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Anolis neglectus, the Serra dos Órgãos anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is found in Brazil.
== References ==
|
taxon rank
|
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51
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|
Anolis neglectus, the Serra dos Órgãos anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is found in Brazil.
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Anolis"
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|
Anolis neglectus, the Serra dos Órgãos anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is found in Brazil.
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Anolis neglectus"
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|
Tetraulax albofasciatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1935.
== References ==
|
taxon rank
|
{
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29
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"text": [
"species"
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|
Tetraulax albofasciatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1935.
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Tetraulax"
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|
Tetraulax albofasciatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1935.
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Tetraulax albofasciatus"
]
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Thrithala is a town and a village in Pattambi taluk in Palakkad District of Kerala state, South India. The town is located along the banks of Bharathapuzha and is famed for its Shiva temple.
History
The legend of 'Parayi petta panthirukulam' is centred on Trithala. According to this story, a Brahmin named Vararuchi, married a lower caste woman without knowing her true identity(?). After the marriage, they set out on a long journey. During the course of the journey, the woman became pregnant several times, and every time she delivered a baby, the husband asked her to leave it there itself. Each of the babies was taken up by people of different castes (totally 12), thus they grew up in that caste, making the legendary 'Panthirukulam'. They all became famous in their lives and many tales are attributed to them. The eldest was Agnihothri, a Brahmin, whose place is Mezhathur in Trithala. The others are Pakkanar (basket weaver), Perumthachan (Master carpenter), Naranathu Bhranthan (an eccentric but divine person), Vayillakunnilappan (a child without mouth, whom the mother wanted to keep with her) and so on. Their stories are mentioned in the well known book 'Eithihyamala' by Kottarathil Sankunni.
The Siva temple, probably built during the 9th and 10th century, marks the transition from the Chola to the Pandya style of architecture. According to a legend, the child Agnihotri was bathing in the river along with his mother. He heaped the sand in the form of a mound on a plate ('thalam' in Malayalam). When the mother tried to remove the sand, she found that it has solidified in the form of a 'Siva Lingam'. Thus the deity is known as 'Thalathilappan', meaning God in a plate. The idol is said to have the constitution of sand. It is believed that the sharp bend in the river in the area was formed due to the river changing its course on its own, to give space for the temple to be built.
Notable residents
V. T. Bhattathiripad, Dramatist and a prominent freedom fighter
Maha Kavi Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri
Thrithala Kesava Poduval, Thayambaka Maestro
M. T. Vasudevan Nair, Malayalam Writer & Jnanpit Award Winner
E. Sreedharan, Former Managing Director of DMRC
Ammu Swaminathan, Courageous freedom fighter and a prominent leader
Captain Lakshmi Sahgal, Activist of the Indian independence movement
Major Ravi, Malayalam film director
Politics
It belongs to Ponnani Loksabha Constituency current MP is E. T. Mohammed Basheer. Thrithala is the 49th legislative assembly constituency, current MLA is M B Rajesh of CPIM.
Major political parties are the Indian National Congress (INC), the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM), Communist Party of India (CPI), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Social Democratic Party of India (SDPI) and the Indian Union Muslim League (IUML).
Suburbs and Villages
Mudavannur, Mezhathur
Njangattiri, Kalyanappadi and Kannannoor
Ullanoor, V.K.Kadavu and K.R.Narayan Nagar
Athani, Chittappuram, Pattithara and Malamakkavu
othalur
Pattithara
Navayuga Pattithara
Pooleri
Aloor
Chittapuram
United Kundkad
Important Landmarks
Velliyamkallu park
Pakkanar Colony
Vaidyamadham, Mezhathur
Vemanchery Mana, House of Agnihothri
Yajneswaram Shiva Temple
Thrithala Juma Masjid
Kannannoor Bhagavathy Temple
V.K.Kadavu Juma Masjidh
President of India road in honour of T.K. Subramanian who worked in Rashtrapathi Bhawan
Thrithala Shiva Temple
Mudavannur Shiva Temple
Ullanur Juma Masjid
Govt Arts and Science College , Thrithala
References
External links
Story about 'Parayi petta panthirukulam'
Stories about Pakkanar
Kudallur Village
|
country
|
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96
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"text": [
"India"
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}
|
Thrithala is a town and a village in Pattambi taluk in Palakkad District of Kerala state, South India. The town is located along the banks of Bharathapuzha and is famed for its Shiva temple.
History
The legend of 'Parayi petta panthirukulam' is centred on Trithala. According to this story, a Brahmin named Vararuchi, married a lower caste woman without knowing her true identity(?). After the marriage, they set out on a long journey. During the course of the journey, the woman became pregnant several times, and every time she delivered a baby, the husband asked her to leave it there itself. Each of the babies was taken up by people of different castes (totally 12), thus they grew up in that caste, making the legendary 'Panthirukulam'. They all became famous in their lives and many tales are attributed to them. The eldest was Agnihothri, a Brahmin, whose place is Mezhathur in Trithala. The others are Pakkanar (basket weaver), Perumthachan (Master carpenter), Naranathu Bhranthan (an eccentric but divine person), Vayillakunnilappan (a child without mouth, whom the mother wanted to keep with her) and so on. Their stories are mentioned in the well known book 'Eithihyamala' by Kottarathil Sankunni.
The Siva temple, probably built during the 9th and 10th century, marks the transition from the Chola to the Pandya style of architecture. According to a legend, the child Agnihotri was bathing in the river along with his mother. He heaped the sand in the form of a mound on a plate ('thalam' in Malayalam). When the mother tried to remove the sand, she found that it has solidified in the form of a 'Siva Lingam'. Thus the deity is known as 'Thalathilappan', meaning God in a plate. The idol is said to have the constitution of sand. It is believed that the sharp bend in the river in the area was formed due to the river changing its course on its own, to give space for the temple to be built.
Notable residents
V. T. Bhattathiripad, Dramatist and a prominent freedom fighter
Maha Kavi Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri
Thrithala Kesava Poduval, Thayambaka Maestro
M. T. Vasudevan Nair, Malayalam Writer & Jnanpit Award Winner
E. Sreedharan, Former Managing Director of DMRC
Ammu Swaminathan, Courageous freedom fighter and a prominent leader
Captain Lakshmi Sahgal, Activist of the Indian independence movement
Major Ravi, Malayalam film director
Politics
It belongs to Ponnani Loksabha Constituency current MP is E. T. Mohammed Basheer. Thrithala is the 49th legislative assembly constituency, current MLA is M B Rajesh of CPIM.
Major political parties are the Indian National Congress (INC), the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM), Communist Party of India (CPI), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Social Democratic Party of India (SDPI) and the Indian Union Muslim League (IUML).
Suburbs and Villages
Mudavannur, Mezhathur
Njangattiri, Kalyanappadi and Kannannoor
Ullanoor, V.K.Kadavu and K.R.Narayan Nagar
Athani, Chittappuram, Pattithara and Malamakkavu
othalur
Pattithara
Navayuga Pattithara
Pooleri
Aloor
Chittapuram
United Kundkad
Important Landmarks
Velliyamkallu park
Pakkanar Colony
Vaidyamadham, Mezhathur
Vemanchery Mana, House of Agnihothri
Yajneswaram Shiva Temple
Thrithala Juma Masjid
Kannannoor Bhagavathy Temple
V.K.Kadavu Juma Masjidh
President of India road in honour of T.K. Subramanian who worked in Rashtrapathi Bhawan
Thrithala Shiva Temple
Mudavannur Shiva Temple
Ullanur Juma Masjid
Govt Arts and Science College , Thrithala
References
External links
Story about 'Parayi petta panthirukulam'
Stories about Pakkanar
Kudallur Village
|
instance of
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Thrithala is a town and a village in Pattambi taluk in Palakkad District of Kerala state, South India. The town is located along the banks of Bharathapuzha and is famed for its Shiva temple.
History
The legend of 'Parayi petta panthirukulam' is centred on Trithala. According to this story, a Brahmin named Vararuchi, married a lower caste woman without knowing her true identity(?). After the marriage, they set out on a long journey. During the course of the journey, the woman became pregnant several times, and every time she delivered a baby, the husband asked her to leave it there itself. Each of the babies was taken up by people of different castes (totally 12), thus they grew up in that caste, making the legendary 'Panthirukulam'. They all became famous in their lives and many tales are attributed to them. The eldest was Agnihothri, a Brahmin, whose place is Mezhathur in Trithala. The others are Pakkanar (basket weaver), Perumthachan (Master carpenter), Naranathu Bhranthan (an eccentric but divine person), Vayillakunnilappan (a child without mouth, whom the mother wanted to keep with her) and so on. Their stories are mentioned in the well known book 'Eithihyamala' by Kottarathil Sankunni.
The Siva temple, probably built during the 9th and 10th century, marks the transition from the Chola to the Pandya style of architecture. According to a legend, the child Agnihotri was bathing in the river along with his mother. He heaped the sand in the form of a mound on a plate ('thalam' in Malayalam). When the mother tried to remove the sand, she found that it has solidified in the form of a 'Siva Lingam'. Thus the deity is known as 'Thalathilappan', meaning God in a plate. The idol is said to have the constitution of sand. It is believed that the sharp bend in the river in the area was formed due to the river changing its course on its own, to give space for the temple to be built.
Notable residents
V. T. Bhattathiripad, Dramatist and a prominent freedom fighter
Maha Kavi Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri
Thrithala Kesava Poduval, Thayambaka Maestro
M. T. Vasudevan Nair, Malayalam Writer & Jnanpit Award Winner
E. Sreedharan, Former Managing Director of DMRC
Ammu Swaminathan, Courageous freedom fighter and a prominent leader
Captain Lakshmi Sahgal, Activist of the Indian independence movement
Major Ravi, Malayalam film director
Politics
It belongs to Ponnani Loksabha Constituency current MP is E. T. Mohammed Basheer. Thrithala is the 49th legislative assembly constituency, current MLA is M B Rajesh of CPIM.
Major political parties are the Indian National Congress (INC), the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM), Communist Party of India (CPI), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Social Democratic Party of India (SDPI) and the Indian Union Muslim League (IUML).
Suburbs and Villages
Mudavannur, Mezhathur
Njangattiri, Kalyanappadi and Kannannoor
Ullanoor, V.K.Kadavu and K.R.Narayan Nagar
Athani, Chittappuram, Pattithara and Malamakkavu
othalur
Pattithara
Navayuga Pattithara
Pooleri
Aloor
Chittapuram
United Kundkad
Important Landmarks
Velliyamkallu park
Pakkanar Colony
Vaidyamadham, Mezhathur
Vemanchery Mana, House of Agnihothri
Yajneswaram Shiva Temple
Thrithala Juma Masjid
Kannannoor Bhagavathy Temple
V.K.Kadavu Juma Masjidh
President of India road in honour of T.K. Subramanian who worked in Rashtrapathi Bhawan
Thrithala Shiva Temple
Mudavannur Shiva Temple
Ullanur Juma Masjid
Govt Arts and Science College , Thrithala
References
External links
Story about 'Parayi petta panthirukulam'
Stories about Pakkanar
Kudallur Village
|
Commons category
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{
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Klepikovo (Russian: Клепиково) is a rural locality (a village) in Gorodetskoye Rural Settlement, Kichmengsko-Gorodetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 52 as of 2002. There are 3 streets.
Geography
Klepikovo is located 18 km northwest of Kichmengsky Gorodok (the district's administrative centre) by road. Tokarevo is the nearest rural locality.
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
11
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"text": [
"Russia"
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}
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Klepikovo (Russian: Клепиково) is a rural locality (a village) in Gorodetskoye Rural Settlement, Kichmengsko-Gorodetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 52 as of 2002. There are 3 streets.
Geography
Klepikovo is located 18 km northwest of Kichmengsky Gorodok (the district's administrative centre) by road. Tokarevo is the nearest rural locality.
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
109
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"text": [
"Gorodetsky"
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Ali Mombaini (Persian: علی ممبینی; born November 22, 1981) is an Iranian footballer who plays for Aluminium in Azadegan League.
Club career
In 2010, Mombaini joined Sanat Naft after spending the previous two season at Moghavemat.
Assists
== References ==
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
65
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"text": [
"Iran"
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}
|
Ali Mombaini (Persian: علی ممبینی; born November 22, 1981) is an Iranian footballer who plays for Aluminium in Azadegan League.
Club career
In 2010, Mombaini joined Sanat Naft after spending the previous two season at Moghavemat.
Assists
== References ==
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
65
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"text": [
"Iran"
]
}
|
Ali Mombaini (Persian: علی ممبینی; born November 22, 1981) is an Iranian footballer who plays for Aluminium in Azadegan League.
Club career
In 2010, Mombaini joined Sanat Naft after spending the previous two season at Moghavemat.
Assists
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Ali"
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 106 was adopted unanimously on March 29, 1955, after hearing reports from the Chief of Staff of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization in Palestine and representatives of Egypt and Israel. The Council noted that the Egyptian-Israel Mixed Armistice Commission determined that a "prearranged and planned attack ordered by Israel authorities" was committed by regular Israeli forces against elements of the Egyptian Army in the Gaza Strip on February 28, 1955. The Council condemned this attack as a violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 54, called upon Israel to take all necessary measures to prevent such action, expressed its conviction that the maintenance of the General Armistice Agreement was threatened by deliberate violations and that no progress towards the return of permanent peace in Palestine would be made unless the parties complied strictly with their obligations.
See also
List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 101 to 200 (1953–1965)
United Nations Security Council Resolution 107
References
Text of the Resolution at undocs.org
External links
Works related to United Nations Security Council Resolution 106 at Wikisource
|
followed by
|
{
"answer_start": [
1040
],
"text": [
"United Nations Security Council Resolution 107"
]
}
|
United Nations Security Council Resolution 106 was adopted unanimously on March 29, 1955, after hearing reports from the Chief of Staff of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization in Palestine and representatives of Egypt and Israel. The Council noted that the Egyptian-Israel Mixed Armistice Commission determined that a "prearranged and planned attack ordered by Israel authorities" was committed by regular Israeli forces against elements of the Egyptian Army in the Gaza Strip on February 28, 1955. The Council condemned this attack as a violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 54, called upon Israel to take all necessary measures to prevent such action, expressed its conviction that the maintenance of the General Armistice Agreement was threatened by deliberate violations and that no progress towards the return of permanent peace in Palestine would be made unless the parties complied strictly with their obligations.
See also
List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 101 to 200 (1953–1965)
United Nations Security Council Resolution 107
References
Text of the Resolution at undocs.org
External links
Works related to United Nations Security Council Resolution 106 at Wikisource
|
legislated by
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"United Nations Security Council"
]
}
|
United Nations Security Council Resolution 106 was adopted unanimously on March 29, 1955, after hearing reports from the Chief of Staff of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization in Palestine and representatives of Egypt and Israel. The Council noted that the Egyptian-Israel Mixed Armistice Commission determined that a "prearranged and planned attack ordered by Israel authorities" was committed by regular Israeli forces against elements of the Egyptian Army in the Gaza Strip on February 28, 1955. The Council condemned this attack as a violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 54, called upon Israel to take all necessary measures to prevent such action, expressed its conviction that the maintenance of the General Armistice Agreement was threatened by deliberate violations and that no progress towards the return of permanent peace in Palestine would be made unless the parties complied strictly with their obligations.
See also
List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 101 to 200 (1953–1965)
United Nations Security Council Resolution 107
References
Text of the Resolution at undocs.org
External links
Works related to United Nations Security Council Resolution 106 at Wikisource
|
series ordinal
|
{
"answer_start": [
43
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"text": [
"106"
]
}
|
Henry Carl Berghoff (January 6, 1856 – June 28, 1925) was a German-American politician, lawyer, and businessman who cofounded the Herman Berghoff Brewing Company and served as the 19th Mayor of Fort Wayne, Indiana from May 9, 1901 to January 10, 1906.
Berghoff was born January 6, 1856, in Dortmund, Germany, and immigrated to the United States in 1872, settling in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He, along with his brothers, also recent immigrants, founded the Herman Berghoff Brewing Company, which served Berghoff's Beer, in 1887, and in 1888, they opened their first Berghoff Brewery in Fort Wayne. Henry Berghoff became involved within helped establish various local businesses throughout his life, and also became involved with local Democratic politics in Fort Wayne, serving in various local political offices from 1885 to 1901, and mounting an unsuccessful campaign for Indiana State Treasurer in 1890. In 1893, he assisted the county sheriff in putting down a local riot.
In 1901, Berghoff received the Democratic nomination for mayor of Fort Wayne, and after a campaign in which his opponents criticized his German background, was elected mayor of Fort Wayne, and took office after being sworn in on May 9 of that year. As mayor, Berghoff delivered a rousing speech praising German contributions to America at the 1901 Indiana District Turnfest, presided over the opening of the first electric interurban railroad (as well as at least three other railroads throughout the duration of his mayoralty) in Fort Wayne in 1901, the completion and dedication of the current Allen County Courthouse in 1902, the completion of the South Wayne Sewer in 1902, a typhoid epidemic from 1903 to 1904, signed General Ordinance 223, which granted a 31-year municipal franchise to the Fort Wayne Electric Light and Power company, and appointed the first Fort Wayne Board of Parks Commissioners in 1905. During Berghoff's mayoralty, more work was done on public works than in prior years, the cases of communicable diseases fell by over 300, gambling devices were banned from public places, there were no losses in litigation by the Fort Wayne Law Department from 1903 to 1905, and a balance of over $130,000 was attained for the city of Fort Wayne. However, Berghoff came under controversy for his handling of an impending water famine in 1901, after ordering that a canal basin flow into Fort Wayne's main water supply for ten hours (in order to give the city a larger water supply), which caused the pollution of the city's water. Berghoff also came under controversy for refusal to approve the bond, on the grounds that the appointment was not legitimate, of Robert B. Dreibelbiss for his appointment by Governor Winfield T. Durbin to the Fort Wayne Municipal (Police) Court, however, the appointment was held as valid by the Indiana Supreme Court in 1902. In 1905, Berghoff founded the German-American National Bank, later renamed to the Lincoln National Bank due to anti-German sentiments during World War I. In late 1905, Berghoff received a Democratic nomination for City Councilman-at-large, however, he lost in the general election. Berghoff left office on January 10, 1906, after serving one four and a half year term as mayor of Fort Wayne (the only mayor of Fort Wayne to do so).
After his mayoralty, Berghoff returned to work in the Berghoff Brewery, and various other local businesses, for the rest of his life. Berghoff died on June 28, 1925, in Fort Wayne, after suffering an apoplectic stroke, survived by his wife and several children.
Early life (1856 - 1883)
Henry Carl Berghoff was born January 6, 1856, in Dortmund, Germany (then Prussia), the son of Franz Anton and Lizette (Boelhauve) Berghoff. Henry had five brothers (Theodor, Anton, Herman, Hubert, and Gustav) and one sister (Elizabeth). In Dortmund, Henry received a high school education, and held a job at a bank. In 1872, Henry immigrated to the United States, and settled in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Berghoff chose to settle in Fort Wayne supposedly after he was offered a job there when the train he was aboard made a stop in the city. During the next few years after his arrival in the United States, he held a range of jobs as a clerk and a bookkeeper, and he also studied law. In 1877, Henry married Theresa Mayer.
Business and political career (1883 - 1901)
Business career
In 1883, Berghoff and his brother Herman bought East End Bottling Works, a bottling company in Fort Wayne. In 1887, Henry and three of his brothers who had immigrated to the United States, Herman, Hubert, and Gustav, established the Herman Berghoff Brewing Company in Fort Wayne. Throughout the rest of his life, Henry served as secretary, vice president, and treasurer of the business. The brand of beer Henry and his brothers sold under the Herman Berghoff Brewing Company was known as “Berghoff’s Beer.” In 1888, the brothers opened their first Berghoff Brewery in Fort Wayne. At the brewery, Berghoff’s Beer was brewed and sold. On August 22, the brothers experienced a setback when the brewery caught fire, resulting in $50,000 dollars in damages. Brewing resumed exactly a month later. In 1892, Gustav purchased Summit City Bottle Works, where Henry served as vice president. In 1898, Herman opened a restaurant called The Berghoff, in Chicago, where it is still open today. The restaurant served Berghoff’s Beer. Around this time, the name of the brother’s brewing company was changed to the “Berghoff Brewing Company.”Henry also entered into a partnership with Artificial Ice Company, was the proprietor of Globe Spice Mills, and was the treasurer of Phoenix Building and Savings Union.
Early political career
Berghoff, a Democrat, served as treasurer of Fort Wayne for three terms, from 1885 to 1891. In 1890, he ran for Indiana State Treasurer, but lost to businessman Albert Gall. On Memorial Day in 1893, Fort Wayne railway workers went on strike, demanding their pay be increased from thirteen and a half cents an hour to fifteen cents an hour. The workers quickly resorted to rioting. Sheriff E. F. Clausmeier appointed multiple civilians to the position of deputy sheriff to assist him in putting down the disturbances, among them Henry Berghoff. On June 2, Berghoff spoke at the meeting that was held to review measures to put down the riots. The rioting ended that day after the strikers’ demands of wage increase were met. Berghoff returned to politics in 1896, serving as comptroller of Fort Wayne for two terms, from then until 1901.
1901 Fort Wayne mayoral election
In April 1901, Berghoff received the Democratic nomination for mayor of Fort Wayne. The other nominees for mayor were Republican Charles Reese and Socialist Martin H. Wefel. The 1901 Fort Wayne Mayoral Election was very heated. During this time, Americans held unfavorable views towards Kaiser Wilhelm II and the German Empire, and so Berghoff was harshly criticized for his German birth by some leading Fort Wayne Republicans, and consequently, they were accused of xenophobia by members of the Democratic Party. Despite the criticism of his heritage, Berghoff won the May 7, 1901 general election with 5176 of the 9209 votes cast. He was sworn in two days later.
Mayor of Fort Wayne (1901 - 1906)
Beginning of 1901
Berghoff, who succeeded Henry P. Scherer, served as mayor of Fort Wayne from May 9, 1901 to January 10, 1906. Throughout his mayoralty, Berghoff, along with other city officials, annually wrote messages to the Common Council of Fort Wayne, informing them on the business and financial situation of the city. Immediately after taking office as mayor of Fort Wayne on May 9, 1901, Berghoff appointed W. H. Shambaugh as city attorney, Joseph Fox as comptroller, and Peter Eggeman, William Doehrmann, and Henry C. Zollinger as members of the Board of Public Works.
1901 Indiana District Turnfest
On June 15, 1901, the biennial Indiana District Turnfest (a German gymnastic festival) was held in Fort Wayne. Over 3000 people, from Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, and Kentucky, of German and Anglo descent, attended the event. Berghoff delivered a rousing speech at the event, praising Germans for their contributions to America, saying, “The Germans have done more toward the progress and up-building of this country in every avenue of commerce, of art, and of learning, than any or all other peoples on earth, and every intelligent American will admit it.” Berghoff, proud “in being a German,” emboldened the audience, whom he referred to as “we Germans in America,” to not forget their “mother tongue,” to preserve “the customs of their fathers,” and that they “may well feel proud of our nation.” Berghoff, after stating “we need not be ashamed of our ancestry,” criticized those who avoided demonstrations of their German heritage: “Such do not deserve the name of Germans.” Berghoff claimed that a minimum of two thirds of Fort Wayne citizens were German, and believed this indicated that second and third generation German-Americans still harbored their German identity. At the close of the Turnfest, The Journal Gazette claimed, “It will go down in history as the most successful ever held in the Indiana district.” Berghoff’s identification as a German, instead of a German American, strengthened the image of Fort Wayne as an exemplar of ethnic acceptance. Berghoff attained success without forgoing the cultural elements of his heritage or his ethnicity. The following was Mayor Berghoff’s speech at Turnfest:
Aversion of a water famine and rest of 1901
According to Berghoff in his Annual Message at the end of 1901 and his Annual Message at the end of 1902, the first problem his mayoral administration encountered was, in July 1901, the likelihood of a water famine in Fort Wayne, after a fire destroyed the city’s reservoir. Berghoff stated that he consulted with experts and local businessmen on what should be done to prevent the impending water famine, and, according to Berghoff, they decided on increasing the pump capacity of Fort Wayne’s two water plants. A new air plant was installed at the first water plant, and a new 6 million gallon pump was installed at the second water plant. Additionally, Berghoff ordered that the water from a canal basin flow into the main supply of the city’s water for ten hours, in order to give the city a larger supply of water. As a result of these new installations, he believed, “the needs of the city for many years to come” would be supplied (six or seven million gallons of water would be pumped through the two water plants a day, and 140 gallons of water a day would be pumped for each Fort Wayne citizen). However, Berghoff and his administration came under scrutiny after the water from the canal basin polluted the city’s water. He accepted the blame for the pollution, arguing that the need for more water because of an impending of a water famine had justified his actions.Berghoff also advocated for the use of water meters in Fort Wayne, in order to cut down on the excessive use of water so that Fort Wayne would only need one water plant instead of two to supply Fort Wayne citizens with water. He also endorsed charging consumers seven cents per 1000 gallons of water, stating it would cut down the cost of water for an average Fort Wayne citizen to less than half of the then-current flat rates.A major event in Berghoff’s mayoralty occurred in September 1901, when the first electric interurban railway in Fort Wayne, the Fort Wayne and Northern Indiana Traction Company line, was opened. This helped establish Fort Wayne as an important center of freight and passenger traffic in the Midwest.At the end of 1901 in his Annual Message, Berghoff stated that since the beginning of his mayoralty in May, not one charge had been filed against the Fort Wayne Fire Department, praising it as “one of the best in the state.” Berghoff also praised the Health Department, as the death rate for contagious diseases in Fort Wayne that year was just over 1.2 percent. He also advised the Health Department to prepare for possible diphtheria, smallpox, and cholera epidemics in the city.
State, ex. rel., v. Berghoff
In April 1902, the Indiana State Supreme Court, ruling against Berghoff in State, ex. rel., v. Berghoff, declared valid the appointment made by Indiana Governor Winfield T. Durbin of Robert B. Dreibelbiss, a Republican, as judge of the Fort Wayne Municipal (Police) Court, after the previous judge, George W. Louttit, a Democrat, had been removed from the bench on the grounds that the office had been created two days after his (Louttit’s) election to the position. Berghoff, believing the grounds for Louttit’s removal were unconstitutional and illegitimate, refused to approve Dreibelbiss’ official bond required by law to serve as judge of the Fort Wayne Municipal (Police) Court. In the Indiana Circuit Court, Berghoff’s opinion was upheld, although upon further review in the Indiana Supreme Court, it was decided the governor’s appointment was valid, as mentioned earlier.
Allen County Courthouse
Berghoff also presided over the completion of the construction of the current Allen County Courthouse in Fort Wayne in 1902. The construction of the courthouse costed, in total, $817,553.59, which would be $250 million today. The construction of the courthouse began on November 17, 1897, during the mayoralty of Berghoff’s predecessor, Henry P. Scherer. The courthouse was built by architect Brentwood S. Tolan.The courthouse, a Beaux-Arts architecture-style and historicist-style building, is structurally made of steel, and it’s facade consists of both Vermont granite and Bedford, Indiana limestone. The interior staircases, balustrades, and walls are made of white Carrara marble. The interior contains what is possibly the largest example of scagliola worldwide. The courthouse was constructed in Grecian, Roman, and Renaissance styles, with Doric lines on the first floor, Ionic columns on the second floor, and Corinthian and Roman Imperial styles on the third floor. The floor tiles of the courthouse are encaustic. The ceilings of the courthouse are stenciled in varied patterns on ceilings and cornices, along with plaster moldings covered with gold, aluminum, and copper leaf. The interior consists of four 25 x 45 foot murals by Charles Holloway. In the murals situated in the rotunda, Law, Justice, and Mercy are depicted, and in the courtroom, the Battle of Fallen Timbers and Byzantine Emperor Justinian the Great are depicted. Sculptures of historical figures, including Chief Little Turtle, Samuel Hanna, John Allen, and others are present inside and outside the courthouse. Other sculptures contain stories of arts and industry, war and peace, and law and order. The courthouse measures 238.52 feet in height, and on the top of it is situated a dome, which looms 110 feet over the main rotunda. The dome also contains stained glass windows. On top of the courthouse dome is a 13.5 foot tall, copper-sheathed weather vane in the form of the Goddess of Liberty.On September 23, 1902, the Allen County Courthouse was dedicated, and Berghoff was present at the courthouse’s dedication ceremonies. Governor Winfield T. Durbin attended the dedication ceremonies, and President Theodore Roosevelt was scheduled to attend the dedication ceremonies.The courthouse would go on to be added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, and became a National Historic Landmark in 2002.
Rest of 1902
During Berghoff’s mayoralty, sometime in 1902, postal sub-stations were established in Fort Wayne for the first time. All of the sub-stations were located in drugstores.Also during Berghoff’s mayoralty in 1902, the Fort Wayne Fair association was established.Berghoff, in his Annual Message at the end of 1902, remarked on the Fort Wayne Gas Company, warning that if it failed to supply enough gas for the city, an action should be taken for Fort Wayne to forfeit the company’s franchise, which had first been granted to the company's predecessor, the Salamonie Gas and Mining Company, by the Fort Wayne City Council in 1888. He also noted that, for the first time in history, the Fort Wayne Fire Department had kept its expenditures under its yearly budget. On matters of morality, Berghoff stated that, from the beginning of his mayoralty, he had aimed to restrict immorality and crime as much as possible in Fort Wayne. He also stated actions he had taken since to achieve this aim, including ordering the removal of wine rooms from saloons, the prohibition of those of bad character from entering those places, and the removal of notorious places from Fort Wayne’s business district. Berghoff also ordered the removal of gambling devices from public places in Fort Wayne. He stated that street car extensions for the Interurban Railway would be built as needed throughout Fort Wayne, and that a lower fare and better service in the Interurban Railway would be promised as well. Berghoff also considered the idea of Fort Wayne possessing its own heating plant. He also touted the Fort Wayne parks, commending the improvements made to Swinney Park, and arguing that Williams Park should be acquired by the city. Berghoff also described his policy on street improvements (which had been restricted by the City Council of Fort Wayne earlier in 1902) thus: “I believe that street improvements should be made whenever the people along the streets and the general public ask for them.” He believed that Fort Wayne should be as progressive in its public works as other cities, in order to retain its status “as the second best city in the state” of Indiana. Berghoff also remarked on the city’s contagious disease hospital in his Annual Message, stating his administration had put the hospital in the most healthful condition possible. Berghoff also advocated, unsuccessfully, for the replacement of this hospital with a new one, as he would reiterate years afterward. Berghoff also advocated for a rule to be adopted “that demands all patients who want assistance from the city go to this hospital and the city will take care of them.” However, he said, if they chose not to take these steps, they would be quarantined in their homes and would be complied to pay all expenses for medical care while sick in their houses, which, Berghoff said, would prevent the Fort Wayne Health Department from unnecessary expenses. Berghoff also stated he would strictly enforce a rule that all horse manure be put in an iron container and disposed of when full. This was, Berghoff said, in order to keep the streets of Fort Wayne sanitary.
The Intercepting and South Wayne sewers
In his Annual Message at the end of 1902, Berghoff forcefully defended the Intercepting Sewer and the positive differences he believed it made for the city of Fort Wayne. The construction of the Intercepting Sewer was begun in 1900, under the mayoralty of his predecessor, Henry P. Scherer, and was finished before Berghoff took office. It was built to comply with Indiana sanitation laws, and construction costed $162,397.57. The Fort Wayne Board of Public Works, during Berghoff’s mayoralty, approved the plans for the construction of the sewer made by the previous board. Some Fort Wayne citizens criticized the sewer, calling it “a useless expenditure of money” and “not a public necessity.” Berghoff, however, believed it to be an improvement to the city, stating, “The sewer is doing the work it was intended to do.” The Intercepting Sewer purified the St. Mary’s River and transported the house sewage to half a mile outside Fort Wayne. Thus, he remarked, on the cost and effectiveness of the sewer, “The improved condition is worth double the cost of the improvement.” Berghoff also affirmed, because of the improvements the new sewer brought, “It can be truthfully said that the city of Fort Wayne and the city of Indianapolis are the only two cities in the state of Indiana that have almost perfect sanitary drainage.”Berghoff also discussed the South Wayne Sewer in his 1902 Annual Message, and officially announced its completion. The initiative to construct the South Wayne sewer begun, like the Intercepting Sewer, under Mayor Henry P. Scherer. During its construction, work on the sewer was abandoned for two months by the original contractor, and, as a result, some of the work became defective, and the defective portions of the sewer had to be redone. Lateral drains attached to the sewer were also constructed, so, in the words of Berghoff, “the people could have the benefit of this outlet.” The South Wayne Sewer, which he believed “ought to have been constructed several years before,” was, like the Intercepting Sewer, heavily criticized. He hailed the South Wayne Sewer as being “first-class in every respect,” and in his Annual Message at the end of 1903, Berghoff commended it as having “gave relief as an outlet to the whole of South Wayne, as well as the territory in the southern, southwestern and western part of the city.” In his annual message at the end of 1903, Berghoff remarked on the effectiveness of the Intercepting and South Wayne Sewers, saying, “It was thought that the building of the Intercepting and South Wayne Sewers would bankrupt the city, but when the work was completed and the purposes of them enjoyed, the people ceased to complain.” Because of this, he affirmed, the cleanliness of Fort Wayne had been greatly improved.
1903
Sometime in 1903, during Berghoff’s mayoralty, the Fort Wayne Rolling Mills were established. Two hundred and fifty workmen were brought from Chicago to be employed there when the mills opened.In Berghoff’s Annual Message at the end of 1903, he stated more work had been done for public works than ever before (that year, more than 4.16 miles of street improvements had been made, nine and a half miles of sewer laid, public bridges were repaired and painted, and the Garbage Crematory that had burned down).
Berghoff, also in his Annual Message, asserted that “Fort Wayne is comparatively free from crime.”
Fort Wayne typhoid fever outbreak
In November 1903, water contaminated with typhoid bacteria from the St. Marys River entered Fort Wayne’s main water supply, causing an outbreak of typhoid fever in Fort Wayne. However, it was not until February 1904 that the City Health Commissioner, Dr. A. H. Macbeth, alerted the public about the presence of typhoid bacteria in their drinking water. Despite there being over 80 new cases of typhoid fever in Fort Wayne, The Journal Gazette defended him, instead putting the blame for the typhoid fever outbreak on Republican waterworks trustees who had taken charge of the water plant in 1903. However, journalist Jesse Greene, writing in The Fort Wayne Sentinel, stated that a 1900 city ordinance required the health commissioner, and not the waterworks trustees, to run weekly tests on the city’s water. Greene also called on Berghoff to demand Macbeth’s resignation, which Berghoff did not do. On March 26, 1904, Berghoff announced to Fort Wayne citizens that their drinking water was safe to drink again. In the statement, Berghoff chose not to blame anyone, most notably the Republican waterworks officials, for the typhoid fever outbreak.
Municipal Lighting
Berghoff had been in favor of constructing a municipal lighting plant (which the city of Fort Wayne would own and operate) throughout his political career, believing it to be Fort Wayne’s most important priority (at the time, it was considered a popular idea among Fort Wayne citizens to construct a municipal lighting plant for Fort Wayne). However, during the first years of his mayoralty, he had gradually changed his position, and in 1903, decided against the construction of a municipal plant, instead opting for a privately owned corporation to be the city’s main lighting supply, stating, “there is so much corruption in American cities that public utilities can be more economically managed by private corporations.” On February 12, 1904, Berghoff, with the approval of the Fort Wayne City Council, signed General Ordinance 223, which granted a 31-year contract for a municipal lighting franchise to the Fort Wayne Electric Light and Power company, a private corporation. The Fort Wayne Sentinel criticized his actions as having “broke faith with the people.” However, the Fort Wayne News praised the new franchise, stating, “its work will meet the entire approval of the people,” and that a majority of the people supported the franchise. The Fort Wayne News also stated their belief that the then-current cost of electricity would be less under the franchise.Berghoff gave the following message after he approved General Ordinance 223, which granted a franchise to Fort Wayne Electric Light and Power company:
The construction of a municipal lighting plant was later begun in 1906, and the plant was opened in 1908, all during the mayoralty of Berghoff’s successor, William J. Hosey.
Rest of 1904
On July 14, 1904, Berghoff addressed the Indiana State Bar Association at its eighth annual meeting held in Fort Wayne, where he was hailed as “the best mayor of the best city in America” by the association’s president, Willliam P. Breen.Sometime in 1904, under Berghoff’s mayoralty, a short railway in Fort Wayne, the Lake Erie and Fort Wayne Belt Line Railway, was opened.At the end of 1904, in his Annual Message, Berghoff reflected on all that he had accomplished during his the past three and a half years of his mayoralty, which would end in just over a year, as well as his accomplishments in 1904.Berghoff stated that, in 1904, more work was done for public works in Fort Wayne than any year before (five new miles of street, two miles of cement sidewalks, one and a half mile of brick sidewalks, five and a half miles of sewer were laid, and thirty new street lights were constructed, as well as a good amount of alley paving and street grading), even more than the previous year.He also stated that, in 1904, for the first time in Fort Wayne history, not one charge was made against any officer of the Fort Wayne Fire Department.On legal matters, Berghoff stated that the Fort Wayne Department of Law had suffered no litigation losses in the previous two years.Berghoff stated that the cases of communicable diseases had fallen from 374 cases to 52 cases in the past four years. Berghoff also called for a new contagious disease hospital to be constructed in Fort Wayne, as he had years before, noting the condition of the then-current hospital, stating, “In our present age, where humane principles are advocated by all, this kind of building should no longer be tolerated.”On fiscal matters, Berghoff stated that Fort Wayne had a net saving of and a balance on hand of $133,447.54. He also asserted that, “For the first time in the history of the city government have public funds been placed to draw interest for the public benefit.” Berghoff also advised tax assessors to keep watch for tax evasion, so that taxes in the city could “be more justly distributed.”
1905
In 1905, Berghoff assisted in the creation of the German-American National Bank, where he served as head cashier. During World War I, it was renamed to “Lincoln National Bank" due to anti-German sentiments.In February 1905, under Berghoff’s mayoralty, the Fort Wayne Clearing House was established by representatives of the financial institutions in the city. The founding institutions of the clearing house passed their financial exchanges through it each business day.In April 1905, Berghoff appointed the first Fort Wayne Board of Park Commissioners.Sometime in 1905, under Berghoff's mayoralty, the Fort Wayne Hotel Company was established.Also sometime in 1905, the Fort Wayne and Northwestern Traction Line, a railroad, was opened in Fort Wayne, and on September 22 of that year, another railroad, the Ohio Electric Traction Line was opened.That same year, the gas supply of the Fort Wayne Natural Gas Company was exhausted, as Berghoff had warned years before in his Annual Message at the end of 1902. The gas service of the Fort Wayne Natural Gas Company was ended in November 1905.
Run for City Councilman-at-large
Berghoff, deciding against running for re-election, chose to pursue the Democratic nomination for City Councilman-at-large in September 1905. Five at-large seats were up for election, and thus five candidates from each party were nominated. He received one of the nominations. Berghoff’s candidacy was heavily criticized by the News Sentinel. Municipal elections, including the election for mayor, were held on November 7, 1905, and Berghoff lost the general election, receiving 3,876 votes, which were the third least.In the 1905 mayoral election, Berghoff, choosing not to seek re-election, endorsed Democratic City Councilman William J. Hosey, who won the election. Hosey received 6157 votes, with his opponent, Republican Edward White, receiving 4881 votes. At the end of 1905, Mayor-elect Hosey wrote the Annual Mayor's Message, instead of Berghoff, who was the incumbent mayor at the time.
1906
Berghoff, after serving one four and a half year term as mayor (the only mayor of Fort Wayne to do so), left office on January 10, 1906, and was succeeded by William J. Hosey. Before leaving office, Berghoff warned Hosey that the mayoralty was no "bed of roses."
Later life and death (1906 - 1925)
After serving as mayor of Fort Wayne, and losing election for City Councilman-at-large, Berghoff left politics for good, and instead returned to business. Berghoff held positions at Wayne Oil Tank and continued to serve as vice president of Summit City Bottle Works, renamed to “Rub-No-More Soap Company” in 1912, subsequent to his mayoralty. Also subsequent to his mayoralty, Henry had more time to pay attention to the Berghoff Brewery in Fort Wayne. In 1909, a year after Hubert stepped down as vice president and manager of the Berghoff Brewing Company due to poor health, the company was reorganized, and its name was changed to the “Berghoff Brewing Association.” On April 12, 1918, Prohibition began in Indiana, and production of Berghoff’s Beer was halted. The Berghoff Brewing Association was renamed to “Berghoff Products” and “Brewers of Bergo Soft Drinks.” Berghoff never lived to see the end of Prohibition in 1933, when alcoholic beer was brewed at the Berghoff Brewery once again. Berghoff died aged 69 on June 28, 1925 in Fort Wayne, Indiana, after suffering an apoplectic stroke three days before.
Personal life and family
Berghoff styled his silver hair in a Bismarckian fashion, and also had a distinguished moustache. He ended all his speeches by saying “God Bless the brave founders of our state.”Berghoff, a Catholic, was a member of St. Mary's Catholic Church, the Holy Name Society, the Knights of Columbus, and the Catholic Knights of America.Berghoff’s wife, Theresa Mayer (who survived her husband, dying in 1955 at the age of 99), was a daughter of Lorenz and Maria Mayer. Berghoff’s brothers Herman and Hubert, like Henry, both married daughters of Lorenz and Maria Mayer, while another Berghoff brother, Gustav, married Maria’s niece.Berghoff's great-nephew was Aloysius Rumely, Jr., who served as mayor of La Porte, Indiana, from 1979 until his murder in 1982. Rumely was the son of Aloysius Rumely, Sr., the son of Meinrad Rumely, who founded Advance-Rumely. Aloysius Rumely, Jr.'s mother, Hannah Berghoff, was the daughter of Herman Berghoff, Henry's brother.
Berghoff's daughter, Elsie, was married to Edward C. Ehrman, the son of Edward J. Ehrman, who was a Fort Wayne City Councilman from 1898 to 1902.Berghoff and his wife had eight children: Lawrence, Joseph, Carl, Frederick, Augustus, Raymond, Elsie, and Arthur.Berghoff, his wife, and seven of their children are buried in Catholic Cemetery in Fort Wayne, Indiana.
See also
The Berghoff (Restaurant)
List of Mayors of Fort Wayne
References
External links
First Annual Message of Henry C. Berghoff, Mayor of Fort Wayne, Indiana with Annual Reports of Heads of Departments of the City Government for the Fiscal Year Ending December 31, 1901.
Second Annual Message of Henry C. Berghoff, Mayor of Ford Wayne, Indiana with Annual Reports of Heads of Departments of the City Government for the Fiscal Year Ending December 31, 1902.
Third Annual Message of Henry C. Berghoff, Mayor of Fort Wayne, Indiana with Annual Reports of Heads of Departments of the City Government for the Fiscal Year Ending December 31, 1903.
Fourth Annual Message of Henry C. Berghoff, Mayor of Fort Wayne, Indiana with Annual Reports of Heads of Departments of the City Government for the Fiscal Year Ending December 31, 1904.
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Henry Carl Berghoff (January 6, 1856 – June 28, 1925) was a German-American politician, lawyer, and businessman who cofounded the Herman Berghoff Brewing Company and served as the 19th Mayor of Fort Wayne, Indiana from May 9, 1901 to January 10, 1906.
Berghoff was born January 6, 1856, in Dortmund, Germany, and immigrated to the United States in 1872, settling in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He, along with his brothers, also recent immigrants, founded the Herman Berghoff Brewing Company, which served Berghoff's Beer, in 1887, and in 1888, they opened their first Berghoff Brewery in Fort Wayne. Henry Berghoff became involved within helped establish various local businesses throughout his life, and also became involved with local Democratic politics in Fort Wayne, serving in various local political offices from 1885 to 1901, and mounting an unsuccessful campaign for Indiana State Treasurer in 1890. In 1893, he assisted the county sheriff in putting down a local riot.
In 1901, Berghoff received the Democratic nomination for mayor of Fort Wayne, and after a campaign in which his opponents criticized his German background, was elected mayor of Fort Wayne, and took office after being sworn in on May 9 of that year. As mayor, Berghoff delivered a rousing speech praising German contributions to America at the 1901 Indiana District Turnfest, presided over the opening of the first electric interurban railroad (as well as at least three other railroads throughout the duration of his mayoralty) in Fort Wayne in 1901, the completion and dedication of the current Allen County Courthouse in 1902, the completion of the South Wayne Sewer in 1902, a typhoid epidemic from 1903 to 1904, signed General Ordinance 223, which granted a 31-year municipal franchise to the Fort Wayne Electric Light and Power company, and appointed the first Fort Wayne Board of Parks Commissioners in 1905. During Berghoff's mayoralty, more work was done on public works than in prior years, the cases of communicable diseases fell by over 300, gambling devices were banned from public places, there were no losses in litigation by the Fort Wayne Law Department from 1903 to 1905, and a balance of over $130,000 was attained for the city of Fort Wayne. However, Berghoff came under controversy for his handling of an impending water famine in 1901, after ordering that a canal basin flow into Fort Wayne's main water supply for ten hours (in order to give the city a larger water supply), which caused the pollution of the city's water. Berghoff also came under controversy for refusal to approve the bond, on the grounds that the appointment was not legitimate, of Robert B. Dreibelbiss for his appointment by Governor Winfield T. Durbin to the Fort Wayne Municipal (Police) Court, however, the appointment was held as valid by the Indiana Supreme Court in 1902. In 1905, Berghoff founded the German-American National Bank, later renamed to the Lincoln National Bank due to anti-German sentiments during World War I. In late 1905, Berghoff received a Democratic nomination for City Councilman-at-large, however, he lost in the general election. Berghoff left office on January 10, 1906, after serving one four and a half year term as mayor of Fort Wayne (the only mayor of Fort Wayne to do so).
After his mayoralty, Berghoff returned to work in the Berghoff Brewery, and various other local businesses, for the rest of his life. Berghoff died on June 28, 1925, in Fort Wayne, after suffering an apoplectic stroke, survived by his wife and several children.
Early life (1856 - 1883)
Henry Carl Berghoff was born January 6, 1856, in Dortmund, Germany (then Prussia), the son of Franz Anton and Lizette (Boelhauve) Berghoff. Henry had five brothers (Theodor, Anton, Herman, Hubert, and Gustav) and one sister (Elizabeth). In Dortmund, Henry received a high school education, and held a job at a bank. In 1872, Henry immigrated to the United States, and settled in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Berghoff chose to settle in Fort Wayne supposedly after he was offered a job there when the train he was aboard made a stop in the city. During the next few years after his arrival in the United States, he held a range of jobs as a clerk and a bookkeeper, and he also studied law. In 1877, Henry married Theresa Mayer.
Business and political career (1883 - 1901)
Business career
In 1883, Berghoff and his brother Herman bought East End Bottling Works, a bottling company in Fort Wayne. In 1887, Henry and three of his brothers who had immigrated to the United States, Herman, Hubert, and Gustav, established the Herman Berghoff Brewing Company in Fort Wayne. Throughout the rest of his life, Henry served as secretary, vice president, and treasurer of the business. The brand of beer Henry and his brothers sold under the Herman Berghoff Brewing Company was known as “Berghoff’s Beer.” In 1888, the brothers opened their first Berghoff Brewery in Fort Wayne. At the brewery, Berghoff’s Beer was brewed and sold. On August 22, the brothers experienced a setback when the brewery caught fire, resulting in $50,000 dollars in damages. Brewing resumed exactly a month later. In 1892, Gustav purchased Summit City Bottle Works, where Henry served as vice president. In 1898, Herman opened a restaurant called The Berghoff, in Chicago, where it is still open today. The restaurant served Berghoff’s Beer. Around this time, the name of the brother’s brewing company was changed to the “Berghoff Brewing Company.”Henry also entered into a partnership with Artificial Ice Company, was the proprietor of Globe Spice Mills, and was the treasurer of Phoenix Building and Savings Union.
Early political career
Berghoff, a Democrat, served as treasurer of Fort Wayne for three terms, from 1885 to 1891. In 1890, he ran for Indiana State Treasurer, but lost to businessman Albert Gall. On Memorial Day in 1893, Fort Wayne railway workers went on strike, demanding their pay be increased from thirteen and a half cents an hour to fifteen cents an hour. The workers quickly resorted to rioting. Sheriff E. F. Clausmeier appointed multiple civilians to the position of deputy sheriff to assist him in putting down the disturbances, among them Henry Berghoff. On June 2, Berghoff spoke at the meeting that was held to review measures to put down the riots. The rioting ended that day after the strikers’ demands of wage increase were met. Berghoff returned to politics in 1896, serving as comptroller of Fort Wayne for two terms, from then until 1901.
1901 Fort Wayne mayoral election
In April 1901, Berghoff received the Democratic nomination for mayor of Fort Wayne. The other nominees for mayor were Republican Charles Reese and Socialist Martin H. Wefel. The 1901 Fort Wayne Mayoral Election was very heated. During this time, Americans held unfavorable views towards Kaiser Wilhelm II and the German Empire, and so Berghoff was harshly criticized for his German birth by some leading Fort Wayne Republicans, and consequently, they were accused of xenophobia by members of the Democratic Party. Despite the criticism of his heritage, Berghoff won the May 7, 1901 general election with 5176 of the 9209 votes cast. He was sworn in two days later.
Mayor of Fort Wayne (1901 - 1906)
Beginning of 1901
Berghoff, who succeeded Henry P. Scherer, served as mayor of Fort Wayne from May 9, 1901 to January 10, 1906. Throughout his mayoralty, Berghoff, along with other city officials, annually wrote messages to the Common Council of Fort Wayne, informing them on the business and financial situation of the city. Immediately after taking office as mayor of Fort Wayne on May 9, 1901, Berghoff appointed W. H. Shambaugh as city attorney, Joseph Fox as comptroller, and Peter Eggeman, William Doehrmann, and Henry C. Zollinger as members of the Board of Public Works.
1901 Indiana District Turnfest
On June 15, 1901, the biennial Indiana District Turnfest (a German gymnastic festival) was held in Fort Wayne. Over 3000 people, from Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, and Kentucky, of German and Anglo descent, attended the event. Berghoff delivered a rousing speech at the event, praising Germans for their contributions to America, saying, “The Germans have done more toward the progress and up-building of this country in every avenue of commerce, of art, and of learning, than any or all other peoples on earth, and every intelligent American will admit it.” Berghoff, proud “in being a German,” emboldened the audience, whom he referred to as “we Germans in America,” to not forget their “mother tongue,” to preserve “the customs of their fathers,” and that they “may well feel proud of our nation.” Berghoff, after stating “we need not be ashamed of our ancestry,” criticized those who avoided demonstrations of their German heritage: “Such do not deserve the name of Germans.” Berghoff claimed that a minimum of two thirds of Fort Wayne citizens were German, and believed this indicated that second and third generation German-Americans still harbored their German identity. At the close of the Turnfest, The Journal Gazette claimed, “It will go down in history as the most successful ever held in the Indiana district.” Berghoff’s identification as a German, instead of a German American, strengthened the image of Fort Wayne as an exemplar of ethnic acceptance. Berghoff attained success without forgoing the cultural elements of his heritage or his ethnicity. The following was Mayor Berghoff’s speech at Turnfest:
Aversion of a water famine and rest of 1901
According to Berghoff in his Annual Message at the end of 1901 and his Annual Message at the end of 1902, the first problem his mayoral administration encountered was, in July 1901, the likelihood of a water famine in Fort Wayne, after a fire destroyed the city’s reservoir. Berghoff stated that he consulted with experts and local businessmen on what should be done to prevent the impending water famine, and, according to Berghoff, they decided on increasing the pump capacity of Fort Wayne’s two water plants. A new air plant was installed at the first water plant, and a new 6 million gallon pump was installed at the second water plant. Additionally, Berghoff ordered that the water from a canal basin flow into the main supply of the city’s water for ten hours, in order to give the city a larger supply of water. As a result of these new installations, he believed, “the needs of the city for many years to come” would be supplied (six or seven million gallons of water would be pumped through the two water plants a day, and 140 gallons of water a day would be pumped for each Fort Wayne citizen). However, Berghoff and his administration came under scrutiny after the water from the canal basin polluted the city’s water. He accepted the blame for the pollution, arguing that the need for more water because of an impending of a water famine had justified his actions.Berghoff also advocated for the use of water meters in Fort Wayne, in order to cut down on the excessive use of water so that Fort Wayne would only need one water plant instead of two to supply Fort Wayne citizens with water. He also endorsed charging consumers seven cents per 1000 gallons of water, stating it would cut down the cost of water for an average Fort Wayne citizen to less than half of the then-current flat rates.A major event in Berghoff’s mayoralty occurred in September 1901, when the first electric interurban railway in Fort Wayne, the Fort Wayne and Northern Indiana Traction Company line, was opened. This helped establish Fort Wayne as an important center of freight and passenger traffic in the Midwest.At the end of 1901 in his Annual Message, Berghoff stated that since the beginning of his mayoralty in May, not one charge had been filed against the Fort Wayne Fire Department, praising it as “one of the best in the state.” Berghoff also praised the Health Department, as the death rate for contagious diseases in Fort Wayne that year was just over 1.2 percent. He also advised the Health Department to prepare for possible diphtheria, smallpox, and cholera epidemics in the city.
State, ex. rel., v. Berghoff
In April 1902, the Indiana State Supreme Court, ruling against Berghoff in State, ex. rel., v. Berghoff, declared valid the appointment made by Indiana Governor Winfield T. Durbin of Robert B. Dreibelbiss, a Republican, as judge of the Fort Wayne Municipal (Police) Court, after the previous judge, George W. Louttit, a Democrat, had been removed from the bench on the grounds that the office had been created two days after his (Louttit’s) election to the position. Berghoff, believing the grounds for Louttit’s removal were unconstitutional and illegitimate, refused to approve Dreibelbiss’ official bond required by law to serve as judge of the Fort Wayne Municipal (Police) Court. In the Indiana Circuit Court, Berghoff’s opinion was upheld, although upon further review in the Indiana Supreme Court, it was decided the governor’s appointment was valid, as mentioned earlier.
Allen County Courthouse
Berghoff also presided over the completion of the construction of the current Allen County Courthouse in Fort Wayne in 1902. The construction of the courthouse costed, in total, $817,553.59, which would be $250 million today. The construction of the courthouse began on November 17, 1897, during the mayoralty of Berghoff’s predecessor, Henry P. Scherer. The courthouse was built by architect Brentwood S. Tolan.The courthouse, a Beaux-Arts architecture-style and historicist-style building, is structurally made of steel, and it’s facade consists of both Vermont granite and Bedford, Indiana limestone. The interior staircases, balustrades, and walls are made of white Carrara marble. The interior contains what is possibly the largest example of scagliola worldwide. The courthouse was constructed in Grecian, Roman, and Renaissance styles, with Doric lines on the first floor, Ionic columns on the second floor, and Corinthian and Roman Imperial styles on the third floor. The floor tiles of the courthouse are encaustic. The ceilings of the courthouse are stenciled in varied patterns on ceilings and cornices, along with plaster moldings covered with gold, aluminum, and copper leaf. The interior consists of four 25 x 45 foot murals by Charles Holloway. In the murals situated in the rotunda, Law, Justice, and Mercy are depicted, and in the courtroom, the Battle of Fallen Timbers and Byzantine Emperor Justinian the Great are depicted. Sculptures of historical figures, including Chief Little Turtle, Samuel Hanna, John Allen, and others are present inside and outside the courthouse. Other sculptures contain stories of arts and industry, war and peace, and law and order. The courthouse measures 238.52 feet in height, and on the top of it is situated a dome, which looms 110 feet over the main rotunda. The dome also contains stained glass windows. On top of the courthouse dome is a 13.5 foot tall, copper-sheathed weather vane in the form of the Goddess of Liberty.On September 23, 1902, the Allen County Courthouse was dedicated, and Berghoff was present at the courthouse’s dedication ceremonies. Governor Winfield T. Durbin attended the dedication ceremonies, and President Theodore Roosevelt was scheduled to attend the dedication ceremonies.The courthouse would go on to be added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, and became a National Historic Landmark in 2002.
Rest of 1902
During Berghoff’s mayoralty, sometime in 1902, postal sub-stations were established in Fort Wayne for the first time. All of the sub-stations were located in drugstores.Also during Berghoff’s mayoralty in 1902, the Fort Wayne Fair association was established.Berghoff, in his Annual Message at the end of 1902, remarked on the Fort Wayne Gas Company, warning that if it failed to supply enough gas for the city, an action should be taken for Fort Wayne to forfeit the company’s franchise, which had first been granted to the company's predecessor, the Salamonie Gas and Mining Company, by the Fort Wayne City Council in 1888. He also noted that, for the first time in history, the Fort Wayne Fire Department had kept its expenditures under its yearly budget. On matters of morality, Berghoff stated that, from the beginning of his mayoralty, he had aimed to restrict immorality and crime as much as possible in Fort Wayne. He also stated actions he had taken since to achieve this aim, including ordering the removal of wine rooms from saloons, the prohibition of those of bad character from entering those places, and the removal of notorious places from Fort Wayne’s business district. Berghoff also ordered the removal of gambling devices from public places in Fort Wayne. He stated that street car extensions for the Interurban Railway would be built as needed throughout Fort Wayne, and that a lower fare and better service in the Interurban Railway would be promised as well. Berghoff also considered the idea of Fort Wayne possessing its own heating plant. He also touted the Fort Wayne parks, commending the improvements made to Swinney Park, and arguing that Williams Park should be acquired by the city. Berghoff also described his policy on street improvements (which had been restricted by the City Council of Fort Wayne earlier in 1902) thus: “I believe that street improvements should be made whenever the people along the streets and the general public ask for them.” He believed that Fort Wayne should be as progressive in its public works as other cities, in order to retain its status “as the second best city in the state” of Indiana. Berghoff also remarked on the city’s contagious disease hospital in his Annual Message, stating his administration had put the hospital in the most healthful condition possible. Berghoff also advocated, unsuccessfully, for the replacement of this hospital with a new one, as he would reiterate years afterward. Berghoff also advocated for a rule to be adopted “that demands all patients who want assistance from the city go to this hospital and the city will take care of them.” However, he said, if they chose not to take these steps, they would be quarantined in their homes and would be complied to pay all expenses for medical care while sick in their houses, which, Berghoff said, would prevent the Fort Wayne Health Department from unnecessary expenses. Berghoff also stated he would strictly enforce a rule that all horse manure be put in an iron container and disposed of when full. This was, Berghoff said, in order to keep the streets of Fort Wayne sanitary.
The Intercepting and South Wayne sewers
In his Annual Message at the end of 1902, Berghoff forcefully defended the Intercepting Sewer and the positive differences he believed it made for the city of Fort Wayne. The construction of the Intercepting Sewer was begun in 1900, under the mayoralty of his predecessor, Henry P. Scherer, and was finished before Berghoff took office. It was built to comply with Indiana sanitation laws, and construction costed $162,397.57. The Fort Wayne Board of Public Works, during Berghoff’s mayoralty, approved the plans for the construction of the sewer made by the previous board. Some Fort Wayne citizens criticized the sewer, calling it “a useless expenditure of money” and “not a public necessity.” Berghoff, however, believed it to be an improvement to the city, stating, “The sewer is doing the work it was intended to do.” The Intercepting Sewer purified the St. Mary’s River and transported the house sewage to half a mile outside Fort Wayne. Thus, he remarked, on the cost and effectiveness of the sewer, “The improved condition is worth double the cost of the improvement.” Berghoff also affirmed, because of the improvements the new sewer brought, “It can be truthfully said that the city of Fort Wayne and the city of Indianapolis are the only two cities in the state of Indiana that have almost perfect sanitary drainage.”Berghoff also discussed the South Wayne Sewer in his 1902 Annual Message, and officially announced its completion. The initiative to construct the South Wayne sewer begun, like the Intercepting Sewer, under Mayor Henry P. Scherer. During its construction, work on the sewer was abandoned for two months by the original contractor, and, as a result, some of the work became defective, and the defective portions of the sewer had to be redone. Lateral drains attached to the sewer were also constructed, so, in the words of Berghoff, “the people could have the benefit of this outlet.” The South Wayne Sewer, which he believed “ought to have been constructed several years before,” was, like the Intercepting Sewer, heavily criticized. He hailed the South Wayne Sewer as being “first-class in every respect,” and in his Annual Message at the end of 1903, Berghoff commended it as having “gave relief as an outlet to the whole of South Wayne, as well as the territory in the southern, southwestern and western part of the city.” In his annual message at the end of 1903, Berghoff remarked on the effectiveness of the Intercepting and South Wayne Sewers, saying, “It was thought that the building of the Intercepting and South Wayne Sewers would bankrupt the city, but when the work was completed and the purposes of them enjoyed, the people ceased to complain.” Because of this, he affirmed, the cleanliness of Fort Wayne had been greatly improved.
1903
Sometime in 1903, during Berghoff’s mayoralty, the Fort Wayne Rolling Mills were established. Two hundred and fifty workmen were brought from Chicago to be employed there when the mills opened.In Berghoff’s Annual Message at the end of 1903, he stated more work had been done for public works than ever before (that year, more than 4.16 miles of street improvements had been made, nine and a half miles of sewer laid, public bridges were repaired and painted, and the Garbage Crematory that had burned down).
Berghoff, also in his Annual Message, asserted that “Fort Wayne is comparatively free from crime.”
Fort Wayne typhoid fever outbreak
In November 1903, water contaminated with typhoid bacteria from the St. Marys River entered Fort Wayne’s main water supply, causing an outbreak of typhoid fever in Fort Wayne. However, it was not until February 1904 that the City Health Commissioner, Dr. A. H. Macbeth, alerted the public about the presence of typhoid bacteria in their drinking water. Despite there being over 80 new cases of typhoid fever in Fort Wayne, The Journal Gazette defended him, instead putting the blame for the typhoid fever outbreak on Republican waterworks trustees who had taken charge of the water plant in 1903. However, journalist Jesse Greene, writing in The Fort Wayne Sentinel, stated that a 1900 city ordinance required the health commissioner, and not the waterworks trustees, to run weekly tests on the city’s water. Greene also called on Berghoff to demand Macbeth’s resignation, which Berghoff did not do. On March 26, 1904, Berghoff announced to Fort Wayne citizens that their drinking water was safe to drink again. In the statement, Berghoff chose not to blame anyone, most notably the Republican waterworks officials, for the typhoid fever outbreak.
Municipal Lighting
Berghoff had been in favor of constructing a municipal lighting plant (which the city of Fort Wayne would own and operate) throughout his political career, believing it to be Fort Wayne’s most important priority (at the time, it was considered a popular idea among Fort Wayne citizens to construct a municipal lighting plant for Fort Wayne). However, during the first years of his mayoralty, he had gradually changed his position, and in 1903, decided against the construction of a municipal plant, instead opting for a privately owned corporation to be the city’s main lighting supply, stating, “there is so much corruption in American cities that public utilities can be more economically managed by private corporations.” On February 12, 1904, Berghoff, with the approval of the Fort Wayne City Council, signed General Ordinance 223, which granted a 31-year contract for a municipal lighting franchise to the Fort Wayne Electric Light and Power company, a private corporation. The Fort Wayne Sentinel criticized his actions as having “broke faith with the people.” However, the Fort Wayne News praised the new franchise, stating, “its work will meet the entire approval of the people,” and that a majority of the people supported the franchise. The Fort Wayne News also stated their belief that the then-current cost of electricity would be less under the franchise.Berghoff gave the following message after he approved General Ordinance 223, which granted a franchise to Fort Wayne Electric Light and Power company:
The construction of a municipal lighting plant was later begun in 1906, and the plant was opened in 1908, all during the mayoralty of Berghoff’s successor, William J. Hosey.
Rest of 1904
On July 14, 1904, Berghoff addressed the Indiana State Bar Association at its eighth annual meeting held in Fort Wayne, where he was hailed as “the best mayor of the best city in America” by the association’s president, Willliam P. Breen.Sometime in 1904, under Berghoff’s mayoralty, a short railway in Fort Wayne, the Lake Erie and Fort Wayne Belt Line Railway, was opened.At the end of 1904, in his Annual Message, Berghoff reflected on all that he had accomplished during his the past three and a half years of his mayoralty, which would end in just over a year, as well as his accomplishments in 1904.Berghoff stated that, in 1904, more work was done for public works in Fort Wayne than any year before (five new miles of street, two miles of cement sidewalks, one and a half mile of brick sidewalks, five and a half miles of sewer were laid, and thirty new street lights were constructed, as well as a good amount of alley paving and street grading), even more than the previous year.He also stated that, in 1904, for the first time in Fort Wayne history, not one charge was made against any officer of the Fort Wayne Fire Department.On legal matters, Berghoff stated that the Fort Wayne Department of Law had suffered no litigation losses in the previous two years.Berghoff stated that the cases of communicable diseases had fallen from 374 cases to 52 cases in the past four years. Berghoff also called for a new contagious disease hospital to be constructed in Fort Wayne, as he had years before, noting the condition of the then-current hospital, stating, “In our present age, where humane principles are advocated by all, this kind of building should no longer be tolerated.”On fiscal matters, Berghoff stated that Fort Wayne had a net saving of and a balance on hand of $133,447.54. He also asserted that, “For the first time in the history of the city government have public funds been placed to draw interest for the public benefit.” Berghoff also advised tax assessors to keep watch for tax evasion, so that taxes in the city could “be more justly distributed.”
1905
In 1905, Berghoff assisted in the creation of the German-American National Bank, where he served as head cashier. During World War I, it was renamed to “Lincoln National Bank" due to anti-German sentiments.In February 1905, under Berghoff’s mayoralty, the Fort Wayne Clearing House was established by representatives of the financial institutions in the city. The founding institutions of the clearing house passed their financial exchanges through it each business day.In April 1905, Berghoff appointed the first Fort Wayne Board of Park Commissioners.Sometime in 1905, under Berghoff's mayoralty, the Fort Wayne Hotel Company was established.Also sometime in 1905, the Fort Wayne and Northwestern Traction Line, a railroad, was opened in Fort Wayne, and on September 22 of that year, another railroad, the Ohio Electric Traction Line was opened.That same year, the gas supply of the Fort Wayne Natural Gas Company was exhausted, as Berghoff had warned years before in his Annual Message at the end of 1902. The gas service of the Fort Wayne Natural Gas Company was ended in November 1905.
Run for City Councilman-at-large
Berghoff, deciding against running for re-election, chose to pursue the Democratic nomination for City Councilman-at-large in September 1905. Five at-large seats were up for election, and thus five candidates from each party were nominated. He received one of the nominations. Berghoff’s candidacy was heavily criticized by the News Sentinel. Municipal elections, including the election for mayor, were held on November 7, 1905, and Berghoff lost the general election, receiving 3,876 votes, which were the third least.In the 1905 mayoral election, Berghoff, choosing not to seek re-election, endorsed Democratic City Councilman William J. Hosey, who won the election. Hosey received 6157 votes, with his opponent, Republican Edward White, receiving 4881 votes. At the end of 1905, Mayor-elect Hosey wrote the Annual Mayor's Message, instead of Berghoff, who was the incumbent mayor at the time.
1906
Berghoff, after serving one four and a half year term as mayor (the only mayor of Fort Wayne to do so), left office on January 10, 1906, and was succeeded by William J. Hosey. Before leaving office, Berghoff warned Hosey that the mayoralty was no "bed of roses."
Later life and death (1906 - 1925)
After serving as mayor of Fort Wayne, and losing election for City Councilman-at-large, Berghoff left politics for good, and instead returned to business. Berghoff held positions at Wayne Oil Tank and continued to serve as vice president of Summit City Bottle Works, renamed to “Rub-No-More Soap Company” in 1912, subsequent to his mayoralty. Also subsequent to his mayoralty, Henry had more time to pay attention to the Berghoff Brewery in Fort Wayne. In 1909, a year after Hubert stepped down as vice president and manager of the Berghoff Brewing Company due to poor health, the company was reorganized, and its name was changed to the “Berghoff Brewing Association.” On April 12, 1918, Prohibition began in Indiana, and production of Berghoff’s Beer was halted. The Berghoff Brewing Association was renamed to “Berghoff Products” and “Brewers of Bergo Soft Drinks.” Berghoff never lived to see the end of Prohibition in 1933, when alcoholic beer was brewed at the Berghoff Brewery once again. Berghoff died aged 69 on June 28, 1925 in Fort Wayne, Indiana, after suffering an apoplectic stroke three days before.
Personal life and family
Berghoff styled his silver hair in a Bismarckian fashion, and also had a distinguished moustache. He ended all his speeches by saying “God Bless the brave founders of our state.”Berghoff, a Catholic, was a member of St. Mary's Catholic Church, the Holy Name Society, the Knights of Columbus, and the Catholic Knights of America.Berghoff’s wife, Theresa Mayer (who survived her husband, dying in 1955 at the age of 99), was a daughter of Lorenz and Maria Mayer. Berghoff’s brothers Herman and Hubert, like Henry, both married daughters of Lorenz and Maria Mayer, while another Berghoff brother, Gustav, married Maria’s niece.Berghoff's great-nephew was Aloysius Rumely, Jr., who served as mayor of La Porte, Indiana, from 1979 until his murder in 1982. Rumely was the son of Aloysius Rumely, Sr., the son of Meinrad Rumely, who founded Advance-Rumely. Aloysius Rumely, Jr.'s mother, Hannah Berghoff, was the daughter of Herman Berghoff, Henry's brother.
Berghoff's daughter, Elsie, was married to Edward C. Ehrman, the son of Edward J. Ehrman, who was a Fort Wayne City Councilman from 1898 to 1902.Berghoff and his wife had eight children: Lawrence, Joseph, Carl, Frederick, Augustus, Raymond, Elsie, and Arthur.Berghoff, his wife, and seven of their children are buried in Catholic Cemetery in Fort Wayne, Indiana.
See also
The Berghoff (Restaurant)
List of Mayors of Fort Wayne
References
External links
First Annual Message of Henry C. Berghoff, Mayor of Fort Wayne, Indiana with Annual Reports of Heads of Departments of the City Government for the Fiscal Year Ending December 31, 1901.
Second Annual Message of Henry C. Berghoff, Mayor of Ford Wayne, Indiana with Annual Reports of Heads of Departments of the City Government for the Fiscal Year Ending December 31, 1902.
Third Annual Message of Henry C. Berghoff, Mayor of Fort Wayne, Indiana with Annual Reports of Heads of Departments of the City Government for the Fiscal Year Ending December 31, 1903.
Fourth Annual Message of Henry C. Berghoff, Mayor of Fort Wayne, Indiana with Annual Reports of Heads of Departments of the City Government for the Fiscal Year Ending December 31, 1904.
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Henry Carl Berghoff (January 6, 1856 – June 28, 1925) was a German-American politician, lawyer, and businessman who cofounded the Herman Berghoff Brewing Company and served as the 19th Mayor of Fort Wayne, Indiana from May 9, 1901 to January 10, 1906.
Berghoff was born January 6, 1856, in Dortmund, Germany, and immigrated to the United States in 1872, settling in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He, along with his brothers, also recent immigrants, founded the Herman Berghoff Brewing Company, which served Berghoff's Beer, in 1887, and in 1888, they opened their first Berghoff Brewery in Fort Wayne. Henry Berghoff became involved within helped establish various local businesses throughout his life, and also became involved with local Democratic politics in Fort Wayne, serving in various local political offices from 1885 to 1901, and mounting an unsuccessful campaign for Indiana State Treasurer in 1890. In 1893, he assisted the county sheriff in putting down a local riot.
In 1901, Berghoff received the Democratic nomination for mayor of Fort Wayne, and after a campaign in which his opponents criticized his German background, was elected mayor of Fort Wayne, and took office after being sworn in on May 9 of that year. As mayor, Berghoff delivered a rousing speech praising German contributions to America at the 1901 Indiana District Turnfest, presided over the opening of the first electric interurban railroad (as well as at least three other railroads throughout the duration of his mayoralty) in Fort Wayne in 1901, the completion and dedication of the current Allen County Courthouse in 1902, the completion of the South Wayne Sewer in 1902, a typhoid epidemic from 1903 to 1904, signed General Ordinance 223, which granted a 31-year municipal franchise to the Fort Wayne Electric Light and Power company, and appointed the first Fort Wayne Board of Parks Commissioners in 1905. During Berghoff's mayoralty, more work was done on public works than in prior years, the cases of communicable diseases fell by over 300, gambling devices were banned from public places, there were no losses in litigation by the Fort Wayne Law Department from 1903 to 1905, and a balance of over $130,000 was attained for the city of Fort Wayne. However, Berghoff came under controversy for his handling of an impending water famine in 1901, after ordering that a canal basin flow into Fort Wayne's main water supply for ten hours (in order to give the city a larger water supply), which caused the pollution of the city's water. Berghoff also came under controversy for refusal to approve the bond, on the grounds that the appointment was not legitimate, of Robert B. Dreibelbiss for his appointment by Governor Winfield T. Durbin to the Fort Wayne Municipal (Police) Court, however, the appointment was held as valid by the Indiana Supreme Court in 1902. In 1905, Berghoff founded the German-American National Bank, later renamed to the Lincoln National Bank due to anti-German sentiments during World War I. In late 1905, Berghoff received a Democratic nomination for City Councilman-at-large, however, he lost in the general election. Berghoff left office on January 10, 1906, after serving one four and a half year term as mayor of Fort Wayne (the only mayor of Fort Wayne to do so).
After his mayoralty, Berghoff returned to work in the Berghoff Brewery, and various other local businesses, for the rest of his life. Berghoff died on June 28, 1925, in Fort Wayne, after suffering an apoplectic stroke, survived by his wife and several children.
Early life (1856 - 1883)
Henry Carl Berghoff was born January 6, 1856, in Dortmund, Germany (then Prussia), the son of Franz Anton and Lizette (Boelhauve) Berghoff. Henry had five brothers (Theodor, Anton, Herman, Hubert, and Gustav) and one sister (Elizabeth). In Dortmund, Henry received a high school education, and held a job at a bank. In 1872, Henry immigrated to the United States, and settled in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Berghoff chose to settle in Fort Wayne supposedly after he was offered a job there when the train he was aboard made a stop in the city. During the next few years after his arrival in the United States, he held a range of jobs as a clerk and a bookkeeper, and he also studied law. In 1877, Henry married Theresa Mayer.
Business and political career (1883 - 1901)
Business career
In 1883, Berghoff and his brother Herman bought East End Bottling Works, a bottling company in Fort Wayne. In 1887, Henry and three of his brothers who had immigrated to the United States, Herman, Hubert, and Gustav, established the Herman Berghoff Brewing Company in Fort Wayne. Throughout the rest of his life, Henry served as secretary, vice president, and treasurer of the business. The brand of beer Henry and his brothers sold under the Herman Berghoff Brewing Company was known as “Berghoff’s Beer.” In 1888, the brothers opened their first Berghoff Brewery in Fort Wayne. At the brewery, Berghoff’s Beer was brewed and sold. On August 22, the brothers experienced a setback when the brewery caught fire, resulting in $50,000 dollars in damages. Brewing resumed exactly a month later. In 1892, Gustav purchased Summit City Bottle Works, where Henry served as vice president. In 1898, Herman opened a restaurant called The Berghoff, in Chicago, where it is still open today. The restaurant served Berghoff’s Beer. Around this time, the name of the brother’s brewing company was changed to the “Berghoff Brewing Company.”Henry also entered into a partnership with Artificial Ice Company, was the proprietor of Globe Spice Mills, and was the treasurer of Phoenix Building and Savings Union.
Early political career
Berghoff, a Democrat, served as treasurer of Fort Wayne for three terms, from 1885 to 1891. In 1890, he ran for Indiana State Treasurer, but lost to businessman Albert Gall. On Memorial Day in 1893, Fort Wayne railway workers went on strike, demanding their pay be increased from thirteen and a half cents an hour to fifteen cents an hour. The workers quickly resorted to rioting. Sheriff E. F. Clausmeier appointed multiple civilians to the position of deputy sheriff to assist him in putting down the disturbances, among them Henry Berghoff. On June 2, Berghoff spoke at the meeting that was held to review measures to put down the riots. The rioting ended that day after the strikers’ demands of wage increase were met. Berghoff returned to politics in 1896, serving as comptroller of Fort Wayne for two terms, from then until 1901.
1901 Fort Wayne mayoral election
In April 1901, Berghoff received the Democratic nomination for mayor of Fort Wayne. The other nominees for mayor were Republican Charles Reese and Socialist Martin H. Wefel. The 1901 Fort Wayne Mayoral Election was very heated. During this time, Americans held unfavorable views towards Kaiser Wilhelm II and the German Empire, and so Berghoff was harshly criticized for his German birth by some leading Fort Wayne Republicans, and consequently, they were accused of xenophobia by members of the Democratic Party. Despite the criticism of his heritage, Berghoff won the May 7, 1901 general election with 5176 of the 9209 votes cast. He was sworn in two days later.
Mayor of Fort Wayne (1901 - 1906)
Beginning of 1901
Berghoff, who succeeded Henry P. Scherer, served as mayor of Fort Wayne from May 9, 1901 to January 10, 1906. Throughout his mayoralty, Berghoff, along with other city officials, annually wrote messages to the Common Council of Fort Wayne, informing them on the business and financial situation of the city. Immediately after taking office as mayor of Fort Wayne on May 9, 1901, Berghoff appointed W. H. Shambaugh as city attorney, Joseph Fox as comptroller, and Peter Eggeman, William Doehrmann, and Henry C. Zollinger as members of the Board of Public Works.
1901 Indiana District Turnfest
On June 15, 1901, the biennial Indiana District Turnfest (a German gymnastic festival) was held in Fort Wayne. Over 3000 people, from Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, and Kentucky, of German and Anglo descent, attended the event. Berghoff delivered a rousing speech at the event, praising Germans for their contributions to America, saying, “The Germans have done more toward the progress and up-building of this country in every avenue of commerce, of art, and of learning, than any or all other peoples on earth, and every intelligent American will admit it.” Berghoff, proud “in being a German,” emboldened the audience, whom he referred to as “we Germans in America,” to not forget their “mother tongue,” to preserve “the customs of their fathers,” and that they “may well feel proud of our nation.” Berghoff, after stating “we need not be ashamed of our ancestry,” criticized those who avoided demonstrations of their German heritage: “Such do not deserve the name of Germans.” Berghoff claimed that a minimum of two thirds of Fort Wayne citizens were German, and believed this indicated that second and third generation German-Americans still harbored their German identity. At the close of the Turnfest, The Journal Gazette claimed, “It will go down in history as the most successful ever held in the Indiana district.” Berghoff’s identification as a German, instead of a German American, strengthened the image of Fort Wayne as an exemplar of ethnic acceptance. Berghoff attained success without forgoing the cultural elements of his heritage or his ethnicity. The following was Mayor Berghoff’s speech at Turnfest:
Aversion of a water famine and rest of 1901
According to Berghoff in his Annual Message at the end of 1901 and his Annual Message at the end of 1902, the first problem his mayoral administration encountered was, in July 1901, the likelihood of a water famine in Fort Wayne, after a fire destroyed the city’s reservoir. Berghoff stated that he consulted with experts and local businessmen on what should be done to prevent the impending water famine, and, according to Berghoff, they decided on increasing the pump capacity of Fort Wayne’s two water plants. A new air plant was installed at the first water plant, and a new 6 million gallon pump was installed at the second water plant. Additionally, Berghoff ordered that the water from a canal basin flow into the main supply of the city’s water for ten hours, in order to give the city a larger supply of water. As a result of these new installations, he believed, “the needs of the city for many years to come” would be supplied (six or seven million gallons of water would be pumped through the two water plants a day, and 140 gallons of water a day would be pumped for each Fort Wayne citizen). However, Berghoff and his administration came under scrutiny after the water from the canal basin polluted the city’s water. He accepted the blame for the pollution, arguing that the need for more water because of an impending of a water famine had justified his actions.Berghoff also advocated for the use of water meters in Fort Wayne, in order to cut down on the excessive use of water so that Fort Wayne would only need one water plant instead of two to supply Fort Wayne citizens with water. He also endorsed charging consumers seven cents per 1000 gallons of water, stating it would cut down the cost of water for an average Fort Wayne citizen to less than half of the then-current flat rates.A major event in Berghoff’s mayoralty occurred in September 1901, when the first electric interurban railway in Fort Wayne, the Fort Wayne and Northern Indiana Traction Company line, was opened. This helped establish Fort Wayne as an important center of freight and passenger traffic in the Midwest.At the end of 1901 in his Annual Message, Berghoff stated that since the beginning of his mayoralty in May, not one charge had been filed against the Fort Wayne Fire Department, praising it as “one of the best in the state.” Berghoff also praised the Health Department, as the death rate for contagious diseases in Fort Wayne that year was just over 1.2 percent. He also advised the Health Department to prepare for possible diphtheria, smallpox, and cholera epidemics in the city.
State, ex. rel., v. Berghoff
In April 1902, the Indiana State Supreme Court, ruling against Berghoff in State, ex. rel., v. Berghoff, declared valid the appointment made by Indiana Governor Winfield T. Durbin of Robert B. Dreibelbiss, a Republican, as judge of the Fort Wayne Municipal (Police) Court, after the previous judge, George W. Louttit, a Democrat, had been removed from the bench on the grounds that the office had been created two days after his (Louttit’s) election to the position. Berghoff, believing the grounds for Louttit’s removal were unconstitutional and illegitimate, refused to approve Dreibelbiss’ official bond required by law to serve as judge of the Fort Wayne Municipal (Police) Court. In the Indiana Circuit Court, Berghoff’s opinion was upheld, although upon further review in the Indiana Supreme Court, it was decided the governor’s appointment was valid, as mentioned earlier.
Allen County Courthouse
Berghoff also presided over the completion of the construction of the current Allen County Courthouse in Fort Wayne in 1902. The construction of the courthouse costed, in total, $817,553.59, which would be $250 million today. The construction of the courthouse began on November 17, 1897, during the mayoralty of Berghoff’s predecessor, Henry P. Scherer. The courthouse was built by architect Brentwood S. Tolan.The courthouse, a Beaux-Arts architecture-style and historicist-style building, is structurally made of steel, and it’s facade consists of both Vermont granite and Bedford, Indiana limestone. The interior staircases, balustrades, and walls are made of white Carrara marble. The interior contains what is possibly the largest example of scagliola worldwide. The courthouse was constructed in Grecian, Roman, and Renaissance styles, with Doric lines on the first floor, Ionic columns on the second floor, and Corinthian and Roman Imperial styles on the third floor. The floor tiles of the courthouse are encaustic. The ceilings of the courthouse are stenciled in varied patterns on ceilings and cornices, along with plaster moldings covered with gold, aluminum, and copper leaf. The interior consists of four 25 x 45 foot murals by Charles Holloway. In the murals situated in the rotunda, Law, Justice, and Mercy are depicted, and in the courtroom, the Battle of Fallen Timbers and Byzantine Emperor Justinian the Great are depicted. Sculptures of historical figures, including Chief Little Turtle, Samuel Hanna, John Allen, and others are present inside and outside the courthouse. Other sculptures contain stories of arts and industry, war and peace, and law and order. The courthouse measures 238.52 feet in height, and on the top of it is situated a dome, which looms 110 feet over the main rotunda. The dome also contains stained glass windows. On top of the courthouse dome is a 13.5 foot tall, copper-sheathed weather vane in the form of the Goddess of Liberty.On September 23, 1902, the Allen County Courthouse was dedicated, and Berghoff was present at the courthouse’s dedication ceremonies. Governor Winfield T. Durbin attended the dedication ceremonies, and President Theodore Roosevelt was scheduled to attend the dedication ceremonies.The courthouse would go on to be added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, and became a National Historic Landmark in 2002.
Rest of 1902
During Berghoff’s mayoralty, sometime in 1902, postal sub-stations were established in Fort Wayne for the first time. All of the sub-stations were located in drugstores.Also during Berghoff’s mayoralty in 1902, the Fort Wayne Fair association was established.Berghoff, in his Annual Message at the end of 1902, remarked on the Fort Wayne Gas Company, warning that if it failed to supply enough gas for the city, an action should be taken for Fort Wayne to forfeit the company’s franchise, which had first been granted to the company's predecessor, the Salamonie Gas and Mining Company, by the Fort Wayne City Council in 1888. He also noted that, for the first time in history, the Fort Wayne Fire Department had kept its expenditures under its yearly budget. On matters of morality, Berghoff stated that, from the beginning of his mayoralty, he had aimed to restrict immorality and crime as much as possible in Fort Wayne. He also stated actions he had taken since to achieve this aim, including ordering the removal of wine rooms from saloons, the prohibition of those of bad character from entering those places, and the removal of notorious places from Fort Wayne’s business district. Berghoff also ordered the removal of gambling devices from public places in Fort Wayne. He stated that street car extensions for the Interurban Railway would be built as needed throughout Fort Wayne, and that a lower fare and better service in the Interurban Railway would be promised as well. Berghoff also considered the idea of Fort Wayne possessing its own heating plant. He also touted the Fort Wayne parks, commending the improvements made to Swinney Park, and arguing that Williams Park should be acquired by the city. Berghoff also described his policy on street improvements (which had been restricted by the City Council of Fort Wayne earlier in 1902) thus: “I believe that street improvements should be made whenever the people along the streets and the general public ask for them.” He believed that Fort Wayne should be as progressive in its public works as other cities, in order to retain its status “as the second best city in the state” of Indiana. Berghoff also remarked on the city’s contagious disease hospital in his Annual Message, stating his administration had put the hospital in the most healthful condition possible. Berghoff also advocated, unsuccessfully, for the replacement of this hospital with a new one, as he would reiterate years afterward. Berghoff also advocated for a rule to be adopted “that demands all patients who want assistance from the city go to this hospital and the city will take care of them.” However, he said, if they chose not to take these steps, they would be quarantined in their homes and would be complied to pay all expenses for medical care while sick in their houses, which, Berghoff said, would prevent the Fort Wayne Health Department from unnecessary expenses. Berghoff also stated he would strictly enforce a rule that all horse manure be put in an iron container and disposed of when full. This was, Berghoff said, in order to keep the streets of Fort Wayne sanitary.
The Intercepting and South Wayne sewers
In his Annual Message at the end of 1902, Berghoff forcefully defended the Intercepting Sewer and the positive differences he believed it made for the city of Fort Wayne. The construction of the Intercepting Sewer was begun in 1900, under the mayoralty of his predecessor, Henry P. Scherer, and was finished before Berghoff took office. It was built to comply with Indiana sanitation laws, and construction costed $162,397.57. The Fort Wayne Board of Public Works, during Berghoff’s mayoralty, approved the plans for the construction of the sewer made by the previous board. Some Fort Wayne citizens criticized the sewer, calling it “a useless expenditure of money” and “not a public necessity.” Berghoff, however, believed it to be an improvement to the city, stating, “The sewer is doing the work it was intended to do.” The Intercepting Sewer purified the St. Mary’s River and transported the house sewage to half a mile outside Fort Wayne. Thus, he remarked, on the cost and effectiveness of the sewer, “The improved condition is worth double the cost of the improvement.” Berghoff also affirmed, because of the improvements the new sewer brought, “It can be truthfully said that the city of Fort Wayne and the city of Indianapolis are the only two cities in the state of Indiana that have almost perfect sanitary drainage.”Berghoff also discussed the South Wayne Sewer in his 1902 Annual Message, and officially announced its completion. The initiative to construct the South Wayne sewer begun, like the Intercepting Sewer, under Mayor Henry P. Scherer. During its construction, work on the sewer was abandoned for two months by the original contractor, and, as a result, some of the work became defective, and the defective portions of the sewer had to be redone. Lateral drains attached to the sewer were also constructed, so, in the words of Berghoff, “the people could have the benefit of this outlet.” The South Wayne Sewer, which he believed “ought to have been constructed several years before,” was, like the Intercepting Sewer, heavily criticized. He hailed the South Wayne Sewer as being “first-class in every respect,” and in his Annual Message at the end of 1903, Berghoff commended it as having “gave relief as an outlet to the whole of South Wayne, as well as the territory in the southern, southwestern and western part of the city.” In his annual message at the end of 1903, Berghoff remarked on the effectiveness of the Intercepting and South Wayne Sewers, saying, “It was thought that the building of the Intercepting and South Wayne Sewers would bankrupt the city, but when the work was completed and the purposes of them enjoyed, the people ceased to complain.” Because of this, he affirmed, the cleanliness of Fort Wayne had been greatly improved.
1903
Sometime in 1903, during Berghoff’s mayoralty, the Fort Wayne Rolling Mills were established. Two hundred and fifty workmen were brought from Chicago to be employed there when the mills opened.In Berghoff’s Annual Message at the end of 1903, he stated more work had been done for public works than ever before (that year, more than 4.16 miles of street improvements had been made, nine and a half miles of sewer laid, public bridges were repaired and painted, and the Garbage Crematory that had burned down).
Berghoff, also in his Annual Message, asserted that “Fort Wayne is comparatively free from crime.”
Fort Wayne typhoid fever outbreak
In November 1903, water contaminated with typhoid bacteria from the St. Marys River entered Fort Wayne’s main water supply, causing an outbreak of typhoid fever in Fort Wayne. However, it was not until February 1904 that the City Health Commissioner, Dr. A. H. Macbeth, alerted the public about the presence of typhoid bacteria in their drinking water. Despite there being over 80 new cases of typhoid fever in Fort Wayne, The Journal Gazette defended him, instead putting the blame for the typhoid fever outbreak on Republican waterworks trustees who had taken charge of the water plant in 1903. However, journalist Jesse Greene, writing in The Fort Wayne Sentinel, stated that a 1900 city ordinance required the health commissioner, and not the waterworks trustees, to run weekly tests on the city’s water. Greene also called on Berghoff to demand Macbeth’s resignation, which Berghoff did not do. On March 26, 1904, Berghoff announced to Fort Wayne citizens that their drinking water was safe to drink again. In the statement, Berghoff chose not to blame anyone, most notably the Republican waterworks officials, for the typhoid fever outbreak.
Municipal Lighting
Berghoff had been in favor of constructing a municipal lighting plant (which the city of Fort Wayne would own and operate) throughout his political career, believing it to be Fort Wayne’s most important priority (at the time, it was considered a popular idea among Fort Wayne citizens to construct a municipal lighting plant for Fort Wayne). However, during the first years of his mayoralty, he had gradually changed his position, and in 1903, decided against the construction of a municipal plant, instead opting for a privately owned corporation to be the city’s main lighting supply, stating, “there is so much corruption in American cities that public utilities can be more economically managed by private corporations.” On February 12, 1904, Berghoff, with the approval of the Fort Wayne City Council, signed General Ordinance 223, which granted a 31-year contract for a municipal lighting franchise to the Fort Wayne Electric Light and Power company, a private corporation. The Fort Wayne Sentinel criticized his actions as having “broke faith with the people.” However, the Fort Wayne News praised the new franchise, stating, “its work will meet the entire approval of the people,” and that a majority of the people supported the franchise. The Fort Wayne News also stated their belief that the then-current cost of electricity would be less under the franchise.Berghoff gave the following message after he approved General Ordinance 223, which granted a franchise to Fort Wayne Electric Light and Power company:
The construction of a municipal lighting plant was later begun in 1906, and the plant was opened in 1908, all during the mayoralty of Berghoff’s successor, William J. Hosey.
Rest of 1904
On July 14, 1904, Berghoff addressed the Indiana State Bar Association at its eighth annual meeting held in Fort Wayne, where he was hailed as “the best mayor of the best city in America” by the association’s president, Willliam P. Breen.Sometime in 1904, under Berghoff’s mayoralty, a short railway in Fort Wayne, the Lake Erie and Fort Wayne Belt Line Railway, was opened.At the end of 1904, in his Annual Message, Berghoff reflected on all that he had accomplished during his the past three and a half years of his mayoralty, which would end in just over a year, as well as his accomplishments in 1904.Berghoff stated that, in 1904, more work was done for public works in Fort Wayne than any year before (five new miles of street, two miles of cement sidewalks, one and a half mile of brick sidewalks, five and a half miles of sewer were laid, and thirty new street lights were constructed, as well as a good amount of alley paving and street grading), even more than the previous year.He also stated that, in 1904, for the first time in Fort Wayne history, not one charge was made against any officer of the Fort Wayne Fire Department.On legal matters, Berghoff stated that the Fort Wayne Department of Law had suffered no litigation losses in the previous two years.Berghoff stated that the cases of communicable diseases had fallen from 374 cases to 52 cases in the past four years. Berghoff also called for a new contagious disease hospital to be constructed in Fort Wayne, as he had years before, noting the condition of the then-current hospital, stating, “In our present age, where humane principles are advocated by all, this kind of building should no longer be tolerated.”On fiscal matters, Berghoff stated that Fort Wayne had a net saving of and a balance on hand of $133,447.54. He also asserted that, “For the first time in the history of the city government have public funds been placed to draw interest for the public benefit.” Berghoff also advised tax assessors to keep watch for tax evasion, so that taxes in the city could “be more justly distributed.”
1905
In 1905, Berghoff assisted in the creation of the German-American National Bank, where he served as head cashier. During World War I, it was renamed to “Lincoln National Bank" due to anti-German sentiments.In February 1905, under Berghoff’s mayoralty, the Fort Wayne Clearing House was established by representatives of the financial institutions in the city. The founding institutions of the clearing house passed their financial exchanges through it each business day.In April 1905, Berghoff appointed the first Fort Wayne Board of Park Commissioners.Sometime in 1905, under Berghoff's mayoralty, the Fort Wayne Hotel Company was established.Also sometime in 1905, the Fort Wayne and Northwestern Traction Line, a railroad, was opened in Fort Wayne, and on September 22 of that year, another railroad, the Ohio Electric Traction Line was opened.That same year, the gas supply of the Fort Wayne Natural Gas Company was exhausted, as Berghoff had warned years before in his Annual Message at the end of 1902. The gas service of the Fort Wayne Natural Gas Company was ended in November 1905.
Run for City Councilman-at-large
Berghoff, deciding against running for re-election, chose to pursue the Democratic nomination for City Councilman-at-large in September 1905. Five at-large seats were up for election, and thus five candidates from each party were nominated. He received one of the nominations. Berghoff’s candidacy was heavily criticized by the News Sentinel. Municipal elections, including the election for mayor, were held on November 7, 1905, and Berghoff lost the general election, receiving 3,876 votes, which were the third least.In the 1905 mayoral election, Berghoff, choosing not to seek re-election, endorsed Democratic City Councilman William J. Hosey, who won the election. Hosey received 6157 votes, with his opponent, Republican Edward White, receiving 4881 votes. At the end of 1905, Mayor-elect Hosey wrote the Annual Mayor's Message, instead of Berghoff, who was the incumbent mayor at the time.
1906
Berghoff, after serving one four and a half year term as mayor (the only mayor of Fort Wayne to do so), left office on January 10, 1906, and was succeeded by William J. Hosey. Before leaving office, Berghoff warned Hosey that the mayoralty was no "bed of roses."
Later life and death (1906 - 1925)
After serving as mayor of Fort Wayne, and losing election for City Councilman-at-large, Berghoff left politics for good, and instead returned to business. Berghoff held positions at Wayne Oil Tank and continued to serve as vice president of Summit City Bottle Works, renamed to “Rub-No-More Soap Company” in 1912, subsequent to his mayoralty. Also subsequent to his mayoralty, Henry had more time to pay attention to the Berghoff Brewery in Fort Wayne. In 1909, a year after Hubert stepped down as vice president and manager of the Berghoff Brewing Company due to poor health, the company was reorganized, and its name was changed to the “Berghoff Brewing Association.” On April 12, 1918, Prohibition began in Indiana, and production of Berghoff’s Beer was halted. The Berghoff Brewing Association was renamed to “Berghoff Products” and “Brewers of Bergo Soft Drinks.” Berghoff never lived to see the end of Prohibition in 1933, when alcoholic beer was brewed at the Berghoff Brewery once again. Berghoff died aged 69 on June 28, 1925 in Fort Wayne, Indiana, after suffering an apoplectic stroke three days before.
Personal life and family
Berghoff styled his silver hair in a Bismarckian fashion, and also had a distinguished moustache. He ended all his speeches by saying “God Bless the brave founders of our state.”Berghoff, a Catholic, was a member of St. Mary's Catholic Church, the Holy Name Society, the Knights of Columbus, and the Catholic Knights of America.Berghoff’s wife, Theresa Mayer (who survived her husband, dying in 1955 at the age of 99), was a daughter of Lorenz and Maria Mayer. Berghoff’s brothers Herman and Hubert, like Henry, both married daughters of Lorenz and Maria Mayer, while another Berghoff brother, Gustav, married Maria’s niece.Berghoff's great-nephew was Aloysius Rumely, Jr., who served as mayor of La Porte, Indiana, from 1979 until his murder in 1982. Rumely was the son of Aloysius Rumely, Sr., the son of Meinrad Rumely, who founded Advance-Rumely. Aloysius Rumely, Jr.'s mother, Hannah Berghoff, was the daughter of Herman Berghoff, Henry's brother.
Berghoff's daughter, Elsie, was married to Edward C. Ehrman, the son of Edward J. Ehrman, who was a Fort Wayne City Councilman from 1898 to 1902.Berghoff and his wife had eight children: Lawrence, Joseph, Carl, Frederick, Augustus, Raymond, Elsie, and Arthur.Berghoff, his wife, and seven of their children are buried in Catholic Cemetery in Fort Wayne, Indiana.
See also
The Berghoff (Restaurant)
List of Mayors of Fort Wayne
References
External links
First Annual Message of Henry C. Berghoff, Mayor of Fort Wayne, Indiana with Annual Reports of Heads of Departments of the City Government for the Fiscal Year Ending December 31, 1901.
Second Annual Message of Henry C. Berghoff, Mayor of Ford Wayne, Indiana with Annual Reports of Heads of Departments of the City Government for the Fiscal Year Ending December 31, 1902.
Third Annual Message of Henry C. Berghoff, Mayor of Fort Wayne, Indiana with Annual Reports of Heads of Departments of the City Government for the Fiscal Year Ending December 31, 1903.
Fourth Annual Message of Henry C. Berghoff, Mayor of Fort Wayne, Indiana with Annual Reports of Heads of Departments of the City Government for the Fiscal Year Ending December 31, 1904.
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given name
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{
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Hrovača (pronounced [xɾɔˈʋaːtʃa]; German: Krobatsch) is a settlement immediately to the southeast of the town of Ribnica in southern Slovenia. It lies just south of the town of Ribnica. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.
Name
The name Hrovača is derived from the word Hrvat 'Croat'. Like similar names (e.g., Hrvatini and Hrobači, a hamlet of Dobravlje), it originally referred to medieval Croatian resettlement from the south connected with Ottoman occupation of the central Balkans. In the past the German name was Krobatsch.
Mass grave
Hrovača is the site of a mass grave associated with the Second World War. The Bašelj Shaft 2 Mass Grave (Slovene: Grobišče Brezno na Bašlju 2) is located in the woods northeast of Hrovača, about 2 kilometers (1.2 mi) south of Podtabor, on the north slope of Chicken Hill (Kurji grič). Spelunkers have reported human remains at the site.
Church
The local church, built next to the cemetery on the southern outskirts of the settlement, is dedicated to the Holy Trinity (Slovene: sveta Trojica) and belongs to the parish of Ribnica. It was built in 1909 on the site of a 16th-century church originally dedicated to Saint James.
References
External links
Media related to Hrovača at Wikimedia Commons
Hrovača on Geopedia
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country
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{
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133
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"text": [
"Slovenia"
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Hrovača (pronounced [xɾɔˈʋaːtʃa]; German: Krobatsch) is a settlement immediately to the southeast of the town of Ribnica in southern Slovenia. It lies just south of the town of Ribnica. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.
Name
The name Hrovača is derived from the word Hrvat 'Croat'. Like similar names (e.g., Hrvatini and Hrobači, a hamlet of Dobravlje), it originally referred to medieval Croatian resettlement from the south connected with Ottoman occupation of the central Balkans. In the past the German name was Krobatsch.
Mass grave
Hrovača is the site of a mass grave associated with the Second World War. The Bašelj Shaft 2 Mass Grave (Slovene: Grobišče Brezno na Bašlju 2) is located in the woods northeast of Hrovača, about 2 kilometers (1.2 mi) south of Podtabor, on the north slope of Chicken Hill (Kurji grič). Spelunkers have reported human remains at the site.
Church
The local church, built next to the cemetery on the southern outskirts of the settlement, is dedicated to the Holy Trinity (Slovene: sveta Trojica) and belongs to the parish of Ribnica. It was built in 1909 on the site of a 16th-century church originally dedicated to Saint James.
References
External links
Media related to Hrovača at Wikimedia Commons
Hrovača on Geopedia
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Commons category
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{
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0
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"Hrovača"
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The 2019 New Mexico State Aggies football team represented New Mexico State University in the 2019 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Aggies were led by seventh–year head coach Doug Martin and played their home games at Aggie Memorial Stadium. They competed as an independent.
Previous season
The Aggies finished the 2018 season 3–9 and did not qualify for a bowl game.
Schedule
Schedule Source:
Game summaries
At Washington State
At Alabama
San Diego State
At New Mexico
Fresno State
Liberty
At Central Michigan
At Georgia Southern
At Ole Miss
Incarnate Word
UTEP
At Liberty
Players drafted into the NFL
== References ==
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home venue
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{
"answer_start": [
226
],
"text": [
"Aggie Memorial Stadium"
]
}
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The 2019 New Mexico State Aggies football team represented New Mexico State University in the 2019 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Aggies were led by seventh–year head coach Doug Martin and played their home games at Aggie Memorial Stadium. They competed as an independent.
Previous season
The Aggies finished the 2018 season 3–9 and did not qualify for a bowl game.
Schedule
Schedule Source:
Game summaries
At Washington State
At Alabama
San Diego State
At New Mexico
Fresno State
Liberty
At Central Michigan
At Georgia Southern
At Ole Miss
Incarnate Word
UTEP
At Liberty
Players drafted into the NFL
== References ==
|
head coach
|
{
"answer_start": [
183
],
"text": [
"Doug Martin"
]
}
|
The 2019 New Mexico State Aggies football team represented New Mexico State University in the 2019 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Aggies were led by seventh–year head coach Doug Martin and played their home games at Aggie Memorial Stadium. They competed as an independent.
Previous season
The Aggies finished the 2018 season 3–9 and did not qualify for a bowl game.
Schedule
Schedule Source:
Game summaries
At Washington State
At Alabama
San Diego State
At New Mexico
Fresno State
Liberty
At Central Michigan
At Georgia Southern
At Ole Miss
Incarnate Word
UTEP
At Liberty
Players drafted into the NFL
== References ==
|
season of club or team
|
{
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"New Mexico State Aggies"
]
}
|
The 1988 Bowling Green Falcons football team was an American football team that represented Bowling Green University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their third season under head coach Moe Ankney, the Falcons compiled a 2–8–1 record (1–6–1 against MAC opponents), finished in eighth place in the MAC, and were outscored by all opponents by a combined total of 333 to 159.The team's statistical leaders included Eric Smith with 1,306 passing yards, Mike McGee with 504 rushing yards, and Ronald Heard with 622 receiving yards.
Schedule
== References ==
|
head coach
|
{
"answer_start": [
244
],
"text": [
"Moe Ankney"
]
}
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The 1988 Bowling Green Falcons football team was an American football team that represented Bowling Green University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their third season under head coach Moe Ankney, the Falcons compiled a 2–8–1 record (1–6–1 against MAC opponents), finished in eighth place in the MAC, and were outscored by all opponents by a combined total of 333 to 159.The team's statistical leaders included Eric Smith with 1,306 passing yards, Mike McGee with 504 rushing yards, and Ronald Heard with 622 receiving yards.
Schedule
== References ==
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
52
],
"text": [
"American football"
]
}
|
The 1988 Bowling Green Falcons football team was an American football team that represented Bowling Green University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their third season under head coach Moe Ankney, the Falcons compiled a 2–8–1 record (1–6–1 against MAC opponents), finished in eighth place in the MAC, and were outscored by all opponents by a combined total of 333 to 159.The team's statistical leaders included Eric Smith with 1,306 passing yards, Mike McGee with 504 rushing yards, and Ronald Heard with 622 receiving yards.
Schedule
== References ==
|
season of club or team
|
{
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"Bowling Green Falcons football"
]
}
|
The United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH) was a peacekeeping operation carried out by the United Nations between September 1993 and June 1996. The Mission was reestablished (MINUSTAH) in April 2004, after a rebellion took over most of Haiti and President Bertrand Aristide resigned. This mandate ended in 2017, replaced by United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti (MINUJUSTH), which saw the end of UN peacekeepers in Haiti after its ending in 2019.
Historical background
For most of the Cold War (from 1946 to 1986), Haiti was under dictatorial rule. After the February 1986 military ouster of Jean-Claude Duvalier, Haiti was ruled by a series of short-lived provisional governments (five presidents in six administrations from 1986 to 1991). The country's first democratic national election was held on 16 December 1990, and saw Jean-Bertrand Aristide elected president. Aristide assumed power on 7 February 1991, but was toppled by a military coup a few months later. Aristide controversially contends that he was forced from office and kidnapped into exile by agents of the United States.On September 23, 1993, UNMIH was established by the United Nations Security Council under Resolution 867. The first multinational force was sent to Haiti in 1994 composed of over 1,200 members.February 2004 marks the reinstatement of the UN peace mission known as "Mission des Nation Unies pour la Stabilisation en Haiti" more commonly known as MINUSTAH. Earlier that month, the country of Haiti was experiencing conflict in the city of Gonaives which then led to armed fights breaking out throughout the country causing a loss of control by the Haitian government. This uprising consumed a great deal of the city and led to President Aristide and the Prime Minister stepping down and the new acting president, Boniface Alexandre took control. After the resignations, the following backlash and conflict from the country led to the return of the UN peace-keeping mission as MINUSTAH.
The MINUSTAH mandate was present for providing security and aid during the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, losing 96 peacekeepers during the disaster. It was also plagued by controversies, including rape allegations and a Cholera outbreak.
MINUSTAH mission mandate
From the years of 2004 to present the presence of MINUSTAH in Haiti has made significant contributions to the stability of the country. Many missions have been completed and new ones are still being sent in the aid of Haiti every year. With the devastating earth quake and the 2010-2011 presidential elections throughout those years the UN sent more troops in than ever to try and aid in their recovery. The presence of the UN gave the government, police and many other aspects of society support which was very beneficial to the country and continues to be. The official arrival of the MINUSTAH task force in 2004 took action with many goals in mind. Their goals were focused in many different areas around the country for example, aid for the new government, development of their society, strengthening institutions and a large and essential part, the reformation and development of the Haitian National Police Force (HNP).
April 2004 the Security Council in Haiti implemented a resolution by the name of 1542 which established mission MINUSTAH in Haiti. Which then commenced the beginning of the reformation to the country.From the beginning of the mission police officers from around the world, all from different police forces were sent to Haiti by the UN to aid the HNP deal with the many form of corruption which take place in Haiti every day. The presence of the UN gives the HNP and outlet to gain knowledge on other successful tactics used by renowned police forces. UN Officers are located throughout Haiti and placed in areas that are in need of extra reinforcement. The HNP officers are sent on patrol with the UN police officers to gain insight on how to act and police properly to reform a bit of stability in the areas that are most lacking.
Another important aspect which aids in the future of the HNP and future stability of Haiti as a whole in the presence of the UN Officers in Haiti's Police Academy. The Haitian Academy students are being taught by the UN officers how to police, and taught essential tools for their future police duties. These UN officers are very important for the future of Haiti's security. Since 2004 the MINUSTAH mission, more specifically dealing with the HNP has been very beneficial and has aided in the growth of the Police Force. Although it has a ways to go, along with many other infrastructure that the UN is involved in, due to its progression in 2012 the number of Police officers being sent has been downsized, but still present.
Mission history
India sent 140 troops from the Central Reserve Police Force to serve in the mission in August 1995. The Indian contingent was tasked with providing police protection and maintaining law and order in the country, and served until the end of the mission in June 1996.
See also
History of Haiti
MICIVIH
Operation Uphold Democracy
References
External links
Official UNMIH website
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country
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{
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"Haiti"
]
}
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Zabolotny is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Anton Zabolotny (born 1991), Russian footballer
Danylo Zabolotny (1866–1929), Ukrainian epidemiologist
Nikolai Zabolotny (born 1990), Russian footballer
Volodymyr Zabolotny (1898–1962), Soviet Ukrainian architect
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different from
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{
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Zabolotny"
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Aspergillus udagawae is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Fumigati section. Several fungi from this section produce heat-resistant ascospores, and the isolates from this section are frequently obtained from locations where natural fires have previously occurred. The species was first described in 1995. It has been reported to produce fumagillin, fumigaclavine A and C, fumigatins, fumiquinazolin F or G, helvolic acid, monomethylsulochrin, pyripyropene A, E, trypacidin, tryptoquivalines, and tryptoquivalones.
Growth and morphology
A. udagawae has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) plates and Malt Extract Agar Oxoid® (MEAOX) plates. The growth morphology of the colonies can be seen in the pictures below.
== References ==
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taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"species"
]
}
|
Aspergillus udagawae is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Fumigati section. Several fungi from this section produce heat-resistant ascospores, and the isolates from this section are frequently obtained from locations where natural fires have previously occurred. The species was first described in 1995. It has been reported to produce fumagillin, fumigaclavine A and C, fumigatins, fumiquinazolin F or G, helvolic acid, monomethylsulochrin, pyripyropene A, E, trypacidin, tryptoquivalines, and tryptoquivalones.
Growth and morphology
A. udagawae has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) plates and Malt Extract Agar Oxoid® (MEAOX) plates. The growth morphology of the colonies can be seen in the pictures below.
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Aspergillus"
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|
Aspergillus udagawae is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Fumigati section. Several fungi from this section produce heat-resistant ascospores, and the isolates from this section are frequently obtained from locations where natural fires have previously occurred. The species was first described in 1995. It has been reported to produce fumagillin, fumigaclavine A and C, fumigatins, fumiquinazolin F or G, helvolic acid, monomethylsulochrin, pyripyropene A, E, trypacidin, tryptoquivalines, and tryptoquivalones.
Growth and morphology
A. udagawae has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) plates and Malt Extract Agar Oxoid® (MEAOX) plates. The growth morphology of the colonies can be seen in the pictures below.
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Aspergillus udagawae"
]
}
|
Aspergillus udagawae is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Fumigati section. Several fungi from this section produce heat-resistant ascospores, and the isolates from this section are frequently obtained from locations where natural fires have previously occurred. The species was first described in 1995. It has been reported to produce fumagillin, fumigaclavine A and C, fumigatins, fumiquinazolin F or G, helvolic acid, monomethylsulochrin, pyripyropene A, E, trypacidin, tryptoquivalines, and tryptoquivalones.
Growth and morphology
A. udagawae has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) plates and Malt Extract Agar Oxoid® (MEAOX) plates. The growth morphology of the colonies can be seen in the pictures below.
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Aspergillus udagawae"
]
}
|
Scrobipalpula henshawiella is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by August Busck in 1903. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Colorado and Mississippi.The forewings are hoary, almost white, but so densely dusted with brownish as to obscure the ground color, and streaked with ochreous. The two most distinct ochreous streaks are one along the fold and one from the base within the costal margin, and one along the end of the cell, which contains two small dark spots, one of which is at the end of the cell. Both of these spots, however, are sometimes not present. The hindwings are pale grayish.
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Scrobipalpula"
]
}
|
Scrobipalpula henshawiella is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by August Busck in 1903. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Colorado and Mississippi.The forewings are hoary, almost white, but so densely dusted with brownish as to obscure the ground color, and streaked with ochreous. The two most distinct ochreous streaks are one along the fold and one from the base within the costal margin, and one along the end of the cell, which contains two small dark spots, one of which is at the end of the cell. Both of these spots, however, are sometimes not present. The hindwings are pale grayish.
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Scrobipalpula henshawiella"
]
}
|
Georgia Rickard is an Australian-born travel journalist, magazine editor, author and media commentator. The former editor of Australia's largest selling travel magazine, Australian Traveller has contributed to News Limited, Conde Nast, Fairfax Media, BBC and several newspapers of note, including South China Morning Post and The Times.
Early career
Rickard began her career in sales for a recruitment agency, a beginning she later credited as providing the foundations for an unusually entrepreneurial outlook as a magazine editor. Under the tutelage of Valerie Khoo she made the transition to journalism, contributing on a freelance basis to titles such as Cosmopolitan, CLEO, Women's Health, GQ, Prevention, and the Sunday Telegraph.At age 23 Rickard was invited to become editor of Healthy Food Guide magazine, making her the youngest Australian editor of a national title at the time. It was her first formal role in publishing. Despite the globally declining climate of magazine sales, the title began to post consistent growth, going on to remain the nation's fastest growing food title for the four consecutive audits of her tenure. Rickard assisted in the launch of the UK edition of the same title, was twice nominated for 'Best Health Magazine' at the Australian Magazine Awards (2009, 2010) and developed an impressive media resume, appearing as a journalist and expert on Australian television programs such as Sunrise, Mornings with Kerri-Anne, Today Tonight and Channel Nine News and presenting regular segments on breakfast radio, most notably on Classic Rock FM's Sydney program 'Mornings with Anthony Maroon' and 4BC's Brisbane breakfast program with Jamie Dunn and Ian Calder. She also worked as an industry advisor to the Australian Democratic Party, providing advice and an industry perspective on shaping government public health policies in 2010.At the time of her resignation, Healthy Food Guide's circulation had grown from 31,670 to 44,025, with her final issue closing at 50,000 copies.Her first book, Weight Training for Dummies (Australian and New Zealand edition), was released in 2011.
Travel journalism
Rickard joined the team as editor of Australian Traveller magazine in 2012, aged 26. During her three-year tenure she posted consistently aggressive circulation wins, achieving the fastest growing magazine circulation of any title in Australia in the audit period of Jan–Jun 2014. She received significant industry plaudits for her work including top four shortlisting as Editor Of The Year, top-four shortlisting for Magazine of the Year, and winner overall of Niche Magazine of the Year at the Australian Magazine Awards, as well as finalist listing for Food Travel Writer of the Year by the Australian Society of Travel Writers.
Chief among her improvements to the title were the instigation of celebrity covers, which starred notable Australian females such as journalist Lisa Wilkinson, actress Claudia Karvan and model Megan Gale, as well as collaboration with emerging Australian influencers such as Lauren Bath and Melissa Findley (notable given that Instagram was not yet a prominent platform) and an 'image-first' approach to storytelling, which involved sending photographers to destinations without an accompanying writer. This was a tactic she later noted was initially met with reluctance by industry and publicists, until it proved an adaptive means of communication for the changing needs of an increasingly time-poor and digitally focused reader; she also instigated guidelines on a company-wide approach to social media, dedicating considerable resources to the growth of the magazine's official Instagram account at a time when social media was not generally considered a priority for print publications. During her tenure, Rickard also began strengthening the relationship between Australian Traveller and Australia's national tourism body Tourism Australia which, at the time, still included domestic tourism promotion in its remit. The Australian Traveller editorial team, led by Rickard, produced several custom publications on the organisation's behalf.Rickard resigned in February 2015 and commenced an associate editor role at Marie Claire Australia in March 2015, recruited as part of a two-person team by legendary fashion editor, Jackie Frank, to move the publication into its next phase alongside new editor Nicky Briger. After just four months in the role, Rickard resigned in August 2015. Shortly thereafter she rejoined Australian Traveller on a consultative basis, working with Tourism Australia to oversee production of content for its Coastal and Aquatic campaign.
In 2016, Rickard was recruited by Fairfax Media as Managing Editor, to lead production on Tourism Australia's million-dollar overhaul of Australia.com alongside content agency, Storyation. With Tourism Australia's internal team, Rickard and her hand-picked team – some 20 of Australia's most respected travel journalists – produced over 710 feature articles, overhauling site into an editorial destination of its own right. The project achieved measurable increases in several notable metrics; industry publication AdNews later asserted that the project "redefine[d] content" in the Australian market. The project received Finalist for Best Content Driven website in 2017's worldwide Content Marketing Awards.
Entrepreneurialism
Rickard is part-owner of The Travel Bootcamp, an immersive consumer event with a focus on digital storytelling and influence sponsored by Olympus Australia and Intrepid Travel. The event was co-founder by Lauren Bath – a travel Instagrammer often referred to as "Australia's First Professional Instagrammer" – and Liz Carlson, founder of prominent travel blog Young Adventuress and TedX speaker. The Bootcamp has appeared on 60 Minutes (Australian edition) and in Sydney Morning Herald. The trio also founded the Modern Travel Media Summit, a bi-annual industry conference held in Australia in partnership with industry body, TravMedia.She holds a Bachelor of Communications and a diploma in International Marketing from the University of Technology, Sydney.
== References ==
|
sex or gender
|
{
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2886
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"text": [
"female"
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}
|
Georgia Rickard is an Australian-born travel journalist, magazine editor, author and media commentator. The former editor of Australia's largest selling travel magazine, Australian Traveller has contributed to News Limited, Conde Nast, Fairfax Media, BBC and several newspapers of note, including South China Morning Post and The Times.
Early career
Rickard began her career in sales for a recruitment agency, a beginning she later credited as providing the foundations for an unusually entrepreneurial outlook as a magazine editor. Under the tutelage of Valerie Khoo she made the transition to journalism, contributing on a freelance basis to titles such as Cosmopolitan, CLEO, Women's Health, GQ, Prevention, and the Sunday Telegraph.At age 23 Rickard was invited to become editor of Healthy Food Guide magazine, making her the youngest Australian editor of a national title at the time. It was her first formal role in publishing. Despite the globally declining climate of magazine sales, the title began to post consistent growth, going on to remain the nation's fastest growing food title for the four consecutive audits of her tenure. Rickard assisted in the launch of the UK edition of the same title, was twice nominated for 'Best Health Magazine' at the Australian Magazine Awards (2009, 2010) and developed an impressive media resume, appearing as a journalist and expert on Australian television programs such as Sunrise, Mornings with Kerri-Anne, Today Tonight and Channel Nine News and presenting regular segments on breakfast radio, most notably on Classic Rock FM's Sydney program 'Mornings with Anthony Maroon' and 4BC's Brisbane breakfast program with Jamie Dunn and Ian Calder. She also worked as an industry advisor to the Australian Democratic Party, providing advice and an industry perspective on shaping government public health policies in 2010.At the time of her resignation, Healthy Food Guide's circulation had grown from 31,670 to 44,025, with her final issue closing at 50,000 copies.Her first book, Weight Training for Dummies (Australian and New Zealand edition), was released in 2011.
Travel journalism
Rickard joined the team as editor of Australian Traveller magazine in 2012, aged 26. During her three-year tenure she posted consistently aggressive circulation wins, achieving the fastest growing magazine circulation of any title in Australia in the audit period of Jan–Jun 2014. She received significant industry plaudits for her work including top four shortlisting as Editor Of The Year, top-four shortlisting for Magazine of the Year, and winner overall of Niche Magazine of the Year at the Australian Magazine Awards, as well as finalist listing for Food Travel Writer of the Year by the Australian Society of Travel Writers.
Chief among her improvements to the title were the instigation of celebrity covers, which starred notable Australian females such as journalist Lisa Wilkinson, actress Claudia Karvan and model Megan Gale, as well as collaboration with emerging Australian influencers such as Lauren Bath and Melissa Findley (notable given that Instagram was not yet a prominent platform) and an 'image-first' approach to storytelling, which involved sending photographers to destinations without an accompanying writer. This was a tactic she later noted was initially met with reluctance by industry and publicists, until it proved an adaptive means of communication for the changing needs of an increasingly time-poor and digitally focused reader; she also instigated guidelines on a company-wide approach to social media, dedicating considerable resources to the growth of the magazine's official Instagram account at a time when social media was not generally considered a priority for print publications. During her tenure, Rickard also began strengthening the relationship between Australian Traveller and Australia's national tourism body Tourism Australia which, at the time, still included domestic tourism promotion in its remit. The Australian Traveller editorial team, led by Rickard, produced several custom publications on the organisation's behalf.Rickard resigned in February 2015 and commenced an associate editor role at Marie Claire Australia in March 2015, recruited as part of a two-person team by legendary fashion editor, Jackie Frank, to move the publication into its next phase alongside new editor Nicky Briger. After just four months in the role, Rickard resigned in August 2015. Shortly thereafter she rejoined Australian Traveller on a consultative basis, working with Tourism Australia to oversee production of content for its Coastal and Aquatic campaign.
In 2016, Rickard was recruited by Fairfax Media as Managing Editor, to lead production on Tourism Australia's million-dollar overhaul of Australia.com alongside content agency, Storyation. With Tourism Australia's internal team, Rickard and her hand-picked team – some 20 of Australia's most respected travel journalists – produced over 710 feature articles, overhauling site into an editorial destination of its own right. The project achieved measurable increases in several notable metrics; industry publication AdNews later asserted that the project "redefine[d] content" in the Australian market. The project received Finalist for Best Content Driven website in 2017's worldwide Content Marketing Awards.
Entrepreneurialism
Rickard is part-owner of The Travel Bootcamp, an immersive consumer event with a focus on digital storytelling and influence sponsored by Olympus Australia and Intrepid Travel. The event was co-founder by Lauren Bath – a travel Instagrammer often referred to as "Australia's First Professional Instagrammer" – and Liz Carlson, founder of prominent travel blog Young Adventuress and TedX speaker. The Bootcamp has appeared on 60 Minutes (Australian edition) and in Sydney Morning Herald. The trio also founded the Modern Travel Media Summit, a bi-annual industry conference held in Australia in partnership with industry body, TravMedia.She holds a Bachelor of Communications and a diploma in International Marketing from the University of Technology, Sydney.
== References ==
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
22
],
"text": [
"Australia"
]
}
|
Georgia Rickard is an Australian-born travel journalist, magazine editor, author and media commentator. The former editor of Australia's largest selling travel magazine, Australian Traveller has contributed to News Limited, Conde Nast, Fairfax Media, BBC and several newspapers of note, including South China Morning Post and The Times.
Early career
Rickard began her career in sales for a recruitment agency, a beginning she later credited as providing the foundations for an unusually entrepreneurial outlook as a magazine editor. Under the tutelage of Valerie Khoo she made the transition to journalism, contributing on a freelance basis to titles such as Cosmopolitan, CLEO, Women's Health, GQ, Prevention, and the Sunday Telegraph.At age 23 Rickard was invited to become editor of Healthy Food Guide magazine, making her the youngest Australian editor of a national title at the time. It was her first formal role in publishing. Despite the globally declining climate of magazine sales, the title began to post consistent growth, going on to remain the nation's fastest growing food title for the four consecutive audits of her tenure. Rickard assisted in the launch of the UK edition of the same title, was twice nominated for 'Best Health Magazine' at the Australian Magazine Awards (2009, 2010) and developed an impressive media resume, appearing as a journalist and expert on Australian television programs such as Sunrise, Mornings with Kerri-Anne, Today Tonight and Channel Nine News and presenting regular segments on breakfast radio, most notably on Classic Rock FM's Sydney program 'Mornings with Anthony Maroon' and 4BC's Brisbane breakfast program with Jamie Dunn and Ian Calder. She also worked as an industry advisor to the Australian Democratic Party, providing advice and an industry perspective on shaping government public health policies in 2010.At the time of her resignation, Healthy Food Guide's circulation had grown from 31,670 to 44,025, with her final issue closing at 50,000 copies.Her first book, Weight Training for Dummies (Australian and New Zealand edition), was released in 2011.
Travel journalism
Rickard joined the team as editor of Australian Traveller magazine in 2012, aged 26. During her three-year tenure she posted consistently aggressive circulation wins, achieving the fastest growing magazine circulation of any title in Australia in the audit period of Jan–Jun 2014. She received significant industry plaudits for her work including top four shortlisting as Editor Of The Year, top-four shortlisting for Magazine of the Year, and winner overall of Niche Magazine of the Year at the Australian Magazine Awards, as well as finalist listing for Food Travel Writer of the Year by the Australian Society of Travel Writers.
Chief among her improvements to the title were the instigation of celebrity covers, which starred notable Australian females such as journalist Lisa Wilkinson, actress Claudia Karvan and model Megan Gale, as well as collaboration with emerging Australian influencers such as Lauren Bath and Melissa Findley (notable given that Instagram was not yet a prominent platform) and an 'image-first' approach to storytelling, which involved sending photographers to destinations without an accompanying writer. This was a tactic she later noted was initially met with reluctance by industry and publicists, until it proved an adaptive means of communication for the changing needs of an increasingly time-poor and digitally focused reader; she also instigated guidelines on a company-wide approach to social media, dedicating considerable resources to the growth of the magazine's official Instagram account at a time when social media was not generally considered a priority for print publications. During her tenure, Rickard also began strengthening the relationship between Australian Traveller and Australia's national tourism body Tourism Australia which, at the time, still included domestic tourism promotion in its remit. The Australian Traveller editorial team, led by Rickard, produced several custom publications on the organisation's behalf.Rickard resigned in February 2015 and commenced an associate editor role at Marie Claire Australia in March 2015, recruited as part of a two-person team by legendary fashion editor, Jackie Frank, to move the publication into its next phase alongside new editor Nicky Briger. After just four months in the role, Rickard resigned in August 2015. Shortly thereafter she rejoined Australian Traveller on a consultative basis, working with Tourism Australia to oversee production of content for its Coastal and Aquatic campaign.
In 2016, Rickard was recruited by Fairfax Media as Managing Editor, to lead production on Tourism Australia's million-dollar overhaul of Australia.com alongside content agency, Storyation. With Tourism Australia's internal team, Rickard and her hand-picked team – some 20 of Australia's most respected travel journalists – produced over 710 feature articles, overhauling site into an editorial destination of its own right. The project achieved measurable increases in several notable metrics; industry publication AdNews later asserted that the project "redefine[d] content" in the Australian market. The project received Finalist for Best Content Driven website in 2017's worldwide Content Marketing Awards.
Entrepreneurialism
Rickard is part-owner of The Travel Bootcamp, an immersive consumer event with a focus on digital storytelling and influence sponsored by Olympus Australia and Intrepid Travel. The event was co-founder by Lauren Bath – a travel Instagrammer often referred to as "Australia's First Professional Instagrammer" – and Liz Carlson, founder of prominent travel blog Young Adventuress and TedX speaker. The Bootcamp has appeared on 60 Minutes (Australian edition) and in Sydney Morning Herald. The trio also founded the Modern Travel Media Summit, a bi-annual industry conference held in Australia in partnership with industry body, TravMedia.She holds a Bachelor of Communications and a diploma in International Marketing from the University of Technology, Sydney.
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
3264
],
"text": [
"writer"
]
}
|
Georgia Rickard is an Australian-born travel journalist, magazine editor, author and media commentator. The former editor of Australia's largest selling travel magazine, Australian Traveller has contributed to News Limited, Conde Nast, Fairfax Media, BBC and several newspapers of note, including South China Morning Post and The Times.
Early career
Rickard began her career in sales for a recruitment agency, a beginning she later credited as providing the foundations for an unusually entrepreneurial outlook as a magazine editor. Under the tutelage of Valerie Khoo she made the transition to journalism, contributing on a freelance basis to titles such as Cosmopolitan, CLEO, Women's Health, GQ, Prevention, and the Sunday Telegraph.At age 23 Rickard was invited to become editor of Healthy Food Guide magazine, making her the youngest Australian editor of a national title at the time. It was her first formal role in publishing. Despite the globally declining climate of magazine sales, the title began to post consistent growth, going on to remain the nation's fastest growing food title for the four consecutive audits of her tenure. Rickard assisted in the launch of the UK edition of the same title, was twice nominated for 'Best Health Magazine' at the Australian Magazine Awards (2009, 2010) and developed an impressive media resume, appearing as a journalist and expert on Australian television programs such as Sunrise, Mornings with Kerri-Anne, Today Tonight and Channel Nine News and presenting regular segments on breakfast radio, most notably on Classic Rock FM's Sydney program 'Mornings with Anthony Maroon' and 4BC's Brisbane breakfast program with Jamie Dunn and Ian Calder. She also worked as an industry advisor to the Australian Democratic Party, providing advice and an industry perspective on shaping government public health policies in 2010.At the time of her resignation, Healthy Food Guide's circulation had grown from 31,670 to 44,025, with her final issue closing at 50,000 copies.Her first book, Weight Training for Dummies (Australian and New Zealand edition), was released in 2011.
Travel journalism
Rickard joined the team as editor of Australian Traveller magazine in 2012, aged 26. During her three-year tenure she posted consistently aggressive circulation wins, achieving the fastest growing magazine circulation of any title in Australia in the audit period of Jan–Jun 2014. She received significant industry plaudits for her work including top four shortlisting as Editor Of The Year, top-four shortlisting for Magazine of the Year, and winner overall of Niche Magazine of the Year at the Australian Magazine Awards, as well as finalist listing for Food Travel Writer of the Year by the Australian Society of Travel Writers.
Chief among her improvements to the title were the instigation of celebrity covers, which starred notable Australian females such as journalist Lisa Wilkinson, actress Claudia Karvan and model Megan Gale, as well as collaboration with emerging Australian influencers such as Lauren Bath and Melissa Findley (notable given that Instagram was not yet a prominent platform) and an 'image-first' approach to storytelling, which involved sending photographers to destinations without an accompanying writer. This was a tactic she later noted was initially met with reluctance by industry and publicists, until it proved an adaptive means of communication for the changing needs of an increasingly time-poor and digitally focused reader; she also instigated guidelines on a company-wide approach to social media, dedicating considerable resources to the growth of the magazine's official Instagram account at a time when social media was not generally considered a priority for print publications. During her tenure, Rickard also began strengthening the relationship between Australian Traveller and Australia's national tourism body Tourism Australia which, at the time, still included domestic tourism promotion in its remit. The Australian Traveller editorial team, led by Rickard, produced several custom publications on the organisation's behalf.Rickard resigned in February 2015 and commenced an associate editor role at Marie Claire Australia in March 2015, recruited as part of a two-person team by legendary fashion editor, Jackie Frank, to move the publication into its next phase alongside new editor Nicky Briger. After just four months in the role, Rickard resigned in August 2015. Shortly thereafter she rejoined Australian Traveller on a consultative basis, working with Tourism Australia to oversee production of content for its Coastal and Aquatic campaign.
In 2016, Rickard was recruited by Fairfax Media as Managing Editor, to lead production on Tourism Australia's million-dollar overhaul of Australia.com alongside content agency, Storyation. With Tourism Australia's internal team, Rickard and her hand-picked team – some 20 of Australia's most respected travel journalists – produced over 710 feature articles, overhauling site into an editorial destination of its own right. The project achieved measurable increases in several notable metrics; industry publication AdNews later asserted that the project "redefine[d] content" in the Australian market. The project received Finalist for Best Content Driven website in 2017's worldwide Content Marketing Awards.
Entrepreneurialism
Rickard is part-owner of The Travel Bootcamp, an immersive consumer event with a focus on digital storytelling and influence sponsored by Olympus Australia and Intrepid Travel. The event was co-founder by Lauren Bath – a travel Instagrammer often referred to as "Australia's First Professional Instagrammer" – and Liz Carlson, founder of prominent travel blog Young Adventuress and TedX speaker. The Bootcamp has appeared on 60 Minutes (Australian edition) and in Sydney Morning Herald. The trio also founded the Modern Travel Media Summit, a bi-annual industry conference held in Australia in partnership with industry body, TravMedia.She holds a Bachelor of Communications and a diploma in International Marketing from the University of Technology, Sydney.
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
8
],
"text": [
"Rickard"
]
}
|
Georgia Rickard is an Australian-born travel journalist, magazine editor, author and media commentator. The former editor of Australia's largest selling travel magazine, Australian Traveller has contributed to News Limited, Conde Nast, Fairfax Media, BBC and several newspapers of note, including South China Morning Post and The Times.
Early career
Rickard began her career in sales for a recruitment agency, a beginning she later credited as providing the foundations for an unusually entrepreneurial outlook as a magazine editor. Under the tutelage of Valerie Khoo she made the transition to journalism, contributing on a freelance basis to titles such as Cosmopolitan, CLEO, Women's Health, GQ, Prevention, and the Sunday Telegraph.At age 23 Rickard was invited to become editor of Healthy Food Guide magazine, making her the youngest Australian editor of a national title at the time. It was her first formal role in publishing. Despite the globally declining climate of magazine sales, the title began to post consistent growth, going on to remain the nation's fastest growing food title for the four consecutive audits of her tenure. Rickard assisted in the launch of the UK edition of the same title, was twice nominated for 'Best Health Magazine' at the Australian Magazine Awards (2009, 2010) and developed an impressive media resume, appearing as a journalist and expert on Australian television programs such as Sunrise, Mornings with Kerri-Anne, Today Tonight and Channel Nine News and presenting regular segments on breakfast radio, most notably on Classic Rock FM's Sydney program 'Mornings with Anthony Maroon' and 4BC's Brisbane breakfast program with Jamie Dunn and Ian Calder. She also worked as an industry advisor to the Australian Democratic Party, providing advice and an industry perspective on shaping government public health policies in 2010.At the time of her resignation, Healthy Food Guide's circulation had grown from 31,670 to 44,025, with her final issue closing at 50,000 copies.Her first book, Weight Training for Dummies (Australian and New Zealand edition), was released in 2011.
Travel journalism
Rickard joined the team as editor of Australian Traveller magazine in 2012, aged 26. During her three-year tenure she posted consistently aggressive circulation wins, achieving the fastest growing magazine circulation of any title in Australia in the audit period of Jan–Jun 2014. She received significant industry plaudits for her work including top four shortlisting as Editor Of The Year, top-four shortlisting for Magazine of the Year, and winner overall of Niche Magazine of the Year at the Australian Magazine Awards, as well as finalist listing for Food Travel Writer of the Year by the Australian Society of Travel Writers.
Chief among her improvements to the title were the instigation of celebrity covers, which starred notable Australian females such as journalist Lisa Wilkinson, actress Claudia Karvan and model Megan Gale, as well as collaboration with emerging Australian influencers such as Lauren Bath and Melissa Findley (notable given that Instagram was not yet a prominent platform) and an 'image-first' approach to storytelling, which involved sending photographers to destinations without an accompanying writer. This was a tactic she later noted was initially met with reluctance by industry and publicists, until it proved an adaptive means of communication for the changing needs of an increasingly time-poor and digitally focused reader; she also instigated guidelines on a company-wide approach to social media, dedicating considerable resources to the growth of the magazine's official Instagram account at a time when social media was not generally considered a priority for print publications. During her tenure, Rickard also began strengthening the relationship between Australian Traveller and Australia's national tourism body Tourism Australia which, at the time, still included domestic tourism promotion in its remit. The Australian Traveller editorial team, led by Rickard, produced several custom publications on the organisation's behalf.Rickard resigned in February 2015 and commenced an associate editor role at Marie Claire Australia in March 2015, recruited as part of a two-person team by legendary fashion editor, Jackie Frank, to move the publication into its next phase alongside new editor Nicky Briger. After just four months in the role, Rickard resigned in August 2015. Shortly thereafter she rejoined Australian Traveller on a consultative basis, working with Tourism Australia to oversee production of content for its Coastal and Aquatic campaign.
In 2016, Rickard was recruited by Fairfax Media as Managing Editor, to lead production on Tourism Australia's million-dollar overhaul of Australia.com alongside content agency, Storyation. With Tourism Australia's internal team, Rickard and her hand-picked team – some 20 of Australia's most respected travel journalists – produced over 710 feature articles, overhauling site into an editorial destination of its own right. The project achieved measurable increases in several notable metrics; industry publication AdNews later asserted that the project "redefine[d] content" in the Australian market. The project received Finalist for Best Content Driven website in 2017's worldwide Content Marketing Awards.
Entrepreneurialism
Rickard is part-owner of The Travel Bootcamp, an immersive consumer event with a focus on digital storytelling and influence sponsored by Olympus Australia and Intrepid Travel. The event was co-founder by Lauren Bath – a travel Instagrammer often referred to as "Australia's First Professional Instagrammer" – and Liz Carlson, founder of prominent travel blog Young Adventuress and TedX speaker. The Bootcamp has appeared on 60 Minutes (Australian edition) and in Sydney Morning Herald. The trio also founded the Modern Travel Media Summit, a bi-annual industry conference held in Australia in partnership with industry body, TravMedia.She holds a Bachelor of Communications and a diploma in International Marketing from the University of Technology, Sydney.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Georgia"
]
}
|
Paolo Kessisoglu (born 25 July 1969, in Genoa, Italy) is an Italian actor, comedian and television presenter. He is best known for the duo Luca e Paolo, formed with his friend, Luca Bizzarri. Kessisoglu was also a member of the comedian group "Cavalli Marci" (Rotten Horses).
Biography
Kessisoglu was born in Genoa, Italy to an Armenian family. As a child his paternal grandfather moved with his family from Smyrna (today İzmir, Turkey) to Greece and later to Italy to escape from the Armenian genocide. The family settled in Trieste for several years before finally moving to Genoa. The original surname, Keshishian, during the escape was turkized in Keşişoğlu (with the addition of the patronymic ending -oğlu) to arouse less attention.In June 2003, Kessisoglu married TV anchor and journalist Sabrina Donadel with whom he has a daughter, Lunitta (b. 2003).
Filmography
Films
Television
References
External links
Media related to Paolo Kessisoglu at Wikimedia Commons
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
40
],
"text": [
"Genoa"
]
}
|
Paolo Kessisoglu (born 25 July 1969, in Genoa, Italy) is an Italian actor, comedian and television presenter. He is best known for the duo Luca e Paolo, formed with his friend, Luca Bizzarri. Kessisoglu was also a member of the comedian group "Cavalli Marci" (Rotten Horses).
Biography
Kessisoglu was born in Genoa, Italy to an Armenian family. As a child his paternal grandfather moved with his family from Smyrna (today İzmir, Turkey) to Greece and later to Italy to escape from the Armenian genocide. The family settled in Trieste for several years before finally moving to Genoa. The original surname, Keshishian, during the escape was turkized in Keşişoğlu (with the addition of the patronymic ending -oğlu) to arouse less attention.In June 2003, Kessisoglu married TV anchor and journalist Sabrina Donadel with whom he has a daughter, Lunitta (b. 2003).
Filmography
Films
Television
References
External links
Media related to Paolo Kessisoglu at Wikimedia Commons
|
spouse
|
{
"answer_start": [
797
],
"text": [
"Sabrina Donadel"
]
}
|
Paolo Kessisoglu (born 25 July 1969, in Genoa, Italy) is an Italian actor, comedian and television presenter. He is best known for the duo Luca e Paolo, formed with his friend, Luca Bizzarri. Kessisoglu was also a member of the comedian group "Cavalli Marci" (Rotten Horses).
Biography
Kessisoglu was born in Genoa, Italy to an Armenian family. As a child his paternal grandfather moved with his family from Smyrna (today İzmir, Turkey) to Greece and later to Italy to escape from the Armenian genocide. The family settled in Trieste for several years before finally moving to Genoa. The original surname, Keshishian, during the escape was turkized in Keşişoğlu (with the addition of the patronymic ending -oğlu) to arouse less attention.In June 2003, Kessisoglu married TV anchor and journalist Sabrina Donadel with whom he has a daughter, Lunitta (b. 2003).
Filmography
Films
Television
References
External links
Media related to Paolo Kessisoglu at Wikimedia Commons
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
47
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"text": [
"Italy"
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|
Paolo Kessisoglu (born 25 July 1969, in Genoa, Italy) is an Italian actor, comedian and television presenter. He is best known for the duo Luca e Paolo, formed with his friend, Luca Bizzarri. Kessisoglu was also a member of the comedian group "Cavalli Marci" (Rotten Horses).
Biography
Kessisoglu was born in Genoa, Italy to an Armenian family. As a child his paternal grandfather moved with his family from Smyrna (today İzmir, Turkey) to Greece and later to Italy to escape from the Armenian genocide. The family settled in Trieste for several years before finally moving to Genoa. The original surname, Keshishian, during the escape was turkized in Keşişoğlu (with the addition of the patronymic ending -oğlu) to arouse less attention.In June 2003, Kessisoglu married TV anchor and journalist Sabrina Donadel with whom he has a daughter, Lunitta (b. 2003).
Filmography
Films
Television
References
External links
Media related to Paolo Kessisoglu at Wikimedia Commons
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
68
],
"text": [
"actor"
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}
|
Paolo Kessisoglu (born 25 July 1969, in Genoa, Italy) is an Italian actor, comedian and television presenter. He is best known for the duo Luca e Paolo, formed with his friend, Luca Bizzarri. Kessisoglu was also a member of the comedian group "Cavalli Marci" (Rotten Horses).
Biography
Kessisoglu was born in Genoa, Italy to an Armenian family. As a child his paternal grandfather moved with his family from Smyrna (today İzmir, Turkey) to Greece and later to Italy to escape from the Armenian genocide. The family settled in Trieste for several years before finally moving to Genoa. The original surname, Keshishian, during the escape was turkized in Keşişoğlu (with the addition of the patronymic ending -oğlu) to arouse less attention.In June 2003, Kessisoglu married TV anchor and journalist Sabrina Donadel with whom he has a daughter, Lunitta (b. 2003).
Filmography
Films
Television
References
External links
Media related to Paolo Kessisoglu at Wikimedia Commons
|
part of
|
{
"answer_start": [
139
],
"text": [
"Luca e Paolo"
]
}
|
Paolo Kessisoglu (born 25 July 1969, in Genoa, Italy) is an Italian actor, comedian and television presenter. He is best known for the duo Luca e Paolo, formed with his friend, Luca Bizzarri. Kessisoglu was also a member of the comedian group "Cavalli Marci" (Rotten Horses).
Biography
Kessisoglu was born in Genoa, Italy to an Armenian family. As a child his paternal grandfather moved with his family from Smyrna (today İzmir, Turkey) to Greece and later to Italy to escape from the Armenian genocide. The family settled in Trieste for several years before finally moving to Genoa. The original surname, Keshishian, during the escape was turkized in Keşişoğlu (with the addition of the patronymic ending -oğlu) to arouse less attention.In June 2003, Kessisoglu married TV anchor and journalist Sabrina Donadel with whom he has a daughter, Lunitta (b. 2003).
Filmography
Films
Television
References
External links
Media related to Paolo Kessisoglu at Wikimedia Commons
|
Commons category
|
{
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0
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"Paolo Kessisoglu"
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}
|
Paolo Kessisoglu (born 25 July 1969, in Genoa, Italy) is an Italian actor, comedian and television presenter. He is best known for the duo Luca e Paolo, formed with his friend, Luca Bizzarri. Kessisoglu was also a member of the comedian group "Cavalli Marci" (Rotten Horses).
Biography
Kessisoglu was born in Genoa, Italy to an Armenian family. As a child his paternal grandfather moved with his family from Smyrna (today İzmir, Turkey) to Greece and later to Italy to escape from the Armenian genocide. The family settled in Trieste for several years before finally moving to Genoa. The original surname, Keshishian, during the escape was turkized in Keşişoğlu (with the addition of the patronymic ending -oğlu) to arouse less attention.In June 2003, Kessisoglu married TV anchor and journalist Sabrina Donadel with whom he has a daughter, Lunitta (b. 2003).
Filmography
Films
Television
References
External links
Media related to Paolo Kessisoglu at Wikimedia Commons
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"Kessisoglu"
]
}
|
Paolo Kessisoglu (born 25 July 1969, in Genoa, Italy) is an Italian actor, comedian and television presenter. He is best known for the duo Luca e Paolo, formed with his friend, Luca Bizzarri. Kessisoglu was also a member of the comedian group "Cavalli Marci" (Rotten Horses).
Biography
Kessisoglu was born in Genoa, Italy to an Armenian family. As a child his paternal grandfather moved with his family from Smyrna (today İzmir, Turkey) to Greece and later to Italy to escape from the Armenian genocide. The family settled in Trieste for several years before finally moving to Genoa. The original surname, Keshishian, during the escape was turkized in Keşişoğlu (with the addition of the patronymic ending -oğlu) to arouse less attention.In June 2003, Kessisoglu married TV anchor and journalist Sabrina Donadel with whom he has a daughter, Lunitta (b. 2003).
Filmography
Films
Television
References
External links
Media related to Paolo Kessisoglu at Wikimedia Commons
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Paolo"
]
}
|
Paolo Kessisoglu (born 25 July 1969, in Genoa, Italy) is an Italian actor, comedian and television presenter. He is best known for the duo Luca e Paolo, formed with his friend, Luca Bizzarri. Kessisoglu was also a member of the comedian group "Cavalli Marci" (Rotten Horses).
Biography
Kessisoglu was born in Genoa, Italy to an Armenian family. As a child his paternal grandfather moved with his family from Smyrna (today İzmir, Turkey) to Greece and later to Italy to escape from the Armenian genocide. The family settled in Trieste for several years before finally moving to Genoa. The original surname, Keshishian, during the escape was turkized in Keşişoğlu (with the addition of the patronymic ending -oğlu) to arouse less attention.In June 2003, Kessisoglu married TV anchor and journalist Sabrina Donadel with whom he has a daughter, Lunitta (b. 2003).
Filmography
Films
Television
References
External links
Media related to Paolo Kessisoglu at Wikimedia Commons
|
partner in business or sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
177
],
"text": [
"Luca Bizzarri"
]
}
|
Paolo Kessisoglu (born 25 July 1969, in Genoa, Italy) is an Italian actor, comedian and television presenter. He is best known for the duo Luca e Paolo, formed with his friend, Luca Bizzarri. Kessisoglu was also a member of the comedian group "Cavalli Marci" (Rotten Horses).
Biography
Kessisoglu was born in Genoa, Italy to an Armenian family. As a child his paternal grandfather moved with his family from Smyrna (today İzmir, Turkey) to Greece and later to Italy to escape from the Armenian genocide. The family settled in Trieste for several years before finally moving to Genoa. The original surname, Keshishian, during the escape was turkized in Keşişoğlu (with the addition of the patronymic ending -oğlu) to arouse less attention.In June 2003, Kessisoglu married TV anchor and journalist Sabrina Donadel with whom he has a daughter, Lunitta (b. 2003).
Filmography
Films
Television
References
External links
Media related to Paolo Kessisoglu at Wikimedia Commons
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
60
],
"text": [
"Italian"
]
}
|
Paolo Kessisoglu (born 25 July 1969, in Genoa, Italy) is an Italian actor, comedian and television presenter. He is best known for the duo Luca e Paolo, formed with his friend, Luca Bizzarri. Kessisoglu was also a member of the comedian group "Cavalli Marci" (Rotten Horses).
Biography
Kessisoglu was born in Genoa, Italy to an Armenian family. As a child his paternal grandfather moved with his family from Smyrna (today İzmir, Turkey) to Greece and later to Italy to escape from the Armenian genocide. The family settled in Trieste for several years before finally moving to Genoa. The original surname, Keshishian, during the escape was turkized in Keşişoğlu (with the addition of the patronymic ending -oğlu) to arouse less attention.In June 2003, Kessisoglu married TV anchor and journalist Sabrina Donadel with whom he has a daughter, Lunitta (b. 2003).
Filmography
Films
Television
References
External links
Media related to Paolo Kessisoglu at Wikimedia Commons
|
number of children
|
{
"answer_start": [
31
],
"text": [
"1"
]
}
|
Paolo Kessisoglu (born 25 July 1969, in Genoa, Italy) is an Italian actor, comedian and television presenter. He is best known for the duo Luca e Paolo, formed with his friend, Luca Bizzarri. Kessisoglu was also a member of the comedian group "Cavalli Marci" (Rotten Horses).
Biography
Kessisoglu was born in Genoa, Italy to an Armenian family. As a child his paternal grandfather moved with his family from Smyrna (today İzmir, Turkey) to Greece and later to Italy to escape from the Armenian genocide. The family settled in Trieste for several years before finally moving to Genoa. The original surname, Keshishian, during the escape was turkized in Keşişoğlu (with the addition of the patronymic ending -oğlu) to arouse less attention.In June 2003, Kessisoglu married TV anchor and journalist Sabrina Donadel with whom he has a daughter, Lunitta (b. 2003).
Filmography
Films
Television
References
External links
Media related to Paolo Kessisoglu at Wikimedia Commons
|
Facebook ID
|
{
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"Kessisoglu"
]
}
|
Franco Luis Torgnascioli Lagreca (born 24 August 1990) is an Uruguayan professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Primera B de Chile club San Luis on loan from Everton.
Career
In July 2017, he was loaned to Spanish side Lorca FC from Pachuca.In July 2022, he was loaned to San Luis de Quillota in the Primera B de Chile from Everton de Viña del Mar until the end of the season.
References
External links
Franco Torgnascioli profile at Ascenso MX (in Spanish)
Franco Torgnascioli at ESPN FC
Franco Torgnascioli at Soccerway
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
61
],
"text": [
"Uruguay"
]
}
|
Franco Luis Torgnascioli Lagreca (born 24 August 1990) is an Uruguayan professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Primera B de Chile club San Luis on loan from Everton.
Career
In July 2017, he was loaned to Spanish side Lorca FC from Pachuca.In July 2022, he was loaned to San Luis de Quillota in the Primera B de Chile from Everton de Viña del Mar until the end of the season.
References
External links
Franco Torgnascioli profile at Ascenso MX (in Spanish)
Franco Torgnascioli at ESPN FC
Franco Torgnascioli at Soccerway
|
position played on team / speciality
|
{
"answer_start": [
110
],
"text": [
"goalkeeper"
]
}
|
Franco Luis Torgnascioli Lagreca (born 24 August 1990) is an Uruguayan professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Primera B de Chile club San Luis on loan from Everton.
Career
In July 2017, he was loaned to Spanish side Lorca FC from Pachuca.In July 2022, he was loaned to San Luis de Quillota in the Primera B de Chile from Everton de Viña del Mar until the end of the season.
References
External links
Franco Torgnascioli profile at Ascenso MX (in Spanish)
Franco Torgnascioli at ESPN FC
Franco Torgnascioli at Soccerway
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
12
],
"text": [
"Torgnascioli"
]
}
|
Franco Luis Torgnascioli Lagreca (born 24 August 1990) is an Uruguayan professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Primera B de Chile club San Luis on loan from Everton.
Career
In July 2017, he was loaned to Spanish side Lorca FC from Pachuca.In July 2022, he was loaned to San Luis de Quillota in the Primera B de Chile from Everton de Viña del Mar until the end of the season.
References
External links
Franco Torgnascioli profile at Ascenso MX (in Spanish)
Franco Torgnascioli at ESPN FC
Franco Torgnascioli at Soccerway
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Franco"
]
}
|
The Umayyad invasion of Gaul occurred in two phases in 719 and 732 AD. Although the Umayyads secured control of Septimania, their incursions beyond this into the Loire and Rhône valleys failed. By 759 Muslim forces had lost Septimania to the Christian Franks and retreated to Iberia.
The invasion of Gaul was a continuation of the Umayyad conquest of Hispania into the region of Septimania, the last remnant of the Visigothic Kingdom north of the Pyrenees. After the fall of Narbonne, the capital of the Visigothic rump state, in 720, Umayyad armies composed of Arabs and Berbers turned north against Aquitaine. Their advance was stopped at the Battle of Toulouse in 721, but they sporadically raided southern Gaul as far as Avignon, Lyon and Autun.A major Umayyad raid directed at Tours was defeated in the Battle of Tours in 732. After 732, the Franks asserted their authority in Aquitaine and Burgundy, but only in 759 did they manage to take the Mediterranean region of Septimania, due to Muslim neglect and local Gothic disaffection.A later Muslim incursion into France, in the ninth century, resulted in the establishment of Fraxinetum, a fortress in Provence that lasted for nearly a century.
Umayyad conquest of Septimania
By 716, under the pressure of the Umayyad Caliphate from the south, the Kingdom of the Visigoths had been rapidly reduced to the province of Narbonensis (Septimania), a region which corresponds approximately to the modern Languedoc-Roussillon. In 713 the Visigoths of Septimania elected Ardo as king. He ruled from Narbonne. In 717, the Umayyads under al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi crossed the Pyrenees for the first time on a reconnaissance mission. The following campaign of conquest in Septimania lasted three years. Late Muslims sources, such as Ahmad al-Maqqari, describe Musa ibn Nusayr (712–714) as leading an expedition to the Rhône at the far east of the Visigothic kingdom, but these are not reliable.The next Umayyad governor, al-Samh, crossed the Pyrenees in 719 and conquered Narbonne (Arbuna to the Arabs) in that year or the following (720). According to the Chronicle of Moissac, the inhabitants of the city were slaughtered. The fall of the city ended the seven-year reign of Ardo and with it the Visigothic kingdom, but Visigothic nobles continued to hold the Septimanian cities of Carcassonne and Nîmes. Nevertheless, al-Samh established garrisons in Septimania (721), intending to incorporate it permanently into al-Andalus.However, the Umayyad tide was temporarily halted in the large-scale Battle of Toulouse (721), when al-Samh (Zama to the Christian chronicles) was killed by Odo of Aquitaine. In general terms the Gothic Septimania surrendered to the Muslims in favourable conditions for them, allowing the Umayyads to rule the region with the conditioned support of the local population and the Gothic nobles.
In 725, his successor, Anbasa ibn Suhaym al-Kalbi, besieged the city of Carcassonne, which had to agree to give half of its territory, pay tribute, and make an offensive and defensive alliance with Muslim forces. Nîmes and all the other main Septimanian cities fell too under the sway of the Umayyads. In the 720s the savage fighting, the massacres and destruction particularly affecting the Ebro valley and Septimania unleashed a flow of refugees who mainly found shelter in southern Aquitaine across the Pyrenees, and Provence.Sometime during this period, the Berber commander Uthman ibn Naissa ("Munuza") became governor of the Cerdanya (also including a large swathe of present-day Catalonia). By that time, resentment against Arab rulers was growing within the Berber troops.
Raid into Aquitaine and Poitou
Uthman ibn Naissa's revolt
By 725, all of Septimania was under Umayyad rule. Uthman ibn Naissa, the Pyrenean Berber lord ruler of the eastern Pyrenees, detached from Cordova, establishing a principality based on a Berber power base (731). The Berber leader allied with the Aquitanian duke Odo, who was eager to stabilize his borders, and is reported to have married Odo's daughter Lampegia. Uthman ibn Naissa went on to kill Nambaudus, the bishop of Urgell, an official acting on the orders of the Church of Toledo.
The new Umayyad governor in Cordova, Abd al-Rahman al-Ghafiqi, mustered an expedition to punish the Berber commander's insubordination, surrounding and putting him to death in Cerdanya, according to the Mozarabic Chronicler, a just retribution for killing the Gothic bishop.
Umayyad expedition over Aquitaine
Emboldened by his success, he attacked Uthman ibn Naissa's Aquitanian ally Duke Odo, who had just encountered Charles Martel's devastating offensive on Bourges and northern Aquitaine (731). Still managing to recruit the necessary number of soldiers, the independent Odo confronted al-Ghafiqi's forces that had broken north by the western Pyrenees, but could not hold back the Arab commander's thrust against Bordeaux. The Aquitanian leader was beaten at the Battle of the River Garonne in 732. The Umayyad force then moved north to invade Poitou in order to plunder the Basilica of Saint-Martin-de-Tours.
Battle of Poitiers (732)
Odo still found the opportunity to save his grip on Aquitaine by warning the rising Frankish commander Charles of the impending danger against the Frankish sacred city of Tours. Umayyad forces were defeated in the Battle of Poitiers in 732, considered by many the turning point of Muslim expansion in Gaul. With the death of Odo in 735 and after putting down the Aquitanian detachment attempt led by duke Hunald, Charles Martel went on to deal with Burgundy (734, 736) and the Mediterranean south of Gaul (736, 737).
Expansion to Provence and Charles Martel
Still, in 734, Umayyad forces (called "Saracens" by the Europeans at the time) under Abd el-Malik el Fihri, Abd al-Rahman's successor, received without a fight the submission of the cities of Avignon, Arles, and probably Marseille, ruled by count Maurontus. The patrician of Provence had called Andalusi forces in to protect his strongholds from the Carolingian thrust, maybe estimating his own garrisons too weak to fend off Charles Martel's well-organised, strong army made up of vassi enriched with Church lands.
Charles faced the opposition of various regional actors. To begin with the Gothic and Gallo-Roman nobility of the region, who feared his aggressive and overbearing policy. Charles decided to ally with the Lombard King Liutprand in order to repel the Umayyads and the regional nobility of Gothic and Gallo-Roman stock. He also underwent the hostility of the dukes of Aquitaine, who jeopardized Charles' and his successor Pepin's rearguard (737, 752) during their military operations in Septimania and Provence. The dukes of Aquitaine in turn largely relied on the strength of the Basque troops, acting on a strategic alliance with the Aquitanians since mid-7th century.
In 737, Charles captured and reduced Avignon to rubble, in addition to destroying the Umayyad fleet. Charles' brother, Childebrand, failed however in the siege of Narbonne. Charles attacked several other cities which had collaborated with the Umayyads, and destroyed their fortifications: Beziers, Agde, Maguelone, Montpellier, Nîmes. Before his return to northern Francia, Charles had managed to crush all opposition in Provence and Lower Rhone. Count Maurontus of Marseille fled to the Alps.
Loss of Septimania
Muslims maintained their authority over Septimania for another 15 years. However, in 752, the newly proclaimed King Pepin, the son of Charles, led a new campaign into Septimania, when regional Gothic allegiances were shifting in his favour. That year, Pepin conquered Nimes and went on to subdue most of Septimania up to the gates of Narbonne. In his quest to subdue the region, Charles met the opposition of another actor, the Duke of Aquitaine. The Duke Waiffer, aware of Pepin's expansionist ambitions, is recorded as attacking him on the rearguard with an army of Basques during the siege of Narbonne.
It was ultimately the Frankish king who managed to take Narbonne in 759, after vowing to respect the Gothic law and earning the allegiance of the Gothic nobility and population, thus marking the end of the Muslim presence in southern Gaul. Furthermore, Pepin directed all his war effort against the Duchy of Aquitaine immediately after subduing Roussillon.
Pepin's son, Charlemagne, fulfilled the Frankish goal of extending the defensive boundaries of the empire beyond Septimania and the Pyrenees, creating a strong barrier state between the Umayyad Emirate and Francia. This buffer zone known as the "Spanish March" would become a focus for the Reconquista.
Legacy
Arabic words were borrowed, such as tordjman (translator) which became drogoman in Provençal, and is still in use in the expression "par le truchement de"; charaha (to discuss), which became "charabia". Some place names were also derived from Arabic or in memory of past Muslim inhabitance, such as Ramatuelle and Saint-Pierre de l'Almanarre (from al-manar i.e. 'the lighthouse').
Notes
== Sources ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
5213
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"text": [
"war"
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}
|
The Umayyad invasion of Gaul occurred in two phases in 719 and 732 AD. Although the Umayyads secured control of Septimania, their incursions beyond this into the Loire and Rhône valleys failed. By 759 Muslim forces had lost Septimania to the Christian Franks and retreated to Iberia.
The invasion of Gaul was a continuation of the Umayyad conquest of Hispania into the region of Septimania, the last remnant of the Visigothic Kingdom north of the Pyrenees. After the fall of Narbonne, the capital of the Visigothic rump state, in 720, Umayyad armies composed of Arabs and Berbers turned north against Aquitaine. Their advance was stopped at the Battle of Toulouse in 721, but they sporadically raided southern Gaul as far as Avignon, Lyon and Autun.A major Umayyad raid directed at Tours was defeated in the Battle of Tours in 732. After 732, the Franks asserted their authority in Aquitaine and Burgundy, but only in 759 did they manage to take the Mediterranean region of Septimania, due to Muslim neglect and local Gothic disaffection.A later Muslim incursion into France, in the ninth century, resulted in the establishment of Fraxinetum, a fortress in Provence that lasted for nearly a century.
Umayyad conquest of Septimania
By 716, under the pressure of the Umayyad Caliphate from the south, the Kingdom of the Visigoths had been rapidly reduced to the province of Narbonensis (Septimania), a region which corresponds approximately to the modern Languedoc-Roussillon. In 713 the Visigoths of Septimania elected Ardo as king. He ruled from Narbonne. In 717, the Umayyads under al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi crossed the Pyrenees for the first time on a reconnaissance mission. The following campaign of conquest in Septimania lasted three years. Late Muslims sources, such as Ahmad al-Maqqari, describe Musa ibn Nusayr (712–714) as leading an expedition to the Rhône at the far east of the Visigothic kingdom, but these are not reliable.The next Umayyad governor, al-Samh, crossed the Pyrenees in 719 and conquered Narbonne (Arbuna to the Arabs) in that year or the following (720). According to the Chronicle of Moissac, the inhabitants of the city were slaughtered. The fall of the city ended the seven-year reign of Ardo and with it the Visigothic kingdom, but Visigothic nobles continued to hold the Septimanian cities of Carcassonne and Nîmes. Nevertheless, al-Samh established garrisons in Septimania (721), intending to incorporate it permanently into al-Andalus.However, the Umayyad tide was temporarily halted in the large-scale Battle of Toulouse (721), when al-Samh (Zama to the Christian chronicles) was killed by Odo of Aquitaine. In general terms the Gothic Septimania surrendered to the Muslims in favourable conditions for them, allowing the Umayyads to rule the region with the conditioned support of the local population and the Gothic nobles.
In 725, his successor, Anbasa ibn Suhaym al-Kalbi, besieged the city of Carcassonne, which had to agree to give half of its territory, pay tribute, and make an offensive and defensive alliance with Muslim forces. Nîmes and all the other main Septimanian cities fell too under the sway of the Umayyads. In the 720s the savage fighting, the massacres and destruction particularly affecting the Ebro valley and Septimania unleashed a flow of refugees who mainly found shelter in southern Aquitaine across the Pyrenees, and Provence.Sometime during this period, the Berber commander Uthman ibn Naissa ("Munuza") became governor of the Cerdanya (also including a large swathe of present-day Catalonia). By that time, resentment against Arab rulers was growing within the Berber troops.
Raid into Aquitaine and Poitou
Uthman ibn Naissa's revolt
By 725, all of Septimania was under Umayyad rule. Uthman ibn Naissa, the Pyrenean Berber lord ruler of the eastern Pyrenees, detached from Cordova, establishing a principality based on a Berber power base (731). The Berber leader allied with the Aquitanian duke Odo, who was eager to stabilize his borders, and is reported to have married Odo's daughter Lampegia. Uthman ibn Naissa went on to kill Nambaudus, the bishop of Urgell, an official acting on the orders of the Church of Toledo.
The new Umayyad governor in Cordova, Abd al-Rahman al-Ghafiqi, mustered an expedition to punish the Berber commander's insubordination, surrounding and putting him to death in Cerdanya, according to the Mozarabic Chronicler, a just retribution for killing the Gothic bishop.
Umayyad expedition over Aquitaine
Emboldened by his success, he attacked Uthman ibn Naissa's Aquitanian ally Duke Odo, who had just encountered Charles Martel's devastating offensive on Bourges and northern Aquitaine (731). Still managing to recruit the necessary number of soldiers, the independent Odo confronted al-Ghafiqi's forces that had broken north by the western Pyrenees, but could not hold back the Arab commander's thrust against Bordeaux. The Aquitanian leader was beaten at the Battle of the River Garonne in 732. The Umayyad force then moved north to invade Poitou in order to plunder the Basilica of Saint-Martin-de-Tours.
Battle of Poitiers (732)
Odo still found the opportunity to save his grip on Aquitaine by warning the rising Frankish commander Charles of the impending danger against the Frankish sacred city of Tours. Umayyad forces were defeated in the Battle of Poitiers in 732, considered by many the turning point of Muslim expansion in Gaul. With the death of Odo in 735 and after putting down the Aquitanian detachment attempt led by duke Hunald, Charles Martel went on to deal with Burgundy (734, 736) and the Mediterranean south of Gaul (736, 737).
Expansion to Provence and Charles Martel
Still, in 734, Umayyad forces (called "Saracens" by the Europeans at the time) under Abd el-Malik el Fihri, Abd al-Rahman's successor, received without a fight the submission of the cities of Avignon, Arles, and probably Marseille, ruled by count Maurontus. The patrician of Provence had called Andalusi forces in to protect his strongholds from the Carolingian thrust, maybe estimating his own garrisons too weak to fend off Charles Martel's well-organised, strong army made up of vassi enriched with Church lands.
Charles faced the opposition of various regional actors. To begin with the Gothic and Gallo-Roman nobility of the region, who feared his aggressive and overbearing policy. Charles decided to ally with the Lombard King Liutprand in order to repel the Umayyads and the regional nobility of Gothic and Gallo-Roman stock. He also underwent the hostility of the dukes of Aquitaine, who jeopardized Charles' and his successor Pepin's rearguard (737, 752) during their military operations in Septimania and Provence. The dukes of Aquitaine in turn largely relied on the strength of the Basque troops, acting on a strategic alliance with the Aquitanians since mid-7th century.
In 737, Charles captured and reduced Avignon to rubble, in addition to destroying the Umayyad fleet. Charles' brother, Childebrand, failed however in the siege of Narbonne. Charles attacked several other cities which had collaborated with the Umayyads, and destroyed their fortifications: Beziers, Agde, Maguelone, Montpellier, Nîmes. Before his return to northern Francia, Charles had managed to crush all opposition in Provence and Lower Rhone. Count Maurontus of Marseille fled to the Alps.
Loss of Septimania
Muslims maintained their authority over Septimania for another 15 years. However, in 752, the newly proclaimed King Pepin, the son of Charles, led a new campaign into Septimania, when regional Gothic allegiances were shifting in his favour. That year, Pepin conquered Nimes and went on to subdue most of Septimania up to the gates of Narbonne. In his quest to subdue the region, Charles met the opposition of another actor, the Duke of Aquitaine. The Duke Waiffer, aware of Pepin's expansionist ambitions, is recorded as attacking him on the rearguard with an army of Basques during the siege of Narbonne.
It was ultimately the Frankish king who managed to take Narbonne in 759, after vowing to respect the Gothic law and earning the allegiance of the Gothic nobility and population, thus marking the end of the Muslim presence in southern Gaul. Furthermore, Pepin directed all his war effort against the Duchy of Aquitaine immediately after subduing Roussillon.
Pepin's son, Charlemagne, fulfilled the Frankish goal of extending the defensive boundaries of the empire beyond Septimania and the Pyrenees, creating a strong barrier state between the Umayyad Emirate and Francia. This buffer zone known as the "Spanish March" would become a focus for the Reconquista.
Legacy
Arabic words were borrowed, such as tordjman (translator) which became drogoman in Provençal, and is still in use in the expression "par le truchement de"; charaha (to discuss), which became "charabia". Some place names were also derived from Arabic or in memory of past Muslim inhabitance, such as Ramatuelle and Saint-Pierre de l'Almanarre (from al-manar i.e. 'the lighthouse').
Notes
== Sources ==
|
location
|
{
"answer_start": [
24
],
"text": [
"Gaul"
]
}
|
The Umayyad invasion of Gaul occurred in two phases in 719 and 732 AD. Although the Umayyads secured control of Septimania, their incursions beyond this into the Loire and Rhône valleys failed. By 759 Muslim forces had lost Septimania to the Christian Franks and retreated to Iberia.
The invasion of Gaul was a continuation of the Umayyad conquest of Hispania into the region of Septimania, the last remnant of the Visigothic Kingdom north of the Pyrenees. After the fall of Narbonne, the capital of the Visigothic rump state, in 720, Umayyad armies composed of Arabs and Berbers turned north against Aquitaine. Their advance was stopped at the Battle of Toulouse in 721, but they sporadically raided southern Gaul as far as Avignon, Lyon and Autun.A major Umayyad raid directed at Tours was defeated in the Battle of Tours in 732. After 732, the Franks asserted their authority in Aquitaine and Burgundy, but only in 759 did they manage to take the Mediterranean region of Septimania, due to Muslim neglect and local Gothic disaffection.A later Muslim incursion into France, in the ninth century, resulted in the establishment of Fraxinetum, a fortress in Provence that lasted for nearly a century.
Umayyad conquest of Septimania
By 716, under the pressure of the Umayyad Caliphate from the south, the Kingdom of the Visigoths had been rapidly reduced to the province of Narbonensis (Septimania), a region which corresponds approximately to the modern Languedoc-Roussillon. In 713 the Visigoths of Septimania elected Ardo as king. He ruled from Narbonne. In 717, the Umayyads under al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi crossed the Pyrenees for the first time on a reconnaissance mission. The following campaign of conquest in Septimania lasted three years. Late Muslims sources, such as Ahmad al-Maqqari, describe Musa ibn Nusayr (712–714) as leading an expedition to the Rhône at the far east of the Visigothic kingdom, but these are not reliable.The next Umayyad governor, al-Samh, crossed the Pyrenees in 719 and conquered Narbonne (Arbuna to the Arabs) in that year or the following (720). According to the Chronicle of Moissac, the inhabitants of the city were slaughtered. The fall of the city ended the seven-year reign of Ardo and with it the Visigothic kingdom, but Visigothic nobles continued to hold the Septimanian cities of Carcassonne and Nîmes. Nevertheless, al-Samh established garrisons in Septimania (721), intending to incorporate it permanently into al-Andalus.However, the Umayyad tide was temporarily halted in the large-scale Battle of Toulouse (721), when al-Samh (Zama to the Christian chronicles) was killed by Odo of Aquitaine. In general terms the Gothic Septimania surrendered to the Muslims in favourable conditions for them, allowing the Umayyads to rule the region with the conditioned support of the local population and the Gothic nobles.
In 725, his successor, Anbasa ibn Suhaym al-Kalbi, besieged the city of Carcassonne, which had to agree to give half of its territory, pay tribute, and make an offensive and defensive alliance with Muslim forces. Nîmes and all the other main Septimanian cities fell too under the sway of the Umayyads. In the 720s the savage fighting, the massacres and destruction particularly affecting the Ebro valley and Septimania unleashed a flow of refugees who mainly found shelter in southern Aquitaine across the Pyrenees, and Provence.Sometime during this period, the Berber commander Uthman ibn Naissa ("Munuza") became governor of the Cerdanya (also including a large swathe of present-day Catalonia). By that time, resentment against Arab rulers was growing within the Berber troops.
Raid into Aquitaine and Poitou
Uthman ibn Naissa's revolt
By 725, all of Septimania was under Umayyad rule. Uthman ibn Naissa, the Pyrenean Berber lord ruler of the eastern Pyrenees, detached from Cordova, establishing a principality based on a Berber power base (731). The Berber leader allied with the Aquitanian duke Odo, who was eager to stabilize his borders, and is reported to have married Odo's daughter Lampegia. Uthman ibn Naissa went on to kill Nambaudus, the bishop of Urgell, an official acting on the orders of the Church of Toledo.
The new Umayyad governor in Cordova, Abd al-Rahman al-Ghafiqi, mustered an expedition to punish the Berber commander's insubordination, surrounding and putting him to death in Cerdanya, according to the Mozarabic Chronicler, a just retribution for killing the Gothic bishop.
Umayyad expedition over Aquitaine
Emboldened by his success, he attacked Uthman ibn Naissa's Aquitanian ally Duke Odo, who had just encountered Charles Martel's devastating offensive on Bourges and northern Aquitaine (731). Still managing to recruit the necessary number of soldiers, the independent Odo confronted al-Ghafiqi's forces that had broken north by the western Pyrenees, but could not hold back the Arab commander's thrust against Bordeaux. The Aquitanian leader was beaten at the Battle of the River Garonne in 732. The Umayyad force then moved north to invade Poitou in order to plunder the Basilica of Saint-Martin-de-Tours.
Battle of Poitiers (732)
Odo still found the opportunity to save his grip on Aquitaine by warning the rising Frankish commander Charles of the impending danger against the Frankish sacred city of Tours. Umayyad forces were defeated in the Battle of Poitiers in 732, considered by many the turning point of Muslim expansion in Gaul. With the death of Odo in 735 and after putting down the Aquitanian detachment attempt led by duke Hunald, Charles Martel went on to deal with Burgundy (734, 736) and the Mediterranean south of Gaul (736, 737).
Expansion to Provence and Charles Martel
Still, in 734, Umayyad forces (called "Saracens" by the Europeans at the time) under Abd el-Malik el Fihri, Abd al-Rahman's successor, received without a fight the submission of the cities of Avignon, Arles, and probably Marseille, ruled by count Maurontus. The patrician of Provence had called Andalusi forces in to protect his strongholds from the Carolingian thrust, maybe estimating his own garrisons too weak to fend off Charles Martel's well-organised, strong army made up of vassi enriched with Church lands.
Charles faced the opposition of various regional actors. To begin with the Gothic and Gallo-Roman nobility of the region, who feared his aggressive and overbearing policy. Charles decided to ally with the Lombard King Liutprand in order to repel the Umayyads and the regional nobility of Gothic and Gallo-Roman stock. He also underwent the hostility of the dukes of Aquitaine, who jeopardized Charles' and his successor Pepin's rearguard (737, 752) during their military operations in Septimania and Provence. The dukes of Aquitaine in turn largely relied on the strength of the Basque troops, acting on a strategic alliance with the Aquitanians since mid-7th century.
In 737, Charles captured and reduced Avignon to rubble, in addition to destroying the Umayyad fleet. Charles' brother, Childebrand, failed however in the siege of Narbonne. Charles attacked several other cities which had collaborated with the Umayyads, and destroyed their fortifications: Beziers, Agde, Maguelone, Montpellier, Nîmes. Before his return to northern Francia, Charles had managed to crush all opposition in Provence and Lower Rhone. Count Maurontus of Marseille fled to the Alps.
Loss of Septimania
Muslims maintained their authority over Septimania for another 15 years. However, in 752, the newly proclaimed King Pepin, the son of Charles, led a new campaign into Septimania, when regional Gothic allegiances were shifting in his favour. That year, Pepin conquered Nimes and went on to subdue most of Septimania up to the gates of Narbonne. In his quest to subdue the region, Charles met the opposition of another actor, the Duke of Aquitaine. The Duke Waiffer, aware of Pepin's expansionist ambitions, is recorded as attacking him on the rearguard with an army of Basques during the siege of Narbonne.
It was ultimately the Frankish king who managed to take Narbonne in 759, after vowing to respect the Gothic law and earning the allegiance of the Gothic nobility and population, thus marking the end of the Muslim presence in southern Gaul. Furthermore, Pepin directed all his war effort against the Duchy of Aquitaine immediately after subduing Roussillon.
Pepin's son, Charlemagne, fulfilled the Frankish goal of extending the defensive boundaries of the empire beyond Septimania and the Pyrenees, creating a strong barrier state between the Umayyad Emirate and Francia. This buffer zone known as the "Spanish March" would become a focus for the Reconquista.
Legacy
Arabic words were borrowed, such as tordjman (translator) which became drogoman in Provençal, and is still in use in the expression "par le truchement de"; charaha (to discuss), which became "charabia". Some place names were also derived from Arabic or in memory of past Muslim inhabitance, such as Ramatuelle and Saint-Pierre de l'Almanarre (from al-manar i.e. 'the lighthouse').
Notes
== Sources ==
|
has part(s)
|
{
"answer_start": [
811
],
"text": [
"Battle of Tours"
]
}
|
The Umayyad invasion of Gaul occurred in two phases in 719 and 732 AD. Although the Umayyads secured control of Septimania, their incursions beyond this into the Loire and Rhône valleys failed. By 759 Muslim forces had lost Septimania to the Christian Franks and retreated to Iberia.
The invasion of Gaul was a continuation of the Umayyad conquest of Hispania into the region of Septimania, the last remnant of the Visigothic Kingdom north of the Pyrenees. After the fall of Narbonne, the capital of the Visigothic rump state, in 720, Umayyad armies composed of Arabs and Berbers turned north against Aquitaine. Their advance was stopped at the Battle of Toulouse in 721, but they sporadically raided southern Gaul as far as Avignon, Lyon and Autun.A major Umayyad raid directed at Tours was defeated in the Battle of Tours in 732. After 732, the Franks asserted their authority in Aquitaine and Burgundy, but only in 759 did they manage to take the Mediterranean region of Septimania, due to Muslim neglect and local Gothic disaffection.A later Muslim incursion into France, in the ninth century, resulted in the establishment of Fraxinetum, a fortress in Provence that lasted for nearly a century.
Umayyad conquest of Septimania
By 716, under the pressure of the Umayyad Caliphate from the south, the Kingdom of the Visigoths had been rapidly reduced to the province of Narbonensis (Septimania), a region which corresponds approximately to the modern Languedoc-Roussillon. In 713 the Visigoths of Septimania elected Ardo as king. He ruled from Narbonne. In 717, the Umayyads under al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi crossed the Pyrenees for the first time on a reconnaissance mission. The following campaign of conquest in Septimania lasted three years. Late Muslims sources, such as Ahmad al-Maqqari, describe Musa ibn Nusayr (712–714) as leading an expedition to the Rhône at the far east of the Visigothic kingdom, but these are not reliable.The next Umayyad governor, al-Samh, crossed the Pyrenees in 719 and conquered Narbonne (Arbuna to the Arabs) in that year or the following (720). According to the Chronicle of Moissac, the inhabitants of the city were slaughtered. The fall of the city ended the seven-year reign of Ardo and with it the Visigothic kingdom, but Visigothic nobles continued to hold the Septimanian cities of Carcassonne and Nîmes. Nevertheless, al-Samh established garrisons in Septimania (721), intending to incorporate it permanently into al-Andalus.However, the Umayyad tide was temporarily halted in the large-scale Battle of Toulouse (721), when al-Samh (Zama to the Christian chronicles) was killed by Odo of Aquitaine. In general terms the Gothic Septimania surrendered to the Muslims in favourable conditions for them, allowing the Umayyads to rule the region with the conditioned support of the local population and the Gothic nobles.
In 725, his successor, Anbasa ibn Suhaym al-Kalbi, besieged the city of Carcassonne, which had to agree to give half of its territory, pay tribute, and make an offensive and defensive alliance with Muslim forces. Nîmes and all the other main Septimanian cities fell too under the sway of the Umayyads. In the 720s the savage fighting, the massacres and destruction particularly affecting the Ebro valley and Septimania unleashed a flow of refugees who mainly found shelter in southern Aquitaine across the Pyrenees, and Provence.Sometime during this period, the Berber commander Uthman ibn Naissa ("Munuza") became governor of the Cerdanya (also including a large swathe of present-day Catalonia). By that time, resentment against Arab rulers was growing within the Berber troops.
Raid into Aquitaine and Poitou
Uthman ibn Naissa's revolt
By 725, all of Septimania was under Umayyad rule. Uthman ibn Naissa, the Pyrenean Berber lord ruler of the eastern Pyrenees, detached from Cordova, establishing a principality based on a Berber power base (731). The Berber leader allied with the Aquitanian duke Odo, who was eager to stabilize his borders, and is reported to have married Odo's daughter Lampegia. Uthman ibn Naissa went on to kill Nambaudus, the bishop of Urgell, an official acting on the orders of the Church of Toledo.
The new Umayyad governor in Cordova, Abd al-Rahman al-Ghafiqi, mustered an expedition to punish the Berber commander's insubordination, surrounding and putting him to death in Cerdanya, according to the Mozarabic Chronicler, a just retribution for killing the Gothic bishop.
Umayyad expedition over Aquitaine
Emboldened by his success, he attacked Uthman ibn Naissa's Aquitanian ally Duke Odo, who had just encountered Charles Martel's devastating offensive on Bourges and northern Aquitaine (731). Still managing to recruit the necessary number of soldiers, the independent Odo confronted al-Ghafiqi's forces that had broken north by the western Pyrenees, but could not hold back the Arab commander's thrust against Bordeaux. The Aquitanian leader was beaten at the Battle of the River Garonne in 732. The Umayyad force then moved north to invade Poitou in order to plunder the Basilica of Saint-Martin-de-Tours.
Battle of Poitiers (732)
Odo still found the opportunity to save his grip on Aquitaine by warning the rising Frankish commander Charles of the impending danger against the Frankish sacred city of Tours. Umayyad forces were defeated in the Battle of Poitiers in 732, considered by many the turning point of Muslim expansion in Gaul. With the death of Odo in 735 and after putting down the Aquitanian detachment attempt led by duke Hunald, Charles Martel went on to deal with Burgundy (734, 736) and the Mediterranean south of Gaul (736, 737).
Expansion to Provence and Charles Martel
Still, in 734, Umayyad forces (called "Saracens" by the Europeans at the time) under Abd el-Malik el Fihri, Abd al-Rahman's successor, received without a fight the submission of the cities of Avignon, Arles, and probably Marseille, ruled by count Maurontus. The patrician of Provence had called Andalusi forces in to protect his strongholds from the Carolingian thrust, maybe estimating his own garrisons too weak to fend off Charles Martel's well-organised, strong army made up of vassi enriched with Church lands.
Charles faced the opposition of various regional actors. To begin with the Gothic and Gallo-Roman nobility of the region, who feared his aggressive and overbearing policy. Charles decided to ally with the Lombard King Liutprand in order to repel the Umayyads and the regional nobility of Gothic and Gallo-Roman stock. He also underwent the hostility of the dukes of Aquitaine, who jeopardized Charles' and his successor Pepin's rearguard (737, 752) during their military operations in Septimania and Provence. The dukes of Aquitaine in turn largely relied on the strength of the Basque troops, acting on a strategic alliance with the Aquitanians since mid-7th century.
In 737, Charles captured and reduced Avignon to rubble, in addition to destroying the Umayyad fleet. Charles' brother, Childebrand, failed however in the siege of Narbonne. Charles attacked several other cities which had collaborated with the Umayyads, and destroyed their fortifications: Beziers, Agde, Maguelone, Montpellier, Nîmes. Before his return to northern Francia, Charles had managed to crush all opposition in Provence and Lower Rhone. Count Maurontus of Marseille fled to the Alps.
Loss of Septimania
Muslims maintained their authority over Septimania for another 15 years. However, in 752, the newly proclaimed King Pepin, the son of Charles, led a new campaign into Septimania, when regional Gothic allegiances were shifting in his favour. That year, Pepin conquered Nimes and went on to subdue most of Septimania up to the gates of Narbonne. In his quest to subdue the region, Charles met the opposition of another actor, the Duke of Aquitaine. The Duke Waiffer, aware of Pepin's expansionist ambitions, is recorded as attacking him on the rearguard with an army of Basques during the siege of Narbonne.
It was ultimately the Frankish king who managed to take Narbonne in 759, after vowing to respect the Gothic law and earning the allegiance of the Gothic nobility and population, thus marking the end of the Muslim presence in southern Gaul. Furthermore, Pepin directed all his war effort against the Duchy of Aquitaine immediately after subduing Roussillon.
Pepin's son, Charlemagne, fulfilled the Frankish goal of extending the defensive boundaries of the empire beyond Septimania and the Pyrenees, creating a strong barrier state between the Umayyad Emirate and Francia. This buffer zone known as the "Spanish March" would become a focus for the Reconquista.
Legacy
Arabic words were borrowed, such as tordjman (translator) which became drogoman in Provençal, and is still in use in the expression "par le truchement de"; charaha (to discuss), which became "charabia". Some place names were also derived from Arabic or in memory of past Muslim inhabitance, such as Ramatuelle and Saint-Pierre de l'Almanarre (from al-manar i.e. 'the lighthouse').
Notes
== Sources ==
|
participant
|
{
"answer_start": [
7258
],
"text": [
"Francia"
]
}
|
The Umayyad invasion of Gaul occurred in two phases in 719 and 732 AD. Although the Umayyads secured control of Septimania, their incursions beyond this into the Loire and Rhône valleys failed. By 759 Muslim forces had lost Septimania to the Christian Franks and retreated to Iberia.
The invasion of Gaul was a continuation of the Umayyad conquest of Hispania into the region of Septimania, the last remnant of the Visigothic Kingdom north of the Pyrenees. After the fall of Narbonne, the capital of the Visigothic rump state, in 720, Umayyad armies composed of Arabs and Berbers turned north against Aquitaine. Their advance was stopped at the Battle of Toulouse in 721, but they sporadically raided southern Gaul as far as Avignon, Lyon and Autun.A major Umayyad raid directed at Tours was defeated in the Battle of Tours in 732. After 732, the Franks asserted their authority in Aquitaine and Burgundy, but only in 759 did they manage to take the Mediterranean region of Septimania, due to Muslim neglect and local Gothic disaffection.A later Muslim incursion into France, in the ninth century, resulted in the establishment of Fraxinetum, a fortress in Provence that lasted for nearly a century.
Umayyad conquest of Septimania
By 716, under the pressure of the Umayyad Caliphate from the south, the Kingdom of the Visigoths had been rapidly reduced to the province of Narbonensis (Septimania), a region which corresponds approximately to the modern Languedoc-Roussillon. In 713 the Visigoths of Septimania elected Ardo as king. He ruled from Narbonne. In 717, the Umayyads under al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi crossed the Pyrenees for the first time on a reconnaissance mission. The following campaign of conquest in Septimania lasted three years. Late Muslims sources, such as Ahmad al-Maqqari, describe Musa ibn Nusayr (712–714) as leading an expedition to the Rhône at the far east of the Visigothic kingdom, but these are not reliable.The next Umayyad governor, al-Samh, crossed the Pyrenees in 719 and conquered Narbonne (Arbuna to the Arabs) in that year or the following (720). According to the Chronicle of Moissac, the inhabitants of the city were slaughtered. The fall of the city ended the seven-year reign of Ardo and with it the Visigothic kingdom, but Visigothic nobles continued to hold the Septimanian cities of Carcassonne and Nîmes. Nevertheless, al-Samh established garrisons in Septimania (721), intending to incorporate it permanently into al-Andalus.However, the Umayyad tide was temporarily halted in the large-scale Battle of Toulouse (721), when al-Samh (Zama to the Christian chronicles) was killed by Odo of Aquitaine. In general terms the Gothic Septimania surrendered to the Muslims in favourable conditions for them, allowing the Umayyads to rule the region with the conditioned support of the local population and the Gothic nobles.
In 725, his successor, Anbasa ibn Suhaym al-Kalbi, besieged the city of Carcassonne, which had to agree to give half of its territory, pay tribute, and make an offensive and defensive alliance with Muslim forces. Nîmes and all the other main Septimanian cities fell too under the sway of the Umayyads. In the 720s the savage fighting, the massacres and destruction particularly affecting the Ebro valley and Septimania unleashed a flow of refugees who mainly found shelter in southern Aquitaine across the Pyrenees, and Provence.Sometime during this period, the Berber commander Uthman ibn Naissa ("Munuza") became governor of the Cerdanya (also including a large swathe of present-day Catalonia). By that time, resentment against Arab rulers was growing within the Berber troops.
Raid into Aquitaine and Poitou
Uthman ibn Naissa's revolt
By 725, all of Septimania was under Umayyad rule. Uthman ibn Naissa, the Pyrenean Berber lord ruler of the eastern Pyrenees, detached from Cordova, establishing a principality based on a Berber power base (731). The Berber leader allied with the Aquitanian duke Odo, who was eager to stabilize his borders, and is reported to have married Odo's daughter Lampegia. Uthman ibn Naissa went on to kill Nambaudus, the bishop of Urgell, an official acting on the orders of the Church of Toledo.
The new Umayyad governor in Cordova, Abd al-Rahman al-Ghafiqi, mustered an expedition to punish the Berber commander's insubordination, surrounding and putting him to death in Cerdanya, according to the Mozarabic Chronicler, a just retribution for killing the Gothic bishop.
Umayyad expedition over Aquitaine
Emboldened by his success, he attacked Uthman ibn Naissa's Aquitanian ally Duke Odo, who had just encountered Charles Martel's devastating offensive on Bourges and northern Aquitaine (731). Still managing to recruit the necessary number of soldiers, the independent Odo confronted al-Ghafiqi's forces that had broken north by the western Pyrenees, but could not hold back the Arab commander's thrust against Bordeaux. The Aquitanian leader was beaten at the Battle of the River Garonne in 732. The Umayyad force then moved north to invade Poitou in order to plunder the Basilica of Saint-Martin-de-Tours.
Battle of Poitiers (732)
Odo still found the opportunity to save his grip on Aquitaine by warning the rising Frankish commander Charles of the impending danger against the Frankish sacred city of Tours. Umayyad forces were defeated in the Battle of Poitiers in 732, considered by many the turning point of Muslim expansion in Gaul. With the death of Odo in 735 and after putting down the Aquitanian detachment attempt led by duke Hunald, Charles Martel went on to deal with Burgundy (734, 736) and the Mediterranean south of Gaul (736, 737).
Expansion to Provence and Charles Martel
Still, in 734, Umayyad forces (called "Saracens" by the Europeans at the time) under Abd el-Malik el Fihri, Abd al-Rahman's successor, received without a fight the submission of the cities of Avignon, Arles, and probably Marseille, ruled by count Maurontus. The patrician of Provence had called Andalusi forces in to protect his strongholds from the Carolingian thrust, maybe estimating his own garrisons too weak to fend off Charles Martel's well-organised, strong army made up of vassi enriched with Church lands.
Charles faced the opposition of various regional actors. To begin with the Gothic and Gallo-Roman nobility of the region, who feared his aggressive and overbearing policy. Charles decided to ally with the Lombard King Liutprand in order to repel the Umayyads and the regional nobility of Gothic and Gallo-Roman stock. He also underwent the hostility of the dukes of Aquitaine, who jeopardized Charles' and his successor Pepin's rearguard (737, 752) during their military operations in Septimania and Provence. The dukes of Aquitaine in turn largely relied on the strength of the Basque troops, acting on a strategic alliance with the Aquitanians since mid-7th century.
In 737, Charles captured and reduced Avignon to rubble, in addition to destroying the Umayyad fleet. Charles' brother, Childebrand, failed however in the siege of Narbonne. Charles attacked several other cities which had collaborated with the Umayyads, and destroyed their fortifications: Beziers, Agde, Maguelone, Montpellier, Nîmes. Before his return to northern Francia, Charles had managed to crush all opposition in Provence and Lower Rhone. Count Maurontus of Marseille fled to the Alps.
Loss of Septimania
Muslims maintained their authority over Septimania for another 15 years. However, in 752, the newly proclaimed King Pepin, the son of Charles, led a new campaign into Septimania, when regional Gothic allegiances were shifting in his favour. That year, Pepin conquered Nimes and went on to subdue most of Septimania up to the gates of Narbonne. In his quest to subdue the region, Charles met the opposition of another actor, the Duke of Aquitaine. The Duke Waiffer, aware of Pepin's expansionist ambitions, is recorded as attacking him on the rearguard with an army of Basques during the siege of Narbonne.
It was ultimately the Frankish king who managed to take Narbonne in 759, after vowing to respect the Gothic law and earning the allegiance of the Gothic nobility and population, thus marking the end of the Muslim presence in southern Gaul. Furthermore, Pepin directed all his war effort against the Duchy of Aquitaine immediately after subduing Roussillon.
Pepin's son, Charlemagne, fulfilled the Frankish goal of extending the defensive boundaries of the empire beyond Septimania and the Pyrenees, creating a strong barrier state between the Umayyad Emirate and Francia. This buffer zone known as the "Spanish March" would become a focus for the Reconquista.
Legacy
Arabic words were borrowed, such as tordjman (translator) which became drogoman in Provençal, and is still in use in the expression "par le truchement de"; charaha (to discuss), which became "charabia". Some place names were also derived from Arabic or in memory of past Muslim inhabitance, such as Ramatuelle and Saint-Pierre de l'Almanarre (from al-manar i.e. 'the lighthouse').
Notes
== Sources ==
|
replaces
|
{
"answer_start": [
334
],
"text": [
"Umayyad conquest of Hispania"
]
}
|
The Hakone Barrier (箱根関, Hakone Seki) was a security checkpoint which was established by the Tokugawa Shogunate on the Tōkaidō highway connecting the capital of Edo with Kyoto in Edo period Japan. In 1923, the site was recognized as a National Historic Site.
Overview
The route of the ancient Tōkaidō highway connecting the Kansai region with the Kantō region of Japan passes through the Hakone Mountains, which forms a natural geographic chokepoint in the route. This was recognized from at least as early as the Nara period and there are indications that the Hakone Shrine was built in part to control the narrowest portion of this route. In the Heian period, Taira no Masakado dispatched troops to this location in anticipation of an invasion of government forces into the Kantō region during his revolt. Similarly, during the Jōkyū War of the Kamakura period Hōjō Yoshitoki ordered that a permanent garrison be based at the pass for similar reasons. During the Muromachi period, the jurisdiction over the pass came under the control of the Kamakura-fu and barriers were established mostly for purposes of taxation of travelers. Some of these barriers were temporary, as it is recorded that in 1380, a barrier was established for a three-year period to provide funding for the reconstruction of the temple of Engaku-ji in Kamakura. This practice continued into the Sengoku period, with control of the pass under the Late Hōjō clan. After the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate, the Hakone Pass was regarded as of key strategic importance in the outer defenses of Edo Castle. The shogunate built a new shukuba named Hakone-juku and relocated the site of the Hakone Barrier to the shore of Lake Ashi. For most of its existence, the barrier was operated for the shogunate by Odawara Domain. Physically, the barrier consisted of a pair of wooden gates on the highway, separated by a distance of 18 meters. The area in between the gates was flanked by buildings on both side, where travelers were required to submit their travel permits, goods were examined, and taxes were levied on commercial travelers with merchandise. However, the main purpose of the Hakone Barrier was security, especially the enforcement of the shogunate's regulations on transportation of weapons into Edo and the travel of women out of Edo. As the wives and families of the various daimyō were required to remain in Edo as hostages to the shogunate, this latter regulation was strictly enforced. Out of the staff of 20 people manning the barrier, several were women who performed a physical examination female travelers to ensure that no woman of rank was attempting the leave the capital without permission. The Hakone Barrier was abolished in 1869 by the new Meiji government along with all similar barriers around the country. The site of the Hakone Barrier was designated a National Historic Site in 1923, and a museum was opened in 1965. The site was excavated from 1999 to 2001, and a number of buildings were reconstructed based on the foundations discovered and mid-Edo period descriptions. The museum was remodeled in 2013.
Gallery
See also
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Kanagawa)
References
Carey, Patrick. Rediscovering the Old Tokaido:In the Footsteps of Hiroshige. Global Books UK (2000). ISBN 1901903109
Nenzi, Laura. Excursions in Identity: Travel and the Intersection of Place, Gender, and Status in Edo Japan. University of Hawaii Press (2008) ISBN 0824831179
Taganau, Jilly. The Tokaido Road: Travelling and Representation in Edo and Meiji Japan. RoutledgeCurzon (2004). ISBN 0415310911
Vaporis, Constantine. Breaking Barriers: Travel and the State in Early Modern Japan, Harvard University Asia Center (1995). ISBN 0674081072
External links
official home page(in Japanese)
Hakone Geopark home page(in Japanese)
== Notes ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
190
],
"text": [
"Japan"
]
}
|
The Hakone Barrier (箱根関, Hakone Seki) was a security checkpoint which was established by the Tokugawa Shogunate on the Tōkaidō highway connecting the capital of Edo with Kyoto in Edo period Japan. In 1923, the site was recognized as a National Historic Site.
Overview
The route of the ancient Tōkaidō highway connecting the Kansai region with the Kantō region of Japan passes through the Hakone Mountains, which forms a natural geographic chokepoint in the route. This was recognized from at least as early as the Nara period and there are indications that the Hakone Shrine was built in part to control the narrowest portion of this route. In the Heian period, Taira no Masakado dispatched troops to this location in anticipation of an invasion of government forces into the Kantō region during his revolt. Similarly, during the Jōkyū War of the Kamakura period Hōjō Yoshitoki ordered that a permanent garrison be based at the pass for similar reasons. During the Muromachi period, the jurisdiction over the pass came under the control of the Kamakura-fu and barriers were established mostly for purposes of taxation of travelers. Some of these barriers were temporary, as it is recorded that in 1380, a barrier was established for a three-year period to provide funding for the reconstruction of the temple of Engaku-ji in Kamakura. This practice continued into the Sengoku period, with control of the pass under the Late Hōjō clan. After the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate, the Hakone Pass was regarded as of key strategic importance in the outer defenses of Edo Castle. The shogunate built a new shukuba named Hakone-juku and relocated the site of the Hakone Barrier to the shore of Lake Ashi. For most of its existence, the barrier was operated for the shogunate by Odawara Domain. Physically, the barrier consisted of a pair of wooden gates on the highway, separated by a distance of 18 meters. The area in between the gates was flanked by buildings on both side, where travelers were required to submit their travel permits, goods were examined, and taxes were levied on commercial travelers with merchandise. However, the main purpose of the Hakone Barrier was security, especially the enforcement of the shogunate's regulations on transportation of weapons into Edo and the travel of women out of Edo. As the wives and families of the various daimyō were required to remain in Edo as hostages to the shogunate, this latter regulation was strictly enforced. Out of the staff of 20 people manning the barrier, several were women who performed a physical examination female travelers to ensure that no woman of rank was attempting the leave the capital without permission. The Hakone Barrier was abolished in 1869 by the new Meiji government along with all similar barriers around the country. The site of the Hakone Barrier was designated a National Historic Site in 1923, and a museum was opened in 1965. The site was excavated from 1999 to 2001, and a number of buildings were reconstructed based on the foundations discovered and mid-Edo period descriptions. The museum was remodeled in 2013.
Gallery
See also
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Kanagawa)
References
Carey, Patrick. Rediscovering the Old Tokaido:In the Footsteps of Hiroshige. Global Books UK (2000). ISBN 1901903109
Nenzi, Laura. Excursions in Identity: Travel and the Intersection of Place, Gender, and Status in Edo Japan. University of Hawaii Press (2008) ISBN 0824831179
Taganau, Jilly. The Tokaido Road: Travelling and Representation in Edo and Meiji Japan. RoutledgeCurzon (2004). ISBN 0415310911
Vaporis, Constantine. Breaking Barriers: Travel and the State in Early Modern Japan, Harvard University Asia Center (1995). ISBN 0674081072
External links
official home page(in Japanese)
Hakone Geopark home page(in Japanese)
== Notes ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Hakone"
]
}
|
The Hakone Barrier (箱根関, Hakone Seki) was a security checkpoint which was established by the Tokugawa Shogunate on the Tōkaidō highway connecting the capital of Edo with Kyoto in Edo period Japan. In 1923, the site was recognized as a National Historic Site.
Overview
The route of the ancient Tōkaidō highway connecting the Kansai region with the Kantō region of Japan passes through the Hakone Mountains, which forms a natural geographic chokepoint in the route. This was recognized from at least as early as the Nara period and there are indications that the Hakone Shrine was built in part to control the narrowest portion of this route. In the Heian period, Taira no Masakado dispatched troops to this location in anticipation of an invasion of government forces into the Kantō region during his revolt. Similarly, during the Jōkyū War of the Kamakura period Hōjō Yoshitoki ordered that a permanent garrison be based at the pass for similar reasons. During the Muromachi period, the jurisdiction over the pass came under the control of the Kamakura-fu and barriers were established mostly for purposes of taxation of travelers. Some of these barriers were temporary, as it is recorded that in 1380, a barrier was established for a three-year period to provide funding for the reconstruction of the temple of Engaku-ji in Kamakura. This practice continued into the Sengoku period, with control of the pass under the Late Hōjō clan. After the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate, the Hakone Pass was regarded as of key strategic importance in the outer defenses of Edo Castle. The shogunate built a new shukuba named Hakone-juku and relocated the site of the Hakone Barrier to the shore of Lake Ashi. For most of its existence, the barrier was operated for the shogunate by Odawara Domain. Physically, the barrier consisted of a pair of wooden gates on the highway, separated by a distance of 18 meters. The area in between the gates was flanked by buildings on both side, where travelers were required to submit their travel permits, goods were examined, and taxes were levied on commercial travelers with merchandise. However, the main purpose of the Hakone Barrier was security, especially the enforcement of the shogunate's regulations on transportation of weapons into Edo and the travel of women out of Edo. As the wives and families of the various daimyō were required to remain in Edo as hostages to the shogunate, this latter regulation was strictly enforced. Out of the staff of 20 people manning the barrier, several were women who performed a physical examination female travelers to ensure that no woman of rank was attempting the leave the capital without permission. The Hakone Barrier was abolished in 1869 by the new Meiji government along with all similar barriers around the country. The site of the Hakone Barrier was designated a National Historic Site in 1923, and a museum was opened in 1965. The site was excavated from 1999 to 2001, and a number of buildings were reconstructed based on the foundations discovered and mid-Edo period descriptions. The museum was remodeled in 2013.
Gallery
See also
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Kanagawa)
References
Carey, Patrick. Rediscovering the Old Tokaido:In the Footsteps of Hiroshige. Global Books UK (2000). ISBN 1901903109
Nenzi, Laura. Excursions in Identity: Travel and the Intersection of Place, Gender, and Status in Edo Japan. University of Hawaii Press (2008) ISBN 0824831179
Taganau, Jilly. The Tokaido Road: Travelling and Representation in Edo and Meiji Japan. RoutledgeCurzon (2004). ISBN 0415310911
Vaporis, Constantine. Breaking Barriers: Travel and the State in Early Modern Japan, Harvard University Asia Center (1995). ISBN 0674081072
External links
official home page(in Japanese)
Hakone Geopark home page(in Japanese)
== Notes ==
|
located in or next to body of water
|
{
"answer_start": [
1698
],
"text": [
"Lake Ashi"
]
}
|
The Hakone Barrier (箱根関, Hakone Seki) was a security checkpoint which was established by the Tokugawa Shogunate on the Tōkaidō highway connecting the capital of Edo with Kyoto in Edo period Japan. In 1923, the site was recognized as a National Historic Site.
Overview
The route of the ancient Tōkaidō highway connecting the Kansai region with the Kantō region of Japan passes through the Hakone Mountains, which forms a natural geographic chokepoint in the route. This was recognized from at least as early as the Nara period and there are indications that the Hakone Shrine was built in part to control the narrowest portion of this route. In the Heian period, Taira no Masakado dispatched troops to this location in anticipation of an invasion of government forces into the Kantō region during his revolt. Similarly, during the Jōkyū War of the Kamakura period Hōjō Yoshitoki ordered that a permanent garrison be based at the pass for similar reasons. During the Muromachi period, the jurisdiction over the pass came under the control of the Kamakura-fu and barriers were established mostly for purposes of taxation of travelers. Some of these barriers were temporary, as it is recorded that in 1380, a barrier was established for a three-year period to provide funding for the reconstruction of the temple of Engaku-ji in Kamakura. This practice continued into the Sengoku period, with control of the pass under the Late Hōjō clan. After the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate, the Hakone Pass was regarded as of key strategic importance in the outer defenses of Edo Castle. The shogunate built a new shukuba named Hakone-juku and relocated the site of the Hakone Barrier to the shore of Lake Ashi. For most of its existence, the barrier was operated for the shogunate by Odawara Domain. Physically, the barrier consisted of a pair of wooden gates on the highway, separated by a distance of 18 meters. The area in between the gates was flanked by buildings on both side, where travelers were required to submit their travel permits, goods were examined, and taxes were levied on commercial travelers with merchandise. However, the main purpose of the Hakone Barrier was security, especially the enforcement of the shogunate's regulations on transportation of weapons into Edo and the travel of women out of Edo. As the wives and families of the various daimyō were required to remain in Edo as hostages to the shogunate, this latter regulation was strictly enforced. Out of the staff of 20 people manning the barrier, several were women who performed a physical examination female travelers to ensure that no woman of rank was attempting the leave the capital without permission. The Hakone Barrier was abolished in 1869 by the new Meiji government along with all similar barriers around the country. The site of the Hakone Barrier was designated a National Historic Site in 1923, and a museum was opened in 1965. The site was excavated from 1999 to 2001, and a number of buildings were reconstructed based on the foundations discovered and mid-Edo period descriptions. The museum was remodeled in 2013.
Gallery
See also
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Kanagawa)
References
Carey, Patrick. Rediscovering the Old Tokaido:In the Footsteps of Hiroshige. Global Books UK (2000). ISBN 1901903109
Nenzi, Laura. Excursions in Identity: Travel and the Intersection of Place, Gender, and Status in Edo Japan. University of Hawaii Press (2008) ISBN 0824831179
Taganau, Jilly. The Tokaido Road: Travelling and Representation in Edo and Meiji Japan. RoutledgeCurzon (2004). ISBN 0415310911
Vaporis, Constantine. Breaking Barriers: Travel and the State in Early Modern Japan, Harvard University Asia Center (1995). ISBN 0674081072
External links
official home page(in Japanese)
Hakone Geopark home page(in Japanese)
== Notes ==
|
located on street
|
{
"answer_start": [
119
],
"text": [
"Tōkaidō"
]
}
|
René Assouman Joeffrey is a Rwandan footballer who currently plays for Hillerød IF of the Danish 2nd Division, and the Rwanda national team.
Youth
Joeffrey was born in Rwanda to a DR Congolese father and Rwandan mother. His family moved to Denmark when he was nine years old. He began playing football when he was twelve.
International career
In July 2021 Joeffrey received his first international call-up for Rwanda ahead of the 2021 CECAFA U-23 Challenge Cup. However, Rwanda pulled out of the competition because of the COVID-19 pandemic. He was called up to the senior squad the following December for a pair of friendlies against Guinea in January 2022. He made his senior international debut on 3 January 2022 in the first match of the series.
International career statistics
As of match played 3 January 2022
References
External links
René Assouman Joeffrey at National-Football-Teams.com
René Assouman Joeffrey at Global Sports Archive
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"Rwanda"
]
}
|
The Storm-class patrol boat was a series of fast patrol boats (FPB) consisting of 20 vessels built for the Royal Norwegian Navy.
In Norwegian these boats were called missilkanonbåter (MKB) meaning boats with missiles and guns. They were operated by the Coastal Combat Flotilla together with the MTBs, or missile torpedo boats. None of the boats are currently in service with the Royal Norwegian Navy. The design was Norwegian and all of the boats were built by Norwegian ship yards from 1965 to 1967. In the 1990s, Norway donated vessels of the class to Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
Design
The Storm class was designed by Lieutenant-Commander (later Captain) Harald Henriksen. The same man was also involved in the design of the Rapp-class motor torpedo boats - the first Norwegian-built MTBs. Later, he also designed the Snøgg- and Hauk-class MTBs. Henriksen's wife, Margot Henriksen, christened the first KNM Skjold (P 963), delivered to the Norwegian navy in February 1966 from Westermoen yard in Mandal.
The prototype Storm, completed 31 May 1963, was later scrapped and replaced by a second boat taking the same name and pennant number P960; the last of the class completed in 1968. After 1970 Penguin missiles were fitted to these boats in addition to the original armament.
Operational history
Norway donated a Storm-class vessel each to Estonia and Lithuania and three to Latvia in 1995. In the Lithuanian Navy, the ex-Storm class are designated the Dzūkas class, and in the Latvian Navy, the ex-Storms were designated the Bulta class. Since the 1999 edition of The World Defence Almanac the Storm class has not been listed for the Estonian Navy.At the end of the 1990s, two vessels were sold to Lithuania and three were sold to Latvia. A further three hulls may have been donated to each of the Baltic countries as spare parts.Last operator was the Lithuanian Navy which operated two Storm-class boats, Sėlis (transferred 2001) and Skalvis (transferred 2001).
Vessels
The vessels are listed with their pennant numbers in RNoN service:
Arg P968 (1966-1991) Donated to Estonia. Served with the Estonian Border Guard as Torm, now part of the Estonian Maritime Museum.
Blink P961 Is on display, fully equipped at the Royal Norwegian Navy Museum in Horten, Norway.
Brann P970
Brask P977 Is on display on land at Haakonsvern Naval Base in Bergen.
Brott P974
Djerv P966 (1966-2000) Sold to the Latvian Navy and renamed LVNS Zibens (decommissioned).
Glimt P962
Gnist P979 (1967-2000) Sold to the Latvian Navy and renamed LVNS Linga (decommissioned)
Hvass P972 (1966-2000) Sold to the Latvian Navy and renamed LVNS Lode (decommissioned).
Kjekk P965 (1966-2000) Donated to the Lithuanian Navy and renamed LNS P31 Dzūkas (decommissioned).
Odd P975
Pil P976 Previously used as a damage control and fire fighting training vessel. Placed on land at Haakonsvern Naval base.
Rokk P978
Skjold P963
Skudd P967 (1966-2000) Sold to the Lithuanian Navy and renamed LNS Sėlis (decommissioned).
Steil P969 (1967-2000) Sold to the Lithuanian Navy and renamed LNS Skalvis (decommissioned).
Storm P960
Traust P973 (1967-1994) Donated to the Latvian Navy and renamed LVNS Bulta(decommissioned).
Tross P971
Trygg P964
Gallery
HNoMS Blink P961 - Outside
HNoMS Blink P961 - Inside and under deck
References
Citations
Sources
Information folder from Forsvarets rekrutterings- og mediesenter (Norwegian defence recruitment and media center) 1991/92
Article about Norwegian–Baltic naval cooperation (in Norwegian)
LVNS Linga's home page
External links
Nice photo of Brask on land with German, Danish, Polish and Norwegian FPB officers in front (in Norwegian)
|
operator
|
{
"answer_start": [
107
],
"text": [
"Royal Norwegian Navy"
]
}
|
The Storm-class patrol boat was a series of fast patrol boats (FPB) consisting of 20 vessels built for the Royal Norwegian Navy.
In Norwegian these boats were called missilkanonbåter (MKB) meaning boats with missiles and guns. They were operated by the Coastal Combat Flotilla together with the MTBs, or missile torpedo boats. None of the boats are currently in service with the Royal Norwegian Navy. The design was Norwegian and all of the boats were built by Norwegian ship yards from 1965 to 1967. In the 1990s, Norway donated vessels of the class to Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
Design
The Storm class was designed by Lieutenant-Commander (later Captain) Harald Henriksen. The same man was also involved in the design of the Rapp-class motor torpedo boats - the first Norwegian-built MTBs. Later, he also designed the Snøgg- and Hauk-class MTBs. Henriksen's wife, Margot Henriksen, christened the first KNM Skjold (P 963), delivered to the Norwegian navy in February 1966 from Westermoen yard in Mandal.
The prototype Storm, completed 31 May 1963, was later scrapped and replaced by a second boat taking the same name and pennant number P960; the last of the class completed in 1968. After 1970 Penguin missiles were fitted to these boats in addition to the original armament.
Operational history
Norway donated a Storm-class vessel each to Estonia and Lithuania and three to Latvia in 1995. In the Lithuanian Navy, the ex-Storm class are designated the Dzūkas class, and in the Latvian Navy, the ex-Storms were designated the Bulta class. Since the 1999 edition of The World Defence Almanac the Storm class has not been listed for the Estonian Navy.At the end of the 1990s, two vessels were sold to Lithuania and three were sold to Latvia. A further three hulls may have been donated to each of the Baltic countries as spare parts.Last operator was the Lithuanian Navy which operated two Storm-class boats, Sėlis (transferred 2001) and Skalvis (transferred 2001).
Vessels
The vessels are listed with their pennant numbers in RNoN service:
Arg P968 (1966-1991) Donated to Estonia. Served with the Estonian Border Guard as Torm, now part of the Estonian Maritime Museum.
Blink P961 Is on display, fully equipped at the Royal Norwegian Navy Museum in Horten, Norway.
Brann P970
Brask P977 Is on display on land at Haakonsvern Naval Base in Bergen.
Brott P974
Djerv P966 (1966-2000) Sold to the Latvian Navy and renamed LVNS Zibens (decommissioned).
Glimt P962
Gnist P979 (1967-2000) Sold to the Latvian Navy and renamed LVNS Linga (decommissioned)
Hvass P972 (1966-2000) Sold to the Latvian Navy and renamed LVNS Lode (decommissioned).
Kjekk P965 (1966-2000) Donated to the Lithuanian Navy and renamed LNS P31 Dzūkas (decommissioned).
Odd P975
Pil P976 Previously used as a damage control and fire fighting training vessel. Placed on land at Haakonsvern Naval base.
Rokk P978
Skjold P963
Skudd P967 (1966-2000) Sold to the Lithuanian Navy and renamed LNS Sėlis (decommissioned).
Steil P969 (1967-2000) Sold to the Lithuanian Navy and renamed LNS Skalvis (decommissioned).
Storm P960
Traust P973 (1967-1994) Donated to the Latvian Navy and renamed LVNS Bulta(decommissioned).
Tross P971
Trygg P964
Gallery
HNoMS Blink P961 - Outside
HNoMS Blink P961 - Inside and under deck
References
Citations
Sources
Information folder from Forsvarets rekrutterings- og mediesenter (Norwegian defence recruitment and media center) 1991/92
Article about Norwegian–Baltic naval cooperation (in Norwegian)
LVNS Linga's home page
External links
Nice photo of Brask on land with German, Danish, Polish and Norwegian FPB officers in front (in Norwegian)
|
country of origin
|
{
"answer_start": [
515
],
"text": [
"Norway"
]
}
|
The Storm-class patrol boat was a series of fast patrol boats (FPB) consisting of 20 vessels built for the Royal Norwegian Navy.
In Norwegian these boats were called missilkanonbåter (MKB) meaning boats with missiles and guns. They were operated by the Coastal Combat Flotilla together with the MTBs, or missile torpedo boats. None of the boats are currently in service with the Royal Norwegian Navy. The design was Norwegian and all of the boats were built by Norwegian ship yards from 1965 to 1967. In the 1990s, Norway donated vessels of the class to Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
Design
The Storm class was designed by Lieutenant-Commander (later Captain) Harald Henriksen. The same man was also involved in the design of the Rapp-class motor torpedo boats - the first Norwegian-built MTBs. Later, he also designed the Snøgg- and Hauk-class MTBs. Henriksen's wife, Margot Henriksen, christened the first KNM Skjold (P 963), delivered to the Norwegian navy in February 1966 from Westermoen yard in Mandal.
The prototype Storm, completed 31 May 1963, was later scrapped and replaced by a second boat taking the same name and pennant number P960; the last of the class completed in 1968. After 1970 Penguin missiles were fitted to these boats in addition to the original armament.
Operational history
Norway donated a Storm-class vessel each to Estonia and Lithuania and three to Latvia in 1995. In the Lithuanian Navy, the ex-Storm class are designated the Dzūkas class, and in the Latvian Navy, the ex-Storms were designated the Bulta class. Since the 1999 edition of The World Defence Almanac the Storm class has not been listed for the Estonian Navy.At the end of the 1990s, two vessels were sold to Lithuania and three were sold to Latvia. A further three hulls may have been donated to each of the Baltic countries as spare parts.Last operator was the Lithuanian Navy which operated two Storm-class boats, Sėlis (transferred 2001) and Skalvis (transferred 2001).
Vessels
The vessels are listed with their pennant numbers in RNoN service:
Arg P968 (1966-1991) Donated to Estonia. Served with the Estonian Border Guard as Torm, now part of the Estonian Maritime Museum.
Blink P961 Is on display, fully equipped at the Royal Norwegian Navy Museum in Horten, Norway.
Brann P970
Brask P977 Is on display on land at Haakonsvern Naval Base in Bergen.
Brott P974
Djerv P966 (1966-2000) Sold to the Latvian Navy and renamed LVNS Zibens (decommissioned).
Glimt P962
Gnist P979 (1967-2000) Sold to the Latvian Navy and renamed LVNS Linga (decommissioned)
Hvass P972 (1966-2000) Sold to the Latvian Navy and renamed LVNS Lode (decommissioned).
Kjekk P965 (1966-2000) Donated to the Lithuanian Navy and renamed LNS P31 Dzūkas (decommissioned).
Odd P975
Pil P976 Previously used as a damage control and fire fighting training vessel. Placed on land at Haakonsvern Naval base.
Rokk P978
Skjold P963
Skudd P967 (1966-2000) Sold to the Lithuanian Navy and renamed LNS Sėlis (decommissioned).
Steil P969 (1967-2000) Sold to the Lithuanian Navy and renamed LNS Skalvis (decommissioned).
Storm P960
Traust P973 (1967-1994) Donated to the Latvian Navy and renamed LVNS Bulta(decommissioned).
Tross P971
Trygg P964
Gallery
HNoMS Blink P961 - Outside
HNoMS Blink P961 - Inside and under deck
References
Citations
Sources
Information folder from Forsvarets rekrutterings- og mediesenter (Norwegian defence recruitment and media center) 1991/92
Article about Norwegian–Baltic naval cooperation (in Norwegian)
LVNS Linga's home page
External links
Nice photo of Brask on land with German, Danish, Polish and Norwegian FPB officers in front (in Norwegian)
|
short name
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Storm"
]
}
|
Lectionary 2145 designated by siglum ℓ 2145 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, written on 2 parchment leaves (22.5 by 15.3 cm). Paleographically it has been assigned to the 13th century.
Description
The codex contains Lessons from the four Gospels lectionary (Evangelistarium). The text is written in two columns per page, in 33 lines per page.The leaf contains portions of the readings (Menologion), for June 24 (Luke 1:59-80)-June 25 (Matthew 16: 13-18). The leaf housed at the Schøyen Collection contains Menologion for 6 September.
History
The codex was divided, and is held in two places. The leaf of the codex that belonged to Kenneth Willis Clark is held at the Kenneth Willis Clark Collection of the Duke University (Gk MS 43) at Durham. The other leaf is housed at the Schøyen Collection (MS 653) at Oslo.
See also
List of New Testament lectionaries
Biblical manuscript
Textual criticism
Uncial 0301
References
External links
Lectionary 2145 at the Kenneth Willis Clark Collection of Greek Manuscripts
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
99
],
"text": [
"manuscript"
]
}
|
CIMJ-FM (106.1 MHz, Magic 106), is a Canadian hot adult contemporary radio station based in Guelph, Ontario, in the Kitchener-Waterloo market. Its sister station is CJOY. Their studios are located at 75 Speedvale Ave East and its transmitter is located in Puslinch, between the Waterloo Region and Guelph.
History
16 May 1968: CRTC approves an application by CJOY Ltd. to operate a new FM station in Guelph. The initial studio and office address is 50 Wyndham Street.
1 July 1969: CJOY-FM begins its first broadcasts. It is authorised for 106.1 MHz frequency, 50 000 watts effective radiated power and 75.9 metres (249 ft) antenna height.
26 July 1972: CJOY-FM and its associated AM station (CJOY) are authorised to relocate their common offices and studios to 75 Speedvale Avenue East and have remained there since.
1975: CJOY-FM calls sign changes to CKLA-FM.
1977: CJOY Ltd. assumes at least partial ownership of AM station CFTJ in Cambridge.
1980: CRTC approves relocation of both the CJOY AM and FM transmitters.
28 April 1987: Kawartha Broadcasting Co. Ltd. purchases CJOY Ltd. (CKLA-FM and CJOY), including the associated Galt Broadcasting company which operates the Cambridge station formerly known as CFTJ (whose call sign became CIAM in 1987).
1989: CKLA-FM's owners now known as Power Broadcasting.
10 July 1992: The station's call letters are now CIMJ-FM, but begins to identify itself as Magic 106.1. The station format changes from easy listening to adult contemporary, featuring music from the 1970s to the 1990s.
29 August 1996: CRTC renews CIMJ-FM licence until 2003
2 June 1995: Station co-founder Wally Slatter dies.
February 1996: Station co-founder Fred Metcalf dies.
24 March 2000: CRTC approves sale of Power Broadcasting radio stations to Corus Radio, including CJOY-AM and CIMJ-FM
13 April 2000: Corus purchase of Power Broadcasting radio properties is completed.
July 2003: The station shifted to its present hot adult contemporary format after CIZN dropped its format and changed frequencies.
September 2007: Major studio renovations begin.
August 2008: Studios are completed and are on an AES 44.1 digital network. Digital audio is stored and played back uncompressed.
References
External links
Magic 106
CIMJ-FM history – Canadian Communications Foundation
CIMJ-FM in the REC Canadian station database
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
69
],
"text": [
"radio station"
]
}
|
CIMJ-FM (106.1 MHz, Magic 106), is a Canadian hot adult contemporary radio station based in Guelph, Ontario, in the Kitchener-Waterloo market. Its sister station is CJOY. Their studios are located at 75 Speedvale Ave East and its transmitter is located in Puslinch, between the Waterloo Region and Guelph.
History
16 May 1968: CRTC approves an application by CJOY Ltd. to operate a new FM station in Guelph. The initial studio and office address is 50 Wyndham Street.
1 July 1969: CJOY-FM begins its first broadcasts. It is authorised for 106.1 MHz frequency, 50 000 watts effective radiated power and 75.9 metres (249 ft) antenna height.
26 July 1972: CJOY-FM and its associated AM station (CJOY) are authorised to relocate their common offices and studios to 75 Speedvale Avenue East and have remained there since.
1975: CJOY-FM calls sign changes to CKLA-FM.
1977: CJOY Ltd. assumes at least partial ownership of AM station CFTJ in Cambridge.
1980: CRTC approves relocation of both the CJOY AM and FM transmitters.
28 April 1987: Kawartha Broadcasting Co. Ltd. purchases CJOY Ltd. (CKLA-FM and CJOY), including the associated Galt Broadcasting company which operates the Cambridge station formerly known as CFTJ (whose call sign became CIAM in 1987).
1989: CKLA-FM's owners now known as Power Broadcasting.
10 July 1992: The station's call letters are now CIMJ-FM, but begins to identify itself as Magic 106.1. The station format changes from easy listening to adult contemporary, featuring music from the 1970s to the 1990s.
29 August 1996: CRTC renews CIMJ-FM licence until 2003
2 June 1995: Station co-founder Wally Slatter dies.
February 1996: Station co-founder Fred Metcalf dies.
24 March 2000: CRTC approves sale of Power Broadcasting radio stations to Corus Radio, including CJOY-AM and CIMJ-FM
13 April 2000: Corus purchase of Power Broadcasting radio properties is completed.
July 2003: The station shifted to its present hot adult contemporary format after CIZN dropped its format and changed frequencies.
September 2007: Major studio renovations begin.
August 2008: Studios are completed and are on an AES 44.1 digital network. Digital audio is stored and played back uncompressed.
References
External links
Magic 106
CIMJ-FM history – Canadian Communications Foundation
CIMJ-FM in the REC Canadian station database
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
100
],
"text": [
"Ontario"
]
}
|
CIMJ-FM (106.1 MHz, Magic 106), is a Canadian hot adult contemporary radio station based in Guelph, Ontario, in the Kitchener-Waterloo market. Its sister station is CJOY. Their studios are located at 75 Speedvale Ave East and its transmitter is located in Puslinch, between the Waterloo Region and Guelph.
History
16 May 1968: CRTC approves an application by CJOY Ltd. to operate a new FM station in Guelph. The initial studio and office address is 50 Wyndham Street.
1 July 1969: CJOY-FM begins its first broadcasts. It is authorised for 106.1 MHz frequency, 50 000 watts effective radiated power and 75.9 metres (249 ft) antenna height.
26 July 1972: CJOY-FM and its associated AM station (CJOY) are authorised to relocate their common offices and studios to 75 Speedvale Avenue East and have remained there since.
1975: CJOY-FM calls sign changes to CKLA-FM.
1977: CJOY Ltd. assumes at least partial ownership of AM station CFTJ in Cambridge.
1980: CRTC approves relocation of both the CJOY AM and FM transmitters.
28 April 1987: Kawartha Broadcasting Co. Ltd. purchases CJOY Ltd. (CKLA-FM and CJOY), including the associated Galt Broadcasting company which operates the Cambridge station formerly known as CFTJ (whose call sign became CIAM in 1987).
1989: CKLA-FM's owners now known as Power Broadcasting.
10 July 1992: The station's call letters are now CIMJ-FM, but begins to identify itself as Magic 106.1. The station format changes from easy listening to adult contemporary, featuring music from the 1970s to the 1990s.
29 August 1996: CRTC renews CIMJ-FM licence until 2003
2 June 1995: Station co-founder Wally Slatter dies.
February 1996: Station co-founder Fred Metcalf dies.
24 March 2000: CRTC approves sale of Power Broadcasting radio stations to Corus Radio, including CJOY-AM and CIMJ-FM
13 April 2000: Corus purchase of Power Broadcasting radio properties is completed.
July 2003: The station shifted to its present hot adult contemporary format after CIZN dropped its format and changed frequencies.
September 2007: Major studio renovations begin.
August 2008: Studios are completed and are on an AES 44.1 digital network. Digital audio is stored and played back uncompressed.
References
External links
Magic 106
CIMJ-FM history – Canadian Communications Foundation
CIMJ-FM in the REC Canadian station database
|
licensed to broadcast to
|
{
"answer_start": [
92
],
"text": [
"Guelph"
]
}
|
Candy Johnson was an American singer and dancer who appeared in several films in the 1960s.
Biography
Johnson's most notable films are several beach party productions by American International Pictures, in which she played Candy, a girl who could dance so hard it would literally knock the guys off their feet. In Beach Party (1963) she is credited as the "perpetual motion dancer." She remained a part of the series for the next three films, with her last appearance being in 1964 in Pajama Party, where she had a small cameo role.She also recorded under the name "Candy Johnson and her Exciters." The Exciters were a band her agent (and future husband) Red Gilson managed and partnered her with. The recordings of Candy and the Exciters were released by Canjo records, a private label started by Johnson and Gilson in 1964 to capitalize on her club and film appearances. Canjo was in business for only one year and released two albums and seven singles.
She also appeared at the 1964 World's Fair in Flushing, Queens, New York. After seeing her show, the New York rock group The Strangeloves were inspired to write their hit single "I Want Candy," which reached #11 on the Billboard charts. The song would be rerecorded by a number of artists over the following decades, including The Tremeloes, Bow Wow Wow and Aaron Carter.
Candy retired from performing in 1968 and subsequently led a private existence, eventually settling in Corona, California. At the request of friends, she attended a special showing of Beach Party at a Los Angeles theatre in 2006. When the film ended, the organizer of the event announced to the crowd that Candy was in attendance. She rose to take a bow and received a standing ovation.
After being diagnosed with brain cancer in May 2012, she remained in a Corona, California convalescent hospital, where she died of the disease in her sleep at age 68 on October 20, 2012. She was cremated and her remains brought to outer space on 21 June 2013, by the Houston-based extraterrestrial-burial company Celestis.
References
External links
Candy Johnson at IMDb
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
1537
],
"text": [
"Los Angeles"
]
}
|
Candy Johnson was an American singer and dancer who appeared in several films in the 1960s.
Biography
Johnson's most notable films are several beach party productions by American International Pictures, in which she played Candy, a girl who could dance so hard it would literally knock the guys off their feet. In Beach Party (1963) she is credited as the "perpetual motion dancer." She remained a part of the series for the next three films, with her last appearance being in 1964 in Pajama Party, where she had a small cameo role.She also recorded under the name "Candy Johnson and her Exciters." The Exciters were a band her agent (and future husband) Red Gilson managed and partnered her with. The recordings of Candy and the Exciters were released by Canjo records, a private label started by Johnson and Gilson in 1964 to capitalize on her club and film appearances. Canjo was in business for only one year and released two albums and seven singles.
She also appeared at the 1964 World's Fair in Flushing, Queens, New York. After seeing her show, the New York rock group The Strangeloves were inspired to write their hit single "I Want Candy," which reached #11 on the Billboard charts. The song would be rerecorded by a number of artists over the following decades, including The Tremeloes, Bow Wow Wow and Aaron Carter.
Candy retired from performing in 1968 and subsequently led a private existence, eventually settling in Corona, California. At the request of friends, she attended a special showing of Beach Party at a Los Angeles theatre in 2006. When the film ended, the organizer of the event announced to the crowd that Candy was in attendance. She rose to take a bow and received a standing ovation.
After being diagnosed with brain cancer in May 2012, she remained in a Corona, California convalescent hospital, where she died of the disease in her sleep at age 68 on October 20, 2012. She was cremated and her remains brought to outer space on 21 June 2013, by the Houston-based extraterrestrial-burial company Celestis.
References
External links
Candy Johnson at IMDb
|
place of death
|
{
"answer_start": [
1438
],
"text": [
"Corona"
]
}
|
Candy Johnson was an American singer and dancer who appeared in several films in the 1960s.
Biography
Johnson's most notable films are several beach party productions by American International Pictures, in which she played Candy, a girl who could dance so hard it would literally knock the guys off their feet. In Beach Party (1963) she is credited as the "perpetual motion dancer." She remained a part of the series for the next three films, with her last appearance being in 1964 in Pajama Party, where she had a small cameo role.She also recorded under the name "Candy Johnson and her Exciters." The Exciters were a band her agent (and future husband) Red Gilson managed and partnered her with. The recordings of Candy and the Exciters were released by Canjo records, a private label started by Johnson and Gilson in 1964 to capitalize on her club and film appearances. Canjo was in business for only one year and released two albums and seven singles.
She also appeared at the 1964 World's Fair in Flushing, Queens, New York. After seeing her show, the New York rock group The Strangeloves were inspired to write their hit single "I Want Candy," which reached #11 on the Billboard charts. The song would be rerecorded by a number of artists over the following decades, including The Tremeloes, Bow Wow Wow and Aaron Carter.
Candy retired from performing in 1968 and subsequently led a private existence, eventually settling in Corona, California. At the request of friends, she attended a special showing of Beach Party at a Los Angeles theatre in 2006. When the film ended, the organizer of the event announced to the crowd that Candy was in attendance. She rose to take a bow and received a standing ovation.
After being diagnosed with brain cancer in May 2012, she remained in a Corona, California convalescent hospital, where she died of the disease in her sleep at age 68 on October 20, 2012. She was cremated and her remains brought to outer space on 21 June 2013, by the Houston-based extraterrestrial-burial company Celestis.
References
External links
Candy Johnson at IMDb
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"singer"
]
}
|
Candy Johnson was an American singer and dancer who appeared in several films in the 1960s.
Biography
Johnson's most notable films are several beach party productions by American International Pictures, in which she played Candy, a girl who could dance so hard it would literally knock the guys off their feet. In Beach Party (1963) she is credited as the "perpetual motion dancer." She remained a part of the series for the next three films, with her last appearance being in 1964 in Pajama Party, where she had a small cameo role.She also recorded under the name "Candy Johnson and her Exciters." The Exciters were a band her agent (and future husband) Red Gilson managed and partnered her with. The recordings of Candy and the Exciters were released by Canjo records, a private label started by Johnson and Gilson in 1964 to capitalize on her club and film appearances. Canjo was in business for only one year and released two albums and seven singles.
She also appeared at the 1964 World's Fair in Flushing, Queens, New York. After seeing her show, the New York rock group The Strangeloves were inspired to write their hit single "I Want Candy," which reached #11 on the Billboard charts. The song would be rerecorded by a number of artists over the following decades, including The Tremeloes, Bow Wow Wow and Aaron Carter.
Candy retired from performing in 1968 and subsequently led a private existence, eventually settling in Corona, California. At the request of friends, she attended a special showing of Beach Party at a Los Angeles theatre in 2006. When the film ended, the organizer of the event announced to the crowd that Candy was in attendance. She rose to take a bow and received a standing ovation.
After being diagnosed with brain cancer in May 2012, she remained in a Corona, California convalescent hospital, where she died of the disease in her sleep at age 68 on October 20, 2012. She was cremated and her remains brought to outer space on 21 June 2013, by the Houston-based extraterrestrial-burial company Celestis.
References
External links
Candy Johnson at IMDb
|
cause of death
|
{
"answer_start": [
1752
],
"text": [
"brain cancer"
]
}
|
Candy Johnson was an American singer and dancer who appeared in several films in the 1960s.
Biography
Johnson's most notable films are several beach party productions by American International Pictures, in which she played Candy, a girl who could dance so hard it would literally knock the guys off their feet. In Beach Party (1963) she is credited as the "perpetual motion dancer." She remained a part of the series for the next three films, with her last appearance being in 1964 in Pajama Party, where she had a small cameo role.She also recorded under the name "Candy Johnson and her Exciters." The Exciters were a band her agent (and future husband) Red Gilson managed and partnered her with. The recordings of Candy and the Exciters were released by Canjo records, a private label started by Johnson and Gilson in 1964 to capitalize on her club and film appearances. Canjo was in business for only one year and released two albums and seven singles.
She also appeared at the 1964 World's Fair in Flushing, Queens, New York. After seeing her show, the New York rock group The Strangeloves were inspired to write their hit single "I Want Candy," which reached #11 on the Billboard charts. The song would be rerecorded by a number of artists over the following decades, including The Tremeloes, Bow Wow Wow and Aaron Carter.
Candy retired from performing in 1968 and subsequently led a private existence, eventually settling in Corona, California. At the request of friends, she attended a special showing of Beach Party at a Los Angeles theatre in 2006. When the film ended, the organizer of the event announced to the crowd that Candy was in attendance. She rose to take a bow and received a standing ovation.
After being diagnosed with brain cancer in May 2012, she remained in a Corona, California convalescent hospital, where she died of the disease in her sleep at age 68 on October 20, 2012. She was cremated and her remains brought to outer space on 21 June 2013, by the Houston-based extraterrestrial-burial company Celestis.
References
External links
Candy Johnson at IMDb
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"Johnson"
]
}
|
Candy Johnson was an American singer and dancer who appeared in several films in the 1960s.
Biography
Johnson's most notable films are several beach party productions by American International Pictures, in which she played Candy, a girl who could dance so hard it would literally knock the guys off their feet. In Beach Party (1963) she is credited as the "perpetual motion dancer." She remained a part of the series for the next three films, with her last appearance being in 1964 in Pajama Party, where she had a small cameo role.She also recorded under the name "Candy Johnson and her Exciters." The Exciters were a band her agent (and future husband) Red Gilson managed and partnered her with. The recordings of Candy and the Exciters were released by Canjo records, a private label started by Johnson and Gilson in 1964 to capitalize on her club and film appearances. Canjo was in business for only one year and released two albums and seven singles.
She also appeared at the 1964 World's Fair in Flushing, Queens, New York. After seeing her show, the New York rock group The Strangeloves were inspired to write their hit single "I Want Candy," which reached #11 on the Billboard charts. The song would be rerecorded by a number of artists over the following decades, including The Tremeloes, Bow Wow Wow and Aaron Carter.
Candy retired from performing in 1968 and subsequently led a private existence, eventually settling in Corona, California. At the request of friends, she attended a special showing of Beach Party at a Los Angeles theatre in 2006. When the film ended, the organizer of the event announced to the crowd that Candy was in attendance. She rose to take a bow and received a standing ovation.
After being diagnosed with brain cancer in May 2012, she remained in a Corona, California convalescent hospital, where she died of the disease in her sleep at age 68 on October 20, 2012. She was cremated and her remains brought to outer space on 21 June 2013, by the Houston-based extraterrestrial-burial company Celestis.
References
External links
Candy Johnson at IMDb
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Candy"
]
}
|
Gwinnett County Airport (IATA: LZU, ICAO: KLZU, FAA LID: LZU) at Briscoe Field is a municipal airport located about two miles (3 km) northeast of Lawrenceville, Georgia, in the United States. It is owned and operated by the Gwinnett County, in northeastern metro Atlanta.It has a 6,000-foot (1,800 m) runway, and is 1,061 feet (323 m) above mean sea level (AMSL). Student training is conducted at the airport by several different flight schools, including ATP Flight School. Two fixed-base operators (FBOs), Landmark (north ramp) and Aircraft Specialists (south ramp), serve the field with facilities, passenger lounges, and fuel. Georgia Jet operates the largest air charter fleet in the Atlanta area from Briscoe Field, transporting passengers nationally and internationally, more than 10 million passenger miles per year. ImagineAir, an air taxi company, is based at the airport. Medway Air Ambulance and Critical Care Medflight operate medical transport services. Its Airport Minimum Standards for Operation were rewritten in 2006.
Facilities and aircraft
Gwinnett County–Briscoe Field covers an area of 520 acres (210 hectares) which contains one asphalt-paved runway designated 7/25 which measures 6,000 ft × 100 ft (1,829 m × 30 m).For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2018, the airport had 82,895 aircraft operations, an average of 227 per day: 98% general aviation and 1% military. There were 80 aircraft based at the time at this airport: 58 single-engine, 11 multi-engine, 7 jet and 4 helicopter. There is currently no commercial service out of LZU. The closest airport offering passenger flights would be ATL located 42 miles to the southwest of LZU.
Privatization
In May 2010 the FAA gave preliminary approval to a plan to privatize the airport. This allowed Gwinnett County to further study plans on a possible sale of the airport to private investors. New York-based Propeller Investments offered to buy Briscoe Field and upgrade it with a ten-gate terminal to attract more scheduled airline services and build a runway capable of accommodating planes as large as 737s. Atlanta's dominant airline, Delta, lobbied against the proposal due to its reluctance to split operations between Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport and Briscoe Field, even though two US carriers, Allegiant and Sun Country Airlines, do not yet offer service to Atlanta.In June 2012, the county's Board of Commissioners canceled the privatization plan, amid local opposition to initiating commercial passenger service from the airport. The Board claims that it would not have been a suitable location for an airport due to the already widespread development around Briscoe, which would also have limited future expansion plans. They also raised the issue of distance, claiming that it was "too far away from metro Atlanta’s main population base", citing industry experts who said "most travelers would continue to utilize Hartsfield-Jackson over Briscoe because it would offer more flights, more destinations, and better ticket pricing". They also characterized Propeller Investments as a startup company without airport operations experience.
References
External links
Gwinnett County Airport, official site
Resources for this airport:
FAA airport information for LZU
AirNav airport information for KLZU
FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker
NOAA/NWS weather observations: current, past three days
SkyVector aeronautical chart, Terminal Procedures
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
94
],
"text": [
"airport"
]
}
|
Gwinnett County Airport (IATA: LZU, ICAO: KLZU, FAA LID: LZU) at Briscoe Field is a municipal airport located about two miles (3 km) northeast of Lawrenceville, Georgia, in the United States. It is owned and operated by the Gwinnett County, in northeastern metro Atlanta.It has a 6,000-foot (1,800 m) runway, and is 1,061 feet (323 m) above mean sea level (AMSL). Student training is conducted at the airport by several different flight schools, including ATP Flight School. Two fixed-base operators (FBOs), Landmark (north ramp) and Aircraft Specialists (south ramp), serve the field with facilities, passenger lounges, and fuel. Georgia Jet operates the largest air charter fleet in the Atlanta area from Briscoe Field, transporting passengers nationally and internationally, more than 10 million passenger miles per year. ImagineAir, an air taxi company, is based at the airport. Medway Air Ambulance and Critical Care Medflight operate medical transport services. Its Airport Minimum Standards for Operation were rewritten in 2006.
Facilities and aircraft
Gwinnett County–Briscoe Field covers an area of 520 acres (210 hectares) which contains one asphalt-paved runway designated 7/25 which measures 6,000 ft × 100 ft (1,829 m × 30 m).For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2018, the airport had 82,895 aircraft operations, an average of 227 per day: 98% general aviation and 1% military. There were 80 aircraft based at the time at this airport: 58 single-engine, 11 multi-engine, 7 jet and 4 helicopter. There is currently no commercial service out of LZU. The closest airport offering passenger flights would be ATL located 42 miles to the southwest of LZU.
Privatization
In May 2010 the FAA gave preliminary approval to a plan to privatize the airport. This allowed Gwinnett County to further study plans on a possible sale of the airport to private investors. New York-based Propeller Investments offered to buy Briscoe Field and upgrade it with a ten-gate terminal to attract more scheduled airline services and build a runway capable of accommodating planes as large as 737s. Atlanta's dominant airline, Delta, lobbied against the proposal due to its reluctance to split operations between Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport and Briscoe Field, even though two US carriers, Allegiant and Sun Country Airlines, do not yet offer service to Atlanta.In June 2012, the county's Board of Commissioners canceled the privatization plan, amid local opposition to initiating commercial passenger service from the airport. The Board claims that it would not have been a suitable location for an airport due to the already widespread development around Briscoe, which would also have limited future expansion plans. They also raised the issue of distance, claiming that it was "too far away from metro Atlanta’s main population base", citing industry experts who said "most travelers would continue to utilize Hartsfield-Jackson over Briscoe because it would offer more flights, more destinations, and better ticket pricing". They also characterized Propeller Investments as a startup company without airport operations experience.
References
External links
Gwinnett County Airport, official site
Resources for this airport:
FAA airport information for LZU
AirNav airport information for KLZU
FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker
NOAA/NWS weather observations: current, past three days
SkyVector aeronautical chart, Terminal Procedures
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
161
],
"text": [
"Georgia"
]
}
|
Gwinnett County Airport (IATA: LZU, ICAO: KLZU, FAA LID: LZU) at Briscoe Field is a municipal airport located about two miles (3 km) northeast of Lawrenceville, Georgia, in the United States. It is owned and operated by the Gwinnett County, in northeastern metro Atlanta.It has a 6,000-foot (1,800 m) runway, and is 1,061 feet (323 m) above mean sea level (AMSL). Student training is conducted at the airport by several different flight schools, including ATP Flight School. Two fixed-base operators (FBOs), Landmark (north ramp) and Aircraft Specialists (south ramp), serve the field with facilities, passenger lounges, and fuel. Georgia Jet operates the largest air charter fleet in the Atlanta area from Briscoe Field, transporting passengers nationally and internationally, more than 10 million passenger miles per year. ImagineAir, an air taxi company, is based at the airport. Medway Air Ambulance and Critical Care Medflight operate medical transport services. Its Airport Minimum Standards for Operation were rewritten in 2006.
Facilities and aircraft
Gwinnett County–Briscoe Field covers an area of 520 acres (210 hectares) which contains one asphalt-paved runway designated 7/25 which measures 6,000 ft × 100 ft (1,829 m × 30 m).For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2018, the airport had 82,895 aircraft operations, an average of 227 per day: 98% general aviation and 1% military. There were 80 aircraft based at the time at this airport: 58 single-engine, 11 multi-engine, 7 jet and 4 helicopter. There is currently no commercial service out of LZU. The closest airport offering passenger flights would be ATL located 42 miles to the southwest of LZU.
Privatization
In May 2010 the FAA gave preliminary approval to a plan to privatize the airport. This allowed Gwinnett County to further study plans on a possible sale of the airport to private investors. New York-based Propeller Investments offered to buy Briscoe Field and upgrade it with a ten-gate terminal to attract more scheduled airline services and build a runway capable of accommodating planes as large as 737s. Atlanta's dominant airline, Delta, lobbied against the proposal due to its reluctance to split operations between Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport and Briscoe Field, even though two US carriers, Allegiant and Sun Country Airlines, do not yet offer service to Atlanta.In June 2012, the county's Board of Commissioners canceled the privatization plan, amid local opposition to initiating commercial passenger service from the airport. The Board claims that it would not have been a suitable location for an airport due to the already widespread development around Briscoe, which would also have limited future expansion plans. They also raised the issue of distance, claiming that it was "too far away from metro Atlanta’s main population base", citing industry experts who said "most travelers would continue to utilize Hartsfield-Jackson over Briscoe because it would offer more flights, more destinations, and better ticket pricing". They also characterized Propeller Investments as a startup company without airport operations experience.
References
External links
Gwinnett County Airport, official site
Resources for this airport:
FAA airport information for LZU
AirNav airport information for KLZU
FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker
NOAA/NWS weather observations: current, past three days
SkyVector aeronautical chart, Terminal Procedures
|
IATA airport code
|
{
"answer_start": [
31
],
"text": [
"LZU"
]
}
|
Gwinnett County Airport (IATA: LZU, ICAO: KLZU, FAA LID: LZU) at Briscoe Field is a municipal airport located about two miles (3 km) northeast of Lawrenceville, Georgia, in the United States. It is owned and operated by the Gwinnett County, in northeastern metro Atlanta.It has a 6,000-foot (1,800 m) runway, and is 1,061 feet (323 m) above mean sea level (AMSL). Student training is conducted at the airport by several different flight schools, including ATP Flight School. Two fixed-base operators (FBOs), Landmark (north ramp) and Aircraft Specialists (south ramp), serve the field with facilities, passenger lounges, and fuel. Georgia Jet operates the largest air charter fleet in the Atlanta area from Briscoe Field, transporting passengers nationally and internationally, more than 10 million passenger miles per year. ImagineAir, an air taxi company, is based at the airport. Medway Air Ambulance and Critical Care Medflight operate medical transport services. Its Airport Minimum Standards for Operation were rewritten in 2006.
Facilities and aircraft
Gwinnett County–Briscoe Field covers an area of 520 acres (210 hectares) which contains one asphalt-paved runway designated 7/25 which measures 6,000 ft × 100 ft (1,829 m × 30 m).For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2018, the airport had 82,895 aircraft operations, an average of 227 per day: 98% general aviation and 1% military. There were 80 aircraft based at the time at this airport: 58 single-engine, 11 multi-engine, 7 jet and 4 helicopter. There is currently no commercial service out of LZU. The closest airport offering passenger flights would be ATL located 42 miles to the southwest of LZU.
Privatization
In May 2010 the FAA gave preliminary approval to a plan to privatize the airport. This allowed Gwinnett County to further study plans on a possible sale of the airport to private investors. New York-based Propeller Investments offered to buy Briscoe Field and upgrade it with a ten-gate terminal to attract more scheduled airline services and build a runway capable of accommodating planes as large as 737s. Atlanta's dominant airline, Delta, lobbied against the proposal due to its reluctance to split operations between Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport and Briscoe Field, even though two US carriers, Allegiant and Sun Country Airlines, do not yet offer service to Atlanta.In June 2012, the county's Board of Commissioners canceled the privatization plan, amid local opposition to initiating commercial passenger service from the airport. The Board claims that it would not have been a suitable location for an airport due to the already widespread development around Briscoe, which would also have limited future expansion plans. They also raised the issue of distance, claiming that it was "too far away from metro Atlanta’s main population base", citing industry experts who said "most travelers would continue to utilize Hartsfield-Jackson over Briscoe because it would offer more flights, more destinations, and better ticket pricing". They also characterized Propeller Investments as a startup company without airport operations experience.
References
External links
Gwinnett County Airport, official site
Resources for this airport:
FAA airport information for LZU
AirNav airport information for KLZU
FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker
NOAA/NWS weather observations: current, past three days
SkyVector aeronautical chart, Terminal Procedures
|
ICAO airport code
|
{
"answer_start": [
42
],
"text": [
"KLZU"
]
}
|
Gwinnett County Airport (IATA: LZU, ICAO: KLZU, FAA LID: LZU) at Briscoe Field is a municipal airport located about two miles (3 km) northeast of Lawrenceville, Georgia, in the United States. It is owned and operated by the Gwinnett County, in northeastern metro Atlanta.It has a 6,000-foot (1,800 m) runway, and is 1,061 feet (323 m) above mean sea level (AMSL). Student training is conducted at the airport by several different flight schools, including ATP Flight School. Two fixed-base operators (FBOs), Landmark (north ramp) and Aircraft Specialists (south ramp), serve the field with facilities, passenger lounges, and fuel. Georgia Jet operates the largest air charter fleet in the Atlanta area from Briscoe Field, transporting passengers nationally and internationally, more than 10 million passenger miles per year. ImagineAir, an air taxi company, is based at the airport. Medway Air Ambulance and Critical Care Medflight operate medical transport services. Its Airport Minimum Standards for Operation were rewritten in 2006.
Facilities and aircraft
Gwinnett County–Briscoe Field covers an area of 520 acres (210 hectares) which contains one asphalt-paved runway designated 7/25 which measures 6,000 ft × 100 ft (1,829 m × 30 m).For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2018, the airport had 82,895 aircraft operations, an average of 227 per day: 98% general aviation and 1% military. There were 80 aircraft based at the time at this airport: 58 single-engine, 11 multi-engine, 7 jet and 4 helicopter. There is currently no commercial service out of LZU. The closest airport offering passenger flights would be ATL located 42 miles to the southwest of LZU.
Privatization
In May 2010 the FAA gave preliminary approval to a plan to privatize the airport. This allowed Gwinnett County to further study plans on a possible sale of the airport to private investors. New York-based Propeller Investments offered to buy Briscoe Field and upgrade it with a ten-gate terminal to attract more scheduled airline services and build a runway capable of accommodating planes as large as 737s. Atlanta's dominant airline, Delta, lobbied against the proposal due to its reluctance to split operations between Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport and Briscoe Field, even though two US carriers, Allegiant and Sun Country Airlines, do not yet offer service to Atlanta.In June 2012, the county's Board of Commissioners canceled the privatization plan, amid local opposition to initiating commercial passenger service from the airport. The Board claims that it would not have been a suitable location for an airport due to the already widespread development around Briscoe, which would also have limited future expansion plans. They also raised the issue of distance, claiming that it was "too far away from metro Atlanta’s main population base", citing industry experts who said "most travelers would continue to utilize Hartsfield-Jackson over Briscoe because it would offer more flights, more destinations, and better ticket pricing". They also characterized Propeller Investments as a startup company without airport operations experience.
References
External links
Gwinnett County Airport, official site
Resources for this airport:
FAA airport information for LZU
AirNav airport information for KLZU
FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker
NOAA/NWS weather observations: current, past three days
SkyVector aeronautical chart, Terminal Procedures
|
FAA airport code
|
{
"answer_start": [
31
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"text": [
"LZU"
]
}
|
Gwinnett County Airport (IATA: LZU, ICAO: KLZU, FAA LID: LZU) at Briscoe Field is a municipal airport located about two miles (3 km) northeast of Lawrenceville, Georgia, in the United States. It is owned and operated by the Gwinnett County, in northeastern metro Atlanta.It has a 6,000-foot (1,800 m) runway, and is 1,061 feet (323 m) above mean sea level (AMSL). Student training is conducted at the airport by several different flight schools, including ATP Flight School. Two fixed-base operators (FBOs), Landmark (north ramp) and Aircraft Specialists (south ramp), serve the field with facilities, passenger lounges, and fuel. Georgia Jet operates the largest air charter fleet in the Atlanta area from Briscoe Field, transporting passengers nationally and internationally, more than 10 million passenger miles per year. ImagineAir, an air taxi company, is based at the airport. Medway Air Ambulance and Critical Care Medflight operate medical transport services. Its Airport Minimum Standards for Operation were rewritten in 2006.
Facilities and aircraft
Gwinnett County–Briscoe Field covers an area of 520 acres (210 hectares) which contains one asphalt-paved runway designated 7/25 which measures 6,000 ft × 100 ft (1,829 m × 30 m).For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2018, the airport had 82,895 aircraft operations, an average of 227 per day: 98% general aviation and 1% military. There were 80 aircraft based at the time at this airport: 58 single-engine, 11 multi-engine, 7 jet and 4 helicopter. There is currently no commercial service out of LZU. The closest airport offering passenger flights would be ATL located 42 miles to the southwest of LZU.
Privatization
In May 2010 the FAA gave preliminary approval to a plan to privatize the airport. This allowed Gwinnett County to further study plans on a possible sale of the airport to private investors. New York-based Propeller Investments offered to buy Briscoe Field and upgrade it with a ten-gate terminal to attract more scheduled airline services and build a runway capable of accommodating planes as large as 737s. Atlanta's dominant airline, Delta, lobbied against the proposal due to its reluctance to split operations between Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport and Briscoe Field, even though two US carriers, Allegiant and Sun Country Airlines, do not yet offer service to Atlanta.In June 2012, the county's Board of Commissioners canceled the privatization plan, amid local opposition to initiating commercial passenger service from the airport. The Board claims that it would not have been a suitable location for an airport due to the already widespread development around Briscoe, which would also have limited future expansion plans. They also raised the issue of distance, claiming that it was "too far away from metro Atlanta’s main population base", citing industry experts who said "most travelers would continue to utilize Hartsfield-Jackson over Briscoe because it would offer more flights, more destinations, and better ticket pricing". They also characterized Propeller Investments as a startup company without airport operations experience.
References
External links
Gwinnett County Airport, official site
Resources for this airport:
FAA airport information for LZU
AirNav airport information for KLZU
FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker
NOAA/NWS weather observations: current, past three days
SkyVector aeronautical chart, Terminal Procedures
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Gwinnett County Airport"
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}
|
Gwinnett County Airport (IATA: LZU, ICAO: KLZU, FAA LID: LZU) at Briscoe Field is a municipal airport located about two miles (3 km) northeast of Lawrenceville, Georgia, in the United States. It is owned and operated by the Gwinnett County, in northeastern metro Atlanta.It has a 6,000-foot (1,800 m) runway, and is 1,061 feet (323 m) above mean sea level (AMSL). Student training is conducted at the airport by several different flight schools, including ATP Flight School. Two fixed-base operators (FBOs), Landmark (north ramp) and Aircraft Specialists (south ramp), serve the field with facilities, passenger lounges, and fuel. Georgia Jet operates the largest air charter fleet in the Atlanta area from Briscoe Field, transporting passengers nationally and internationally, more than 10 million passenger miles per year. ImagineAir, an air taxi company, is based at the airport. Medway Air Ambulance and Critical Care Medflight operate medical transport services. Its Airport Minimum Standards for Operation were rewritten in 2006.
Facilities and aircraft
Gwinnett County–Briscoe Field covers an area of 520 acres (210 hectares) which contains one asphalt-paved runway designated 7/25 which measures 6,000 ft × 100 ft (1,829 m × 30 m).For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2018, the airport had 82,895 aircraft operations, an average of 227 per day: 98% general aviation and 1% military. There were 80 aircraft based at the time at this airport: 58 single-engine, 11 multi-engine, 7 jet and 4 helicopter. There is currently no commercial service out of LZU. The closest airport offering passenger flights would be ATL located 42 miles to the southwest of LZU.
Privatization
In May 2010 the FAA gave preliminary approval to a plan to privatize the airport. This allowed Gwinnett County to further study plans on a possible sale of the airport to private investors. New York-based Propeller Investments offered to buy Briscoe Field and upgrade it with a ten-gate terminal to attract more scheduled airline services and build a runway capable of accommodating planes as large as 737s. Atlanta's dominant airline, Delta, lobbied against the proposal due to its reluctance to split operations between Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport and Briscoe Field, even though two US carriers, Allegiant and Sun Country Airlines, do not yet offer service to Atlanta.In June 2012, the county's Board of Commissioners canceled the privatization plan, amid local opposition to initiating commercial passenger service from the airport. The Board claims that it would not have been a suitable location for an airport due to the already widespread development around Briscoe, which would also have limited future expansion plans. They also raised the issue of distance, claiming that it was "too far away from metro Atlanta’s main population base", citing industry experts who said "most travelers would continue to utilize Hartsfield-Jackson over Briscoe because it would offer more flights, more destinations, and better ticket pricing". They also characterized Propeller Investments as a startup company without airport operations experience.
References
External links
Gwinnett County Airport, official site
Resources for this airport:
FAA airport information for LZU
AirNav airport information for KLZU
FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker
NOAA/NWS weather observations: current, past three days
SkyVector aeronautical chart, Terminal Procedures
|
place served by transport hub
|
{
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146
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"text": [
"Lawrenceville"
]
}
|
Gwinnett County Airport (IATA: LZU, ICAO: KLZU, FAA LID: LZU) at Briscoe Field is a municipal airport located about two miles (3 km) northeast of Lawrenceville, Georgia, in the United States. It is owned and operated by the Gwinnett County, in northeastern metro Atlanta.It has a 6,000-foot (1,800 m) runway, and is 1,061 feet (323 m) above mean sea level (AMSL). Student training is conducted at the airport by several different flight schools, including ATP Flight School. Two fixed-base operators (FBOs), Landmark (north ramp) and Aircraft Specialists (south ramp), serve the field with facilities, passenger lounges, and fuel. Georgia Jet operates the largest air charter fleet in the Atlanta area from Briscoe Field, transporting passengers nationally and internationally, more than 10 million passenger miles per year. ImagineAir, an air taxi company, is based at the airport. Medway Air Ambulance and Critical Care Medflight operate medical transport services. Its Airport Minimum Standards for Operation were rewritten in 2006.
Facilities and aircraft
Gwinnett County–Briscoe Field covers an area of 520 acres (210 hectares) which contains one asphalt-paved runway designated 7/25 which measures 6,000 ft × 100 ft (1,829 m × 30 m).For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2018, the airport had 82,895 aircraft operations, an average of 227 per day: 98% general aviation and 1% military. There were 80 aircraft based at the time at this airport: 58 single-engine, 11 multi-engine, 7 jet and 4 helicopter. There is currently no commercial service out of LZU. The closest airport offering passenger flights would be ATL located 42 miles to the southwest of LZU.
Privatization
In May 2010 the FAA gave preliminary approval to a plan to privatize the airport. This allowed Gwinnett County to further study plans on a possible sale of the airport to private investors. New York-based Propeller Investments offered to buy Briscoe Field and upgrade it with a ten-gate terminal to attract more scheduled airline services and build a runway capable of accommodating planes as large as 737s. Atlanta's dominant airline, Delta, lobbied against the proposal due to its reluctance to split operations between Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport and Briscoe Field, even though two US carriers, Allegiant and Sun Country Airlines, do not yet offer service to Atlanta.In June 2012, the county's Board of Commissioners canceled the privatization plan, amid local opposition to initiating commercial passenger service from the airport. The Board claims that it would not have been a suitable location for an airport due to the already widespread development around Briscoe, which would also have limited future expansion plans. They also raised the issue of distance, claiming that it was "too far away from metro Atlanta’s main population base", citing industry experts who said "most travelers would continue to utilize Hartsfield-Jackson over Briscoe because it would offer more flights, more destinations, and better ticket pricing". They also characterized Propeller Investments as a startup company without airport operations experience.
References
External links
Gwinnett County Airport, official site
Resources for this airport:
FAA airport information for LZU
AirNav airport information for KLZU
FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker
NOAA/NWS weather observations: current, past three days
SkyVector aeronautical chart, Terminal Procedures
|
elevation above sea level
|
{
"answer_start": [
328
],
"text": [
"323"
]
}
|
Gwinnett County Airport (IATA: LZU, ICAO: KLZU, FAA LID: LZU) at Briscoe Field is a municipal airport located about two miles (3 km) northeast of Lawrenceville, Georgia, in the United States. It is owned and operated by the Gwinnett County, in northeastern metro Atlanta.It has a 6,000-foot (1,800 m) runway, and is 1,061 feet (323 m) above mean sea level (AMSL). Student training is conducted at the airport by several different flight schools, including ATP Flight School. Two fixed-base operators (FBOs), Landmark (north ramp) and Aircraft Specialists (south ramp), serve the field with facilities, passenger lounges, and fuel. Georgia Jet operates the largest air charter fleet in the Atlanta area from Briscoe Field, transporting passengers nationally and internationally, more than 10 million passenger miles per year. ImagineAir, an air taxi company, is based at the airport. Medway Air Ambulance and Critical Care Medflight operate medical transport services. Its Airport Minimum Standards for Operation were rewritten in 2006.
Facilities and aircraft
Gwinnett County–Briscoe Field covers an area of 520 acres (210 hectares) which contains one asphalt-paved runway designated 7/25 which measures 6,000 ft × 100 ft (1,829 m × 30 m).For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2018, the airport had 82,895 aircraft operations, an average of 227 per day: 98% general aviation and 1% military. There were 80 aircraft based at the time at this airport: 58 single-engine, 11 multi-engine, 7 jet and 4 helicopter. There is currently no commercial service out of LZU. The closest airport offering passenger flights would be ATL located 42 miles to the southwest of LZU.
Privatization
In May 2010 the FAA gave preliminary approval to a plan to privatize the airport. This allowed Gwinnett County to further study plans on a possible sale of the airport to private investors. New York-based Propeller Investments offered to buy Briscoe Field and upgrade it with a ten-gate terminal to attract more scheduled airline services and build a runway capable of accommodating planes as large as 737s. Atlanta's dominant airline, Delta, lobbied against the proposal due to its reluctance to split operations between Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport and Briscoe Field, even though two US carriers, Allegiant and Sun Country Airlines, do not yet offer service to Atlanta.In June 2012, the county's Board of Commissioners canceled the privatization plan, amid local opposition to initiating commercial passenger service from the airport. The Board claims that it would not have been a suitable location for an airport due to the already widespread development around Briscoe, which would also have limited future expansion plans. They also raised the issue of distance, claiming that it was "too far away from metro Atlanta’s main population base", citing industry experts who said "most travelers would continue to utilize Hartsfield-Jackson over Briscoe because it would offer more flights, more destinations, and better ticket pricing". They also characterized Propeller Investments as a startup company without airport operations experience.
References
External links
Gwinnett County Airport, official site
Resources for this airport:
FAA airport information for LZU
AirNav airport information for KLZU
FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker
NOAA/NWS weather observations: current, past three days
SkyVector aeronautical chart, Terminal Procedures
|
patronage
|
{
"answer_start": [
1503
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"text": [
"4"
]
}
|
Jeans Team are a Berlin-based electronic music group. The group was founded by Franz Schütte and Reimo Herfort 1995 in the borough of Wedding and started as a duo as a video art performance group. Various members of the ensemble perform DJ sets, particularly in Berlin.
Discography
References
External links
Official Site
|
genre
|
{
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"electronic music"
]
}
|
Jeans Team are a Berlin-based electronic music group. The group was founded by Franz Schütte and Reimo Herfort 1995 in the borough of Wedding and started as a duo as a video art performance group. Various members of the ensemble perform DJ sets, particularly in Berlin.
Discography
References
External links
Official Site
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Jeans Team"
]
}
|
The Child Jesus Cathedral or simply Cathedral of Lusaka, is a religious building of the Catholic Church which is located in the city of Lusaka the capital of the African country of Zambia. It is located near the Pope Square and Lusaka Airport.The temple follows the Roman or Latin rite and functions as the headquarters of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Lusaka (Archidioecesis Lusakensis) which was created in 1959 by the Bull "Cum fides christiana" of Pope John XXIII.
The cathedral was officially dedicated at a ceremony in 2006. Pope John Paul II celebrated a Mass at the site when it was just a clear field in 1989, and blessed the first stone of the building.
See also
Roman Catholicism in Zambia
Child Jesus
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
181
],
"text": [
"Zambia"
]
}
|
The Child Jesus Cathedral or simply Cathedral of Lusaka, is a religious building of the Catholic Church which is located in the city of Lusaka the capital of the African country of Zambia. It is located near the Pope Square and Lusaka Airport.The temple follows the Roman or Latin rite and functions as the headquarters of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Lusaka (Archidioecesis Lusakensis) which was created in 1959 by the Bull "Cum fides christiana" of Pope John XXIII.
The cathedral was officially dedicated at a ceremony in 2006. Pope John Paul II celebrated a Mass at the site when it was just a clear field in 1989, and blessed the first stone of the building.
See also
Roman Catholicism in Zambia
Child Jesus
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"Lusaka"
]
}
|
The Child Jesus Cathedral or simply Cathedral of Lusaka, is a religious building of the Catholic Church which is located in the city of Lusaka the capital of the African country of Zambia. It is located near the Pope Square and Lusaka Airport.The temple follows the Roman or Latin rite and functions as the headquarters of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Lusaka (Archidioecesis Lusakensis) which was created in 1959 by the Bull "Cum fides christiana" of Pope John XXIII.
The cathedral was officially dedicated at a ceremony in 2006. Pope John Paul II celebrated a Mass at the site when it was just a clear field in 1989, and blessed the first stone of the building.
See also
Roman Catholicism in Zambia
Child Jesus
== References ==
|
religion or worldview
|
{
"answer_start": [
682
],
"text": [
"Catholicism"
]
}
|
Albert Griffiths (1 January 1871 – 10 December 1927), better known as Young Griffo, was a World Featherweight boxing champion from 1890 to 1892, and according to many sources, one of the first boxing world champions in any class. Ring magazine founder Nat Fleischer rated Griffo as the eighth greatest featherweight of all time. He was inducted into the Ring Magazine Hall of Fame in 1954, the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1991, and the Australian National Boxing Hall of Fame in 2003.During his career he defeated Abe Willis, champion Ike Weir, Horace Leeds, and Joe Harmon. He won bouts against champion Torpedo Billy Murphy a total of three times, twice in World Featherweight title matches. A prolific boxer of great opponents, after coming to America, he fought champions Solly Smith, "Kid" Lavigne, Joe Gans, Tommy Ryan, George Dixon, Frank Erne, and featherweight contender Joe Bernstein. He was recorded as fighting over two hundred professional fights in his career.
Griffo also put together the most consecutive bouts without defeat in recorded boxing history. As of May 2021, with the addition of Newspaper decisions, boxrec.com lists his record as initially starting off at 7–0–3 before he lost his first fight. After losing, he went on a four-year unbeaten streak of 79–1–38 before being defeated again 124 fights after his first loss.
Early life and titles
Albert Griffiths was born at Millers Point, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 1 January 1871. He took his ringname "Young Griffo" early in his career. Griffo turned pro in 1886, and until the age of 22, fought in his home land of Australia.
For four of his most successful years as a boxer, Harry Tuthill was his athletic trainer and Hugh Behan and Sam Tuckhorn were managers, but by his mid career Griffo went through a host of trainers and managers who tired of his drinking habits and unwillingness to train. He said in a 1902 interview with The Cincinnati Enquirer that Larry Foley of Sydney had acted as an important early boxing mentor, and indeed Griffo had trained at Foley's boxing school at Sydney's White Horse Hotel where several of the greatest champions had spent time, including triple weight class champion Bob Fitzsimmons.
Taking Australian Featherweight Championship
On 26 December 1889, he fought Nipper Peakes in Melbourne for the Australian Featherweight Championship winning in an eight-round points decision. He held the title for several years defending it against Abe Willis and George McKenzie in Sydney in 1890.
Taking World Featherweight Title vs. Billy Murphy, 1890
He first took the World Featherweight Title against Torpedo Billy Murphy on 2 September 1890 at the White Horse Hotel in Sydney in a fifteen-round decision. It was one of the first World Title matches ever held in Australia. At the time, the United States only recognized bouts that took place in North America, and so did not fully accept Griffo's claim to the World Title, but both Australia and Great Britain did. Subsequent to his death, the World Boxing Organization accepted Griffo's claim to the World Featherweight Title.
He defended the British and Australian version of the World Featherweight title against Paddy Moran on 4 November 1890 in a 13-round decision in Sydney. He defended the World Featherweight Title against George Powell on 12 March 1891 in a twenty-round disqualification in Sydney. Griffo defended the World Featherweight Title a third time against Torpedo Billy Murphy again in Sydney, Australia on 22 July 1891, winning in a 20-second round disqualification.In his final defense of the World Featherweight Title, he defeated Mick McCarthy on 22 March 1892 in Sydney in a fourth-round decision. He eventually vacated the title to fight at a higher weight.
He fought for the Australian Lightweight Title on 25 July 1892 against Jim Barron in Sydney, Australia in a 22-round bout that was declared a draw. The referee called the bout when both boxers appeared too battered and exhausted to continue. According to one source, an audience of 2,500 were present.
Boxing in the United States
In 1893, at the age of 22, he went to America. He boxed in the United States between November 1893 until his retirement from boxing in 1904 and remained there until his death in 1927. He arrived first in San Francisco and may have boxed a few bouts on the West Coast upon his arrival, but accounts differ. One of his first bouts in America was against "Young Scotty" in Chicago on 13 November 1893, where he was reputed to have challenged his opponent to hit him for several minutes while he bobbed his head and managed to avoid nearly every blow. At least one newspaper reported after his death that even in this early stage of his career, he had been pulled from a bar room before the fight with the skilled Black boxer, but his defensive skills in the bout were considered to have been extraordinary with Scotty unable to land a blow.
Bout with future World Featherweight Champion Solly Smith
On 3 January 1894, he fought future World Featherweight champion Solly Smith at the Tivoli Theatre in Chicago to a six-round draw. Smith, who had distinguished himself by the time he met Griffo, would take the World Featherweight Championship the following year.
On 23 January 1894, he fought an eight-round draw with John Van Heest in Chicago, making an impressive performance.
Match with Ike Weir, former world champion
On 17 March 1894, Griffo defeated Ike Weir at the Second Regiment Armory in Chicago. Griffo, as a lightweight, outweighed Weir considerably and dominated the bout, which was stopped by the police in the third round when Weir was down. Weir announced retirement after the bout but returned to the ring for a few more professional bouts and exhibitions. Although the bout officially was called a draw by the referee, Griffo knocked Weir down twice in the third round, with Weir taking a while to get to his feet. Many in the crowd were displeased with the official Draw decision. According to the Inter Ocean, as many as 5,000 were in attendance to watch "three of the fastest, fiercest and most brutal rounds ever fought in an American prize ring". Young Griffo made a veritable chopping block of Ike O'Neil Weir, the "Befast Spider". It is important to note that according to one source, Griffo may have outweighed Wier by as much as 30 lbs. during the bout, but discrepancies in the weights of opponents was more common in this era of boxing. Several newspaper accounts of the fight, written after Griffo's death, wrote that he had been drinking before the bout, but by most accounts he had the edge during most of the fighting, and Weir was a worthy opponent.On 27 August 1894, he lost to the famed seven-year undefeated World Lightweight Champion Jack McAuliffe in Brooklyn, New York, losing in a 10-round points decision. McAuliffe had lost his World Lightweight Championship only the year before. Griffo had lost few of his fights by referee decision before his bout with the legendary McAuliffe. Due to McAuliffe's extraordinary record as lightweight champion, he was considered one of Griffo's most skilled opponents.
Meeting three champions
Griffo fought an assortment of opponents who would at one time hold world championships.
Bouts with Lightweight contender "Kid" Lavigne
On 10 February 1894, he fought future World Lightweight Champion George "Kid" Lavigne for the first time in an eight-round draw in Chicago. On 12 October 1895, he fought Lavigne in a 20-round draw by points decision in Queens, New York. Lavigne would take the World Lightweight Championship only the following year.He subsequently fought an eight-round draw with the hard-hitting red head boxer Johnny Griffin at the Casino in Boston on 23 April 1894.
On 17 September 1894, he knocked out Eddie Loeber in only 2 minutes 36 seconds of the first round at the Seaside Athletic Club in Brooklyn. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, wrote that the two men were very "poorly matched", and that it was a relief when the referee Dominick McAffrey stopped the bout. Hundreds of spectators struggled to shake hands with Griffo after the fight's conclusion.On 4 March 1895, he defeated Horace Leeds at the Seaside Athletic Club in Coney Island in a 12-round bout in front of a sizable crowd of 4000 spectators. One reporter believed Griffo to be over the 133 pound weight limit, and fighting at a weight of as much as 140. The fighting was fierce, and both men were described as being "badly pummeled" in a close bout that had the betting about even. He lost to Leeds on 7 August 1897, in a four-round newspaper decision in Atlantic City, New Jersey. During this period, he was managed by Hugh Behan, but Griffo had an assortment of trainers in his career.
Bouts with world champion George Dixon
On 28 October 1895, he fought the great Black Canadian champion George Dixon in a 10-round draw by points decision in Manhattan. Dixon had taken the World Featherweight Championship in 1891, and was one of the first recognized world champions. Griffo would fight Dixon two additional times in well attended matches. One source described their 20-round draw as a "battle that bristled throughout with glittering skill and generalship." On 19 January 1895, they would fight a 25-round draw in New York's Coney Island. His manager Hughey Behan had him jailed briefly before the Coney Island bout with Dixon so he could train in a sober state.
Arrests for assault and disorderly conduct
On 11 April 1896, he was arrested at a Casino he frequented in College Point, Long Island, on charges of assault against William Connors, a town trustee. He was discharged shortly after to attend a scheduled bout against boxer Charles McKeever. On 13 April, the day he would have faced trial on the assault charge, he lost the 20-round bout at the Empire Athletic Club with McKeever in Queens, New York, on a points decision of the referee. On 9 June 1896, he was arrested for driving intoxicated and disorderly conduct in Coney Island, New York, and was arraigned at the Coney Island Police Court. He was sentenced to twenty-five days in prison after pleading guilty. Around 20 November 1897, he was arrested for vagrancy in St. Louis, Missouri, but several nights drinking at a bar may have precipitated the arrest. He was not held for long and fought a bout the following month in California. On 28 September 1898, he was arrested in Chicago found running naked on State Street for a quarter mile. He reportedly assaulted the three officers who tried to arrest him. Another source states he had been drinking the night the incident occurred. On 14 January 1899, he was arrested and brought to Chicago's Harrison Street Police Station for struggling with a police officer to prevent the arrest of a Tom McGinty from the Clover Leaf Saloon, around 2:00 AM but released shortly after. He was sent to an insane asylum on 24 March 1899, after being judged insane in Chicago. He was arrested on suspicion of armed robbery against James H. Wilkerson on 9 September 1901, but only one source mentions this arrest. On 2 February 1902, he was discovered in the cold in a vacant lot near the Bridewell in Chicago, where he had been serving a sentence for disorderly conduct. It was feared he would lose his hands from frostbite. On 6 February 1902, he was sent back to an asylum. Around 25 February 1903, he was sent back to the Bridewell in Chicago for three months for "making trouble".
Three bouts with future Welterweight Champion Joe Gans
He fought the legendary World Light and Welterweight Champion Joe Gans three times, but never winning a bout. Griffo's 18 November 1895 bout with Gans in Gan's home of Baltimore, Maryland, appeared to some to be only an exhibition, with which many in the crowd were disappointed. A few even considered the bout a "fix", as Griffo told the audience, he had agreed not to "put out" Gans during the bout. Griffo considered his 15-round draw in Athens, Pennsylvania, at the Olympic Athletic Club on 21 September 1897 one of his best, as well as one of Gans' most skilled displays. Of his 10 July 1900 bout with Gans, an eighth-round loss by technical knockout at the Seaside Athletic Club, one source wrote, the referee stopped the bout one minute and 30 econds into the eighth round when "Griffo was so far gone that another punch from Gans would have put him out." Griffo was reported to have shown some of his early form, but was no match for the blows and conditioning of the "old master" Joe Gans, and was believed by one reporter to have had less stamina as the fight wound on. Griffo was down in both the first and seventh rounds, and he took off nearly a year from his boxing after this last fight with Gans.
Bouts with champions Frank Erne, and Billy Murphy
He met one time World Featherweight and Lightweight champion Frank Erne on 20 December 1895 in a four-round non-title fight that resulted in a draw in Buffalo, New York.He defeated Torpedo Billy Murphy in a non-title match ending in an eight-round points decision at the Casino in Boston on 7 May 1894. His 20-round draw bout with Jack Everhardt on 10 July 1896 in Buffalo, New York, was billed as a World 135 pound title. He had previously met Everhardt in a pre-arranged six-round draw in Brooklyn on 25 May, at which the crowd would have preferred a decision by the referee. He lost to World Welter and Middleweight Champion Tommy Ryan on 21 June 1897 in a non-title match in a third-round technical knockout in Brooklyn, New York.
Late boxing career
Serving time
On 15 August 1896, he was sentenced in Brooklyn to one year in prison for an assault on William Gottlieb the previous April. He did not box from August 1896 until June 1897.
Boxing after release
On 12 July 1897, he fought well known lightweight Owen Ziegler, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in a six-round bout, which he won by newspaper decision. He considered Ziegler one of his more important opponents.He fought a close bout with Horace Leeds on 7 August 1897 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, in which The Philadelphia Inquirer felt Leeds had received more points.On 18 November 1897, Griffo was believed to have been drunk in a contest with Tom Tracey at the Colliseum in St. Louis. He rolled out of the boxing ring in the first round, and referee George Siler declared a No Contest. One source confirmed his story that he had been in a car accident before the fight which was the cause of his inability to complete the first round. The San Francisco Call wrote that Griffo's vehicle had been struck by a street car on the way to the bout, and that he had suffered a sprained shoulder as a result. He and two of his seconds were treated for injuries received as a result of the accident.He was defeated in an upset by Frank McConnell before three thousand spectators on 3 February 1898 in a 15-rounds points decision in San Francisco, California. McConnell only recently emerged from the amateur ranks, and had relatively little experience as a professional. Griffo showed great defensive skills in several rounds, but McConnell won the bout by taking the offensive throughout most of the fight.On 26 March 1898, he won a bout with the well known Black boxer, Young Peter Jackson in Red Bluff, California on a fourth-round disqualification. A few at ringside claimed that Jackson was actually Joe Gans, but this was found to be untrue.
Tragic bout with Bull McCarthy
On the evening of 27 April 1898, he fought Joseph Devitt, who gave the name of the boxer "Bull" McCarthy, in Sacramento, California. Griffo won the 20-round bout by knockout, but Devitt died the following evening of his injuries at Sister's Hospital. Devitt was diagnosed with a brain concussion, likely caused by a rain of blows to his head during the bout. Griffo was briefly taken into custody on charges of manslaughter as a result of the fight. The tragic result was a source of strong remorse for Griffo but it did not deter him from continuing his profession.
Late career decline
On 19 December 1901, he was advised to retire from boxing due to a "valvular affection of the heart that may bring death to him in the ring at any time." The diagnosis was made by a Dr. McGregor of the Olympic Athletic Club, and if accurate should have ended his boxing career.On 22 August 1902, he lost to three-time World Featherweight Title contender Joe Bernstein in Baltimore, Maryland in a 20-round points decision.He lost to lightweight boxer Joe Tipman in a fifth-round knockout on 29 September 1902 in Baltimore.In December 1902, after defeating Jack Bain in a ninth-round knockout in Baltimore, he took off at least a year from boxing before his fight with George Memsic around December 1903, also in Baltimore. In this stage of his career he was managed by Sam Tuckhorn, who was hoping to revive his career and convince the public of his fighting skills, but Griffo was nearing the end of his career.On 7 December 1903 in Peoria, Illinois, he defeated Jim Kenney in a four-round decision. Griffo showed great speed and cleverness according to the referee, Tom Dunn.One of his last well publicized bouts was a loss by first-round knockout against Tommy White on 10 February 1904 in Chicago, Illinois. He was already thirty-three at the time, and his age, drinking, and enormous number of previous fights had begun to tell on his speed and endurance in the ring. He was arrested in September 1909 in Chicago, as relatives from Australia had requested his arrest so as to help him obtain treatment for his drinking. Cyber Boxing Zone has him fighting two six-round, no-decision fights as late as 1911 with Welterweight champion William "Honey" Melody in September and Mike Leonard in May in New York, but these bouts were not confirmed by BoxRec and other boxers used the name Young Griffo. He served time at the Bridewell in Chicago, but was released around 28 November 1910, and returned to New York. He had plans to go on the vaudeville circuit with Charles Griffin, another boxer.In a tribute to Griffo, boxer Tommy Sullivan wrote in the 6 March 1916 Tacoma Daily News:
Not known as much of a puncher, but his skill was uncanny. He had wonderful head work, almost impenetrable defense, dazzling feints, and rapid two-handed methods of attack. The cleverest boxers and hardest punchers were made to look ridiculous when exchanging swats with him. He had a dislike of training and was deemed lazy. There were times he got drunk before a match [such as the Ike Weir and Tommy Tracy bouts].
Brief film career
He appeared as himself in the 1895 lost short Young Griffo vs. Battling Charles Barnett, which at least one source claims is the first film shown for profit. He appeared in at least two other films.
Apparently, two of his film roles were released near or after his death. Released in 1927, he had a minor role in Frank Capra's comedy Long Pants, and the following year in Harry Edwards' 1928 comedy The Best Man.
Tragic life after boxing
In March 1912, Griffo requested to be sent to the New York workhouse, partly a victim of alcoholism, which had affected him intermittently throughout his career. On 11 July 1912, he briefly was jailed for "almstaking" or begging. He had been arrested previously for begging.For the last 15 years of his life, he took donations and met friends at the entrance to New York's Rialto Theatre on Broadway and 42nd Street, becoming increasingly destitute by 1925. He spent some of his later years in asylums, and received a portion of his income from benefits staged by his friends. He had gained over 50 lbs. by the time of his death. He died in New York of heart disease, initially diagnosed as indigestion, on 7 December 1927 at age 56. He received medical aid too late after dragging himself into a hall from his small, rent-free room in a West side New York boarding house paid for by Jane F. Fish, an author of children's books. Many American newspapers ran stories on his life as a tragic tale of the effects of alcohol. He left no children nor were there any heirs that laid claim to his estate.Friends of his from the boxing and theatrical community provided for a burial. Several newspaper accounts after his death attributed his financial plight in part to his illiteracy as well as a poor understanding of numbers and currency, which made him an easy victim of unscrupulous handlers.He was laid to rest at Woodlawn Cemetery after a service at the Madison Avenue Baptist Church. Ring notables in attendance included Jack McAuliffe, Kid McPartland, Tommy Burns, James J. Corbett, and wealthy boxing promoter Tex Rickard, who provided funding for the burial plot and casket. Jane F. Fish also contributed to his funeral. Rickard was later repaid $500 of the $885 of funeral expenses he had donated out of a $3800 estate found to be attributed to Griffo after the funeral.
Professional boxing record
All information in this section is derived from BoxRec, unless otherwise stated.
Official record
All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as "no decision" bouts and are not counted in the win/loss/draw column.
Unofficial record
Record with the inclusion of newspaper decisions to the win/loss/draw column.
Boxing achievements
References
External links
Boxing record for Young Griffo from BoxRec (registration required)
Griffo: his life story and record / told by Jack Read (1926?)
Young Griffo: the will o'wisp of the roped square / Nat Fleischer (1928)
"Ring History of the Near-Champions: Young Griffo", National Police Gazette, New York: Richard K. Fox Publishing Co., CXX (23325): 7, 4 March 1922, retrieved 24 April 2013
Pictures held and digitised as part of the Arnold Thomas boxing collection by the National Library of Australia:
Albert Griffiths "Griffo", Feather Champion of the World, c1890
Albert Griffiths, 1893?
Albert Griffiths, c1927 "shortly before his death"
|
place of birth
|
{
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"text": [
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Albert Griffiths (1 January 1871 – 10 December 1927), better known as Young Griffo, was a World Featherweight boxing champion from 1890 to 1892, and according to many sources, one of the first boxing world champions in any class. Ring magazine founder Nat Fleischer rated Griffo as the eighth greatest featherweight of all time. He was inducted into the Ring Magazine Hall of Fame in 1954, the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1991, and the Australian National Boxing Hall of Fame in 2003.During his career he defeated Abe Willis, champion Ike Weir, Horace Leeds, and Joe Harmon. He won bouts against champion Torpedo Billy Murphy a total of three times, twice in World Featherweight title matches. A prolific boxer of great opponents, after coming to America, he fought champions Solly Smith, "Kid" Lavigne, Joe Gans, Tommy Ryan, George Dixon, Frank Erne, and featherweight contender Joe Bernstein. He was recorded as fighting over two hundred professional fights in his career.
Griffo also put together the most consecutive bouts without defeat in recorded boxing history. As of May 2021, with the addition of Newspaper decisions, boxrec.com lists his record as initially starting off at 7–0–3 before he lost his first fight. After losing, he went on a four-year unbeaten streak of 79–1–38 before being defeated again 124 fights after his first loss.
Early life and titles
Albert Griffiths was born at Millers Point, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 1 January 1871. He took his ringname "Young Griffo" early in his career. Griffo turned pro in 1886, and until the age of 22, fought in his home land of Australia.
For four of his most successful years as a boxer, Harry Tuthill was his athletic trainer and Hugh Behan and Sam Tuckhorn were managers, but by his mid career Griffo went through a host of trainers and managers who tired of his drinking habits and unwillingness to train. He said in a 1902 interview with The Cincinnati Enquirer that Larry Foley of Sydney had acted as an important early boxing mentor, and indeed Griffo had trained at Foley's boxing school at Sydney's White Horse Hotel where several of the greatest champions had spent time, including triple weight class champion Bob Fitzsimmons.
Taking Australian Featherweight Championship
On 26 December 1889, he fought Nipper Peakes in Melbourne for the Australian Featherweight Championship winning in an eight-round points decision. He held the title for several years defending it against Abe Willis and George McKenzie in Sydney in 1890.
Taking World Featherweight Title vs. Billy Murphy, 1890
He first took the World Featherweight Title against Torpedo Billy Murphy on 2 September 1890 at the White Horse Hotel in Sydney in a fifteen-round decision. It was one of the first World Title matches ever held in Australia. At the time, the United States only recognized bouts that took place in North America, and so did not fully accept Griffo's claim to the World Title, but both Australia and Great Britain did. Subsequent to his death, the World Boxing Organization accepted Griffo's claim to the World Featherweight Title.
He defended the British and Australian version of the World Featherweight title against Paddy Moran on 4 November 1890 in a 13-round decision in Sydney. He defended the World Featherweight Title against George Powell on 12 March 1891 in a twenty-round disqualification in Sydney. Griffo defended the World Featherweight Title a third time against Torpedo Billy Murphy again in Sydney, Australia on 22 July 1891, winning in a 20-second round disqualification.In his final defense of the World Featherweight Title, he defeated Mick McCarthy on 22 March 1892 in Sydney in a fourth-round decision. He eventually vacated the title to fight at a higher weight.
He fought for the Australian Lightweight Title on 25 July 1892 against Jim Barron in Sydney, Australia in a 22-round bout that was declared a draw. The referee called the bout when both boxers appeared too battered and exhausted to continue. According to one source, an audience of 2,500 were present.
Boxing in the United States
In 1893, at the age of 22, he went to America. He boxed in the United States between November 1893 until his retirement from boxing in 1904 and remained there until his death in 1927. He arrived first in San Francisco and may have boxed a few bouts on the West Coast upon his arrival, but accounts differ. One of his first bouts in America was against "Young Scotty" in Chicago on 13 November 1893, where he was reputed to have challenged his opponent to hit him for several minutes while he bobbed his head and managed to avoid nearly every blow. At least one newspaper reported after his death that even in this early stage of his career, he had been pulled from a bar room before the fight with the skilled Black boxer, but his defensive skills in the bout were considered to have been extraordinary with Scotty unable to land a blow.
Bout with future World Featherweight Champion Solly Smith
On 3 January 1894, he fought future World Featherweight champion Solly Smith at the Tivoli Theatre in Chicago to a six-round draw. Smith, who had distinguished himself by the time he met Griffo, would take the World Featherweight Championship the following year.
On 23 January 1894, he fought an eight-round draw with John Van Heest in Chicago, making an impressive performance.
Match with Ike Weir, former world champion
On 17 March 1894, Griffo defeated Ike Weir at the Second Regiment Armory in Chicago. Griffo, as a lightweight, outweighed Weir considerably and dominated the bout, which was stopped by the police in the third round when Weir was down. Weir announced retirement after the bout but returned to the ring for a few more professional bouts and exhibitions. Although the bout officially was called a draw by the referee, Griffo knocked Weir down twice in the third round, with Weir taking a while to get to his feet. Many in the crowd were displeased with the official Draw decision. According to the Inter Ocean, as many as 5,000 were in attendance to watch "three of the fastest, fiercest and most brutal rounds ever fought in an American prize ring". Young Griffo made a veritable chopping block of Ike O'Neil Weir, the "Befast Spider". It is important to note that according to one source, Griffo may have outweighed Wier by as much as 30 lbs. during the bout, but discrepancies in the weights of opponents was more common in this era of boxing. Several newspaper accounts of the fight, written after Griffo's death, wrote that he had been drinking before the bout, but by most accounts he had the edge during most of the fighting, and Weir was a worthy opponent.On 27 August 1894, he lost to the famed seven-year undefeated World Lightweight Champion Jack McAuliffe in Brooklyn, New York, losing in a 10-round points decision. McAuliffe had lost his World Lightweight Championship only the year before. Griffo had lost few of his fights by referee decision before his bout with the legendary McAuliffe. Due to McAuliffe's extraordinary record as lightweight champion, he was considered one of Griffo's most skilled opponents.
Meeting three champions
Griffo fought an assortment of opponents who would at one time hold world championships.
Bouts with Lightweight contender "Kid" Lavigne
On 10 February 1894, he fought future World Lightweight Champion George "Kid" Lavigne for the first time in an eight-round draw in Chicago. On 12 October 1895, he fought Lavigne in a 20-round draw by points decision in Queens, New York. Lavigne would take the World Lightweight Championship only the following year.He subsequently fought an eight-round draw with the hard-hitting red head boxer Johnny Griffin at the Casino in Boston on 23 April 1894.
On 17 September 1894, he knocked out Eddie Loeber in only 2 minutes 36 seconds of the first round at the Seaside Athletic Club in Brooklyn. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, wrote that the two men were very "poorly matched", and that it was a relief when the referee Dominick McAffrey stopped the bout. Hundreds of spectators struggled to shake hands with Griffo after the fight's conclusion.On 4 March 1895, he defeated Horace Leeds at the Seaside Athletic Club in Coney Island in a 12-round bout in front of a sizable crowd of 4000 spectators. One reporter believed Griffo to be over the 133 pound weight limit, and fighting at a weight of as much as 140. The fighting was fierce, and both men were described as being "badly pummeled" in a close bout that had the betting about even. He lost to Leeds on 7 August 1897, in a four-round newspaper decision in Atlantic City, New Jersey. During this period, he was managed by Hugh Behan, but Griffo had an assortment of trainers in his career.
Bouts with world champion George Dixon
On 28 October 1895, he fought the great Black Canadian champion George Dixon in a 10-round draw by points decision in Manhattan. Dixon had taken the World Featherweight Championship in 1891, and was one of the first recognized world champions. Griffo would fight Dixon two additional times in well attended matches. One source described their 20-round draw as a "battle that bristled throughout with glittering skill and generalship." On 19 January 1895, they would fight a 25-round draw in New York's Coney Island. His manager Hughey Behan had him jailed briefly before the Coney Island bout with Dixon so he could train in a sober state.
Arrests for assault and disorderly conduct
On 11 April 1896, he was arrested at a Casino he frequented in College Point, Long Island, on charges of assault against William Connors, a town trustee. He was discharged shortly after to attend a scheduled bout against boxer Charles McKeever. On 13 April, the day he would have faced trial on the assault charge, he lost the 20-round bout at the Empire Athletic Club with McKeever in Queens, New York, on a points decision of the referee. On 9 June 1896, he was arrested for driving intoxicated and disorderly conduct in Coney Island, New York, and was arraigned at the Coney Island Police Court. He was sentenced to twenty-five days in prison after pleading guilty. Around 20 November 1897, he was arrested for vagrancy in St. Louis, Missouri, but several nights drinking at a bar may have precipitated the arrest. He was not held for long and fought a bout the following month in California. On 28 September 1898, he was arrested in Chicago found running naked on State Street for a quarter mile. He reportedly assaulted the three officers who tried to arrest him. Another source states he had been drinking the night the incident occurred. On 14 January 1899, he was arrested and brought to Chicago's Harrison Street Police Station for struggling with a police officer to prevent the arrest of a Tom McGinty from the Clover Leaf Saloon, around 2:00 AM but released shortly after. He was sent to an insane asylum on 24 March 1899, after being judged insane in Chicago. He was arrested on suspicion of armed robbery against James H. Wilkerson on 9 September 1901, but only one source mentions this arrest. On 2 February 1902, he was discovered in the cold in a vacant lot near the Bridewell in Chicago, where he had been serving a sentence for disorderly conduct. It was feared he would lose his hands from frostbite. On 6 February 1902, he was sent back to an asylum. Around 25 February 1903, he was sent back to the Bridewell in Chicago for three months for "making trouble".
Three bouts with future Welterweight Champion Joe Gans
He fought the legendary World Light and Welterweight Champion Joe Gans three times, but never winning a bout. Griffo's 18 November 1895 bout with Gans in Gan's home of Baltimore, Maryland, appeared to some to be only an exhibition, with which many in the crowd were disappointed. A few even considered the bout a "fix", as Griffo told the audience, he had agreed not to "put out" Gans during the bout. Griffo considered his 15-round draw in Athens, Pennsylvania, at the Olympic Athletic Club on 21 September 1897 one of his best, as well as one of Gans' most skilled displays. Of his 10 July 1900 bout with Gans, an eighth-round loss by technical knockout at the Seaside Athletic Club, one source wrote, the referee stopped the bout one minute and 30 econds into the eighth round when "Griffo was so far gone that another punch from Gans would have put him out." Griffo was reported to have shown some of his early form, but was no match for the blows and conditioning of the "old master" Joe Gans, and was believed by one reporter to have had less stamina as the fight wound on. Griffo was down in both the first and seventh rounds, and he took off nearly a year from his boxing after this last fight with Gans.
Bouts with champions Frank Erne, and Billy Murphy
He met one time World Featherweight and Lightweight champion Frank Erne on 20 December 1895 in a four-round non-title fight that resulted in a draw in Buffalo, New York.He defeated Torpedo Billy Murphy in a non-title match ending in an eight-round points decision at the Casino in Boston on 7 May 1894. His 20-round draw bout with Jack Everhardt on 10 July 1896 in Buffalo, New York, was billed as a World 135 pound title. He had previously met Everhardt in a pre-arranged six-round draw in Brooklyn on 25 May, at which the crowd would have preferred a decision by the referee. He lost to World Welter and Middleweight Champion Tommy Ryan on 21 June 1897 in a non-title match in a third-round technical knockout in Brooklyn, New York.
Late boxing career
Serving time
On 15 August 1896, he was sentenced in Brooklyn to one year in prison for an assault on William Gottlieb the previous April. He did not box from August 1896 until June 1897.
Boxing after release
On 12 July 1897, he fought well known lightweight Owen Ziegler, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in a six-round bout, which he won by newspaper decision. He considered Ziegler one of his more important opponents.He fought a close bout with Horace Leeds on 7 August 1897 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, in which The Philadelphia Inquirer felt Leeds had received more points.On 18 November 1897, Griffo was believed to have been drunk in a contest with Tom Tracey at the Colliseum in St. Louis. He rolled out of the boxing ring in the first round, and referee George Siler declared a No Contest. One source confirmed his story that he had been in a car accident before the fight which was the cause of his inability to complete the first round. The San Francisco Call wrote that Griffo's vehicle had been struck by a street car on the way to the bout, and that he had suffered a sprained shoulder as a result. He and two of his seconds were treated for injuries received as a result of the accident.He was defeated in an upset by Frank McConnell before three thousand spectators on 3 February 1898 in a 15-rounds points decision in San Francisco, California. McConnell only recently emerged from the amateur ranks, and had relatively little experience as a professional. Griffo showed great defensive skills in several rounds, but McConnell won the bout by taking the offensive throughout most of the fight.On 26 March 1898, he won a bout with the well known Black boxer, Young Peter Jackson in Red Bluff, California on a fourth-round disqualification. A few at ringside claimed that Jackson was actually Joe Gans, but this was found to be untrue.
Tragic bout with Bull McCarthy
On the evening of 27 April 1898, he fought Joseph Devitt, who gave the name of the boxer "Bull" McCarthy, in Sacramento, California. Griffo won the 20-round bout by knockout, but Devitt died the following evening of his injuries at Sister's Hospital. Devitt was diagnosed with a brain concussion, likely caused by a rain of blows to his head during the bout. Griffo was briefly taken into custody on charges of manslaughter as a result of the fight. The tragic result was a source of strong remorse for Griffo but it did not deter him from continuing his profession.
Late career decline
On 19 December 1901, he was advised to retire from boxing due to a "valvular affection of the heart that may bring death to him in the ring at any time." The diagnosis was made by a Dr. McGregor of the Olympic Athletic Club, and if accurate should have ended his boxing career.On 22 August 1902, he lost to three-time World Featherweight Title contender Joe Bernstein in Baltimore, Maryland in a 20-round points decision.He lost to lightweight boxer Joe Tipman in a fifth-round knockout on 29 September 1902 in Baltimore.In December 1902, after defeating Jack Bain in a ninth-round knockout in Baltimore, he took off at least a year from boxing before his fight with George Memsic around December 1903, also in Baltimore. In this stage of his career he was managed by Sam Tuckhorn, who was hoping to revive his career and convince the public of his fighting skills, but Griffo was nearing the end of his career.On 7 December 1903 in Peoria, Illinois, he defeated Jim Kenney in a four-round decision. Griffo showed great speed and cleverness according to the referee, Tom Dunn.One of his last well publicized bouts was a loss by first-round knockout against Tommy White on 10 February 1904 in Chicago, Illinois. He was already thirty-three at the time, and his age, drinking, and enormous number of previous fights had begun to tell on his speed and endurance in the ring. He was arrested in September 1909 in Chicago, as relatives from Australia had requested his arrest so as to help him obtain treatment for his drinking. Cyber Boxing Zone has him fighting two six-round, no-decision fights as late as 1911 with Welterweight champion William "Honey" Melody in September and Mike Leonard in May in New York, but these bouts were not confirmed by BoxRec and other boxers used the name Young Griffo. He served time at the Bridewell in Chicago, but was released around 28 November 1910, and returned to New York. He had plans to go on the vaudeville circuit with Charles Griffin, another boxer.In a tribute to Griffo, boxer Tommy Sullivan wrote in the 6 March 1916 Tacoma Daily News:
Not known as much of a puncher, but his skill was uncanny. He had wonderful head work, almost impenetrable defense, dazzling feints, and rapid two-handed methods of attack. The cleverest boxers and hardest punchers were made to look ridiculous when exchanging swats with him. He had a dislike of training and was deemed lazy. There were times he got drunk before a match [such as the Ike Weir and Tommy Tracy bouts].
Brief film career
He appeared as himself in the 1895 lost short Young Griffo vs. Battling Charles Barnett, which at least one source claims is the first film shown for profit. He appeared in at least two other films.
Apparently, two of his film roles were released near or after his death. Released in 1927, he had a minor role in Frank Capra's comedy Long Pants, and the following year in Harry Edwards' 1928 comedy The Best Man.
Tragic life after boxing
In March 1912, Griffo requested to be sent to the New York workhouse, partly a victim of alcoholism, which had affected him intermittently throughout his career. On 11 July 1912, he briefly was jailed for "almstaking" or begging. He had been arrested previously for begging.For the last 15 years of his life, he took donations and met friends at the entrance to New York's Rialto Theatre on Broadway and 42nd Street, becoming increasingly destitute by 1925. He spent some of his later years in asylums, and received a portion of his income from benefits staged by his friends. He had gained over 50 lbs. by the time of his death. He died in New York of heart disease, initially diagnosed as indigestion, on 7 December 1927 at age 56. He received medical aid too late after dragging himself into a hall from his small, rent-free room in a West side New York boarding house paid for by Jane F. Fish, an author of children's books. Many American newspapers ran stories on his life as a tragic tale of the effects of alcohol. He left no children nor were there any heirs that laid claim to his estate.Friends of his from the boxing and theatrical community provided for a burial. Several newspaper accounts after his death attributed his financial plight in part to his illiteracy as well as a poor understanding of numbers and currency, which made him an easy victim of unscrupulous handlers.He was laid to rest at Woodlawn Cemetery after a service at the Madison Avenue Baptist Church. Ring notables in attendance included Jack McAuliffe, Kid McPartland, Tommy Burns, James J. Corbett, and wealthy boxing promoter Tex Rickard, who provided funding for the burial plot and casket. Jane F. Fish also contributed to his funeral. Rickard was later repaid $500 of the $885 of funeral expenses he had donated out of a $3800 estate found to be attributed to Griffo after the funeral.
Professional boxing record
All information in this section is derived from BoxRec, unless otherwise stated.
Official record
All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as "no decision" bouts and are not counted in the win/loss/draw column.
Unofficial record
Record with the inclusion of newspaper decisions to the win/loss/draw column.
Boxing achievements
References
External links
Boxing record for Young Griffo from BoxRec (registration required)
Griffo: his life story and record / told by Jack Read (1926?)
Young Griffo: the will o'wisp of the roped square / Nat Fleischer (1928)
"Ring History of the Near-Champions: Young Griffo", National Police Gazette, New York: Richard K. Fox Publishing Co., CXX (23325): 7, 4 March 1922, retrieved 24 April 2013
Pictures held and digitised as part of the Arnold Thomas boxing collection by the National Library of Australia:
Albert Griffiths "Griffo", Feather Champion of the World, c1890
Albert Griffiths, 1893?
Albert Griffiths, c1927 "shortly before his death"
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
445
],
"text": [
"Australia"
]
}
|
Albert Griffiths (1 January 1871 – 10 December 1927), better known as Young Griffo, was a World Featherweight boxing champion from 1890 to 1892, and according to many sources, one of the first boxing world champions in any class. Ring magazine founder Nat Fleischer rated Griffo as the eighth greatest featherweight of all time. He was inducted into the Ring Magazine Hall of Fame in 1954, the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1991, and the Australian National Boxing Hall of Fame in 2003.During his career he defeated Abe Willis, champion Ike Weir, Horace Leeds, and Joe Harmon. He won bouts against champion Torpedo Billy Murphy a total of three times, twice in World Featherweight title matches. A prolific boxer of great opponents, after coming to America, he fought champions Solly Smith, "Kid" Lavigne, Joe Gans, Tommy Ryan, George Dixon, Frank Erne, and featherweight contender Joe Bernstein. He was recorded as fighting over two hundred professional fights in his career.
Griffo also put together the most consecutive bouts without defeat in recorded boxing history. As of May 2021, with the addition of Newspaper decisions, boxrec.com lists his record as initially starting off at 7–0–3 before he lost his first fight. After losing, he went on a four-year unbeaten streak of 79–1–38 before being defeated again 124 fights after his first loss.
Early life and titles
Albert Griffiths was born at Millers Point, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 1 January 1871. He took his ringname "Young Griffo" early in his career. Griffo turned pro in 1886, and until the age of 22, fought in his home land of Australia.
For four of his most successful years as a boxer, Harry Tuthill was his athletic trainer and Hugh Behan and Sam Tuckhorn were managers, but by his mid career Griffo went through a host of trainers and managers who tired of his drinking habits and unwillingness to train. He said in a 1902 interview with The Cincinnati Enquirer that Larry Foley of Sydney had acted as an important early boxing mentor, and indeed Griffo had trained at Foley's boxing school at Sydney's White Horse Hotel where several of the greatest champions had spent time, including triple weight class champion Bob Fitzsimmons.
Taking Australian Featherweight Championship
On 26 December 1889, he fought Nipper Peakes in Melbourne for the Australian Featherweight Championship winning in an eight-round points decision. He held the title for several years defending it against Abe Willis and George McKenzie in Sydney in 1890.
Taking World Featherweight Title vs. Billy Murphy, 1890
He first took the World Featherweight Title against Torpedo Billy Murphy on 2 September 1890 at the White Horse Hotel in Sydney in a fifteen-round decision. It was one of the first World Title matches ever held in Australia. At the time, the United States only recognized bouts that took place in North America, and so did not fully accept Griffo's claim to the World Title, but both Australia and Great Britain did. Subsequent to his death, the World Boxing Organization accepted Griffo's claim to the World Featherweight Title.
He defended the British and Australian version of the World Featherweight title against Paddy Moran on 4 November 1890 in a 13-round decision in Sydney. He defended the World Featherweight Title against George Powell on 12 March 1891 in a twenty-round disqualification in Sydney. Griffo defended the World Featherweight Title a third time against Torpedo Billy Murphy again in Sydney, Australia on 22 July 1891, winning in a 20-second round disqualification.In his final defense of the World Featherweight Title, he defeated Mick McCarthy on 22 March 1892 in Sydney in a fourth-round decision. He eventually vacated the title to fight at a higher weight.
He fought for the Australian Lightweight Title on 25 July 1892 against Jim Barron in Sydney, Australia in a 22-round bout that was declared a draw. The referee called the bout when both boxers appeared too battered and exhausted to continue. According to one source, an audience of 2,500 were present.
Boxing in the United States
In 1893, at the age of 22, he went to America. He boxed in the United States between November 1893 until his retirement from boxing in 1904 and remained there until his death in 1927. He arrived first in San Francisco and may have boxed a few bouts on the West Coast upon his arrival, but accounts differ. One of his first bouts in America was against "Young Scotty" in Chicago on 13 November 1893, where he was reputed to have challenged his opponent to hit him for several minutes while he bobbed his head and managed to avoid nearly every blow. At least one newspaper reported after his death that even in this early stage of his career, he had been pulled from a bar room before the fight with the skilled Black boxer, but his defensive skills in the bout were considered to have been extraordinary with Scotty unable to land a blow.
Bout with future World Featherweight Champion Solly Smith
On 3 January 1894, he fought future World Featherweight champion Solly Smith at the Tivoli Theatre in Chicago to a six-round draw. Smith, who had distinguished himself by the time he met Griffo, would take the World Featherweight Championship the following year.
On 23 January 1894, he fought an eight-round draw with John Van Heest in Chicago, making an impressive performance.
Match with Ike Weir, former world champion
On 17 March 1894, Griffo defeated Ike Weir at the Second Regiment Armory in Chicago. Griffo, as a lightweight, outweighed Weir considerably and dominated the bout, which was stopped by the police in the third round when Weir was down. Weir announced retirement after the bout but returned to the ring for a few more professional bouts and exhibitions. Although the bout officially was called a draw by the referee, Griffo knocked Weir down twice in the third round, with Weir taking a while to get to his feet. Many in the crowd were displeased with the official Draw decision. According to the Inter Ocean, as many as 5,000 were in attendance to watch "three of the fastest, fiercest and most brutal rounds ever fought in an American prize ring". Young Griffo made a veritable chopping block of Ike O'Neil Weir, the "Befast Spider". It is important to note that according to one source, Griffo may have outweighed Wier by as much as 30 lbs. during the bout, but discrepancies in the weights of opponents was more common in this era of boxing. Several newspaper accounts of the fight, written after Griffo's death, wrote that he had been drinking before the bout, but by most accounts he had the edge during most of the fighting, and Weir was a worthy opponent.On 27 August 1894, he lost to the famed seven-year undefeated World Lightweight Champion Jack McAuliffe in Brooklyn, New York, losing in a 10-round points decision. McAuliffe had lost his World Lightweight Championship only the year before. Griffo had lost few of his fights by referee decision before his bout with the legendary McAuliffe. Due to McAuliffe's extraordinary record as lightweight champion, he was considered one of Griffo's most skilled opponents.
Meeting three champions
Griffo fought an assortment of opponents who would at one time hold world championships.
Bouts with Lightweight contender "Kid" Lavigne
On 10 February 1894, he fought future World Lightweight Champion George "Kid" Lavigne for the first time in an eight-round draw in Chicago. On 12 October 1895, he fought Lavigne in a 20-round draw by points decision in Queens, New York. Lavigne would take the World Lightweight Championship only the following year.He subsequently fought an eight-round draw with the hard-hitting red head boxer Johnny Griffin at the Casino in Boston on 23 April 1894.
On 17 September 1894, he knocked out Eddie Loeber in only 2 minutes 36 seconds of the first round at the Seaside Athletic Club in Brooklyn. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, wrote that the two men were very "poorly matched", and that it was a relief when the referee Dominick McAffrey stopped the bout. Hundreds of spectators struggled to shake hands with Griffo after the fight's conclusion.On 4 March 1895, he defeated Horace Leeds at the Seaside Athletic Club in Coney Island in a 12-round bout in front of a sizable crowd of 4000 spectators. One reporter believed Griffo to be over the 133 pound weight limit, and fighting at a weight of as much as 140. The fighting was fierce, and both men were described as being "badly pummeled" in a close bout that had the betting about even. He lost to Leeds on 7 August 1897, in a four-round newspaper decision in Atlantic City, New Jersey. During this period, he was managed by Hugh Behan, but Griffo had an assortment of trainers in his career.
Bouts with world champion George Dixon
On 28 October 1895, he fought the great Black Canadian champion George Dixon in a 10-round draw by points decision in Manhattan. Dixon had taken the World Featherweight Championship in 1891, and was one of the first recognized world champions. Griffo would fight Dixon two additional times in well attended matches. One source described their 20-round draw as a "battle that bristled throughout with glittering skill and generalship." On 19 January 1895, they would fight a 25-round draw in New York's Coney Island. His manager Hughey Behan had him jailed briefly before the Coney Island bout with Dixon so he could train in a sober state.
Arrests for assault and disorderly conduct
On 11 April 1896, he was arrested at a Casino he frequented in College Point, Long Island, on charges of assault against William Connors, a town trustee. He was discharged shortly after to attend a scheduled bout against boxer Charles McKeever. On 13 April, the day he would have faced trial on the assault charge, he lost the 20-round bout at the Empire Athletic Club with McKeever in Queens, New York, on a points decision of the referee. On 9 June 1896, he was arrested for driving intoxicated and disorderly conduct in Coney Island, New York, and was arraigned at the Coney Island Police Court. He was sentenced to twenty-five days in prison after pleading guilty. Around 20 November 1897, he was arrested for vagrancy in St. Louis, Missouri, but several nights drinking at a bar may have precipitated the arrest. He was not held for long and fought a bout the following month in California. On 28 September 1898, he was arrested in Chicago found running naked on State Street for a quarter mile. He reportedly assaulted the three officers who tried to arrest him. Another source states he had been drinking the night the incident occurred. On 14 January 1899, he was arrested and brought to Chicago's Harrison Street Police Station for struggling with a police officer to prevent the arrest of a Tom McGinty from the Clover Leaf Saloon, around 2:00 AM but released shortly after. He was sent to an insane asylum on 24 March 1899, after being judged insane in Chicago. He was arrested on suspicion of armed robbery against James H. Wilkerson on 9 September 1901, but only one source mentions this arrest. On 2 February 1902, he was discovered in the cold in a vacant lot near the Bridewell in Chicago, where he had been serving a sentence for disorderly conduct. It was feared he would lose his hands from frostbite. On 6 February 1902, he was sent back to an asylum. Around 25 February 1903, he was sent back to the Bridewell in Chicago for three months for "making trouble".
Three bouts with future Welterweight Champion Joe Gans
He fought the legendary World Light and Welterweight Champion Joe Gans three times, but never winning a bout. Griffo's 18 November 1895 bout with Gans in Gan's home of Baltimore, Maryland, appeared to some to be only an exhibition, with which many in the crowd were disappointed. A few even considered the bout a "fix", as Griffo told the audience, he had agreed not to "put out" Gans during the bout. Griffo considered his 15-round draw in Athens, Pennsylvania, at the Olympic Athletic Club on 21 September 1897 one of his best, as well as one of Gans' most skilled displays. Of his 10 July 1900 bout with Gans, an eighth-round loss by technical knockout at the Seaside Athletic Club, one source wrote, the referee stopped the bout one minute and 30 econds into the eighth round when "Griffo was so far gone that another punch from Gans would have put him out." Griffo was reported to have shown some of his early form, but was no match for the blows and conditioning of the "old master" Joe Gans, and was believed by one reporter to have had less stamina as the fight wound on. Griffo was down in both the first and seventh rounds, and he took off nearly a year from his boxing after this last fight with Gans.
Bouts with champions Frank Erne, and Billy Murphy
He met one time World Featherweight and Lightweight champion Frank Erne on 20 December 1895 in a four-round non-title fight that resulted in a draw in Buffalo, New York.He defeated Torpedo Billy Murphy in a non-title match ending in an eight-round points decision at the Casino in Boston on 7 May 1894. His 20-round draw bout with Jack Everhardt on 10 July 1896 in Buffalo, New York, was billed as a World 135 pound title. He had previously met Everhardt in a pre-arranged six-round draw in Brooklyn on 25 May, at which the crowd would have preferred a decision by the referee. He lost to World Welter and Middleweight Champion Tommy Ryan on 21 June 1897 in a non-title match in a third-round technical knockout in Brooklyn, New York.
Late boxing career
Serving time
On 15 August 1896, he was sentenced in Brooklyn to one year in prison for an assault on William Gottlieb the previous April. He did not box from August 1896 until June 1897.
Boxing after release
On 12 July 1897, he fought well known lightweight Owen Ziegler, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in a six-round bout, which he won by newspaper decision. He considered Ziegler one of his more important opponents.He fought a close bout with Horace Leeds on 7 August 1897 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, in which The Philadelphia Inquirer felt Leeds had received more points.On 18 November 1897, Griffo was believed to have been drunk in a contest with Tom Tracey at the Colliseum in St. Louis. He rolled out of the boxing ring in the first round, and referee George Siler declared a No Contest. One source confirmed his story that he had been in a car accident before the fight which was the cause of his inability to complete the first round. The San Francisco Call wrote that Griffo's vehicle had been struck by a street car on the way to the bout, and that he had suffered a sprained shoulder as a result. He and two of his seconds were treated for injuries received as a result of the accident.He was defeated in an upset by Frank McConnell before three thousand spectators on 3 February 1898 in a 15-rounds points decision in San Francisco, California. McConnell only recently emerged from the amateur ranks, and had relatively little experience as a professional. Griffo showed great defensive skills in several rounds, but McConnell won the bout by taking the offensive throughout most of the fight.On 26 March 1898, he won a bout with the well known Black boxer, Young Peter Jackson in Red Bluff, California on a fourth-round disqualification. A few at ringside claimed that Jackson was actually Joe Gans, but this was found to be untrue.
Tragic bout with Bull McCarthy
On the evening of 27 April 1898, he fought Joseph Devitt, who gave the name of the boxer "Bull" McCarthy, in Sacramento, California. Griffo won the 20-round bout by knockout, but Devitt died the following evening of his injuries at Sister's Hospital. Devitt was diagnosed with a brain concussion, likely caused by a rain of blows to his head during the bout. Griffo was briefly taken into custody on charges of manslaughter as a result of the fight. The tragic result was a source of strong remorse for Griffo but it did not deter him from continuing his profession.
Late career decline
On 19 December 1901, he was advised to retire from boxing due to a "valvular affection of the heart that may bring death to him in the ring at any time." The diagnosis was made by a Dr. McGregor of the Olympic Athletic Club, and if accurate should have ended his boxing career.On 22 August 1902, he lost to three-time World Featherweight Title contender Joe Bernstein in Baltimore, Maryland in a 20-round points decision.He lost to lightweight boxer Joe Tipman in a fifth-round knockout on 29 September 1902 in Baltimore.In December 1902, after defeating Jack Bain in a ninth-round knockout in Baltimore, he took off at least a year from boxing before his fight with George Memsic around December 1903, also in Baltimore. In this stage of his career he was managed by Sam Tuckhorn, who was hoping to revive his career and convince the public of his fighting skills, but Griffo was nearing the end of his career.On 7 December 1903 in Peoria, Illinois, he defeated Jim Kenney in a four-round decision. Griffo showed great speed and cleverness according to the referee, Tom Dunn.One of his last well publicized bouts was a loss by first-round knockout against Tommy White on 10 February 1904 in Chicago, Illinois. He was already thirty-three at the time, and his age, drinking, and enormous number of previous fights had begun to tell on his speed and endurance in the ring. He was arrested in September 1909 in Chicago, as relatives from Australia had requested his arrest so as to help him obtain treatment for his drinking. Cyber Boxing Zone has him fighting two six-round, no-decision fights as late as 1911 with Welterweight champion William "Honey" Melody in September and Mike Leonard in May in New York, but these bouts were not confirmed by BoxRec and other boxers used the name Young Griffo. He served time at the Bridewell in Chicago, but was released around 28 November 1910, and returned to New York. He had plans to go on the vaudeville circuit with Charles Griffin, another boxer.In a tribute to Griffo, boxer Tommy Sullivan wrote in the 6 March 1916 Tacoma Daily News:
Not known as much of a puncher, but his skill was uncanny. He had wonderful head work, almost impenetrable defense, dazzling feints, and rapid two-handed methods of attack. The cleverest boxers and hardest punchers were made to look ridiculous when exchanging swats with him. He had a dislike of training and was deemed lazy. There were times he got drunk before a match [such as the Ike Weir and Tommy Tracy bouts].
Brief film career
He appeared as himself in the 1895 lost short Young Griffo vs. Battling Charles Barnett, which at least one source claims is the first film shown for profit. He appeared in at least two other films.
Apparently, two of his film roles were released near or after his death. Released in 1927, he had a minor role in Frank Capra's comedy Long Pants, and the following year in Harry Edwards' 1928 comedy The Best Man.
Tragic life after boxing
In March 1912, Griffo requested to be sent to the New York workhouse, partly a victim of alcoholism, which had affected him intermittently throughout his career. On 11 July 1912, he briefly was jailed for "almstaking" or begging. He had been arrested previously for begging.For the last 15 years of his life, he took donations and met friends at the entrance to New York's Rialto Theatre on Broadway and 42nd Street, becoming increasingly destitute by 1925. He spent some of his later years in asylums, and received a portion of his income from benefits staged by his friends. He had gained over 50 lbs. by the time of his death. He died in New York of heart disease, initially diagnosed as indigestion, on 7 December 1927 at age 56. He received medical aid too late after dragging himself into a hall from his small, rent-free room in a West side New York boarding house paid for by Jane F. Fish, an author of children's books. Many American newspapers ran stories on his life as a tragic tale of the effects of alcohol. He left no children nor were there any heirs that laid claim to his estate.Friends of his from the boxing and theatrical community provided for a burial. Several newspaper accounts after his death attributed his financial plight in part to his illiteracy as well as a poor understanding of numbers and currency, which made him an easy victim of unscrupulous handlers.He was laid to rest at Woodlawn Cemetery after a service at the Madison Avenue Baptist Church. Ring notables in attendance included Jack McAuliffe, Kid McPartland, Tommy Burns, James J. Corbett, and wealthy boxing promoter Tex Rickard, who provided funding for the burial plot and casket. Jane F. Fish also contributed to his funeral. Rickard was later repaid $500 of the $885 of funeral expenses he had donated out of a $3800 estate found to be attributed to Griffo after the funeral.
Professional boxing record
All information in this section is derived from BoxRec, unless otherwise stated.
Official record
All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as "no decision" bouts and are not counted in the win/loss/draw column.
Unofficial record
Record with the inclusion of newspaper decisions to the win/loss/draw column.
Boxing achievements
References
External links
Boxing record for Young Griffo from BoxRec (registration required)
Griffo: his life story and record / told by Jack Read (1926?)
Young Griffo: the will o'wisp of the roped square / Nat Fleischer (1928)
"Ring History of the Near-Champions: Young Griffo", National Police Gazette, New York: Richard K. Fox Publishing Co., CXX (23325): 7, 4 March 1922, retrieved 24 April 2013
Pictures held and digitised as part of the Arnold Thomas boxing collection by the National Library of Australia:
Albert Griffiths "Griffo", Feather Champion of the World, c1890
Albert Griffiths, 1893?
Albert Griffiths, c1927 "shortly before his death"
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Albert Griffiths (1 January 1871 – 10 December 1927), better known as Young Griffo, was a World Featherweight boxing champion from 1890 to 1892, and according to many sources, one of the first boxing world champions in any class. Ring magazine founder Nat Fleischer rated Griffo as the eighth greatest featherweight of all time. He was inducted into the Ring Magazine Hall of Fame in 1954, the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1991, and the Australian National Boxing Hall of Fame in 2003.During his career he defeated Abe Willis, champion Ike Weir, Horace Leeds, and Joe Harmon. He won bouts against champion Torpedo Billy Murphy a total of three times, twice in World Featherweight title matches. A prolific boxer of great opponents, after coming to America, he fought champions Solly Smith, "Kid" Lavigne, Joe Gans, Tommy Ryan, George Dixon, Frank Erne, and featherweight contender Joe Bernstein. He was recorded as fighting over two hundred professional fights in his career.
Griffo also put together the most consecutive bouts without defeat in recorded boxing history. As of May 2021, with the addition of Newspaper decisions, boxrec.com lists his record as initially starting off at 7–0–3 before he lost his first fight. After losing, he went on a four-year unbeaten streak of 79–1–38 before being defeated again 124 fights after his first loss.
Early life and titles
Albert Griffiths was born at Millers Point, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 1 January 1871. He took his ringname "Young Griffo" early in his career. Griffo turned pro in 1886, and until the age of 22, fought in his home land of Australia.
For four of his most successful years as a boxer, Harry Tuthill was his athletic trainer and Hugh Behan and Sam Tuckhorn were managers, but by his mid career Griffo went through a host of trainers and managers who tired of his drinking habits and unwillingness to train. He said in a 1902 interview with The Cincinnati Enquirer that Larry Foley of Sydney had acted as an important early boxing mentor, and indeed Griffo had trained at Foley's boxing school at Sydney's White Horse Hotel where several of the greatest champions had spent time, including triple weight class champion Bob Fitzsimmons.
Taking Australian Featherweight Championship
On 26 December 1889, he fought Nipper Peakes in Melbourne for the Australian Featherweight Championship winning in an eight-round points decision. He held the title for several years defending it against Abe Willis and George McKenzie in Sydney in 1890.
Taking World Featherweight Title vs. Billy Murphy, 1890
He first took the World Featherweight Title against Torpedo Billy Murphy on 2 September 1890 at the White Horse Hotel in Sydney in a fifteen-round decision. It was one of the first World Title matches ever held in Australia. At the time, the United States only recognized bouts that took place in North America, and so did not fully accept Griffo's claim to the World Title, but both Australia and Great Britain did. Subsequent to his death, the World Boxing Organization accepted Griffo's claim to the World Featherweight Title.
He defended the British and Australian version of the World Featherweight title against Paddy Moran on 4 November 1890 in a 13-round decision in Sydney. He defended the World Featherweight Title against George Powell on 12 March 1891 in a twenty-round disqualification in Sydney. Griffo defended the World Featherweight Title a third time against Torpedo Billy Murphy again in Sydney, Australia on 22 July 1891, winning in a 20-second round disqualification.In his final defense of the World Featherweight Title, he defeated Mick McCarthy on 22 March 1892 in Sydney in a fourth-round decision. He eventually vacated the title to fight at a higher weight.
He fought for the Australian Lightweight Title on 25 July 1892 against Jim Barron in Sydney, Australia in a 22-round bout that was declared a draw. The referee called the bout when both boxers appeared too battered and exhausted to continue. According to one source, an audience of 2,500 were present.
Boxing in the United States
In 1893, at the age of 22, he went to America. He boxed in the United States between November 1893 until his retirement from boxing in 1904 and remained there until his death in 1927. He arrived first in San Francisco and may have boxed a few bouts on the West Coast upon his arrival, but accounts differ. One of his first bouts in America was against "Young Scotty" in Chicago on 13 November 1893, where he was reputed to have challenged his opponent to hit him for several minutes while he bobbed his head and managed to avoid nearly every blow. At least one newspaper reported after his death that even in this early stage of his career, he had been pulled from a bar room before the fight with the skilled Black boxer, but his defensive skills in the bout were considered to have been extraordinary with Scotty unable to land a blow.
Bout with future World Featherweight Champion Solly Smith
On 3 January 1894, he fought future World Featherweight champion Solly Smith at the Tivoli Theatre in Chicago to a six-round draw. Smith, who had distinguished himself by the time he met Griffo, would take the World Featherweight Championship the following year.
On 23 January 1894, he fought an eight-round draw with John Van Heest in Chicago, making an impressive performance.
Match with Ike Weir, former world champion
On 17 March 1894, Griffo defeated Ike Weir at the Second Regiment Armory in Chicago. Griffo, as a lightweight, outweighed Weir considerably and dominated the bout, which was stopped by the police in the third round when Weir was down. Weir announced retirement after the bout but returned to the ring for a few more professional bouts and exhibitions. Although the bout officially was called a draw by the referee, Griffo knocked Weir down twice in the third round, with Weir taking a while to get to his feet. Many in the crowd were displeased with the official Draw decision. According to the Inter Ocean, as many as 5,000 were in attendance to watch "three of the fastest, fiercest and most brutal rounds ever fought in an American prize ring". Young Griffo made a veritable chopping block of Ike O'Neil Weir, the "Befast Spider". It is important to note that according to one source, Griffo may have outweighed Wier by as much as 30 lbs. during the bout, but discrepancies in the weights of opponents was more common in this era of boxing. Several newspaper accounts of the fight, written after Griffo's death, wrote that he had been drinking before the bout, but by most accounts he had the edge during most of the fighting, and Weir was a worthy opponent.On 27 August 1894, he lost to the famed seven-year undefeated World Lightweight Champion Jack McAuliffe in Brooklyn, New York, losing in a 10-round points decision. McAuliffe had lost his World Lightweight Championship only the year before. Griffo had lost few of his fights by referee decision before his bout with the legendary McAuliffe. Due to McAuliffe's extraordinary record as lightweight champion, he was considered one of Griffo's most skilled opponents.
Meeting three champions
Griffo fought an assortment of opponents who would at one time hold world championships.
Bouts with Lightweight contender "Kid" Lavigne
On 10 February 1894, he fought future World Lightweight Champion George "Kid" Lavigne for the first time in an eight-round draw in Chicago. On 12 October 1895, he fought Lavigne in a 20-round draw by points decision in Queens, New York. Lavigne would take the World Lightweight Championship only the following year.He subsequently fought an eight-round draw with the hard-hitting red head boxer Johnny Griffin at the Casino in Boston on 23 April 1894.
On 17 September 1894, he knocked out Eddie Loeber in only 2 minutes 36 seconds of the first round at the Seaside Athletic Club in Brooklyn. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, wrote that the two men were very "poorly matched", and that it was a relief when the referee Dominick McAffrey stopped the bout. Hundreds of spectators struggled to shake hands with Griffo after the fight's conclusion.On 4 March 1895, he defeated Horace Leeds at the Seaside Athletic Club in Coney Island in a 12-round bout in front of a sizable crowd of 4000 spectators. One reporter believed Griffo to be over the 133 pound weight limit, and fighting at a weight of as much as 140. The fighting was fierce, and both men were described as being "badly pummeled" in a close bout that had the betting about even. He lost to Leeds on 7 August 1897, in a four-round newspaper decision in Atlantic City, New Jersey. During this period, he was managed by Hugh Behan, but Griffo had an assortment of trainers in his career.
Bouts with world champion George Dixon
On 28 October 1895, he fought the great Black Canadian champion George Dixon in a 10-round draw by points decision in Manhattan. Dixon had taken the World Featherweight Championship in 1891, and was one of the first recognized world champions. Griffo would fight Dixon two additional times in well attended matches. One source described their 20-round draw as a "battle that bristled throughout with glittering skill and generalship." On 19 January 1895, they would fight a 25-round draw in New York's Coney Island. His manager Hughey Behan had him jailed briefly before the Coney Island bout with Dixon so he could train in a sober state.
Arrests for assault and disorderly conduct
On 11 April 1896, he was arrested at a Casino he frequented in College Point, Long Island, on charges of assault against William Connors, a town trustee. He was discharged shortly after to attend a scheduled bout against boxer Charles McKeever. On 13 April, the day he would have faced trial on the assault charge, he lost the 20-round bout at the Empire Athletic Club with McKeever in Queens, New York, on a points decision of the referee. On 9 June 1896, he was arrested for driving intoxicated and disorderly conduct in Coney Island, New York, and was arraigned at the Coney Island Police Court. He was sentenced to twenty-five days in prison after pleading guilty. Around 20 November 1897, he was arrested for vagrancy in St. Louis, Missouri, but several nights drinking at a bar may have precipitated the arrest. He was not held for long and fought a bout the following month in California. On 28 September 1898, he was arrested in Chicago found running naked on State Street for a quarter mile. He reportedly assaulted the three officers who tried to arrest him. Another source states he had been drinking the night the incident occurred. On 14 January 1899, he was arrested and brought to Chicago's Harrison Street Police Station for struggling with a police officer to prevent the arrest of a Tom McGinty from the Clover Leaf Saloon, around 2:00 AM but released shortly after. He was sent to an insane asylum on 24 March 1899, after being judged insane in Chicago. He was arrested on suspicion of armed robbery against James H. Wilkerson on 9 September 1901, but only one source mentions this arrest. On 2 February 1902, he was discovered in the cold in a vacant lot near the Bridewell in Chicago, where he had been serving a sentence for disorderly conduct. It was feared he would lose his hands from frostbite. On 6 February 1902, he was sent back to an asylum. Around 25 February 1903, he was sent back to the Bridewell in Chicago for three months for "making trouble".
Three bouts with future Welterweight Champion Joe Gans
He fought the legendary World Light and Welterweight Champion Joe Gans three times, but never winning a bout. Griffo's 18 November 1895 bout with Gans in Gan's home of Baltimore, Maryland, appeared to some to be only an exhibition, with which many in the crowd were disappointed. A few even considered the bout a "fix", as Griffo told the audience, he had agreed not to "put out" Gans during the bout. Griffo considered his 15-round draw in Athens, Pennsylvania, at the Olympic Athletic Club on 21 September 1897 one of his best, as well as one of Gans' most skilled displays. Of his 10 July 1900 bout with Gans, an eighth-round loss by technical knockout at the Seaside Athletic Club, one source wrote, the referee stopped the bout one minute and 30 econds into the eighth round when "Griffo was so far gone that another punch from Gans would have put him out." Griffo was reported to have shown some of his early form, but was no match for the blows and conditioning of the "old master" Joe Gans, and was believed by one reporter to have had less stamina as the fight wound on. Griffo was down in both the first and seventh rounds, and he took off nearly a year from his boxing after this last fight with Gans.
Bouts with champions Frank Erne, and Billy Murphy
He met one time World Featherweight and Lightweight champion Frank Erne on 20 December 1895 in a four-round non-title fight that resulted in a draw in Buffalo, New York.He defeated Torpedo Billy Murphy in a non-title match ending in an eight-round points decision at the Casino in Boston on 7 May 1894. His 20-round draw bout with Jack Everhardt on 10 July 1896 in Buffalo, New York, was billed as a World 135 pound title. He had previously met Everhardt in a pre-arranged six-round draw in Brooklyn on 25 May, at which the crowd would have preferred a decision by the referee. He lost to World Welter and Middleweight Champion Tommy Ryan on 21 June 1897 in a non-title match in a third-round technical knockout in Brooklyn, New York.
Late boxing career
Serving time
On 15 August 1896, he was sentenced in Brooklyn to one year in prison for an assault on William Gottlieb the previous April. He did not box from August 1896 until June 1897.
Boxing after release
On 12 July 1897, he fought well known lightweight Owen Ziegler, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in a six-round bout, which he won by newspaper decision. He considered Ziegler one of his more important opponents.He fought a close bout with Horace Leeds on 7 August 1897 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, in which The Philadelphia Inquirer felt Leeds had received more points.On 18 November 1897, Griffo was believed to have been drunk in a contest with Tom Tracey at the Colliseum in St. Louis. He rolled out of the boxing ring in the first round, and referee George Siler declared a No Contest. One source confirmed his story that he had been in a car accident before the fight which was the cause of his inability to complete the first round. The San Francisco Call wrote that Griffo's vehicle had been struck by a street car on the way to the bout, and that he had suffered a sprained shoulder as a result. He and two of his seconds were treated for injuries received as a result of the accident.He was defeated in an upset by Frank McConnell before three thousand spectators on 3 February 1898 in a 15-rounds points decision in San Francisco, California. McConnell only recently emerged from the amateur ranks, and had relatively little experience as a professional. Griffo showed great defensive skills in several rounds, but McConnell won the bout by taking the offensive throughout most of the fight.On 26 March 1898, he won a bout with the well known Black boxer, Young Peter Jackson in Red Bluff, California on a fourth-round disqualification. A few at ringside claimed that Jackson was actually Joe Gans, but this was found to be untrue.
Tragic bout with Bull McCarthy
On the evening of 27 April 1898, he fought Joseph Devitt, who gave the name of the boxer "Bull" McCarthy, in Sacramento, California. Griffo won the 20-round bout by knockout, but Devitt died the following evening of his injuries at Sister's Hospital. Devitt was diagnosed with a brain concussion, likely caused by a rain of blows to his head during the bout. Griffo was briefly taken into custody on charges of manslaughter as a result of the fight. The tragic result was a source of strong remorse for Griffo but it did not deter him from continuing his profession.
Late career decline
On 19 December 1901, he was advised to retire from boxing due to a "valvular affection of the heart that may bring death to him in the ring at any time." The diagnosis was made by a Dr. McGregor of the Olympic Athletic Club, and if accurate should have ended his boxing career.On 22 August 1902, he lost to three-time World Featherweight Title contender Joe Bernstein in Baltimore, Maryland in a 20-round points decision.He lost to lightweight boxer Joe Tipman in a fifth-round knockout on 29 September 1902 in Baltimore.In December 1902, after defeating Jack Bain in a ninth-round knockout in Baltimore, he took off at least a year from boxing before his fight with George Memsic around December 1903, also in Baltimore. In this stage of his career he was managed by Sam Tuckhorn, who was hoping to revive his career and convince the public of his fighting skills, but Griffo was nearing the end of his career.On 7 December 1903 in Peoria, Illinois, he defeated Jim Kenney in a four-round decision. Griffo showed great speed and cleverness according to the referee, Tom Dunn.One of his last well publicized bouts was a loss by first-round knockout against Tommy White on 10 February 1904 in Chicago, Illinois. He was already thirty-three at the time, and his age, drinking, and enormous number of previous fights had begun to tell on his speed and endurance in the ring. He was arrested in September 1909 in Chicago, as relatives from Australia had requested his arrest so as to help him obtain treatment for his drinking. Cyber Boxing Zone has him fighting two six-round, no-decision fights as late as 1911 with Welterweight champion William "Honey" Melody in September and Mike Leonard in May in New York, but these bouts were not confirmed by BoxRec and other boxers used the name Young Griffo. He served time at the Bridewell in Chicago, but was released around 28 November 1910, and returned to New York. He had plans to go on the vaudeville circuit with Charles Griffin, another boxer.In a tribute to Griffo, boxer Tommy Sullivan wrote in the 6 March 1916 Tacoma Daily News:
Not known as much of a puncher, but his skill was uncanny. He had wonderful head work, almost impenetrable defense, dazzling feints, and rapid two-handed methods of attack. The cleverest boxers and hardest punchers were made to look ridiculous when exchanging swats with him. He had a dislike of training and was deemed lazy. There were times he got drunk before a match [such as the Ike Weir and Tommy Tracy bouts].
Brief film career
He appeared as himself in the 1895 lost short Young Griffo vs. Battling Charles Barnett, which at least one source claims is the first film shown for profit. He appeared in at least two other films.
Apparently, two of his film roles were released near or after his death. Released in 1927, he had a minor role in Frank Capra's comedy Long Pants, and the following year in Harry Edwards' 1928 comedy The Best Man.
Tragic life after boxing
In March 1912, Griffo requested to be sent to the New York workhouse, partly a victim of alcoholism, which had affected him intermittently throughout his career. On 11 July 1912, he briefly was jailed for "almstaking" or begging. He had been arrested previously for begging.For the last 15 years of his life, he took donations and met friends at the entrance to New York's Rialto Theatre on Broadway and 42nd Street, becoming increasingly destitute by 1925. He spent some of his later years in asylums, and received a portion of his income from benefits staged by his friends. He had gained over 50 lbs. by the time of his death. He died in New York of heart disease, initially diagnosed as indigestion, on 7 December 1927 at age 56. He received medical aid too late after dragging himself into a hall from his small, rent-free room in a West side New York boarding house paid for by Jane F. Fish, an author of children's books. Many American newspapers ran stories on his life as a tragic tale of the effects of alcohol. He left no children nor were there any heirs that laid claim to his estate.Friends of his from the boxing and theatrical community provided for a burial. Several newspaper accounts after his death attributed his financial plight in part to his illiteracy as well as a poor understanding of numbers and currency, which made him an easy victim of unscrupulous handlers.He was laid to rest at Woodlawn Cemetery after a service at the Madison Avenue Baptist Church. Ring notables in attendance included Jack McAuliffe, Kid McPartland, Tommy Burns, James J. Corbett, and wealthy boxing promoter Tex Rickard, who provided funding for the burial plot and casket. Jane F. Fish also contributed to his funeral. Rickard was later repaid $500 of the $885 of funeral expenses he had donated out of a $3800 estate found to be attributed to Griffo after the funeral.
Professional boxing record
All information in this section is derived from BoxRec, unless otherwise stated.
Official record
All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as "no decision" bouts and are not counted in the win/loss/draw column.
Unofficial record
Record with the inclusion of newspaper decisions to the win/loss/draw column.
Boxing achievements
References
External links
Boxing record for Young Griffo from BoxRec (registration required)
Griffo: his life story and record / told by Jack Read (1926?)
Young Griffo: the will o'wisp of the roped square / Nat Fleischer (1928)
"Ring History of the Near-Champions: Young Griffo", National Police Gazette, New York: Richard K. Fox Publishing Co., CXX (23325): 7, 4 March 1922, retrieved 24 April 2013
Pictures held and digitised as part of the Arnold Thomas boxing collection by the National Library of Australia:
Albert Griffiths "Griffo", Feather Champion of the World, c1890
Albert Griffiths, 1893?
Albert Griffiths, c1927 "shortly before his death"
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Albert Griffiths (1 January 1871 – 10 December 1927), better known as Young Griffo, was a World Featherweight boxing champion from 1890 to 1892, and according to many sources, one of the first boxing world champions in any class. Ring magazine founder Nat Fleischer rated Griffo as the eighth greatest featherweight of all time. He was inducted into the Ring Magazine Hall of Fame in 1954, the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1991, and the Australian National Boxing Hall of Fame in 2003.During his career he defeated Abe Willis, champion Ike Weir, Horace Leeds, and Joe Harmon. He won bouts against champion Torpedo Billy Murphy a total of three times, twice in World Featherweight title matches. A prolific boxer of great opponents, after coming to America, he fought champions Solly Smith, "Kid" Lavigne, Joe Gans, Tommy Ryan, George Dixon, Frank Erne, and featherweight contender Joe Bernstein. He was recorded as fighting over two hundred professional fights in his career.
Griffo also put together the most consecutive bouts without defeat in recorded boxing history. As of May 2021, with the addition of Newspaper decisions, boxrec.com lists his record as initially starting off at 7–0–3 before he lost his first fight. After losing, he went on a four-year unbeaten streak of 79–1–38 before being defeated again 124 fights after his first loss.
Early life and titles
Albert Griffiths was born at Millers Point, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 1 January 1871. He took his ringname "Young Griffo" early in his career. Griffo turned pro in 1886, and until the age of 22, fought in his home land of Australia.
For four of his most successful years as a boxer, Harry Tuthill was his athletic trainer and Hugh Behan and Sam Tuckhorn were managers, but by his mid career Griffo went through a host of trainers and managers who tired of his drinking habits and unwillingness to train. He said in a 1902 interview with The Cincinnati Enquirer that Larry Foley of Sydney had acted as an important early boxing mentor, and indeed Griffo had trained at Foley's boxing school at Sydney's White Horse Hotel where several of the greatest champions had spent time, including triple weight class champion Bob Fitzsimmons.
Taking Australian Featherweight Championship
On 26 December 1889, he fought Nipper Peakes in Melbourne for the Australian Featherweight Championship winning in an eight-round points decision. He held the title for several years defending it against Abe Willis and George McKenzie in Sydney in 1890.
Taking World Featherweight Title vs. Billy Murphy, 1890
He first took the World Featherweight Title against Torpedo Billy Murphy on 2 September 1890 at the White Horse Hotel in Sydney in a fifteen-round decision. It was one of the first World Title matches ever held in Australia. At the time, the United States only recognized bouts that took place in North America, and so did not fully accept Griffo's claim to the World Title, but both Australia and Great Britain did. Subsequent to his death, the World Boxing Organization accepted Griffo's claim to the World Featherweight Title.
He defended the British and Australian version of the World Featherweight title against Paddy Moran on 4 November 1890 in a 13-round decision in Sydney. He defended the World Featherweight Title against George Powell on 12 March 1891 in a twenty-round disqualification in Sydney. Griffo defended the World Featherweight Title a third time against Torpedo Billy Murphy again in Sydney, Australia on 22 July 1891, winning in a 20-second round disqualification.In his final defense of the World Featherweight Title, he defeated Mick McCarthy on 22 March 1892 in Sydney in a fourth-round decision. He eventually vacated the title to fight at a higher weight.
He fought for the Australian Lightweight Title on 25 July 1892 against Jim Barron in Sydney, Australia in a 22-round bout that was declared a draw. The referee called the bout when both boxers appeared too battered and exhausted to continue. According to one source, an audience of 2,500 were present.
Boxing in the United States
In 1893, at the age of 22, he went to America. He boxed in the United States between November 1893 until his retirement from boxing in 1904 and remained there until his death in 1927. He arrived first in San Francisco and may have boxed a few bouts on the West Coast upon his arrival, but accounts differ. One of his first bouts in America was against "Young Scotty" in Chicago on 13 November 1893, where he was reputed to have challenged his opponent to hit him for several minutes while he bobbed his head and managed to avoid nearly every blow. At least one newspaper reported after his death that even in this early stage of his career, he had been pulled from a bar room before the fight with the skilled Black boxer, but his defensive skills in the bout were considered to have been extraordinary with Scotty unable to land a blow.
Bout with future World Featherweight Champion Solly Smith
On 3 January 1894, he fought future World Featherweight champion Solly Smith at the Tivoli Theatre in Chicago to a six-round draw. Smith, who had distinguished himself by the time he met Griffo, would take the World Featherweight Championship the following year.
On 23 January 1894, he fought an eight-round draw with John Van Heest in Chicago, making an impressive performance.
Match with Ike Weir, former world champion
On 17 March 1894, Griffo defeated Ike Weir at the Second Regiment Armory in Chicago. Griffo, as a lightweight, outweighed Weir considerably and dominated the bout, which was stopped by the police in the third round when Weir was down. Weir announced retirement after the bout but returned to the ring for a few more professional bouts and exhibitions. Although the bout officially was called a draw by the referee, Griffo knocked Weir down twice in the third round, with Weir taking a while to get to his feet. Many in the crowd were displeased with the official Draw decision. According to the Inter Ocean, as many as 5,000 were in attendance to watch "three of the fastest, fiercest and most brutal rounds ever fought in an American prize ring". Young Griffo made a veritable chopping block of Ike O'Neil Weir, the "Befast Spider". It is important to note that according to one source, Griffo may have outweighed Wier by as much as 30 lbs. during the bout, but discrepancies in the weights of opponents was more common in this era of boxing. Several newspaper accounts of the fight, written after Griffo's death, wrote that he had been drinking before the bout, but by most accounts he had the edge during most of the fighting, and Weir was a worthy opponent.On 27 August 1894, he lost to the famed seven-year undefeated World Lightweight Champion Jack McAuliffe in Brooklyn, New York, losing in a 10-round points decision. McAuliffe had lost his World Lightweight Championship only the year before. Griffo had lost few of his fights by referee decision before his bout with the legendary McAuliffe. Due to McAuliffe's extraordinary record as lightweight champion, he was considered one of Griffo's most skilled opponents.
Meeting three champions
Griffo fought an assortment of opponents who would at one time hold world championships.
Bouts with Lightweight contender "Kid" Lavigne
On 10 February 1894, he fought future World Lightweight Champion George "Kid" Lavigne for the first time in an eight-round draw in Chicago. On 12 October 1895, he fought Lavigne in a 20-round draw by points decision in Queens, New York. Lavigne would take the World Lightweight Championship only the following year.He subsequently fought an eight-round draw with the hard-hitting red head boxer Johnny Griffin at the Casino in Boston on 23 April 1894.
On 17 September 1894, he knocked out Eddie Loeber in only 2 minutes 36 seconds of the first round at the Seaside Athletic Club in Brooklyn. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, wrote that the two men were very "poorly matched", and that it was a relief when the referee Dominick McAffrey stopped the bout. Hundreds of spectators struggled to shake hands with Griffo after the fight's conclusion.On 4 March 1895, he defeated Horace Leeds at the Seaside Athletic Club in Coney Island in a 12-round bout in front of a sizable crowd of 4000 spectators. One reporter believed Griffo to be over the 133 pound weight limit, and fighting at a weight of as much as 140. The fighting was fierce, and both men were described as being "badly pummeled" in a close bout that had the betting about even. He lost to Leeds on 7 August 1897, in a four-round newspaper decision in Atlantic City, New Jersey. During this period, he was managed by Hugh Behan, but Griffo had an assortment of trainers in his career.
Bouts with world champion George Dixon
On 28 October 1895, he fought the great Black Canadian champion George Dixon in a 10-round draw by points decision in Manhattan. Dixon had taken the World Featherweight Championship in 1891, and was one of the first recognized world champions. Griffo would fight Dixon two additional times in well attended matches. One source described their 20-round draw as a "battle that bristled throughout with glittering skill and generalship." On 19 January 1895, they would fight a 25-round draw in New York's Coney Island. His manager Hughey Behan had him jailed briefly before the Coney Island bout with Dixon so he could train in a sober state.
Arrests for assault and disorderly conduct
On 11 April 1896, he was arrested at a Casino he frequented in College Point, Long Island, on charges of assault against William Connors, a town trustee. He was discharged shortly after to attend a scheduled bout against boxer Charles McKeever. On 13 April, the day he would have faced trial on the assault charge, he lost the 20-round bout at the Empire Athletic Club with McKeever in Queens, New York, on a points decision of the referee. On 9 June 1896, he was arrested for driving intoxicated and disorderly conduct in Coney Island, New York, and was arraigned at the Coney Island Police Court. He was sentenced to twenty-five days in prison after pleading guilty. Around 20 November 1897, he was arrested for vagrancy in St. Louis, Missouri, but several nights drinking at a bar may have precipitated the arrest. He was not held for long and fought a bout the following month in California. On 28 September 1898, he was arrested in Chicago found running naked on State Street for a quarter mile. He reportedly assaulted the three officers who tried to arrest him. Another source states he had been drinking the night the incident occurred. On 14 January 1899, he was arrested and brought to Chicago's Harrison Street Police Station for struggling with a police officer to prevent the arrest of a Tom McGinty from the Clover Leaf Saloon, around 2:00 AM but released shortly after. He was sent to an insane asylum on 24 March 1899, after being judged insane in Chicago. He was arrested on suspicion of armed robbery against James H. Wilkerson on 9 September 1901, but only one source mentions this arrest. On 2 February 1902, he was discovered in the cold in a vacant lot near the Bridewell in Chicago, where he had been serving a sentence for disorderly conduct. It was feared he would lose his hands from frostbite. On 6 February 1902, he was sent back to an asylum. Around 25 February 1903, he was sent back to the Bridewell in Chicago for three months for "making trouble".
Three bouts with future Welterweight Champion Joe Gans
He fought the legendary World Light and Welterweight Champion Joe Gans three times, but never winning a bout. Griffo's 18 November 1895 bout with Gans in Gan's home of Baltimore, Maryland, appeared to some to be only an exhibition, with which many in the crowd were disappointed. A few even considered the bout a "fix", as Griffo told the audience, he had agreed not to "put out" Gans during the bout. Griffo considered his 15-round draw in Athens, Pennsylvania, at the Olympic Athletic Club on 21 September 1897 one of his best, as well as one of Gans' most skilled displays. Of his 10 July 1900 bout with Gans, an eighth-round loss by technical knockout at the Seaside Athletic Club, one source wrote, the referee stopped the bout one minute and 30 econds into the eighth round when "Griffo was so far gone that another punch from Gans would have put him out." Griffo was reported to have shown some of his early form, but was no match for the blows and conditioning of the "old master" Joe Gans, and was believed by one reporter to have had less stamina as the fight wound on. Griffo was down in both the first and seventh rounds, and he took off nearly a year from his boxing after this last fight with Gans.
Bouts with champions Frank Erne, and Billy Murphy
He met one time World Featherweight and Lightweight champion Frank Erne on 20 December 1895 in a four-round non-title fight that resulted in a draw in Buffalo, New York.He defeated Torpedo Billy Murphy in a non-title match ending in an eight-round points decision at the Casino in Boston on 7 May 1894. His 20-round draw bout with Jack Everhardt on 10 July 1896 in Buffalo, New York, was billed as a World 135 pound title. He had previously met Everhardt in a pre-arranged six-round draw in Brooklyn on 25 May, at which the crowd would have preferred a decision by the referee. He lost to World Welter and Middleweight Champion Tommy Ryan on 21 June 1897 in a non-title match in a third-round technical knockout in Brooklyn, New York.
Late boxing career
Serving time
On 15 August 1896, he was sentenced in Brooklyn to one year in prison for an assault on William Gottlieb the previous April. He did not box from August 1896 until June 1897.
Boxing after release
On 12 July 1897, he fought well known lightweight Owen Ziegler, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in a six-round bout, which he won by newspaper decision. He considered Ziegler one of his more important opponents.He fought a close bout with Horace Leeds on 7 August 1897 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, in which The Philadelphia Inquirer felt Leeds had received more points.On 18 November 1897, Griffo was believed to have been drunk in a contest with Tom Tracey at the Colliseum in St. Louis. He rolled out of the boxing ring in the first round, and referee George Siler declared a No Contest. One source confirmed his story that he had been in a car accident before the fight which was the cause of his inability to complete the first round. The San Francisco Call wrote that Griffo's vehicle had been struck by a street car on the way to the bout, and that he had suffered a sprained shoulder as a result. He and two of his seconds were treated for injuries received as a result of the accident.He was defeated in an upset by Frank McConnell before three thousand spectators on 3 February 1898 in a 15-rounds points decision in San Francisco, California. McConnell only recently emerged from the amateur ranks, and had relatively little experience as a professional. Griffo showed great defensive skills in several rounds, but McConnell won the bout by taking the offensive throughout most of the fight.On 26 March 1898, he won a bout with the well known Black boxer, Young Peter Jackson in Red Bluff, California on a fourth-round disqualification. A few at ringside claimed that Jackson was actually Joe Gans, but this was found to be untrue.
Tragic bout with Bull McCarthy
On the evening of 27 April 1898, he fought Joseph Devitt, who gave the name of the boxer "Bull" McCarthy, in Sacramento, California. Griffo won the 20-round bout by knockout, but Devitt died the following evening of his injuries at Sister's Hospital. Devitt was diagnosed with a brain concussion, likely caused by a rain of blows to his head during the bout. Griffo was briefly taken into custody on charges of manslaughter as a result of the fight. The tragic result was a source of strong remorse for Griffo but it did not deter him from continuing his profession.
Late career decline
On 19 December 1901, he was advised to retire from boxing due to a "valvular affection of the heart that may bring death to him in the ring at any time." The diagnosis was made by a Dr. McGregor of the Olympic Athletic Club, and if accurate should have ended his boxing career.On 22 August 1902, he lost to three-time World Featherweight Title contender Joe Bernstein in Baltimore, Maryland in a 20-round points decision.He lost to lightweight boxer Joe Tipman in a fifth-round knockout on 29 September 1902 in Baltimore.In December 1902, after defeating Jack Bain in a ninth-round knockout in Baltimore, he took off at least a year from boxing before his fight with George Memsic around December 1903, also in Baltimore. In this stage of his career he was managed by Sam Tuckhorn, who was hoping to revive his career and convince the public of his fighting skills, but Griffo was nearing the end of his career.On 7 December 1903 in Peoria, Illinois, he defeated Jim Kenney in a four-round decision. Griffo showed great speed and cleverness according to the referee, Tom Dunn.One of his last well publicized bouts was a loss by first-round knockout against Tommy White on 10 February 1904 in Chicago, Illinois. He was already thirty-three at the time, and his age, drinking, and enormous number of previous fights had begun to tell on his speed and endurance in the ring. He was arrested in September 1909 in Chicago, as relatives from Australia had requested his arrest so as to help him obtain treatment for his drinking. Cyber Boxing Zone has him fighting two six-round, no-decision fights as late as 1911 with Welterweight champion William "Honey" Melody in September and Mike Leonard in May in New York, but these bouts were not confirmed by BoxRec and other boxers used the name Young Griffo. He served time at the Bridewell in Chicago, but was released around 28 November 1910, and returned to New York. He had plans to go on the vaudeville circuit with Charles Griffin, another boxer.In a tribute to Griffo, boxer Tommy Sullivan wrote in the 6 March 1916 Tacoma Daily News:
Not known as much of a puncher, but his skill was uncanny. He had wonderful head work, almost impenetrable defense, dazzling feints, and rapid two-handed methods of attack. The cleverest boxers and hardest punchers were made to look ridiculous when exchanging swats with him. He had a dislike of training and was deemed lazy. There were times he got drunk before a match [such as the Ike Weir and Tommy Tracy bouts].
Brief film career
He appeared as himself in the 1895 lost short Young Griffo vs. Battling Charles Barnett, which at least one source claims is the first film shown for profit. He appeared in at least two other films.
Apparently, two of his film roles were released near or after his death. Released in 1927, he had a minor role in Frank Capra's comedy Long Pants, and the following year in Harry Edwards' 1928 comedy The Best Man.
Tragic life after boxing
In March 1912, Griffo requested to be sent to the New York workhouse, partly a victim of alcoholism, which had affected him intermittently throughout his career. On 11 July 1912, he briefly was jailed for "almstaking" or begging. He had been arrested previously for begging.For the last 15 years of his life, he took donations and met friends at the entrance to New York's Rialto Theatre on Broadway and 42nd Street, becoming increasingly destitute by 1925. He spent some of his later years in asylums, and received a portion of his income from benefits staged by his friends. He had gained over 50 lbs. by the time of his death. He died in New York of heart disease, initially diagnosed as indigestion, on 7 December 1927 at age 56. He received medical aid too late after dragging himself into a hall from his small, rent-free room in a West side New York boarding house paid for by Jane F. Fish, an author of children's books. Many American newspapers ran stories on his life as a tragic tale of the effects of alcohol. He left no children nor were there any heirs that laid claim to his estate.Friends of his from the boxing and theatrical community provided for a burial. Several newspaper accounts after his death attributed his financial plight in part to his illiteracy as well as a poor understanding of numbers and currency, which made him an easy victim of unscrupulous handlers.He was laid to rest at Woodlawn Cemetery after a service at the Madison Avenue Baptist Church. Ring notables in attendance included Jack McAuliffe, Kid McPartland, Tommy Burns, James J. Corbett, and wealthy boxing promoter Tex Rickard, who provided funding for the burial plot and casket. Jane F. Fish also contributed to his funeral. Rickard was later repaid $500 of the $885 of funeral expenses he had donated out of a $3800 estate found to be attributed to Griffo after the funeral.
Professional boxing record
All information in this section is derived from BoxRec, unless otherwise stated.
Official record
All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as "no decision" bouts and are not counted in the win/loss/draw column.
Unofficial record
Record with the inclusion of newspaper decisions to the win/loss/draw column.
Boxing achievements
References
External links
Boxing record for Young Griffo from BoxRec (registration required)
Griffo: his life story and record / told by Jack Read (1926?)
Young Griffo: the will o'wisp of the roped square / Nat Fleischer (1928)
"Ring History of the Near-Champions: Young Griffo", National Police Gazette, New York: Richard K. Fox Publishing Co., CXX (23325): 7, 4 March 1922, retrieved 24 April 2013
Pictures held and digitised as part of the Arnold Thomas boxing collection by the National Library of Australia:
Albert Griffiths "Griffo", Feather Champion of the World, c1890
Albert Griffiths, 1893?
Albert Griffiths, c1927 "shortly before his death"
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Albert Griffiths (1 January 1871 – 10 December 1927), better known as Young Griffo, was a World Featherweight boxing champion from 1890 to 1892, and according to many sources, one of the first boxing world champions in any class. Ring magazine founder Nat Fleischer rated Griffo as the eighth greatest featherweight of all time. He was inducted into the Ring Magazine Hall of Fame in 1954, the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1991, and the Australian National Boxing Hall of Fame in 2003.During his career he defeated Abe Willis, champion Ike Weir, Horace Leeds, and Joe Harmon. He won bouts against champion Torpedo Billy Murphy a total of three times, twice in World Featherweight title matches. A prolific boxer of great opponents, after coming to America, he fought champions Solly Smith, "Kid" Lavigne, Joe Gans, Tommy Ryan, George Dixon, Frank Erne, and featherweight contender Joe Bernstein. He was recorded as fighting over two hundred professional fights in his career.
Griffo also put together the most consecutive bouts without defeat in recorded boxing history. As of May 2021, with the addition of Newspaper decisions, boxrec.com lists his record as initially starting off at 7–0–3 before he lost his first fight. After losing, he went on a four-year unbeaten streak of 79–1–38 before being defeated again 124 fights after his first loss.
Early life and titles
Albert Griffiths was born at Millers Point, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 1 January 1871. He took his ringname "Young Griffo" early in his career. Griffo turned pro in 1886, and until the age of 22, fought in his home land of Australia.
For four of his most successful years as a boxer, Harry Tuthill was his athletic trainer and Hugh Behan and Sam Tuckhorn were managers, but by his mid career Griffo went through a host of trainers and managers who tired of his drinking habits and unwillingness to train. He said in a 1902 interview with The Cincinnati Enquirer that Larry Foley of Sydney had acted as an important early boxing mentor, and indeed Griffo had trained at Foley's boxing school at Sydney's White Horse Hotel where several of the greatest champions had spent time, including triple weight class champion Bob Fitzsimmons.
Taking Australian Featherweight Championship
On 26 December 1889, he fought Nipper Peakes in Melbourne for the Australian Featherweight Championship winning in an eight-round points decision. He held the title for several years defending it against Abe Willis and George McKenzie in Sydney in 1890.
Taking World Featherweight Title vs. Billy Murphy, 1890
He first took the World Featherweight Title against Torpedo Billy Murphy on 2 September 1890 at the White Horse Hotel in Sydney in a fifteen-round decision. It was one of the first World Title matches ever held in Australia. At the time, the United States only recognized bouts that took place in North America, and so did not fully accept Griffo's claim to the World Title, but both Australia and Great Britain did. Subsequent to his death, the World Boxing Organization accepted Griffo's claim to the World Featherweight Title.
He defended the British and Australian version of the World Featherweight title against Paddy Moran on 4 November 1890 in a 13-round decision in Sydney. He defended the World Featherweight Title against George Powell on 12 March 1891 in a twenty-round disqualification in Sydney. Griffo defended the World Featherweight Title a third time against Torpedo Billy Murphy again in Sydney, Australia on 22 July 1891, winning in a 20-second round disqualification.In his final defense of the World Featherweight Title, he defeated Mick McCarthy on 22 March 1892 in Sydney in a fourth-round decision. He eventually vacated the title to fight at a higher weight.
He fought for the Australian Lightweight Title on 25 July 1892 against Jim Barron in Sydney, Australia in a 22-round bout that was declared a draw. The referee called the bout when both boxers appeared too battered and exhausted to continue. According to one source, an audience of 2,500 were present.
Boxing in the United States
In 1893, at the age of 22, he went to America. He boxed in the United States between November 1893 until his retirement from boxing in 1904 and remained there until his death in 1927. He arrived first in San Francisco and may have boxed a few bouts on the West Coast upon his arrival, but accounts differ. One of his first bouts in America was against "Young Scotty" in Chicago on 13 November 1893, where he was reputed to have challenged his opponent to hit him for several minutes while he bobbed his head and managed to avoid nearly every blow. At least one newspaper reported after his death that even in this early stage of his career, he had been pulled from a bar room before the fight with the skilled Black boxer, but his defensive skills in the bout were considered to have been extraordinary with Scotty unable to land a blow.
Bout with future World Featherweight Champion Solly Smith
On 3 January 1894, he fought future World Featherweight champion Solly Smith at the Tivoli Theatre in Chicago to a six-round draw. Smith, who had distinguished himself by the time he met Griffo, would take the World Featherweight Championship the following year.
On 23 January 1894, he fought an eight-round draw with John Van Heest in Chicago, making an impressive performance.
Match with Ike Weir, former world champion
On 17 March 1894, Griffo defeated Ike Weir at the Second Regiment Armory in Chicago. Griffo, as a lightweight, outweighed Weir considerably and dominated the bout, which was stopped by the police in the third round when Weir was down. Weir announced retirement after the bout but returned to the ring for a few more professional bouts and exhibitions. Although the bout officially was called a draw by the referee, Griffo knocked Weir down twice in the third round, with Weir taking a while to get to his feet. Many in the crowd were displeased with the official Draw decision. According to the Inter Ocean, as many as 5,000 were in attendance to watch "three of the fastest, fiercest and most brutal rounds ever fought in an American prize ring". Young Griffo made a veritable chopping block of Ike O'Neil Weir, the "Befast Spider". It is important to note that according to one source, Griffo may have outweighed Wier by as much as 30 lbs. during the bout, but discrepancies in the weights of opponents was more common in this era of boxing. Several newspaper accounts of the fight, written after Griffo's death, wrote that he had been drinking before the bout, but by most accounts he had the edge during most of the fighting, and Weir was a worthy opponent.On 27 August 1894, he lost to the famed seven-year undefeated World Lightweight Champion Jack McAuliffe in Brooklyn, New York, losing in a 10-round points decision. McAuliffe had lost his World Lightweight Championship only the year before. Griffo had lost few of his fights by referee decision before his bout with the legendary McAuliffe. Due to McAuliffe's extraordinary record as lightweight champion, he was considered one of Griffo's most skilled opponents.
Meeting three champions
Griffo fought an assortment of opponents who would at one time hold world championships.
Bouts with Lightweight contender "Kid" Lavigne
On 10 February 1894, he fought future World Lightweight Champion George "Kid" Lavigne for the first time in an eight-round draw in Chicago. On 12 October 1895, he fought Lavigne in a 20-round draw by points decision in Queens, New York. Lavigne would take the World Lightweight Championship only the following year.He subsequently fought an eight-round draw with the hard-hitting red head boxer Johnny Griffin at the Casino in Boston on 23 April 1894.
On 17 September 1894, he knocked out Eddie Loeber in only 2 minutes 36 seconds of the first round at the Seaside Athletic Club in Brooklyn. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, wrote that the two men were very "poorly matched", and that it was a relief when the referee Dominick McAffrey stopped the bout. Hundreds of spectators struggled to shake hands with Griffo after the fight's conclusion.On 4 March 1895, he defeated Horace Leeds at the Seaside Athletic Club in Coney Island in a 12-round bout in front of a sizable crowd of 4000 spectators. One reporter believed Griffo to be over the 133 pound weight limit, and fighting at a weight of as much as 140. The fighting was fierce, and both men were described as being "badly pummeled" in a close bout that had the betting about even. He lost to Leeds on 7 August 1897, in a four-round newspaper decision in Atlantic City, New Jersey. During this period, he was managed by Hugh Behan, but Griffo had an assortment of trainers in his career.
Bouts with world champion George Dixon
On 28 October 1895, he fought the great Black Canadian champion George Dixon in a 10-round draw by points decision in Manhattan. Dixon had taken the World Featherweight Championship in 1891, and was one of the first recognized world champions. Griffo would fight Dixon two additional times in well attended matches. One source described their 20-round draw as a "battle that bristled throughout with glittering skill and generalship." On 19 January 1895, they would fight a 25-round draw in New York's Coney Island. His manager Hughey Behan had him jailed briefly before the Coney Island bout with Dixon so he could train in a sober state.
Arrests for assault and disorderly conduct
On 11 April 1896, he was arrested at a Casino he frequented in College Point, Long Island, on charges of assault against William Connors, a town trustee. He was discharged shortly after to attend a scheduled bout against boxer Charles McKeever. On 13 April, the day he would have faced trial on the assault charge, he lost the 20-round bout at the Empire Athletic Club with McKeever in Queens, New York, on a points decision of the referee. On 9 June 1896, he was arrested for driving intoxicated and disorderly conduct in Coney Island, New York, and was arraigned at the Coney Island Police Court. He was sentenced to twenty-five days in prison after pleading guilty. Around 20 November 1897, he was arrested for vagrancy in St. Louis, Missouri, but several nights drinking at a bar may have precipitated the arrest. He was not held for long and fought a bout the following month in California. On 28 September 1898, he was arrested in Chicago found running naked on State Street for a quarter mile. He reportedly assaulted the three officers who tried to arrest him. Another source states he had been drinking the night the incident occurred. On 14 January 1899, he was arrested and brought to Chicago's Harrison Street Police Station for struggling with a police officer to prevent the arrest of a Tom McGinty from the Clover Leaf Saloon, around 2:00 AM but released shortly after. He was sent to an insane asylum on 24 March 1899, after being judged insane in Chicago. He was arrested on suspicion of armed robbery against James H. Wilkerson on 9 September 1901, but only one source mentions this arrest. On 2 February 1902, he was discovered in the cold in a vacant lot near the Bridewell in Chicago, where he had been serving a sentence for disorderly conduct. It was feared he would lose his hands from frostbite. On 6 February 1902, he was sent back to an asylum. Around 25 February 1903, he was sent back to the Bridewell in Chicago for three months for "making trouble".
Three bouts with future Welterweight Champion Joe Gans
He fought the legendary World Light and Welterweight Champion Joe Gans three times, but never winning a bout. Griffo's 18 November 1895 bout with Gans in Gan's home of Baltimore, Maryland, appeared to some to be only an exhibition, with which many in the crowd were disappointed. A few even considered the bout a "fix", as Griffo told the audience, he had agreed not to "put out" Gans during the bout. Griffo considered his 15-round draw in Athens, Pennsylvania, at the Olympic Athletic Club on 21 September 1897 one of his best, as well as one of Gans' most skilled displays. Of his 10 July 1900 bout with Gans, an eighth-round loss by technical knockout at the Seaside Athletic Club, one source wrote, the referee stopped the bout one minute and 30 econds into the eighth round when "Griffo was so far gone that another punch from Gans would have put him out." Griffo was reported to have shown some of his early form, but was no match for the blows and conditioning of the "old master" Joe Gans, and was believed by one reporter to have had less stamina as the fight wound on. Griffo was down in both the first and seventh rounds, and he took off nearly a year from his boxing after this last fight with Gans.
Bouts with champions Frank Erne, and Billy Murphy
He met one time World Featherweight and Lightweight champion Frank Erne on 20 December 1895 in a four-round non-title fight that resulted in a draw in Buffalo, New York.He defeated Torpedo Billy Murphy in a non-title match ending in an eight-round points decision at the Casino in Boston on 7 May 1894. His 20-round draw bout with Jack Everhardt on 10 July 1896 in Buffalo, New York, was billed as a World 135 pound title. He had previously met Everhardt in a pre-arranged six-round draw in Brooklyn on 25 May, at which the crowd would have preferred a decision by the referee. He lost to World Welter and Middleweight Champion Tommy Ryan on 21 June 1897 in a non-title match in a third-round technical knockout in Brooklyn, New York.
Late boxing career
Serving time
On 15 August 1896, he was sentenced in Brooklyn to one year in prison for an assault on William Gottlieb the previous April. He did not box from August 1896 until June 1897.
Boxing after release
On 12 July 1897, he fought well known lightweight Owen Ziegler, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in a six-round bout, which he won by newspaper decision. He considered Ziegler one of his more important opponents.He fought a close bout with Horace Leeds on 7 August 1897 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, in which The Philadelphia Inquirer felt Leeds had received more points.On 18 November 1897, Griffo was believed to have been drunk in a contest with Tom Tracey at the Colliseum in St. Louis. He rolled out of the boxing ring in the first round, and referee George Siler declared a No Contest. One source confirmed his story that he had been in a car accident before the fight which was the cause of his inability to complete the first round. The San Francisco Call wrote that Griffo's vehicle had been struck by a street car on the way to the bout, and that he had suffered a sprained shoulder as a result. He and two of his seconds were treated for injuries received as a result of the accident.He was defeated in an upset by Frank McConnell before three thousand spectators on 3 February 1898 in a 15-rounds points decision in San Francisco, California. McConnell only recently emerged from the amateur ranks, and had relatively little experience as a professional. Griffo showed great defensive skills in several rounds, but McConnell won the bout by taking the offensive throughout most of the fight.On 26 March 1898, he won a bout with the well known Black boxer, Young Peter Jackson in Red Bluff, California on a fourth-round disqualification. A few at ringside claimed that Jackson was actually Joe Gans, but this was found to be untrue.
Tragic bout with Bull McCarthy
On the evening of 27 April 1898, he fought Joseph Devitt, who gave the name of the boxer "Bull" McCarthy, in Sacramento, California. Griffo won the 20-round bout by knockout, but Devitt died the following evening of his injuries at Sister's Hospital. Devitt was diagnosed with a brain concussion, likely caused by a rain of blows to his head during the bout. Griffo was briefly taken into custody on charges of manslaughter as a result of the fight. The tragic result was a source of strong remorse for Griffo but it did not deter him from continuing his profession.
Late career decline
On 19 December 1901, he was advised to retire from boxing due to a "valvular affection of the heart that may bring death to him in the ring at any time." The diagnosis was made by a Dr. McGregor of the Olympic Athletic Club, and if accurate should have ended his boxing career.On 22 August 1902, he lost to three-time World Featherweight Title contender Joe Bernstein in Baltimore, Maryland in a 20-round points decision.He lost to lightweight boxer Joe Tipman in a fifth-round knockout on 29 September 1902 in Baltimore.In December 1902, after defeating Jack Bain in a ninth-round knockout in Baltimore, he took off at least a year from boxing before his fight with George Memsic around December 1903, also in Baltimore. In this stage of his career he was managed by Sam Tuckhorn, who was hoping to revive his career and convince the public of his fighting skills, but Griffo was nearing the end of his career.On 7 December 1903 in Peoria, Illinois, he defeated Jim Kenney in a four-round decision. Griffo showed great speed and cleverness according to the referee, Tom Dunn.One of his last well publicized bouts was a loss by first-round knockout against Tommy White on 10 February 1904 in Chicago, Illinois. He was already thirty-three at the time, and his age, drinking, and enormous number of previous fights had begun to tell on his speed and endurance in the ring. He was arrested in September 1909 in Chicago, as relatives from Australia had requested his arrest so as to help him obtain treatment for his drinking. Cyber Boxing Zone has him fighting two six-round, no-decision fights as late as 1911 with Welterweight champion William "Honey" Melody in September and Mike Leonard in May in New York, but these bouts were not confirmed by BoxRec and other boxers used the name Young Griffo. He served time at the Bridewell in Chicago, but was released around 28 November 1910, and returned to New York. He had plans to go on the vaudeville circuit with Charles Griffin, another boxer.In a tribute to Griffo, boxer Tommy Sullivan wrote in the 6 March 1916 Tacoma Daily News:
Not known as much of a puncher, but his skill was uncanny. He had wonderful head work, almost impenetrable defense, dazzling feints, and rapid two-handed methods of attack. The cleverest boxers and hardest punchers were made to look ridiculous when exchanging swats with him. He had a dislike of training and was deemed lazy. There were times he got drunk before a match [such as the Ike Weir and Tommy Tracy bouts].
Brief film career
He appeared as himself in the 1895 lost short Young Griffo vs. Battling Charles Barnett, which at least one source claims is the first film shown for profit. He appeared in at least two other films.
Apparently, two of his film roles were released near or after his death. Released in 1927, he had a minor role in Frank Capra's comedy Long Pants, and the following year in Harry Edwards' 1928 comedy The Best Man.
Tragic life after boxing
In March 1912, Griffo requested to be sent to the New York workhouse, partly a victim of alcoholism, which had affected him intermittently throughout his career. On 11 July 1912, he briefly was jailed for "almstaking" or begging. He had been arrested previously for begging.For the last 15 years of his life, he took donations and met friends at the entrance to New York's Rialto Theatre on Broadway and 42nd Street, becoming increasingly destitute by 1925. He spent some of his later years in asylums, and received a portion of his income from benefits staged by his friends. He had gained over 50 lbs. by the time of his death. He died in New York of heart disease, initially diagnosed as indigestion, on 7 December 1927 at age 56. He received medical aid too late after dragging himself into a hall from his small, rent-free room in a West side New York boarding house paid for by Jane F. Fish, an author of children's books. Many American newspapers ran stories on his life as a tragic tale of the effects of alcohol. He left no children nor were there any heirs that laid claim to his estate.Friends of his from the boxing and theatrical community provided for a burial. Several newspaper accounts after his death attributed his financial plight in part to his illiteracy as well as a poor understanding of numbers and currency, which made him an easy victim of unscrupulous handlers.He was laid to rest at Woodlawn Cemetery after a service at the Madison Avenue Baptist Church. Ring notables in attendance included Jack McAuliffe, Kid McPartland, Tommy Burns, James J. Corbett, and wealthy boxing promoter Tex Rickard, who provided funding for the burial plot and casket. Jane F. Fish also contributed to his funeral. Rickard was later repaid $500 of the $885 of funeral expenses he had donated out of a $3800 estate found to be attributed to Griffo after the funeral.
Professional boxing record
All information in this section is derived from BoxRec, unless otherwise stated.
Official record
All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as "no decision" bouts and are not counted in the win/loss/draw column.
Unofficial record
Record with the inclusion of newspaper decisions to the win/loss/draw column.
Boxing achievements
References
External links
Boxing record for Young Griffo from BoxRec (registration required)
Griffo: his life story and record / told by Jack Read (1926?)
Young Griffo: the will o'wisp of the roped square / Nat Fleischer (1928)
"Ring History of the Near-Champions: Young Griffo", National Police Gazette, New York: Richard K. Fox Publishing Co., CXX (23325): 7, 4 March 1922, retrieved 24 April 2013
Pictures held and digitised as part of the Arnold Thomas boxing collection by the National Library of Australia:
Albert Griffiths "Griffo", Feather Champion of the World, c1890
Albert Griffiths, 1893?
Albert Griffiths, c1927 "shortly before his death"
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