catholic Church organization dating back to around 1689. Since then, the Band Club has taken under its remit the external festivities while the Confraternity has concentrated on the liturgical celebrations. The Club used to also participate in the feast of the Assumption of St. Mary until the early 1950s, when this participation was discontinued.
Presently, the feast of Saint Joseph is celebrated annually on the first Sunday of June, though in past years the date was earlier in May.
The Band Club's biggest ever project is surely its premises. During a project spanning from the early 1980s until the official opening in May 2000, the Club acquired both previously rented and adjacent property, demolished the existing structures and rebuilt a unitary building. The building is considered as a prime example of Maltese baroque-style architecture, and in certain aspects takes Maltese craftsmanship to new heights. A visitor to the building should not fail to note the symmetrical curved staircase topped by a dome structure, the various relief sculpture adorning various walls, ceilings, cornices and pedestals, and the first floor halls.
On the first floor, there is also a niche with the older statue of Saint Joseph, which was replaced in 1933 with the present devotional statue retained in the Church for the devotion of the Catholic community. The older statue has been restored this year 2010 and it transpired that the wooden statue was probably manufactured in Malta at around 1650. This date is corroborated both by the style of the carving and by the evident aging of the wood. The present Għaxaq church was built at around that same time. The statue is therefore key proof to the longevity of the devotion to Saint Joseph and has also significant historical and artistic value, being in absolute terms the oldest existing devotional statue in Għaxaq and one of the oldest still in existence on the entire Maltese Islands.
The Band Club is also in possession of two other separate properties: a fireworks factory that is renowned for the quality of its festive fiery production; and a feast decorations factory, comprising a workshop and stores for the Baroque-style festive street decorations. The fireworks factory won the Villa de Bilbao international fireworks festival edition of 2010 against world-renowned international opponents.The actual feast of Saint Joseph is celebrated throughout ten days. While big crowds of people throng the streets of Għaxaq, the village puts on its best dress in green (the colour of the Saint Joseph clan) and is entirely decorated with the decorations manufactured or otherwise managed by the above-mentioned workshop. The Club's own band and other guest bands play the typical Maltese band-marches to the general merry-making of the Josephite supporters, guests and tourists who are always welcome to join. Street concerts are also held, many times attracting national attention. Various fireworks displays are held throughout the week, culminating in the Saturday night show known as 'The Flames of Fire' and the Sunday evening 'kaxxa nfernali'. The final celebration is the devotional procession of the statue of Saint Joseph through the village streets - a fitting conclusion for the Patron Saint. This feast has increased its popularity over the years and has become a regular crowd-puller, putting Għaxaq in the top echelons of Maltese festivals.
"Ite ad Josef".
Carnival
Another annual event is the carnival celebration held in February.The carnival celebration is reported to have been around for roughly 150 years, and also features a children's parade, an idea backed by the local council to encourage more children to take an interest in their local culture.
Interesting places in Għaxaq
Dar tal-Bebbux/Dar tal-Massi - sea-shells decorated house (St. Mary Street, behind the parish church)
St. Philip's Chapel (at St. Philip Square)
St. Lucy's Chapel (at the Outskirts of the village)
Christ the Redeemer Chapel (at the outskirts of the village)
Together with the Parish Church and the two masterpieces, the Band Clubs (as mentioned above)
Għaxaq Semaphore Tower
Zones in Għaxaq
Bir id-Deheb (Well of Gold)
Ħas-Saptan (Saptan Town)
Il-Miksur (The Broken)
Qasam Ħal-Dmikki
Tal-Barrani (Foreigner's Village)
Tal-Garda
Tal-Ġebel (Rocks' Village)
Tal-Millieri
Tal-Qattus (Cat's Village)
Tal-Wilġa (Open Field's Village)
Għaxaq main roads
Dawret Ħal Għaxaq (Għaxaq By-Pass)
Triq G.M. Farrugia (G.M. Farrugia Street)
Triq il-Belt Valletta (Valletta Road)
Triq il-Ġistakor (Tail-Coat Street)
Triq il-Garakol (Garakol Street)
Triq il-Gudja (Gudja Road)
Triq il-Milwa (Skein Street)
Triq iż-Żejtun (Zejtun Road)
Triq San Filippu (St. Philip Street)
Pjazza San Filippu (St. Philip Square)
Triq Santa Marija (St. Mary Street)
Vjal il-Labour (Labour Avenue)
Triq it-Tgezwira
Triq Ganmari Dalli
Pjazza Santu Rokku (St. Rocco Square)
Triq San Pawl (St. Paul Street)
Triq il-Knisja (church's street)
Triq Marjanu Gerada
Għaxaq Local Council
The current Għaxaq local council members are:
Darren Abela (Mayor - PL)
Christine Dalli (PL)
Rose Agius (PN)
Keith Fenech (PL)
Andreas Gatt (PL)
Sport
Ghaxaq F.C.
References
External links
Għaxaq Local Council
St. Mary's Band Club
St. Joseph's Band Club
The village of Għaxaq
Labour Party Għaxaq
|
Commons category
|
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Għaxaq (Maltese: Ħal Għaxaq, Maltese pronunciation: [ħal aːʃaʔ]) is a village in the Southern Region of Malta, with a population of 4,722 people as of March 2014. It is mainly a residential area surrounded by land used for agricultural purposes. The village's name is probably related to the noble family named Axiaq (also spelt Axiak or Asciak) which had feudal lands in the area in the fourteenth century, or it may be derived from the Maltese word meaning delight.
The village's main church is dedicated to the Assumption of Mary, popularly known in Maltese as Santa Marija, which is therefore the village's patron saint. Celebrations take place annually from 30 July to 15 August. A secondary feast is celebrated on the week before the first Sunday of June. This is dedicated to Saint Joseph, husband of Mary. He is also the saint patron of the church. During these feasts the village is decorated with highly artistic statues and colourful lights and banners.
Saint Mary's Parish Church
Għaxaq's main church is dedicated to the Assumption of Our Lady and it is known for its baroque architecture. The present church was consecrated on 2 May 1784, after around fifty years of hard work by the villagers, which gave a helping hand in building their religious shrine. One could find a large number of artistic and valuable items in this church which were made by renowned Maltese and foreign artists. Of these one could find a number of highly artistic statues which all seek great devotion in a way or another. The titular statue which depicts the Assumption in heaven of our Lady was carved in wood by Mariano Gerada in 1808. Another statue which could be found in this church is that of the Main Secondary Feast of Saint Joseph, which was made by Fratelli Bertarelli of Milan in Italy in 1932 and is also carved in wood. Other statues are those of Our Lady of the Rosary carved in wood by Alessandro Farrugia, Our Lady of Fátima, and a set of traditional eight statues depicting the passion of Jesus Christ. These were made throughout the years with statues of Maltese artists Peppi Vella, Carlo Darmanin and family Camilleri Cauchi, namely Alfred and Aaron Camilleri Cauchi. The statue of dead Christ known as Il-Monument was brought to Għaxaq from Rome in the 18th century. The paintings which decorate the church's ceiling were painted by Emvin Cremona during the 1960s while other works of art date back to the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries mostly painted by Maltese artists; Gio Nicola Buhagiar, Francesco Zahra, Rokku Buhagiar and Gianni Vella among others. Apart from the Titular feast of Saint Mary, which is celebrated annually on August 15th, other feasts are celebrated throughout the year. These are; the commemoration of the Passion of Jesus Christ and his rise from death- with the traditional Good Friday procession, which in Għaxaq is held on Palm Sunday evening, celebrated a Sunday before Easter, the Main Secondary feast of Saint Joseph celebrated on the first Sunday of June, Corpus Christi on the second Sunday of June, and Our Lady of the Rosary on the second Sunday of October. These are all organized by their respective confraternities. On the night between the 24th and 25th of December, a solemn mass is held to celebrate Christmas.
Band Clubs
Għaxaq is known for its two feasts which are celebrated on the 15th of August and the first Sunday of June. The Holy family seeks a great devotion in this village, in fact it is the only village in Malta which has its Titular and Main Secondary feast dedicated to Saint Mary and Saint Joseph respectively, which together with Jesus, they form the Holy Family. Throughout the years, two Social and Musical Societies emerged in the village and they contribute for the external celebrations of their respective patron saint.
Saint Mary Band Club Ħal Għaxaq A.D 1873
In 1808, this club was set up from simply a wine shop to the majestic band club present today.
The feast of St Mary has been and still is a popular feast among the Maltese people, especially where the village church has as its Titular St. Mary. Traditionally St Mary is linked to the Santa Maria Convoy which brought much needed food supplies to the Maltese. This took place exactly on August 15th,1942, during the peak of the Second World War. Having its church dedicated to the Assumption of Mary since 1511, the village of Għaxaq in the south east of Malta is no exception.
Since 1808, the village has been documented to have celebrated this feast, both the religious part and the secular part, with vigor and pomp. The religious aspect was reflected in the fact that an artistic statue was made by a well known sculptor Mariano Gerada. This was financed by Gio Maria Farrugia (1763–1828) and cost 800 scudi. An artistic plinth was also made. The Farrugia family tree is endorsed at St. Mary's Band Club. In those days they had their wine shop. They talked mostly about the feast, year in year out. One shop was called Ta’ Indri l-Mikk. People used to meet there and given the aspirations of the locals, this stop was the forerunner of the present band club. Indri took it upon himself to organize the outside (secular) feast of St. Mary. The square in front of the church was decorated with colourful bundings. The church's façade was illuminated with hundreds of oil lamps. This was the work of the Gatt, Duca, Desira and Scicluna's families.
In 1873 the people named above explored the possibility of moving from this shop to much bigger premises. Agreement was reached on buying a big house in the square known as Ta’ Bukkettuwa. After initial work was completed, the club came to be known as Circolo La Stella.
It was at Ta' Petistina that the first general sitting was held, and it was agreed that the first official committee members were to be drawn following a ballot. The first steering committee was elected, and was made up of Felic Gatt, Joseph Grima, Joseph Scicluna and Geraldu Scicluna. More members were added, like Agius, Abdilla and Gravina. Later on, in 1935, a band was also formed under the name Santa Maria Band.
Many years passed since then and today the band club has a great number of members and followers. Today, the Band Club is also renowned for the organization of the Ghaxaq Music Festival, a 2 to 5 day festival organized before the feast of Saint Mary in August. Since 2008, the Festival has featured renowned World Artists and Tribute Bands such as: Tracy Shields in a Tribute to Celine Dion (2008), Rhapsody UK in a Tribute to the legendary Queen (2009 and 2011), U2UK (2009), ABBA UK (2010), Gimme ABBA (2011), Sheyla Bonnick from the original BoneyM (2011) and the legendary group SMOKIE (2012). This festival started in 1998 as a Street Concert and since then it has also featured a lot of Maltese groups and singers such as: Tribali, Wintermoods, Scream Daisy, Freddie Portelli, Joe Brown Band and renowned Maltese "Għannejja" among other well known local artists and DJs such as; Carl Bee, DJ Ruby and DJ Armani.
The Club also possesses a lot of artistic street decorations, having a large number of statues and their pedestals dating back to more than 100 years ago. These together with new sets of drapes, chandeliers and other statues decorate the village during the first two weeks of August.
Fireworks also play an important part during the Maltese traditional feast. The Saint Mary Fireworks Factory consists of a number of voluntary professionals in the art of firework production. These people have also achieved 1st place in a number of local and International Fireworks Festivals both for the aerial as well as the ground fireworks. The Saint Mary Fireworks Team was also invited to take part as International guests in The 2011 FireworksOne Festival at Foggia,San Severo, Italy. Moreover, after the huge success they achieved in 2011, the Ghaxaq Local Council also presented them with the "Ġieħ Ħal Għaxaq", a prestigious award given annually to people who work and achieve success for the village.
Thus, although a small village, the people of Ghaxaq have at heart the feast of St. Mary, and this is reflected in their dedication shown during 3 whole weeks of religious and secular activities for St. Mary's feast.
Saint Joseph Band Club
The Saint Joseph Band Club was established in 1874 with the principal object of organizing and enhancing the feast of St. Joseph in collaboration with the Confraternity of Saint Joseph, an older Catholic Church organization dating back to around 1689. Since then, the Band Club has taken under its remit the external festivities while the Confraternity has concentrated on the liturgical celebrations. The Club used to also participate in the feast of the Assumption of St. Mary until the early 1950s, when this participation was discontinued.
Presently, the feast of Saint Joseph is celebrated annually on the first Sunday of June, though in past years the date was earlier in May.
The Band Club's biggest ever project is surely its premises. During a project spanning from the early 1980s until the official opening in May 2000, the Club acquired both previously rented and adjacent property, demolished the existing structures and rebuilt a unitary building. The building is considered as a prime example of Maltese baroque-style architecture, and in certain aspects takes Maltese craftsmanship to new heights. A visitor to the building should not fail to note the symmetrical curved staircase topped by a dome structure, the various relief sculpture adorning various walls, ceilings, cornices and pedestals, and the first floor halls.
On the first floor, there is also a niche with the older statue of Saint Joseph, which was replaced in 1933 with the present devotional statue retained in the Church for the devotion of the Catholic community. The older statue has been restored this year 2010 and it transpired that the wooden statue was probably manufactured in Malta at around 1650. This date is corroborated both by the style of the carving and by the evident aging of the wood. The present Għaxaq church was built at around that same time. The statue is therefore key proof to the longevity of the devotion to Saint Joseph and has also significant historical and artistic value, being in absolute terms the oldest existing devotional statue in Għaxaq and one of the oldest still in existence on the entire Maltese Islands.
The Band Club is also in possession of two other separate properties: a fireworks factory that is renowned for the quality of its festive fiery production; and a feast decorations factory, comprising a workshop and stores for the Baroque-style festive street decorations. The fireworks factory won the Villa de Bilbao international fireworks festival edition of 2010 against world-renowned international opponents.The actual feast of Saint Joseph is celebrated throughout ten days. While big crowds of people throng the streets of Għaxaq, the village puts on its best dress in green (the colour of the Saint Joseph clan) and is entirely decorated with the decorations manufactured or otherwise managed by the above-mentioned workshop. The Club's own band and other guest bands play the typical Maltese band-marches to the general merry-making of the Josephite supporters, guests and tourists who are always welcome to join. Street concerts are also held, many times attracting national attention. Various fireworks displays are held throughout the week, culminating in the Saturday night show known as 'The Flames of Fire' and the Sunday evening 'kaxxa nfernali'. The final celebration is the devotional procession of the statue of Saint Joseph through the village streets - a fitting conclusion for the Patron Saint. This feast has increased its popularity over the years and has become a regular crowd-puller, putting Għaxaq in the top echelons of Maltese festivals.
"Ite ad Josef".
Carnival
Another annual event is the carnival celebration held in February.The carnival celebration is reported to have been around for roughly 150 years, and also features a children's parade, an idea backed by the local council to encourage more children to take an interest in their local culture.
Interesting places in Għaxaq
Dar tal-Bebbux/Dar tal-Massi - sea-shells decorated house (St. Mary Street, behind the parish church)
St. Philip's Chapel (at St. Philip Square)
St. Lucy's Chapel (at the Outskirts of the village)
Christ the Redeemer Chapel (at the outskirts of the village)
Together with the Parish Church and the two masterpieces, the Band Clubs (as mentioned above)
Għaxaq Semaphore Tower
Zones in Għaxaq
Bir id-Deheb (Well of Gold)
Ħas-Saptan (Saptan Town)
Il-Miksur (The Broken)
Qasam Ħal-Dmikki
Tal-Barrani (Foreigner's Village)
Tal-Garda
Tal-Ġebel (Rocks' Village)
Tal-Millieri
Tal-Qattus (Cat's Village)
Tal-Wilġa (Open Field's Village)
Għaxaq main roads
Dawret Ħal Għaxaq (Għaxaq By-Pass)
Triq G.M. Farrugia (G.M. Farrugia Street)
Triq il-Belt Valletta (Valletta Road)
Triq il-Ġistakor (Tail-Coat Street)
Triq il-Garakol (Garakol Street)
Triq il-Gudja (Gudja Road)
Triq il-Milwa (Skein Street)
Triq iż-Żejtun (Zejtun Road)
Triq San Filippu (St. Philip Street)
Pjazza San Filippu (St. Philip Square)
Triq Santa Marija (St. Mary Street)
Vjal il-Labour (Labour Avenue)
Triq it-Tgezwira
Triq Ganmari Dalli
Pjazza Santu Rokku (St. Rocco Square)
Triq San Pawl (St. Paul Street)
Triq il-Knisja (church's street)
Triq Marjanu Gerada
Għaxaq Local Council
The current Għaxaq local council members are:
Darren Abela (Mayor - PL)
Christine Dalli (PL)
Rose Agius (PN)
Keith Fenech (PL)
Andreas Gatt (PL)
Sport
Ghaxaq F.C.
References
External links
Għaxaq Local Council
St. Mary's Band Club
St. Joseph's Band Club
The village of Għaxaq
Labour Party Għaxaq
|
native label
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Għaxaq (Maltese: Ħal Għaxaq, Maltese pronunciation: [ħal aːʃaʔ]) is a village in the Southern Region of Malta, with a population of 4,722 people as of March 2014. It is mainly a residential area surrounded by land used for agricultural purposes. The village's name is probably related to the noble family named Axiaq (also spelt Axiak or Asciak) which had feudal lands in the area in the fourteenth century, or it may be derived from the Maltese word meaning delight.
The village's main church is dedicated to the Assumption of Mary, popularly known in Maltese as Santa Marija, which is therefore the village's patron saint. Celebrations take place annually from 30 July to 15 August. A secondary feast is celebrated on the week before the first Sunday of June. This is dedicated to Saint Joseph, husband of Mary. He is also the saint patron of the church. During these feasts the village is decorated with highly artistic statues and colourful lights and banners.
Saint Mary's Parish Church
Għaxaq's main church is dedicated to the Assumption of Our Lady and it is known for its baroque architecture. The present church was consecrated on 2 May 1784, after around fifty years of hard work by the villagers, which gave a helping hand in building their religious shrine. One could find a large number of artistic and valuable items in this church which were made by renowned Maltese and foreign artists. Of these one could find a number of highly artistic statues which all seek great devotion in a way or another. The titular statue which depicts the Assumption in heaven of our Lady was carved in wood by Mariano Gerada in 1808. Another statue which could be found in this church is that of the Main Secondary Feast of Saint Joseph, which was made by Fratelli Bertarelli of Milan in Italy in 1932 and is also carved in wood. Other statues are those of Our Lady of the Rosary carved in wood by Alessandro Farrugia, Our Lady of Fátima, and a set of traditional eight statues depicting the passion of Jesus Christ. These were made throughout the years with statues of Maltese artists Peppi Vella, Carlo Darmanin and family Camilleri Cauchi, namely Alfred and Aaron Camilleri Cauchi. The statue of dead Christ known as Il-Monument was brought to Għaxaq from Rome in the 18th century. The paintings which decorate the church's ceiling were painted by Emvin Cremona during the 1960s while other works of art date back to the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries mostly painted by Maltese artists; Gio Nicola Buhagiar, Francesco Zahra, Rokku Buhagiar and Gianni Vella among others. Apart from the Titular feast of Saint Mary, which is celebrated annually on August 15th, other feasts are celebrated throughout the year. These are; the commemoration of the Passion of Jesus Christ and his rise from death- with the traditional Good Friday procession, which in Għaxaq is held on Palm Sunday evening, celebrated a Sunday before Easter, the Main Secondary feast of Saint Joseph celebrated on the first Sunday of June, Corpus Christi on the second Sunday of June, and Our Lady of the Rosary on the second Sunday of October. These are all organized by their respective confraternities. On the night between the 24th and 25th of December, a solemn mass is held to celebrate Christmas.
Band Clubs
Għaxaq is known for its two feasts which are celebrated on the 15th of August and the first Sunday of June. The Holy family seeks a great devotion in this village, in fact it is the only village in Malta which has its Titular and Main Secondary feast dedicated to Saint Mary and Saint Joseph respectively, which together with Jesus, they form the Holy Family. Throughout the years, two Social and Musical Societies emerged in the village and they contribute for the external celebrations of their respective patron saint.
Saint Mary Band Club Ħal Għaxaq A.D 1873
In 1808, this club was set up from simply a wine shop to the majestic band club present today.
The feast of St Mary has been and still is a popular feast among the Maltese people, especially where the village church has as its Titular St. Mary. Traditionally St Mary is linked to the Santa Maria Convoy which brought much needed food supplies to the Maltese. This took place exactly on August 15th,1942, during the peak of the Second World War. Having its church dedicated to the Assumption of Mary since 1511, the village of Għaxaq in the south east of Malta is no exception.
Since 1808, the village has been documented to have celebrated this feast, both the religious part and the secular part, with vigor and pomp. The religious aspect was reflected in the fact that an artistic statue was made by a well known sculptor Mariano Gerada. This was financed by Gio Maria Farrugia (1763–1828) and cost 800 scudi. An artistic plinth was also made. The Farrugia family tree is endorsed at St. Mary's Band Club. In those days they had their wine shop. They talked mostly about the feast, year in year out. One shop was called Ta’ Indri l-Mikk. People used to meet there and given the aspirations of the locals, this stop was the forerunner of the present band club. Indri took it upon himself to organize the outside (secular) feast of St. Mary. The square in front of the church was decorated with colourful bundings. The church's façade was illuminated with hundreds of oil lamps. This was the work of the Gatt, Duca, Desira and Scicluna's families.
In 1873 the people named above explored the possibility of moving from this shop to much bigger premises. Agreement was reached on buying a big house in the square known as Ta’ Bukkettuwa. After initial work was completed, the club came to be known as Circolo La Stella.
It was at Ta' Petistina that the first general sitting was held, and it was agreed that the first official committee members were to be drawn following a ballot. The first steering committee was elected, and was made up of Felic Gatt, Joseph Grima, Joseph Scicluna and Geraldu Scicluna. More members were added, like Agius, Abdilla and Gravina. Later on, in 1935, a band was also formed under the name Santa Maria Band.
Many years passed since then and today the band club has a great number of members and followers. Today, the Band Club is also renowned for the organization of the Ghaxaq Music Festival, a 2 to 5 day festival organized before the feast of Saint Mary in August. Since 2008, the Festival has featured renowned World Artists and Tribute Bands such as: Tracy Shields in a Tribute to Celine Dion (2008), Rhapsody UK in a Tribute to the legendary Queen (2009 and 2011), U2UK (2009), ABBA UK (2010), Gimme ABBA (2011), Sheyla Bonnick from the original BoneyM (2011) and the legendary group SMOKIE (2012). This festival started in 1998 as a Street Concert and since then it has also featured a lot of Maltese groups and singers such as: Tribali, Wintermoods, Scream Daisy, Freddie Portelli, Joe Brown Band and renowned Maltese "Għannejja" among other well known local artists and DJs such as; Carl Bee, DJ Ruby and DJ Armani.
The Club also possesses a lot of artistic street decorations, having a large number of statues and their pedestals dating back to more than 100 years ago. These together with new sets of drapes, chandeliers and other statues decorate the village during the first two weeks of August.
Fireworks also play an important part during the Maltese traditional feast. The Saint Mary Fireworks Factory consists of a number of voluntary professionals in the art of firework production. These people have also achieved 1st place in a number of local and International Fireworks Festivals both for the aerial as well as the ground fireworks. The Saint Mary Fireworks Team was also invited to take part as International guests in The 2011 FireworksOne Festival at Foggia,San Severo, Italy. Moreover, after the huge success they achieved in 2011, the Ghaxaq Local Council also presented them with the "Ġieħ Ħal Għaxaq", a prestigious award given annually to people who work and achieve success for the village.
Thus, although a small village, the people of Ghaxaq have at heart the feast of St. Mary, and this is reflected in their dedication shown during 3 whole weeks of religious and secular activities for St. Mary's feast.
Saint Joseph Band Club
The Saint Joseph Band Club was established in 1874 with the principal object of organizing and enhancing the feast of St. Joseph in collaboration with the Confraternity of Saint Joseph, an older Catholic Church organization dating back to around 1689. Since then, the Band Club has taken under its remit the external festivities while the Confraternity has concentrated on the liturgical celebrations. The Club used to also participate in the feast of the Assumption of St. Mary until the early 1950s, when this participation was discontinued.
Presently, the feast of Saint Joseph is celebrated annually on the first Sunday of June, though in past years the date was earlier in May.
The Band Club's biggest ever project is surely its premises. During a project spanning from the early 1980s until the official opening in May 2000, the Club acquired both previously rented and adjacent property, demolished the existing structures and rebuilt a unitary building. The building is considered as a prime example of Maltese baroque-style architecture, and in certain aspects takes Maltese craftsmanship to new heights. A visitor to the building should not fail to note the symmetrical curved staircase topped by a dome structure, the various relief sculpture adorning various walls, ceilings, cornices and pedestals, and the first floor halls.
On the first floor, there is also a niche with the older statue of Saint Joseph, which was replaced in 1933 with the present devotional statue retained in the Church for the devotion of the Catholic community. The older statue has been restored this year 2010 and it transpired that the wooden statue was probably manufactured in Malta at around 1650. This date is corroborated both by the style of the carving and by the evident aging of the wood. The present Għaxaq church was built at around that same time. The statue is therefore key proof to the longevity of the devotion to Saint Joseph and has also significant historical and artistic value, being in absolute terms the oldest existing devotional statue in Għaxaq and one of the oldest still in existence on the entire Maltese Islands.
The Band Club is also in possession of two other separate properties: a fireworks factory that is renowned for the quality of its festive fiery production; and a feast decorations factory, comprising a workshop and stores for the Baroque-style festive street decorations. The fireworks factory won the Villa de Bilbao international fireworks festival edition of 2010 against world-renowned international opponents.The actual feast of Saint Joseph is celebrated throughout ten days. While big crowds of people throng the streets of Għaxaq, the village puts on its best dress in green (the colour of the Saint Joseph clan) and is entirely decorated with the decorations manufactured or otherwise managed by the above-mentioned workshop. The Club's own band and other guest bands play the typical Maltese band-marches to the general merry-making of the Josephite supporters, guests and tourists who are always welcome to join. Street concerts are also held, many times attracting national attention. Various fireworks displays are held throughout the week, culminating in the Saturday night show known as 'The Flames of Fire' and the Sunday evening 'kaxxa nfernali'. The final celebration is the devotional procession of the statue of Saint Joseph through the village streets - a fitting conclusion for the Patron Saint. This feast has increased its popularity over the years and has become a regular crowd-puller, putting Għaxaq in the top echelons of Maltese festivals.
"Ite ad Josef".
Carnival
Another annual event is the carnival celebration held in February.The carnival celebration is reported to have been around for roughly 150 years, and also features a children's parade, an idea backed by the local council to encourage more children to take an interest in their local culture.
Interesting places in Għaxaq
Dar tal-Bebbux/Dar tal-Massi - sea-shells decorated house (St. Mary Street, behind the parish church)
St. Philip's Chapel (at St. Philip Square)
St. Lucy's Chapel (at the Outskirts of the village)
Christ the Redeemer Chapel (at the outskirts of the village)
Together with the Parish Church and the two masterpieces, the Band Clubs (as mentioned above)
Għaxaq Semaphore Tower
Zones in Għaxaq
Bir id-Deheb (Well of Gold)
Ħas-Saptan (Saptan Town)
Il-Miksur (The Broken)
Qasam Ħal-Dmikki
Tal-Barrani (Foreigner's Village)
Tal-Garda
Tal-Ġebel (Rocks' Village)
Tal-Millieri
Tal-Qattus (Cat's Village)
Tal-Wilġa (Open Field's Village)
Għaxaq main roads
Dawret Ħal Għaxaq (Għaxaq By-Pass)
Triq G.M. Farrugia (G.M. Farrugia Street)
Triq il-Belt Valletta (Valletta Road)
Triq il-Ġistakor (Tail-Coat Street)
Triq il-Garakol (Garakol Street)
Triq il-Gudja (Gudja Road)
Triq il-Milwa (Skein Street)
Triq iż-Żejtun (Zejtun Road)
Triq San Filippu (St. Philip Street)
Pjazza San Filippu (St. Philip Square)
Triq Santa Marija (St. Mary Street)
Vjal il-Labour (Labour Avenue)
Triq it-Tgezwira
Triq Ganmari Dalli
Pjazza Santu Rokku (St. Rocco Square)
Triq San Pawl (St. Paul Street)
Triq il-Knisja (church's street)
Triq Marjanu Gerada
Għaxaq Local Council
The current Għaxaq local council members are:
Darren Abela (Mayor - PL)
Christine Dalli (PL)
Rose Agius (PN)
Keith Fenech (PL)
Andreas Gatt (PL)
Sport
Ghaxaq F.C.
References
External links
Għaxaq Local Council
St. Mary's Band Club
St. Joseph's Band Club
The village of Għaxaq
Labour Party Għaxaq
|
elevation above sea level
|
{
"answer_start": [
4727
],
"text": [
"76"
]
}
|
Politec is an IT outsourcing service provider, based in Brasília, Brazil. It employs over 6,000 people. In 2011, it was acquired by the Spanish company Indra Sistemas.
Awards
BusinessWeek Magazine (2006), ranked #2 in Gartner’s “Top 15 Emerging Outsourcing Players”
Global Services GS100 List (2007), included in “World’s Top 10 Best Performing IT Services Providers”
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
66
],
"text": [
"Brazil"
]
}
|
Politec is an IT outsourcing service provider, based in Brasília, Brazil. It employs over 6,000 people. In 2011, it was acquired by the Spanish company Indra Sistemas.
Awards
BusinessWeek Magazine (2006), ranked #2 in Gartner’s “Top 15 Emerging Outsourcing Players”
Global Services GS100 List (2007), included in “World’s Top 10 Best Performing IT Services Providers”
== References ==
|
headquarters location
|
{
"answer_start": [
56
],
"text": [
"Brasília"
]
}
|
Politec is an IT outsourcing service provider, based in Brasília, Brazil. It employs over 6,000 people. In 2011, it was acquired by the Spanish company Indra Sistemas.
Awards
BusinessWeek Magazine (2006), ranked #2 in Gartner’s “Top 15 Emerging Outsourcing Players”
Global Services GS100 List (2007), included in “World’s Top 10 Best Performing IT Services Providers”
== References ==
|
Quora topic ID
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Politec"
]
}
|
Holcocera aclydis is a moth in the family Blastobasidae which is endemic to Costa Rica.
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Holcocera"
]
}
|
Holcocera aclydis is a moth in the family Blastobasidae which is endemic to Costa Rica.
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Holcocera aclydis"
]
}
|
William von Eggers Doering (June 22, 1917 – January 3, 2011) was the Mallinckrodt Professor of Chemistry at Harvard University. Before Harvard, he taught at Columbia (1942–1952) and Yale (1952–1968).
Doering was born in Fort Worth, Texas to academics Carl Rupp Doering and Antoinette Mathilde von Eggers, both of whom were professors at Texas Christian University. His maternal great-uncle was the prominent German financier and economist Hjalmar Schacht, sometime President of the Reichsbank and cabinet minister in Nazi Germany.Doering was an undergraduate at Harvard University, where he took courses with some of the leading organic chemists at the time, including Louis Fieser and Paul Bartlett. He stayed at Harvard for his graduate education, where he studied catalytic hydrogenation under Reginald Linstead, completing his PhD in 1943. Before beginning his independent career, he became famous for completing a (formal) quinine total synthesis with Robert Burns Woodward as a postdoctoral scholar, a wartime achievement that was publicized at the time by the national news media, including TIME magazine. Subsequently, during an independent career at Columbia, Yale, and Harvard that spanned over half a century, he made numerous contributions to the field of physical organic chemistry.Having published his first scientific paper in 1939 and his last in 2008, he holds the rare distinction of having authored scholarly articles in eight different decades. In 1989, he received the "James Flack Norris Award in Physical Organic Chemistry" of the American Chemical Society and in 1990 the Robert A. Welch Award in Chemistry.Some of his major contributions include recognition of the aromatic nature of the tropylium cation and the early use of 1H NMR for the characterization of carbocations and other reactive intermediates, including heptamethylbenzenium cation, investigation of the stereochemistry of the Cope rearrangement, and pioneering work in carbene chemistry, including the discovery of dichlorocarbene. Some other notable work include the synthesis of fulvalene, the discoveries of the Doering-LaFlamme allene synthesis and the Parikh-Doering oxidation, prediction of the existence of bullvalene as a fluxional molecule, and elucidation of the mechanism of the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation. Together with H. H. Zeiss, he proposed the Doering-Zeiss mechanistic hypothesis for solvolysis reactions. He first articulated the notion that cyclic systems with (4n + 2) π-electrons exhibit aromatic stability (the modern form of Hückel's rule) and coined the term "carbene" in collaboration with Woodward and Winstein during a nocturnal cab ride in Chicago.Doering became emeritus in 1986, but continued to advise graduate students and publish.
Notes
References
Daintith, John. Biographical encyclopedia of scientists, CRC Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0-7503-0287-6
External links
William von Eggers Doering – Michigan State University
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
220
],
"text": [
"Fort Worth"
]
}
|
William von Eggers Doering (June 22, 1917 – January 3, 2011) was the Mallinckrodt Professor of Chemistry at Harvard University. Before Harvard, he taught at Columbia (1942–1952) and Yale (1952–1968).
Doering was born in Fort Worth, Texas to academics Carl Rupp Doering and Antoinette Mathilde von Eggers, both of whom were professors at Texas Christian University. His maternal great-uncle was the prominent German financier and economist Hjalmar Schacht, sometime President of the Reichsbank and cabinet minister in Nazi Germany.Doering was an undergraduate at Harvard University, where he took courses with some of the leading organic chemists at the time, including Louis Fieser and Paul Bartlett. He stayed at Harvard for his graduate education, where he studied catalytic hydrogenation under Reginald Linstead, completing his PhD in 1943. Before beginning his independent career, he became famous for completing a (formal) quinine total synthesis with Robert Burns Woodward as a postdoctoral scholar, a wartime achievement that was publicized at the time by the national news media, including TIME magazine. Subsequently, during an independent career at Columbia, Yale, and Harvard that spanned over half a century, he made numerous contributions to the field of physical organic chemistry.Having published his first scientific paper in 1939 and his last in 2008, he holds the rare distinction of having authored scholarly articles in eight different decades. In 1989, he received the "James Flack Norris Award in Physical Organic Chemistry" of the American Chemical Society and in 1990 the Robert A. Welch Award in Chemistry.Some of his major contributions include recognition of the aromatic nature of the tropylium cation and the early use of 1H NMR for the characterization of carbocations and other reactive intermediates, including heptamethylbenzenium cation, investigation of the stereochemistry of the Cope rearrangement, and pioneering work in carbene chemistry, including the discovery of dichlorocarbene. Some other notable work include the synthesis of fulvalene, the discoveries of the Doering-LaFlamme allene synthesis and the Parikh-Doering oxidation, prediction of the existence of bullvalene as a fluxional molecule, and elucidation of the mechanism of the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation. Together with H. H. Zeiss, he proposed the Doering-Zeiss mechanistic hypothesis for solvolysis reactions. He first articulated the notion that cyclic systems with (4n + 2) π-electrons exhibit aromatic stability (the modern form of Hückel's rule) and coined the term "carbene" in collaboration with Woodward and Winstein during a nocturnal cab ride in Chicago.Doering became emeritus in 1986, but continued to advise graduate students and publish.
Notes
References
Daintith, John. Biographical encyclopedia of scientists, CRC Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0-7503-0287-6
External links
William von Eggers Doering – Michigan State University
|
educated at
|
{
"answer_start": [
108
],
"text": [
"Harvard University"
]
}
|
William von Eggers Doering (June 22, 1917 – January 3, 2011) was the Mallinckrodt Professor of Chemistry at Harvard University. Before Harvard, he taught at Columbia (1942–1952) and Yale (1952–1968).
Doering was born in Fort Worth, Texas to academics Carl Rupp Doering and Antoinette Mathilde von Eggers, both of whom were professors at Texas Christian University. His maternal great-uncle was the prominent German financier and economist Hjalmar Schacht, sometime President of the Reichsbank and cabinet minister in Nazi Germany.Doering was an undergraduate at Harvard University, where he took courses with some of the leading organic chemists at the time, including Louis Fieser and Paul Bartlett. He stayed at Harvard for his graduate education, where he studied catalytic hydrogenation under Reginald Linstead, completing his PhD in 1943. Before beginning his independent career, he became famous for completing a (formal) quinine total synthesis with Robert Burns Woodward as a postdoctoral scholar, a wartime achievement that was publicized at the time by the national news media, including TIME magazine. Subsequently, during an independent career at Columbia, Yale, and Harvard that spanned over half a century, he made numerous contributions to the field of physical organic chemistry.Having published his first scientific paper in 1939 and his last in 2008, he holds the rare distinction of having authored scholarly articles in eight different decades. In 1989, he received the "James Flack Norris Award in Physical Organic Chemistry" of the American Chemical Society and in 1990 the Robert A. Welch Award in Chemistry.Some of his major contributions include recognition of the aromatic nature of the tropylium cation and the early use of 1H NMR for the characterization of carbocations and other reactive intermediates, including heptamethylbenzenium cation, investigation of the stereochemistry of the Cope rearrangement, and pioneering work in carbene chemistry, including the discovery of dichlorocarbene. Some other notable work include the synthesis of fulvalene, the discoveries of the Doering-LaFlamme allene synthesis and the Parikh-Doering oxidation, prediction of the existence of bullvalene as a fluxional molecule, and elucidation of the mechanism of the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation. Together with H. H. Zeiss, he proposed the Doering-Zeiss mechanistic hypothesis for solvolysis reactions. He first articulated the notion that cyclic systems with (4n + 2) π-electrons exhibit aromatic stability (the modern form of Hückel's rule) and coined the term "carbene" in collaboration with Woodward and Winstein during a nocturnal cab ride in Chicago.Doering became emeritus in 1986, but continued to advise graduate students and publish.
Notes
References
Daintith, John. Biographical encyclopedia of scientists, CRC Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0-7503-0287-6
External links
William von Eggers Doering – Michigan State University
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
637
],
"text": [
"chemist"
]
}
|
William von Eggers Doering (June 22, 1917 – January 3, 2011) was the Mallinckrodt Professor of Chemistry at Harvard University. Before Harvard, he taught at Columbia (1942–1952) and Yale (1952–1968).
Doering was born in Fort Worth, Texas to academics Carl Rupp Doering and Antoinette Mathilde von Eggers, both of whom were professors at Texas Christian University. His maternal great-uncle was the prominent German financier and economist Hjalmar Schacht, sometime President of the Reichsbank and cabinet minister in Nazi Germany.Doering was an undergraduate at Harvard University, where he took courses with some of the leading organic chemists at the time, including Louis Fieser and Paul Bartlett. He stayed at Harvard for his graduate education, where he studied catalytic hydrogenation under Reginald Linstead, completing his PhD in 1943. Before beginning his independent career, he became famous for completing a (formal) quinine total synthesis with Robert Burns Woodward as a postdoctoral scholar, a wartime achievement that was publicized at the time by the national news media, including TIME magazine. Subsequently, during an independent career at Columbia, Yale, and Harvard that spanned over half a century, he made numerous contributions to the field of physical organic chemistry.Having published his first scientific paper in 1939 and his last in 2008, he holds the rare distinction of having authored scholarly articles in eight different decades. In 1989, he received the "James Flack Norris Award in Physical Organic Chemistry" of the American Chemical Society and in 1990 the Robert A. Welch Award in Chemistry.Some of his major contributions include recognition of the aromatic nature of the tropylium cation and the early use of 1H NMR for the characterization of carbocations and other reactive intermediates, including heptamethylbenzenium cation, investigation of the stereochemistry of the Cope rearrangement, and pioneering work in carbene chemistry, including the discovery of dichlorocarbene. Some other notable work include the synthesis of fulvalene, the discoveries of the Doering-LaFlamme allene synthesis and the Parikh-Doering oxidation, prediction of the existence of bullvalene as a fluxional molecule, and elucidation of the mechanism of the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation. Together with H. H. Zeiss, he proposed the Doering-Zeiss mechanistic hypothesis for solvolysis reactions. He first articulated the notion that cyclic systems with (4n + 2) π-electrons exhibit aromatic stability (the modern form of Hückel's rule) and coined the term "carbene" in collaboration with Woodward and Winstein during a nocturnal cab ride in Chicago.Doering became emeritus in 1986, but continued to advise graduate students and publish.
Notes
References
Daintith, John. Biographical encyclopedia of scientists, CRC Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0-7503-0287-6
External links
William von Eggers Doering – Michigan State University
|
employer
|
{
"answer_start": [
108
],
"text": [
"Harvard University"
]
}
|
William von Eggers Doering (June 22, 1917 – January 3, 2011) was the Mallinckrodt Professor of Chemistry at Harvard University. Before Harvard, he taught at Columbia (1942–1952) and Yale (1952–1968).
Doering was born in Fort Worth, Texas to academics Carl Rupp Doering and Antoinette Mathilde von Eggers, both of whom were professors at Texas Christian University. His maternal great-uncle was the prominent German financier and economist Hjalmar Schacht, sometime President of the Reichsbank and cabinet minister in Nazi Germany.Doering was an undergraduate at Harvard University, where he took courses with some of the leading organic chemists at the time, including Louis Fieser and Paul Bartlett. He stayed at Harvard for his graduate education, where he studied catalytic hydrogenation under Reginald Linstead, completing his PhD in 1943. Before beginning his independent career, he became famous for completing a (formal) quinine total synthesis with Robert Burns Woodward as a postdoctoral scholar, a wartime achievement that was publicized at the time by the national news media, including TIME magazine. Subsequently, during an independent career at Columbia, Yale, and Harvard that spanned over half a century, he made numerous contributions to the field of physical organic chemistry.Having published his first scientific paper in 1939 and his last in 2008, he holds the rare distinction of having authored scholarly articles in eight different decades. In 1989, he received the "James Flack Norris Award in Physical Organic Chemistry" of the American Chemical Society and in 1990 the Robert A. Welch Award in Chemistry.Some of his major contributions include recognition of the aromatic nature of the tropylium cation and the early use of 1H NMR for the characterization of carbocations and other reactive intermediates, including heptamethylbenzenium cation, investigation of the stereochemistry of the Cope rearrangement, and pioneering work in carbene chemistry, including the discovery of dichlorocarbene. Some other notable work include the synthesis of fulvalene, the discoveries of the Doering-LaFlamme allene synthesis and the Parikh-Doering oxidation, prediction of the existence of bullvalene as a fluxional molecule, and elucidation of the mechanism of the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation. Together with H. H. Zeiss, he proposed the Doering-Zeiss mechanistic hypothesis for solvolysis reactions. He first articulated the notion that cyclic systems with (4n + 2) π-electrons exhibit aromatic stability (the modern form of Hückel's rule) and coined the term "carbene" in collaboration with Woodward and Winstein during a nocturnal cab ride in Chicago.Doering became emeritus in 1986, but continued to advise graduate students and publish.
Notes
References
Daintith, John. Biographical encyclopedia of scientists, CRC Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0-7503-0287-6
External links
William von Eggers Doering – Michigan State University
|
award received
|
{
"answer_start": [
1609
],
"text": [
"Welch Award in Chemistry"
]
}
|
William von Eggers Doering (June 22, 1917 – January 3, 2011) was the Mallinckrodt Professor of Chemistry at Harvard University. Before Harvard, he taught at Columbia (1942–1952) and Yale (1952–1968).
Doering was born in Fort Worth, Texas to academics Carl Rupp Doering and Antoinette Mathilde von Eggers, both of whom were professors at Texas Christian University. His maternal great-uncle was the prominent German financier and economist Hjalmar Schacht, sometime President of the Reichsbank and cabinet minister in Nazi Germany.Doering was an undergraduate at Harvard University, where he took courses with some of the leading organic chemists at the time, including Louis Fieser and Paul Bartlett. He stayed at Harvard for his graduate education, where he studied catalytic hydrogenation under Reginald Linstead, completing his PhD in 1943. Before beginning his independent career, he became famous for completing a (formal) quinine total synthesis with Robert Burns Woodward as a postdoctoral scholar, a wartime achievement that was publicized at the time by the national news media, including TIME magazine. Subsequently, during an independent career at Columbia, Yale, and Harvard that spanned over half a century, he made numerous contributions to the field of physical organic chemistry.Having published his first scientific paper in 1939 and his last in 2008, he holds the rare distinction of having authored scholarly articles in eight different decades. In 1989, he received the "James Flack Norris Award in Physical Organic Chemistry" of the American Chemical Society and in 1990 the Robert A. Welch Award in Chemistry.Some of his major contributions include recognition of the aromatic nature of the tropylium cation and the early use of 1H NMR for the characterization of carbocations and other reactive intermediates, including heptamethylbenzenium cation, investigation of the stereochemistry of the Cope rearrangement, and pioneering work in carbene chemistry, including the discovery of dichlorocarbene. Some other notable work include the synthesis of fulvalene, the discoveries of the Doering-LaFlamme allene synthesis and the Parikh-Doering oxidation, prediction of the existence of bullvalene as a fluxional molecule, and elucidation of the mechanism of the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation. Together with H. H. Zeiss, he proposed the Doering-Zeiss mechanistic hypothesis for solvolysis reactions. He first articulated the notion that cyclic systems with (4n + 2) π-electrons exhibit aromatic stability (the modern form of Hückel's rule) and coined the term "carbene" in collaboration with Woodward and Winstein during a nocturnal cab ride in Chicago.Doering became emeritus in 1986, but continued to advise graduate students and publish.
Notes
References
Daintith, John. Biographical encyclopedia of scientists, CRC Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0-7503-0287-6
External links
William von Eggers Doering – Michigan State University
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"William"
]
}
|
Calliergis is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1821.
Species
Calliergis draesekei (Draudt, 1950) Yunnan
Calliergis ramosa (Esper, 1786) central and south-eastern Europe
Calliergis ramosula (Staudinger, 1888) south-eastern Siberia, Manchuria, Korea, Japan
== References ==
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
16
],
"text": [
"genus"
]
}
|
Calliergis is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1821.
Species
Calliergis draesekei (Draudt, 1950) Yunnan
Calliergis ramosa (Esper, 1786) central and south-eastern Europe
Calliergis ramosula (Staudinger, 1888) south-eastern Siberia, Manchuria, Korea, Japan
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
45
],
"text": [
"Noctuidae"
]
}
|
Calliergis is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1821.
Species
Calliergis draesekei (Draudt, 1950) Yunnan
Calliergis ramosa (Esper, 1786) central and south-eastern Europe
Calliergis ramosula (Staudinger, 1888) south-eastern Siberia, Manchuria, Korea, Japan
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Calliergis"
]
}
|
Habiba Sayeed Alsafar (Arabic: حبيبة الصفار , born 1977) is an Emirati geneticist, biomedical engineer and academic. She is an Assistant Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Khalifa University and is the Director of the Khalifa University Biotechnology Center.
She is widely recognized for her work on identifying genetic risk factors for diabetes in the native Bedouin population of the United Arab Emirates, and was ranked 52nd amongst the "100 Most Powerful Arab Women" of 2015 by Arabian Business. In 2016, she was awarded the International L'Oréal-UNESCO Fellowship for Women in Science.
Education and training
Alsafar obtained a BSC in biochemistry at San Diego State University in 2002 and later a MSc in medical engineering at the University of Liverpool in 2003. She obtained her PhD in medical and forensic science from the University of Western Australia in 2010. She worked as a forensics expert for the Dubai Police for a number of years, and later joined Khalifa University as an assistant professor of biomedical engineering in 2011.
Research
Alsafar's primary research interest concerns studying the genome of native Bedouin in the United Arab Emirates to identify specific genes that predispose to disease. As part of her PhD thesis, she established the Emirates Family Registry in 2007 which eventually stored DNA samples from over 26,000 volunteers, 1700 of whom were ethnic Bedouins. She conducted the first and largest Genome-wide association study of the Emirati Bedouin population which identified 5 genes unique to the Emirati population that was associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the strongest link being with the PRKD1 gene. Her findings were published in the International Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism in 2011. According to Alsafar, it was the first such study that studied the genetic makeup of an Arab population with regards to diabetes. The UAE is said to have the second highest rates of diabetes worldwide.
Awards and recognition
She was awarded the UAE First Honor medal in 2014 for her work on creating a genetic map for the prevention and early detection of diabetes from Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the ruler of Dubai. She also received the Emirates International Award of Genetic Diseases Prevention in the same year and received multiple grants from the Al Jalila Foundation. In 2015, she was nominated as a member of the World Economic Forum's Young Scientists Community and has also served on the World Economic Forum's Global Future Council on Biotechnologies (2016–2018). Since 2016, Alsafar was a member of the UAE Council of Scientists, and a member of Dubai's Future Council on Health & Wellbeing since 2019.
Notable publications
O'Day, Elizabeth; Alsafar, Habiba (14 September 2018). "Advanced Diagnostics for Personalized Medicine". Scientific American.
Al Safar, Habiba S.; Cordell, Heather J.; Jafer, Osman; Anderson, Denise; Jamieson, Sarra E.; Fakiola, Michaela; Khazanehdari, Kamal; Tay, Guan K.; Blackwell, Jenefer M. (November 2013). "A Genome-Wide Search for Type 2 Diabetes Susceptibility Genes in an Extended Arab Family: GWAS for T2D in an Arab Family". Annals of Human Genetics. 77 (6): 488–503. doi:10.1111/ahg.12036. PMID 23937595. S2CID 206980373.
Alsafar, Habiba; Jama-Alol, Khadra A.; Hassoun, Ahmed A. K.; Tay, Guan K. (March 2012). "The prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the United Arab Emirates: justification for the establishment of the Emirates Family Registry". International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries. 32 (1): 25–32. doi:10.1007/s13410-012-0062-6. ISSN 0973-3930. S2CID 72369613.
Al Safar, Habiba S.; Abidi, Fatima H.; Khazanehdari, Kamal A.; Dadour, Ian R.; Tay, Guan K. (February 2011). "Evaluation of different sources of DNA for use in genome wide studies and forensic application". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 89 (3): 807–815. doi:10.1007/s00253-010-2926-3. ISSN 0175-7598. PMID 20978755. S2CID 9058169.
Al Safar HS; Jamieson S; Cordell H; Blackwell J; Tay GK (2011). "Heritability of Quantitative Traits Associated with Type 2 Diabetes in an Extended Family from the United Arab Emirates". Int J Diabetes & Metab. 19: 56–62.
== References ==
|
educated at
|
{
"answer_start": [
742
],
"text": [
"University of Liverpool"
]
}
|
Habiba Sayeed Alsafar (Arabic: حبيبة الصفار , born 1977) is an Emirati geneticist, biomedical engineer and academic. She is an Assistant Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Khalifa University and is the Director of the Khalifa University Biotechnology Center.
She is widely recognized for her work on identifying genetic risk factors for diabetes in the native Bedouin population of the United Arab Emirates, and was ranked 52nd amongst the "100 Most Powerful Arab Women" of 2015 by Arabian Business. In 2016, she was awarded the International L'Oréal-UNESCO Fellowship for Women in Science.
Education and training
Alsafar obtained a BSC in biochemistry at San Diego State University in 2002 and later a MSc in medical engineering at the University of Liverpool in 2003. She obtained her PhD in medical and forensic science from the University of Western Australia in 2010. She worked as a forensics expert for the Dubai Police for a number of years, and later joined Khalifa University as an assistant professor of biomedical engineering in 2011.
Research
Alsafar's primary research interest concerns studying the genome of native Bedouin in the United Arab Emirates to identify specific genes that predispose to disease. As part of her PhD thesis, she established the Emirates Family Registry in 2007 which eventually stored DNA samples from over 26,000 volunteers, 1700 of whom were ethnic Bedouins. She conducted the first and largest Genome-wide association study of the Emirati Bedouin population which identified 5 genes unique to the Emirati population that was associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the strongest link being with the PRKD1 gene. Her findings were published in the International Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism in 2011. According to Alsafar, it was the first such study that studied the genetic makeup of an Arab population with regards to diabetes. The UAE is said to have the second highest rates of diabetes worldwide.
Awards and recognition
She was awarded the UAE First Honor medal in 2014 for her work on creating a genetic map for the prevention and early detection of diabetes from Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the ruler of Dubai. She also received the Emirates International Award of Genetic Diseases Prevention in the same year and received multiple grants from the Al Jalila Foundation. In 2015, she was nominated as a member of the World Economic Forum's Young Scientists Community and has also served on the World Economic Forum's Global Future Council on Biotechnologies (2016–2018). Since 2016, Alsafar was a member of the UAE Council of Scientists, and a member of Dubai's Future Council on Health & Wellbeing since 2019.
Notable publications
O'Day, Elizabeth; Alsafar, Habiba (14 September 2018). "Advanced Diagnostics for Personalized Medicine". Scientific American.
Al Safar, Habiba S.; Cordell, Heather J.; Jafer, Osman; Anderson, Denise; Jamieson, Sarra E.; Fakiola, Michaela; Khazanehdari, Kamal; Tay, Guan K.; Blackwell, Jenefer M. (November 2013). "A Genome-Wide Search for Type 2 Diabetes Susceptibility Genes in an Extended Arab Family: GWAS for T2D in an Arab Family". Annals of Human Genetics. 77 (6): 488–503. doi:10.1111/ahg.12036. PMID 23937595. S2CID 206980373.
Alsafar, Habiba; Jama-Alol, Khadra A.; Hassoun, Ahmed A. K.; Tay, Guan K. (March 2012). "The prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the United Arab Emirates: justification for the establishment of the Emirates Family Registry". International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries. 32 (1): 25–32. doi:10.1007/s13410-012-0062-6. ISSN 0973-3930. S2CID 72369613.
Al Safar, Habiba S.; Abidi, Fatima H.; Khazanehdari, Kamal A.; Dadour, Ian R.; Tay, Guan K. (February 2011). "Evaluation of different sources of DNA for use in genome wide studies and forensic application". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 89 (3): 807–815. doi:10.1007/s00253-010-2926-3. ISSN 0175-7598. PMID 20978755. S2CID 9058169.
Al Safar HS; Jamieson S; Cordell H; Blackwell J; Tay GK (2011). "Heritability of Quantitative Traits Associated with Type 2 Diabetes in an Extended Family from the United Arab Emirates". Int J Diabetes & Metab. 19: 56–62.
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
94
],
"text": [
"engineer"
]
}
|
Habiba Sayeed Alsafar (Arabic: حبيبة الصفار , born 1977) is an Emirati geneticist, biomedical engineer and academic. She is an Assistant Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Khalifa University and is the Director of the Khalifa University Biotechnology Center.
She is widely recognized for her work on identifying genetic risk factors for diabetes in the native Bedouin population of the United Arab Emirates, and was ranked 52nd amongst the "100 Most Powerful Arab Women" of 2015 by Arabian Business. In 2016, she was awarded the International L'Oréal-UNESCO Fellowship for Women in Science.
Education and training
Alsafar obtained a BSC in biochemistry at San Diego State University in 2002 and later a MSc in medical engineering at the University of Liverpool in 2003. She obtained her PhD in medical and forensic science from the University of Western Australia in 2010. She worked as a forensics expert for the Dubai Police for a number of years, and later joined Khalifa University as an assistant professor of biomedical engineering in 2011.
Research
Alsafar's primary research interest concerns studying the genome of native Bedouin in the United Arab Emirates to identify specific genes that predispose to disease. As part of her PhD thesis, she established the Emirates Family Registry in 2007 which eventually stored DNA samples from over 26,000 volunteers, 1700 of whom were ethnic Bedouins. She conducted the first and largest Genome-wide association study of the Emirati Bedouin population which identified 5 genes unique to the Emirati population that was associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the strongest link being with the PRKD1 gene. Her findings were published in the International Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism in 2011. According to Alsafar, it was the first such study that studied the genetic makeup of an Arab population with regards to diabetes. The UAE is said to have the second highest rates of diabetes worldwide.
Awards and recognition
She was awarded the UAE First Honor medal in 2014 for her work on creating a genetic map for the prevention and early detection of diabetes from Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the ruler of Dubai. She also received the Emirates International Award of Genetic Diseases Prevention in the same year and received multiple grants from the Al Jalila Foundation. In 2015, she was nominated as a member of the World Economic Forum's Young Scientists Community and has also served on the World Economic Forum's Global Future Council on Biotechnologies (2016–2018). Since 2016, Alsafar was a member of the UAE Council of Scientists, and a member of Dubai's Future Council on Health & Wellbeing since 2019.
Notable publications
O'Day, Elizabeth; Alsafar, Habiba (14 September 2018). "Advanced Diagnostics for Personalized Medicine". Scientific American.
Al Safar, Habiba S.; Cordell, Heather J.; Jafer, Osman; Anderson, Denise; Jamieson, Sarra E.; Fakiola, Michaela; Khazanehdari, Kamal; Tay, Guan K.; Blackwell, Jenefer M. (November 2013). "A Genome-Wide Search for Type 2 Diabetes Susceptibility Genes in an Extended Arab Family: GWAS for T2D in an Arab Family". Annals of Human Genetics. 77 (6): 488–503. doi:10.1111/ahg.12036. PMID 23937595. S2CID 206980373.
Alsafar, Habiba; Jama-Alol, Khadra A.; Hassoun, Ahmed A. K.; Tay, Guan K. (March 2012). "The prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the United Arab Emirates: justification for the establishment of the Emirates Family Registry". International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries. 32 (1): 25–32. doi:10.1007/s13410-012-0062-6. ISSN 0973-3930. S2CID 72369613.
Al Safar, Habiba S.; Abidi, Fatima H.; Khazanehdari, Kamal A.; Dadour, Ian R.; Tay, Guan K. (February 2011). "Evaluation of different sources of DNA for use in genome wide studies and forensic application". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 89 (3): 807–815. doi:10.1007/s00253-010-2926-3. ISSN 0175-7598. PMID 20978755. S2CID 9058169.
Al Safar HS; Jamieson S; Cordell H; Blackwell J; Tay GK (2011). "Heritability of Quantitative Traits Associated with Type 2 Diabetes in an Extended Family from the United Arab Emirates". Int J Diabetes & Metab. 19: 56–62.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Habiba"
]
}
|
4A Games Limited is a Ukrainian-Maltese video game developer based in Sliema, Malta. The company was founded in Kyiv, Ukraine, in 2006 by three developers who departed from GSC Game World. In 2014, 4A Games moved its headquarters to Sliema, wherein the Kyiv office was retained as a sub-studio. The company is best known for developing the Metro video game series.
History
Foundation
4A Games was founded by former developers from GSC Game World: Andrew Prokhorov, Oles Shyshkovtsov, and Alexander Maximchuk; they, together with Sergei Karmalsky, formed the core team of S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl, which was in development at GSC in the early and mid-2000s. Prokhorov had disliked that Sergiy Grygorovych, the chief executive officer (CEO) of GSC, prioritized money over his employees, withholding royalties for games the company had produced. The situation came to a high point when the two fell out over wages in 2006, leading Prokhorov and two of the company's lead programmers—Shyshkovtsov and Maximchuk—to leave the company and found a new studio, 4A Games, with the intention to treat its employees better than Grygorovych did.
Metro series
The company's first game was Metro 2033, an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Russian author Dmitry Glukhovsky that was announced in 2009. The game was released in March 2010 on the Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows to generally favorable reviews.Following their initial success, 4A Games began work on the sequel, Metro: Last Light, which was announced during the 2011 Electronic Entertainment Expo convention. The game faced several issues during its production, whose release date was delayed from 2012 to 2013. The most significant setback for the company occurred in January 2013, when the game's publisher, THQ, closed down after declaring bankruptcy and auctioning off its intellectual properties. The publishing rights to the Metro 2033 franchise, including the sequel, were sold to Koch Media for $5.8 million on 22 January, allowing the company to finish making the game. Metro: Last Light was finally released on 14 May 2013, and was published by Koch Media's video game label, Deep Silver.On 30 March 2014, a remastered re-release of both Metro titles, under the name Metro Redux, was leaked, and confirmed the day after. The compilation was released in August 2014 for eighth-generation platforms. In 2017, the company released a virtual reality game, Arktika.1.During the 2017 E3 convention, at the Microsoft press conference on 11 June 2017, a new game, Metro Exodus, was announced for a 2018 release. Gameplay was shown to both announce the game and act as a graphical showcase for Microsoft's native 4K-focused update to the Xbox One hardware, Xbox One X. The game was released in 2019.
Expansion
On 12 May 2014, amidst the Ukrainian crisis and following the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, 4A Games announced that they were to expand by opening a new studio in and moving their headquarters to Sliema, Malta to allow for easier operations inside the European Union, with the Kyiv studio continuing to operate for Eastern European operations.The company was acquired by Saber Interactive under the Embracer Group for approximately US$36 million in August 2020. The publisher of the Metro series, Deep Silver, was already a part of the Embracer Group via Koch Media, making the acquisition a sensible one for both groups.Prior to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Saber Interactive stated that all employees at 4A's Kyiv studio can relocate to other Saber-owned companies abroad if they choose to. Like other Ukrainian video game studios, it became involved in the campaign to organize funds and support for Ukraine.
Games developed
Notes
References
External links
Official website
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
118
],
"text": [
"Ukraine"
]
}
|
4A Games Limited is a Ukrainian-Maltese video game developer based in Sliema, Malta. The company was founded in Kyiv, Ukraine, in 2006 by three developers who departed from GSC Game World. In 2014, 4A Games moved its headquarters to Sliema, wherein the Kyiv office was retained as a sub-studio. The company is best known for developing the Metro video game series.
History
Foundation
4A Games was founded by former developers from GSC Game World: Andrew Prokhorov, Oles Shyshkovtsov, and Alexander Maximchuk; they, together with Sergei Karmalsky, formed the core team of S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl, which was in development at GSC in the early and mid-2000s. Prokhorov had disliked that Sergiy Grygorovych, the chief executive officer (CEO) of GSC, prioritized money over his employees, withholding royalties for games the company had produced. The situation came to a high point when the two fell out over wages in 2006, leading Prokhorov and two of the company's lead programmers—Shyshkovtsov and Maximchuk—to leave the company and found a new studio, 4A Games, with the intention to treat its employees better than Grygorovych did.
Metro series
The company's first game was Metro 2033, an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Russian author Dmitry Glukhovsky that was announced in 2009. The game was released in March 2010 on the Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows to generally favorable reviews.Following their initial success, 4A Games began work on the sequel, Metro: Last Light, which was announced during the 2011 Electronic Entertainment Expo convention. The game faced several issues during its production, whose release date was delayed from 2012 to 2013. The most significant setback for the company occurred in January 2013, when the game's publisher, THQ, closed down after declaring bankruptcy and auctioning off its intellectual properties. The publishing rights to the Metro 2033 franchise, including the sequel, were sold to Koch Media for $5.8 million on 22 January, allowing the company to finish making the game. Metro: Last Light was finally released on 14 May 2013, and was published by Koch Media's video game label, Deep Silver.On 30 March 2014, a remastered re-release of both Metro titles, under the name Metro Redux, was leaked, and confirmed the day after. The compilation was released in August 2014 for eighth-generation platforms. In 2017, the company released a virtual reality game, Arktika.1.During the 2017 E3 convention, at the Microsoft press conference on 11 June 2017, a new game, Metro Exodus, was announced for a 2018 release. Gameplay was shown to both announce the game and act as a graphical showcase for Microsoft's native 4K-focused update to the Xbox One hardware, Xbox One X. The game was released in 2019.
Expansion
On 12 May 2014, amidst the Ukrainian crisis and following the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, 4A Games announced that they were to expand by opening a new studio in and moving their headquarters to Sliema, Malta to allow for easier operations inside the European Union, with the Kyiv studio continuing to operate for Eastern European operations.The company was acquired by Saber Interactive under the Embracer Group for approximately US$36 million in August 2020. The publisher of the Metro series, Deep Silver, was already a part of the Embracer Group via Koch Media, making the acquisition a sensible one for both groups.Prior to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Saber Interactive stated that all employees at 4A's Kyiv studio can relocate to other Saber-owned companies abroad if they choose to. Like other Ukrainian video game studios, it became involved in the campaign to organize funds and support for Ukraine.
Games developed
Notes
References
External links
Official website
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
40
],
"text": [
"video game developer"
]
}
|
4A Games Limited is a Ukrainian-Maltese video game developer based in Sliema, Malta. The company was founded in Kyiv, Ukraine, in 2006 by three developers who departed from GSC Game World. In 2014, 4A Games moved its headquarters to Sliema, wherein the Kyiv office was retained as a sub-studio. The company is best known for developing the Metro video game series.
History
Foundation
4A Games was founded by former developers from GSC Game World: Andrew Prokhorov, Oles Shyshkovtsov, and Alexander Maximchuk; they, together with Sergei Karmalsky, formed the core team of S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl, which was in development at GSC in the early and mid-2000s. Prokhorov had disliked that Sergiy Grygorovych, the chief executive officer (CEO) of GSC, prioritized money over his employees, withholding royalties for games the company had produced. The situation came to a high point when the two fell out over wages in 2006, leading Prokhorov and two of the company's lead programmers—Shyshkovtsov and Maximchuk—to leave the company and found a new studio, 4A Games, with the intention to treat its employees better than Grygorovych did.
Metro series
The company's first game was Metro 2033, an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Russian author Dmitry Glukhovsky that was announced in 2009. The game was released in March 2010 on the Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows to generally favorable reviews.Following their initial success, 4A Games began work on the sequel, Metro: Last Light, which was announced during the 2011 Electronic Entertainment Expo convention. The game faced several issues during its production, whose release date was delayed from 2012 to 2013. The most significant setback for the company occurred in January 2013, when the game's publisher, THQ, closed down after declaring bankruptcy and auctioning off its intellectual properties. The publishing rights to the Metro 2033 franchise, including the sequel, were sold to Koch Media for $5.8 million on 22 January, allowing the company to finish making the game. Metro: Last Light was finally released on 14 May 2013, and was published by Koch Media's video game label, Deep Silver.On 30 March 2014, a remastered re-release of both Metro titles, under the name Metro Redux, was leaked, and confirmed the day after. The compilation was released in August 2014 for eighth-generation platforms. In 2017, the company released a virtual reality game, Arktika.1.During the 2017 E3 convention, at the Microsoft press conference on 11 June 2017, a new game, Metro Exodus, was announced for a 2018 release. Gameplay was shown to both announce the game and act as a graphical showcase for Microsoft's native 4K-focused update to the Xbox One hardware, Xbox One X. The game was released in 2019.
Expansion
On 12 May 2014, amidst the Ukrainian crisis and following the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, 4A Games announced that they were to expand by opening a new studio in and moving their headquarters to Sliema, Malta to allow for easier operations inside the European Union, with the Kyiv studio continuing to operate for Eastern European operations.The company was acquired by Saber Interactive under the Embracer Group for approximately US$36 million in August 2020. The publisher of the Metro series, Deep Silver, was already a part of the Embracer Group via Koch Media, making the acquisition a sensible one for both groups.Prior to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Saber Interactive stated that all employees at 4A's Kyiv studio can relocate to other Saber-owned companies abroad if they choose to. Like other Ukrainian video game studios, it became involved in the campaign to organize funds and support for Ukraine.
Games developed
Notes
References
External links
Official website
|
headquarters location
|
{
"answer_start": [
70
],
"text": [
"Sliema"
]
}
|
4A Games Limited is a Ukrainian-Maltese video game developer based in Sliema, Malta. The company was founded in Kyiv, Ukraine, in 2006 by three developers who departed from GSC Game World. In 2014, 4A Games moved its headquarters to Sliema, wherein the Kyiv office was retained as a sub-studio. The company is best known for developing the Metro video game series.
History
Foundation
4A Games was founded by former developers from GSC Game World: Andrew Prokhorov, Oles Shyshkovtsov, and Alexander Maximchuk; they, together with Sergei Karmalsky, formed the core team of S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl, which was in development at GSC in the early and mid-2000s. Prokhorov had disliked that Sergiy Grygorovych, the chief executive officer (CEO) of GSC, prioritized money over his employees, withholding royalties for games the company had produced. The situation came to a high point when the two fell out over wages in 2006, leading Prokhorov and two of the company's lead programmers—Shyshkovtsov and Maximchuk—to leave the company and found a new studio, 4A Games, with the intention to treat its employees better than Grygorovych did.
Metro series
The company's first game was Metro 2033, an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Russian author Dmitry Glukhovsky that was announced in 2009. The game was released in March 2010 on the Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows to generally favorable reviews.Following their initial success, 4A Games began work on the sequel, Metro: Last Light, which was announced during the 2011 Electronic Entertainment Expo convention. The game faced several issues during its production, whose release date was delayed from 2012 to 2013. The most significant setback for the company occurred in January 2013, when the game's publisher, THQ, closed down after declaring bankruptcy and auctioning off its intellectual properties. The publishing rights to the Metro 2033 franchise, including the sequel, were sold to Koch Media for $5.8 million on 22 January, allowing the company to finish making the game. Metro: Last Light was finally released on 14 May 2013, and was published by Koch Media's video game label, Deep Silver.On 30 March 2014, a remastered re-release of both Metro titles, under the name Metro Redux, was leaked, and confirmed the day after. The compilation was released in August 2014 for eighth-generation platforms. In 2017, the company released a virtual reality game, Arktika.1.During the 2017 E3 convention, at the Microsoft press conference on 11 June 2017, a new game, Metro Exodus, was announced for a 2018 release. Gameplay was shown to both announce the game and act as a graphical showcase for Microsoft's native 4K-focused update to the Xbox One hardware, Xbox One X. The game was released in 2019.
Expansion
On 12 May 2014, amidst the Ukrainian crisis and following the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, 4A Games announced that they were to expand by opening a new studio in and moving their headquarters to Sliema, Malta to allow for easier operations inside the European Union, with the Kyiv studio continuing to operate for Eastern European operations.The company was acquired by Saber Interactive under the Embracer Group for approximately US$36 million in August 2020. The publisher of the Metro series, Deep Silver, was already a part of the Embracer Group via Koch Media, making the acquisition a sensible one for both groups.Prior to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Saber Interactive stated that all employees at 4A's Kyiv studio can relocate to other Saber-owned companies abroad if they choose to. Like other Ukrainian video game studios, it became involved in the campaign to organize funds and support for Ukraine.
Games developed
Notes
References
External links
Official website
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"4A Games"
]
}
|
4A Games Limited is a Ukrainian-Maltese video game developer based in Sliema, Malta. The company was founded in Kyiv, Ukraine, in 2006 by three developers who departed from GSC Game World. In 2014, 4A Games moved its headquarters to Sliema, wherein the Kyiv office was retained as a sub-studio. The company is best known for developing the Metro video game series.
History
Foundation
4A Games was founded by former developers from GSC Game World: Andrew Prokhorov, Oles Shyshkovtsov, and Alexander Maximchuk; they, together with Sergei Karmalsky, formed the core team of S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl, which was in development at GSC in the early and mid-2000s. Prokhorov had disliked that Sergiy Grygorovych, the chief executive officer (CEO) of GSC, prioritized money over his employees, withholding royalties for games the company had produced. The situation came to a high point when the two fell out over wages in 2006, leading Prokhorov and two of the company's lead programmers—Shyshkovtsov and Maximchuk—to leave the company and found a new studio, 4A Games, with the intention to treat its employees better than Grygorovych did.
Metro series
The company's first game was Metro 2033, an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Russian author Dmitry Glukhovsky that was announced in 2009. The game was released in March 2010 on the Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows to generally favorable reviews.Following their initial success, 4A Games began work on the sequel, Metro: Last Light, which was announced during the 2011 Electronic Entertainment Expo convention. The game faced several issues during its production, whose release date was delayed from 2012 to 2013. The most significant setback for the company occurred in January 2013, when the game's publisher, THQ, closed down after declaring bankruptcy and auctioning off its intellectual properties. The publishing rights to the Metro 2033 franchise, including the sequel, were sold to Koch Media for $5.8 million on 22 January, allowing the company to finish making the game. Metro: Last Light was finally released on 14 May 2013, and was published by Koch Media's video game label, Deep Silver.On 30 March 2014, a remastered re-release of both Metro titles, under the name Metro Redux, was leaked, and confirmed the day after. The compilation was released in August 2014 for eighth-generation platforms. In 2017, the company released a virtual reality game, Arktika.1.During the 2017 E3 convention, at the Microsoft press conference on 11 June 2017, a new game, Metro Exodus, was announced for a 2018 release. Gameplay was shown to both announce the game and act as a graphical showcase for Microsoft's native 4K-focused update to the Xbox One hardware, Xbox One X. The game was released in 2019.
Expansion
On 12 May 2014, amidst the Ukrainian crisis and following the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, 4A Games announced that they were to expand by opening a new studio in and moving their headquarters to Sliema, Malta to allow for easier operations inside the European Union, with the Kyiv studio continuing to operate for Eastern European operations.The company was acquired by Saber Interactive under the Embracer Group for approximately US$36 million in August 2020. The publisher of the Metro series, Deep Silver, was already a part of the Embracer Group via Koch Media, making the acquisition a sensible one for both groups.Prior to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Saber Interactive stated that all employees at 4A's Kyiv studio can relocate to other Saber-owned companies abroad if they choose to. Like other Ukrainian video game studios, it became involved in the campaign to organize funds and support for Ukraine.
Games developed
Notes
References
External links
Official website
|
location of formation
|
{
"answer_start": [
112
],
"text": [
"Kyiv"
]
}
|
4A Games Limited is a Ukrainian-Maltese video game developer based in Sliema, Malta. The company was founded in Kyiv, Ukraine, in 2006 by three developers who departed from GSC Game World. In 2014, 4A Games moved its headquarters to Sliema, wherein the Kyiv office was retained as a sub-studio. The company is best known for developing the Metro video game series.
History
Foundation
4A Games was founded by former developers from GSC Game World: Andrew Prokhorov, Oles Shyshkovtsov, and Alexander Maximchuk; they, together with Sergei Karmalsky, formed the core team of S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl, which was in development at GSC in the early and mid-2000s. Prokhorov had disliked that Sergiy Grygorovych, the chief executive officer (CEO) of GSC, prioritized money over his employees, withholding royalties for games the company had produced. The situation came to a high point when the two fell out over wages in 2006, leading Prokhorov and two of the company's lead programmers—Shyshkovtsov and Maximchuk—to leave the company and found a new studio, 4A Games, with the intention to treat its employees better than Grygorovych did.
Metro series
The company's first game was Metro 2033, an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Russian author Dmitry Glukhovsky that was announced in 2009. The game was released in March 2010 on the Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows to generally favorable reviews.Following their initial success, 4A Games began work on the sequel, Metro: Last Light, which was announced during the 2011 Electronic Entertainment Expo convention. The game faced several issues during its production, whose release date was delayed from 2012 to 2013. The most significant setback for the company occurred in January 2013, when the game's publisher, THQ, closed down after declaring bankruptcy and auctioning off its intellectual properties. The publishing rights to the Metro 2033 franchise, including the sequel, were sold to Koch Media for $5.8 million on 22 January, allowing the company to finish making the game. Metro: Last Light was finally released on 14 May 2013, and was published by Koch Media's video game label, Deep Silver.On 30 March 2014, a remastered re-release of both Metro titles, under the name Metro Redux, was leaked, and confirmed the day after. The compilation was released in August 2014 for eighth-generation platforms. In 2017, the company released a virtual reality game, Arktika.1.During the 2017 E3 convention, at the Microsoft press conference on 11 June 2017, a new game, Metro Exodus, was announced for a 2018 release. Gameplay was shown to both announce the game and act as a graphical showcase for Microsoft's native 4K-focused update to the Xbox One hardware, Xbox One X. The game was released in 2019.
Expansion
On 12 May 2014, amidst the Ukrainian crisis and following the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, 4A Games announced that they were to expand by opening a new studio in and moving their headquarters to Sliema, Malta to allow for easier operations inside the European Union, with the Kyiv studio continuing to operate for Eastern European operations.The company was acquired by Saber Interactive under the Embracer Group for approximately US$36 million in August 2020. The publisher of the Metro series, Deep Silver, was already a part of the Embracer Group via Koch Media, making the acquisition a sensible one for both groups.Prior to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Saber Interactive stated that all employees at 4A's Kyiv studio can relocate to other Saber-owned companies abroad if they choose to. Like other Ukrainian video game studios, it became involved in the campaign to organize funds and support for Ukraine.
Games developed
Notes
References
External links
Official website
|
parent organization
|
{
"answer_start": [
3170
],
"text": [
"Saber Interactive"
]
}
|
4A Games Limited is a Ukrainian-Maltese video game developer based in Sliema, Malta. The company was founded in Kyiv, Ukraine, in 2006 by three developers who departed from GSC Game World. In 2014, 4A Games moved its headquarters to Sliema, wherein the Kyiv office was retained as a sub-studio. The company is best known for developing the Metro video game series.
History
Foundation
4A Games was founded by former developers from GSC Game World: Andrew Prokhorov, Oles Shyshkovtsov, and Alexander Maximchuk; they, together with Sergei Karmalsky, formed the core team of S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl, which was in development at GSC in the early and mid-2000s. Prokhorov had disliked that Sergiy Grygorovych, the chief executive officer (CEO) of GSC, prioritized money over his employees, withholding royalties for games the company had produced. The situation came to a high point when the two fell out over wages in 2006, leading Prokhorov and two of the company's lead programmers—Shyshkovtsov and Maximchuk—to leave the company and found a new studio, 4A Games, with the intention to treat its employees better than Grygorovych did.
Metro series
The company's first game was Metro 2033, an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Russian author Dmitry Glukhovsky that was announced in 2009. The game was released in March 2010 on the Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows to generally favorable reviews.Following their initial success, 4A Games began work on the sequel, Metro: Last Light, which was announced during the 2011 Electronic Entertainment Expo convention. The game faced several issues during its production, whose release date was delayed from 2012 to 2013. The most significant setback for the company occurred in January 2013, when the game's publisher, THQ, closed down after declaring bankruptcy and auctioning off its intellectual properties. The publishing rights to the Metro 2033 franchise, including the sequel, were sold to Koch Media for $5.8 million on 22 January, allowing the company to finish making the game. Metro: Last Light was finally released on 14 May 2013, and was published by Koch Media's video game label, Deep Silver.On 30 March 2014, a remastered re-release of both Metro titles, under the name Metro Redux, was leaked, and confirmed the day after. The compilation was released in August 2014 for eighth-generation platforms. In 2017, the company released a virtual reality game, Arktika.1.During the 2017 E3 convention, at the Microsoft press conference on 11 June 2017, a new game, Metro Exodus, was announced for a 2018 release. Gameplay was shown to both announce the game and act as a graphical showcase for Microsoft's native 4K-focused update to the Xbox One hardware, Xbox One X. The game was released in 2019.
Expansion
On 12 May 2014, amidst the Ukrainian crisis and following the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, 4A Games announced that they were to expand by opening a new studio in and moving their headquarters to Sliema, Malta to allow for easier operations inside the European Union, with the Kyiv studio continuing to operate for Eastern European operations.The company was acquired by Saber Interactive under the Embracer Group for approximately US$36 million in August 2020. The publisher of the Metro series, Deep Silver, was already a part of the Embracer Group via Koch Media, making the acquisition a sensible one for both groups.Prior to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Saber Interactive stated that all employees at 4A's Kyiv studio can relocate to other Saber-owned companies abroad if they choose to. Like other Ukrainian video game studios, it became involved in the campaign to organize funds and support for Ukraine.
Games developed
Notes
References
External links
Official website
|
product or material produced
|
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4A Games Limited is a Ukrainian-Maltese video game developer based in Sliema, Malta. The company was founded in Kyiv, Ukraine, in 2006 by three developers who departed from GSC Game World. In 2014, 4A Games moved its headquarters to Sliema, wherein the Kyiv office was retained as a sub-studio. The company is best known for developing the Metro video game series.
History
Foundation
4A Games was founded by former developers from GSC Game World: Andrew Prokhorov, Oles Shyshkovtsov, and Alexander Maximchuk; they, together with Sergei Karmalsky, formed the core team of S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl, which was in development at GSC in the early and mid-2000s. Prokhorov had disliked that Sergiy Grygorovych, the chief executive officer (CEO) of GSC, prioritized money over his employees, withholding royalties for games the company had produced. The situation came to a high point when the two fell out over wages in 2006, leading Prokhorov and two of the company's lead programmers—Shyshkovtsov and Maximchuk—to leave the company and found a new studio, 4A Games, with the intention to treat its employees better than Grygorovych did.
Metro series
The company's first game was Metro 2033, an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Russian author Dmitry Glukhovsky that was announced in 2009. The game was released in March 2010 on the Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows to generally favorable reviews.Following their initial success, 4A Games began work on the sequel, Metro: Last Light, which was announced during the 2011 Electronic Entertainment Expo convention. The game faced several issues during its production, whose release date was delayed from 2012 to 2013. The most significant setback for the company occurred in January 2013, when the game's publisher, THQ, closed down after declaring bankruptcy and auctioning off its intellectual properties. The publishing rights to the Metro 2033 franchise, including the sequel, were sold to Koch Media for $5.8 million on 22 January, allowing the company to finish making the game. Metro: Last Light was finally released on 14 May 2013, and was published by Koch Media's video game label, Deep Silver.On 30 March 2014, a remastered re-release of both Metro titles, under the name Metro Redux, was leaked, and confirmed the day after. The compilation was released in August 2014 for eighth-generation platforms. In 2017, the company released a virtual reality game, Arktika.1.During the 2017 E3 convention, at the Microsoft press conference on 11 June 2017, a new game, Metro Exodus, was announced for a 2018 release. Gameplay was shown to both announce the game and act as a graphical showcase for Microsoft's native 4K-focused update to the Xbox One hardware, Xbox One X. The game was released in 2019.
Expansion
On 12 May 2014, amidst the Ukrainian crisis and following the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, 4A Games announced that they were to expand by opening a new studio in and moving their headquarters to Sliema, Malta to allow for easier operations inside the European Union, with the Kyiv studio continuing to operate for Eastern European operations.The company was acquired by Saber Interactive under the Embracer Group for approximately US$36 million in August 2020. The publisher of the Metro series, Deep Silver, was already a part of the Embracer Group via Koch Media, making the acquisition a sensible one for both groups.Prior to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Saber Interactive stated that all employees at 4A's Kyiv studio can relocate to other Saber-owned companies abroad if they choose to. Like other Ukrainian video game studios, it became involved in the campaign to organize funds and support for Ukraine.
Games developed
Notes
References
External links
Official website
|
different from
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"4A"
]
}
|
The Viscount of Adrilankha is a fantasy novel by American writer Steven Brust, published in three volumes. Collectively, the three books form the third novel in the Khaavren Romances series. It is set in the fantasy world of Dragaera. Like the other books in the series, the novel is heavily influenced by and homages the d'Artagnan Romances written by Alexandre Dumas, and is written by Brust in the voice and persona of a Dragaeran novelist, Paarfi of Roundwood, whose style is a tongue-in-cheek parody of Dumas, matching both his swashbuckling sense of adventure and his penchant for tangents and longwindedness. The book's format and title correspond with The Vicomte de Bragelonne, the multi-volume third book of the d'Artagnan Romances. The Khaavren Romances books have all used Dumas novels as their chief inspiration, recasting the plots of those novels to fit within Brust's established world of Dragaera. The first five books in the cycle are inspired by the Musketeers books, while 2020's The Baron of Magister Valley uses The Count of Monte Cristo as a starting point.The three volumes of The Viscount of Adrilankha are:
The Paths of the Dead (2002)
The Lord of Castle Black (2003)
Sethra Lavode (2004)
The Paths of the Dead
The Paths of the Dead is the first volume of The Viscount of Adrilankha, a three-volume novel by Steven Brust that collectively serves as the third novel in his Khaavren Romances. It was published in 2002 by Tor Books. It is named after the Paths of the Dead in Brust's fantasy world of Dragaera.
Plot introduction
Three hundred years after the events of Five Hundred Years After, Khaavren, his old friends, and his son help the new Empress on her quest to restore the Empire.
Plot summary
A young witch enters the Eastern town of Blackchapel on a quest to find his name. After a conversation with Miska, a strange coachman, the witch receives the name Morrolan, meaning "Dark Star". He meets a fellow witch named Arra, who counsels him to pledge his soul to Verra, the Demon Goddess. He does so, and together they summon other witches to the town and build a temple. While Morrolan is in a trance, some bandits from a neighboring village sack Blackchapel. Morrolan is consumed with the desire for revenge, but he is interrupted when Miska brings Lady Teldra, an Issola, who informs Morrolan that he is both a Dragaeran and a Count of House Dragon. Morrolan vows to journey to Dragaera, receive his birthright, and then return to take vengeance.
Meanwhile, in Dragaera, three hundred years without sorcery or the authority of the Empire has ruined the land. Banditry, plague, and petty warlords reign. One warlord, Kâna, has conquered roughly a quarter of the old Empire's territory, and holds influence over another quarter. His loyal cousin and strategist Habil advises him to start a new Empire with himself as Emperor, and he summons the Princes of the sixteen noble Houses to make the proposal. The reception is generally dubious. Pel, who has become Kâna's agent, goes to speak with Sethra Lavode, and she expresses her total opposition to the plan.
In the County of Whitecrest, which has been largely untouched by the ravages of the Interregnum, Khaavren has become a broken man, weighed down by guilt over his failure to protect the Emperor and prevent Adron's Disaster. His son Piro, the Viscount of Adrilankha, has matured into a bright, bold young man. One of Piro's friends, Zivra, is summoned away on a mysterious task. Shortly thereafter, Piro himself is summoned to Dzur Mountain, the home of Sethra Lavode, on a quest. He and his companions have uneventful encounters with a bandit company and a mysterious sorceress named Orlaan. At Dzur Mountain, he learns that Zivra is really Zerika, the last Phoenix and the true Empress. He must accompany her to the Paths of the Dead to recover the Imperial Orb and restore the Empire. Their party will also include Tazendra, who has been studying under Sethra.
Pel meets with Khaavren and discovers his sorry state. Pel later contacts Aerich and together they scheme to snap their friend from his funk. They send a certain pyrologist to Adrilankha to inspect the city for signs of plague. During dinner with Khaavren and his wife, the pyrologist relates how a past failure drives him to achieve his fullest potential. Khaavren decides that he must get back into shape and help his son. He sets out with two young female houseguests, Ibronka and Röaana.
The Lords of Judgment, chief among the gods, convene and decide what to do. They note that the Empire's chief function is to help keep the Jenoine from returning. It must be restored for the good of the world. While the Orb is in their possession, they modify and improve it, and Verra decides to send a demon under her sway to help Sethra Lavode.
Zerika's band sets out and reaches the cliffs that border the Paths of the Dead. Orlaan arrives with the bandit band she commands, determined to stop them. Tazendra recognizes Orlaan as Grita, the daughter of Greycat, who was killed by Khaavren's company during the events of Five Hundred Years After. As the bandits attack, Zerika throws herself from the cliffs. Believing Zerika dead, Piro and company bitterly fight off the bandits while Tazendra drives away Grita with her superior Elder Sorcery. Zerika lands safely in the Paths and navigates her way to the Lords of Judgment. After a hard-fought debate, she convinces the gods to give her the Orb. She emerges from the Paths as Zerika the Fourth, Empress of the restored Empire.
Major themes
In the novel, the theme of a discriminating social order is prominent, and critic Stefan Ekman addresses how that theme comes out in the portrayal of the Paths of the Dead.
The Lord of Castle Black
The Lord of Castle Black is the second volume of The Viscount of Adrilankha, a three-volume novel by Steven Brust that collectively serves as the third novel in his Khaavren Romances. The novel is named after Morrolan e'Drien, a character originally introduced in the Vlad Taltos novels, which are also set in Brust's fictional world of Dragaera. It contains the backstory of Morrolan.
Plot introduction
Khaavren, Piro, and their respective friends embroil themselves in the conflicts between the newly restored Empire and the forces of the Pretender, Kâna.
Plot summary
Morrolan reaches his birthright, the County of Southmoor, which is in ruins. He enlists a number of Vallista architects and Teckla laborers to restore his family's castle into a temple.
Meanwhile, Piro, Tazendra, and their company pursue Grita, believing that she has caused the death of Zerika. Grita gathers up the bandits that previously fled her service and attacks again. Again the heroes quickly outfight the bandits and force their surrender, while Grita again flees. After the fighting, Khaavren, Aerich, and their companions happen upon the scene by chance and join with their friends. Pel, who is scouting ahead for a group of Kâna's troops, sees his friends and realizes that his service to Kâna puts him in opposition to them. He reveals himself and renounces his service, joining his friends once again. Kâna's troops attack. The bandits join with Khaavren, Piro, and the rest out of necessity and manage to outfight the troops. Realizing that they are surrounded by enemies, the group sets out for Dzur Mountain.
Morrolan's construction is progressing so well that he decides to build a castle instead of a temple. His retainers discover that the Orb has returned. Morrolan learns of the existence of sorcery and throws himself into its research while his construction continues. He decides to call his new home Castle Black, after the color symbolizing sorcery. During his study, he learns of Kâna's forces bearing down on his county and receives an Imperial order from Zerika to hold them off. Though he is not sure if he holds any loyalty to this new Empire, Morrolan needs no order to defend his land. He enlists the help of his most experienced Dragonlord retainer, Fentor, to see to the county's defences.
While preparing for battle, Morrolan learns of the existence of Sethra Lavode, who is technically his vassal due to her home, Dzur Mountain, residing within Southmoor county. Insulted that she has never sent him a tribute, he rides to Dzur Mountain and demands his due at swordpoint. Sethra quickly realizes that Morrolan does not comprehend the scope of her power, and refrains from killing him. After her servant calls her attention to a certain prophecy, she gives Morrolan a Great Weapon called Blackwand to stand for her tribute. She also lends him the services of the Necromancer, a demon sent by the gods to help Zerika's cause, to assist in the defence of Southmoor.
Khaavren and Piro's company ride in and are admitted into Castle Black, but they can provide little help. Kâna's troops close in and the battle begins. Fentor's hastily assembled defences and small conscripted army are no match for their opposition. Morrolan's various magical allies, including the Necromancer, the Warlock, and his circle of witches all lend their aide to the struggle, but it is still not enough. After consultation with his guests and various retainers, Morrolan decides to have his circle of witches levitate the Castle and his troops up to safety. He then has most of his army, which becomes the new Imperial Army, teleported to Dzur Mountain.
Grita joins with Kâna's forces and gives him information about Khaavren's companions as well as the soul that she has trapped within a staff. With these tools, Kâna and his cousin Habil begin plotting their alternate plans to seize the Empire. Habil gives Grita's staff to an Athyra necromancer and guides Kâna in the rituals of contacting the god Tri'nagore.
After a stay in Dzur Mountain, Khaavren, Piro, and company return to Whitecrest. Piro tells his father that he has fallen in love and wants to marry Ibronka, who is a Dzur. Having lived his life during the Interregnum, Piro does not appreciate the serious taboo of marrying outside of one's House in the Empire. Khaavren is mortified, and categorically refuses to consider such a breach of protocol. Piro leaves home with Ibronka and his friends and together they take up banditry.
Series continuity
Grita's staff contains the soul of Aliera, which became lost at the end of Five Hundred Years After. The necromancer who receives her soul is Loraan, who serves as an antagonist in Athyra and Taltos of the Vlad Taltos series.
Sethra Lavode
Sethra Lavode is the third volume of The Viscount of Adrilankha, a three-volume novel by Steven Brust that collectively serves as the third novel in his Khaavren Romances. It is named after a character originally introduced in the Vlad Taltos novels, which are also set in Brust's fictional world of Dragaera.
Plot introduction
The various heroes of the series come together once again as Kâna initiates his final gambit to seize control of the fledgling Empire.
Plot summary
Zerika, the new Empress of the newly restored Dragaeran Empire, struggles to win the support of the remaining sixteen noble houses. Meanwhile, Kâna enlists the services of Illista, the second-to-last Phoenix, who was exiled in the events of The Phoenix Guards. Together with Grita and Kâna's cousin Habil, the three set in motion a grand scheme to seize the Empire. As a first step, Grita spreads her knowledge that Zerika keeps the Warlock, an Easterner, as a secret, taboo lover. Because Zerika has only knowingly shared this secret with Pel, her royal confidant, Grita hopes this will discredit the crafty Yendi. Khaavren speaks on Pel's behalf, however, and Zerika pardons him.
Reunited with his eternal companions once again, Khaavren requests a leave from duty to find his wayward son, Piro. Having fallen in love with Ibronka, who is not of his House, Piro has become a legendary bandit dubbed the Blue Fox. Khaavren locates Piro's band with the help of Pel and partially reconciles with Piro, though the issue of Piro's love remains unsettled. After Khaavren leaves, bounty hunters ambush Piro's band and kill one of his companions. Piro vows to return his slain friend's heirloom to his sister.
Sethra Lavode informs Aerich that Tazendra has disappeared. Aerich finds that her manor has been scorched and a Teckla squatter has taken residence in the abandoned building. Eventually Aerich notes a spot marked on one of Tazendra's maps and deduces that it marks Tazendra's location. Realizing that the mark was most likely planted as bait in a trap, Aerich nonetheless prepares to make the journey.
As Kâna's forces descend on Adrilankha, Sethra Lavode knows that she has military superiority, which causes her to wonder what else Kâna has planned that makes him confident in victory. She prepares her defenses and sets the Necromancer, the Warlock, and Morrolan's witches to repeat the magical help they gave in the previous battle. As the battle begins, however, all magic stops working. Sethra realizes that Kâna has let the bloody god Tri'nagore loose on the world, who has negated most forms of witchcraft, and has allowed a Jenoine access to the world, which has shut off the Orb. Meanwhile, Khaavren and Pel foil an assassination attempt on the now-helpless Zerika.
Morrolan passes up participation in the battle to return to his Eastern home of Blackchapel and take vengeance on the raiders of his home and their god, Tri'nagore. Using his Great Weapon, Blackwand, Morrolan easily levels all four raider villages, then defiles Tri'nagore's altar to challenge him to single combat. Morrolan duels the god, but cannot harm him until he manages to contact his witch circle and request a canceling spell to the god's invulnerability. The spell works despite the block on witchcraft and Morrolan slays the god.
Piro and his company locate their slain friend's sister and return the heirloom. The heirloom locates a nearby source of magic and the group investigates. In the cave where Zerika originally emerged from the Paths of the Dead, they discover Grita and Illista lying in ambush with a captive Tazendra. Aerich and Tazendra's lackey Mica also arrive. A fight breaks out, but Grita and Illista draw power from the Jenoine and become invulnerable. They mortally injure Aerich and begin systematically slaying Piro's friends. Tazendra frees herself, breaks the Jenoine's protection, and kills Illista before being killed herself by Grita. Sethra, the Necromancer, and Khaavren arrive. Piro kills Grita as Sethra and the Necromancer banish the Jenoine. Aerich shares a final moment with his friend before expiring.
With magic restored, Kâna's forces rout while he and his cousin flee. Khaavren quickly hunts down Kâna and Habil and arrests them. They are executed as traitors for warring against the Orb and nearly giving the world into the hands of the Jenoine. At the victory celebration, Zerika gives various commendations, appointing Pel to Prime Minister and raising Morrolan to Duke. However, Khaavren and Pel mourn their dead friends, as their group is now broken. Together with Piro's friends, they take their slain companions to Deathsgate Falls and perform the funeral rites. Afterwards, Khaavren has no strength to resist Piro's forbidden love and allows him to return home.
Series continuity
Aerich's confrontation with the squatter is told from the squatter's perspective in Teckla, though the accounts differ greatly.
References
External links
Book Review
NESFA Book Review
Books by Steven Brust
|
author
|
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The Viscount of Adrilankha is a fantasy novel by American writer Steven Brust, published in three volumes. Collectively, the three books form the third novel in the Khaavren Romances series. It is set in the fantasy world of Dragaera. Like the other books in the series, the novel is heavily influenced by and homages the d'Artagnan Romances written by Alexandre Dumas, and is written by Brust in the voice and persona of a Dragaeran novelist, Paarfi of Roundwood, whose style is a tongue-in-cheek parody of Dumas, matching both his swashbuckling sense of adventure and his penchant for tangents and longwindedness. The book's format and title correspond with The Vicomte de Bragelonne, the multi-volume third book of the d'Artagnan Romances. The Khaavren Romances books have all used Dumas novels as their chief inspiration, recasting the plots of those novels to fit within Brust's established world of Dragaera. The first five books in the cycle are inspired by the Musketeers books, while 2020's The Baron of Magister Valley uses The Count of Monte Cristo as a starting point.The three volumes of The Viscount of Adrilankha are:
The Paths of the Dead (2002)
The Lord of Castle Black (2003)
Sethra Lavode (2004)
The Paths of the Dead
The Paths of the Dead is the first volume of The Viscount of Adrilankha, a three-volume novel by Steven Brust that collectively serves as the third novel in his Khaavren Romances. It was published in 2002 by Tor Books. It is named after the Paths of the Dead in Brust's fantasy world of Dragaera.
Plot introduction
Three hundred years after the events of Five Hundred Years After, Khaavren, his old friends, and his son help the new Empress on her quest to restore the Empire.
Plot summary
A young witch enters the Eastern town of Blackchapel on a quest to find his name. After a conversation with Miska, a strange coachman, the witch receives the name Morrolan, meaning "Dark Star". He meets a fellow witch named Arra, who counsels him to pledge his soul to Verra, the Demon Goddess. He does so, and together they summon other witches to the town and build a temple. While Morrolan is in a trance, some bandits from a neighboring village sack Blackchapel. Morrolan is consumed with the desire for revenge, but he is interrupted when Miska brings Lady Teldra, an Issola, who informs Morrolan that he is both a Dragaeran and a Count of House Dragon. Morrolan vows to journey to Dragaera, receive his birthright, and then return to take vengeance.
Meanwhile, in Dragaera, three hundred years without sorcery or the authority of the Empire has ruined the land. Banditry, plague, and petty warlords reign. One warlord, Kâna, has conquered roughly a quarter of the old Empire's territory, and holds influence over another quarter. His loyal cousin and strategist Habil advises him to start a new Empire with himself as Emperor, and he summons the Princes of the sixteen noble Houses to make the proposal. The reception is generally dubious. Pel, who has become Kâna's agent, goes to speak with Sethra Lavode, and she expresses her total opposition to the plan.
In the County of Whitecrest, which has been largely untouched by the ravages of the Interregnum, Khaavren has become a broken man, weighed down by guilt over his failure to protect the Emperor and prevent Adron's Disaster. His son Piro, the Viscount of Adrilankha, has matured into a bright, bold young man. One of Piro's friends, Zivra, is summoned away on a mysterious task. Shortly thereafter, Piro himself is summoned to Dzur Mountain, the home of Sethra Lavode, on a quest. He and his companions have uneventful encounters with a bandit company and a mysterious sorceress named Orlaan. At Dzur Mountain, he learns that Zivra is really Zerika, the last Phoenix and the true Empress. He must accompany her to the Paths of the Dead to recover the Imperial Orb and restore the Empire. Their party will also include Tazendra, who has been studying under Sethra.
Pel meets with Khaavren and discovers his sorry state. Pel later contacts Aerich and together they scheme to snap their friend from his funk. They send a certain pyrologist to Adrilankha to inspect the city for signs of plague. During dinner with Khaavren and his wife, the pyrologist relates how a past failure drives him to achieve his fullest potential. Khaavren decides that he must get back into shape and help his son. He sets out with two young female houseguests, Ibronka and Röaana.
The Lords of Judgment, chief among the gods, convene and decide what to do. They note that the Empire's chief function is to help keep the Jenoine from returning. It must be restored for the good of the world. While the Orb is in their possession, they modify and improve it, and Verra decides to send a demon under her sway to help Sethra Lavode.
Zerika's band sets out and reaches the cliffs that border the Paths of the Dead. Orlaan arrives with the bandit band she commands, determined to stop them. Tazendra recognizes Orlaan as Grita, the daughter of Greycat, who was killed by Khaavren's company during the events of Five Hundred Years After. As the bandits attack, Zerika throws herself from the cliffs. Believing Zerika dead, Piro and company bitterly fight off the bandits while Tazendra drives away Grita with her superior Elder Sorcery. Zerika lands safely in the Paths and navigates her way to the Lords of Judgment. After a hard-fought debate, she convinces the gods to give her the Orb. She emerges from the Paths as Zerika the Fourth, Empress of the restored Empire.
Major themes
In the novel, the theme of a discriminating social order is prominent, and critic Stefan Ekman addresses how that theme comes out in the portrayal of the Paths of the Dead.
The Lord of Castle Black
The Lord of Castle Black is the second volume of The Viscount of Adrilankha, a three-volume novel by Steven Brust that collectively serves as the third novel in his Khaavren Romances. The novel is named after Morrolan e'Drien, a character originally introduced in the Vlad Taltos novels, which are also set in Brust's fictional world of Dragaera. It contains the backstory of Morrolan.
Plot introduction
Khaavren, Piro, and their respective friends embroil themselves in the conflicts between the newly restored Empire and the forces of the Pretender, Kâna.
Plot summary
Morrolan reaches his birthright, the County of Southmoor, which is in ruins. He enlists a number of Vallista architects and Teckla laborers to restore his family's castle into a temple.
Meanwhile, Piro, Tazendra, and their company pursue Grita, believing that she has caused the death of Zerika. Grita gathers up the bandits that previously fled her service and attacks again. Again the heroes quickly outfight the bandits and force their surrender, while Grita again flees. After the fighting, Khaavren, Aerich, and their companions happen upon the scene by chance and join with their friends. Pel, who is scouting ahead for a group of Kâna's troops, sees his friends and realizes that his service to Kâna puts him in opposition to them. He reveals himself and renounces his service, joining his friends once again. Kâna's troops attack. The bandits join with Khaavren, Piro, and the rest out of necessity and manage to outfight the troops. Realizing that they are surrounded by enemies, the group sets out for Dzur Mountain.
Morrolan's construction is progressing so well that he decides to build a castle instead of a temple. His retainers discover that the Orb has returned. Morrolan learns of the existence of sorcery and throws himself into its research while his construction continues. He decides to call his new home Castle Black, after the color symbolizing sorcery. During his study, he learns of Kâna's forces bearing down on his county and receives an Imperial order from Zerika to hold them off. Though he is not sure if he holds any loyalty to this new Empire, Morrolan needs no order to defend his land. He enlists the help of his most experienced Dragonlord retainer, Fentor, to see to the county's defences.
While preparing for battle, Morrolan learns of the existence of Sethra Lavode, who is technically his vassal due to her home, Dzur Mountain, residing within Southmoor county. Insulted that she has never sent him a tribute, he rides to Dzur Mountain and demands his due at swordpoint. Sethra quickly realizes that Morrolan does not comprehend the scope of her power, and refrains from killing him. After her servant calls her attention to a certain prophecy, she gives Morrolan a Great Weapon called Blackwand to stand for her tribute. She also lends him the services of the Necromancer, a demon sent by the gods to help Zerika's cause, to assist in the defence of Southmoor.
Khaavren and Piro's company ride in and are admitted into Castle Black, but they can provide little help. Kâna's troops close in and the battle begins. Fentor's hastily assembled defences and small conscripted army are no match for their opposition. Morrolan's various magical allies, including the Necromancer, the Warlock, and his circle of witches all lend their aide to the struggle, but it is still not enough. After consultation with his guests and various retainers, Morrolan decides to have his circle of witches levitate the Castle and his troops up to safety. He then has most of his army, which becomes the new Imperial Army, teleported to Dzur Mountain.
Grita joins with Kâna's forces and gives him information about Khaavren's companions as well as the soul that she has trapped within a staff. With these tools, Kâna and his cousin Habil begin plotting their alternate plans to seize the Empire. Habil gives Grita's staff to an Athyra necromancer and guides Kâna in the rituals of contacting the god Tri'nagore.
After a stay in Dzur Mountain, Khaavren, Piro, and company return to Whitecrest. Piro tells his father that he has fallen in love and wants to marry Ibronka, who is a Dzur. Having lived his life during the Interregnum, Piro does not appreciate the serious taboo of marrying outside of one's House in the Empire. Khaavren is mortified, and categorically refuses to consider such a breach of protocol. Piro leaves home with Ibronka and his friends and together they take up banditry.
Series continuity
Grita's staff contains the soul of Aliera, which became lost at the end of Five Hundred Years After. The necromancer who receives her soul is Loraan, who serves as an antagonist in Athyra and Taltos of the Vlad Taltos series.
Sethra Lavode
Sethra Lavode is the third volume of The Viscount of Adrilankha, a three-volume novel by Steven Brust that collectively serves as the third novel in his Khaavren Romances. It is named after a character originally introduced in the Vlad Taltos novels, which are also set in Brust's fictional world of Dragaera.
Plot introduction
The various heroes of the series come together once again as Kâna initiates his final gambit to seize control of the fledgling Empire.
Plot summary
Zerika, the new Empress of the newly restored Dragaeran Empire, struggles to win the support of the remaining sixteen noble houses. Meanwhile, Kâna enlists the services of Illista, the second-to-last Phoenix, who was exiled in the events of The Phoenix Guards. Together with Grita and Kâna's cousin Habil, the three set in motion a grand scheme to seize the Empire. As a first step, Grita spreads her knowledge that Zerika keeps the Warlock, an Easterner, as a secret, taboo lover. Because Zerika has only knowingly shared this secret with Pel, her royal confidant, Grita hopes this will discredit the crafty Yendi. Khaavren speaks on Pel's behalf, however, and Zerika pardons him.
Reunited with his eternal companions once again, Khaavren requests a leave from duty to find his wayward son, Piro. Having fallen in love with Ibronka, who is not of his House, Piro has become a legendary bandit dubbed the Blue Fox. Khaavren locates Piro's band with the help of Pel and partially reconciles with Piro, though the issue of Piro's love remains unsettled. After Khaavren leaves, bounty hunters ambush Piro's band and kill one of his companions. Piro vows to return his slain friend's heirloom to his sister.
Sethra Lavode informs Aerich that Tazendra has disappeared. Aerich finds that her manor has been scorched and a Teckla squatter has taken residence in the abandoned building. Eventually Aerich notes a spot marked on one of Tazendra's maps and deduces that it marks Tazendra's location. Realizing that the mark was most likely planted as bait in a trap, Aerich nonetheless prepares to make the journey.
As Kâna's forces descend on Adrilankha, Sethra Lavode knows that she has military superiority, which causes her to wonder what else Kâna has planned that makes him confident in victory. She prepares her defenses and sets the Necromancer, the Warlock, and Morrolan's witches to repeat the magical help they gave in the previous battle. As the battle begins, however, all magic stops working. Sethra realizes that Kâna has let the bloody god Tri'nagore loose on the world, who has negated most forms of witchcraft, and has allowed a Jenoine access to the world, which has shut off the Orb. Meanwhile, Khaavren and Pel foil an assassination attempt on the now-helpless Zerika.
Morrolan passes up participation in the battle to return to his Eastern home of Blackchapel and take vengeance on the raiders of his home and their god, Tri'nagore. Using his Great Weapon, Blackwand, Morrolan easily levels all four raider villages, then defiles Tri'nagore's altar to challenge him to single combat. Morrolan duels the god, but cannot harm him until he manages to contact his witch circle and request a canceling spell to the god's invulnerability. The spell works despite the block on witchcraft and Morrolan slays the god.
Piro and his company locate their slain friend's sister and return the heirloom. The heirloom locates a nearby source of magic and the group investigates. In the cave where Zerika originally emerged from the Paths of the Dead, they discover Grita and Illista lying in ambush with a captive Tazendra. Aerich and Tazendra's lackey Mica also arrive. A fight breaks out, but Grita and Illista draw power from the Jenoine and become invulnerable. They mortally injure Aerich and begin systematically slaying Piro's friends. Tazendra frees herself, breaks the Jenoine's protection, and kills Illista before being killed herself by Grita. Sethra, the Necromancer, and Khaavren arrive. Piro kills Grita as Sethra and the Necromancer banish the Jenoine. Aerich shares a final moment with his friend before expiring.
With magic restored, Kâna's forces rout while he and his cousin flee. Khaavren quickly hunts down Kâna and Habil and arrests them. They are executed as traitors for warring against the Orb and nearly giving the world into the hands of the Jenoine. At the victory celebration, Zerika gives various commendations, appointing Pel to Prime Minister and raising Morrolan to Duke. However, Khaavren and Pel mourn their dead friends, as their group is now broken. Together with Piro's friends, they take their slain companions to Deathsgate Falls and perform the funeral rites. Afterwards, Khaavren has no strength to resist Piro's forbidden love and allows him to return home.
Series continuity
Aerich's confrontation with the squatter is told from the squatter's perspective in Teckla, though the accounts differ greatly.
References
External links
Book Review
NESFA Book Review
Books by Steven Brust
|
publisher
|
{
"answer_start": [
1448
],
"text": [
"Tor Books"
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}
|
The Viscount of Adrilankha is a fantasy novel by American writer Steven Brust, published in three volumes. Collectively, the three books form the third novel in the Khaavren Romances series. It is set in the fantasy world of Dragaera. Like the other books in the series, the novel is heavily influenced by and homages the d'Artagnan Romances written by Alexandre Dumas, and is written by Brust in the voice and persona of a Dragaeran novelist, Paarfi of Roundwood, whose style is a tongue-in-cheek parody of Dumas, matching both his swashbuckling sense of adventure and his penchant for tangents and longwindedness. The book's format and title correspond with The Vicomte de Bragelonne, the multi-volume third book of the d'Artagnan Romances. The Khaavren Romances books have all used Dumas novels as their chief inspiration, recasting the plots of those novels to fit within Brust's established world of Dragaera. The first five books in the cycle are inspired by the Musketeers books, while 2020's The Baron of Magister Valley uses The Count of Monte Cristo as a starting point.The three volumes of The Viscount of Adrilankha are:
The Paths of the Dead (2002)
The Lord of Castle Black (2003)
Sethra Lavode (2004)
The Paths of the Dead
The Paths of the Dead is the first volume of The Viscount of Adrilankha, a three-volume novel by Steven Brust that collectively serves as the third novel in his Khaavren Romances. It was published in 2002 by Tor Books. It is named after the Paths of the Dead in Brust's fantasy world of Dragaera.
Plot introduction
Three hundred years after the events of Five Hundred Years After, Khaavren, his old friends, and his son help the new Empress on her quest to restore the Empire.
Plot summary
A young witch enters the Eastern town of Blackchapel on a quest to find his name. After a conversation with Miska, a strange coachman, the witch receives the name Morrolan, meaning "Dark Star". He meets a fellow witch named Arra, who counsels him to pledge his soul to Verra, the Demon Goddess. He does so, and together they summon other witches to the town and build a temple. While Morrolan is in a trance, some bandits from a neighboring village sack Blackchapel. Morrolan is consumed with the desire for revenge, but he is interrupted when Miska brings Lady Teldra, an Issola, who informs Morrolan that he is both a Dragaeran and a Count of House Dragon. Morrolan vows to journey to Dragaera, receive his birthright, and then return to take vengeance.
Meanwhile, in Dragaera, three hundred years without sorcery or the authority of the Empire has ruined the land. Banditry, plague, and petty warlords reign. One warlord, Kâna, has conquered roughly a quarter of the old Empire's territory, and holds influence over another quarter. His loyal cousin and strategist Habil advises him to start a new Empire with himself as Emperor, and he summons the Princes of the sixteen noble Houses to make the proposal. The reception is generally dubious. Pel, who has become Kâna's agent, goes to speak with Sethra Lavode, and she expresses her total opposition to the plan.
In the County of Whitecrest, which has been largely untouched by the ravages of the Interregnum, Khaavren has become a broken man, weighed down by guilt over his failure to protect the Emperor and prevent Adron's Disaster. His son Piro, the Viscount of Adrilankha, has matured into a bright, bold young man. One of Piro's friends, Zivra, is summoned away on a mysterious task. Shortly thereafter, Piro himself is summoned to Dzur Mountain, the home of Sethra Lavode, on a quest. He and his companions have uneventful encounters with a bandit company and a mysterious sorceress named Orlaan. At Dzur Mountain, he learns that Zivra is really Zerika, the last Phoenix and the true Empress. He must accompany her to the Paths of the Dead to recover the Imperial Orb and restore the Empire. Their party will also include Tazendra, who has been studying under Sethra.
Pel meets with Khaavren and discovers his sorry state. Pel later contacts Aerich and together they scheme to snap their friend from his funk. They send a certain pyrologist to Adrilankha to inspect the city for signs of plague. During dinner with Khaavren and his wife, the pyrologist relates how a past failure drives him to achieve his fullest potential. Khaavren decides that he must get back into shape and help his son. He sets out with two young female houseguests, Ibronka and Röaana.
The Lords of Judgment, chief among the gods, convene and decide what to do. They note that the Empire's chief function is to help keep the Jenoine from returning. It must be restored for the good of the world. While the Orb is in their possession, they modify and improve it, and Verra decides to send a demon under her sway to help Sethra Lavode.
Zerika's band sets out and reaches the cliffs that border the Paths of the Dead. Orlaan arrives with the bandit band she commands, determined to stop them. Tazendra recognizes Orlaan as Grita, the daughter of Greycat, who was killed by Khaavren's company during the events of Five Hundred Years After. As the bandits attack, Zerika throws herself from the cliffs. Believing Zerika dead, Piro and company bitterly fight off the bandits while Tazendra drives away Grita with her superior Elder Sorcery. Zerika lands safely in the Paths and navigates her way to the Lords of Judgment. After a hard-fought debate, she convinces the gods to give her the Orb. She emerges from the Paths as Zerika the Fourth, Empress of the restored Empire.
Major themes
In the novel, the theme of a discriminating social order is prominent, and critic Stefan Ekman addresses how that theme comes out in the portrayal of the Paths of the Dead.
The Lord of Castle Black
The Lord of Castle Black is the second volume of The Viscount of Adrilankha, a three-volume novel by Steven Brust that collectively serves as the third novel in his Khaavren Romances. The novel is named after Morrolan e'Drien, a character originally introduced in the Vlad Taltos novels, which are also set in Brust's fictional world of Dragaera. It contains the backstory of Morrolan.
Plot introduction
Khaavren, Piro, and their respective friends embroil themselves in the conflicts between the newly restored Empire and the forces of the Pretender, Kâna.
Plot summary
Morrolan reaches his birthright, the County of Southmoor, which is in ruins. He enlists a number of Vallista architects and Teckla laborers to restore his family's castle into a temple.
Meanwhile, Piro, Tazendra, and their company pursue Grita, believing that she has caused the death of Zerika. Grita gathers up the bandits that previously fled her service and attacks again. Again the heroes quickly outfight the bandits and force their surrender, while Grita again flees. After the fighting, Khaavren, Aerich, and their companions happen upon the scene by chance and join with their friends. Pel, who is scouting ahead for a group of Kâna's troops, sees his friends and realizes that his service to Kâna puts him in opposition to them. He reveals himself and renounces his service, joining his friends once again. Kâna's troops attack. The bandits join with Khaavren, Piro, and the rest out of necessity and manage to outfight the troops. Realizing that they are surrounded by enemies, the group sets out for Dzur Mountain.
Morrolan's construction is progressing so well that he decides to build a castle instead of a temple. His retainers discover that the Orb has returned. Morrolan learns of the existence of sorcery and throws himself into its research while his construction continues. He decides to call his new home Castle Black, after the color symbolizing sorcery. During his study, he learns of Kâna's forces bearing down on his county and receives an Imperial order from Zerika to hold them off. Though he is not sure if he holds any loyalty to this new Empire, Morrolan needs no order to defend his land. He enlists the help of his most experienced Dragonlord retainer, Fentor, to see to the county's defences.
While preparing for battle, Morrolan learns of the existence of Sethra Lavode, who is technically his vassal due to her home, Dzur Mountain, residing within Southmoor county. Insulted that she has never sent him a tribute, he rides to Dzur Mountain and demands his due at swordpoint. Sethra quickly realizes that Morrolan does not comprehend the scope of her power, and refrains from killing him. After her servant calls her attention to a certain prophecy, she gives Morrolan a Great Weapon called Blackwand to stand for her tribute. She also lends him the services of the Necromancer, a demon sent by the gods to help Zerika's cause, to assist in the defence of Southmoor.
Khaavren and Piro's company ride in and are admitted into Castle Black, but they can provide little help. Kâna's troops close in and the battle begins. Fentor's hastily assembled defences and small conscripted army are no match for their opposition. Morrolan's various magical allies, including the Necromancer, the Warlock, and his circle of witches all lend their aide to the struggle, but it is still not enough. After consultation with his guests and various retainers, Morrolan decides to have his circle of witches levitate the Castle and his troops up to safety. He then has most of his army, which becomes the new Imperial Army, teleported to Dzur Mountain.
Grita joins with Kâna's forces and gives him information about Khaavren's companions as well as the soul that she has trapped within a staff. With these tools, Kâna and his cousin Habil begin plotting their alternate plans to seize the Empire. Habil gives Grita's staff to an Athyra necromancer and guides Kâna in the rituals of contacting the god Tri'nagore.
After a stay in Dzur Mountain, Khaavren, Piro, and company return to Whitecrest. Piro tells his father that he has fallen in love and wants to marry Ibronka, who is a Dzur. Having lived his life during the Interregnum, Piro does not appreciate the serious taboo of marrying outside of one's House in the Empire. Khaavren is mortified, and categorically refuses to consider such a breach of protocol. Piro leaves home with Ibronka and his friends and together they take up banditry.
Series continuity
Grita's staff contains the soul of Aliera, which became lost at the end of Five Hundred Years After. The necromancer who receives her soul is Loraan, who serves as an antagonist in Athyra and Taltos of the Vlad Taltos series.
Sethra Lavode
Sethra Lavode is the third volume of The Viscount of Adrilankha, a three-volume novel by Steven Brust that collectively serves as the third novel in his Khaavren Romances. It is named after a character originally introduced in the Vlad Taltos novels, which are also set in Brust's fictional world of Dragaera.
Plot introduction
The various heroes of the series come together once again as Kâna initiates his final gambit to seize control of the fledgling Empire.
Plot summary
Zerika, the new Empress of the newly restored Dragaeran Empire, struggles to win the support of the remaining sixteen noble houses. Meanwhile, Kâna enlists the services of Illista, the second-to-last Phoenix, who was exiled in the events of The Phoenix Guards. Together with Grita and Kâna's cousin Habil, the three set in motion a grand scheme to seize the Empire. As a first step, Grita spreads her knowledge that Zerika keeps the Warlock, an Easterner, as a secret, taboo lover. Because Zerika has only knowingly shared this secret with Pel, her royal confidant, Grita hopes this will discredit the crafty Yendi. Khaavren speaks on Pel's behalf, however, and Zerika pardons him.
Reunited with his eternal companions once again, Khaavren requests a leave from duty to find his wayward son, Piro. Having fallen in love with Ibronka, who is not of his House, Piro has become a legendary bandit dubbed the Blue Fox. Khaavren locates Piro's band with the help of Pel and partially reconciles with Piro, though the issue of Piro's love remains unsettled. After Khaavren leaves, bounty hunters ambush Piro's band and kill one of his companions. Piro vows to return his slain friend's heirloom to his sister.
Sethra Lavode informs Aerich that Tazendra has disappeared. Aerich finds that her manor has been scorched and a Teckla squatter has taken residence in the abandoned building. Eventually Aerich notes a spot marked on one of Tazendra's maps and deduces that it marks Tazendra's location. Realizing that the mark was most likely planted as bait in a trap, Aerich nonetheless prepares to make the journey.
As Kâna's forces descend on Adrilankha, Sethra Lavode knows that she has military superiority, which causes her to wonder what else Kâna has planned that makes him confident in victory. She prepares her defenses and sets the Necromancer, the Warlock, and Morrolan's witches to repeat the magical help they gave in the previous battle. As the battle begins, however, all magic stops working. Sethra realizes that Kâna has let the bloody god Tri'nagore loose on the world, who has negated most forms of witchcraft, and has allowed a Jenoine access to the world, which has shut off the Orb. Meanwhile, Khaavren and Pel foil an assassination attempt on the now-helpless Zerika.
Morrolan passes up participation in the battle to return to his Eastern home of Blackchapel and take vengeance on the raiders of his home and their god, Tri'nagore. Using his Great Weapon, Blackwand, Morrolan easily levels all four raider villages, then defiles Tri'nagore's altar to challenge him to single combat. Morrolan duels the god, but cannot harm him until he manages to contact his witch circle and request a canceling spell to the god's invulnerability. The spell works despite the block on witchcraft and Morrolan slays the god.
Piro and his company locate their slain friend's sister and return the heirloom. The heirloom locates a nearby source of magic and the group investigates. In the cave where Zerika originally emerged from the Paths of the Dead, they discover Grita and Illista lying in ambush with a captive Tazendra. Aerich and Tazendra's lackey Mica also arrive. A fight breaks out, but Grita and Illista draw power from the Jenoine and become invulnerable. They mortally injure Aerich and begin systematically slaying Piro's friends. Tazendra frees herself, breaks the Jenoine's protection, and kills Illista before being killed herself by Grita. Sethra, the Necromancer, and Khaavren arrive. Piro kills Grita as Sethra and the Necromancer banish the Jenoine. Aerich shares a final moment with his friend before expiring.
With magic restored, Kâna's forces rout while he and his cousin flee. Khaavren quickly hunts down Kâna and Habil and arrests them. They are executed as traitors for warring against the Orb and nearly giving the world into the hands of the Jenoine. At the victory celebration, Zerika gives various commendations, appointing Pel to Prime Minister and raising Morrolan to Duke. However, Khaavren and Pel mourn their dead friends, as their group is now broken. Together with Piro's friends, they take their slain companions to Deathsgate Falls and perform the funeral rites. Afterwards, Khaavren has no strength to resist Piro's forbidden love and allows him to return home.
Series continuity
Aerich's confrontation with the squatter is told from the squatter's perspective in Teckla, though the accounts differ greatly.
References
External links
Book Review
NESFA Book Review
Books by Steven Brust
|
follows
|
{
"answer_start": [
1596
],
"text": [
"Five Hundred Years After"
]
}
|
The Viscount of Adrilankha is a fantasy novel by American writer Steven Brust, published in three volumes. Collectively, the three books form the third novel in the Khaavren Romances series. It is set in the fantasy world of Dragaera. Like the other books in the series, the novel is heavily influenced by and homages the d'Artagnan Romances written by Alexandre Dumas, and is written by Brust in the voice and persona of a Dragaeran novelist, Paarfi of Roundwood, whose style is a tongue-in-cheek parody of Dumas, matching both his swashbuckling sense of adventure and his penchant for tangents and longwindedness. The book's format and title correspond with The Vicomte de Bragelonne, the multi-volume third book of the d'Artagnan Romances. The Khaavren Romances books have all used Dumas novels as their chief inspiration, recasting the plots of those novels to fit within Brust's established world of Dragaera. The first five books in the cycle are inspired by the Musketeers books, while 2020's The Baron of Magister Valley uses The Count of Monte Cristo as a starting point.The three volumes of The Viscount of Adrilankha are:
The Paths of the Dead (2002)
The Lord of Castle Black (2003)
Sethra Lavode (2004)
The Paths of the Dead
The Paths of the Dead is the first volume of The Viscount of Adrilankha, a three-volume novel by Steven Brust that collectively serves as the third novel in his Khaavren Romances. It was published in 2002 by Tor Books. It is named after the Paths of the Dead in Brust's fantasy world of Dragaera.
Plot introduction
Three hundred years after the events of Five Hundred Years After, Khaavren, his old friends, and his son help the new Empress on her quest to restore the Empire.
Plot summary
A young witch enters the Eastern town of Blackchapel on a quest to find his name. After a conversation with Miska, a strange coachman, the witch receives the name Morrolan, meaning "Dark Star". He meets a fellow witch named Arra, who counsels him to pledge his soul to Verra, the Demon Goddess. He does so, and together they summon other witches to the town and build a temple. While Morrolan is in a trance, some bandits from a neighboring village sack Blackchapel. Morrolan is consumed with the desire for revenge, but he is interrupted when Miska brings Lady Teldra, an Issola, who informs Morrolan that he is both a Dragaeran and a Count of House Dragon. Morrolan vows to journey to Dragaera, receive his birthright, and then return to take vengeance.
Meanwhile, in Dragaera, three hundred years without sorcery or the authority of the Empire has ruined the land. Banditry, plague, and petty warlords reign. One warlord, Kâna, has conquered roughly a quarter of the old Empire's territory, and holds influence over another quarter. His loyal cousin and strategist Habil advises him to start a new Empire with himself as Emperor, and he summons the Princes of the sixteen noble Houses to make the proposal. The reception is generally dubious. Pel, who has become Kâna's agent, goes to speak with Sethra Lavode, and she expresses her total opposition to the plan.
In the County of Whitecrest, which has been largely untouched by the ravages of the Interregnum, Khaavren has become a broken man, weighed down by guilt over his failure to protect the Emperor and prevent Adron's Disaster. His son Piro, the Viscount of Adrilankha, has matured into a bright, bold young man. One of Piro's friends, Zivra, is summoned away on a mysterious task. Shortly thereafter, Piro himself is summoned to Dzur Mountain, the home of Sethra Lavode, on a quest. He and his companions have uneventful encounters with a bandit company and a mysterious sorceress named Orlaan. At Dzur Mountain, he learns that Zivra is really Zerika, the last Phoenix and the true Empress. He must accompany her to the Paths of the Dead to recover the Imperial Orb and restore the Empire. Their party will also include Tazendra, who has been studying under Sethra.
Pel meets with Khaavren and discovers his sorry state. Pel later contacts Aerich and together they scheme to snap their friend from his funk. They send a certain pyrologist to Adrilankha to inspect the city for signs of plague. During dinner with Khaavren and his wife, the pyrologist relates how a past failure drives him to achieve his fullest potential. Khaavren decides that he must get back into shape and help his son. He sets out with two young female houseguests, Ibronka and Röaana.
The Lords of Judgment, chief among the gods, convene and decide what to do. They note that the Empire's chief function is to help keep the Jenoine from returning. It must be restored for the good of the world. While the Orb is in their possession, they modify and improve it, and Verra decides to send a demon under her sway to help Sethra Lavode.
Zerika's band sets out and reaches the cliffs that border the Paths of the Dead. Orlaan arrives with the bandit band she commands, determined to stop them. Tazendra recognizes Orlaan as Grita, the daughter of Greycat, who was killed by Khaavren's company during the events of Five Hundred Years After. As the bandits attack, Zerika throws herself from the cliffs. Believing Zerika dead, Piro and company bitterly fight off the bandits while Tazendra drives away Grita with her superior Elder Sorcery. Zerika lands safely in the Paths and navigates her way to the Lords of Judgment. After a hard-fought debate, she convinces the gods to give her the Orb. She emerges from the Paths as Zerika the Fourth, Empress of the restored Empire.
Major themes
In the novel, the theme of a discriminating social order is prominent, and critic Stefan Ekman addresses how that theme comes out in the portrayal of the Paths of the Dead.
The Lord of Castle Black
The Lord of Castle Black is the second volume of The Viscount of Adrilankha, a three-volume novel by Steven Brust that collectively serves as the third novel in his Khaavren Romances. The novel is named after Morrolan e'Drien, a character originally introduced in the Vlad Taltos novels, which are also set in Brust's fictional world of Dragaera. It contains the backstory of Morrolan.
Plot introduction
Khaavren, Piro, and their respective friends embroil themselves in the conflicts between the newly restored Empire and the forces of the Pretender, Kâna.
Plot summary
Morrolan reaches his birthright, the County of Southmoor, which is in ruins. He enlists a number of Vallista architects and Teckla laborers to restore his family's castle into a temple.
Meanwhile, Piro, Tazendra, and their company pursue Grita, believing that she has caused the death of Zerika. Grita gathers up the bandits that previously fled her service and attacks again. Again the heroes quickly outfight the bandits and force their surrender, while Grita again flees. After the fighting, Khaavren, Aerich, and their companions happen upon the scene by chance and join with their friends. Pel, who is scouting ahead for a group of Kâna's troops, sees his friends and realizes that his service to Kâna puts him in opposition to them. He reveals himself and renounces his service, joining his friends once again. Kâna's troops attack. The bandits join with Khaavren, Piro, and the rest out of necessity and manage to outfight the troops. Realizing that they are surrounded by enemies, the group sets out for Dzur Mountain.
Morrolan's construction is progressing so well that he decides to build a castle instead of a temple. His retainers discover that the Orb has returned. Morrolan learns of the existence of sorcery and throws himself into its research while his construction continues. He decides to call his new home Castle Black, after the color symbolizing sorcery. During his study, he learns of Kâna's forces bearing down on his county and receives an Imperial order from Zerika to hold them off. Though he is not sure if he holds any loyalty to this new Empire, Morrolan needs no order to defend his land. He enlists the help of his most experienced Dragonlord retainer, Fentor, to see to the county's defences.
While preparing for battle, Morrolan learns of the existence of Sethra Lavode, who is technically his vassal due to her home, Dzur Mountain, residing within Southmoor county. Insulted that she has never sent him a tribute, he rides to Dzur Mountain and demands his due at swordpoint. Sethra quickly realizes that Morrolan does not comprehend the scope of her power, and refrains from killing him. After her servant calls her attention to a certain prophecy, she gives Morrolan a Great Weapon called Blackwand to stand for her tribute. She also lends him the services of the Necromancer, a demon sent by the gods to help Zerika's cause, to assist in the defence of Southmoor.
Khaavren and Piro's company ride in and are admitted into Castle Black, but they can provide little help. Kâna's troops close in and the battle begins. Fentor's hastily assembled defences and small conscripted army are no match for their opposition. Morrolan's various magical allies, including the Necromancer, the Warlock, and his circle of witches all lend their aide to the struggle, but it is still not enough. After consultation with his guests and various retainers, Morrolan decides to have his circle of witches levitate the Castle and his troops up to safety. He then has most of his army, which becomes the new Imperial Army, teleported to Dzur Mountain.
Grita joins with Kâna's forces and gives him information about Khaavren's companions as well as the soul that she has trapped within a staff. With these tools, Kâna and his cousin Habil begin plotting their alternate plans to seize the Empire. Habil gives Grita's staff to an Athyra necromancer and guides Kâna in the rituals of contacting the god Tri'nagore.
After a stay in Dzur Mountain, Khaavren, Piro, and company return to Whitecrest. Piro tells his father that he has fallen in love and wants to marry Ibronka, who is a Dzur. Having lived his life during the Interregnum, Piro does not appreciate the serious taboo of marrying outside of one's House in the Empire. Khaavren is mortified, and categorically refuses to consider such a breach of protocol. Piro leaves home with Ibronka and his friends and together they take up banditry.
Series continuity
Grita's staff contains the soul of Aliera, which became lost at the end of Five Hundred Years After. The necromancer who receives her soul is Loraan, who serves as an antagonist in Athyra and Taltos of the Vlad Taltos series.
Sethra Lavode
Sethra Lavode is the third volume of The Viscount of Adrilankha, a three-volume novel by Steven Brust that collectively serves as the third novel in his Khaavren Romances. It is named after a character originally introduced in the Vlad Taltos novels, which are also set in Brust's fictional world of Dragaera.
Plot introduction
The various heroes of the series come together once again as Kâna initiates his final gambit to seize control of the fledgling Empire.
Plot summary
Zerika, the new Empress of the newly restored Dragaeran Empire, struggles to win the support of the remaining sixteen noble houses. Meanwhile, Kâna enlists the services of Illista, the second-to-last Phoenix, who was exiled in the events of The Phoenix Guards. Together with Grita and Kâna's cousin Habil, the three set in motion a grand scheme to seize the Empire. As a first step, Grita spreads her knowledge that Zerika keeps the Warlock, an Easterner, as a secret, taboo lover. Because Zerika has only knowingly shared this secret with Pel, her royal confidant, Grita hopes this will discredit the crafty Yendi. Khaavren speaks on Pel's behalf, however, and Zerika pardons him.
Reunited with his eternal companions once again, Khaavren requests a leave from duty to find his wayward son, Piro. Having fallen in love with Ibronka, who is not of his House, Piro has become a legendary bandit dubbed the Blue Fox. Khaavren locates Piro's band with the help of Pel and partially reconciles with Piro, though the issue of Piro's love remains unsettled. After Khaavren leaves, bounty hunters ambush Piro's band and kill one of his companions. Piro vows to return his slain friend's heirloom to his sister.
Sethra Lavode informs Aerich that Tazendra has disappeared. Aerich finds that her manor has been scorched and a Teckla squatter has taken residence in the abandoned building. Eventually Aerich notes a spot marked on one of Tazendra's maps and deduces that it marks Tazendra's location. Realizing that the mark was most likely planted as bait in a trap, Aerich nonetheless prepares to make the journey.
As Kâna's forces descend on Adrilankha, Sethra Lavode knows that she has military superiority, which causes her to wonder what else Kâna has planned that makes him confident in victory. She prepares her defenses and sets the Necromancer, the Warlock, and Morrolan's witches to repeat the magical help they gave in the previous battle. As the battle begins, however, all magic stops working. Sethra realizes that Kâna has let the bloody god Tri'nagore loose on the world, who has negated most forms of witchcraft, and has allowed a Jenoine access to the world, which has shut off the Orb. Meanwhile, Khaavren and Pel foil an assassination attempt on the now-helpless Zerika.
Morrolan passes up participation in the battle to return to his Eastern home of Blackchapel and take vengeance on the raiders of his home and their god, Tri'nagore. Using his Great Weapon, Blackwand, Morrolan easily levels all four raider villages, then defiles Tri'nagore's altar to challenge him to single combat. Morrolan duels the god, but cannot harm him until he manages to contact his witch circle and request a canceling spell to the god's invulnerability. The spell works despite the block on witchcraft and Morrolan slays the god.
Piro and his company locate their slain friend's sister and return the heirloom. The heirloom locates a nearby source of magic and the group investigates. In the cave where Zerika originally emerged from the Paths of the Dead, they discover Grita and Illista lying in ambush with a captive Tazendra. Aerich and Tazendra's lackey Mica also arrive. A fight breaks out, but Grita and Illista draw power from the Jenoine and become invulnerable. They mortally injure Aerich and begin systematically slaying Piro's friends. Tazendra frees herself, breaks the Jenoine's protection, and kills Illista before being killed herself by Grita. Sethra, the Necromancer, and Khaavren arrive. Piro kills Grita as Sethra and the Necromancer banish the Jenoine. Aerich shares a final moment with his friend before expiring.
With magic restored, Kâna's forces rout while he and his cousin flee. Khaavren quickly hunts down Kâna and Habil and arrests them. They are executed as traitors for warring against the Orb and nearly giving the world into the hands of the Jenoine. At the victory celebration, Zerika gives various commendations, appointing Pel to Prime Minister and raising Morrolan to Duke. However, Khaavren and Pel mourn their dead friends, as their group is now broken. Together with Piro's friends, they take their slain companions to Deathsgate Falls and perform the funeral rites. Afterwards, Khaavren has no strength to resist Piro's forbidden love and allows him to return home.
Series continuity
Aerich's confrontation with the squatter is told from the squatter's perspective in Teckla, though the accounts differ greatly.
References
External links
Book Review
NESFA Book Review
Books by Steven Brust
|
part of the series
|
{
"answer_start": [
165
],
"text": [
"Khaavren Romances"
]
}
|
The Viscount of Adrilankha is a fantasy novel by American writer Steven Brust, published in three volumes. Collectively, the three books form the third novel in the Khaavren Romances series. It is set in the fantasy world of Dragaera. Like the other books in the series, the novel is heavily influenced by and homages the d'Artagnan Romances written by Alexandre Dumas, and is written by Brust in the voice and persona of a Dragaeran novelist, Paarfi of Roundwood, whose style is a tongue-in-cheek parody of Dumas, matching both his swashbuckling sense of adventure and his penchant for tangents and longwindedness. The book's format and title correspond with The Vicomte de Bragelonne, the multi-volume third book of the d'Artagnan Romances. The Khaavren Romances books have all used Dumas novels as their chief inspiration, recasting the plots of those novels to fit within Brust's established world of Dragaera. The first five books in the cycle are inspired by the Musketeers books, while 2020's The Baron of Magister Valley uses The Count of Monte Cristo as a starting point.The three volumes of The Viscount of Adrilankha are:
The Paths of the Dead (2002)
The Lord of Castle Black (2003)
Sethra Lavode (2004)
The Paths of the Dead
The Paths of the Dead is the first volume of The Viscount of Adrilankha, a three-volume novel by Steven Brust that collectively serves as the third novel in his Khaavren Romances. It was published in 2002 by Tor Books. It is named after the Paths of the Dead in Brust's fantasy world of Dragaera.
Plot introduction
Three hundred years after the events of Five Hundred Years After, Khaavren, his old friends, and his son help the new Empress on her quest to restore the Empire.
Plot summary
A young witch enters the Eastern town of Blackchapel on a quest to find his name. After a conversation with Miska, a strange coachman, the witch receives the name Morrolan, meaning "Dark Star". He meets a fellow witch named Arra, who counsels him to pledge his soul to Verra, the Demon Goddess. He does so, and together they summon other witches to the town and build a temple. While Morrolan is in a trance, some bandits from a neighboring village sack Blackchapel. Morrolan is consumed with the desire for revenge, but he is interrupted when Miska brings Lady Teldra, an Issola, who informs Morrolan that he is both a Dragaeran and a Count of House Dragon. Morrolan vows to journey to Dragaera, receive his birthright, and then return to take vengeance.
Meanwhile, in Dragaera, three hundred years without sorcery or the authority of the Empire has ruined the land. Banditry, plague, and petty warlords reign. One warlord, Kâna, has conquered roughly a quarter of the old Empire's territory, and holds influence over another quarter. His loyal cousin and strategist Habil advises him to start a new Empire with himself as Emperor, and he summons the Princes of the sixteen noble Houses to make the proposal. The reception is generally dubious. Pel, who has become Kâna's agent, goes to speak with Sethra Lavode, and she expresses her total opposition to the plan.
In the County of Whitecrest, which has been largely untouched by the ravages of the Interregnum, Khaavren has become a broken man, weighed down by guilt over his failure to protect the Emperor and prevent Adron's Disaster. His son Piro, the Viscount of Adrilankha, has matured into a bright, bold young man. One of Piro's friends, Zivra, is summoned away on a mysterious task. Shortly thereafter, Piro himself is summoned to Dzur Mountain, the home of Sethra Lavode, on a quest. He and his companions have uneventful encounters with a bandit company and a mysterious sorceress named Orlaan. At Dzur Mountain, he learns that Zivra is really Zerika, the last Phoenix and the true Empress. He must accompany her to the Paths of the Dead to recover the Imperial Orb and restore the Empire. Their party will also include Tazendra, who has been studying under Sethra.
Pel meets with Khaavren and discovers his sorry state. Pel later contacts Aerich and together they scheme to snap their friend from his funk. They send a certain pyrologist to Adrilankha to inspect the city for signs of plague. During dinner with Khaavren and his wife, the pyrologist relates how a past failure drives him to achieve his fullest potential. Khaavren decides that he must get back into shape and help his son. He sets out with two young female houseguests, Ibronka and Röaana.
The Lords of Judgment, chief among the gods, convene and decide what to do. They note that the Empire's chief function is to help keep the Jenoine from returning. It must be restored for the good of the world. While the Orb is in their possession, they modify and improve it, and Verra decides to send a demon under her sway to help Sethra Lavode.
Zerika's band sets out and reaches the cliffs that border the Paths of the Dead. Orlaan arrives with the bandit band she commands, determined to stop them. Tazendra recognizes Orlaan as Grita, the daughter of Greycat, who was killed by Khaavren's company during the events of Five Hundred Years After. As the bandits attack, Zerika throws herself from the cliffs. Believing Zerika dead, Piro and company bitterly fight off the bandits while Tazendra drives away Grita with her superior Elder Sorcery. Zerika lands safely in the Paths and navigates her way to the Lords of Judgment. After a hard-fought debate, she convinces the gods to give her the Orb. She emerges from the Paths as Zerika the Fourth, Empress of the restored Empire.
Major themes
In the novel, the theme of a discriminating social order is prominent, and critic Stefan Ekman addresses how that theme comes out in the portrayal of the Paths of the Dead.
The Lord of Castle Black
The Lord of Castle Black is the second volume of The Viscount of Adrilankha, a three-volume novel by Steven Brust that collectively serves as the third novel in his Khaavren Romances. The novel is named after Morrolan e'Drien, a character originally introduced in the Vlad Taltos novels, which are also set in Brust's fictional world of Dragaera. It contains the backstory of Morrolan.
Plot introduction
Khaavren, Piro, and their respective friends embroil themselves in the conflicts between the newly restored Empire and the forces of the Pretender, Kâna.
Plot summary
Morrolan reaches his birthright, the County of Southmoor, which is in ruins. He enlists a number of Vallista architects and Teckla laborers to restore his family's castle into a temple.
Meanwhile, Piro, Tazendra, and their company pursue Grita, believing that she has caused the death of Zerika. Grita gathers up the bandits that previously fled her service and attacks again. Again the heroes quickly outfight the bandits and force their surrender, while Grita again flees. After the fighting, Khaavren, Aerich, and their companions happen upon the scene by chance and join with their friends. Pel, who is scouting ahead for a group of Kâna's troops, sees his friends and realizes that his service to Kâna puts him in opposition to them. He reveals himself and renounces his service, joining his friends once again. Kâna's troops attack. The bandits join with Khaavren, Piro, and the rest out of necessity and manage to outfight the troops. Realizing that they are surrounded by enemies, the group sets out for Dzur Mountain.
Morrolan's construction is progressing so well that he decides to build a castle instead of a temple. His retainers discover that the Orb has returned. Morrolan learns of the existence of sorcery and throws himself into its research while his construction continues. He decides to call his new home Castle Black, after the color symbolizing sorcery. During his study, he learns of Kâna's forces bearing down on his county and receives an Imperial order from Zerika to hold them off. Though he is not sure if he holds any loyalty to this new Empire, Morrolan needs no order to defend his land. He enlists the help of his most experienced Dragonlord retainer, Fentor, to see to the county's defences.
While preparing for battle, Morrolan learns of the existence of Sethra Lavode, who is technically his vassal due to her home, Dzur Mountain, residing within Southmoor county. Insulted that she has never sent him a tribute, he rides to Dzur Mountain and demands his due at swordpoint. Sethra quickly realizes that Morrolan does not comprehend the scope of her power, and refrains from killing him. After her servant calls her attention to a certain prophecy, she gives Morrolan a Great Weapon called Blackwand to stand for her tribute. She also lends him the services of the Necromancer, a demon sent by the gods to help Zerika's cause, to assist in the defence of Southmoor.
Khaavren and Piro's company ride in and are admitted into Castle Black, but they can provide little help. Kâna's troops close in and the battle begins. Fentor's hastily assembled defences and small conscripted army are no match for their opposition. Morrolan's various magical allies, including the Necromancer, the Warlock, and his circle of witches all lend their aide to the struggle, but it is still not enough. After consultation with his guests and various retainers, Morrolan decides to have his circle of witches levitate the Castle and his troops up to safety. He then has most of his army, which becomes the new Imperial Army, teleported to Dzur Mountain.
Grita joins with Kâna's forces and gives him information about Khaavren's companions as well as the soul that she has trapped within a staff. With these tools, Kâna and his cousin Habil begin plotting their alternate plans to seize the Empire. Habil gives Grita's staff to an Athyra necromancer and guides Kâna in the rituals of contacting the god Tri'nagore.
After a stay in Dzur Mountain, Khaavren, Piro, and company return to Whitecrest. Piro tells his father that he has fallen in love and wants to marry Ibronka, who is a Dzur. Having lived his life during the Interregnum, Piro does not appreciate the serious taboo of marrying outside of one's House in the Empire. Khaavren is mortified, and categorically refuses to consider such a breach of protocol. Piro leaves home with Ibronka and his friends and together they take up banditry.
Series continuity
Grita's staff contains the soul of Aliera, which became lost at the end of Five Hundred Years After. The necromancer who receives her soul is Loraan, who serves as an antagonist in Athyra and Taltos of the Vlad Taltos series.
Sethra Lavode
Sethra Lavode is the third volume of The Viscount of Adrilankha, a three-volume novel by Steven Brust that collectively serves as the third novel in his Khaavren Romances. It is named after a character originally introduced in the Vlad Taltos novels, which are also set in Brust's fictional world of Dragaera.
Plot introduction
The various heroes of the series come together once again as Kâna initiates his final gambit to seize control of the fledgling Empire.
Plot summary
Zerika, the new Empress of the newly restored Dragaeran Empire, struggles to win the support of the remaining sixteen noble houses. Meanwhile, Kâna enlists the services of Illista, the second-to-last Phoenix, who was exiled in the events of The Phoenix Guards. Together with Grita and Kâna's cousin Habil, the three set in motion a grand scheme to seize the Empire. As a first step, Grita spreads her knowledge that Zerika keeps the Warlock, an Easterner, as a secret, taboo lover. Because Zerika has only knowingly shared this secret with Pel, her royal confidant, Grita hopes this will discredit the crafty Yendi. Khaavren speaks on Pel's behalf, however, and Zerika pardons him.
Reunited with his eternal companions once again, Khaavren requests a leave from duty to find his wayward son, Piro. Having fallen in love with Ibronka, who is not of his House, Piro has become a legendary bandit dubbed the Blue Fox. Khaavren locates Piro's band with the help of Pel and partially reconciles with Piro, though the issue of Piro's love remains unsettled. After Khaavren leaves, bounty hunters ambush Piro's band and kill one of his companions. Piro vows to return his slain friend's heirloom to his sister.
Sethra Lavode informs Aerich that Tazendra has disappeared. Aerich finds that her manor has been scorched and a Teckla squatter has taken residence in the abandoned building. Eventually Aerich notes a spot marked on one of Tazendra's maps and deduces that it marks Tazendra's location. Realizing that the mark was most likely planted as bait in a trap, Aerich nonetheless prepares to make the journey.
As Kâna's forces descend on Adrilankha, Sethra Lavode knows that she has military superiority, which causes her to wonder what else Kâna has planned that makes him confident in victory. She prepares her defenses and sets the Necromancer, the Warlock, and Morrolan's witches to repeat the magical help they gave in the previous battle. As the battle begins, however, all magic stops working. Sethra realizes that Kâna has let the bloody god Tri'nagore loose on the world, who has negated most forms of witchcraft, and has allowed a Jenoine access to the world, which has shut off the Orb. Meanwhile, Khaavren and Pel foil an assassination attempt on the now-helpless Zerika.
Morrolan passes up participation in the battle to return to his Eastern home of Blackchapel and take vengeance on the raiders of his home and their god, Tri'nagore. Using his Great Weapon, Blackwand, Morrolan easily levels all four raider villages, then defiles Tri'nagore's altar to challenge him to single combat. Morrolan duels the god, but cannot harm him until he manages to contact his witch circle and request a canceling spell to the god's invulnerability. The spell works despite the block on witchcraft and Morrolan slays the god.
Piro and his company locate their slain friend's sister and return the heirloom. The heirloom locates a nearby source of magic and the group investigates. In the cave where Zerika originally emerged from the Paths of the Dead, they discover Grita and Illista lying in ambush with a captive Tazendra. Aerich and Tazendra's lackey Mica also arrive. A fight breaks out, but Grita and Illista draw power from the Jenoine and become invulnerable. They mortally injure Aerich and begin systematically slaying Piro's friends. Tazendra frees herself, breaks the Jenoine's protection, and kills Illista before being killed herself by Grita. Sethra, the Necromancer, and Khaavren arrive. Piro kills Grita as Sethra and the Necromancer banish the Jenoine. Aerich shares a final moment with his friend before expiring.
With magic restored, Kâna's forces rout while he and his cousin flee. Khaavren quickly hunts down Kâna and Habil and arrests them. They are executed as traitors for warring against the Orb and nearly giving the world into the hands of the Jenoine. At the victory celebration, Zerika gives various commendations, appointing Pel to Prime Minister and raising Morrolan to Duke. However, Khaavren and Pel mourn their dead friends, as their group is now broken. Together with Piro's friends, they take their slain companions to Deathsgate Falls and perform the funeral rites. Afterwards, Khaavren has no strength to resist Piro's forbidden love and allows him to return home.
Series continuity
Aerich's confrontation with the squatter is told from the squatter's perspective in Teckla, though the accounts differ greatly.
References
External links
Book Review
NESFA Book Review
Books by Steven Brust
|
narrative location
|
{
"answer_start": [
225
],
"text": [
"Dragaera"
]
}
|
The Viscount of Adrilankha is a fantasy novel by American writer Steven Brust, published in three volumes. Collectively, the three books form the third novel in the Khaavren Romances series. It is set in the fantasy world of Dragaera. Like the other books in the series, the novel is heavily influenced by and homages the d'Artagnan Romances written by Alexandre Dumas, and is written by Brust in the voice and persona of a Dragaeran novelist, Paarfi of Roundwood, whose style is a tongue-in-cheek parody of Dumas, matching both his swashbuckling sense of adventure and his penchant for tangents and longwindedness. The book's format and title correspond with The Vicomte de Bragelonne, the multi-volume third book of the d'Artagnan Romances. The Khaavren Romances books have all used Dumas novels as their chief inspiration, recasting the plots of those novels to fit within Brust's established world of Dragaera. The first five books in the cycle are inspired by the Musketeers books, while 2020's The Baron of Magister Valley uses The Count of Monte Cristo as a starting point.The three volumes of The Viscount of Adrilankha are:
The Paths of the Dead (2002)
The Lord of Castle Black (2003)
Sethra Lavode (2004)
The Paths of the Dead
The Paths of the Dead is the first volume of The Viscount of Adrilankha, a three-volume novel by Steven Brust that collectively serves as the third novel in his Khaavren Romances. It was published in 2002 by Tor Books. It is named after the Paths of the Dead in Brust's fantasy world of Dragaera.
Plot introduction
Three hundred years after the events of Five Hundred Years After, Khaavren, his old friends, and his son help the new Empress on her quest to restore the Empire.
Plot summary
A young witch enters the Eastern town of Blackchapel on a quest to find his name. After a conversation with Miska, a strange coachman, the witch receives the name Morrolan, meaning "Dark Star". He meets a fellow witch named Arra, who counsels him to pledge his soul to Verra, the Demon Goddess. He does so, and together they summon other witches to the town and build a temple. While Morrolan is in a trance, some bandits from a neighboring village sack Blackchapel. Morrolan is consumed with the desire for revenge, but he is interrupted when Miska brings Lady Teldra, an Issola, who informs Morrolan that he is both a Dragaeran and a Count of House Dragon. Morrolan vows to journey to Dragaera, receive his birthright, and then return to take vengeance.
Meanwhile, in Dragaera, three hundred years without sorcery or the authority of the Empire has ruined the land. Banditry, plague, and petty warlords reign. One warlord, Kâna, has conquered roughly a quarter of the old Empire's territory, and holds influence over another quarter. His loyal cousin and strategist Habil advises him to start a new Empire with himself as Emperor, and he summons the Princes of the sixteen noble Houses to make the proposal. The reception is generally dubious. Pel, who has become Kâna's agent, goes to speak with Sethra Lavode, and she expresses her total opposition to the plan.
In the County of Whitecrest, which has been largely untouched by the ravages of the Interregnum, Khaavren has become a broken man, weighed down by guilt over his failure to protect the Emperor and prevent Adron's Disaster. His son Piro, the Viscount of Adrilankha, has matured into a bright, bold young man. One of Piro's friends, Zivra, is summoned away on a mysterious task. Shortly thereafter, Piro himself is summoned to Dzur Mountain, the home of Sethra Lavode, on a quest. He and his companions have uneventful encounters with a bandit company and a mysterious sorceress named Orlaan. At Dzur Mountain, he learns that Zivra is really Zerika, the last Phoenix and the true Empress. He must accompany her to the Paths of the Dead to recover the Imperial Orb and restore the Empire. Their party will also include Tazendra, who has been studying under Sethra.
Pel meets with Khaavren and discovers his sorry state. Pel later contacts Aerich and together they scheme to snap their friend from his funk. They send a certain pyrologist to Adrilankha to inspect the city for signs of plague. During dinner with Khaavren and his wife, the pyrologist relates how a past failure drives him to achieve his fullest potential. Khaavren decides that he must get back into shape and help his son. He sets out with two young female houseguests, Ibronka and Röaana.
The Lords of Judgment, chief among the gods, convene and decide what to do. They note that the Empire's chief function is to help keep the Jenoine from returning. It must be restored for the good of the world. While the Orb is in their possession, they modify and improve it, and Verra decides to send a demon under her sway to help Sethra Lavode.
Zerika's band sets out and reaches the cliffs that border the Paths of the Dead. Orlaan arrives with the bandit band she commands, determined to stop them. Tazendra recognizes Orlaan as Grita, the daughter of Greycat, who was killed by Khaavren's company during the events of Five Hundred Years After. As the bandits attack, Zerika throws herself from the cliffs. Believing Zerika dead, Piro and company bitterly fight off the bandits while Tazendra drives away Grita with her superior Elder Sorcery. Zerika lands safely in the Paths and navigates her way to the Lords of Judgment. After a hard-fought debate, she convinces the gods to give her the Orb. She emerges from the Paths as Zerika the Fourth, Empress of the restored Empire.
Major themes
In the novel, the theme of a discriminating social order is prominent, and critic Stefan Ekman addresses how that theme comes out in the portrayal of the Paths of the Dead.
The Lord of Castle Black
The Lord of Castle Black is the second volume of The Viscount of Adrilankha, a three-volume novel by Steven Brust that collectively serves as the third novel in his Khaavren Romances. The novel is named after Morrolan e'Drien, a character originally introduced in the Vlad Taltos novels, which are also set in Brust's fictional world of Dragaera. It contains the backstory of Morrolan.
Plot introduction
Khaavren, Piro, and their respective friends embroil themselves in the conflicts between the newly restored Empire and the forces of the Pretender, Kâna.
Plot summary
Morrolan reaches his birthright, the County of Southmoor, which is in ruins. He enlists a number of Vallista architects and Teckla laborers to restore his family's castle into a temple.
Meanwhile, Piro, Tazendra, and their company pursue Grita, believing that she has caused the death of Zerika. Grita gathers up the bandits that previously fled her service and attacks again. Again the heroes quickly outfight the bandits and force their surrender, while Grita again flees. After the fighting, Khaavren, Aerich, and their companions happen upon the scene by chance and join with their friends. Pel, who is scouting ahead for a group of Kâna's troops, sees his friends and realizes that his service to Kâna puts him in opposition to them. He reveals himself and renounces his service, joining his friends once again. Kâna's troops attack. The bandits join with Khaavren, Piro, and the rest out of necessity and manage to outfight the troops. Realizing that they are surrounded by enemies, the group sets out for Dzur Mountain.
Morrolan's construction is progressing so well that he decides to build a castle instead of a temple. His retainers discover that the Orb has returned. Morrolan learns of the existence of sorcery and throws himself into its research while his construction continues. He decides to call his new home Castle Black, after the color symbolizing sorcery. During his study, he learns of Kâna's forces bearing down on his county and receives an Imperial order from Zerika to hold them off. Though he is not sure if he holds any loyalty to this new Empire, Morrolan needs no order to defend his land. He enlists the help of his most experienced Dragonlord retainer, Fentor, to see to the county's defences.
While preparing for battle, Morrolan learns of the existence of Sethra Lavode, who is technically his vassal due to her home, Dzur Mountain, residing within Southmoor county. Insulted that she has never sent him a tribute, he rides to Dzur Mountain and demands his due at swordpoint. Sethra quickly realizes that Morrolan does not comprehend the scope of her power, and refrains from killing him. After her servant calls her attention to a certain prophecy, she gives Morrolan a Great Weapon called Blackwand to stand for her tribute. She also lends him the services of the Necromancer, a demon sent by the gods to help Zerika's cause, to assist in the defence of Southmoor.
Khaavren and Piro's company ride in and are admitted into Castle Black, but they can provide little help. Kâna's troops close in and the battle begins. Fentor's hastily assembled defences and small conscripted army are no match for their opposition. Morrolan's various magical allies, including the Necromancer, the Warlock, and his circle of witches all lend their aide to the struggle, but it is still not enough. After consultation with his guests and various retainers, Morrolan decides to have his circle of witches levitate the Castle and his troops up to safety. He then has most of his army, which becomes the new Imperial Army, teleported to Dzur Mountain.
Grita joins with Kâna's forces and gives him information about Khaavren's companions as well as the soul that she has trapped within a staff. With these tools, Kâna and his cousin Habil begin plotting their alternate plans to seize the Empire. Habil gives Grita's staff to an Athyra necromancer and guides Kâna in the rituals of contacting the god Tri'nagore.
After a stay in Dzur Mountain, Khaavren, Piro, and company return to Whitecrest. Piro tells his father that he has fallen in love and wants to marry Ibronka, who is a Dzur. Having lived his life during the Interregnum, Piro does not appreciate the serious taboo of marrying outside of one's House in the Empire. Khaavren is mortified, and categorically refuses to consider such a breach of protocol. Piro leaves home with Ibronka and his friends and together they take up banditry.
Series continuity
Grita's staff contains the soul of Aliera, which became lost at the end of Five Hundred Years After. The necromancer who receives her soul is Loraan, who serves as an antagonist in Athyra and Taltos of the Vlad Taltos series.
Sethra Lavode
Sethra Lavode is the third volume of The Viscount of Adrilankha, a three-volume novel by Steven Brust that collectively serves as the third novel in his Khaavren Romances. It is named after a character originally introduced in the Vlad Taltos novels, which are also set in Brust's fictional world of Dragaera.
Plot introduction
The various heroes of the series come together once again as Kâna initiates his final gambit to seize control of the fledgling Empire.
Plot summary
Zerika, the new Empress of the newly restored Dragaeran Empire, struggles to win the support of the remaining sixteen noble houses. Meanwhile, Kâna enlists the services of Illista, the second-to-last Phoenix, who was exiled in the events of The Phoenix Guards. Together with Grita and Kâna's cousin Habil, the three set in motion a grand scheme to seize the Empire. As a first step, Grita spreads her knowledge that Zerika keeps the Warlock, an Easterner, as a secret, taboo lover. Because Zerika has only knowingly shared this secret with Pel, her royal confidant, Grita hopes this will discredit the crafty Yendi. Khaavren speaks on Pel's behalf, however, and Zerika pardons him.
Reunited with his eternal companions once again, Khaavren requests a leave from duty to find his wayward son, Piro. Having fallen in love with Ibronka, who is not of his House, Piro has become a legendary bandit dubbed the Blue Fox. Khaavren locates Piro's band with the help of Pel and partially reconciles with Piro, though the issue of Piro's love remains unsettled. After Khaavren leaves, bounty hunters ambush Piro's band and kill one of his companions. Piro vows to return his slain friend's heirloom to his sister.
Sethra Lavode informs Aerich that Tazendra has disappeared. Aerich finds that her manor has been scorched and a Teckla squatter has taken residence in the abandoned building. Eventually Aerich notes a spot marked on one of Tazendra's maps and deduces that it marks Tazendra's location. Realizing that the mark was most likely planted as bait in a trap, Aerich nonetheless prepares to make the journey.
As Kâna's forces descend on Adrilankha, Sethra Lavode knows that she has military superiority, which causes her to wonder what else Kâna has planned that makes him confident in victory. She prepares her defenses and sets the Necromancer, the Warlock, and Morrolan's witches to repeat the magical help they gave in the previous battle. As the battle begins, however, all magic stops working. Sethra realizes that Kâna has let the bloody god Tri'nagore loose on the world, who has negated most forms of witchcraft, and has allowed a Jenoine access to the world, which has shut off the Orb. Meanwhile, Khaavren and Pel foil an assassination attempt on the now-helpless Zerika.
Morrolan passes up participation in the battle to return to his Eastern home of Blackchapel and take vengeance on the raiders of his home and their god, Tri'nagore. Using his Great Weapon, Blackwand, Morrolan easily levels all four raider villages, then defiles Tri'nagore's altar to challenge him to single combat. Morrolan duels the god, but cannot harm him until he manages to contact his witch circle and request a canceling spell to the god's invulnerability. The spell works despite the block on witchcraft and Morrolan slays the god.
Piro and his company locate their slain friend's sister and return the heirloom. The heirloom locates a nearby source of magic and the group investigates. In the cave where Zerika originally emerged from the Paths of the Dead, they discover Grita and Illista lying in ambush with a captive Tazendra. Aerich and Tazendra's lackey Mica also arrive. A fight breaks out, but Grita and Illista draw power from the Jenoine and become invulnerable. They mortally injure Aerich and begin systematically slaying Piro's friends. Tazendra frees herself, breaks the Jenoine's protection, and kills Illista before being killed herself by Grita. Sethra, the Necromancer, and Khaavren arrive. Piro kills Grita as Sethra and the Necromancer banish the Jenoine. Aerich shares a final moment with his friend before expiring.
With magic restored, Kâna's forces rout while he and his cousin flee. Khaavren quickly hunts down Kâna and Habil and arrests them. They are executed as traitors for warring against the Orb and nearly giving the world into the hands of the Jenoine. At the victory celebration, Zerika gives various commendations, appointing Pel to Prime Minister and raising Morrolan to Duke. However, Khaavren and Pel mourn their dead friends, as their group is now broken. Together with Piro's friends, they take their slain companions to Deathsgate Falls and perform the funeral rites. Afterwards, Khaavren has no strength to resist Piro's forbidden love and allows him to return home.
Series continuity
Aerich's confrontation with the squatter is told from the squatter's perspective in Teckla, though the accounts differ greatly.
References
External links
Book Review
NESFA Book Review
Books by Steven Brust
|
title
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The Viscount of Adrilankha is a fantasy novel by American writer Steven Brust, published in three volumes. Collectively, the three books form the third novel in the Khaavren Romances series. It is set in the fantasy world of Dragaera. Like the other books in the series, the novel is heavily influenced by and homages the d'Artagnan Romances written by Alexandre Dumas, and is written by Brust in the voice and persona of a Dragaeran novelist, Paarfi of Roundwood, whose style is a tongue-in-cheek parody of Dumas, matching both his swashbuckling sense of adventure and his penchant for tangents and longwindedness. The book's format and title correspond with The Vicomte de Bragelonne, the multi-volume third book of the d'Artagnan Romances. The Khaavren Romances books have all used Dumas novels as their chief inspiration, recasting the plots of those novels to fit within Brust's established world of Dragaera. The first five books in the cycle are inspired by the Musketeers books, while 2020's The Baron of Magister Valley uses The Count of Monte Cristo as a starting point.The three volumes of The Viscount of Adrilankha are:
The Paths of the Dead (2002)
The Lord of Castle Black (2003)
Sethra Lavode (2004)
The Paths of the Dead
The Paths of the Dead is the first volume of The Viscount of Adrilankha, a three-volume novel by Steven Brust that collectively serves as the third novel in his Khaavren Romances. It was published in 2002 by Tor Books. It is named after the Paths of the Dead in Brust's fantasy world of Dragaera.
Plot introduction
Three hundred years after the events of Five Hundred Years After, Khaavren, his old friends, and his son help the new Empress on her quest to restore the Empire.
Plot summary
A young witch enters the Eastern town of Blackchapel on a quest to find his name. After a conversation with Miska, a strange coachman, the witch receives the name Morrolan, meaning "Dark Star". He meets a fellow witch named Arra, who counsels him to pledge his soul to Verra, the Demon Goddess. He does so, and together they summon other witches to the town and build a temple. While Morrolan is in a trance, some bandits from a neighboring village sack Blackchapel. Morrolan is consumed with the desire for revenge, but he is interrupted when Miska brings Lady Teldra, an Issola, who informs Morrolan that he is both a Dragaeran and a Count of House Dragon. Morrolan vows to journey to Dragaera, receive his birthright, and then return to take vengeance.
Meanwhile, in Dragaera, three hundred years without sorcery or the authority of the Empire has ruined the land. Banditry, plague, and petty warlords reign. One warlord, Kâna, has conquered roughly a quarter of the old Empire's territory, and holds influence over another quarter. His loyal cousin and strategist Habil advises him to start a new Empire with himself as Emperor, and he summons the Princes of the sixteen noble Houses to make the proposal. The reception is generally dubious. Pel, who has become Kâna's agent, goes to speak with Sethra Lavode, and she expresses her total opposition to the plan.
In the County of Whitecrest, which has been largely untouched by the ravages of the Interregnum, Khaavren has become a broken man, weighed down by guilt over his failure to protect the Emperor and prevent Adron's Disaster. His son Piro, the Viscount of Adrilankha, has matured into a bright, bold young man. One of Piro's friends, Zivra, is summoned away on a mysterious task. Shortly thereafter, Piro himself is summoned to Dzur Mountain, the home of Sethra Lavode, on a quest. He and his companions have uneventful encounters with a bandit company and a mysterious sorceress named Orlaan. At Dzur Mountain, he learns that Zivra is really Zerika, the last Phoenix and the true Empress. He must accompany her to the Paths of the Dead to recover the Imperial Orb and restore the Empire. Their party will also include Tazendra, who has been studying under Sethra.
Pel meets with Khaavren and discovers his sorry state. Pel later contacts Aerich and together they scheme to snap their friend from his funk. They send a certain pyrologist to Adrilankha to inspect the city for signs of plague. During dinner with Khaavren and his wife, the pyrologist relates how a past failure drives him to achieve his fullest potential. Khaavren decides that he must get back into shape and help his son. He sets out with two young female houseguests, Ibronka and Röaana.
The Lords of Judgment, chief among the gods, convene and decide what to do. They note that the Empire's chief function is to help keep the Jenoine from returning. It must be restored for the good of the world. While the Orb is in their possession, they modify and improve it, and Verra decides to send a demon under her sway to help Sethra Lavode.
Zerika's band sets out and reaches the cliffs that border the Paths of the Dead. Orlaan arrives with the bandit band she commands, determined to stop them. Tazendra recognizes Orlaan as Grita, the daughter of Greycat, who was killed by Khaavren's company during the events of Five Hundred Years After. As the bandits attack, Zerika throws herself from the cliffs. Believing Zerika dead, Piro and company bitterly fight off the bandits while Tazendra drives away Grita with her superior Elder Sorcery. Zerika lands safely in the Paths and navigates her way to the Lords of Judgment. After a hard-fought debate, she convinces the gods to give her the Orb. She emerges from the Paths as Zerika the Fourth, Empress of the restored Empire.
Major themes
In the novel, the theme of a discriminating social order is prominent, and critic Stefan Ekman addresses how that theme comes out in the portrayal of the Paths of the Dead.
The Lord of Castle Black
The Lord of Castle Black is the second volume of The Viscount of Adrilankha, a three-volume novel by Steven Brust that collectively serves as the third novel in his Khaavren Romances. The novel is named after Morrolan e'Drien, a character originally introduced in the Vlad Taltos novels, which are also set in Brust's fictional world of Dragaera. It contains the backstory of Morrolan.
Plot introduction
Khaavren, Piro, and their respective friends embroil themselves in the conflicts between the newly restored Empire and the forces of the Pretender, Kâna.
Plot summary
Morrolan reaches his birthright, the County of Southmoor, which is in ruins. He enlists a number of Vallista architects and Teckla laborers to restore his family's castle into a temple.
Meanwhile, Piro, Tazendra, and their company pursue Grita, believing that she has caused the death of Zerika. Grita gathers up the bandits that previously fled her service and attacks again. Again the heroes quickly outfight the bandits and force their surrender, while Grita again flees. After the fighting, Khaavren, Aerich, and their companions happen upon the scene by chance and join with their friends. Pel, who is scouting ahead for a group of Kâna's troops, sees his friends and realizes that his service to Kâna puts him in opposition to them. He reveals himself and renounces his service, joining his friends once again. Kâna's troops attack. The bandits join with Khaavren, Piro, and the rest out of necessity and manage to outfight the troops. Realizing that they are surrounded by enemies, the group sets out for Dzur Mountain.
Morrolan's construction is progressing so well that he decides to build a castle instead of a temple. His retainers discover that the Orb has returned. Morrolan learns of the existence of sorcery and throws himself into its research while his construction continues. He decides to call his new home Castle Black, after the color symbolizing sorcery. During his study, he learns of Kâna's forces bearing down on his county and receives an Imperial order from Zerika to hold them off. Though he is not sure if he holds any loyalty to this new Empire, Morrolan needs no order to defend his land. He enlists the help of his most experienced Dragonlord retainer, Fentor, to see to the county's defences.
While preparing for battle, Morrolan learns of the existence of Sethra Lavode, who is technically his vassal due to her home, Dzur Mountain, residing within Southmoor county. Insulted that she has never sent him a tribute, he rides to Dzur Mountain and demands his due at swordpoint. Sethra quickly realizes that Morrolan does not comprehend the scope of her power, and refrains from killing him. After her servant calls her attention to a certain prophecy, she gives Morrolan a Great Weapon called Blackwand to stand for her tribute. She also lends him the services of the Necromancer, a demon sent by the gods to help Zerika's cause, to assist in the defence of Southmoor.
Khaavren and Piro's company ride in and are admitted into Castle Black, but they can provide little help. Kâna's troops close in and the battle begins. Fentor's hastily assembled defences and small conscripted army are no match for their opposition. Morrolan's various magical allies, including the Necromancer, the Warlock, and his circle of witches all lend their aide to the struggle, but it is still not enough. After consultation with his guests and various retainers, Morrolan decides to have his circle of witches levitate the Castle and his troops up to safety. He then has most of his army, which becomes the new Imperial Army, teleported to Dzur Mountain.
Grita joins with Kâna's forces and gives him information about Khaavren's companions as well as the soul that she has trapped within a staff. With these tools, Kâna and his cousin Habil begin plotting their alternate plans to seize the Empire. Habil gives Grita's staff to an Athyra necromancer and guides Kâna in the rituals of contacting the god Tri'nagore.
After a stay in Dzur Mountain, Khaavren, Piro, and company return to Whitecrest. Piro tells his father that he has fallen in love and wants to marry Ibronka, who is a Dzur. Having lived his life during the Interregnum, Piro does not appreciate the serious taboo of marrying outside of one's House in the Empire. Khaavren is mortified, and categorically refuses to consider such a breach of protocol. Piro leaves home with Ibronka and his friends and together they take up banditry.
Series continuity
Grita's staff contains the soul of Aliera, which became lost at the end of Five Hundred Years After. The necromancer who receives her soul is Loraan, who serves as an antagonist in Athyra and Taltos of the Vlad Taltos series.
Sethra Lavode
Sethra Lavode is the third volume of The Viscount of Adrilankha, a three-volume novel by Steven Brust that collectively serves as the third novel in his Khaavren Romances. It is named after a character originally introduced in the Vlad Taltos novels, which are also set in Brust's fictional world of Dragaera.
Plot introduction
The various heroes of the series come together once again as Kâna initiates his final gambit to seize control of the fledgling Empire.
Plot summary
Zerika, the new Empress of the newly restored Dragaeran Empire, struggles to win the support of the remaining sixteen noble houses. Meanwhile, Kâna enlists the services of Illista, the second-to-last Phoenix, who was exiled in the events of The Phoenix Guards. Together with Grita and Kâna's cousin Habil, the three set in motion a grand scheme to seize the Empire. As a first step, Grita spreads her knowledge that Zerika keeps the Warlock, an Easterner, as a secret, taboo lover. Because Zerika has only knowingly shared this secret with Pel, her royal confidant, Grita hopes this will discredit the crafty Yendi. Khaavren speaks on Pel's behalf, however, and Zerika pardons him.
Reunited with his eternal companions once again, Khaavren requests a leave from duty to find his wayward son, Piro. Having fallen in love with Ibronka, who is not of his House, Piro has become a legendary bandit dubbed the Blue Fox. Khaavren locates Piro's band with the help of Pel and partially reconciles with Piro, though the issue of Piro's love remains unsettled. After Khaavren leaves, bounty hunters ambush Piro's band and kill one of his companions. Piro vows to return his slain friend's heirloom to his sister.
Sethra Lavode informs Aerich that Tazendra has disappeared. Aerich finds that her manor has been scorched and a Teckla squatter has taken residence in the abandoned building. Eventually Aerich notes a spot marked on one of Tazendra's maps and deduces that it marks Tazendra's location. Realizing that the mark was most likely planted as bait in a trap, Aerich nonetheless prepares to make the journey.
As Kâna's forces descend on Adrilankha, Sethra Lavode knows that she has military superiority, which causes her to wonder what else Kâna has planned that makes him confident in victory. She prepares her defenses and sets the Necromancer, the Warlock, and Morrolan's witches to repeat the magical help they gave in the previous battle. As the battle begins, however, all magic stops working. Sethra realizes that Kâna has let the bloody god Tri'nagore loose on the world, who has negated most forms of witchcraft, and has allowed a Jenoine access to the world, which has shut off the Orb. Meanwhile, Khaavren and Pel foil an assassination attempt on the now-helpless Zerika.
Morrolan passes up participation in the battle to return to his Eastern home of Blackchapel and take vengeance on the raiders of his home and their god, Tri'nagore. Using his Great Weapon, Blackwand, Morrolan easily levels all four raider villages, then defiles Tri'nagore's altar to challenge him to single combat. Morrolan duels the god, but cannot harm him until he manages to contact his witch circle and request a canceling spell to the god's invulnerability. The spell works despite the block on witchcraft and Morrolan slays the god.
Piro and his company locate their slain friend's sister and return the heirloom. The heirloom locates a nearby source of magic and the group investigates. In the cave where Zerika originally emerged from the Paths of the Dead, they discover Grita and Illista lying in ambush with a captive Tazendra. Aerich and Tazendra's lackey Mica also arrive. A fight breaks out, but Grita and Illista draw power from the Jenoine and become invulnerable. They mortally injure Aerich and begin systematically slaying Piro's friends. Tazendra frees herself, breaks the Jenoine's protection, and kills Illista before being killed herself by Grita. Sethra, the Necromancer, and Khaavren arrive. Piro kills Grita as Sethra and the Necromancer banish the Jenoine. Aerich shares a final moment with his friend before expiring.
With magic restored, Kâna's forces rout while he and his cousin flee. Khaavren quickly hunts down Kâna and Habil and arrests them. They are executed as traitors for warring against the Orb and nearly giving the world into the hands of the Jenoine. At the victory celebration, Zerika gives various commendations, appointing Pel to Prime Minister and raising Morrolan to Duke. However, Khaavren and Pel mourn their dead friends, as their group is now broken. Together with Piro's friends, they take their slain companions to Deathsgate Falls and perform the funeral rites. Afterwards, Khaavren has no strength to resist Piro's forbidden love and allows him to return home.
Series continuity
Aerich's confrontation with the squatter is told from the squatter's perspective in Teckla, though the accounts differ greatly.
References
External links
Book Review
NESFA Book Review
Books by Steven Brust
|
form of creative work
|
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