texts
stringlengths 57
72.4k
| questions
stringlengths 4
60
| answers
dict |
|---|---|---|
Burton Green is a village and civil parish in the Warwick district of the county of Warwickshire, England, some 4.8 km (3.0 mi) northwest of Kenilworth (where the population can be found in Abbey Ward) and 8.8 km (5.5 mi) southwest of Coventry. It is mostly residential, surrounded by farmland and has a village hall, a primary school and a pub-restaurant 'Hickory's Smokehouse', formerly The Peeping Tom pub. The civil parish was created from part of Stoneleigh on 2 April 2012. It is situated directly on the border with southwestern Coventry and is contiguous with the city's Westwood Heath district, and borders the Metropolitan Borough of Solihull to the northwest. Burton Green comprises four roads: Red Lane, Hob Lane, Hodgetts Lane and Cromwell Lane. There is a disused water tower off Cromwell Lane, which has now been converted into a luxury private home.
High Speed 2
The route for the currently under construction high-speed rail line High Speed 2, from London to Birmingham, will run underneath the centre of Burton Green in a 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi) tunnel, reusing a disused rail route - the former junction between Kenilworth and Berkswell bypassing Coventry, that closed in 1969 and became a Greenway. The village hall, which lies in the path of the new railway, is due to be demolished and replaced with a new facility in a different location.
References
External links
Website devoted to Burton Green
Village Hall website
Proposed route for High Speed 2 rail line
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
18
],
"text": [
"village"
]
}
|
Burton Green is a village and civil parish in the Warwick district of the county of Warwickshire, England, some 4.8 km (3.0 mi) northwest of Kenilworth (where the population can be found in Abbey Ward) and 8.8 km (5.5 mi) southwest of Coventry. It is mostly residential, surrounded by farmland and has a village hall, a primary school and a pub-restaurant 'Hickory's Smokehouse', formerly The Peeping Tom pub. The civil parish was created from part of Stoneleigh on 2 April 2012. It is situated directly on the border with southwestern Coventry and is contiguous with the city's Westwood Heath district, and borders the Metropolitan Borough of Solihull to the northwest. Burton Green comprises four roads: Red Lane, Hob Lane, Hodgetts Lane and Cromwell Lane. There is a disused water tower off Cromwell Lane, which has now been converted into a luxury private home.
High Speed 2
The route for the currently under construction high-speed rail line High Speed 2, from London to Birmingham, will run underneath the centre of Burton Green in a 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi) tunnel, reusing a disused rail route - the former junction between Kenilworth and Berkswell bypassing Coventry, that closed in 1969 and became a Greenway. The village hall, which lies in the path of the new railway, is due to be demolished and replaced with a new facility in a different location.
References
External links
Website devoted to Burton Green
Village Hall website
Proposed route for High Speed 2 rail line
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
50
],
"text": [
"Warwick"
]
}
|
Burton Green is a village and civil parish in the Warwick district of the county of Warwickshire, England, some 4.8 km (3.0 mi) northwest of Kenilworth (where the population can be found in Abbey Ward) and 8.8 km (5.5 mi) southwest of Coventry. It is mostly residential, surrounded by farmland and has a village hall, a primary school and a pub-restaurant 'Hickory's Smokehouse', formerly The Peeping Tom pub. The civil parish was created from part of Stoneleigh on 2 April 2012. It is situated directly on the border with southwestern Coventry and is contiguous with the city's Westwood Heath district, and borders the Metropolitan Borough of Solihull to the northwest. Burton Green comprises four roads: Red Lane, Hob Lane, Hodgetts Lane and Cromwell Lane. There is a disused water tower off Cromwell Lane, which has now been converted into a luxury private home.
High Speed 2
The route for the currently under construction high-speed rail line High Speed 2, from London to Birmingham, will run underneath the centre of Burton Green in a 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi) tunnel, reusing a disused rail route - the former junction between Kenilworth and Berkswell bypassing Coventry, that closed in 1969 and became a Greenway. The village hall, which lies in the path of the new railway, is due to be demolished and replaced with a new facility in a different location.
References
External links
Website devoted to Burton Green
Village Hall website
Proposed route for High Speed 2 rail line
|
historic county
|
{
"answer_start": [
84
],
"text": [
"Warwickshire"
]
}
|
Cybocephalus nigritulus is a species of sap, bark and fungus beetles in the family Cybocephalidae. It is found in North America. It can grow to be 1.0 mm to 1.55 mm in size.
References
== Further reading ==
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
29
],
"text": [
"species"
]
}
|
Cybocephalus nigritulus is a species of sap, bark and fungus beetles in the family Cybocephalidae. It is found in North America. It can grow to be 1.0 mm to 1.55 mm in size.
References
== Further reading ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Cybocephalus"
]
}
|
Cybocephalus nigritulus is a species of sap, bark and fungus beetles in the family Cybocephalidae. It is found in North America. It can grow to be 1.0 mm to 1.55 mm in size.
References
== Further reading ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Cybocephalus nigritulus"
]
}
|
Jolanda Felicia Jones (born November 6, 1965) is an American attorney, politician, and television personality, as well as a former city councilor and heptathlete. Jones, a Democrat, is currently a member of the Texas House of Representatives, representing the 147th district. She was sworn in on May 18, 2022.
Early life and education
Jones, the oldest of five children, was born to John Ferrell Jones and Gwendolyn Jean West and raised in Houston's Third Ward. During her childhood, she lost her father, brother, and immediate family members to either suicide or murder. Despite her tough circumstances, Jones' mother was insistent that she succeed academically. At Elsik High School, Jones was an All-American basketball player and track and field athlete. She earned an athletic scholarship to the University of Houston, and graduated with a political science degree. At the 1987 Pan American Games she won bronze, and in 1989 she was US champion. Representing the University of Houston, she was a three time NCAA champion (1986, 1987, 1989). In 1995, she earned her J.D. from the University of Houston Law Center.In 2004, she competed in Survivor: Palau, where she was the third person eliminated from the game, finishing in 18th place. From 2008 until 2011 she was a member of the Houston City Council, school board member and is a criminal defense lawyer in Texas. In 2016, she appeared on the reality series "Sisters in Law", which focused on several Black female attorneys practicing in Houston, Texas.Jones is openly lesbian, though she was once married to an abusive husband. Her experiences made her an advocate for LGBTQ causes and domestic violence victims. In May 2022, Jones became the first Black member of the LGBTQ community elected to the Texas state legislature after winning the special election to succeed retiring Representative Garnet Coleman in the Texas House District 147.
References
External links
Official website
Profile at trackfield.brinkster.net
|
sex or gender
|
{
"answer_start": [
1465
],
"text": [
"female"
]
}
|
Jolanda Felicia Jones (born November 6, 1965) is an American attorney, politician, and television personality, as well as a former city councilor and heptathlete. Jones, a Democrat, is currently a member of the Texas House of Representatives, representing the 147th district. She was sworn in on May 18, 2022.
Early life and education
Jones, the oldest of five children, was born to John Ferrell Jones and Gwendolyn Jean West and raised in Houston's Third Ward. During her childhood, she lost her father, brother, and immediate family members to either suicide or murder. Despite her tough circumstances, Jones' mother was insistent that she succeed academically. At Elsik High School, Jones was an All-American basketball player and track and field athlete. She earned an athletic scholarship to the University of Houston, and graduated with a political science degree. At the 1987 Pan American Games she won bronze, and in 1989 she was US champion. Representing the University of Houston, she was a three time NCAA champion (1986, 1987, 1989). In 1995, she earned her J.D. from the University of Houston Law Center.In 2004, she competed in Survivor: Palau, where she was the third person eliminated from the game, finishing in 18th place. From 2008 until 2011 she was a member of the Houston City Council, school board member and is a criminal defense lawyer in Texas. In 2016, she appeared on the reality series "Sisters in Law", which focused on several Black female attorneys practicing in Houston, Texas.Jones is openly lesbian, though she was once married to an abusive husband. Her experiences made her an advocate for LGBTQ causes and domestic violence victims. In May 2022, Jones became the first Black member of the LGBTQ community elected to the Texas state legislature after winning the special election to succeed retiring Representative Garnet Coleman in the Texas House District 147.
References
External links
Official website
Profile at trackfield.brinkster.net
|
educated at
|
{
"answer_start": [
802
],
"text": [
"University of Houston"
]
}
|
Jolanda Felicia Jones (born November 6, 1965) is an American attorney, politician, and television personality, as well as a former city councilor and heptathlete. Jones, a Democrat, is currently a member of the Texas House of Representatives, representing the 147th district. She was sworn in on May 18, 2022.
Early life and education
Jones, the oldest of five children, was born to John Ferrell Jones and Gwendolyn Jean West and raised in Houston's Third Ward. During her childhood, she lost her father, brother, and immediate family members to either suicide or murder. Despite her tough circumstances, Jones' mother was insistent that she succeed academically. At Elsik High School, Jones was an All-American basketball player and track and field athlete. She earned an athletic scholarship to the University of Houston, and graduated with a political science degree. At the 1987 Pan American Games she won bronze, and in 1989 she was US champion. Representing the University of Houston, she was a three time NCAA champion (1986, 1987, 1989). In 1995, she earned her J.D. from the University of Houston Law Center.In 2004, she competed in Survivor: Palau, where she was the third person eliminated from the game, finishing in 18th place. From 2008 until 2011 she was a member of the Houston City Council, school board member and is a criminal defense lawyer in Texas. In 2016, she appeared on the reality series "Sisters in Law", which focused on several Black female attorneys practicing in Houston, Texas.Jones is openly lesbian, though she was once married to an abusive husband. Her experiences made her an advocate for LGBTQ causes and domestic violence victims. In May 2022, Jones became the first Black member of the LGBTQ community elected to the Texas state legislature after winning the special election to succeed retiring Representative Garnet Coleman in the Texas House District 147.
References
External links
Official website
Profile at trackfield.brinkster.net
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
1355
],
"text": [
"lawyer"
]
}
|
Jolanda Felicia Jones (born November 6, 1965) is an American attorney, politician, and television personality, as well as a former city councilor and heptathlete. Jones, a Democrat, is currently a member of the Texas House of Representatives, representing the 147th district. She was sworn in on May 18, 2022.
Early life and education
Jones, the oldest of five children, was born to John Ferrell Jones and Gwendolyn Jean West and raised in Houston's Third Ward. During her childhood, she lost her father, brother, and immediate family members to either suicide or murder. Despite her tough circumstances, Jones' mother was insistent that she succeed academically. At Elsik High School, Jones was an All-American basketball player and track and field athlete. She earned an athletic scholarship to the University of Houston, and graduated with a political science degree. At the 1987 Pan American Games she won bronze, and in 1989 she was US champion. Representing the University of Houston, she was a three time NCAA champion (1986, 1987, 1989). In 1995, she earned her J.D. from the University of Houston Law Center.In 2004, she competed in Survivor: Palau, where she was the third person eliminated from the game, finishing in 18th place. From 2008 until 2011 she was a member of the Houston City Council, school board member and is a criminal defense lawyer in Texas. In 2016, she appeared on the reality series "Sisters in Law", which focused on several Black female attorneys practicing in Houston, Texas.Jones is openly lesbian, though she was once married to an abusive husband. Her experiences made her an advocate for LGBTQ causes and domestic violence victims. In May 2022, Jones became the first Black member of the LGBTQ community elected to the Texas state legislature after winning the special election to succeed retiring Representative Garnet Coleman in the Texas House District 147.
References
External links
Official website
Profile at trackfield.brinkster.net
|
residence
|
{
"answer_start": [
441
],
"text": [
"Houston"
]
}
|
Jolanda Felicia Jones (born November 6, 1965) is an American attorney, politician, and television personality, as well as a former city councilor and heptathlete. Jones, a Democrat, is currently a member of the Texas House of Representatives, representing the 147th district. She was sworn in on May 18, 2022.
Early life and education
Jones, the oldest of five children, was born to John Ferrell Jones and Gwendolyn Jean West and raised in Houston's Third Ward. During her childhood, she lost her father, brother, and immediate family members to either suicide or murder. Despite her tough circumstances, Jones' mother was insistent that she succeed academically. At Elsik High School, Jones was an All-American basketball player and track and field athlete. She earned an athletic scholarship to the University of Houston, and graduated with a political science degree. At the 1987 Pan American Games she won bronze, and in 1989 she was US champion. Representing the University of Houston, she was a three time NCAA champion (1986, 1987, 1989). In 1995, she earned her J.D. from the University of Houston Law Center.In 2004, she competed in Survivor: Palau, where she was the third person eliminated from the game, finishing in 18th place. From 2008 until 2011 she was a member of the Houston City Council, school board member and is a criminal defense lawyer in Texas. In 2016, she appeared on the reality series "Sisters in Law", which focused on several Black female attorneys practicing in Houston, Texas.Jones is openly lesbian, though she was once married to an abusive husband. Her experiences made her an advocate for LGBTQ causes and domestic violence victims. In May 2022, Jones became the first Black member of the LGBTQ community elected to the Texas state legislature after winning the special election to succeed retiring Representative Garnet Coleman in the Texas House District 147.
References
External links
Official website
Profile at trackfield.brinkster.net
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
16
],
"text": [
"Jones"
]
}
|
Jolanda Felicia Jones (born November 6, 1965) is an American attorney, politician, and television personality, as well as a former city councilor and heptathlete. Jones, a Democrat, is currently a member of the Texas House of Representatives, representing the 147th district. She was sworn in on May 18, 2022.
Early life and education
Jones, the oldest of five children, was born to John Ferrell Jones and Gwendolyn Jean West and raised in Houston's Third Ward. During her childhood, she lost her father, brother, and immediate family members to either suicide or murder. Despite her tough circumstances, Jones' mother was insistent that she succeed academically. At Elsik High School, Jones was an All-American basketball player and track and field athlete. She earned an athletic scholarship to the University of Houston, and graduated with a political science degree. At the 1987 Pan American Games she won bronze, and in 1989 she was US champion. Representing the University of Houston, she was a three time NCAA champion (1986, 1987, 1989). In 1995, she earned her J.D. from the University of Houston Law Center.In 2004, she competed in Survivor: Palau, where she was the third person eliminated from the game, finishing in 18th place. From 2008 until 2011 she was a member of the Houston City Council, school board member and is a criminal defense lawyer in Texas. In 2016, she appeared on the reality series "Sisters in Law", which focused on several Black female attorneys practicing in Houston, Texas.Jones is openly lesbian, though she was once married to an abusive husband. Her experiences made her an advocate for LGBTQ causes and domestic violence victims. In May 2022, Jones became the first Black member of the LGBTQ community elected to the Texas state legislature after winning the special election to succeed retiring Representative Garnet Coleman in the Texas House District 147.
References
External links
Official website
Profile at trackfield.brinkster.net
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Jolanda"
]
}
|
Jolanda Felicia Jones (born November 6, 1965) is an American attorney, politician, and television personality, as well as a former city councilor and heptathlete. Jones, a Democrat, is currently a member of the Texas House of Representatives, representing the 147th district. She was sworn in on May 18, 2022.
Early life and education
Jones, the oldest of five children, was born to John Ferrell Jones and Gwendolyn Jean West and raised in Houston's Third Ward. During her childhood, she lost her father, brother, and immediate family members to either suicide or murder. Despite her tough circumstances, Jones' mother was insistent that she succeed academically. At Elsik High School, Jones was an All-American basketball player and track and field athlete. She earned an athletic scholarship to the University of Houston, and graduated with a political science degree. At the 1987 Pan American Games she won bronze, and in 1989 she was US champion. Representing the University of Houston, she was a three time NCAA champion (1986, 1987, 1989). In 1995, she earned her J.D. from the University of Houston Law Center.In 2004, she competed in Survivor: Palau, where she was the third person eliminated from the game, finishing in 18th place. From 2008 until 2011 she was a member of the Houston City Council, school board member and is a criminal defense lawyer in Texas. In 2016, she appeared on the reality series "Sisters in Law", which focused on several Black female attorneys practicing in Houston, Texas.Jones is openly lesbian, though she was once married to an abusive husband. Her experiences made her an advocate for LGBTQ causes and domestic violence victims. In May 2022, Jones became the first Black member of the LGBTQ community elected to the Texas state legislature after winning the special election to succeed retiring Representative Garnet Coleman in the Texas House District 147.
References
External links
Official website
Profile at trackfield.brinkster.net
|
participant in
|
{
"answer_start": [
879
],
"text": [
"1987 Pan American Games"
]
}
|
Makoto Fuchigami (淵上 誠, Fuchigami Makoto) is a Japanese professional boxer. He has 23 wins, 12 losses, with 14 of those wins coming by way of knockout. He fights in the middleweight division. Fuchigami became the Japanese middleweight champion in 2010. On May 12, 2012, Fuchigami fought Gennady Golovkin for the WBA and IBO Middleweight championship of the world in Kyiv, Ukraine. Fuchigami was defeated by TKO in the third round.
References
External links
BoxRec profile
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
47
],
"text": [
"Japan"
]
}
|
Makoto Fuchigami (淵上 誠, Fuchigami Makoto) is a Japanese professional boxer. He has 23 wins, 12 losses, with 14 of those wins coming by way of knockout. He fights in the middleweight division. Fuchigami became the Japanese middleweight champion in 2010. On May 12, 2012, Fuchigami fought Gennady Golovkin for the WBA and IBO Middleweight championship of the world in Kyiv, Ukraine. Fuchigami was defeated by TKO in the third round.
References
External links
BoxRec profile
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
69
],
"text": [
"boxer"
]
}
|
Makoto Fuchigami (淵上 誠, Fuchigami Makoto) is a Japanese professional boxer. He has 23 wins, 12 losses, with 14 of those wins coming by way of knockout. He fights in the middleweight division. Fuchigami became the Japanese middleweight champion in 2010. On May 12, 2012, Fuchigami fought Gennady Golovkin for the WBA and IBO Middleweight championship of the world in Kyiv, Ukraine. Fuchigami was defeated by TKO in the third round.
References
External links
BoxRec profile
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
7
],
"text": [
"Fuchigami"
]
}
|
Makoto Fuchigami (淵上 誠, Fuchigami Makoto) is a Japanese professional boxer. He has 23 wins, 12 losses, with 14 of those wins coming by way of knockout. He fights in the middleweight division. Fuchigami became the Japanese middleweight champion in 2010. On May 12, 2012, Fuchigami fought Gennady Golovkin for the WBA and IBO Middleweight championship of the world in Kyiv, Ukraine. Fuchigami was defeated by TKO in the third round.
References
External links
BoxRec profile
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Makoto"
]
}
|
Makoto Fuchigami (淵上 誠, Fuchigami Makoto) is a Japanese professional boxer. He has 23 wins, 12 losses, with 14 of those wins coming by way of knockout. He fights in the middleweight division. Fuchigami became the Japanese middleweight champion in 2010. On May 12, 2012, Fuchigami fought Gennady Golovkin for the WBA and IBO Middleweight championship of the world in Kyiv, Ukraine. Fuchigami was defeated by TKO in the third round.
References
External links
BoxRec profile
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
47
],
"text": [
"Japanese"
]
}
|
Makoto Fuchigami (淵上 誠, Fuchigami Makoto) is a Japanese professional boxer. He has 23 wins, 12 losses, with 14 of those wins coming by way of knockout. He fights in the middleweight division. Fuchigami became the Japanese middleweight champion in 2010. On May 12, 2012, Fuchigami fought Gennady Golovkin for the WBA and IBO Middleweight championship of the world in Kyiv, Ukraine. Fuchigami was defeated by TKO in the third round.
References
External links
BoxRec profile
|
sports discipline competed in
|
{
"answer_start": [
169
],
"text": [
"middleweight"
]
}
|
Stonemouth is a 2012 novel by Scottish author Iain Banks. The novel was published on 5 April 2012 by Little, Brown and Company and follows a man returning to a small seaport town after being forced to flee five years earlier. The Irish Times picked the book as one of their "Books to Read in 2012".
Plot summary
Stewart Gilmour returns to Stonemouth, a fictional seaport town north of Aberdeen, for a funeral. It is five years since he ran away to London after a sexual indiscretion at a wedding. Stonemouth is controlled by two rival gangs, the Murstons and the MacAvetts, and Gilmour was engaged to a member of the former clan before he had to leave.
Reception
Critical reception for Stonemouth was mostly positive. Some criticisms of the book included some of the references to modern technology being "unauthentic", while praise for the novel centred on the plot's mystery.
Adaptation
An adaptation for BBC Television was announced in 2014, starring Christian Cooke as Stewart Gilmour, with Peter Mullan, Sharon Small and Gary Lewis. Location filming took place in Macduff, Aberdeenshire in November 2014. It premiered on 8 June 2015 on BBC One Scotland, and 11 June 2015 on BBC Two in the rest of the UK.
== References ==
|
author
|
{
"answer_start": [
46
],
"text": [
"Iain Banks"
]
}
|
Stonemouth is a 2012 novel by Scottish author Iain Banks. The novel was published on 5 April 2012 by Little, Brown and Company and follows a man returning to a small seaport town after being forced to flee five years earlier. The Irish Times picked the book as one of their "Books to Read in 2012".
Plot summary
Stewart Gilmour returns to Stonemouth, a fictional seaport town north of Aberdeen, for a funeral. It is five years since he ran away to London after a sexual indiscretion at a wedding. Stonemouth is controlled by two rival gangs, the Murstons and the MacAvetts, and Gilmour was engaged to a member of the former clan before he had to leave.
Reception
Critical reception for Stonemouth was mostly positive. Some criticisms of the book included some of the references to modern technology being "unauthentic", while praise for the novel centred on the plot's mystery.
Adaptation
An adaptation for BBC Television was announced in 2014, starring Christian Cooke as Stewart Gilmour, with Peter Mullan, Sharon Small and Gary Lewis. Location filming took place in Macduff, Aberdeenshire in November 2014. It premiered on 8 June 2015 on BBC One Scotland, and 11 June 2015 on BBC Two in the rest of the UK.
== References ==
|
publisher
|
{
"answer_start": [
101
],
"text": [
"Little, Brown and Company"
]
}
|
Stonemouth is a 2012 novel by Scottish author Iain Banks. The novel was published on 5 April 2012 by Little, Brown and Company and follows a man returning to a small seaport town after being forced to flee five years earlier. The Irish Times picked the book as one of their "Books to Read in 2012".
Plot summary
Stewart Gilmour returns to Stonemouth, a fictional seaport town north of Aberdeen, for a funeral. It is five years since he ran away to London after a sexual indiscretion at a wedding. Stonemouth is controlled by two rival gangs, the Murstons and the MacAvetts, and Gilmour was engaged to a member of the former clan before he had to leave.
Reception
Critical reception for Stonemouth was mostly positive. Some criticisms of the book included some of the references to modern technology being "unauthentic", while praise for the novel centred on the plot's mystery.
Adaptation
An adaptation for BBC Television was announced in 2014, starring Christian Cooke as Stewart Gilmour, with Peter Mullan, Sharon Small and Gary Lewis. Location filming took place in Macduff, Aberdeenshire in November 2014. It premiered on 8 June 2015 on BBC One Scotland, and 11 June 2015 on BBC Two in the rest of the UK.
== References ==
|
country of origin
|
{
"answer_start": [
1152
],
"text": [
"Scotland"
]
}
|
Stonemouth is a 2012 novel by Scottish author Iain Banks. The novel was published on 5 April 2012 by Little, Brown and Company and follows a man returning to a small seaport town after being forced to flee five years earlier. The Irish Times picked the book as one of their "Books to Read in 2012".
Plot summary
Stewart Gilmour returns to Stonemouth, a fictional seaport town north of Aberdeen, for a funeral. It is five years since he ran away to London after a sexual indiscretion at a wedding. Stonemouth is controlled by two rival gangs, the Murstons and the MacAvetts, and Gilmour was engaged to a member of the former clan before he had to leave.
Reception
Critical reception for Stonemouth was mostly positive. Some criticisms of the book included some of the references to modern technology being "unauthentic", while praise for the novel centred on the plot's mystery.
Adaptation
An adaptation for BBC Television was announced in 2014, starring Christian Cooke as Stewart Gilmour, with Peter Mullan, Sharon Small and Gary Lewis. Location filming took place in Macduff, Aberdeenshire in November 2014. It premiered on 8 June 2015 on BBC One Scotland, and 11 June 2015 on BBC Two in the rest of the UK.
== References ==
|
narrative location
|
{
"answer_start": [
1081
],
"text": [
"Aberdeenshire"
]
}
|
Stonemouth is a 2012 novel by Scottish author Iain Banks. The novel was published on 5 April 2012 by Little, Brown and Company and follows a man returning to a small seaport town after being forced to flee five years earlier. The Irish Times picked the book as one of their "Books to Read in 2012".
Plot summary
Stewart Gilmour returns to Stonemouth, a fictional seaport town north of Aberdeen, for a funeral. It is five years since he ran away to London after a sexual indiscretion at a wedding. Stonemouth is controlled by two rival gangs, the Murstons and the MacAvetts, and Gilmour was engaged to a member of the former clan before he had to leave.
Reception
Critical reception for Stonemouth was mostly positive. Some criticisms of the book included some of the references to modern technology being "unauthentic", while praise for the novel centred on the plot's mystery.
Adaptation
An adaptation for BBC Television was announced in 2014, starring Christian Cooke as Stewart Gilmour, with Peter Mullan, Sharon Small and Gary Lewis. Location filming took place in Macduff, Aberdeenshire in November 2014. It premiered on 8 June 2015 on BBC One Scotland, and 11 June 2015 on BBC Two in the rest of the UK.
== References ==
|
title
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Stonemouth"
]
}
|
Stonemouth is a 2012 novel by Scottish author Iain Banks. The novel was published on 5 April 2012 by Little, Brown and Company and follows a man returning to a small seaport town after being forced to flee five years earlier. The Irish Times picked the book as one of their "Books to Read in 2012".
Plot summary
Stewart Gilmour returns to Stonemouth, a fictional seaport town north of Aberdeen, for a funeral. It is five years since he ran away to London after a sexual indiscretion at a wedding. Stonemouth is controlled by two rival gangs, the Murstons and the MacAvetts, and Gilmour was engaged to a member of the former clan before he had to leave.
Reception
Critical reception for Stonemouth was mostly positive. Some criticisms of the book included some of the references to modern technology being "unauthentic", while praise for the novel centred on the plot's mystery.
Adaptation
An adaptation for BBC Television was announced in 2014, starring Christian Cooke as Stewart Gilmour, with Peter Mullan, Sharon Small and Gary Lewis. Location filming took place in Macduff, Aberdeenshire in November 2014. It premiered on 8 June 2015 on BBC One Scotland, and 11 June 2015 on BBC Two in the rest of the UK.
== References ==
|
form of creative work
|
{
"answer_start": [
21
],
"text": [
"novel"
]
}
|
Selangor Young People Secretariat or in Malay: Sekreteriat Orang Muda Selangor (SERANG) which is a Non-government organization (NGO) that fight for the issues of young people in Selangor. and to monitor the administration of the state of Selangor which is led by the Pakatan Rakyat (PR) and its successor Pakatan Harapan (PH). They usually organize carnivals, stage performance and poem recitation in order to attract more young people to their cause. SERANG incumbent chairman is Budiman Mohd Zohdi who was the Selangor state legislative assemblyman (MLA) for the Sungai Panjang constituency (2013-2018) and was also the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Sungai Besar constituency (2016-2018) from United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) the main party of Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition.
Some of the issues brought forward by Budiman and his comrades are the free education promised by the state government.
References
External links
SERANG Facebook Page
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
114
],
"text": [
"organization"
]
}
|
Selangor Young People Secretariat or in Malay: Sekreteriat Orang Muda Selangor (SERANG) which is a Non-government organization (NGO) that fight for the issues of young people in Selangor. and to monitor the administration of the state of Selangor which is led by the Pakatan Rakyat (PR) and its successor Pakatan Harapan (PH). They usually organize carnivals, stage performance and poem recitation in order to attract more young people to their cause. SERANG incumbent chairman is Budiman Mohd Zohdi who was the Selangor state legislative assemblyman (MLA) for the Sungai Panjang constituency (2013-2018) and was also the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Sungai Besar constituency (2016-2018) from United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) the main party of Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition.
Some of the issues brought forward by Budiman and his comrades are the free education promised by the state government.
References
External links
SERANG Facebook Page
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Selangor"
]
}
|
Skórzyn [ˈskuʐɨn] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kotla, within Głogów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Prior to 1945 it was in Germany.
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
145
],
"text": [
"Poland"
]
}
|
Skórzyn [ˈskuʐɨn] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kotla, within Głogów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Prior to 1945 it was in Germany.
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
65
],
"text": [
"Gmina Kotla"
]
}
|
Der Meister und Margarita (The Master and Margarita) is an opera in two acts by York Höller. The libretto, also by Höller, is based on Mikhail Bulgakov's novel, The Master and Margarita. Höller composed the work between 1984 and 1989, and revised it in 2008.Der Meister und Margarita was premiered at the Paris Opéra (Palais Garnier) on 20 May 1989, staged by Hans Neuenfels and conducted by Lothar Zagrosek, with Roland Herrmann and Karan Armstrong in the title roles. It was recorded in 2000 by the Gürzenich Orchestra Cologne, again conducted by Zagrosek, with Richard Salter, Marilyn Schmiege and Franz Mazura in leading roles.
Roles
References
External links
Der Meister und Margarita comes home The Opera Critic, September 2013
Der Meister und Margarita - Hamburgische Staatsoper Opera Online
Der Meister und Margarita on masterandmargarita.eu, a website devoted to Mikhail Bulgakov's novel and its many adaptations
|
composer
|
{
"answer_start": [
80
],
"text": [
"York Höller"
]
}
|
Der Meister und Margarita (The Master and Margarita) is an opera in two acts by York Höller. The libretto, also by Höller, is based on Mikhail Bulgakov's novel, The Master and Margarita. Höller composed the work between 1984 and 1989, and revised it in 2008.Der Meister und Margarita was premiered at the Paris Opéra (Palais Garnier) on 20 May 1989, staged by Hans Neuenfels and conducted by Lothar Zagrosek, with Roland Herrmann and Karan Armstrong in the title roles. It was recorded in 2000 by the Gürzenich Orchestra Cologne, again conducted by Zagrosek, with Richard Salter, Marilyn Schmiege and Franz Mazura in leading roles.
Roles
References
External links
Der Meister und Margarita comes home The Opera Critic, September 2013
Der Meister und Margarita - Hamburgische Staatsoper Opera Online
Der Meister und Margarita on masterandmargarita.eu, a website devoted to Mikhail Bulgakov's novel and its many adaptations
|
librettist
|
{
"answer_start": [
80
],
"text": [
"York Höller"
]
}
|
Der Meister und Margarita (The Master and Margarita) is an opera in two acts by York Höller. The libretto, also by Höller, is based on Mikhail Bulgakov's novel, The Master and Margarita. Höller composed the work between 1984 and 1989, and revised it in 2008.Der Meister und Margarita was premiered at the Paris Opéra (Palais Garnier) on 20 May 1989, staged by Hans Neuenfels and conducted by Lothar Zagrosek, with Roland Herrmann and Karan Armstrong in the title roles. It was recorded in 2000 by the Gürzenich Orchestra Cologne, again conducted by Zagrosek, with Richard Salter, Marilyn Schmiege and Franz Mazura in leading roles.
Roles
References
External links
Der Meister und Margarita comes home The Opera Critic, September 2013
Der Meister und Margarita - Hamburgische Staatsoper Opera Online
Der Meister und Margarita on masterandmargarita.eu, a website devoted to Mikhail Bulgakov's novel and its many adaptations
|
based on
|
{
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"The Master and Margarita"
]
}
|
Der Meister und Margarita (The Master and Margarita) is an opera in two acts by York Höller. The libretto, also by Höller, is based on Mikhail Bulgakov's novel, The Master and Margarita. Höller composed the work between 1984 and 1989, and revised it in 2008.Der Meister und Margarita was premiered at the Paris Opéra (Palais Garnier) on 20 May 1989, staged by Hans Neuenfels and conducted by Lothar Zagrosek, with Roland Herrmann and Karan Armstrong in the title roles. It was recorded in 2000 by the Gürzenich Orchestra Cologne, again conducted by Zagrosek, with Richard Salter, Marilyn Schmiege and Franz Mazura in leading roles.
Roles
References
External links
Der Meister und Margarita comes home The Opera Critic, September 2013
Der Meister und Margarita - Hamburgische Staatsoper Opera Online
Der Meister und Margarita on masterandmargarita.eu, a website devoted to Mikhail Bulgakov's novel and its many adaptations
|
characters
|
{
"answer_start": [
16
],
"text": [
"Margarita"
]
}
|
Der Meister und Margarita (The Master and Margarita) is an opera in two acts by York Höller. The libretto, also by Höller, is based on Mikhail Bulgakov's novel, The Master and Margarita. Höller composed the work between 1984 and 1989, and revised it in 2008.Der Meister und Margarita was premiered at the Paris Opéra (Palais Garnier) on 20 May 1989, staged by Hans Neuenfels and conducted by Lothar Zagrosek, with Roland Herrmann and Karan Armstrong in the title roles. It was recorded in 2000 by the Gürzenich Orchestra Cologne, again conducted by Zagrosek, with Richard Salter, Marilyn Schmiege and Franz Mazura in leading roles.
Roles
References
External links
Der Meister und Margarita comes home The Opera Critic, September 2013
Der Meister und Margarita - Hamburgische Staatsoper Opera Online
Der Meister und Margarita on masterandmargarita.eu, a website devoted to Mikhail Bulgakov's novel and its many adaptations
|
location of first performance
|
{
"answer_start": [
319
],
"text": [
"Palais Garnier"
]
}
|
Der Meister und Margarita (The Master and Margarita) is an opera in two acts by York Höller. The libretto, also by Höller, is based on Mikhail Bulgakov's novel, The Master and Margarita. Höller composed the work between 1984 and 1989, and revised it in 2008.Der Meister und Margarita was premiered at the Paris Opéra (Palais Garnier) on 20 May 1989, staged by Hans Neuenfels and conducted by Lothar Zagrosek, with Roland Herrmann and Karan Armstrong in the title roles. It was recorded in 2000 by the Gürzenich Orchestra Cologne, again conducted by Zagrosek, with Richard Salter, Marilyn Schmiege and Franz Mazura in leading roles.
Roles
References
External links
Der Meister und Margarita comes home The Opera Critic, September 2013
Der Meister und Margarita - Hamburgische Staatsoper Opera Online
Der Meister und Margarita on masterandmargarita.eu, a website devoted to Mikhail Bulgakov's novel and its many adaptations
|
form of creative work
|
{
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"opera"
]
}
|
R4M, abbreviation for Rakete, 4 kilogramm, Minenkopf (English: Rocket, 4 kilogram, Mine-head), also known by the nickname Orkan (English: Hurricane) due to its distinctive smoke trail when fired, was a folding-fin air-to-air rocket used by the Luftwaffe at the end of World War II.
The R4M was used on several late war German combat aircraft, most notably the Messerschmitt Me 262, and could be fired from open ramps under aircraft wings or from tubes inside under-wing rocket pods. It featured a high capacity "mine shell" equivalent warhead filled with 520 g (1.15 lb) of the explosive-mixture HTA 41 (also known as HTA 15), which consists of 40% Hexogen (RDX), 45% TNT and 15% aluminium. The shell-walls of the warhead were only 0.8 mm (0.0315 in) thick.Besides the air-to-air warhead the rocket could also be outfitted with shaped charge warheads for air-to-ground use, then called R4HL for hohlladung (English: hollow charge). These warheads were called Panzerblitz (English: Armor-lightning) and existed in two primary versions: Panzerblitz 2 (PB 2), consisting of an 88 mm Panzerschreck warhead fitted with a ballistic cap, and Panzerblitz 3 (PB 3), consisting of the original 55 mm mine-warhead modified to be a shaped-charge.
Development
The R4M was developed in order to deal with the increasing weight of anti-bomber weapons being deployed by Luftwaffe fighters. The primary anti-bomber weapon of the Luftwaffe for much of the war was the 20 mm MG 151/20 autocannon, which was compact enough to be mounted in an internal wing bay mounting in the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 (up to 4 cannon, or 6 with optional twin-gun underwing pods) and also fitted on the centerline of Bf 109G fighters, firing through the propeller spinner as a Motorkanone. This could be supplemented by an additional pair of cannon in drag-inducing underwing gun pods, but it was found that it took an average of twenty 20 mm hits to shoot down a typical four-engined Allied bomber. The MG 151/20 was subsequently supplemented with or replaced by the 30 mm MK 108 cannon, which replaced the centerline Motorkanone-mount MG 151/20 on many Bf 109's, and could be fitted into slightly larger underwing pods, which could be used on either the Bf 109 or Fw 190. This heavier-caliber cannon could bring down a bomber with an average of one to three hits. However the MK 108 was much heavier and the larger calibre ammunition made it difficult to carry more than one or two "passes" worth. Worse, the low muzzle velocity of this gun meant it had a very short range and suffered a ballistic drop of over 41 metres at 1,000 metres range after firing. In approaching close enough to get hits, the fighters placed themselves within the range of the dozens of AN/M2 "light barrel" Browning defensive machine guns that a combat box formation of a typical USAAF heavy bomber raid possessed, from nearly any approach direction. The more powerful MK 103 cannon had higher muzzle velocity and increased range, at the cost of greatly increased weight, size (barrel length of 1.34 meters, or 52-3/4 inches) and much lower rate of fire: 380-420 RPM vs. 600-650 RPM for the MK 108.
Also, the Nebelwerfer 42-derived Werfer-Granate 21 (Wfr. Gr. 21, or Bordrakete BR 21) rockets fitted to Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Bf 110, and Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighters, used to break up the USAAF combat box bomber formations, had launch tubes that were not only drag-producing, due to their exposed five-strut under-wing mounting, but also from the fact that the launch tubes needed to be aimed upwards at some 15° from level flight, to counter the BR 21 rocket projectile's considerable ballistic drop after firing. This added to the already considerable drag the launch tube mountings created, and contributed to the Wfr. Gr 21's relatively slow projectile velocity of 1,150 km/h (320 m/s; 710 mph), approximately 60% of the 505 m/s (1,130 mph) velocity of the MK 108 cannon's shells.
The solution was to replace the underwing gun pods, and the excessively drag-producing large-calibre underwing rocket launch tubes, with a small-diameter solid-fuel rocket-engine-propelled projectile, mounting a warhead similar to that of the cannon shell. Although each "round" was heavier than the corresponding gun-fired shell, the absence of a gun reduced the overall weight considerably. The weight difference was so great that even a much larger and longer-ranged rocket was still lighter than the guns it could replace, although the total number of rounds carried was also reduced from 65 rounds of 30 mm ammunition to only 24 rockets.
The anti-aircraft version of the R4M used a large warhead of 55 mm with 520 g (18 oz) of the strongly brisant Hexogen explosive charge, nearly guaranteeing a fighter kill with one hit, from the "shattering" force of its explosive warhead — this was the same explosive used in the shells fired by both the MK 103 (30 x 184 mm cartridge) and MK 108 (30 x 90 mm cartridge) autocannons. Each R4M weighed 3.2 kg and was provided with enough fuel to be fired from 1000 m, just outside the range of the bomber's defensive guns. The main body of the rocket consisted of a simple steel tube with eight base-hinged flip-out fins on the tail for stabilisation (patented by Edgar Brandt in 1930 and also used on the contemporary M8 rocket), deployed immediately after launch. A battery typically consisted of two groups of 12 rockets and when all 24 were salvoed in an attack, they would fill an area about 15 by 30 m at 1000 m, a density that made it almost certain that the target would be hit. The R4Ms were usually fired in four salvos of six missiles at intervals of 70 milliseconds from a range of 600 m, and would supersonically streak towards their target at a sixty percent higher velocity than the Wfr. Gr. 21's rockets would (the BR 21's projectile travelled at some 1150 km/h post-launch), as the R4M typically had a flight speed of roughly 1,890 km/h (1,170 mph). Two warheads were available for the R4M, the common PB-3 with a 0.4 kg charge for anti-aircraft use and the larger shaped charge, similar in construction to the Panzerschreck, the Panzerblitz (PB-2/3), for anti-tank use. The Panzerblitz III, mounting a gigantic 210 mm hollow charge warhead (the same calibre as the BR 21), can be seen as the ultimate development of the basic Orkan rocket. It was intended to be carried (six or eight rockets per plane) by the tank-busting B model of the Henschel Hs 132 jet dive-bomber - however, neither the missile nor the warplane it was exclusively intended for got beyond the prototype stage before the end of the war.
Operations
Only a small number of aircraft were fitted with the R4M, mostly Messerschmitt Me 262s and the ground attack version of the Fw 190s, which mounted them on small wooden racks under the wings. On one occasion, a Me 163A was fitted with several R4M rockets, and this setup was tested for several weeks in 1944, without incident. This was the first time a rocket propelled aircraft has had rocket propelled armament.
The Luftwaffe found the R4M missiles to have a similar trajectory to the 30 mm MK 108 cannon's rounds in flight, so the standard Revi 16B gunsight could be utilized.
Technical specifications (R4M)
GeneralName − Rakete, 4 kilogramm, Minenkopf (R4M)
Type − Folding-fin, Air-to-air rocket
Total length − 812 mm (32.0 in)
Total weight − 3.85 kg (8.49 lb)WarheadType − High-Explosive, High-Capacity
Caliber − 55 mm (2.17 in)
Length − 200 mm (7.87 in)
Wall thickness − 0.8 mm (0.0315 in)
Explosive Charge − 520 g (1.15 lb) HTA 41 (torpex)
Fuze model − AzR2 nose fuze
Fuze length − 65 mm (2.56 in) (total), 15 mm (0.591 in) (internal)Rocket engineDiameter − 55 mm (2.17 in) (engine)
Length − 410 mm (16.1 in) (engine), 148 mm (5.83 in) (tail section)
Fin-span − 242 mm (9.53 in)
Fin-swivel − 100°
Propellant type − Solid fuel diethylene glycol tube
Propellant dimensions − 340 mm (13.4 in) (length), 12 mm (0.472 in) (internal diameter), 45 mm (1.77 in) (external diameter)
Propellant weight − 0.815 kg (1.80 lb)
Combustion chamber − 2.5 mm (0.0984 in) thick venturi-pipe ending with a nozzle
Nozzle dimensions − 110 mm (4.33 in) (length), (13 mm (0.512 in) (internal top diameter), 45 mm (1.77 in) (internal base diameter)PerformanceMax thrust − 245 kp (540 lbf)
Burn time − 0.75 s
Velocity − 525 m/s (1,720 ft/s) (initial), 125 m/s (410 ft/s) (at 1,000 m (1,090 yd))
Range − 1,500 m (1,640 yd) (max), 600–1,000 m (656–1,090 yd) (effective)
Notes
See also
3.5-inch FFAR rocket (US forces)
5-inch FFAR rocket (US forces)
RP-3 (United Kingdom)
RS-82 (rocket family) (Soviet Union)
References
External links
German language page on details of the R4M unguided rocket, and its Panzerblitz ground attack version
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
225
],
"text": [
"rocket"
]
}
|
R4M, abbreviation for Rakete, 4 kilogramm, Minenkopf (English: Rocket, 4 kilogram, Mine-head), also known by the nickname Orkan (English: Hurricane) due to its distinctive smoke trail when fired, was a folding-fin air-to-air rocket used by the Luftwaffe at the end of World War II.
The R4M was used on several late war German combat aircraft, most notably the Messerschmitt Me 262, and could be fired from open ramps under aircraft wings or from tubes inside under-wing rocket pods. It featured a high capacity "mine shell" equivalent warhead filled with 520 g (1.15 lb) of the explosive-mixture HTA 41 (also known as HTA 15), which consists of 40% Hexogen (RDX), 45% TNT and 15% aluminium. The shell-walls of the warhead were only 0.8 mm (0.0315 in) thick.Besides the air-to-air warhead the rocket could also be outfitted with shaped charge warheads for air-to-ground use, then called R4HL for hohlladung (English: hollow charge). These warheads were called Panzerblitz (English: Armor-lightning) and existed in two primary versions: Panzerblitz 2 (PB 2), consisting of an 88 mm Panzerschreck warhead fitted with a ballistic cap, and Panzerblitz 3 (PB 3), consisting of the original 55 mm mine-warhead modified to be a shaped-charge.
Development
The R4M was developed in order to deal with the increasing weight of anti-bomber weapons being deployed by Luftwaffe fighters. The primary anti-bomber weapon of the Luftwaffe for much of the war was the 20 mm MG 151/20 autocannon, which was compact enough to be mounted in an internal wing bay mounting in the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 (up to 4 cannon, or 6 with optional twin-gun underwing pods) and also fitted on the centerline of Bf 109G fighters, firing through the propeller spinner as a Motorkanone. This could be supplemented by an additional pair of cannon in drag-inducing underwing gun pods, but it was found that it took an average of twenty 20 mm hits to shoot down a typical four-engined Allied bomber. The MG 151/20 was subsequently supplemented with or replaced by the 30 mm MK 108 cannon, which replaced the centerline Motorkanone-mount MG 151/20 on many Bf 109's, and could be fitted into slightly larger underwing pods, which could be used on either the Bf 109 or Fw 190. This heavier-caliber cannon could bring down a bomber with an average of one to three hits. However the MK 108 was much heavier and the larger calibre ammunition made it difficult to carry more than one or two "passes" worth. Worse, the low muzzle velocity of this gun meant it had a very short range and suffered a ballistic drop of over 41 metres at 1,000 metres range after firing. In approaching close enough to get hits, the fighters placed themselves within the range of the dozens of AN/M2 "light barrel" Browning defensive machine guns that a combat box formation of a typical USAAF heavy bomber raid possessed, from nearly any approach direction. The more powerful MK 103 cannon had higher muzzle velocity and increased range, at the cost of greatly increased weight, size (barrel length of 1.34 meters, or 52-3/4 inches) and much lower rate of fire: 380-420 RPM vs. 600-650 RPM for the MK 108.
Also, the Nebelwerfer 42-derived Werfer-Granate 21 (Wfr. Gr. 21, or Bordrakete BR 21) rockets fitted to Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Bf 110, and Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighters, used to break up the USAAF combat box bomber formations, had launch tubes that were not only drag-producing, due to their exposed five-strut under-wing mounting, but also from the fact that the launch tubes needed to be aimed upwards at some 15° from level flight, to counter the BR 21 rocket projectile's considerable ballistic drop after firing. This added to the already considerable drag the launch tube mountings created, and contributed to the Wfr. Gr 21's relatively slow projectile velocity of 1,150 km/h (320 m/s; 710 mph), approximately 60% of the 505 m/s (1,130 mph) velocity of the MK 108 cannon's shells.
The solution was to replace the underwing gun pods, and the excessively drag-producing large-calibre underwing rocket launch tubes, with a small-diameter solid-fuel rocket-engine-propelled projectile, mounting a warhead similar to that of the cannon shell. Although each "round" was heavier than the corresponding gun-fired shell, the absence of a gun reduced the overall weight considerably. The weight difference was so great that even a much larger and longer-ranged rocket was still lighter than the guns it could replace, although the total number of rounds carried was also reduced from 65 rounds of 30 mm ammunition to only 24 rockets.
The anti-aircraft version of the R4M used a large warhead of 55 mm with 520 g (18 oz) of the strongly brisant Hexogen explosive charge, nearly guaranteeing a fighter kill with one hit, from the "shattering" force of its explosive warhead — this was the same explosive used in the shells fired by both the MK 103 (30 x 184 mm cartridge) and MK 108 (30 x 90 mm cartridge) autocannons. Each R4M weighed 3.2 kg and was provided with enough fuel to be fired from 1000 m, just outside the range of the bomber's defensive guns. The main body of the rocket consisted of a simple steel tube with eight base-hinged flip-out fins on the tail for stabilisation (patented by Edgar Brandt in 1930 and also used on the contemporary M8 rocket), deployed immediately after launch. A battery typically consisted of two groups of 12 rockets and when all 24 were salvoed in an attack, they would fill an area about 15 by 30 m at 1000 m, a density that made it almost certain that the target would be hit. The R4Ms were usually fired in four salvos of six missiles at intervals of 70 milliseconds from a range of 600 m, and would supersonically streak towards their target at a sixty percent higher velocity than the Wfr. Gr. 21's rockets would (the BR 21's projectile travelled at some 1150 km/h post-launch), as the R4M typically had a flight speed of roughly 1,890 km/h (1,170 mph). Two warheads were available for the R4M, the common PB-3 with a 0.4 kg charge for anti-aircraft use and the larger shaped charge, similar in construction to the Panzerschreck, the Panzerblitz (PB-2/3), for anti-tank use. The Panzerblitz III, mounting a gigantic 210 mm hollow charge warhead (the same calibre as the BR 21), can be seen as the ultimate development of the basic Orkan rocket. It was intended to be carried (six or eight rockets per plane) by the tank-busting B model of the Henschel Hs 132 jet dive-bomber - however, neither the missile nor the warplane it was exclusively intended for got beyond the prototype stage before the end of the war.
Operations
Only a small number of aircraft were fitted with the R4M, mostly Messerschmitt Me 262s and the ground attack version of the Fw 190s, which mounted them on small wooden racks under the wings. On one occasion, a Me 163A was fitted with several R4M rockets, and this setup was tested for several weeks in 1944, without incident. This was the first time a rocket propelled aircraft has had rocket propelled armament.
The Luftwaffe found the R4M missiles to have a similar trajectory to the 30 mm MK 108 cannon's rounds in flight, so the standard Revi 16B gunsight could be utilized.
Technical specifications (R4M)
GeneralName − Rakete, 4 kilogramm, Minenkopf (R4M)
Type − Folding-fin, Air-to-air rocket
Total length − 812 mm (32.0 in)
Total weight − 3.85 kg (8.49 lb)WarheadType − High-Explosive, High-Capacity
Caliber − 55 mm (2.17 in)
Length − 200 mm (7.87 in)
Wall thickness − 0.8 mm (0.0315 in)
Explosive Charge − 520 g (1.15 lb) HTA 41 (torpex)
Fuze model − AzR2 nose fuze
Fuze length − 65 mm (2.56 in) (total), 15 mm (0.591 in) (internal)Rocket engineDiameter − 55 mm (2.17 in) (engine)
Length − 410 mm (16.1 in) (engine), 148 mm (5.83 in) (tail section)
Fin-span − 242 mm (9.53 in)
Fin-swivel − 100°
Propellant type − Solid fuel diethylene glycol tube
Propellant dimensions − 340 mm (13.4 in) (length), 12 mm (0.472 in) (internal diameter), 45 mm (1.77 in) (external diameter)
Propellant weight − 0.815 kg (1.80 lb)
Combustion chamber − 2.5 mm (0.0984 in) thick venturi-pipe ending with a nozzle
Nozzle dimensions − 110 mm (4.33 in) (length), (13 mm (0.512 in) (internal top diameter), 45 mm (1.77 in) (internal base diameter)PerformanceMax thrust − 245 kp (540 lbf)
Burn time − 0.75 s
Velocity − 525 m/s (1,720 ft/s) (initial), 125 m/s (410 ft/s) (at 1,000 m (1,090 yd))
Range − 1,500 m (1,640 yd) (max), 600–1,000 m (656–1,090 yd) (effective)
Notes
See also
3.5-inch FFAR rocket (US forces)
5-inch FFAR rocket (US forces)
RP-3 (United Kingdom)
RS-82 (rocket family) (Soviet Union)
References
External links
German language page on details of the R4M unguided rocket, and its Panzerblitz ground attack version
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
6846
],
"text": [
"R4M rocket"
]
}
|
R4M, abbreviation for Rakete, 4 kilogramm, Minenkopf (English: Rocket, 4 kilogram, Mine-head), also known by the nickname Orkan (English: Hurricane) due to its distinctive smoke trail when fired, was a folding-fin air-to-air rocket used by the Luftwaffe at the end of World War II.
The R4M was used on several late war German combat aircraft, most notably the Messerschmitt Me 262, and could be fired from open ramps under aircraft wings or from tubes inside under-wing rocket pods. It featured a high capacity "mine shell" equivalent warhead filled with 520 g (1.15 lb) of the explosive-mixture HTA 41 (also known as HTA 15), which consists of 40% Hexogen (RDX), 45% TNT and 15% aluminium. The shell-walls of the warhead were only 0.8 mm (0.0315 in) thick.Besides the air-to-air warhead the rocket could also be outfitted with shaped charge warheads for air-to-ground use, then called R4HL for hohlladung (English: hollow charge). These warheads were called Panzerblitz (English: Armor-lightning) and existed in two primary versions: Panzerblitz 2 (PB 2), consisting of an 88 mm Panzerschreck warhead fitted with a ballistic cap, and Panzerblitz 3 (PB 3), consisting of the original 55 mm mine-warhead modified to be a shaped-charge.
Development
The R4M was developed in order to deal with the increasing weight of anti-bomber weapons being deployed by Luftwaffe fighters. The primary anti-bomber weapon of the Luftwaffe for much of the war was the 20 mm MG 151/20 autocannon, which was compact enough to be mounted in an internal wing bay mounting in the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 (up to 4 cannon, or 6 with optional twin-gun underwing pods) and also fitted on the centerline of Bf 109G fighters, firing through the propeller spinner as a Motorkanone. This could be supplemented by an additional pair of cannon in drag-inducing underwing gun pods, but it was found that it took an average of twenty 20 mm hits to shoot down a typical four-engined Allied bomber. The MG 151/20 was subsequently supplemented with or replaced by the 30 mm MK 108 cannon, which replaced the centerline Motorkanone-mount MG 151/20 on many Bf 109's, and could be fitted into slightly larger underwing pods, which could be used on either the Bf 109 or Fw 190. This heavier-caliber cannon could bring down a bomber with an average of one to three hits. However the MK 108 was much heavier and the larger calibre ammunition made it difficult to carry more than one or two "passes" worth. Worse, the low muzzle velocity of this gun meant it had a very short range and suffered a ballistic drop of over 41 metres at 1,000 metres range after firing. In approaching close enough to get hits, the fighters placed themselves within the range of the dozens of AN/M2 "light barrel" Browning defensive machine guns that a combat box formation of a typical USAAF heavy bomber raid possessed, from nearly any approach direction. The more powerful MK 103 cannon had higher muzzle velocity and increased range, at the cost of greatly increased weight, size (barrel length of 1.34 meters, or 52-3/4 inches) and much lower rate of fire: 380-420 RPM vs. 600-650 RPM for the MK 108.
Also, the Nebelwerfer 42-derived Werfer-Granate 21 (Wfr. Gr. 21, or Bordrakete BR 21) rockets fitted to Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Bf 110, and Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighters, used to break up the USAAF combat box bomber formations, had launch tubes that were not only drag-producing, due to their exposed five-strut under-wing mounting, but also from the fact that the launch tubes needed to be aimed upwards at some 15° from level flight, to counter the BR 21 rocket projectile's considerable ballistic drop after firing. This added to the already considerable drag the launch tube mountings created, and contributed to the Wfr. Gr 21's relatively slow projectile velocity of 1,150 km/h (320 m/s; 710 mph), approximately 60% of the 505 m/s (1,130 mph) velocity of the MK 108 cannon's shells.
The solution was to replace the underwing gun pods, and the excessively drag-producing large-calibre underwing rocket launch tubes, with a small-diameter solid-fuel rocket-engine-propelled projectile, mounting a warhead similar to that of the cannon shell. Although each "round" was heavier than the corresponding gun-fired shell, the absence of a gun reduced the overall weight considerably. The weight difference was so great that even a much larger and longer-ranged rocket was still lighter than the guns it could replace, although the total number of rounds carried was also reduced from 65 rounds of 30 mm ammunition to only 24 rockets.
The anti-aircraft version of the R4M used a large warhead of 55 mm with 520 g (18 oz) of the strongly brisant Hexogen explosive charge, nearly guaranteeing a fighter kill with one hit, from the "shattering" force of its explosive warhead — this was the same explosive used in the shells fired by both the MK 103 (30 x 184 mm cartridge) and MK 108 (30 x 90 mm cartridge) autocannons. Each R4M weighed 3.2 kg and was provided with enough fuel to be fired from 1000 m, just outside the range of the bomber's defensive guns. The main body of the rocket consisted of a simple steel tube with eight base-hinged flip-out fins on the tail for stabilisation (patented by Edgar Brandt in 1930 and also used on the contemporary M8 rocket), deployed immediately after launch. A battery typically consisted of two groups of 12 rockets and when all 24 were salvoed in an attack, they would fill an area about 15 by 30 m at 1000 m, a density that made it almost certain that the target would be hit. The R4Ms were usually fired in four salvos of six missiles at intervals of 70 milliseconds from a range of 600 m, and would supersonically streak towards their target at a sixty percent higher velocity than the Wfr. Gr. 21's rockets would (the BR 21's projectile travelled at some 1150 km/h post-launch), as the R4M typically had a flight speed of roughly 1,890 km/h (1,170 mph). Two warheads were available for the R4M, the common PB-3 with a 0.4 kg charge for anti-aircraft use and the larger shaped charge, similar in construction to the Panzerschreck, the Panzerblitz (PB-2/3), for anti-tank use. The Panzerblitz III, mounting a gigantic 210 mm hollow charge warhead (the same calibre as the BR 21), can be seen as the ultimate development of the basic Orkan rocket. It was intended to be carried (six or eight rockets per plane) by the tank-busting B model of the Henschel Hs 132 jet dive-bomber - however, neither the missile nor the warplane it was exclusively intended for got beyond the prototype stage before the end of the war.
Operations
Only a small number of aircraft were fitted with the R4M, mostly Messerschmitt Me 262s and the ground attack version of the Fw 190s, which mounted them on small wooden racks under the wings. On one occasion, a Me 163A was fitted with several R4M rockets, and this setup was tested for several weeks in 1944, without incident. This was the first time a rocket propelled aircraft has had rocket propelled armament.
The Luftwaffe found the R4M missiles to have a similar trajectory to the 30 mm MK 108 cannon's rounds in flight, so the standard Revi 16B gunsight could be utilized.
Technical specifications (R4M)
GeneralName − Rakete, 4 kilogramm, Minenkopf (R4M)
Type − Folding-fin, Air-to-air rocket
Total length − 812 mm (32.0 in)
Total weight − 3.85 kg (8.49 lb)WarheadType − High-Explosive, High-Capacity
Caliber − 55 mm (2.17 in)
Length − 200 mm (7.87 in)
Wall thickness − 0.8 mm (0.0315 in)
Explosive Charge − 520 g (1.15 lb) HTA 41 (torpex)
Fuze model − AzR2 nose fuze
Fuze length − 65 mm (2.56 in) (total), 15 mm (0.591 in) (internal)Rocket engineDiameter − 55 mm (2.17 in) (engine)
Length − 410 mm (16.1 in) (engine), 148 mm (5.83 in) (tail section)
Fin-span − 242 mm (9.53 in)
Fin-swivel − 100°
Propellant type − Solid fuel diethylene glycol tube
Propellant dimensions − 340 mm (13.4 in) (length), 12 mm (0.472 in) (internal diameter), 45 mm (1.77 in) (external diameter)
Propellant weight − 0.815 kg (1.80 lb)
Combustion chamber − 2.5 mm (0.0984 in) thick venturi-pipe ending with a nozzle
Nozzle dimensions − 110 mm (4.33 in) (length), (13 mm (0.512 in) (internal top diameter), 45 mm (1.77 in) (internal base diameter)PerformanceMax thrust − 245 kp (540 lbf)
Burn time − 0.75 s
Velocity − 525 m/s (1,720 ft/s) (initial), 125 m/s (410 ft/s) (at 1,000 m (1,090 yd))
Range − 1,500 m (1,640 yd) (max), 600–1,000 m (656–1,090 yd) (effective)
Notes
See also
3.5-inch FFAR rocket (US forces)
5-inch FFAR rocket (US forces)
RP-3 (United Kingdom)
RS-82 (rocket family) (Soviet Union)
References
External links
German language page on details of the R4M unguided rocket, and its Panzerblitz ground attack version
|
conflict
|
{
"answer_start": [
268
],
"text": [
"World War II"
]
}
|
Shizuoka SSU Bonita (静岡SSUボニータ) is a women's football club playing in Japan's football league, the Nadeshiko League Division 1. Its hometown is the city of Iwata, Shizuoka.
Squad
Current squad
As of 22 December 2022. Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Results
Coaching staff
Transition of team name
Shizuoka Sangyo University Iwata Ladies : 2008 - 2009
Shizuoka Sangyo University Iwata Bonita : 2010 – Present
References
External links
(in Japanese) Shizuoka Sangyo University Iwata Bonita official site
List of women's football clubs in Japan
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
70
],
"text": [
"Japan"
]
}
|
Shizuoka SSU Bonita (静岡SSUボニータ) is a women's football club playing in Japan's football league, the Nadeshiko League Division 1. Its hometown is the city of Iwata, Shizuoka.
Squad
Current squad
As of 22 December 2022. Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Results
Coaching staff
Transition of team name
Shizuoka Sangyo University Iwata Ladies : 2008 - 2009
Shizuoka Sangyo University Iwata Bonita : 2010 – Present
References
External links
(in Japanese) Shizuoka Sangyo University Iwata Bonita official site
List of women's football clubs in Japan
|
league
|
{
"answer_start": [
99
],
"text": [
"Nadeshiko League"
]
}
|
Shizuoka SSU Bonita (静岡SSUボニータ) is a women's football club playing in Japan's football league, the Nadeshiko League Division 1. Its hometown is the city of Iwata, Shizuoka.
Squad
Current squad
As of 22 December 2022. Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Results
Coaching staff
Transition of team name
Shizuoka Sangyo University Iwata Ladies : 2008 - 2009
Shizuoka Sangyo University Iwata Bonita : 2010 – Present
References
External links
(in Japanese) Shizuoka Sangyo University Iwata Bonita official site
List of women's football clubs in Japan
|
headquarters location
|
{
"answer_start": [
156
],
"text": [
"Iwata"
]
}
|
Raul Valdes Gonzalez, known by his friends and professionally as Raupa, was born in Havana, Cuba on March 4, 1980. He is an independent artist and has created images of events and institutions of great importance to the Cuban culture. Graphic design and film “motion graphics” are his concentration, produced through the language of illustration, animation and video.
History and personal life
Raupa grew up in Habana Vieja (Old Havana) and attended the Superior Institute of Design (ISDI), the only graphic design school in Cuba. He graduated in 2005 and began working as a graphic designer for The National Fine Arts Museum of Havana, Cuba. He also taught poster design and illustration at ISDI from 2005 - 2009 while working as an independent artist.He is currently living in Plaza de la Revolucion, a municipality of Havana, with his wife Vanessa and son Javier.
Artistic endeavors
In 2006, while developing his own designs and teaching at ISDI, Raupa was asked to develop the visual art works for La Casa del las Americas, an important Cuban cultural center founded after the 1959 revolution. This center's objectives are to investigate, sponsor, reward and publish the work of writers, musicians, theater players and other artists from Cuba. Raupa continues to handle all the visual artwork for this institution and has staged solo and group exhibitions at the center including –
Comikazes. Group exhibition of comics and costume design, Casa de las Americas, 2008.
Taken House. Meeting of young American writers and artists, Casa de las Americas, 2009.
Audiovisual sample Cubanos, Casa de las Americas, 2010.
Prize Exhibition House: Five Decades. Casa de las Americas. January, 2011.Raupa continued creating his graphic images for the 6th to 13th Festivals of New Filmmakers of the Cuban Institute of Cinematographic Art and Industry (ICAIC) from 2007 until 2012. In association with ICAIC, he also designed the posters for the film “7 Days in Havana”, a contemporary snapshot of Havana shot in seven chapters directed by seven international filmmakers.In 2017, Raupa was chosen to create the complete graphic design program for the 39th Latin American Film Festival Campaign. Using a blue green and red coral that is literally growing out of the poster, his design represented the theme of the festival – the growth of the Cuban and Latin American Film industry.The same year, in conjunction with the Pratt Institute and the American Museum of Natural History's exhibition ¡Cuba!, Raupa demonstrated the art of screen printing in a two-day mobile workshop that concluded with a guest lecture at Pratt. All participants were able to take home a poster of their own design. The endeavor was co-funded by the Cuban Initiative Fund and Pratt's School of Art in order to foster cultural exchange initiatives between the U.S. and Cuba.Raupa has created the titles and promotional posters for various Cuban films including Penumbras, 2011, The Broken Gods Los Dioses Rotos, 2007, Kangamba, 2007, Behavior Conducta 2013 and Sergio y Sergei, as well as for the music program on Cuban television Floor 6. In addition, he has designed visual images for The Embassy of Italy and Belgium in Cuba and the 2009 St. Louis USA Shakespeare Festival. He served as the art director for Havana Cultura.com as well as for HAVANA Club International - a Cuban rum company formed by a 50:50 joint venture between Pernod Ricard and the Cuban government. His current project for Havana Club consists of directing four commercials about creating their premium Iconica rum.
Exhibitions and collaborations
In 2007, Raupa's solo exhibition titled "Spotsition", offered more than 20 original visual works at the Centre for Development of Visual Arts in Cuba. The exhibition theme was The Spots of Public Good.
Besides his solo exhibitions, Raupa has contributed to various exhibitions highlighting graphic arts. In 2012, Yale University sponsored an artists' reception for the exhibit "Posters From an Island - 4 Artists of Cuba," which featured his works along with three other Cuban Artists.Raupa's works were displayed at the 2015 Festival Expo at the Front Art Space Gallery in New York, a collection of posters showcasing Cuban films. The same year, he was one of the graphic artists featured in Cuba a la Vista at the Besançon Museum of Fine Arts in France. This exhibition featured a wide range of Cuban posters from the 1960s until today.Raupa is a member of a group of five Cuban designers and friends called Nocturnal that work together to design posters and produce exhibitions for commercial and artistic concerns. Since no commercial advertising is allowed in Cuba, their commercial endeavors are for clients outside of Cuba.
Awards
Best Director – Best Art Direction – Best Music Video (El Vuelo del Moscardon), “The Bumble Bee Flight.” Played by Aldo Lopez – Gavilian to the disk “En Vivo.”
Best designer, Caja Alta 2014 Award (prize granted by the Union of Writers and Artists of Cuba.)
== References ==
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
84
],
"text": [
"Havana"
]
}
|
Raul Valdes Gonzalez, known by his friends and professionally as Raupa, was born in Havana, Cuba on March 4, 1980. He is an independent artist and has created images of events and institutions of great importance to the Cuban culture. Graphic design and film “motion graphics” are his concentration, produced through the language of illustration, animation and video.
History and personal life
Raupa grew up in Habana Vieja (Old Havana) and attended the Superior Institute of Design (ISDI), the only graphic design school in Cuba. He graduated in 2005 and began working as a graphic designer for The National Fine Arts Museum of Havana, Cuba. He also taught poster design and illustration at ISDI from 2005 - 2009 while working as an independent artist.He is currently living in Plaza de la Revolucion, a municipality of Havana, with his wife Vanessa and son Javier.
Artistic endeavors
In 2006, while developing his own designs and teaching at ISDI, Raupa was asked to develop the visual art works for La Casa del las Americas, an important Cuban cultural center founded after the 1959 revolution. This center's objectives are to investigate, sponsor, reward and publish the work of writers, musicians, theater players and other artists from Cuba. Raupa continues to handle all the visual artwork for this institution and has staged solo and group exhibitions at the center including –
Comikazes. Group exhibition of comics and costume design, Casa de las Americas, 2008.
Taken House. Meeting of young American writers and artists, Casa de las Americas, 2009.
Audiovisual sample Cubanos, Casa de las Americas, 2010.
Prize Exhibition House: Five Decades. Casa de las Americas. January, 2011.Raupa continued creating his graphic images for the 6th to 13th Festivals of New Filmmakers of the Cuban Institute of Cinematographic Art and Industry (ICAIC) from 2007 until 2012. In association with ICAIC, he also designed the posters for the film “7 Days in Havana”, a contemporary snapshot of Havana shot in seven chapters directed by seven international filmmakers.In 2017, Raupa was chosen to create the complete graphic design program for the 39th Latin American Film Festival Campaign. Using a blue green and red coral that is literally growing out of the poster, his design represented the theme of the festival – the growth of the Cuban and Latin American Film industry.The same year, in conjunction with the Pratt Institute and the American Museum of Natural History's exhibition ¡Cuba!, Raupa demonstrated the art of screen printing in a two-day mobile workshop that concluded with a guest lecture at Pratt. All participants were able to take home a poster of their own design. The endeavor was co-funded by the Cuban Initiative Fund and Pratt's School of Art in order to foster cultural exchange initiatives between the U.S. and Cuba.Raupa has created the titles and promotional posters for various Cuban films including Penumbras, 2011, The Broken Gods Los Dioses Rotos, 2007, Kangamba, 2007, Behavior Conducta 2013 and Sergio y Sergei, as well as for the music program on Cuban television Floor 6. In addition, he has designed visual images for The Embassy of Italy and Belgium in Cuba and the 2009 St. Louis USA Shakespeare Festival. He served as the art director for Havana Cultura.com as well as for HAVANA Club International - a Cuban rum company formed by a 50:50 joint venture between Pernod Ricard and the Cuban government. His current project for Havana Club consists of directing four commercials about creating their premium Iconica rum.
Exhibitions and collaborations
In 2007, Raupa's solo exhibition titled "Spotsition", offered more than 20 original visual works at the Centre for Development of Visual Arts in Cuba. The exhibition theme was The Spots of Public Good.
Besides his solo exhibitions, Raupa has contributed to various exhibitions highlighting graphic arts. In 2012, Yale University sponsored an artists' reception for the exhibit "Posters From an Island - 4 Artists of Cuba," which featured his works along with three other Cuban Artists.Raupa's works were displayed at the 2015 Festival Expo at the Front Art Space Gallery in New York, a collection of posters showcasing Cuban films. The same year, he was one of the graphic artists featured in Cuba a la Vista at the Besançon Museum of Fine Arts in France. This exhibition featured a wide range of Cuban posters from the 1960s until today.Raupa is a member of a group of five Cuban designers and friends called Nocturnal that work together to design posters and produce exhibitions for commercial and artistic concerns. Since no commercial advertising is allowed in Cuba, their commercial endeavors are for clients outside of Cuba.
Awards
Best Director – Best Art Direction – Best Music Video (El Vuelo del Moscardon), “The Bumble Bee Flight.” Played by Aldo Lopez – Gavilian to the disk “En Vivo.”
Best designer, Caja Alta 2014 Award (prize granted by the Union of Writers and Artists of Cuba.)
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
136
],
"text": [
"artist"
]
}
|
Raul Valdes Gonzalez, known by his friends and professionally as Raupa, was born in Havana, Cuba on March 4, 1980. He is an independent artist and has created images of events and institutions of great importance to the Cuban culture. Graphic design and film “motion graphics” are his concentration, produced through the language of illustration, animation and video.
History and personal life
Raupa grew up in Habana Vieja (Old Havana) and attended the Superior Institute of Design (ISDI), the only graphic design school in Cuba. He graduated in 2005 and began working as a graphic designer for The National Fine Arts Museum of Havana, Cuba. He also taught poster design and illustration at ISDI from 2005 - 2009 while working as an independent artist.He is currently living in Plaza de la Revolucion, a municipality of Havana, with his wife Vanessa and son Javier.
Artistic endeavors
In 2006, while developing his own designs and teaching at ISDI, Raupa was asked to develop the visual art works for La Casa del las Americas, an important Cuban cultural center founded after the 1959 revolution. This center's objectives are to investigate, sponsor, reward and publish the work of writers, musicians, theater players and other artists from Cuba. Raupa continues to handle all the visual artwork for this institution and has staged solo and group exhibitions at the center including –
Comikazes. Group exhibition of comics and costume design, Casa de las Americas, 2008.
Taken House. Meeting of young American writers and artists, Casa de las Americas, 2009.
Audiovisual sample Cubanos, Casa de las Americas, 2010.
Prize Exhibition House: Five Decades. Casa de las Americas. January, 2011.Raupa continued creating his graphic images for the 6th to 13th Festivals of New Filmmakers of the Cuban Institute of Cinematographic Art and Industry (ICAIC) from 2007 until 2012. In association with ICAIC, he also designed the posters for the film “7 Days in Havana”, a contemporary snapshot of Havana shot in seven chapters directed by seven international filmmakers.In 2017, Raupa was chosen to create the complete graphic design program for the 39th Latin American Film Festival Campaign. Using a blue green and red coral that is literally growing out of the poster, his design represented the theme of the festival – the growth of the Cuban and Latin American Film industry.The same year, in conjunction with the Pratt Institute and the American Museum of Natural History's exhibition ¡Cuba!, Raupa demonstrated the art of screen printing in a two-day mobile workshop that concluded with a guest lecture at Pratt. All participants were able to take home a poster of their own design. The endeavor was co-funded by the Cuban Initiative Fund and Pratt's School of Art in order to foster cultural exchange initiatives between the U.S. and Cuba.Raupa has created the titles and promotional posters for various Cuban films including Penumbras, 2011, The Broken Gods Los Dioses Rotos, 2007, Kangamba, 2007, Behavior Conducta 2013 and Sergio y Sergei, as well as for the music program on Cuban television Floor 6. In addition, he has designed visual images for The Embassy of Italy and Belgium in Cuba and the 2009 St. Louis USA Shakespeare Festival. He served as the art director for Havana Cultura.com as well as for HAVANA Club International - a Cuban rum company formed by a 50:50 joint venture between Pernod Ricard and the Cuban government. His current project for Havana Club consists of directing four commercials about creating their premium Iconica rum.
Exhibitions and collaborations
In 2007, Raupa's solo exhibition titled "Spotsition", offered more than 20 original visual works at the Centre for Development of Visual Arts in Cuba. The exhibition theme was The Spots of Public Good.
Besides his solo exhibitions, Raupa has contributed to various exhibitions highlighting graphic arts. In 2012, Yale University sponsored an artists' reception for the exhibit "Posters From an Island - 4 Artists of Cuba," which featured his works along with three other Cuban Artists.Raupa's works were displayed at the 2015 Festival Expo at the Front Art Space Gallery in New York, a collection of posters showcasing Cuban films. The same year, he was one of the graphic artists featured in Cuba a la Vista at the Besançon Museum of Fine Arts in France. This exhibition featured a wide range of Cuban posters from the 1960s until today.Raupa is a member of a group of five Cuban designers and friends called Nocturnal that work together to design posters and produce exhibitions for commercial and artistic concerns. Since no commercial advertising is allowed in Cuba, their commercial endeavors are for clients outside of Cuba.
Awards
Best Director – Best Art Direction – Best Music Video (El Vuelo del Moscardon), “The Bumble Bee Flight.” Played by Aldo Lopez – Gavilian to the disk “En Vivo.”
Best designer, Caja Alta 2014 Award (prize granted by the Union of Writers and Artists of Cuba.)
== References ==
|
pseudonym
|
{
"answer_start": [
65
],
"text": [
"Raupa"
]
}
|
The 1966–67 Alpha Ethniki was the 31st season of the highest football league of Greece. The season began on 23 October 1966 and ended on 18 June 1967. Olympiacos won their second consecutive and 17th Greek title.
The point system was: Win: 3 points - Draw: 2 points - Loss: 1 point.
League table
Results
Top scorers
External links
Greek Wikipedia
Official Greek FA Site
Greek SuperLeague official Site
SuperLeague Statistics
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
80
],
"text": [
"Greece"
]
}
|
The 1966–67 Alpha Ethniki was the 31st season of the highest football league of Greece. The season began on 23 October 1966 and ended on 18 June 1967. Olympiacos won their second consecutive and 17th Greek title.
The point system was: Win: 3 points - Draw: 2 points - Loss: 1 point.
League table
Results
Top scorers
External links
Greek Wikipedia
Official Greek FA Site
Greek SuperLeague official Site
SuperLeague Statistics
|
edition number
|
{
"answer_start": [
138
],
"text": [
"8"
]
}
|
Krzemień [ˈkʂɛmjɛɲ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stromiec, within Białobrzegi County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north of Stromiec, 14 km (9 mi) north-east of Białobrzegi, and 57 km (35 mi) south of Warsaw.
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
148
],
"text": [
"Poland"
]
}
|
Krzemień [ˈkʂɛmjɛɲ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stromiec, within Białobrzegi County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north of Stromiec, 14 km (9 mi) north-east of Białobrzegi, and 57 km (35 mi) south of Warsaw.
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
67
],
"text": [
"Gmina Stromiec"
]
}
|
Manuel María Mallarino Ibargüen (18 June 1808 – 6 January 1872) was the 8th Vice President of New Granada, and as such served as Acting President from 1855 to 1857.
Personal life
Manuel María was born on 18 June 1808 in Santiago de Cali, then part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, the oldest child of José María Mallarino y Vargas, a Spaniard natural of Cádiz of Italian descent, and Juana María de la Concepción Ibargüen (née Scarpetta Roo y Bedoya), a Criolla natural of Cali also of Italian descent. His two younger siblings were María Josefa and Francisco Antonio. He attended the University of Cauca graduating Juris Doctor on 17 July 1831. On 11 August 1836 he married María Mercedes Cabal, daughter of José Antonio Víctor Cabal Molina and María Petrona Borrero y Costa, and natural of Buga, in his father-in-law's hacienda in El Cerrito. Manuel María and María Mercedes had seven children: José María, Victor, Antonio, Susana, Gonzalo, Sofía, and Julio Daniel.His nephews Carlos and Jorge Holguín Mallarino, sons of his sister María Josefa, became prominent Conservative party politicians who like him served in Congress and as Acting Presidents; Jorge went on to serve as the 10th President of Colombia.
Secretary of Foreign Affairs (1846–1848)
Mallarino served as the 21st, 23rd, and 25th Secretary of Foreign Affairs of New Granada during the Administration of President Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera y Arboleda. In 1846, Chancellor Mallarino was commissioned to negotiate and sign with the United States Chargé d'Affaires in New Granada, Benjamin Alden Bidlack, the Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty, an agreement of mutual cooperation between the United States and New Granada that granted the US significant transit rights over the Isthmus of Panama, as well as military powers to suppress social conflicts and independence struggles targeted against New Granada. However this treaty would later be recalled by the US to justify American involvement in the Separation of Panama from Colombia.
Vice Presidency (1855–1859)
On 17 April 1854 General José María Melo y Ortiz deposed President José María Obando del Campo in a coup d'état. Later that year General Melo agreed to step down and handed power back to the previous administration; President Obando had been formally impeached by Congress so the Executive Power lay in the hands of Vice President José de Obaldía y Orejuela as Acting President as the New Granadian Constitution of 1832 did not allow for a full succession of power. The Constitution also prescribed for separate elections for President and Vice President set two years apart, so in 1855 when Vice President Obaldía's term came to an end Congress set out to elect his successor and elected Mallarino to succeed Obaldía. Mallarino took office as the 8th Vice President of New Granada on 1 April 1855 becoming Acting President of New Granada. In 1857 Mallarino handed Executive Power to the newly elected President, Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, who took office on 1 April; he then served out the remaining of his term as Ospina's Vice President until 1 April 1857. President Ospina set out to rewrite the Constitution, eliminating the Office of the Vice President among other substantial changes. Mallarino was thus the last Vice President of New Granada as he had no successor. The country would not have another Vice President until 1886 when the Colombian Constitution of 1886 reopened the Vice Presidency.
Secretary of Foreign Affairs (1861)
In 1861 Mallarino was tapped again to serve as Secretary of Foreign Affairs, this time appointed by President Bartolomé Calvo Díaz during the Civil War of 1860–1862. For this reason when Mallarino took office on 1 April 1861 as the 2nd Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Granadine Confederation he only served until 10 July, when General Mosquera, under whose Administration he had served as Secretary of Foreign Affairs in the past, deposed President Calvo and toppled the Government.
References
Further reading
Mallarino Ibargüen, Manuel María (1843). Memoria del Gobernador de Buenaventura a la Camara Provincial en sus sesiones de 1843 (in Spanish). Cali. OCLC 559020131.
Mallarino Ibargüen, Manuel María (1856). Mensaje del Vicepresidente de la Nueva Granada, encargado del poder ejecutivo, al Congreso Constitucional de la Nueva Granada (in Spanish). Bogotá. OCLC 253731629.
External links
"Official Biography of Manuel María Mallarino" (in Spanish). Bogotá: wsp.presidencia.gov.co. Archived from the original on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
233
],
"text": [
"Cali"
]
}
|
Manuel María Mallarino Ibargüen (18 June 1808 – 6 January 1872) was the 8th Vice President of New Granada, and as such served as Acting President from 1855 to 1857.
Personal life
Manuel María was born on 18 June 1808 in Santiago de Cali, then part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, the oldest child of José María Mallarino y Vargas, a Spaniard natural of Cádiz of Italian descent, and Juana María de la Concepción Ibargüen (née Scarpetta Roo y Bedoya), a Criolla natural of Cali also of Italian descent. His two younger siblings were María Josefa and Francisco Antonio. He attended the University of Cauca graduating Juris Doctor on 17 July 1831. On 11 August 1836 he married María Mercedes Cabal, daughter of José Antonio Víctor Cabal Molina and María Petrona Borrero y Costa, and natural of Buga, in his father-in-law's hacienda in El Cerrito. Manuel María and María Mercedes had seven children: José María, Victor, Antonio, Susana, Gonzalo, Sofía, and Julio Daniel.His nephews Carlos and Jorge Holguín Mallarino, sons of his sister María Josefa, became prominent Conservative party politicians who like him served in Congress and as Acting Presidents; Jorge went on to serve as the 10th President of Colombia.
Secretary of Foreign Affairs (1846–1848)
Mallarino served as the 21st, 23rd, and 25th Secretary of Foreign Affairs of New Granada during the Administration of President Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera y Arboleda. In 1846, Chancellor Mallarino was commissioned to negotiate and sign with the United States Chargé d'Affaires in New Granada, Benjamin Alden Bidlack, the Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty, an agreement of mutual cooperation between the United States and New Granada that granted the US significant transit rights over the Isthmus of Panama, as well as military powers to suppress social conflicts and independence struggles targeted against New Granada. However this treaty would later be recalled by the US to justify American involvement in the Separation of Panama from Colombia.
Vice Presidency (1855–1859)
On 17 April 1854 General José María Melo y Ortiz deposed President José María Obando del Campo in a coup d'état. Later that year General Melo agreed to step down and handed power back to the previous administration; President Obando had been formally impeached by Congress so the Executive Power lay in the hands of Vice President José de Obaldía y Orejuela as Acting President as the New Granadian Constitution of 1832 did not allow for a full succession of power. The Constitution also prescribed for separate elections for President and Vice President set two years apart, so in 1855 when Vice President Obaldía's term came to an end Congress set out to elect his successor and elected Mallarino to succeed Obaldía. Mallarino took office as the 8th Vice President of New Granada on 1 April 1855 becoming Acting President of New Granada. In 1857 Mallarino handed Executive Power to the newly elected President, Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, who took office on 1 April; he then served out the remaining of his term as Ospina's Vice President until 1 April 1857. President Ospina set out to rewrite the Constitution, eliminating the Office of the Vice President among other substantial changes. Mallarino was thus the last Vice President of New Granada as he had no successor. The country would not have another Vice President until 1886 when the Colombian Constitution of 1886 reopened the Vice Presidency.
Secretary of Foreign Affairs (1861)
In 1861 Mallarino was tapped again to serve as Secretary of Foreign Affairs, this time appointed by President Bartolomé Calvo Díaz during the Civil War of 1860–1862. For this reason when Mallarino took office on 1 April 1861 as the 2nd Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Granadine Confederation he only served until 10 July, when General Mosquera, under whose Administration he had served as Secretary of Foreign Affairs in the past, deposed President Calvo and toppled the Government.
References
Further reading
Mallarino Ibargüen, Manuel María (1843). Memoria del Gobernador de Buenaventura a la Camara Provincial en sus sesiones de 1843 (in Spanish). Cali. OCLC 559020131.
Mallarino Ibargüen, Manuel María (1856). Mensaje del Vicepresidente de la Nueva Granada, encargado del poder ejecutivo, al Congreso Constitucional de la Nueva Granada (in Spanish). Bogotá. OCLC 253731629.
External links
"Official Biography of Manuel María Mallarino" (in Spanish). Bogotá: wsp.presidencia.gov.co. Archived from the original on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
|
place of death
|
{
"answer_start": [
4327
],
"text": [
"Bogotá"
]
}
|
Manuel María Mallarino Ibargüen (18 June 1808 – 6 January 1872) was the 8th Vice President of New Granada, and as such served as Acting President from 1855 to 1857.
Personal life
Manuel María was born on 18 June 1808 in Santiago de Cali, then part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, the oldest child of José María Mallarino y Vargas, a Spaniard natural of Cádiz of Italian descent, and Juana María de la Concepción Ibargüen (née Scarpetta Roo y Bedoya), a Criolla natural of Cali also of Italian descent. His two younger siblings were María Josefa and Francisco Antonio. He attended the University of Cauca graduating Juris Doctor on 17 July 1831. On 11 August 1836 he married María Mercedes Cabal, daughter of José Antonio Víctor Cabal Molina and María Petrona Borrero y Costa, and natural of Buga, in his father-in-law's hacienda in El Cerrito. Manuel María and María Mercedes had seven children: José María, Victor, Antonio, Susana, Gonzalo, Sofía, and Julio Daniel.His nephews Carlos and Jorge Holguín Mallarino, sons of his sister María Josefa, became prominent Conservative party politicians who like him served in Congress and as Acting Presidents; Jorge went on to serve as the 10th President of Colombia.
Secretary of Foreign Affairs (1846–1848)
Mallarino served as the 21st, 23rd, and 25th Secretary of Foreign Affairs of New Granada during the Administration of President Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera y Arboleda. In 1846, Chancellor Mallarino was commissioned to negotiate and sign with the United States Chargé d'Affaires in New Granada, Benjamin Alden Bidlack, the Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty, an agreement of mutual cooperation between the United States and New Granada that granted the US significant transit rights over the Isthmus of Panama, as well as military powers to suppress social conflicts and independence struggles targeted against New Granada. However this treaty would later be recalled by the US to justify American involvement in the Separation of Panama from Colombia.
Vice Presidency (1855–1859)
On 17 April 1854 General José María Melo y Ortiz deposed President José María Obando del Campo in a coup d'état. Later that year General Melo agreed to step down and handed power back to the previous administration; President Obando had been formally impeached by Congress so the Executive Power lay in the hands of Vice President José de Obaldía y Orejuela as Acting President as the New Granadian Constitution of 1832 did not allow for a full succession of power. The Constitution also prescribed for separate elections for President and Vice President set two years apart, so in 1855 when Vice President Obaldía's term came to an end Congress set out to elect his successor and elected Mallarino to succeed Obaldía. Mallarino took office as the 8th Vice President of New Granada on 1 April 1855 becoming Acting President of New Granada. In 1857 Mallarino handed Executive Power to the newly elected President, Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, who took office on 1 April; he then served out the remaining of his term as Ospina's Vice President until 1 April 1857. President Ospina set out to rewrite the Constitution, eliminating the Office of the Vice President among other substantial changes. Mallarino was thus the last Vice President of New Granada as he had no successor. The country would not have another Vice President until 1886 when the Colombian Constitution of 1886 reopened the Vice Presidency.
Secretary of Foreign Affairs (1861)
In 1861 Mallarino was tapped again to serve as Secretary of Foreign Affairs, this time appointed by President Bartolomé Calvo Díaz during the Civil War of 1860–1862. For this reason when Mallarino took office on 1 April 1861 as the 2nd Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Granadine Confederation he only served until 10 July, when General Mosquera, under whose Administration he had served as Secretary of Foreign Affairs in the past, deposed President Calvo and toppled the Government.
References
Further reading
Mallarino Ibargüen, Manuel María (1843). Memoria del Gobernador de Buenaventura a la Camara Provincial en sus sesiones de 1843 (in Spanish). Cali. OCLC 559020131.
Mallarino Ibargüen, Manuel María (1856). Mensaje del Vicepresidente de la Nueva Granada, encargado del poder ejecutivo, al Congreso Constitucional de la Nueva Granada (in Spanish). Bogotá. OCLC 253731629.
External links
"Official Biography of Manuel María Mallarino" (in Spanish). Bogotá: wsp.presidencia.gov.co. Archived from the original on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
|
spouse
|
{
"answer_start": [
678
],
"text": [
"María Mercedes Cabal"
]
}
|
Manuel María Mallarino Ibargüen (18 June 1808 – 6 January 1872) was the 8th Vice President of New Granada, and as such served as Acting President from 1855 to 1857.
Personal life
Manuel María was born on 18 June 1808 in Santiago de Cali, then part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, the oldest child of José María Mallarino y Vargas, a Spaniard natural of Cádiz of Italian descent, and Juana María de la Concepción Ibargüen (née Scarpetta Roo y Bedoya), a Criolla natural of Cali also of Italian descent. His two younger siblings were María Josefa and Francisco Antonio. He attended the University of Cauca graduating Juris Doctor on 17 July 1831. On 11 August 1836 he married María Mercedes Cabal, daughter of José Antonio Víctor Cabal Molina and María Petrona Borrero y Costa, and natural of Buga, in his father-in-law's hacienda in El Cerrito. Manuel María and María Mercedes had seven children: José María, Victor, Antonio, Susana, Gonzalo, Sofía, and Julio Daniel.His nephews Carlos and Jorge Holguín Mallarino, sons of his sister María Josefa, became prominent Conservative party politicians who like him served in Congress and as Acting Presidents; Jorge went on to serve as the 10th President of Colombia.
Secretary of Foreign Affairs (1846–1848)
Mallarino served as the 21st, 23rd, and 25th Secretary of Foreign Affairs of New Granada during the Administration of President Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera y Arboleda. In 1846, Chancellor Mallarino was commissioned to negotiate and sign with the United States Chargé d'Affaires in New Granada, Benjamin Alden Bidlack, the Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty, an agreement of mutual cooperation between the United States and New Granada that granted the US significant transit rights over the Isthmus of Panama, as well as military powers to suppress social conflicts and independence struggles targeted against New Granada. However this treaty would later be recalled by the US to justify American involvement in the Separation of Panama from Colombia.
Vice Presidency (1855–1859)
On 17 April 1854 General José María Melo y Ortiz deposed President José María Obando del Campo in a coup d'état. Later that year General Melo agreed to step down and handed power back to the previous administration; President Obando had been formally impeached by Congress so the Executive Power lay in the hands of Vice President José de Obaldía y Orejuela as Acting President as the New Granadian Constitution of 1832 did not allow for a full succession of power. The Constitution also prescribed for separate elections for President and Vice President set two years apart, so in 1855 when Vice President Obaldía's term came to an end Congress set out to elect his successor and elected Mallarino to succeed Obaldía. Mallarino took office as the 8th Vice President of New Granada on 1 April 1855 becoming Acting President of New Granada. In 1857 Mallarino handed Executive Power to the newly elected President, Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, who took office on 1 April; he then served out the remaining of his term as Ospina's Vice President until 1 April 1857. President Ospina set out to rewrite the Constitution, eliminating the Office of the Vice President among other substantial changes. Mallarino was thus the last Vice President of New Granada as he had no successor. The country would not have another Vice President until 1886 when the Colombian Constitution of 1886 reopened the Vice Presidency.
Secretary of Foreign Affairs (1861)
In 1861 Mallarino was tapped again to serve as Secretary of Foreign Affairs, this time appointed by President Bartolomé Calvo Díaz during the Civil War of 1860–1862. For this reason when Mallarino took office on 1 April 1861 as the 2nd Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Granadine Confederation he only served until 10 July, when General Mosquera, under whose Administration he had served as Secretary of Foreign Affairs in the past, deposed President Calvo and toppled the Government.
References
Further reading
Mallarino Ibargüen, Manuel María (1843). Memoria del Gobernador de Buenaventura a la Camara Provincial en sus sesiones de 1843 (in Spanish). Cali. OCLC 559020131.
Mallarino Ibargüen, Manuel María (1856). Mensaje del Vicepresidente de la Nueva Granada, encargado del poder ejecutivo, al Congreso Constitucional de la Nueva Granada (in Spanish). Bogotá. OCLC 253731629.
External links
"Official Biography of Manuel María Mallarino" (in Spanish). Bogotá: wsp.presidencia.gov.co. Archived from the original on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
1205
],
"text": [
"Colombia"
]
}
|
Manuel María Mallarino Ibargüen (18 June 1808 – 6 January 1872) was the 8th Vice President of New Granada, and as such served as Acting President from 1855 to 1857.
Personal life
Manuel María was born on 18 June 1808 in Santiago de Cali, then part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, the oldest child of José María Mallarino y Vargas, a Spaniard natural of Cádiz of Italian descent, and Juana María de la Concepción Ibargüen (née Scarpetta Roo y Bedoya), a Criolla natural of Cali also of Italian descent. His two younger siblings were María Josefa and Francisco Antonio. He attended the University of Cauca graduating Juris Doctor on 17 July 1831. On 11 August 1836 he married María Mercedes Cabal, daughter of José Antonio Víctor Cabal Molina and María Petrona Borrero y Costa, and natural of Buga, in his father-in-law's hacienda in El Cerrito. Manuel María and María Mercedes had seven children: José María, Victor, Antonio, Susana, Gonzalo, Sofía, and Julio Daniel.His nephews Carlos and Jorge Holguín Mallarino, sons of his sister María Josefa, became prominent Conservative party politicians who like him served in Congress and as Acting Presidents; Jorge went on to serve as the 10th President of Colombia.
Secretary of Foreign Affairs (1846–1848)
Mallarino served as the 21st, 23rd, and 25th Secretary of Foreign Affairs of New Granada during the Administration of President Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera y Arboleda. In 1846, Chancellor Mallarino was commissioned to negotiate and sign with the United States Chargé d'Affaires in New Granada, Benjamin Alden Bidlack, the Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty, an agreement of mutual cooperation between the United States and New Granada that granted the US significant transit rights over the Isthmus of Panama, as well as military powers to suppress social conflicts and independence struggles targeted against New Granada. However this treaty would later be recalled by the US to justify American involvement in the Separation of Panama from Colombia.
Vice Presidency (1855–1859)
On 17 April 1854 General José María Melo y Ortiz deposed President José María Obando del Campo in a coup d'état. Later that year General Melo agreed to step down and handed power back to the previous administration; President Obando had been formally impeached by Congress so the Executive Power lay in the hands of Vice President José de Obaldía y Orejuela as Acting President as the New Granadian Constitution of 1832 did not allow for a full succession of power. The Constitution also prescribed for separate elections for President and Vice President set two years apart, so in 1855 when Vice President Obaldía's term came to an end Congress set out to elect his successor and elected Mallarino to succeed Obaldía. Mallarino took office as the 8th Vice President of New Granada on 1 April 1855 becoming Acting President of New Granada. In 1857 Mallarino handed Executive Power to the newly elected President, Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, who took office on 1 April; he then served out the remaining of his term as Ospina's Vice President until 1 April 1857. President Ospina set out to rewrite the Constitution, eliminating the Office of the Vice President among other substantial changes. Mallarino was thus the last Vice President of New Granada as he had no successor. The country would not have another Vice President until 1886 when the Colombian Constitution of 1886 reopened the Vice Presidency.
Secretary of Foreign Affairs (1861)
In 1861 Mallarino was tapped again to serve as Secretary of Foreign Affairs, this time appointed by President Bartolomé Calvo Díaz during the Civil War of 1860–1862. For this reason when Mallarino took office on 1 April 1861 as the 2nd Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Granadine Confederation he only served until 10 July, when General Mosquera, under whose Administration he had served as Secretary of Foreign Affairs in the past, deposed President Calvo and toppled the Government.
References
Further reading
Mallarino Ibargüen, Manuel María (1843). Memoria del Gobernador de Buenaventura a la Camara Provincial en sus sesiones de 1843 (in Spanish). Cali. OCLC 559020131.
Mallarino Ibargüen, Manuel María (1856). Mensaje del Vicepresidente de la Nueva Granada, encargado del poder ejecutivo, al Congreso Constitucional de la Nueva Granada (in Spanish). Bogotá. OCLC 253731629.
External links
"Official Biography of Manuel María Mallarino" (in Spanish). Bogotá: wsp.presidencia.gov.co. Archived from the original on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
|
educated at
|
{
"answer_start": [
588
],
"text": [
"University of Cauca"
]
}
|
Manuel María Mallarino Ibargüen (18 June 1808 – 6 January 1872) was the 8th Vice President of New Granada, and as such served as Acting President from 1855 to 1857.
Personal life
Manuel María was born on 18 June 1808 in Santiago de Cali, then part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, the oldest child of José María Mallarino y Vargas, a Spaniard natural of Cádiz of Italian descent, and Juana María de la Concepción Ibargüen (née Scarpetta Roo y Bedoya), a Criolla natural of Cali also of Italian descent. His two younger siblings were María Josefa and Francisco Antonio. He attended the University of Cauca graduating Juris Doctor on 17 July 1831. On 11 August 1836 he married María Mercedes Cabal, daughter of José Antonio Víctor Cabal Molina and María Petrona Borrero y Costa, and natural of Buga, in his father-in-law's hacienda in El Cerrito. Manuel María and María Mercedes had seven children: José María, Victor, Antonio, Susana, Gonzalo, Sofía, and Julio Daniel.His nephews Carlos and Jorge Holguín Mallarino, sons of his sister María Josefa, became prominent Conservative party politicians who like him served in Congress and as Acting Presidents; Jorge went on to serve as the 10th President of Colombia.
Secretary of Foreign Affairs (1846–1848)
Mallarino served as the 21st, 23rd, and 25th Secretary of Foreign Affairs of New Granada during the Administration of President Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera y Arboleda. In 1846, Chancellor Mallarino was commissioned to negotiate and sign with the United States Chargé d'Affaires in New Granada, Benjamin Alden Bidlack, the Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty, an agreement of mutual cooperation between the United States and New Granada that granted the US significant transit rights over the Isthmus of Panama, as well as military powers to suppress social conflicts and independence struggles targeted against New Granada. However this treaty would later be recalled by the US to justify American involvement in the Separation of Panama from Colombia.
Vice Presidency (1855–1859)
On 17 April 1854 General José María Melo y Ortiz deposed President José María Obando del Campo in a coup d'état. Later that year General Melo agreed to step down and handed power back to the previous administration; President Obando had been formally impeached by Congress so the Executive Power lay in the hands of Vice President José de Obaldía y Orejuela as Acting President as the New Granadian Constitution of 1832 did not allow for a full succession of power. The Constitution also prescribed for separate elections for President and Vice President set two years apart, so in 1855 when Vice President Obaldía's term came to an end Congress set out to elect his successor and elected Mallarino to succeed Obaldía. Mallarino took office as the 8th Vice President of New Granada on 1 April 1855 becoming Acting President of New Granada. In 1857 Mallarino handed Executive Power to the newly elected President, Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, who took office on 1 April; he then served out the remaining of his term as Ospina's Vice President until 1 April 1857. President Ospina set out to rewrite the Constitution, eliminating the Office of the Vice President among other substantial changes. Mallarino was thus the last Vice President of New Granada as he had no successor. The country would not have another Vice President until 1886 when the Colombian Constitution of 1886 reopened the Vice Presidency.
Secretary of Foreign Affairs (1861)
In 1861 Mallarino was tapped again to serve as Secretary of Foreign Affairs, this time appointed by President Bartolomé Calvo Díaz during the Civil War of 1860–1862. For this reason when Mallarino took office on 1 April 1861 as the 2nd Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Granadine Confederation he only served until 10 July, when General Mosquera, under whose Administration he had served as Secretary of Foreign Affairs in the past, deposed President Calvo and toppled the Government.
References
Further reading
Mallarino Ibargüen, Manuel María (1843). Memoria del Gobernador de Buenaventura a la Camara Provincial en sus sesiones de 1843 (in Spanish). Cali. OCLC 559020131.
Mallarino Ibargüen, Manuel María (1856). Mensaje del Vicepresidente de la Nueva Granada, encargado del poder ejecutivo, al Congreso Constitucional de la Nueva Granada (in Spanish). Bogotá. OCLC 253731629.
External links
"Official Biography of Manuel María Mallarino" (in Spanish). Bogotá: wsp.presidencia.gov.co. Archived from the original on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
1087
],
"text": [
"politician"
]
}
|
Manuel María Mallarino Ibargüen (18 June 1808 – 6 January 1872) was the 8th Vice President of New Granada, and as such served as Acting President from 1855 to 1857.
Personal life
Manuel María was born on 18 June 1808 in Santiago de Cali, then part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, the oldest child of José María Mallarino y Vargas, a Spaniard natural of Cádiz of Italian descent, and Juana María de la Concepción Ibargüen (née Scarpetta Roo y Bedoya), a Criolla natural of Cali also of Italian descent. His two younger siblings were María Josefa and Francisco Antonio. He attended the University of Cauca graduating Juris Doctor on 17 July 1831. On 11 August 1836 he married María Mercedes Cabal, daughter of José Antonio Víctor Cabal Molina and María Petrona Borrero y Costa, and natural of Buga, in his father-in-law's hacienda in El Cerrito. Manuel María and María Mercedes had seven children: José María, Victor, Antonio, Susana, Gonzalo, Sofía, and Julio Daniel.His nephews Carlos and Jorge Holguín Mallarino, sons of his sister María Josefa, became prominent Conservative party politicians who like him served in Congress and as Acting Presidents; Jorge went on to serve as the 10th President of Colombia.
Secretary of Foreign Affairs (1846–1848)
Mallarino served as the 21st, 23rd, and 25th Secretary of Foreign Affairs of New Granada during the Administration of President Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera y Arboleda. In 1846, Chancellor Mallarino was commissioned to negotiate and sign with the United States Chargé d'Affaires in New Granada, Benjamin Alden Bidlack, the Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty, an agreement of mutual cooperation between the United States and New Granada that granted the US significant transit rights over the Isthmus of Panama, as well as military powers to suppress social conflicts and independence struggles targeted against New Granada. However this treaty would later be recalled by the US to justify American involvement in the Separation of Panama from Colombia.
Vice Presidency (1855–1859)
On 17 April 1854 General José María Melo y Ortiz deposed President José María Obando del Campo in a coup d'état. Later that year General Melo agreed to step down and handed power back to the previous administration; President Obando had been formally impeached by Congress so the Executive Power lay in the hands of Vice President José de Obaldía y Orejuela as Acting President as the New Granadian Constitution of 1832 did not allow for a full succession of power. The Constitution also prescribed for separate elections for President and Vice President set two years apart, so in 1855 when Vice President Obaldía's term came to an end Congress set out to elect his successor and elected Mallarino to succeed Obaldía. Mallarino took office as the 8th Vice President of New Granada on 1 April 1855 becoming Acting President of New Granada. In 1857 Mallarino handed Executive Power to the newly elected President, Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, who took office on 1 April; he then served out the remaining of his term as Ospina's Vice President until 1 April 1857. President Ospina set out to rewrite the Constitution, eliminating the Office of the Vice President among other substantial changes. Mallarino was thus the last Vice President of New Granada as he had no successor. The country would not have another Vice President until 1886 when the Colombian Constitution of 1886 reopened the Vice Presidency.
Secretary of Foreign Affairs (1861)
In 1861 Mallarino was tapped again to serve as Secretary of Foreign Affairs, this time appointed by President Bartolomé Calvo Díaz during the Civil War of 1860–1862. For this reason when Mallarino took office on 1 April 1861 as the 2nd Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Granadine Confederation he only served until 10 July, when General Mosquera, under whose Administration he had served as Secretary of Foreign Affairs in the past, deposed President Calvo and toppled the Government.
References
Further reading
Mallarino Ibargüen, Manuel María (1843). Memoria del Gobernador de Buenaventura a la Camara Provincial en sus sesiones de 1843 (in Spanish). Cali. OCLC 559020131.
Mallarino Ibargüen, Manuel María (1856). Mensaje del Vicepresidente de la Nueva Granada, encargado del poder ejecutivo, al Congreso Constitucional de la Nueva Granada (in Spanish). Bogotá. OCLC 253731629.
External links
"Official Biography of Manuel María Mallarino" (in Spanish). Bogotá: wsp.presidencia.gov.co. Archived from the original on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Manuel María Mallarino"
]
}
|
Manuel María Mallarino Ibargüen (18 June 1808 – 6 January 1872) was the 8th Vice President of New Granada, and as such served as Acting President from 1855 to 1857.
Personal life
Manuel María was born on 18 June 1808 in Santiago de Cali, then part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, the oldest child of José María Mallarino y Vargas, a Spaniard natural of Cádiz of Italian descent, and Juana María de la Concepción Ibargüen (née Scarpetta Roo y Bedoya), a Criolla natural of Cali also of Italian descent. His two younger siblings were María Josefa and Francisco Antonio. He attended the University of Cauca graduating Juris Doctor on 17 July 1831. On 11 August 1836 he married María Mercedes Cabal, daughter of José Antonio Víctor Cabal Molina and María Petrona Borrero y Costa, and natural of Buga, in his father-in-law's hacienda in El Cerrito. Manuel María and María Mercedes had seven children: José María, Victor, Antonio, Susana, Gonzalo, Sofía, and Julio Daniel.His nephews Carlos and Jorge Holguín Mallarino, sons of his sister María Josefa, became prominent Conservative party politicians who like him served in Congress and as Acting Presidents; Jorge went on to serve as the 10th President of Colombia.
Secretary of Foreign Affairs (1846–1848)
Mallarino served as the 21st, 23rd, and 25th Secretary of Foreign Affairs of New Granada during the Administration of President Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera y Arboleda. In 1846, Chancellor Mallarino was commissioned to negotiate and sign with the United States Chargé d'Affaires in New Granada, Benjamin Alden Bidlack, the Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty, an agreement of mutual cooperation between the United States and New Granada that granted the US significant transit rights over the Isthmus of Panama, as well as military powers to suppress social conflicts and independence struggles targeted against New Granada. However this treaty would later be recalled by the US to justify American involvement in the Separation of Panama from Colombia.
Vice Presidency (1855–1859)
On 17 April 1854 General José María Melo y Ortiz deposed President José María Obando del Campo in a coup d'état. Later that year General Melo agreed to step down and handed power back to the previous administration; President Obando had been formally impeached by Congress so the Executive Power lay in the hands of Vice President José de Obaldía y Orejuela as Acting President as the New Granadian Constitution of 1832 did not allow for a full succession of power. The Constitution also prescribed for separate elections for President and Vice President set two years apart, so in 1855 when Vice President Obaldía's term came to an end Congress set out to elect his successor and elected Mallarino to succeed Obaldía. Mallarino took office as the 8th Vice President of New Granada on 1 April 1855 becoming Acting President of New Granada. In 1857 Mallarino handed Executive Power to the newly elected President, Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, who took office on 1 April; he then served out the remaining of his term as Ospina's Vice President until 1 April 1857. President Ospina set out to rewrite the Constitution, eliminating the Office of the Vice President among other substantial changes. Mallarino was thus the last Vice President of New Granada as he had no successor. The country would not have another Vice President until 1886 when the Colombian Constitution of 1886 reopened the Vice Presidency.
Secretary of Foreign Affairs (1861)
In 1861 Mallarino was tapped again to serve as Secretary of Foreign Affairs, this time appointed by President Bartolomé Calvo Díaz during the Civil War of 1860–1862. For this reason when Mallarino took office on 1 April 1861 as the 2nd Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Granadine Confederation he only served until 10 July, when General Mosquera, under whose Administration he had served as Secretary of Foreign Affairs in the past, deposed President Calvo and toppled the Government.
References
Further reading
Mallarino Ibargüen, Manuel María (1843). Memoria del Gobernador de Buenaventura a la Camara Provincial en sus sesiones de 1843 (in Spanish). Cali. OCLC 559020131.
Mallarino Ibargüen, Manuel María (1856). Mensaje del Vicepresidente de la Nueva Granada, encargado del poder ejecutivo, al Congreso Constitucional de la Nueva Granada (in Spanish). Bogotá. OCLC 253731629.
External links
"Official Biography of Manuel María Mallarino" (in Spanish). Bogotá: wsp.presidencia.gov.co. Archived from the original on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Manuel María"
]
}
|
Manuel María Mallarino Ibargüen (18 June 1808 – 6 January 1872) was the 8th Vice President of New Granada, and as such served as Acting President from 1855 to 1857.
Personal life
Manuel María was born on 18 June 1808 in Santiago de Cali, then part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, the oldest child of José María Mallarino y Vargas, a Spaniard natural of Cádiz of Italian descent, and Juana María de la Concepción Ibargüen (née Scarpetta Roo y Bedoya), a Criolla natural of Cali also of Italian descent. His two younger siblings were María Josefa and Francisco Antonio. He attended the University of Cauca graduating Juris Doctor on 17 July 1831. On 11 August 1836 he married María Mercedes Cabal, daughter of José Antonio Víctor Cabal Molina and María Petrona Borrero y Costa, and natural of Buga, in his father-in-law's hacienda in El Cerrito. Manuel María and María Mercedes had seven children: José María, Victor, Antonio, Susana, Gonzalo, Sofía, and Julio Daniel.His nephews Carlos and Jorge Holguín Mallarino, sons of his sister María Josefa, became prominent Conservative party politicians who like him served in Congress and as Acting Presidents; Jorge went on to serve as the 10th President of Colombia.
Secretary of Foreign Affairs (1846–1848)
Mallarino served as the 21st, 23rd, and 25th Secretary of Foreign Affairs of New Granada during the Administration of President Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera y Arboleda. In 1846, Chancellor Mallarino was commissioned to negotiate and sign with the United States Chargé d'Affaires in New Granada, Benjamin Alden Bidlack, the Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty, an agreement of mutual cooperation between the United States and New Granada that granted the US significant transit rights over the Isthmus of Panama, as well as military powers to suppress social conflicts and independence struggles targeted against New Granada. However this treaty would later be recalled by the US to justify American involvement in the Separation of Panama from Colombia.
Vice Presidency (1855–1859)
On 17 April 1854 General José María Melo y Ortiz deposed President José María Obando del Campo in a coup d'état. Later that year General Melo agreed to step down and handed power back to the previous administration; President Obando had been formally impeached by Congress so the Executive Power lay in the hands of Vice President José de Obaldía y Orejuela as Acting President as the New Granadian Constitution of 1832 did not allow for a full succession of power. The Constitution also prescribed for separate elections for President and Vice President set two years apart, so in 1855 when Vice President Obaldía's term came to an end Congress set out to elect his successor and elected Mallarino to succeed Obaldía. Mallarino took office as the 8th Vice President of New Granada on 1 April 1855 becoming Acting President of New Granada. In 1857 Mallarino handed Executive Power to the newly elected President, Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, who took office on 1 April; he then served out the remaining of his term as Ospina's Vice President until 1 April 1857. President Ospina set out to rewrite the Constitution, eliminating the Office of the Vice President among other substantial changes. Mallarino was thus the last Vice President of New Granada as he had no successor. The country would not have another Vice President until 1886 when the Colombian Constitution of 1886 reopened the Vice Presidency.
Secretary of Foreign Affairs (1861)
In 1861 Mallarino was tapped again to serve as Secretary of Foreign Affairs, this time appointed by President Bartolomé Calvo Díaz during the Civil War of 1860–1862. For this reason when Mallarino took office on 1 April 1861 as the 2nd Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Granadine Confederation he only served until 10 July, when General Mosquera, under whose Administration he had served as Secretary of Foreign Affairs in the past, deposed President Calvo and toppled the Government.
References
Further reading
Mallarino Ibargüen, Manuel María (1843). Memoria del Gobernador de Buenaventura a la Camara Provincial en sus sesiones de 1843 (in Spanish). Cali. OCLC 559020131.
Mallarino Ibargüen, Manuel María (1856). Mensaje del Vicepresidente de la Nueva Granada, encargado del poder ejecutivo, al Congreso Constitucional de la Nueva Granada (in Spanish). Bogotá. OCLC 253731629.
External links
"Official Biography of Manuel María Mallarino" (in Spanish). Bogotá: wsp.presidencia.gov.co. Archived from the original on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
4114
],
"text": [
"Spanish"
]
}
|
Manuel María Mallarino Ibargüen (18 June 1808 – 6 January 1872) was the 8th Vice President of New Granada, and as such served as Acting President from 1855 to 1857.
Personal life
Manuel María was born on 18 June 1808 in Santiago de Cali, then part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, the oldest child of José María Mallarino y Vargas, a Spaniard natural of Cádiz of Italian descent, and Juana María de la Concepción Ibargüen (née Scarpetta Roo y Bedoya), a Criolla natural of Cali also of Italian descent. His two younger siblings were María Josefa and Francisco Antonio. He attended the University of Cauca graduating Juris Doctor on 17 July 1831. On 11 August 1836 he married María Mercedes Cabal, daughter of José Antonio Víctor Cabal Molina and María Petrona Borrero y Costa, and natural of Buga, in his father-in-law's hacienda in El Cerrito. Manuel María and María Mercedes had seven children: José María, Victor, Antonio, Susana, Gonzalo, Sofía, and Julio Daniel.His nephews Carlos and Jorge Holguín Mallarino, sons of his sister María Josefa, became prominent Conservative party politicians who like him served in Congress and as Acting Presidents; Jorge went on to serve as the 10th President of Colombia.
Secretary of Foreign Affairs (1846–1848)
Mallarino served as the 21st, 23rd, and 25th Secretary of Foreign Affairs of New Granada during the Administration of President Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera y Arboleda. In 1846, Chancellor Mallarino was commissioned to negotiate and sign with the United States Chargé d'Affaires in New Granada, Benjamin Alden Bidlack, the Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty, an agreement of mutual cooperation between the United States and New Granada that granted the US significant transit rights over the Isthmus of Panama, as well as military powers to suppress social conflicts and independence struggles targeted against New Granada. However this treaty would later be recalled by the US to justify American involvement in the Separation of Panama from Colombia.
Vice Presidency (1855–1859)
On 17 April 1854 General José María Melo y Ortiz deposed President José María Obando del Campo in a coup d'état. Later that year General Melo agreed to step down and handed power back to the previous administration; President Obando had been formally impeached by Congress so the Executive Power lay in the hands of Vice President José de Obaldía y Orejuela as Acting President as the New Granadian Constitution of 1832 did not allow for a full succession of power. The Constitution also prescribed for separate elections for President and Vice President set two years apart, so in 1855 when Vice President Obaldía's term came to an end Congress set out to elect his successor and elected Mallarino to succeed Obaldía. Mallarino took office as the 8th Vice President of New Granada on 1 April 1855 becoming Acting President of New Granada. In 1857 Mallarino handed Executive Power to the newly elected President, Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, who took office on 1 April; he then served out the remaining of his term as Ospina's Vice President until 1 April 1857. President Ospina set out to rewrite the Constitution, eliminating the Office of the Vice President among other substantial changes. Mallarino was thus the last Vice President of New Granada as he had no successor. The country would not have another Vice President until 1886 when the Colombian Constitution of 1886 reopened the Vice Presidency.
Secretary of Foreign Affairs (1861)
In 1861 Mallarino was tapped again to serve as Secretary of Foreign Affairs, this time appointed by President Bartolomé Calvo Díaz during the Civil War of 1860–1862. For this reason when Mallarino took office on 1 April 1861 as the 2nd Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Granadine Confederation he only served until 10 July, when General Mosquera, under whose Administration he had served as Secretary of Foreign Affairs in the past, deposed President Calvo and toppled the Government.
References
Further reading
Mallarino Ibargüen, Manuel María (1843). Memoria del Gobernador de Buenaventura a la Camara Provincial en sus sesiones de 1843 (in Spanish). Cali. OCLC 559020131.
Mallarino Ibargüen, Manuel María (1856). Mensaje del Vicepresidente de la Nueva Granada, encargado del poder ejecutivo, al Congreso Constitucional de la Nueva Granada (in Spanish). Bogotá. OCLC 253731629.
External links
"Official Biography of Manuel María Mallarino" (in Spanish). Bogotá: wsp.presidencia.gov.co. Archived from the original on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
|
name in native language
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Manuel María Mallarino Ibargüen"
]
}
|
The Grand Church of the Winter Palace (Russian: Собор Спаса Нерукотворного Образа в Зимнем дворце) in Saint Petersburg, sometimes referred to as the Winter Palace's cathedral, was consecrated in 1763. It is located on the piano nobile in the eastern wing of the Winter Palace, and is the larger, and principal, of two churches within the palace. A smaller, more private church was constructed in 1768, near the private apartment in the northwest part of the wing. The Grand Church was designed by Francesco Rastrelli, and has been described as "one of the most splendid rooms" in the palace. Today, the church is an unconsecrated exhibition hall of the State Hermitage Museum.
History
Construction of the church began on 14 October 1753 (Julian calendar). Six years later, the interior design was executed by the Italian artists Carlo Zucci, Francesco Martini, Giovanni Antonio Veneroni and the sculptor G. B. Gianni. Rastrelli was personally in charge of the three-tier iconostasis where the icons were painted by Ivan Ivanovich Belsky and Ivan Vishnyakov. The Italian Francesco Fontebasso painted the evangelists in the church's spandrels and the "Resurrection of Christ" plafond in the vestibule.
The Grand Church was one of the final parts of the palace to be completed. When the palace was first inhabited on 6 April 1762, the cathedral was not yet completed, so a temporary church of the Resurrection of Christ was consecrated by Archbishop Dimitry Sechenov of Novgorod.
On 12 July 1763, Archbishop Gavriil Kremenetsky of St Petersburg consecrated the Grand Church in the name of the Not-Made-by-Hand Image of Our Saviour. This eponymous icon, painted by Feodor Ukhtomsky in 1693, lavishly decorated with gold and diamonds, was placed near the sanctuary.
Architecture of the Grand Church
The Grand Church and the palace's Jordan Staircase are one of the few parts of the palace to retain the original rococo decorative scheme devised by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli. This was faithfully copied by Vasily Stasov when he was commissioned to rebuild the palace following the disastrous fire that destroyed most of the original palace interiors in 1837. However, the new intricate decoration was mostly made of moulded papier-mâché, rather than wood.As before the fire, the church is sub-divided by Corinthian columns and pilasters into three distinct areas, brightly lit by large windows on opposite sides, the central area being covered by a dome. The walls of the church are richly embellished with gilded stucco in rococo design. The ceiling depicts the Ascension of Christ by Pyotr Basinm, while the lunettes beneath the dome depict Saints Matthew, Mark, Luke and John by Fiodor Bruni. The restored cathedral was consecrated on 25 March 1839 by Metropolitan Filaret (Drozdov) of Moscow.
The cathedral was the repository of multiple relics and memorabilia related to the Romanovs. It was used as the imperial family's private place of worship, with the imperial family's members usually praying in a special room beyond the sanctuary. This was the place where Nicholas II prayed at the liturgy before exiting onto the balcony to face the crowd on the day of declaring war on Germany in 1914.
The Grand Church today
In May 1918, the cathedral was officially closed for worship. It is now used as an exhibition hall of the Hermitage Museum. Restoration work undertaken from 2012 until 2014 is described by the State Museum as a "recreation of the original design of the Court Cathedral" and "The icons, the candelabra, the standard lamps and pieces of the iconostasis, the pulpit, the lantern and the altar canopy were returned to their original place".
Gallery
== Notes ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
39
],
"text": [
"Russia"
]
}
|
The Grand Church of the Winter Palace (Russian: Собор Спаса Нерукотворного Образа в Зимнем дворце) in Saint Petersburg, sometimes referred to as the Winter Palace's cathedral, was consecrated in 1763. It is located on the piano nobile in the eastern wing of the Winter Palace, and is the larger, and principal, of two churches within the palace. A smaller, more private church was constructed in 1768, near the private apartment in the northwest part of the wing. The Grand Church was designed by Francesco Rastrelli, and has been described as "one of the most splendid rooms" in the palace. Today, the church is an unconsecrated exhibition hall of the State Hermitage Museum.
History
Construction of the church began on 14 October 1753 (Julian calendar). Six years later, the interior design was executed by the Italian artists Carlo Zucci, Francesco Martini, Giovanni Antonio Veneroni and the sculptor G. B. Gianni. Rastrelli was personally in charge of the three-tier iconostasis where the icons were painted by Ivan Ivanovich Belsky and Ivan Vishnyakov. The Italian Francesco Fontebasso painted the evangelists in the church's spandrels and the "Resurrection of Christ" plafond in the vestibule.
The Grand Church was one of the final parts of the palace to be completed. When the palace was first inhabited on 6 April 1762, the cathedral was not yet completed, so a temporary church of the Resurrection of Christ was consecrated by Archbishop Dimitry Sechenov of Novgorod.
On 12 July 1763, Archbishop Gavriil Kremenetsky of St Petersburg consecrated the Grand Church in the name of the Not-Made-by-Hand Image of Our Saviour. This eponymous icon, painted by Feodor Ukhtomsky in 1693, lavishly decorated with gold and diamonds, was placed near the sanctuary.
Architecture of the Grand Church
The Grand Church and the palace's Jordan Staircase are one of the few parts of the palace to retain the original rococo decorative scheme devised by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli. This was faithfully copied by Vasily Stasov when he was commissioned to rebuild the palace following the disastrous fire that destroyed most of the original palace interiors in 1837. However, the new intricate decoration was mostly made of moulded papier-mâché, rather than wood.As before the fire, the church is sub-divided by Corinthian columns and pilasters into three distinct areas, brightly lit by large windows on opposite sides, the central area being covered by a dome. The walls of the church are richly embellished with gilded stucco in rococo design. The ceiling depicts the Ascension of Christ by Pyotr Basinm, while the lunettes beneath the dome depict Saints Matthew, Mark, Luke and John by Fiodor Bruni. The restored cathedral was consecrated on 25 March 1839 by Metropolitan Filaret (Drozdov) of Moscow.
The cathedral was the repository of multiple relics and memorabilia related to the Romanovs. It was used as the imperial family's private place of worship, with the imperial family's members usually praying in a special room beyond the sanctuary. This was the place where Nicholas II prayed at the liturgy before exiting onto the balcony to face the crowd on the day of declaring war on Germany in 1914.
The Grand Church today
In May 1918, the cathedral was officially closed for worship. It is now used as an exhibition hall of the Hermitage Museum. Restoration work undertaken from 2012 until 2014 is described by the State Museum as a "recreation of the original design of the Court Cathedral" and "The icons, the candelabra, the standard lamps and pieces of the iconostasis, the pulpit, the lantern and the altar canopy were returned to their original place".
Gallery
== Notes ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
102
],
"text": [
"Saint Petersburg"
]
}
|
The Grand Church of the Winter Palace (Russian: Собор Спаса Нерукотворного Образа в Зимнем дворце) in Saint Petersburg, sometimes referred to as the Winter Palace's cathedral, was consecrated in 1763. It is located on the piano nobile in the eastern wing of the Winter Palace, and is the larger, and principal, of two churches within the palace. A smaller, more private church was constructed in 1768, near the private apartment in the northwest part of the wing. The Grand Church was designed by Francesco Rastrelli, and has been described as "one of the most splendid rooms" in the palace. Today, the church is an unconsecrated exhibition hall of the State Hermitage Museum.
History
Construction of the church began on 14 October 1753 (Julian calendar). Six years later, the interior design was executed by the Italian artists Carlo Zucci, Francesco Martini, Giovanni Antonio Veneroni and the sculptor G. B. Gianni. Rastrelli was personally in charge of the three-tier iconostasis where the icons were painted by Ivan Ivanovich Belsky and Ivan Vishnyakov. The Italian Francesco Fontebasso painted the evangelists in the church's spandrels and the "Resurrection of Christ" plafond in the vestibule.
The Grand Church was one of the final parts of the palace to be completed. When the palace was first inhabited on 6 April 1762, the cathedral was not yet completed, so a temporary church of the Resurrection of Christ was consecrated by Archbishop Dimitry Sechenov of Novgorod.
On 12 July 1763, Archbishop Gavriil Kremenetsky of St Petersburg consecrated the Grand Church in the name of the Not-Made-by-Hand Image of Our Saviour. This eponymous icon, painted by Feodor Ukhtomsky in 1693, lavishly decorated with gold and diamonds, was placed near the sanctuary.
Architecture of the Grand Church
The Grand Church and the palace's Jordan Staircase are one of the few parts of the palace to retain the original rococo decorative scheme devised by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli. This was faithfully copied by Vasily Stasov when he was commissioned to rebuild the palace following the disastrous fire that destroyed most of the original palace interiors in 1837. However, the new intricate decoration was mostly made of moulded papier-mâché, rather than wood.As before the fire, the church is sub-divided by Corinthian columns and pilasters into three distinct areas, brightly lit by large windows on opposite sides, the central area being covered by a dome. The walls of the church are richly embellished with gilded stucco in rococo design. The ceiling depicts the Ascension of Christ by Pyotr Basinm, while the lunettes beneath the dome depict Saints Matthew, Mark, Luke and John by Fiodor Bruni. The restored cathedral was consecrated on 25 March 1839 by Metropolitan Filaret (Drozdov) of Moscow.
The cathedral was the repository of multiple relics and memorabilia related to the Romanovs. It was used as the imperial family's private place of worship, with the imperial family's members usually praying in a special room beyond the sanctuary. This was the place where Nicholas II prayed at the liturgy before exiting onto the balcony to face the crowd on the day of declaring war on Germany in 1914.
The Grand Church today
In May 1918, the cathedral was officially closed for worship. It is now used as an exhibition hall of the Hermitage Museum. Restoration work undertaken from 2012 until 2014 is described by the State Museum as a "recreation of the original design of the Court Cathedral" and "The icons, the candelabra, the standard lamps and pieces of the iconostasis, the pulpit, the lantern and the altar canopy were returned to their original place".
Gallery
== Notes ==
|
part of
|
{
"answer_start": [
24
],
"text": [
"Winter Palace"
]
}
|
Ajuga zakhoensis is a herbaceous flowering plant native to northern Iraq. It was first described in 1982.
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Ajuga"
]
}
|
Ajuga zakhoensis is a herbaceous flowering plant native to northern Iraq. It was first described in 1982.
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Ajuga zakhoensis"
]
}
|
Yemeni Canadians are Canadians of Yemeni descent or Yemenis who have Canadian citizenship.
Most Yemeni Canadians speak Arabic, English or French. According to the 2016 Census there were 6,645 Canadians who claimed Yemeni ancestry.
See also
Arab Canadians
Yemeni Americans
References
== External links ==
|
subclass of
|
{
"answer_start": [
7
],
"text": [
"Canadians"
]
}
|
José Antonio Ruiz de Padron (1757–1823) was a noted Spanish politician and Catholic priest. He was a critic of the Inquisition and promoter of a more enlightened Catholic faith. In 1785 he went to Pennsylvania and met and debated with George Washington and Benjamin Franklin. In November 2012, he was awarded the Distinguished Honorary Favorite Son of the Island of La Gomera.
References
Further reading
Guimerá Peraza, Marcos. (1967). Los diputados doceañistas canarios. Santa Cruz de Tenerife: Cabildo Insular, Aula de Cultura.
Millares Torres, Agustín. (1982). Biografías de canarios célebres. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria: Edirca
Mora Morales, Manuel. (2011). La isla transparente. Tomo I, Nuestro Ruiz de Padrón: [la fantástica vida del hombre que derribó la inquisición española]: novela histórica. Canarias: Malvasía.
Mora Morales, Manuel. (2012). Canarias. Tomo II, Nuestro Ruiz de Padrón: [la fantástica vida del hombre que derribó la inquisición española]: novela histórica. Canarias: Malvasía.
Villalba Hervas, Miguel. (1897). Ruiz de Padrón y su tiempo. Introducción al un estudio sobre historia contemporánea de España. Madrid: Victoriano Suárez.
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
84
],
"text": [
"priest"
]
}
|
José Antonio Ruiz de Padron (1757–1823) was a noted Spanish politician and Catholic priest. He was a critic of the Inquisition and promoter of a more enlightened Catholic faith. In 1785 he went to Pennsylvania and met and debated with George Washington and Benjamin Franklin. In November 2012, he was awarded the Distinguished Honorary Favorite Son of the Island of La Gomera.
References
Further reading
Guimerá Peraza, Marcos. (1967). Los diputados doceañistas canarios. Santa Cruz de Tenerife: Cabildo Insular, Aula de Cultura.
Millares Torres, Agustín. (1982). Biografías de canarios célebres. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria: Edirca
Mora Morales, Manuel. (2011). La isla transparente. Tomo I, Nuestro Ruiz de Padrón: [la fantástica vida del hombre que derribó la inquisición española]: novela histórica. Canarias: Malvasía.
Mora Morales, Manuel. (2012). Canarias. Tomo II, Nuestro Ruiz de Padrón: [la fantástica vida del hombre que derribó la inquisición española]: novela histórica. Canarias: Malvasía.
Villalba Hervas, Miguel. (1897). Ruiz de Padrón y su tiempo. Introducción al un estudio sobre historia contemporánea de España. Madrid: Victoriano Suárez.
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
13
],
"text": [
"Ruiz"
]
}
|
José Antonio Ruiz de Padron (1757–1823) was a noted Spanish politician and Catholic priest. He was a critic of the Inquisition and promoter of a more enlightened Catholic faith. In 1785 he went to Pennsylvania and met and debated with George Washington and Benjamin Franklin. In November 2012, he was awarded the Distinguished Honorary Favorite Son of the Island of La Gomera.
References
Further reading
Guimerá Peraza, Marcos. (1967). Los diputados doceañistas canarios. Santa Cruz de Tenerife: Cabildo Insular, Aula de Cultura.
Millares Torres, Agustín. (1982). Biografías de canarios célebres. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria: Edirca
Mora Morales, Manuel. (2011). La isla transparente. Tomo I, Nuestro Ruiz de Padrón: [la fantástica vida del hombre que derribó la inquisición española]: novela histórica. Canarias: Malvasía.
Mora Morales, Manuel. (2012). Canarias. Tomo II, Nuestro Ruiz de Padrón: [la fantástica vida del hombre que derribó la inquisición española]: novela histórica. Canarias: Malvasía.
Villalba Hervas, Miguel. (1897). Ruiz de Padrón y su tiempo. Introducción al un estudio sobre historia contemporánea de España. Madrid: Victoriano Suárez.
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
5
],
"text": [
"Antonio"
]
}
|
José Antonio Ruiz de Padron (1757–1823) was a noted Spanish politician and Catholic priest. He was a critic of the Inquisition and promoter of a more enlightened Catholic faith. In 1785 he went to Pennsylvania and met and debated with George Washington and Benjamin Franklin. In November 2012, he was awarded the Distinguished Honorary Favorite Son of the Island of La Gomera.
References
Further reading
Guimerá Peraza, Marcos. (1967). Los diputados doceañistas canarios. Santa Cruz de Tenerife: Cabildo Insular, Aula de Cultura.
Millares Torres, Agustín. (1982). Biografías de canarios célebres. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria: Edirca
Mora Morales, Manuel. (2011). La isla transparente. Tomo I, Nuestro Ruiz de Padrón: [la fantástica vida del hombre que derribó la inquisición española]: novela histórica. Canarias: Malvasía.
Mora Morales, Manuel. (2012). Canarias. Tomo II, Nuestro Ruiz de Padrón: [la fantástica vida del hombre que derribó la inquisición española]: novela histórica. Canarias: Malvasía.
Villalba Hervas, Miguel. (1897). Ruiz de Padrón y su tiempo. Introducción al un estudio sobre historia contemporánea de España. Madrid: Victoriano Suárez.
|
work location
|
{
"answer_start": [
1132
],
"text": [
"Madrid"
]
}
|
José Antonio Ruiz de Padron (1757–1823) was a noted Spanish politician and Catholic priest. He was a critic of the Inquisition and promoter of a more enlightened Catholic faith. In 1785 he went to Pennsylvania and met and debated with George Washington and Benjamin Franklin. In November 2012, he was awarded the Distinguished Honorary Favorite Son of the Island of La Gomera.
References
Further reading
Guimerá Peraza, Marcos. (1967). Los diputados doceañistas canarios. Santa Cruz de Tenerife: Cabildo Insular, Aula de Cultura.
Millares Torres, Agustín. (1982). Biografías de canarios célebres. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria: Edirca
Mora Morales, Manuel. (2011). La isla transparente. Tomo I, Nuestro Ruiz de Padrón: [la fantástica vida del hombre que derribó la inquisición española]: novela histórica. Canarias: Malvasía.
Mora Morales, Manuel. (2012). Canarias. Tomo II, Nuestro Ruiz de Padrón: [la fantástica vida del hombre que derribó la inquisición española]: novela histórica. Canarias: Malvasía.
Villalba Hervas, Miguel. (1897). Ruiz de Padrón y su tiempo. Introducción al un estudio sobre historia contemporánea de España. Madrid: Victoriano Suárez.
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
52
],
"text": [
"Spanish"
]
}
|
Uncheon Station (Korean: 운천역; Hanja: 雲泉驛) is the name of two railroad stations in South Korea.
Uncheon station (Paju)
Uncheon station (Gwangju)
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
82
],
"text": [
"South Korea"
]
}
|
Uncheon Station (Korean: 운천역; Hanja: 雲泉驛) is the name of two railroad stations in South Korea.
Uncheon station (Paju)
Uncheon station (Gwangju)
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
113
],
"text": [
"Paju"
]
}
|
Uncheon Station (Korean: 운천역; Hanja: 雲泉驛) is the name of two railroad stations in South Korea.
Uncheon station (Paju)
Uncheon station (Gwangju)
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Uncheon Station"
]
}
|
Hurstbourne Priors is a small village and civil parish in the Basingstoke and Deane district of Hampshire, England. Its nearest town is Whitchurch, which lies approximately 1.8 miles (3.1 km) north-east from the village.
The church of St Andrew the Apostle is the oldest existing church in the Diocese of Winchester.
In the churchyard is the grave of noted Irish baritone Harry Plunket Greene (1865-1936), as well as those of his two sons Richard (born 1901) and David (born 1904). Finnish industrialist and diplomat Ossian Donner is also buried in the churchyard.
== References ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"village"
]
}
|
Hurstbourne Priors is a small village and civil parish in the Basingstoke and Deane district of Hampshire, England. Its nearest town is Whitchurch, which lies approximately 1.8 miles (3.1 km) north-east from the village.
The church of St Andrew the Apostle is the oldest existing church in the Diocese of Winchester.
In the churchyard is the grave of noted Irish baritone Harry Plunket Greene (1865-1936), as well as those of his two sons Richard (born 1901) and David (born 1904). Finnish industrialist and diplomat Ossian Donner is also buried in the churchyard.
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
62
],
"text": [
"Basingstoke and Deane"
]
}
|
Hurstbourne Priors is a small village and civil parish in the Basingstoke and Deane district of Hampshire, England. Its nearest town is Whitchurch, which lies approximately 1.8 miles (3.1 km) north-east from the village.
The church of St Andrew the Apostle is the oldest existing church in the Diocese of Winchester.
In the churchyard is the grave of noted Irish baritone Harry Plunket Greene (1865-1936), as well as those of his two sons Richard (born 1901) and David (born 1904). Finnish industrialist and diplomat Ossian Donner is also buried in the churchyard.
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Hurstbourne Priors"
]
}
|
Hurstbourne Priors is a small village and civil parish in the Basingstoke and Deane district of Hampshire, England. Its nearest town is Whitchurch, which lies approximately 1.8 miles (3.1 km) north-east from the village.
The church of St Andrew the Apostle is the oldest existing church in the Diocese of Winchester.
In the churchyard is the grave of noted Irish baritone Harry Plunket Greene (1865-1936), as well as those of his two sons Richard (born 1901) and David (born 1904). Finnish industrialist and diplomat Ossian Donner is also buried in the churchyard.
== References ==
|
historic county
|
{
"answer_start": [
96
],
"text": [
"Hampshire"
]
}
|
Nothrotheriops is a genus of Pleistocene ground sloth found in North America, from what is now central Mexico to the southern United States. This genus of bear-sized xenarthran was related to the much larger, and far more famous Megatherium, although it has recently been placed in a different family, Nothrotheriidae. The best known species, N. shastensis, is also called the Shasta ground sloth.
Taxonomy, history, and etymology
Nothrotheriops fossils were first collected by the University of California's Anthropology Department during an exploration of caves at Potter Creek Cave in Shasta County, California, the fossils dating to the late Quaternary period. These first fossils (UCMP 8422), consisting of an incomplete mandibular ramus lacking teeth of an individual and 14 additional molars, were sent to the University of California Museum of Paleontology where they were described by paleontologist William Sinclair in 1904 as a new species of Nothrotherium, N. shastensis (species name meaning "from Shasta"). 11 years later in 1916, Smithsonian paleontologist Oliver P. Hay named Nothrotherium texanus (species name meaning "from Texas") based on a partial skull that was transferred from Baylor University in Baylor, Texas. The skull had been collected in the Pleistocene strata of Wheeler County, Texas and given to a clergyman who then gave it to university staff in 1901. Many fossils were later referred to the two, but N. shastensis wasn't placed in a new genus until 1954 when it was placed in a new genus, Nothrotheriops ("near slothful beast", due to its similarity to Nothrotherium) by Robert Hoffstetter during a study of fossil sloths. N. texanus was recombined into the genus in 1995, and had many fossils referred to it from Florida, the easternmost occurrence of the genus.Fossils of the best-known species, the Shasta ground sloth (N. shastensis), have been found throughout western North America, especially in the American Southwest. It is the ground sloth found in greatest abundance at the La Brea Tar Pits. The most famous specimen was recovered from a lava tube at Aden Crater in New Mexico and was found to still have hair and tendon preserved. This nearly complete specimen is on display at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History in New Haven, Connecticut. Numerous dung boluses belonging to Nothrotheriops have also been found throughout the southwestern United States and have provided an insight into the diet of these extinct animals.
This genus's lineage dates back to the Miocene. The ancestors of Nothrotheriops migrated to North America from South America as part of the Great American Interchange during the Blancan, about 2.6 MYA.
Description
Although N. shastensis was one of the smallest ground sloth species, it still reached 2.75 metres (9.0 ft) from snout to tail tip and weighed 250 kilograms (551 lb) (one-quarter of a tonne) – much smaller than some of its contemporary species such as the Eremotherium, which could easily weigh over two tonnes and be 6 metres (20 ft) long. It had large, stout hindlegs and a powerful, muscular tail that it used to form a supporting tripod whenever it shifted from a quadrupedal stance to a bipedal one (i.e. Eremotherium).
Paleobiology
Nothrotheriops behaved like all typical ground sloths of North and South America, feeding on various plants like the desert globemallow, cacti, and yucca. It was hunted by various local predators, like dire wolves and Smilodon, from which the sloths may have defended themselves by standing upright on hindlegs and tail and swiping with their long foreclaws, like its distant relative Megatherium, as conjectured in the BBC series Walking with Beasts. The same claws could also been used as tools to reach past the plant spines and grab softer flowers and fruits. Also, the Shasta ground sloth may have had a prehensile tongue (like a giraffe) to strip leaves off branches.The Shasta ground sloth is believed to have played an important role in the dispersal of Yucca brevifolia, or Joshua tree, seeds. Preserved dung belonging to the sloth has been found to contain Joshua tree leaves and seeds, confirming that they fed on the trees. It has been suggested that the lack of Shasta ground sloths helping to disperse the seeds to more favourable climates is causing the trees to suffer.
Distribution and habitat
A fossil find had been described from as far north as the Canadian province of Alberta; however, this report is believed to have been mistaken. The genus lived primarily in the southwestern region of the U.S., from the states of Texas and Oklahoma to California; it has also been found in Florida.The best known historical specimen was found in a lava tube at Aden Crater in New Mexico; it was found with hair and tendon still preserved. The Rampart Cave, located on the Arizona side of the Lake Mead National Recreation Area, has a plentiful amount of the sloth's hair and dung, both of which scientists used for radiocarbon dating to establish when it lived. The most recent credible dates from this and each of about half a dozen other southwestern caves are about 11,000 BP (13,000 cal BP). In addition to North America, fossils assigned to Nothrotheriops sp. have also been found as far south as Argentina's Santa Fe Province.
References
Further reading
Gill, Fiona L.; Crump, Matthew P.; Schouten, Remmert; Bull, Ian D. (2009). "Lipid analysis of a ground sloth coprolite" (PDF). Quaternary Research. Elsevier. 72 (2): 284–288. Bibcode:2009QuRes..72..284G. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2009.06.006. S2CID 56281409. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
Hofreiter, M; Poinar, HN; Spaulding, WG; Bauer, K; Martin, PS; Possnert, G; Pääbo, S (2000). "A molecular analysis of ground sloth diet through the last glaciation" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. Blackwell Science. 9 (12): 1975–1984. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2000.01106.x. PMID 11123610. S2CID 22685601. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-03.
Naples, Virginia L. (1987), Reconstruction of Cranial Morphology and Analysis of Function in the Pleistocene Ground Sloth Nothrotheriops shastense (Mammalia, Megatheriidae), Contributions in Science 389, October 1987, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
Schmidt, Gerald D.; Duszynski, Donald W.; Martin, Paul S. (1992), Parasites of the Extinct Shasta Ground Sloth, Nothrotheriops shastensis, in Rampart Cave, Arizona, J. Parasitol., 78(5), 1992, p. 811-816, American Society of Parasitologists
Steadman, D. W.; Martin, P. S.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Jull, A. J. T.; McDonald, H. G.; Woods, C. A.; Iturralde-Vinent, M.; Hodgins, G. W. L. (2005-08-16). "Asynchronous extinction of late Quaternary sloths on continents and islands". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. National Academy of Sciences. 102 (33): 11763–11768. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10211763S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502777102. PMC 1187974. PMID 16085711.
External links
Family tree of Megatheriidae
SDNHM Fossil Mysteries Field Guide, "Ground Sloths"
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
20
],
"text": [
"genus"
]
}
|
Nothrotheriops is a genus of Pleistocene ground sloth found in North America, from what is now central Mexico to the southern United States. This genus of bear-sized xenarthran was related to the much larger, and far more famous Megatherium, although it has recently been placed in a different family, Nothrotheriidae. The best known species, N. shastensis, is also called the Shasta ground sloth.
Taxonomy, history, and etymology
Nothrotheriops fossils were first collected by the University of California's Anthropology Department during an exploration of caves at Potter Creek Cave in Shasta County, California, the fossils dating to the late Quaternary period. These first fossils (UCMP 8422), consisting of an incomplete mandibular ramus lacking teeth of an individual and 14 additional molars, were sent to the University of California Museum of Paleontology where they were described by paleontologist William Sinclair in 1904 as a new species of Nothrotherium, N. shastensis (species name meaning "from Shasta"). 11 years later in 1916, Smithsonian paleontologist Oliver P. Hay named Nothrotherium texanus (species name meaning "from Texas") based on a partial skull that was transferred from Baylor University in Baylor, Texas. The skull had been collected in the Pleistocene strata of Wheeler County, Texas and given to a clergyman who then gave it to university staff in 1901. Many fossils were later referred to the two, but N. shastensis wasn't placed in a new genus until 1954 when it was placed in a new genus, Nothrotheriops ("near slothful beast", due to its similarity to Nothrotherium) by Robert Hoffstetter during a study of fossil sloths. N. texanus was recombined into the genus in 1995, and had many fossils referred to it from Florida, the easternmost occurrence of the genus.Fossils of the best-known species, the Shasta ground sloth (N. shastensis), have been found throughout western North America, especially in the American Southwest. It is the ground sloth found in greatest abundance at the La Brea Tar Pits. The most famous specimen was recovered from a lava tube at Aden Crater in New Mexico and was found to still have hair and tendon preserved. This nearly complete specimen is on display at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History in New Haven, Connecticut. Numerous dung boluses belonging to Nothrotheriops have also been found throughout the southwestern United States and have provided an insight into the diet of these extinct animals.
This genus's lineage dates back to the Miocene. The ancestors of Nothrotheriops migrated to North America from South America as part of the Great American Interchange during the Blancan, about 2.6 MYA.
Description
Although N. shastensis was one of the smallest ground sloth species, it still reached 2.75 metres (9.0 ft) from snout to tail tip and weighed 250 kilograms (551 lb) (one-quarter of a tonne) – much smaller than some of its contemporary species such as the Eremotherium, which could easily weigh over two tonnes and be 6 metres (20 ft) long. It had large, stout hindlegs and a powerful, muscular tail that it used to form a supporting tripod whenever it shifted from a quadrupedal stance to a bipedal one (i.e. Eremotherium).
Paleobiology
Nothrotheriops behaved like all typical ground sloths of North and South America, feeding on various plants like the desert globemallow, cacti, and yucca. It was hunted by various local predators, like dire wolves and Smilodon, from which the sloths may have defended themselves by standing upright on hindlegs and tail and swiping with their long foreclaws, like its distant relative Megatherium, as conjectured in the BBC series Walking with Beasts. The same claws could also been used as tools to reach past the plant spines and grab softer flowers and fruits. Also, the Shasta ground sloth may have had a prehensile tongue (like a giraffe) to strip leaves off branches.The Shasta ground sloth is believed to have played an important role in the dispersal of Yucca brevifolia, or Joshua tree, seeds. Preserved dung belonging to the sloth has been found to contain Joshua tree leaves and seeds, confirming that they fed on the trees. It has been suggested that the lack of Shasta ground sloths helping to disperse the seeds to more favourable climates is causing the trees to suffer.
Distribution and habitat
A fossil find had been described from as far north as the Canadian province of Alberta; however, this report is believed to have been mistaken. The genus lived primarily in the southwestern region of the U.S., from the states of Texas and Oklahoma to California; it has also been found in Florida.The best known historical specimen was found in a lava tube at Aden Crater in New Mexico; it was found with hair and tendon still preserved. The Rampart Cave, located on the Arizona side of the Lake Mead National Recreation Area, has a plentiful amount of the sloth's hair and dung, both of which scientists used for radiocarbon dating to establish when it lived. The most recent credible dates from this and each of about half a dozen other southwestern caves are about 11,000 BP (13,000 cal BP). In addition to North America, fossils assigned to Nothrotheriops sp. have also been found as far south as Argentina's Santa Fe Province.
References
Further reading
Gill, Fiona L.; Crump, Matthew P.; Schouten, Remmert; Bull, Ian D. (2009). "Lipid analysis of a ground sloth coprolite" (PDF). Quaternary Research. Elsevier. 72 (2): 284–288. Bibcode:2009QuRes..72..284G. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2009.06.006. S2CID 56281409. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
Hofreiter, M; Poinar, HN; Spaulding, WG; Bauer, K; Martin, PS; Possnert, G; Pääbo, S (2000). "A molecular analysis of ground sloth diet through the last glaciation" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. Blackwell Science. 9 (12): 1975–1984. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2000.01106.x. PMID 11123610. S2CID 22685601. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-03.
Naples, Virginia L. (1987), Reconstruction of Cranial Morphology and Analysis of Function in the Pleistocene Ground Sloth Nothrotheriops shastense (Mammalia, Megatheriidae), Contributions in Science 389, October 1987, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
Schmidt, Gerald D.; Duszynski, Donald W.; Martin, Paul S. (1992), Parasites of the Extinct Shasta Ground Sloth, Nothrotheriops shastensis, in Rampart Cave, Arizona, J. Parasitol., 78(5), 1992, p. 811-816, American Society of Parasitologists
Steadman, D. W.; Martin, P. S.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Jull, A. J. T.; McDonald, H. G.; Woods, C. A.; Iturralde-Vinent, M.; Hodgins, G. W. L. (2005-08-16). "Asynchronous extinction of late Quaternary sloths on continents and islands". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. National Academy of Sciences. 102 (33): 11763–11768. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10211763S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502777102. PMC 1187974. PMID 16085711.
External links
Family tree of Megatheriidae
SDNHM Fossil Mysteries Field Guide, "Ground Sloths"
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
302
],
"text": [
"Nothrotheriidae"
]
}
|
Nothrotheriops is a genus of Pleistocene ground sloth found in North America, from what is now central Mexico to the southern United States. This genus of bear-sized xenarthran was related to the much larger, and far more famous Megatherium, although it has recently been placed in a different family, Nothrotheriidae. The best known species, N. shastensis, is also called the Shasta ground sloth.
Taxonomy, history, and etymology
Nothrotheriops fossils were first collected by the University of California's Anthropology Department during an exploration of caves at Potter Creek Cave in Shasta County, California, the fossils dating to the late Quaternary period. These first fossils (UCMP 8422), consisting of an incomplete mandibular ramus lacking teeth of an individual and 14 additional molars, were sent to the University of California Museum of Paleontology where they were described by paleontologist William Sinclair in 1904 as a new species of Nothrotherium, N. shastensis (species name meaning "from Shasta"). 11 years later in 1916, Smithsonian paleontologist Oliver P. Hay named Nothrotherium texanus (species name meaning "from Texas") based on a partial skull that was transferred from Baylor University in Baylor, Texas. The skull had been collected in the Pleistocene strata of Wheeler County, Texas and given to a clergyman who then gave it to university staff in 1901. Many fossils were later referred to the two, but N. shastensis wasn't placed in a new genus until 1954 when it was placed in a new genus, Nothrotheriops ("near slothful beast", due to its similarity to Nothrotherium) by Robert Hoffstetter during a study of fossil sloths. N. texanus was recombined into the genus in 1995, and had many fossils referred to it from Florida, the easternmost occurrence of the genus.Fossils of the best-known species, the Shasta ground sloth (N. shastensis), have been found throughout western North America, especially in the American Southwest. It is the ground sloth found in greatest abundance at the La Brea Tar Pits. The most famous specimen was recovered from a lava tube at Aden Crater in New Mexico and was found to still have hair and tendon preserved. This nearly complete specimen is on display at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History in New Haven, Connecticut. Numerous dung boluses belonging to Nothrotheriops have also been found throughout the southwestern United States and have provided an insight into the diet of these extinct animals.
This genus's lineage dates back to the Miocene. The ancestors of Nothrotheriops migrated to North America from South America as part of the Great American Interchange during the Blancan, about 2.6 MYA.
Description
Although N. shastensis was one of the smallest ground sloth species, it still reached 2.75 metres (9.0 ft) from snout to tail tip and weighed 250 kilograms (551 lb) (one-quarter of a tonne) – much smaller than some of its contemporary species such as the Eremotherium, which could easily weigh over two tonnes and be 6 metres (20 ft) long. It had large, stout hindlegs and a powerful, muscular tail that it used to form a supporting tripod whenever it shifted from a quadrupedal stance to a bipedal one (i.e. Eremotherium).
Paleobiology
Nothrotheriops behaved like all typical ground sloths of North and South America, feeding on various plants like the desert globemallow, cacti, and yucca. It was hunted by various local predators, like dire wolves and Smilodon, from which the sloths may have defended themselves by standing upright on hindlegs and tail and swiping with their long foreclaws, like its distant relative Megatherium, as conjectured in the BBC series Walking with Beasts. The same claws could also been used as tools to reach past the plant spines and grab softer flowers and fruits. Also, the Shasta ground sloth may have had a prehensile tongue (like a giraffe) to strip leaves off branches.The Shasta ground sloth is believed to have played an important role in the dispersal of Yucca brevifolia, or Joshua tree, seeds. Preserved dung belonging to the sloth has been found to contain Joshua tree leaves and seeds, confirming that they fed on the trees. It has been suggested that the lack of Shasta ground sloths helping to disperse the seeds to more favourable climates is causing the trees to suffer.
Distribution and habitat
A fossil find had been described from as far north as the Canadian province of Alberta; however, this report is believed to have been mistaken. The genus lived primarily in the southwestern region of the U.S., from the states of Texas and Oklahoma to California; it has also been found in Florida.The best known historical specimen was found in a lava tube at Aden Crater in New Mexico; it was found with hair and tendon still preserved. The Rampart Cave, located on the Arizona side of the Lake Mead National Recreation Area, has a plentiful amount of the sloth's hair and dung, both of which scientists used for radiocarbon dating to establish when it lived. The most recent credible dates from this and each of about half a dozen other southwestern caves are about 11,000 BP (13,000 cal BP). In addition to North America, fossils assigned to Nothrotheriops sp. have also been found as far south as Argentina's Santa Fe Province.
References
Further reading
Gill, Fiona L.; Crump, Matthew P.; Schouten, Remmert; Bull, Ian D. (2009). "Lipid analysis of a ground sloth coprolite" (PDF). Quaternary Research. Elsevier. 72 (2): 284–288. Bibcode:2009QuRes..72..284G. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2009.06.006. S2CID 56281409. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
Hofreiter, M; Poinar, HN; Spaulding, WG; Bauer, K; Martin, PS; Possnert, G; Pääbo, S (2000). "A molecular analysis of ground sloth diet through the last glaciation" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. Blackwell Science. 9 (12): 1975–1984. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2000.01106.x. PMID 11123610. S2CID 22685601. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-03.
Naples, Virginia L. (1987), Reconstruction of Cranial Morphology and Analysis of Function in the Pleistocene Ground Sloth Nothrotheriops shastense (Mammalia, Megatheriidae), Contributions in Science 389, October 1987, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
Schmidt, Gerald D.; Duszynski, Donald W.; Martin, Paul S. (1992), Parasites of the Extinct Shasta Ground Sloth, Nothrotheriops shastensis, in Rampart Cave, Arizona, J. Parasitol., 78(5), 1992, p. 811-816, American Society of Parasitologists
Steadman, D. W.; Martin, P. S.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Jull, A. J. T.; McDonald, H. G.; Woods, C. A.; Iturralde-Vinent, M.; Hodgins, G. W. L. (2005-08-16). "Asynchronous extinction of late Quaternary sloths on continents and islands". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. National Academy of Sciences. 102 (33): 11763–11768. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10211763S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502777102. PMC 1187974. PMID 16085711.
External links
Family tree of Megatheriidae
SDNHM Fossil Mysteries Field Guide, "Ground Sloths"
|
location of discovery
|
{
"answer_start": [
63
],
"text": [
"North America"
]
}
|
Nothrotheriops is a genus of Pleistocene ground sloth found in North America, from what is now central Mexico to the southern United States. This genus of bear-sized xenarthran was related to the much larger, and far more famous Megatherium, although it has recently been placed in a different family, Nothrotheriidae. The best known species, N. shastensis, is also called the Shasta ground sloth.
Taxonomy, history, and etymology
Nothrotheriops fossils were first collected by the University of California's Anthropology Department during an exploration of caves at Potter Creek Cave in Shasta County, California, the fossils dating to the late Quaternary period. These first fossils (UCMP 8422), consisting of an incomplete mandibular ramus lacking teeth of an individual and 14 additional molars, were sent to the University of California Museum of Paleontology where they were described by paleontologist William Sinclair in 1904 as a new species of Nothrotherium, N. shastensis (species name meaning "from Shasta"). 11 years later in 1916, Smithsonian paleontologist Oliver P. Hay named Nothrotherium texanus (species name meaning "from Texas") based on a partial skull that was transferred from Baylor University in Baylor, Texas. The skull had been collected in the Pleistocene strata of Wheeler County, Texas and given to a clergyman who then gave it to university staff in 1901. Many fossils were later referred to the two, but N. shastensis wasn't placed in a new genus until 1954 when it was placed in a new genus, Nothrotheriops ("near slothful beast", due to its similarity to Nothrotherium) by Robert Hoffstetter during a study of fossil sloths. N. texanus was recombined into the genus in 1995, and had many fossils referred to it from Florida, the easternmost occurrence of the genus.Fossils of the best-known species, the Shasta ground sloth (N. shastensis), have been found throughout western North America, especially in the American Southwest. It is the ground sloth found in greatest abundance at the La Brea Tar Pits. The most famous specimen was recovered from a lava tube at Aden Crater in New Mexico and was found to still have hair and tendon preserved. This nearly complete specimen is on display at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History in New Haven, Connecticut. Numerous dung boluses belonging to Nothrotheriops have also been found throughout the southwestern United States and have provided an insight into the diet of these extinct animals.
This genus's lineage dates back to the Miocene. The ancestors of Nothrotheriops migrated to North America from South America as part of the Great American Interchange during the Blancan, about 2.6 MYA.
Description
Although N. shastensis was one of the smallest ground sloth species, it still reached 2.75 metres (9.0 ft) from snout to tail tip and weighed 250 kilograms (551 lb) (one-quarter of a tonne) – much smaller than some of its contemporary species such as the Eremotherium, which could easily weigh over two tonnes and be 6 metres (20 ft) long. It had large, stout hindlegs and a powerful, muscular tail that it used to form a supporting tripod whenever it shifted from a quadrupedal stance to a bipedal one (i.e. Eremotherium).
Paleobiology
Nothrotheriops behaved like all typical ground sloths of North and South America, feeding on various plants like the desert globemallow, cacti, and yucca. It was hunted by various local predators, like dire wolves and Smilodon, from which the sloths may have defended themselves by standing upright on hindlegs and tail and swiping with their long foreclaws, like its distant relative Megatherium, as conjectured in the BBC series Walking with Beasts. The same claws could also been used as tools to reach past the plant spines and grab softer flowers and fruits. Also, the Shasta ground sloth may have had a prehensile tongue (like a giraffe) to strip leaves off branches.The Shasta ground sloth is believed to have played an important role in the dispersal of Yucca brevifolia, or Joshua tree, seeds. Preserved dung belonging to the sloth has been found to contain Joshua tree leaves and seeds, confirming that they fed on the trees. It has been suggested that the lack of Shasta ground sloths helping to disperse the seeds to more favourable climates is causing the trees to suffer.
Distribution and habitat
A fossil find had been described from as far north as the Canadian province of Alberta; however, this report is believed to have been mistaken. The genus lived primarily in the southwestern region of the U.S., from the states of Texas and Oklahoma to California; it has also been found in Florida.The best known historical specimen was found in a lava tube at Aden Crater in New Mexico; it was found with hair and tendon still preserved. The Rampart Cave, located on the Arizona side of the Lake Mead National Recreation Area, has a plentiful amount of the sloth's hair and dung, both of which scientists used for radiocarbon dating to establish when it lived. The most recent credible dates from this and each of about half a dozen other southwestern caves are about 11,000 BP (13,000 cal BP). In addition to North America, fossils assigned to Nothrotheriops sp. have also been found as far south as Argentina's Santa Fe Province.
References
Further reading
Gill, Fiona L.; Crump, Matthew P.; Schouten, Remmert; Bull, Ian D. (2009). "Lipid analysis of a ground sloth coprolite" (PDF). Quaternary Research. Elsevier. 72 (2): 284–288. Bibcode:2009QuRes..72..284G. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2009.06.006. S2CID 56281409. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
Hofreiter, M; Poinar, HN; Spaulding, WG; Bauer, K; Martin, PS; Possnert, G; Pääbo, S (2000). "A molecular analysis of ground sloth diet through the last glaciation" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. Blackwell Science. 9 (12): 1975–1984. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2000.01106.x. PMID 11123610. S2CID 22685601. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-03.
Naples, Virginia L. (1987), Reconstruction of Cranial Morphology and Analysis of Function in the Pleistocene Ground Sloth Nothrotheriops shastense (Mammalia, Megatheriidae), Contributions in Science 389, October 1987, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
Schmidt, Gerald D.; Duszynski, Donald W.; Martin, Paul S. (1992), Parasites of the Extinct Shasta Ground Sloth, Nothrotheriops shastensis, in Rampart Cave, Arizona, J. Parasitol., 78(5), 1992, p. 811-816, American Society of Parasitologists
Steadman, D. W.; Martin, P. S.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Jull, A. J. T.; McDonald, H. G.; Woods, C. A.; Iturralde-Vinent, M.; Hodgins, G. W. L. (2005-08-16). "Asynchronous extinction of late Quaternary sloths on continents and islands". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. National Academy of Sciences. 102 (33): 11763–11768. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10211763S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502777102. PMC 1187974. PMID 16085711.
External links
Family tree of Megatheriidae
SDNHM Fossil Mysteries Field Guide, "Ground Sloths"
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Nothrotheriops"
]
}
|
Nothrotheriops is a genus of Pleistocene ground sloth found in North America, from what is now central Mexico to the southern United States. This genus of bear-sized xenarthran was related to the much larger, and far more famous Megatherium, although it has recently been placed in a different family, Nothrotheriidae. The best known species, N. shastensis, is also called the Shasta ground sloth.
Taxonomy, history, and etymology
Nothrotheriops fossils were first collected by the University of California's Anthropology Department during an exploration of caves at Potter Creek Cave in Shasta County, California, the fossils dating to the late Quaternary period. These first fossils (UCMP 8422), consisting of an incomplete mandibular ramus lacking teeth of an individual and 14 additional molars, were sent to the University of California Museum of Paleontology where they were described by paleontologist William Sinclair in 1904 as a new species of Nothrotherium, N. shastensis (species name meaning "from Shasta"). 11 years later in 1916, Smithsonian paleontologist Oliver P. Hay named Nothrotherium texanus (species name meaning "from Texas") based on a partial skull that was transferred from Baylor University in Baylor, Texas. The skull had been collected in the Pleistocene strata of Wheeler County, Texas and given to a clergyman who then gave it to university staff in 1901. Many fossils were later referred to the two, but N. shastensis wasn't placed in a new genus until 1954 when it was placed in a new genus, Nothrotheriops ("near slothful beast", due to its similarity to Nothrotherium) by Robert Hoffstetter during a study of fossil sloths. N. texanus was recombined into the genus in 1995, and had many fossils referred to it from Florida, the easternmost occurrence of the genus.Fossils of the best-known species, the Shasta ground sloth (N. shastensis), have been found throughout western North America, especially in the American Southwest. It is the ground sloth found in greatest abundance at the La Brea Tar Pits. The most famous specimen was recovered from a lava tube at Aden Crater in New Mexico and was found to still have hair and tendon preserved. This nearly complete specimen is on display at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History in New Haven, Connecticut. Numerous dung boluses belonging to Nothrotheriops have also been found throughout the southwestern United States and have provided an insight into the diet of these extinct animals.
This genus's lineage dates back to the Miocene. The ancestors of Nothrotheriops migrated to North America from South America as part of the Great American Interchange during the Blancan, about 2.6 MYA.
Description
Although N. shastensis was one of the smallest ground sloth species, it still reached 2.75 metres (9.0 ft) from snout to tail tip and weighed 250 kilograms (551 lb) (one-quarter of a tonne) – much smaller than some of its contemporary species such as the Eremotherium, which could easily weigh over two tonnes and be 6 metres (20 ft) long. It had large, stout hindlegs and a powerful, muscular tail that it used to form a supporting tripod whenever it shifted from a quadrupedal stance to a bipedal one (i.e. Eremotherium).
Paleobiology
Nothrotheriops behaved like all typical ground sloths of North and South America, feeding on various plants like the desert globemallow, cacti, and yucca. It was hunted by various local predators, like dire wolves and Smilodon, from which the sloths may have defended themselves by standing upright on hindlegs and tail and swiping with their long foreclaws, like its distant relative Megatherium, as conjectured in the BBC series Walking with Beasts. The same claws could also been used as tools to reach past the plant spines and grab softer flowers and fruits. Also, the Shasta ground sloth may have had a prehensile tongue (like a giraffe) to strip leaves off branches.The Shasta ground sloth is believed to have played an important role in the dispersal of Yucca brevifolia, or Joshua tree, seeds. Preserved dung belonging to the sloth has been found to contain Joshua tree leaves and seeds, confirming that they fed on the trees. It has been suggested that the lack of Shasta ground sloths helping to disperse the seeds to more favourable climates is causing the trees to suffer.
Distribution and habitat
A fossil find had been described from as far north as the Canadian province of Alberta; however, this report is believed to have been mistaken. The genus lived primarily in the southwestern region of the U.S., from the states of Texas and Oklahoma to California; it has also been found in Florida.The best known historical specimen was found in a lava tube at Aden Crater in New Mexico; it was found with hair and tendon still preserved. The Rampart Cave, located on the Arizona side of the Lake Mead National Recreation Area, has a plentiful amount of the sloth's hair and dung, both of which scientists used for radiocarbon dating to establish when it lived. The most recent credible dates from this and each of about half a dozen other southwestern caves are about 11,000 BP (13,000 cal BP). In addition to North America, fossils assigned to Nothrotheriops sp. have also been found as far south as Argentina's Santa Fe Province.
References
Further reading
Gill, Fiona L.; Crump, Matthew P.; Schouten, Remmert; Bull, Ian D. (2009). "Lipid analysis of a ground sloth coprolite" (PDF). Quaternary Research. Elsevier. 72 (2): 284–288. Bibcode:2009QuRes..72..284G. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2009.06.006. S2CID 56281409. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
Hofreiter, M; Poinar, HN; Spaulding, WG; Bauer, K; Martin, PS; Possnert, G; Pääbo, S (2000). "A molecular analysis of ground sloth diet through the last glaciation" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. Blackwell Science. 9 (12): 1975–1984. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2000.01106.x. PMID 11123610. S2CID 22685601. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-03.
Naples, Virginia L. (1987), Reconstruction of Cranial Morphology and Analysis of Function in the Pleistocene Ground Sloth Nothrotheriops shastense (Mammalia, Megatheriidae), Contributions in Science 389, October 1987, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
Schmidt, Gerald D.; Duszynski, Donald W.; Martin, Paul S. (1992), Parasites of the Extinct Shasta Ground Sloth, Nothrotheriops shastensis, in Rampart Cave, Arizona, J. Parasitol., 78(5), 1992, p. 811-816, American Society of Parasitologists
Steadman, D. W.; Martin, P. S.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Jull, A. J. T.; McDonald, H. G.; Woods, C. A.; Iturralde-Vinent, M.; Hodgins, G. W. L. (2005-08-16). "Asynchronous extinction of late Quaternary sloths on continents and islands". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. National Academy of Sciences. 102 (33): 11763–11768. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10211763S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502777102. PMC 1187974. PMID 16085711.
External links
Family tree of Megatheriidae
SDNHM Fossil Mysteries Field Guide, "Ground Sloths"
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Nothrotheriops"
]
}
|
Nothrotheriops is a genus of Pleistocene ground sloth found in North America, from what is now central Mexico to the southern United States. This genus of bear-sized xenarthran was related to the much larger, and far more famous Megatherium, although it has recently been placed in a different family, Nothrotheriidae. The best known species, N. shastensis, is also called the Shasta ground sloth.
Taxonomy, history, and etymology
Nothrotheriops fossils were first collected by the University of California's Anthropology Department during an exploration of caves at Potter Creek Cave in Shasta County, California, the fossils dating to the late Quaternary period. These first fossils (UCMP 8422), consisting of an incomplete mandibular ramus lacking teeth of an individual and 14 additional molars, were sent to the University of California Museum of Paleontology where they were described by paleontologist William Sinclair in 1904 as a new species of Nothrotherium, N. shastensis (species name meaning "from Shasta"). 11 years later in 1916, Smithsonian paleontologist Oliver P. Hay named Nothrotherium texanus (species name meaning "from Texas") based on a partial skull that was transferred from Baylor University in Baylor, Texas. The skull had been collected in the Pleistocene strata of Wheeler County, Texas and given to a clergyman who then gave it to university staff in 1901. Many fossils were later referred to the two, but N. shastensis wasn't placed in a new genus until 1954 when it was placed in a new genus, Nothrotheriops ("near slothful beast", due to its similarity to Nothrotherium) by Robert Hoffstetter during a study of fossil sloths. N. texanus was recombined into the genus in 1995, and had many fossils referred to it from Florida, the easternmost occurrence of the genus.Fossils of the best-known species, the Shasta ground sloth (N. shastensis), have been found throughout western North America, especially in the American Southwest. It is the ground sloth found in greatest abundance at the La Brea Tar Pits. The most famous specimen was recovered from a lava tube at Aden Crater in New Mexico and was found to still have hair and tendon preserved. This nearly complete specimen is on display at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History in New Haven, Connecticut. Numerous dung boluses belonging to Nothrotheriops have also been found throughout the southwestern United States and have provided an insight into the diet of these extinct animals.
This genus's lineage dates back to the Miocene. The ancestors of Nothrotheriops migrated to North America from South America as part of the Great American Interchange during the Blancan, about 2.6 MYA.
Description
Although N. shastensis was one of the smallest ground sloth species, it still reached 2.75 metres (9.0 ft) from snout to tail tip and weighed 250 kilograms (551 lb) (one-quarter of a tonne) – much smaller than some of its contemporary species such as the Eremotherium, which could easily weigh over two tonnes and be 6 metres (20 ft) long. It had large, stout hindlegs and a powerful, muscular tail that it used to form a supporting tripod whenever it shifted from a quadrupedal stance to a bipedal one (i.e. Eremotherium).
Paleobiology
Nothrotheriops behaved like all typical ground sloths of North and South America, feeding on various plants like the desert globemallow, cacti, and yucca. It was hunted by various local predators, like dire wolves and Smilodon, from which the sloths may have defended themselves by standing upright on hindlegs and tail and swiping with their long foreclaws, like its distant relative Megatherium, as conjectured in the BBC series Walking with Beasts. The same claws could also been used as tools to reach past the plant spines and grab softer flowers and fruits. Also, the Shasta ground sloth may have had a prehensile tongue (like a giraffe) to strip leaves off branches.The Shasta ground sloth is believed to have played an important role in the dispersal of Yucca brevifolia, or Joshua tree, seeds. Preserved dung belonging to the sloth has been found to contain Joshua tree leaves and seeds, confirming that they fed on the trees. It has been suggested that the lack of Shasta ground sloths helping to disperse the seeds to more favourable climates is causing the trees to suffer.
Distribution and habitat
A fossil find had been described from as far north as the Canadian province of Alberta; however, this report is believed to have been mistaken. The genus lived primarily in the southwestern region of the U.S., from the states of Texas and Oklahoma to California; it has also been found in Florida.The best known historical specimen was found in a lava tube at Aden Crater in New Mexico; it was found with hair and tendon still preserved. The Rampart Cave, located on the Arizona side of the Lake Mead National Recreation Area, has a plentiful amount of the sloth's hair and dung, both of which scientists used for radiocarbon dating to establish when it lived. The most recent credible dates from this and each of about half a dozen other southwestern caves are about 11,000 BP (13,000 cal BP). In addition to North America, fossils assigned to Nothrotheriops sp. have also been found as far south as Argentina's Santa Fe Province.
References
Further reading
Gill, Fiona L.; Crump, Matthew P.; Schouten, Remmert; Bull, Ian D. (2009). "Lipid analysis of a ground sloth coprolite" (PDF). Quaternary Research. Elsevier. 72 (2): 284–288. Bibcode:2009QuRes..72..284G. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2009.06.006. S2CID 56281409. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
Hofreiter, M; Poinar, HN; Spaulding, WG; Bauer, K; Martin, PS; Possnert, G; Pääbo, S (2000). "A molecular analysis of ground sloth diet through the last glaciation" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. Blackwell Science. 9 (12): 1975–1984. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2000.01106.x. PMID 11123610. S2CID 22685601. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-03.
Naples, Virginia L. (1987), Reconstruction of Cranial Morphology and Analysis of Function in the Pleistocene Ground Sloth Nothrotheriops shastense (Mammalia, Megatheriidae), Contributions in Science 389, October 1987, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
Schmidt, Gerald D.; Duszynski, Donald W.; Martin, Paul S. (1992), Parasites of the Extinct Shasta Ground Sloth, Nothrotheriops shastensis, in Rampart Cave, Arizona, J. Parasitol., 78(5), 1992, p. 811-816, American Society of Parasitologists
Steadman, D. W.; Martin, P. S.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Jull, A. J. T.; McDonald, H. G.; Woods, C. A.; Iturralde-Vinent, M.; Hodgins, G. W. L. (2005-08-16). "Asynchronous extinction of late Quaternary sloths on continents and islands". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. National Academy of Sciences. 102 (33): 11763–11768. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10211763S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502777102. PMC 1187974. PMID 16085711.
External links
Family tree of Megatheriidae
SDNHM Fossil Mysteries Field Guide, "Ground Sloths"
|
taxon common name
|
{
"answer_start": [
377
],
"text": [
"Shasta ground sloth"
]
}
|
Nothrotheriops is a genus of Pleistocene ground sloth found in North America, from what is now central Mexico to the southern United States. This genus of bear-sized xenarthran was related to the much larger, and far more famous Megatherium, although it has recently been placed in a different family, Nothrotheriidae. The best known species, N. shastensis, is also called the Shasta ground sloth.
Taxonomy, history, and etymology
Nothrotheriops fossils were first collected by the University of California's Anthropology Department during an exploration of caves at Potter Creek Cave in Shasta County, California, the fossils dating to the late Quaternary period. These first fossils (UCMP 8422), consisting of an incomplete mandibular ramus lacking teeth of an individual and 14 additional molars, were sent to the University of California Museum of Paleontology where they were described by paleontologist William Sinclair in 1904 as a new species of Nothrotherium, N. shastensis (species name meaning "from Shasta"). 11 years later in 1916, Smithsonian paleontologist Oliver P. Hay named Nothrotherium texanus (species name meaning "from Texas") based on a partial skull that was transferred from Baylor University in Baylor, Texas. The skull had been collected in the Pleistocene strata of Wheeler County, Texas and given to a clergyman who then gave it to university staff in 1901. Many fossils were later referred to the two, but N. shastensis wasn't placed in a new genus until 1954 when it was placed in a new genus, Nothrotheriops ("near slothful beast", due to its similarity to Nothrotherium) by Robert Hoffstetter during a study of fossil sloths. N. texanus was recombined into the genus in 1995, and had many fossils referred to it from Florida, the easternmost occurrence of the genus.Fossils of the best-known species, the Shasta ground sloth (N. shastensis), have been found throughout western North America, especially in the American Southwest. It is the ground sloth found in greatest abundance at the La Brea Tar Pits. The most famous specimen was recovered from a lava tube at Aden Crater in New Mexico and was found to still have hair and tendon preserved. This nearly complete specimen is on display at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History in New Haven, Connecticut. Numerous dung boluses belonging to Nothrotheriops have also been found throughout the southwestern United States and have provided an insight into the diet of these extinct animals.
This genus's lineage dates back to the Miocene. The ancestors of Nothrotheriops migrated to North America from South America as part of the Great American Interchange during the Blancan, about 2.6 MYA.
Description
Although N. shastensis was one of the smallest ground sloth species, it still reached 2.75 metres (9.0 ft) from snout to tail tip and weighed 250 kilograms (551 lb) (one-quarter of a tonne) – much smaller than some of its contemporary species such as the Eremotherium, which could easily weigh over two tonnes and be 6 metres (20 ft) long. It had large, stout hindlegs and a powerful, muscular tail that it used to form a supporting tripod whenever it shifted from a quadrupedal stance to a bipedal one (i.e. Eremotherium).
Paleobiology
Nothrotheriops behaved like all typical ground sloths of North and South America, feeding on various plants like the desert globemallow, cacti, and yucca. It was hunted by various local predators, like dire wolves and Smilodon, from which the sloths may have defended themselves by standing upright on hindlegs and tail and swiping with their long foreclaws, like its distant relative Megatherium, as conjectured in the BBC series Walking with Beasts. The same claws could also been used as tools to reach past the plant spines and grab softer flowers and fruits. Also, the Shasta ground sloth may have had a prehensile tongue (like a giraffe) to strip leaves off branches.The Shasta ground sloth is believed to have played an important role in the dispersal of Yucca brevifolia, or Joshua tree, seeds. Preserved dung belonging to the sloth has been found to contain Joshua tree leaves and seeds, confirming that they fed on the trees. It has been suggested that the lack of Shasta ground sloths helping to disperse the seeds to more favourable climates is causing the trees to suffer.
Distribution and habitat
A fossil find had been described from as far north as the Canadian province of Alberta; however, this report is believed to have been mistaken. The genus lived primarily in the southwestern region of the U.S., from the states of Texas and Oklahoma to California; it has also been found in Florida.The best known historical specimen was found in a lava tube at Aden Crater in New Mexico; it was found with hair and tendon still preserved. The Rampart Cave, located on the Arizona side of the Lake Mead National Recreation Area, has a plentiful amount of the sloth's hair and dung, both of which scientists used for radiocarbon dating to establish when it lived. The most recent credible dates from this and each of about half a dozen other southwestern caves are about 11,000 BP (13,000 cal BP). In addition to North America, fossils assigned to Nothrotheriops sp. have also been found as far south as Argentina's Santa Fe Province.
References
Further reading
Gill, Fiona L.; Crump, Matthew P.; Schouten, Remmert; Bull, Ian D. (2009). "Lipid analysis of a ground sloth coprolite" (PDF). Quaternary Research. Elsevier. 72 (2): 284–288. Bibcode:2009QuRes..72..284G. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2009.06.006. S2CID 56281409. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
Hofreiter, M; Poinar, HN; Spaulding, WG; Bauer, K; Martin, PS; Possnert, G; Pääbo, S (2000). "A molecular analysis of ground sloth diet through the last glaciation" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. Blackwell Science. 9 (12): 1975–1984. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2000.01106.x. PMID 11123610. S2CID 22685601. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-03.
Naples, Virginia L. (1987), Reconstruction of Cranial Morphology and Analysis of Function in the Pleistocene Ground Sloth Nothrotheriops shastense (Mammalia, Megatheriidae), Contributions in Science 389, October 1987, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
Schmidt, Gerald D.; Duszynski, Donald W.; Martin, Paul S. (1992), Parasites of the Extinct Shasta Ground Sloth, Nothrotheriops shastensis, in Rampart Cave, Arizona, J. Parasitol., 78(5), 1992, p. 811-816, American Society of Parasitologists
Steadman, D. W.; Martin, P. S.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Jull, A. J. T.; McDonald, H. G.; Woods, C. A.; Iturralde-Vinent, M.; Hodgins, G. W. L. (2005-08-16). "Asynchronous extinction of late Quaternary sloths on continents and islands". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. National Academy of Sciences. 102 (33): 11763–11768. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10211763S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502777102. PMC 1187974. PMID 16085711.
External links
Family tree of Megatheriidae
SDNHM Fossil Mysteries Field Guide, "Ground Sloths"
|
length
|
{
"answer_start": [
2783
],
"text": [
"2.75"
]
}
|
Nothrotheriops is a genus of Pleistocene ground sloth found in North America, from what is now central Mexico to the southern United States. This genus of bear-sized xenarthran was related to the much larger, and far more famous Megatherium, although it has recently been placed in a different family, Nothrotheriidae. The best known species, N. shastensis, is also called the Shasta ground sloth.
Taxonomy, history, and etymology
Nothrotheriops fossils were first collected by the University of California's Anthropology Department during an exploration of caves at Potter Creek Cave in Shasta County, California, the fossils dating to the late Quaternary period. These first fossils (UCMP 8422), consisting of an incomplete mandibular ramus lacking teeth of an individual and 14 additional molars, were sent to the University of California Museum of Paleontology where they were described by paleontologist William Sinclair in 1904 as a new species of Nothrotherium, N. shastensis (species name meaning "from Shasta"). 11 years later in 1916, Smithsonian paleontologist Oliver P. Hay named Nothrotherium texanus (species name meaning "from Texas") based on a partial skull that was transferred from Baylor University in Baylor, Texas. The skull had been collected in the Pleistocene strata of Wheeler County, Texas and given to a clergyman who then gave it to university staff in 1901. Many fossils were later referred to the two, but N. shastensis wasn't placed in a new genus until 1954 when it was placed in a new genus, Nothrotheriops ("near slothful beast", due to its similarity to Nothrotherium) by Robert Hoffstetter during a study of fossil sloths. N. texanus was recombined into the genus in 1995, and had many fossils referred to it from Florida, the easternmost occurrence of the genus.Fossils of the best-known species, the Shasta ground sloth (N. shastensis), have been found throughout western North America, especially in the American Southwest. It is the ground sloth found in greatest abundance at the La Brea Tar Pits. The most famous specimen was recovered from a lava tube at Aden Crater in New Mexico and was found to still have hair and tendon preserved. This nearly complete specimen is on display at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History in New Haven, Connecticut. Numerous dung boluses belonging to Nothrotheriops have also been found throughout the southwestern United States and have provided an insight into the diet of these extinct animals.
This genus's lineage dates back to the Miocene. The ancestors of Nothrotheriops migrated to North America from South America as part of the Great American Interchange during the Blancan, about 2.6 MYA.
Description
Although N. shastensis was one of the smallest ground sloth species, it still reached 2.75 metres (9.0 ft) from snout to tail tip and weighed 250 kilograms (551 lb) (one-quarter of a tonne) – much smaller than some of its contemporary species such as the Eremotherium, which could easily weigh over two tonnes and be 6 metres (20 ft) long. It had large, stout hindlegs and a powerful, muscular tail that it used to form a supporting tripod whenever it shifted from a quadrupedal stance to a bipedal one (i.e. Eremotherium).
Paleobiology
Nothrotheriops behaved like all typical ground sloths of North and South America, feeding on various plants like the desert globemallow, cacti, and yucca. It was hunted by various local predators, like dire wolves and Smilodon, from which the sloths may have defended themselves by standing upright on hindlegs and tail and swiping with their long foreclaws, like its distant relative Megatherium, as conjectured in the BBC series Walking with Beasts. The same claws could also been used as tools to reach past the plant spines and grab softer flowers and fruits. Also, the Shasta ground sloth may have had a prehensile tongue (like a giraffe) to strip leaves off branches.The Shasta ground sloth is believed to have played an important role in the dispersal of Yucca brevifolia, or Joshua tree, seeds. Preserved dung belonging to the sloth has been found to contain Joshua tree leaves and seeds, confirming that they fed on the trees. It has been suggested that the lack of Shasta ground sloths helping to disperse the seeds to more favourable climates is causing the trees to suffer.
Distribution and habitat
A fossil find had been described from as far north as the Canadian province of Alberta; however, this report is believed to have been mistaken. The genus lived primarily in the southwestern region of the U.S., from the states of Texas and Oklahoma to California; it has also been found in Florida.The best known historical specimen was found in a lava tube at Aden Crater in New Mexico; it was found with hair and tendon still preserved. The Rampart Cave, located on the Arizona side of the Lake Mead National Recreation Area, has a plentiful amount of the sloth's hair and dung, both of which scientists used for radiocarbon dating to establish when it lived. The most recent credible dates from this and each of about half a dozen other southwestern caves are about 11,000 BP (13,000 cal BP). In addition to North America, fossils assigned to Nothrotheriops sp. have also been found as far south as Argentina's Santa Fe Province.
References
Further reading
Gill, Fiona L.; Crump, Matthew P.; Schouten, Remmert; Bull, Ian D. (2009). "Lipid analysis of a ground sloth coprolite" (PDF). Quaternary Research. Elsevier. 72 (2): 284–288. Bibcode:2009QuRes..72..284G. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2009.06.006. S2CID 56281409. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
Hofreiter, M; Poinar, HN; Spaulding, WG; Bauer, K; Martin, PS; Possnert, G; Pääbo, S (2000). "A molecular analysis of ground sloth diet through the last glaciation" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. Blackwell Science. 9 (12): 1975–1984. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2000.01106.x. PMID 11123610. S2CID 22685601. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-03.
Naples, Virginia L. (1987), Reconstruction of Cranial Morphology and Analysis of Function in the Pleistocene Ground Sloth Nothrotheriops shastense (Mammalia, Megatheriidae), Contributions in Science 389, October 1987, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
Schmidt, Gerald D.; Duszynski, Donald W.; Martin, Paul S. (1992), Parasites of the Extinct Shasta Ground Sloth, Nothrotheriops shastensis, in Rampart Cave, Arizona, J. Parasitol., 78(5), 1992, p. 811-816, American Society of Parasitologists
Steadman, D. W.; Martin, P. S.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Jull, A. J. T.; McDonald, H. G.; Woods, C. A.; Iturralde-Vinent, M.; Hodgins, G. W. L. (2005-08-16). "Asynchronous extinction of late Quaternary sloths on continents and islands". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. National Academy of Sciences. 102 (33): 11763–11768. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10211763S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502777102. PMC 1187974. PMID 16085711.
External links
Family tree of Megatheriidae
SDNHM Fossil Mysteries Field Guide, "Ground Sloths"
|
mass
|
{
"answer_start": [
2839
],
"text": [
"250"
]
}
|
Colonia Narvarte is the commonly used name for an area in the Benito Juárez borough of Mexico City.
Geography
The area commonly known as Narvarte or Colonia Narvarte actually contains five officially recognized neighborhoods:
Colonia Piedad Narvarte
Colonia Atenor Salas
Colonia Narvarte Poniente
Colonia Narvarte Oriente
Colonia Vértiz NarvarteNarvarte is bordered on the west by Colonia del Valle, the north by Viaducto Miguel Alemán freeway, across which are Colonia Roma Sur, Colonia Buenos Aires and Colonia Doctores.
History
The old village of La Piedad was located in Colonia Piedad Narvarte, but no traces remain. The area was developed starting in the 1940s, and Japanese, German and Lebanese immigrants moved here.
Points of interest
The large Parque Delta shopping center is located in Colonia Piedad Narvarte. The headquarters of the Secretariat of Communications and Transportation with its famous murals is also located in the area.
Transportation
The area is served by metro stations Metro Eugenia, Metro Etiopia and Metro División del Norte and by Mexico City Metrobús lines 2 and 3.
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
87
],
"text": [
"Mexico"
]
}
|
Monodora myristica, the calabash nutmeg, is a tropical tree of the family Annonaceae or custard apple family of flowering plants. It is native to Angola, Benin, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, the Republic of the Congo, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo and Uganda.
In former times, its seeds were widely sold as an inexpensive nutmeg substitute. This is now less common outside its region of production.
Other names of calabash nutmeg include Jamaican nutmeg, African nutmeg, ehuru, ariwo, awerewa, ehiri, airama, African orchid nutmeg, muscadier de Calabash and lubushi.
Cultivation and history
The calabash nutmeg tree grows naturally in evergreen forests from Liberia to Nigeria and Cameroon, Ghana, Angola and also Uganda and west Kenya. Due to the slave trade in the 18th century, the tree was introduced to the Caribbean islands where it was established and become known as Jamaican nutmeg. In 1897, Monodora myristica was introduced to Bogor Botanical Gardens, Indonesia, where the trees flower on a regular basis but no fruit could yet be collected. Due to its large and orchid-like flowers, the tree is also grown as an ornamental.
Botany
Tree and leaves
Monodora myristica can reach a height of 35 m (115 ft) and 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in diameter at breast height (DBH). It has a clear trunk and branches horizontally. The leaves are alternately arranged and drooping with the leaf blade being elliptical, oblong or broadest towards the apex and tapering to the stalk. They are petiolate and can reach a size of up to 45 cm × 20 cm (17.7 in × 7.9 in).
Flower
The flower appears at the base of new shoots and is singular, pendant, large and fragrant. The pedicel bears a leaf-like bract and can reach 20 cm (7.9 in) in length. The flower’s sepals are red-spotted, crisped and 2.5 cm (0.98 in) long. The corolla is formed of six petals of which the three outer reach a length of 10 cm (3.9 in) and show curled margins and red, green and yellow spots. The three inner petals are almost triangular and form a white-yellowish cone which on the outside is red-spotted and green on the inside.
The flower’s stigmas become receptive before its stamens mature and shed their pollen (protogynous). Its pollen is shed as permanent tetrads. The flower is pollinated by insects.
Fruit and seeds
The fruit is a berry of 20 cm (7.9 in) diameter and is smooth, green and spherical and becomes woody. It is attached to a long stalk which is up to 60 cm (24 in) long. Inside the fruit the numerous oblongoid, pale brown, 1.5 cm (0.59 in) long seeds are surrounded by a whitish fragrant pulp. The seeds contain 5-9% of a colourless essential oil.
Uses
Fruit and seeds
The odour and taste of the Monodora myristica seed is similar to nutmeg and it is used as a popular spice in the West African cuisine. The fruits are collected from wild trees and the seeds are dried and sold whole or ground to be used in stews, soups, cakes and desserts. For medicinal purposes they are used as stimulants, stomachic, for headaches, sores and also as insect repellent. The seeds are also made into necklaces.
Timber and bark
Monodora myristica timber is hard but easy to work with and is used for carpentry, house fittings and joinery. In medicine, the bark is used in treatments of stomach-aches, febrile pains, eye diseases and haemorrhoids.
Chemical compounds
The essential oil that can be obtained from the leaves contains β-caryophyllene, α-humulene and α-pinene. The major compounds found in the essential oil from the seeds are α-phellandrene, α-pinene, myrcene, limonene and pinene.
References
External links
Recipe for West African 'Fish Rub' incorporating Calabash Nutmeg
Recipe for Nigerian 'Isi Ewu' (Goat Stew) incorporating Ehuru
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Monodora"
]
}
|
Monodora myristica, the calabash nutmeg, is a tropical tree of the family Annonaceae or custard apple family of flowering plants. It is native to Angola, Benin, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, the Republic of the Congo, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo and Uganda.
In former times, its seeds were widely sold as an inexpensive nutmeg substitute. This is now less common outside its region of production.
Other names of calabash nutmeg include Jamaican nutmeg, African nutmeg, ehuru, ariwo, awerewa, ehiri, airama, African orchid nutmeg, muscadier de Calabash and lubushi.
Cultivation and history
The calabash nutmeg tree grows naturally in evergreen forests from Liberia to Nigeria and Cameroon, Ghana, Angola and also Uganda and west Kenya. Due to the slave trade in the 18th century, the tree was introduced to the Caribbean islands where it was established and become known as Jamaican nutmeg. In 1897, Monodora myristica was introduced to Bogor Botanical Gardens, Indonesia, where the trees flower on a regular basis but no fruit could yet be collected. Due to its large and orchid-like flowers, the tree is also grown as an ornamental.
Botany
Tree and leaves
Monodora myristica can reach a height of 35 m (115 ft) and 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in diameter at breast height (DBH). It has a clear trunk and branches horizontally. The leaves are alternately arranged and drooping with the leaf blade being elliptical, oblong or broadest towards the apex and tapering to the stalk. They are petiolate and can reach a size of up to 45 cm × 20 cm (17.7 in × 7.9 in).
Flower
The flower appears at the base of new shoots and is singular, pendant, large and fragrant. The pedicel bears a leaf-like bract and can reach 20 cm (7.9 in) in length. The flower’s sepals are red-spotted, crisped and 2.5 cm (0.98 in) long. The corolla is formed of six petals of which the three outer reach a length of 10 cm (3.9 in) and show curled margins and red, green and yellow spots. The three inner petals are almost triangular and form a white-yellowish cone which on the outside is red-spotted and green on the inside.
The flower’s stigmas become receptive before its stamens mature and shed their pollen (protogynous). Its pollen is shed as permanent tetrads. The flower is pollinated by insects.
Fruit and seeds
The fruit is a berry of 20 cm (7.9 in) diameter and is smooth, green and spherical and becomes woody. It is attached to a long stalk which is up to 60 cm (24 in) long. Inside the fruit the numerous oblongoid, pale brown, 1.5 cm (0.59 in) long seeds are surrounded by a whitish fragrant pulp. The seeds contain 5-9% of a colourless essential oil.
Uses
Fruit and seeds
The odour and taste of the Monodora myristica seed is similar to nutmeg and it is used as a popular spice in the West African cuisine. The fruits are collected from wild trees and the seeds are dried and sold whole or ground to be used in stews, soups, cakes and desserts. For medicinal purposes they are used as stimulants, stomachic, for headaches, sores and also as insect repellent. The seeds are also made into necklaces.
Timber and bark
Monodora myristica timber is hard but easy to work with and is used for carpentry, house fittings and joinery. In medicine, the bark is used in treatments of stomach-aches, febrile pains, eye diseases and haemorrhoids.
Chemical compounds
The essential oil that can be obtained from the leaves contains β-caryophyllene, α-humulene and α-pinene. The major compounds found in the essential oil from the seeds are α-phellandrene, α-pinene, myrcene, limonene and pinene.
References
External links
Recipe for West African 'Fish Rub' incorporating Calabash Nutmeg
Recipe for Nigerian 'Isi Ewu' (Goat Stew) incorporating Ehuru
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Monodora myristica"
]
}
|
Monodora myristica, the calabash nutmeg, is a tropical tree of the family Annonaceae or custard apple family of flowering plants. It is native to Angola, Benin, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, the Republic of the Congo, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo and Uganda.
In former times, its seeds were widely sold as an inexpensive nutmeg substitute. This is now less common outside its region of production.
Other names of calabash nutmeg include Jamaican nutmeg, African nutmeg, ehuru, ariwo, awerewa, ehiri, airama, African orchid nutmeg, muscadier de Calabash and lubushi.
Cultivation and history
The calabash nutmeg tree grows naturally in evergreen forests from Liberia to Nigeria and Cameroon, Ghana, Angola and also Uganda and west Kenya. Due to the slave trade in the 18th century, the tree was introduced to the Caribbean islands where it was established and become known as Jamaican nutmeg. In 1897, Monodora myristica was introduced to Bogor Botanical Gardens, Indonesia, where the trees flower on a regular basis but no fruit could yet be collected. Due to its large and orchid-like flowers, the tree is also grown as an ornamental.
Botany
Tree and leaves
Monodora myristica can reach a height of 35 m (115 ft) and 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in diameter at breast height (DBH). It has a clear trunk and branches horizontally. The leaves are alternately arranged and drooping with the leaf blade being elliptical, oblong or broadest towards the apex and tapering to the stalk. They are petiolate and can reach a size of up to 45 cm × 20 cm (17.7 in × 7.9 in).
Flower
The flower appears at the base of new shoots and is singular, pendant, large and fragrant. The pedicel bears a leaf-like bract and can reach 20 cm (7.9 in) in length. The flower’s sepals are red-spotted, crisped and 2.5 cm (0.98 in) long. The corolla is formed of six petals of which the three outer reach a length of 10 cm (3.9 in) and show curled margins and red, green and yellow spots. The three inner petals are almost triangular and form a white-yellowish cone which on the outside is red-spotted and green on the inside.
The flower’s stigmas become receptive before its stamens mature and shed their pollen (protogynous). Its pollen is shed as permanent tetrads. The flower is pollinated by insects.
Fruit and seeds
The fruit is a berry of 20 cm (7.9 in) diameter and is smooth, green and spherical and becomes woody. It is attached to a long stalk which is up to 60 cm (24 in) long. Inside the fruit the numerous oblongoid, pale brown, 1.5 cm (0.59 in) long seeds are surrounded by a whitish fragrant pulp. The seeds contain 5-9% of a colourless essential oil.
Uses
Fruit and seeds
The odour and taste of the Monodora myristica seed is similar to nutmeg and it is used as a popular spice in the West African cuisine. The fruits are collected from wild trees and the seeds are dried and sold whole or ground to be used in stews, soups, cakes and desserts. For medicinal purposes they are used as stimulants, stomachic, for headaches, sores and also as insect repellent. The seeds are also made into necklaces.
Timber and bark
Monodora myristica timber is hard but easy to work with and is used for carpentry, house fittings and joinery. In medicine, the bark is used in treatments of stomach-aches, febrile pains, eye diseases and haemorrhoids.
Chemical compounds
The essential oil that can be obtained from the leaves contains β-caryophyllene, α-humulene and α-pinene. The major compounds found in the essential oil from the seeds are α-phellandrene, α-pinene, myrcene, limonene and pinene.
References
External links
Recipe for West African 'Fish Rub' incorporating Calabash Nutmeg
Recipe for Nigerian 'Isi Ewu' (Goat Stew) incorporating Ehuru
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Monodora myristica"
]
}
|
Monodora myristica, the calabash nutmeg, is a tropical tree of the family Annonaceae or custard apple family of flowering plants. It is native to Angola, Benin, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, the Republic of the Congo, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo and Uganda.
In former times, its seeds were widely sold as an inexpensive nutmeg substitute. This is now less common outside its region of production.
Other names of calabash nutmeg include Jamaican nutmeg, African nutmeg, ehuru, ariwo, awerewa, ehiri, airama, African orchid nutmeg, muscadier de Calabash and lubushi.
Cultivation and history
The calabash nutmeg tree grows naturally in evergreen forests from Liberia to Nigeria and Cameroon, Ghana, Angola and also Uganda and west Kenya. Due to the slave trade in the 18th century, the tree was introduced to the Caribbean islands where it was established and become known as Jamaican nutmeg. In 1897, Monodora myristica was introduced to Bogor Botanical Gardens, Indonesia, where the trees flower on a regular basis but no fruit could yet be collected. Due to its large and orchid-like flowers, the tree is also grown as an ornamental.
Botany
Tree and leaves
Monodora myristica can reach a height of 35 m (115 ft) and 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in diameter at breast height (DBH). It has a clear trunk and branches horizontally. The leaves are alternately arranged and drooping with the leaf blade being elliptical, oblong or broadest towards the apex and tapering to the stalk. They are petiolate and can reach a size of up to 45 cm × 20 cm (17.7 in × 7.9 in).
Flower
The flower appears at the base of new shoots and is singular, pendant, large and fragrant. The pedicel bears a leaf-like bract and can reach 20 cm (7.9 in) in length. The flower’s sepals are red-spotted, crisped and 2.5 cm (0.98 in) long. The corolla is formed of six petals of which the three outer reach a length of 10 cm (3.9 in) and show curled margins and red, green and yellow spots. The three inner petals are almost triangular and form a white-yellowish cone which on the outside is red-spotted and green on the inside.
The flower’s stigmas become receptive before its stamens mature and shed their pollen (protogynous). Its pollen is shed as permanent tetrads. The flower is pollinated by insects.
Fruit and seeds
The fruit is a berry of 20 cm (7.9 in) diameter and is smooth, green and spherical and becomes woody. It is attached to a long stalk which is up to 60 cm (24 in) long. Inside the fruit the numerous oblongoid, pale brown, 1.5 cm (0.59 in) long seeds are surrounded by a whitish fragrant pulp. The seeds contain 5-9% of a colourless essential oil.
Uses
Fruit and seeds
The odour and taste of the Monodora myristica seed is similar to nutmeg and it is used as a popular spice in the West African cuisine. The fruits are collected from wild trees and the seeds are dried and sold whole or ground to be used in stews, soups, cakes and desserts. For medicinal purposes they are used as stimulants, stomachic, for headaches, sores and also as insect repellent. The seeds are also made into necklaces.
Timber and bark
Monodora myristica timber is hard but easy to work with and is used for carpentry, house fittings and joinery. In medicine, the bark is used in treatments of stomach-aches, febrile pains, eye diseases and haemorrhoids.
Chemical compounds
The essential oil that can be obtained from the leaves contains β-caryophyllene, α-humulene and α-pinene. The major compounds found in the essential oil from the seeds are α-phellandrene, α-pinene, myrcene, limonene and pinene.
References
External links
Recipe for West African 'Fish Rub' incorporating Calabash Nutmeg
Recipe for Nigerian 'Isi Ewu' (Goat Stew) incorporating Ehuru
|
taxon common name
|
{
"answer_start": [
24
],
"text": [
"calabash nutmeg"
]
}
|
Eva Marcille Sterling (née Pigford; born October 30, 1984) is an American actress, fashion model and television personality. She started her career by winning the third cycle of America's Next Top Model.
Early life
Sterling was born in Los Angeles, California as Eva Pigford. Her middle name, Marcille, is an amalgam of her grandmothers' names "Marjorie" and "Lucille". Her parents are both African American. She attended Raymond Avenue Elementary School, Marina Del Rey Middle School, and Washington Preparatory High School (2002). She attended Clark Atlanta University in Atlanta, Georgia; however, she left the school shortly after winning the third season of America's Next Top Model at the age of 19.
Career
Modeling
Marcille was the winner of the third cycle of America's Next Top Model in 2004, beating fellow contestant Yaya DaCosta. Her prizes included a CoverGirl cosmetics contract, a spread in Elle, and a modeling contract with Ford Models.
Marcille has appeared on the cover of Brides Noir, Women's Health and Fitness (May 2005), King (June 2005), IONA (November 2005), and Essence. Her other modeling credits include CoverGirl, DKNY, Samsung, Red by Marc Ecko, Jewel, In Touch Weekly (June 2005), King (November 2005), WeTheUrban, IONA, UNleashed, Star Magazine, Elle, Elle Girl, Apple Bottoms, Lerner Catalog, Avon Campaign 4 and Rolling Out.
Marcille's runway shows include the Marc Bouwer Fall 2005, Elle Girl presents Dare to Be You: Wal-Mart Meets America's Next Top Model 2005, Gharani Strok Fall 2005, Deborah Lindquist Spring 2006, Naqada Spring 2006, 8th Annual 'Models of Perfection' Show 2006, and L.A. Fashion Week's Monarchy Collection Fall 2007.On November 15, 2006, Marcille left her managers Benny Medina and Tyra Banks. After leaving Banks and Medina for new management, she officially dropped "Pigford" from her name, now going by Eva Marcille (her middle name). She has stated she did this in order to not use her modeling fame to get into acting but earn her acting roles.Marcille is now signed to L.A. Models. She has been featured on America's Next Top Model: Exposed on the CW. She has also been featured as one of CoverGirl's Top Models in Action.
Television work
Marcille has guest-starred on several series on UPN and The CW Network. Her guest-star credits include two episodes of Kevin Hill, one episode of Smallville, one episode of Everybody Hates Chris, and one episode of The Game as herself. Marcille has also appeared on Tyler Perry's House of Payne.
In addition, Marcille hosted BET J's reality show My Model Looks Better Than Your Model, as well as Rip the Runway on BET. Furthermore, she has appeared in several music videos, including "Baby" by Angie Stone (featuring Betty Wright), 50 Cent's "I Get Money" and Jamie Foxx's "DJ Play a Love Song".Marcille was cast as a regular on a FOX show called The Wedding Album in 2006, but FOX canceled it before it aired.
In 2005, Marcille appeared in a first-season episode of the MTV improv show Nick Cannon Presents Wild 'N Out. In December 2007, Marcille played a featured role in an episode of Smallville.
In 2008, she joined the cast of The Young and the Restless as a young mother named Tyra Hamilton. After a few months, her character, who was planned to be temporary was made permanent. In 2009, Marcille was nominated for two NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series for her Y&R role.
In film, her credits include The Walk, Crossover, and, most recently, I Think I Love My Wife.
She appeared in a June 2009 episode of the BET prank show Played by Fame, where contestants have nightmarish dates with celebrities.She hosted the first season of the Oxygen reality series Hair Battle Spectacular in 2010.
In August 2013, Marcille appeared in the video clip "J'accélère (I accelerate)" by French rapper Rohff.
On August 5, 2015, Marcille was in the main cast as the role of Tara in the TV One series Born Again Virgin. In February 2016, she was in a reality series titled About the Business.
In August 2017, Marcille competed in the first season of VH1's Scared Famous, which premiered on October 23, 2017. She joined Season 10 of The Real Housewives of Atlanta as a friend of Nene Leakes and was promoted to a full-time cast member in 2018 for season 11. She departed the series after two seasons in 2020.
Personal life
In July 2006, Marcille began dating actor Lance Gross. The couple became engaged on December 24, 2008 and split up in March 2010. She dated rapper Flo Rida from 2010 to 2012. Marcille has a daughter from her previous relationship with singer Kevin McCall. She and McCall split in spring 2014, with Marcille stating she has custody of their daughter. In August 2019, she revealed that her daughter's last name has been legally changed from McCall to Sterling.Eva became engaged to Atlanta-based attorney Michael Sterling in December 2017. They married on October 7, 2018. The couple have two sons, born in April 2018 and September 2019. In 2019, she also founded cEVAd, a CBD oil company. The company launched during the birth of her son Maverick. In March 2023, Eva filed for divorce from Sterling.
Filmography
Film
Television
Music Videos
References
External links
Official website
Eva Marcille at Fashion Model Directory
Eva Marcille at IMDb
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
237
],
"text": [
"Los Angeles"
]
}
|
Eva Marcille Sterling (née Pigford; born October 30, 1984) is an American actress, fashion model and television personality. She started her career by winning the third cycle of America's Next Top Model.
Early life
Sterling was born in Los Angeles, California as Eva Pigford. Her middle name, Marcille, is an amalgam of her grandmothers' names "Marjorie" and "Lucille". Her parents are both African American. She attended Raymond Avenue Elementary School, Marina Del Rey Middle School, and Washington Preparatory High School (2002). She attended Clark Atlanta University in Atlanta, Georgia; however, she left the school shortly after winning the third season of America's Next Top Model at the age of 19.
Career
Modeling
Marcille was the winner of the third cycle of America's Next Top Model in 2004, beating fellow contestant Yaya DaCosta. Her prizes included a CoverGirl cosmetics contract, a spread in Elle, and a modeling contract with Ford Models.
Marcille has appeared on the cover of Brides Noir, Women's Health and Fitness (May 2005), King (June 2005), IONA (November 2005), and Essence. Her other modeling credits include CoverGirl, DKNY, Samsung, Red by Marc Ecko, Jewel, In Touch Weekly (June 2005), King (November 2005), WeTheUrban, IONA, UNleashed, Star Magazine, Elle, Elle Girl, Apple Bottoms, Lerner Catalog, Avon Campaign 4 and Rolling Out.
Marcille's runway shows include the Marc Bouwer Fall 2005, Elle Girl presents Dare to Be You: Wal-Mart Meets America's Next Top Model 2005, Gharani Strok Fall 2005, Deborah Lindquist Spring 2006, Naqada Spring 2006, 8th Annual 'Models of Perfection' Show 2006, and L.A. Fashion Week's Monarchy Collection Fall 2007.On November 15, 2006, Marcille left her managers Benny Medina and Tyra Banks. After leaving Banks and Medina for new management, she officially dropped "Pigford" from her name, now going by Eva Marcille (her middle name). She has stated she did this in order to not use her modeling fame to get into acting but earn her acting roles.Marcille is now signed to L.A. Models. She has been featured on America's Next Top Model: Exposed on the CW. She has also been featured as one of CoverGirl's Top Models in Action.
Television work
Marcille has guest-starred on several series on UPN and The CW Network. Her guest-star credits include two episodes of Kevin Hill, one episode of Smallville, one episode of Everybody Hates Chris, and one episode of The Game as herself. Marcille has also appeared on Tyler Perry's House of Payne.
In addition, Marcille hosted BET J's reality show My Model Looks Better Than Your Model, as well as Rip the Runway on BET. Furthermore, she has appeared in several music videos, including "Baby" by Angie Stone (featuring Betty Wright), 50 Cent's "I Get Money" and Jamie Foxx's "DJ Play a Love Song".Marcille was cast as a regular on a FOX show called The Wedding Album in 2006, but FOX canceled it before it aired.
In 2005, Marcille appeared in a first-season episode of the MTV improv show Nick Cannon Presents Wild 'N Out. In December 2007, Marcille played a featured role in an episode of Smallville.
In 2008, she joined the cast of The Young and the Restless as a young mother named Tyra Hamilton. After a few months, her character, who was planned to be temporary was made permanent. In 2009, Marcille was nominated for two NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series for her Y&R role.
In film, her credits include The Walk, Crossover, and, most recently, I Think I Love My Wife.
She appeared in a June 2009 episode of the BET prank show Played by Fame, where contestants have nightmarish dates with celebrities.She hosted the first season of the Oxygen reality series Hair Battle Spectacular in 2010.
In August 2013, Marcille appeared in the video clip "J'accélère (I accelerate)" by French rapper Rohff.
On August 5, 2015, Marcille was in the main cast as the role of Tara in the TV One series Born Again Virgin. In February 2016, she was in a reality series titled About the Business.
In August 2017, Marcille competed in the first season of VH1's Scared Famous, which premiered on October 23, 2017. She joined Season 10 of The Real Housewives of Atlanta as a friend of Nene Leakes and was promoted to a full-time cast member in 2018 for season 11. She departed the series after two seasons in 2020.
Personal life
In July 2006, Marcille began dating actor Lance Gross. The couple became engaged on December 24, 2008 and split up in March 2010. She dated rapper Flo Rida from 2010 to 2012. Marcille has a daughter from her previous relationship with singer Kevin McCall. She and McCall split in spring 2014, with Marcille stating she has custody of their daughter. In August 2019, she revealed that her daughter's last name has been legally changed from McCall to Sterling.Eva became engaged to Atlanta-based attorney Michael Sterling in December 2017. They married on October 7, 2018. The couple have two sons, born in April 2018 and September 2019. In 2019, she also founded cEVAd, a CBD oil company. The company launched during the birth of her son Maverick. In March 2023, Eva filed for divorce from Sterling.
Filmography
Film
Television
Music Videos
References
External links
Official website
Eva Marcille at Fashion Model Directory
Eva Marcille at IMDb
|
educated at
|
{
"answer_start": [
547
],
"text": [
"Clark Atlanta University"
]
}
|
Eva Marcille Sterling (née Pigford; born October 30, 1984) is an American actress, fashion model and television personality. She started her career by winning the third cycle of America's Next Top Model.
Early life
Sterling was born in Los Angeles, California as Eva Pigford. Her middle name, Marcille, is an amalgam of her grandmothers' names "Marjorie" and "Lucille". Her parents are both African American. She attended Raymond Avenue Elementary School, Marina Del Rey Middle School, and Washington Preparatory High School (2002). She attended Clark Atlanta University in Atlanta, Georgia; however, she left the school shortly after winning the third season of America's Next Top Model at the age of 19.
Career
Modeling
Marcille was the winner of the third cycle of America's Next Top Model in 2004, beating fellow contestant Yaya DaCosta. Her prizes included a CoverGirl cosmetics contract, a spread in Elle, and a modeling contract with Ford Models.
Marcille has appeared on the cover of Brides Noir, Women's Health and Fitness (May 2005), King (June 2005), IONA (November 2005), and Essence. Her other modeling credits include CoverGirl, DKNY, Samsung, Red by Marc Ecko, Jewel, In Touch Weekly (June 2005), King (November 2005), WeTheUrban, IONA, UNleashed, Star Magazine, Elle, Elle Girl, Apple Bottoms, Lerner Catalog, Avon Campaign 4 and Rolling Out.
Marcille's runway shows include the Marc Bouwer Fall 2005, Elle Girl presents Dare to Be You: Wal-Mart Meets America's Next Top Model 2005, Gharani Strok Fall 2005, Deborah Lindquist Spring 2006, Naqada Spring 2006, 8th Annual 'Models of Perfection' Show 2006, and L.A. Fashion Week's Monarchy Collection Fall 2007.On November 15, 2006, Marcille left her managers Benny Medina and Tyra Banks. After leaving Banks and Medina for new management, she officially dropped "Pigford" from her name, now going by Eva Marcille (her middle name). She has stated she did this in order to not use her modeling fame to get into acting but earn her acting roles.Marcille is now signed to L.A. Models. She has been featured on America's Next Top Model: Exposed on the CW. She has also been featured as one of CoverGirl's Top Models in Action.
Television work
Marcille has guest-starred on several series on UPN and The CW Network. Her guest-star credits include two episodes of Kevin Hill, one episode of Smallville, one episode of Everybody Hates Chris, and one episode of The Game as herself. Marcille has also appeared on Tyler Perry's House of Payne.
In addition, Marcille hosted BET J's reality show My Model Looks Better Than Your Model, as well as Rip the Runway on BET. Furthermore, she has appeared in several music videos, including "Baby" by Angie Stone (featuring Betty Wright), 50 Cent's "I Get Money" and Jamie Foxx's "DJ Play a Love Song".Marcille was cast as a regular on a FOX show called The Wedding Album in 2006, but FOX canceled it before it aired.
In 2005, Marcille appeared in a first-season episode of the MTV improv show Nick Cannon Presents Wild 'N Out. In December 2007, Marcille played a featured role in an episode of Smallville.
In 2008, she joined the cast of The Young and the Restless as a young mother named Tyra Hamilton. After a few months, her character, who was planned to be temporary was made permanent. In 2009, Marcille was nominated for two NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series for her Y&R role.
In film, her credits include The Walk, Crossover, and, most recently, I Think I Love My Wife.
She appeared in a June 2009 episode of the BET prank show Played by Fame, where contestants have nightmarish dates with celebrities.She hosted the first season of the Oxygen reality series Hair Battle Spectacular in 2010.
In August 2013, Marcille appeared in the video clip "J'accélère (I accelerate)" by French rapper Rohff.
On August 5, 2015, Marcille was in the main cast as the role of Tara in the TV One series Born Again Virgin. In February 2016, she was in a reality series titled About the Business.
In August 2017, Marcille competed in the first season of VH1's Scared Famous, which premiered on October 23, 2017. She joined Season 10 of The Real Housewives of Atlanta as a friend of Nene Leakes and was promoted to a full-time cast member in 2018 for season 11. She departed the series after two seasons in 2020.
Personal life
In July 2006, Marcille began dating actor Lance Gross. The couple became engaged on December 24, 2008 and split up in March 2010. She dated rapper Flo Rida from 2010 to 2012. Marcille has a daughter from her previous relationship with singer Kevin McCall. She and McCall split in spring 2014, with Marcille stating she has custody of their daughter. In August 2019, she revealed that her daughter's last name has been legally changed from McCall to Sterling.Eva became engaged to Atlanta-based attorney Michael Sterling in December 2017. They married on October 7, 2018. The couple have two sons, born in April 2018 and September 2019. In 2019, she also founded cEVAd, a CBD oil company. The company launched during the birth of her son Maverick. In March 2023, Eva filed for divorce from Sterling.
Filmography
Film
Television
Music Videos
References
External links
Official website
Eva Marcille at Fashion Model Directory
Eva Marcille at IMDb
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
4386
],
"text": [
"actor"
]
}
|
Eva Marcille Sterling (née Pigford; born October 30, 1984) is an American actress, fashion model and television personality. She started her career by winning the third cycle of America's Next Top Model.
Early life
Sterling was born in Los Angeles, California as Eva Pigford. Her middle name, Marcille, is an amalgam of her grandmothers' names "Marjorie" and "Lucille". Her parents are both African American. She attended Raymond Avenue Elementary School, Marina Del Rey Middle School, and Washington Preparatory High School (2002). She attended Clark Atlanta University in Atlanta, Georgia; however, she left the school shortly after winning the third season of America's Next Top Model at the age of 19.
Career
Modeling
Marcille was the winner of the third cycle of America's Next Top Model in 2004, beating fellow contestant Yaya DaCosta. Her prizes included a CoverGirl cosmetics contract, a spread in Elle, and a modeling contract with Ford Models.
Marcille has appeared on the cover of Brides Noir, Women's Health and Fitness (May 2005), King (June 2005), IONA (November 2005), and Essence. Her other modeling credits include CoverGirl, DKNY, Samsung, Red by Marc Ecko, Jewel, In Touch Weekly (June 2005), King (November 2005), WeTheUrban, IONA, UNleashed, Star Magazine, Elle, Elle Girl, Apple Bottoms, Lerner Catalog, Avon Campaign 4 and Rolling Out.
Marcille's runway shows include the Marc Bouwer Fall 2005, Elle Girl presents Dare to Be You: Wal-Mart Meets America's Next Top Model 2005, Gharani Strok Fall 2005, Deborah Lindquist Spring 2006, Naqada Spring 2006, 8th Annual 'Models of Perfection' Show 2006, and L.A. Fashion Week's Monarchy Collection Fall 2007.On November 15, 2006, Marcille left her managers Benny Medina and Tyra Banks. After leaving Banks and Medina for new management, she officially dropped "Pigford" from her name, now going by Eva Marcille (her middle name). She has stated she did this in order to not use her modeling fame to get into acting but earn her acting roles.Marcille is now signed to L.A. Models. She has been featured on America's Next Top Model: Exposed on the CW. She has also been featured as one of CoverGirl's Top Models in Action.
Television work
Marcille has guest-starred on several series on UPN and The CW Network. Her guest-star credits include two episodes of Kevin Hill, one episode of Smallville, one episode of Everybody Hates Chris, and one episode of The Game as herself. Marcille has also appeared on Tyler Perry's House of Payne.
In addition, Marcille hosted BET J's reality show My Model Looks Better Than Your Model, as well as Rip the Runway on BET. Furthermore, she has appeared in several music videos, including "Baby" by Angie Stone (featuring Betty Wright), 50 Cent's "I Get Money" and Jamie Foxx's "DJ Play a Love Song".Marcille was cast as a regular on a FOX show called The Wedding Album in 2006, but FOX canceled it before it aired.
In 2005, Marcille appeared in a first-season episode of the MTV improv show Nick Cannon Presents Wild 'N Out. In December 2007, Marcille played a featured role in an episode of Smallville.
In 2008, she joined the cast of The Young and the Restless as a young mother named Tyra Hamilton. After a few months, her character, who was planned to be temporary was made permanent. In 2009, Marcille was nominated for two NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series for her Y&R role.
In film, her credits include The Walk, Crossover, and, most recently, I Think I Love My Wife.
She appeared in a June 2009 episode of the BET prank show Played by Fame, where contestants have nightmarish dates with celebrities.She hosted the first season of the Oxygen reality series Hair Battle Spectacular in 2010.
In August 2013, Marcille appeared in the video clip "J'accélère (I accelerate)" by French rapper Rohff.
On August 5, 2015, Marcille was in the main cast as the role of Tara in the TV One series Born Again Virgin. In February 2016, she was in a reality series titled About the Business.
In August 2017, Marcille competed in the first season of VH1's Scared Famous, which premiered on October 23, 2017. She joined Season 10 of The Real Housewives of Atlanta as a friend of Nene Leakes and was promoted to a full-time cast member in 2018 for season 11. She departed the series after two seasons in 2020.
Personal life
In July 2006, Marcille began dating actor Lance Gross. The couple became engaged on December 24, 2008 and split up in March 2010. She dated rapper Flo Rida from 2010 to 2012. Marcille has a daughter from her previous relationship with singer Kevin McCall. She and McCall split in spring 2014, with Marcille stating she has custody of their daughter. In August 2019, she revealed that her daughter's last name has been legally changed from McCall to Sterling.Eva became engaged to Atlanta-based attorney Michael Sterling in December 2017. They married on October 7, 2018. The couple have two sons, born in April 2018 and September 2019. In 2019, she also founded cEVAd, a CBD oil company. The company launched during the birth of her son Maverick. In March 2023, Eva filed for divorce from Sterling.
Filmography
Film
Television
Music Videos
References
External links
Official website
Eva Marcille at Fashion Model Directory
Eva Marcille at IMDb
|
employer
|
{
"answer_start": [
943
],
"text": [
"Ford Models"
]
}
|
Eva Marcille Sterling (née Pigford; born October 30, 1984) is an American actress, fashion model and television personality. She started her career by winning the third cycle of America's Next Top Model.
Early life
Sterling was born in Los Angeles, California as Eva Pigford. Her middle name, Marcille, is an amalgam of her grandmothers' names "Marjorie" and "Lucille". Her parents are both African American. She attended Raymond Avenue Elementary School, Marina Del Rey Middle School, and Washington Preparatory High School (2002). She attended Clark Atlanta University in Atlanta, Georgia; however, she left the school shortly after winning the third season of America's Next Top Model at the age of 19.
Career
Modeling
Marcille was the winner of the third cycle of America's Next Top Model in 2004, beating fellow contestant Yaya DaCosta. Her prizes included a CoverGirl cosmetics contract, a spread in Elle, and a modeling contract with Ford Models.
Marcille has appeared on the cover of Brides Noir, Women's Health and Fitness (May 2005), King (June 2005), IONA (November 2005), and Essence. Her other modeling credits include CoverGirl, DKNY, Samsung, Red by Marc Ecko, Jewel, In Touch Weekly (June 2005), King (November 2005), WeTheUrban, IONA, UNleashed, Star Magazine, Elle, Elle Girl, Apple Bottoms, Lerner Catalog, Avon Campaign 4 and Rolling Out.
Marcille's runway shows include the Marc Bouwer Fall 2005, Elle Girl presents Dare to Be You: Wal-Mart Meets America's Next Top Model 2005, Gharani Strok Fall 2005, Deborah Lindquist Spring 2006, Naqada Spring 2006, 8th Annual 'Models of Perfection' Show 2006, and L.A. Fashion Week's Monarchy Collection Fall 2007.On November 15, 2006, Marcille left her managers Benny Medina and Tyra Banks. After leaving Banks and Medina for new management, she officially dropped "Pigford" from her name, now going by Eva Marcille (her middle name). She has stated she did this in order to not use her modeling fame to get into acting but earn her acting roles.Marcille is now signed to L.A. Models. She has been featured on America's Next Top Model: Exposed on the CW. She has also been featured as one of CoverGirl's Top Models in Action.
Television work
Marcille has guest-starred on several series on UPN and The CW Network. Her guest-star credits include two episodes of Kevin Hill, one episode of Smallville, one episode of Everybody Hates Chris, and one episode of The Game as herself. Marcille has also appeared on Tyler Perry's House of Payne.
In addition, Marcille hosted BET J's reality show My Model Looks Better Than Your Model, as well as Rip the Runway on BET. Furthermore, she has appeared in several music videos, including "Baby" by Angie Stone (featuring Betty Wright), 50 Cent's "I Get Money" and Jamie Foxx's "DJ Play a Love Song".Marcille was cast as a regular on a FOX show called The Wedding Album in 2006, but FOX canceled it before it aired.
In 2005, Marcille appeared in a first-season episode of the MTV improv show Nick Cannon Presents Wild 'N Out. In December 2007, Marcille played a featured role in an episode of Smallville.
In 2008, she joined the cast of The Young and the Restless as a young mother named Tyra Hamilton. After a few months, her character, who was planned to be temporary was made permanent. In 2009, Marcille was nominated for two NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series for her Y&R role.
In film, her credits include The Walk, Crossover, and, most recently, I Think I Love My Wife.
She appeared in a June 2009 episode of the BET prank show Played by Fame, where contestants have nightmarish dates with celebrities.She hosted the first season of the Oxygen reality series Hair Battle Spectacular in 2010.
In August 2013, Marcille appeared in the video clip "J'accélère (I accelerate)" by French rapper Rohff.
On August 5, 2015, Marcille was in the main cast as the role of Tara in the TV One series Born Again Virgin. In February 2016, she was in a reality series titled About the Business.
In August 2017, Marcille competed in the first season of VH1's Scared Famous, which premiered on October 23, 2017. She joined Season 10 of The Real Housewives of Atlanta as a friend of Nene Leakes and was promoted to a full-time cast member in 2018 for season 11. She departed the series after two seasons in 2020.
Personal life
In July 2006, Marcille began dating actor Lance Gross. The couple became engaged on December 24, 2008 and split up in March 2010. She dated rapper Flo Rida from 2010 to 2012. Marcille has a daughter from her previous relationship with singer Kevin McCall. She and McCall split in spring 2014, with Marcille stating she has custody of their daughter. In August 2019, she revealed that her daughter's last name has been legally changed from McCall to Sterling.Eva became engaged to Atlanta-based attorney Michael Sterling in December 2017. They married on October 7, 2018. The couple have two sons, born in April 2018 and September 2019. In 2019, she also founded cEVAd, a CBD oil company. The company launched during the birth of her son Maverick. In March 2023, Eva filed for divorce from Sterling.
Filmography
Film
Television
Music Videos
References
External links
Official website
Eva Marcille at Fashion Model Directory
Eva Marcille at IMDb
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Eva Marcille"
]
}
|
Eva Marcille Sterling (née Pigford; born October 30, 1984) is an American actress, fashion model and television personality. She started her career by winning the third cycle of America's Next Top Model.
Early life
Sterling was born in Los Angeles, California as Eva Pigford. Her middle name, Marcille, is an amalgam of her grandmothers' names "Marjorie" and "Lucille". Her parents are both African American. She attended Raymond Avenue Elementary School, Marina Del Rey Middle School, and Washington Preparatory High School (2002). She attended Clark Atlanta University in Atlanta, Georgia; however, she left the school shortly after winning the third season of America's Next Top Model at the age of 19.
Career
Modeling
Marcille was the winner of the third cycle of America's Next Top Model in 2004, beating fellow contestant Yaya DaCosta. Her prizes included a CoverGirl cosmetics contract, a spread in Elle, and a modeling contract with Ford Models.
Marcille has appeared on the cover of Brides Noir, Women's Health and Fitness (May 2005), King (June 2005), IONA (November 2005), and Essence. Her other modeling credits include CoverGirl, DKNY, Samsung, Red by Marc Ecko, Jewel, In Touch Weekly (June 2005), King (November 2005), WeTheUrban, IONA, UNleashed, Star Magazine, Elle, Elle Girl, Apple Bottoms, Lerner Catalog, Avon Campaign 4 and Rolling Out.
Marcille's runway shows include the Marc Bouwer Fall 2005, Elle Girl presents Dare to Be You: Wal-Mart Meets America's Next Top Model 2005, Gharani Strok Fall 2005, Deborah Lindquist Spring 2006, Naqada Spring 2006, 8th Annual 'Models of Perfection' Show 2006, and L.A. Fashion Week's Monarchy Collection Fall 2007.On November 15, 2006, Marcille left her managers Benny Medina and Tyra Banks. After leaving Banks and Medina for new management, she officially dropped "Pigford" from her name, now going by Eva Marcille (her middle name). She has stated she did this in order to not use her modeling fame to get into acting but earn her acting roles.Marcille is now signed to L.A. Models. She has been featured on America's Next Top Model: Exposed on the CW. She has also been featured as one of CoverGirl's Top Models in Action.
Television work
Marcille has guest-starred on several series on UPN and The CW Network. Her guest-star credits include two episodes of Kevin Hill, one episode of Smallville, one episode of Everybody Hates Chris, and one episode of The Game as herself. Marcille has also appeared on Tyler Perry's House of Payne.
In addition, Marcille hosted BET J's reality show My Model Looks Better Than Your Model, as well as Rip the Runway on BET. Furthermore, she has appeared in several music videos, including "Baby" by Angie Stone (featuring Betty Wright), 50 Cent's "I Get Money" and Jamie Foxx's "DJ Play a Love Song".Marcille was cast as a regular on a FOX show called The Wedding Album in 2006, but FOX canceled it before it aired.
In 2005, Marcille appeared in a first-season episode of the MTV improv show Nick Cannon Presents Wild 'N Out. In December 2007, Marcille played a featured role in an episode of Smallville.
In 2008, she joined the cast of The Young and the Restless as a young mother named Tyra Hamilton. After a few months, her character, who was planned to be temporary was made permanent. In 2009, Marcille was nominated for two NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series for her Y&R role.
In film, her credits include The Walk, Crossover, and, most recently, I Think I Love My Wife.
She appeared in a June 2009 episode of the BET prank show Played by Fame, where contestants have nightmarish dates with celebrities.She hosted the first season of the Oxygen reality series Hair Battle Spectacular in 2010.
In August 2013, Marcille appeared in the video clip "J'accélère (I accelerate)" by French rapper Rohff.
On August 5, 2015, Marcille was in the main cast as the role of Tara in the TV One series Born Again Virgin. In February 2016, she was in a reality series titled About the Business.
In August 2017, Marcille competed in the first season of VH1's Scared Famous, which premiered on October 23, 2017. She joined Season 10 of The Real Housewives of Atlanta as a friend of Nene Leakes and was promoted to a full-time cast member in 2018 for season 11. She departed the series after two seasons in 2020.
Personal life
In July 2006, Marcille began dating actor Lance Gross. The couple became engaged on December 24, 2008 and split up in March 2010. She dated rapper Flo Rida from 2010 to 2012. Marcille has a daughter from her previous relationship with singer Kevin McCall. She and McCall split in spring 2014, with Marcille stating she has custody of their daughter. In August 2019, she revealed that her daughter's last name has been legally changed from McCall to Sterling.Eva became engaged to Atlanta-based attorney Michael Sterling in December 2017. They married on October 7, 2018. The couple have two sons, born in April 2018 and September 2019. In 2019, she also founded cEVAd, a CBD oil company. The company launched during the birth of her son Maverick. In March 2023, Eva filed for divorce from Sterling.
Filmography
Film
Television
Music Videos
References
External links
Official website
Eva Marcille at Fashion Model Directory
Eva Marcille at IMDb
|
unmarried partner
|
{
"answer_start": [
2993
],
"text": [
"Nick Cannon"
]
}
|
Eva Marcille Sterling (née Pigford; born October 30, 1984) is an American actress, fashion model and television personality. She started her career by winning the third cycle of America's Next Top Model.
Early life
Sterling was born in Los Angeles, California as Eva Pigford. Her middle name, Marcille, is an amalgam of her grandmothers' names "Marjorie" and "Lucille". Her parents are both African American. She attended Raymond Avenue Elementary School, Marina Del Rey Middle School, and Washington Preparatory High School (2002). She attended Clark Atlanta University in Atlanta, Georgia; however, she left the school shortly after winning the third season of America's Next Top Model at the age of 19.
Career
Modeling
Marcille was the winner of the third cycle of America's Next Top Model in 2004, beating fellow contestant Yaya DaCosta. Her prizes included a CoverGirl cosmetics contract, a spread in Elle, and a modeling contract with Ford Models.
Marcille has appeared on the cover of Brides Noir, Women's Health and Fitness (May 2005), King (June 2005), IONA (November 2005), and Essence. Her other modeling credits include CoverGirl, DKNY, Samsung, Red by Marc Ecko, Jewel, In Touch Weekly (June 2005), King (November 2005), WeTheUrban, IONA, UNleashed, Star Magazine, Elle, Elle Girl, Apple Bottoms, Lerner Catalog, Avon Campaign 4 and Rolling Out.
Marcille's runway shows include the Marc Bouwer Fall 2005, Elle Girl presents Dare to Be You: Wal-Mart Meets America's Next Top Model 2005, Gharani Strok Fall 2005, Deborah Lindquist Spring 2006, Naqada Spring 2006, 8th Annual 'Models of Perfection' Show 2006, and L.A. Fashion Week's Monarchy Collection Fall 2007.On November 15, 2006, Marcille left her managers Benny Medina and Tyra Banks. After leaving Banks and Medina for new management, she officially dropped "Pigford" from her name, now going by Eva Marcille (her middle name). She has stated she did this in order to not use her modeling fame to get into acting but earn her acting roles.Marcille is now signed to L.A. Models. She has been featured on America's Next Top Model: Exposed on the CW. She has also been featured as one of CoverGirl's Top Models in Action.
Television work
Marcille has guest-starred on several series on UPN and The CW Network. Her guest-star credits include two episodes of Kevin Hill, one episode of Smallville, one episode of Everybody Hates Chris, and one episode of The Game as herself. Marcille has also appeared on Tyler Perry's House of Payne.
In addition, Marcille hosted BET J's reality show My Model Looks Better Than Your Model, as well as Rip the Runway on BET. Furthermore, she has appeared in several music videos, including "Baby" by Angie Stone (featuring Betty Wright), 50 Cent's "I Get Money" and Jamie Foxx's "DJ Play a Love Song".Marcille was cast as a regular on a FOX show called The Wedding Album in 2006, but FOX canceled it before it aired.
In 2005, Marcille appeared in a first-season episode of the MTV improv show Nick Cannon Presents Wild 'N Out. In December 2007, Marcille played a featured role in an episode of Smallville.
In 2008, she joined the cast of The Young and the Restless as a young mother named Tyra Hamilton. After a few months, her character, who was planned to be temporary was made permanent. In 2009, Marcille was nominated for two NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series for her Y&R role.
In film, her credits include The Walk, Crossover, and, most recently, I Think I Love My Wife.
She appeared in a June 2009 episode of the BET prank show Played by Fame, where contestants have nightmarish dates with celebrities.She hosted the first season of the Oxygen reality series Hair Battle Spectacular in 2010.
In August 2013, Marcille appeared in the video clip "J'accélère (I accelerate)" by French rapper Rohff.
On August 5, 2015, Marcille was in the main cast as the role of Tara in the TV One series Born Again Virgin. In February 2016, she was in a reality series titled About the Business.
In August 2017, Marcille competed in the first season of VH1's Scared Famous, which premiered on October 23, 2017. She joined Season 10 of The Real Housewives of Atlanta as a friend of Nene Leakes and was promoted to a full-time cast member in 2018 for season 11. She departed the series after two seasons in 2020.
Personal life
In July 2006, Marcille began dating actor Lance Gross. The couple became engaged on December 24, 2008 and split up in March 2010. She dated rapper Flo Rida from 2010 to 2012. Marcille has a daughter from her previous relationship with singer Kevin McCall. She and McCall split in spring 2014, with Marcille stating she has custody of their daughter. In August 2019, she revealed that her daughter's last name has been legally changed from McCall to Sterling.Eva became engaged to Atlanta-based attorney Michael Sterling in December 2017. They married on October 7, 2018. The couple have two sons, born in April 2018 and September 2019. In 2019, she also founded cEVAd, a CBD oil company. The company launched during the birth of her son Maverick. In March 2023, Eva filed for divorce from Sterling.
Filmography
Film
Television
Music Videos
References
External links
Official website
Eva Marcille at Fashion Model Directory
Eva Marcille at IMDb
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Marcille"
]
}
|
Eva Marcille Sterling (née Pigford; born October 30, 1984) is an American actress, fashion model and television personality. She started her career by winning the third cycle of America's Next Top Model.
Early life
Sterling was born in Los Angeles, California as Eva Pigford. Her middle name, Marcille, is an amalgam of her grandmothers' names "Marjorie" and "Lucille". Her parents are both African American. She attended Raymond Avenue Elementary School, Marina Del Rey Middle School, and Washington Preparatory High School (2002). She attended Clark Atlanta University in Atlanta, Georgia; however, she left the school shortly after winning the third season of America's Next Top Model at the age of 19.
Career
Modeling
Marcille was the winner of the third cycle of America's Next Top Model in 2004, beating fellow contestant Yaya DaCosta. Her prizes included a CoverGirl cosmetics contract, a spread in Elle, and a modeling contract with Ford Models.
Marcille has appeared on the cover of Brides Noir, Women's Health and Fitness (May 2005), King (June 2005), IONA (November 2005), and Essence. Her other modeling credits include CoverGirl, DKNY, Samsung, Red by Marc Ecko, Jewel, In Touch Weekly (June 2005), King (November 2005), WeTheUrban, IONA, UNleashed, Star Magazine, Elle, Elle Girl, Apple Bottoms, Lerner Catalog, Avon Campaign 4 and Rolling Out.
Marcille's runway shows include the Marc Bouwer Fall 2005, Elle Girl presents Dare to Be You: Wal-Mart Meets America's Next Top Model 2005, Gharani Strok Fall 2005, Deborah Lindquist Spring 2006, Naqada Spring 2006, 8th Annual 'Models of Perfection' Show 2006, and L.A. Fashion Week's Monarchy Collection Fall 2007.On November 15, 2006, Marcille left her managers Benny Medina and Tyra Banks. After leaving Banks and Medina for new management, she officially dropped "Pigford" from her name, now going by Eva Marcille (her middle name). She has stated she did this in order to not use her modeling fame to get into acting but earn her acting roles.Marcille is now signed to L.A. Models. She has been featured on America's Next Top Model: Exposed on the CW. She has also been featured as one of CoverGirl's Top Models in Action.
Television work
Marcille has guest-starred on several series on UPN and The CW Network. Her guest-star credits include two episodes of Kevin Hill, one episode of Smallville, one episode of Everybody Hates Chris, and one episode of The Game as herself. Marcille has also appeared on Tyler Perry's House of Payne.
In addition, Marcille hosted BET J's reality show My Model Looks Better Than Your Model, as well as Rip the Runway on BET. Furthermore, she has appeared in several music videos, including "Baby" by Angie Stone (featuring Betty Wright), 50 Cent's "I Get Money" and Jamie Foxx's "DJ Play a Love Song".Marcille was cast as a regular on a FOX show called The Wedding Album in 2006, but FOX canceled it before it aired.
In 2005, Marcille appeared in a first-season episode of the MTV improv show Nick Cannon Presents Wild 'N Out. In December 2007, Marcille played a featured role in an episode of Smallville.
In 2008, she joined the cast of The Young and the Restless as a young mother named Tyra Hamilton. After a few months, her character, who was planned to be temporary was made permanent. In 2009, Marcille was nominated for two NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series for her Y&R role.
In film, her credits include The Walk, Crossover, and, most recently, I Think I Love My Wife.
She appeared in a June 2009 episode of the BET prank show Played by Fame, where contestants have nightmarish dates with celebrities.She hosted the first season of the Oxygen reality series Hair Battle Spectacular in 2010.
In August 2013, Marcille appeared in the video clip "J'accélère (I accelerate)" by French rapper Rohff.
On August 5, 2015, Marcille was in the main cast as the role of Tara in the TV One series Born Again Virgin. In February 2016, she was in a reality series titled About the Business.
In August 2017, Marcille competed in the first season of VH1's Scared Famous, which premiered on October 23, 2017. She joined Season 10 of The Real Housewives of Atlanta as a friend of Nene Leakes and was promoted to a full-time cast member in 2018 for season 11. She departed the series after two seasons in 2020.
Personal life
In July 2006, Marcille began dating actor Lance Gross. The couple became engaged on December 24, 2008 and split up in March 2010. She dated rapper Flo Rida from 2010 to 2012. Marcille has a daughter from her previous relationship with singer Kevin McCall. She and McCall split in spring 2014, with Marcille stating she has custody of their daughter. In August 2019, she revealed that her daughter's last name has been legally changed from McCall to Sterling.Eva became engaged to Atlanta-based attorney Michael Sterling in December 2017. They married on October 7, 2018. The couple have two sons, born in April 2018 and September 2019. In 2019, she also founded cEVAd, a CBD oil company. The company launched during the birth of her son Maverick. In March 2023, Eva filed for divorce from Sterling.
Filmography
Film
Television
Music Videos
References
External links
Official website
Eva Marcille at Fashion Model Directory
Eva Marcille at IMDb
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Eva"
]
}
|
Eva Marcille Sterling (née Pigford; born October 30, 1984) is an American actress, fashion model and television personality. She started her career by winning the third cycle of America's Next Top Model.
Early life
Sterling was born in Los Angeles, California as Eva Pigford. Her middle name, Marcille, is an amalgam of her grandmothers' names "Marjorie" and "Lucille". Her parents are both African American. She attended Raymond Avenue Elementary School, Marina Del Rey Middle School, and Washington Preparatory High School (2002). She attended Clark Atlanta University in Atlanta, Georgia; however, she left the school shortly after winning the third season of America's Next Top Model at the age of 19.
Career
Modeling
Marcille was the winner of the third cycle of America's Next Top Model in 2004, beating fellow contestant Yaya DaCosta. Her prizes included a CoverGirl cosmetics contract, a spread in Elle, and a modeling contract with Ford Models.
Marcille has appeared on the cover of Brides Noir, Women's Health and Fitness (May 2005), King (June 2005), IONA (November 2005), and Essence. Her other modeling credits include CoverGirl, DKNY, Samsung, Red by Marc Ecko, Jewel, In Touch Weekly (June 2005), King (November 2005), WeTheUrban, IONA, UNleashed, Star Magazine, Elle, Elle Girl, Apple Bottoms, Lerner Catalog, Avon Campaign 4 and Rolling Out.
Marcille's runway shows include the Marc Bouwer Fall 2005, Elle Girl presents Dare to Be You: Wal-Mart Meets America's Next Top Model 2005, Gharani Strok Fall 2005, Deborah Lindquist Spring 2006, Naqada Spring 2006, 8th Annual 'Models of Perfection' Show 2006, and L.A. Fashion Week's Monarchy Collection Fall 2007.On November 15, 2006, Marcille left her managers Benny Medina and Tyra Banks. After leaving Banks and Medina for new management, she officially dropped "Pigford" from her name, now going by Eva Marcille (her middle name). She has stated she did this in order to not use her modeling fame to get into acting but earn her acting roles.Marcille is now signed to L.A. Models. She has been featured on America's Next Top Model: Exposed on the CW. She has also been featured as one of CoverGirl's Top Models in Action.
Television work
Marcille has guest-starred on several series on UPN and The CW Network. Her guest-star credits include two episodes of Kevin Hill, one episode of Smallville, one episode of Everybody Hates Chris, and one episode of The Game as herself. Marcille has also appeared on Tyler Perry's House of Payne.
In addition, Marcille hosted BET J's reality show My Model Looks Better Than Your Model, as well as Rip the Runway on BET. Furthermore, she has appeared in several music videos, including "Baby" by Angie Stone (featuring Betty Wright), 50 Cent's "I Get Money" and Jamie Foxx's "DJ Play a Love Song".Marcille was cast as a regular on a FOX show called The Wedding Album in 2006, but FOX canceled it before it aired.
In 2005, Marcille appeared in a first-season episode of the MTV improv show Nick Cannon Presents Wild 'N Out. In December 2007, Marcille played a featured role in an episode of Smallville.
In 2008, she joined the cast of The Young and the Restless as a young mother named Tyra Hamilton. After a few months, her character, who was planned to be temporary was made permanent. In 2009, Marcille was nominated for two NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series for her Y&R role.
In film, her credits include The Walk, Crossover, and, most recently, I Think I Love My Wife.
She appeared in a June 2009 episode of the BET prank show Played by Fame, where contestants have nightmarish dates with celebrities.She hosted the first season of the Oxygen reality series Hair Battle Spectacular in 2010.
In August 2013, Marcille appeared in the video clip "J'accélère (I accelerate)" by French rapper Rohff.
On August 5, 2015, Marcille was in the main cast as the role of Tara in the TV One series Born Again Virgin. In February 2016, she was in a reality series titled About the Business.
In August 2017, Marcille competed in the first season of VH1's Scared Famous, which premiered on October 23, 2017. She joined Season 10 of The Real Housewives of Atlanta as a friend of Nene Leakes and was promoted to a full-time cast member in 2018 for season 11. She departed the series after two seasons in 2020.
Personal life
In July 2006, Marcille began dating actor Lance Gross. The couple became engaged on December 24, 2008 and split up in March 2010. She dated rapper Flo Rida from 2010 to 2012. Marcille has a daughter from her previous relationship with singer Kevin McCall. She and McCall split in spring 2014, with Marcille stating she has custody of their daughter. In August 2019, she revealed that her daughter's last name has been legally changed from McCall to Sterling.Eva became engaged to Atlanta-based attorney Michael Sterling in December 2017. They married on October 7, 2018. The couple have two sons, born in April 2018 and September 2019. In 2019, she also founded cEVAd, a CBD oil company. The company launched during the birth of her son Maverick. In March 2023, Eva filed for divorce from Sterling.
Filmography
Film
Television
Music Videos
References
External links
Official website
Eva Marcille at Fashion Model Directory
Eva Marcille at IMDb
|
notable work
|
{
"answer_start": [
178
],
"text": [
"America's Next Top Model"
]
}
|
Eva Marcille Sterling (née Pigford; born October 30, 1984) is an American actress, fashion model and television personality. She started her career by winning the third cycle of America's Next Top Model.
Early life
Sterling was born in Los Angeles, California as Eva Pigford. Her middle name, Marcille, is an amalgam of her grandmothers' names "Marjorie" and "Lucille". Her parents are both African American. She attended Raymond Avenue Elementary School, Marina Del Rey Middle School, and Washington Preparatory High School (2002). She attended Clark Atlanta University in Atlanta, Georgia; however, she left the school shortly after winning the third season of America's Next Top Model at the age of 19.
Career
Modeling
Marcille was the winner of the third cycle of America's Next Top Model in 2004, beating fellow contestant Yaya DaCosta. Her prizes included a CoverGirl cosmetics contract, a spread in Elle, and a modeling contract with Ford Models.
Marcille has appeared on the cover of Brides Noir, Women's Health and Fitness (May 2005), King (June 2005), IONA (November 2005), and Essence. Her other modeling credits include CoverGirl, DKNY, Samsung, Red by Marc Ecko, Jewel, In Touch Weekly (June 2005), King (November 2005), WeTheUrban, IONA, UNleashed, Star Magazine, Elle, Elle Girl, Apple Bottoms, Lerner Catalog, Avon Campaign 4 and Rolling Out.
Marcille's runway shows include the Marc Bouwer Fall 2005, Elle Girl presents Dare to Be You: Wal-Mart Meets America's Next Top Model 2005, Gharani Strok Fall 2005, Deborah Lindquist Spring 2006, Naqada Spring 2006, 8th Annual 'Models of Perfection' Show 2006, and L.A. Fashion Week's Monarchy Collection Fall 2007.On November 15, 2006, Marcille left her managers Benny Medina and Tyra Banks. After leaving Banks and Medina for new management, she officially dropped "Pigford" from her name, now going by Eva Marcille (her middle name). She has stated she did this in order to not use her modeling fame to get into acting but earn her acting roles.Marcille is now signed to L.A. Models. She has been featured on America's Next Top Model: Exposed on the CW. She has also been featured as one of CoverGirl's Top Models in Action.
Television work
Marcille has guest-starred on several series on UPN and The CW Network. Her guest-star credits include two episodes of Kevin Hill, one episode of Smallville, one episode of Everybody Hates Chris, and one episode of The Game as herself. Marcille has also appeared on Tyler Perry's House of Payne.
In addition, Marcille hosted BET J's reality show My Model Looks Better Than Your Model, as well as Rip the Runway on BET. Furthermore, she has appeared in several music videos, including "Baby" by Angie Stone (featuring Betty Wright), 50 Cent's "I Get Money" and Jamie Foxx's "DJ Play a Love Song".Marcille was cast as a regular on a FOX show called The Wedding Album in 2006, but FOX canceled it before it aired.
In 2005, Marcille appeared in a first-season episode of the MTV improv show Nick Cannon Presents Wild 'N Out. In December 2007, Marcille played a featured role in an episode of Smallville.
In 2008, she joined the cast of The Young and the Restless as a young mother named Tyra Hamilton. After a few months, her character, who was planned to be temporary was made permanent. In 2009, Marcille was nominated for two NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series for her Y&R role.
In film, her credits include The Walk, Crossover, and, most recently, I Think I Love My Wife.
She appeared in a June 2009 episode of the BET prank show Played by Fame, where contestants have nightmarish dates with celebrities.She hosted the first season of the Oxygen reality series Hair Battle Spectacular in 2010.
In August 2013, Marcille appeared in the video clip "J'accélère (I accelerate)" by French rapper Rohff.
On August 5, 2015, Marcille was in the main cast as the role of Tara in the TV One series Born Again Virgin. In February 2016, she was in a reality series titled About the Business.
In August 2017, Marcille competed in the first season of VH1's Scared Famous, which premiered on October 23, 2017. She joined Season 10 of The Real Housewives of Atlanta as a friend of Nene Leakes and was promoted to a full-time cast member in 2018 for season 11. She departed the series after two seasons in 2020.
Personal life
In July 2006, Marcille began dating actor Lance Gross. The couple became engaged on December 24, 2008 and split up in March 2010. She dated rapper Flo Rida from 2010 to 2012. Marcille has a daughter from her previous relationship with singer Kevin McCall. She and McCall split in spring 2014, with Marcille stating she has custody of their daughter. In August 2019, she revealed that her daughter's last name has been legally changed from McCall to Sterling.Eva became engaged to Atlanta-based attorney Michael Sterling in December 2017. They married on October 7, 2018. The couple have two sons, born in April 2018 and September 2019. In 2019, she also founded cEVAd, a CBD oil company. The company launched during the birth of her son Maverick. In March 2023, Eva filed for divorce from Sterling.
Filmography
Film
Television
Music Videos
References
External links
Official website
Eva Marcille at Fashion Model Directory
Eva Marcille at IMDb
|
nominated for
|
{
"answer_start": [
3331
],
"text": [
"NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series"
]
}
|
Eva Marcille Sterling (née Pigford; born October 30, 1984) is an American actress, fashion model and television personality. She started her career by winning the third cycle of America's Next Top Model.
Early life
Sterling was born in Los Angeles, California as Eva Pigford. Her middle name, Marcille, is an amalgam of her grandmothers' names "Marjorie" and "Lucille". Her parents are both African American. She attended Raymond Avenue Elementary School, Marina Del Rey Middle School, and Washington Preparatory High School (2002). She attended Clark Atlanta University in Atlanta, Georgia; however, she left the school shortly after winning the third season of America's Next Top Model at the age of 19.
Career
Modeling
Marcille was the winner of the third cycle of America's Next Top Model in 2004, beating fellow contestant Yaya DaCosta. Her prizes included a CoverGirl cosmetics contract, a spread in Elle, and a modeling contract with Ford Models.
Marcille has appeared on the cover of Brides Noir, Women's Health and Fitness (May 2005), King (June 2005), IONA (November 2005), and Essence. Her other modeling credits include CoverGirl, DKNY, Samsung, Red by Marc Ecko, Jewel, In Touch Weekly (June 2005), King (November 2005), WeTheUrban, IONA, UNleashed, Star Magazine, Elle, Elle Girl, Apple Bottoms, Lerner Catalog, Avon Campaign 4 and Rolling Out.
Marcille's runway shows include the Marc Bouwer Fall 2005, Elle Girl presents Dare to Be You: Wal-Mart Meets America's Next Top Model 2005, Gharani Strok Fall 2005, Deborah Lindquist Spring 2006, Naqada Spring 2006, 8th Annual 'Models of Perfection' Show 2006, and L.A. Fashion Week's Monarchy Collection Fall 2007.On November 15, 2006, Marcille left her managers Benny Medina and Tyra Banks. After leaving Banks and Medina for new management, she officially dropped "Pigford" from her name, now going by Eva Marcille (her middle name). She has stated she did this in order to not use her modeling fame to get into acting but earn her acting roles.Marcille is now signed to L.A. Models. She has been featured on America's Next Top Model: Exposed on the CW. She has also been featured as one of CoverGirl's Top Models in Action.
Television work
Marcille has guest-starred on several series on UPN and The CW Network. Her guest-star credits include two episodes of Kevin Hill, one episode of Smallville, one episode of Everybody Hates Chris, and one episode of The Game as herself. Marcille has also appeared on Tyler Perry's House of Payne.
In addition, Marcille hosted BET J's reality show My Model Looks Better Than Your Model, as well as Rip the Runway on BET. Furthermore, she has appeared in several music videos, including "Baby" by Angie Stone (featuring Betty Wright), 50 Cent's "I Get Money" and Jamie Foxx's "DJ Play a Love Song".Marcille was cast as a regular on a FOX show called The Wedding Album in 2006, but FOX canceled it before it aired.
In 2005, Marcille appeared in a first-season episode of the MTV improv show Nick Cannon Presents Wild 'N Out. In December 2007, Marcille played a featured role in an episode of Smallville.
In 2008, she joined the cast of The Young and the Restless as a young mother named Tyra Hamilton. After a few months, her character, who was planned to be temporary was made permanent. In 2009, Marcille was nominated for two NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series for her Y&R role.
In film, her credits include The Walk, Crossover, and, most recently, I Think I Love My Wife.
She appeared in a June 2009 episode of the BET prank show Played by Fame, where contestants have nightmarish dates with celebrities.She hosted the first season of the Oxygen reality series Hair Battle Spectacular in 2010.
In August 2013, Marcille appeared in the video clip "J'accélère (I accelerate)" by French rapper Rohff.
On August 5, 2015, Marcille was in the main cast as the role of Tara in the TV One series Born Again Virgin. In February 2016, she was in a reality series titled About the Business.
In August 2017, Marcille competed in the first season of VH1's Scared Famous, which premiered on October 23, 2017. She joined Season 10 of The Real Housewives of Atlanta as a friend of Nene Leakes and was promoted to a full-time cast member in 2018 for season 11. She departed the series after two seasons in 2020.
Personal life
In July 2006, Marcille began dating actor Lance Gross. The couple became engaged on December 24, 2008 and split up in March 2010. She dated rapper Flo Rida from 2010 to 2012. Marcille has a daughter from her previous relationship with singer Kevin McCall. She and McCall split in spring 2014, with Marcille stating she has custody of their daughter. In August 2019, she revealed that her daughter's last name has been legally changed from McCall to Sterling.Eva became engaged to Atlanta-based attorney Michael Sterling in December 2017. They married on October 7, 2018. The couple have two sons, born in April 2018 and September 2019. In 2019, she also founded cEVAd, a CBD oil company. The company launched during the birth of her son Maverick. In March 2023, Eva filed for divorce from Sterling.
Filmography
Film
Television
Music Videos
References
External links
Official website
Eva Marcille at Fashion Model Directory
Eva Marcille at IMDb
|
name in native language
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Eva Marcille"
]
}
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.