manu/mldr-zoomed-100char-total-queries-documents

chunk_id stringlengths 3 9	chunk stringlengths 1 100
9849_56	papal sympathies of the time), they looked towards the new Carolingian king of the Franks, Pepin
9849_57	the Short, as the best provider of defence against the Lombards. A minor, pro-Lombard faction was
9849_58	opposed to close ties with any of these further-off powers and interested in maintaining peace with
9849_59	the neighbouring (and surrounding, but for the sea) Lombard kingdom.
9849_60	In that period, Venice had established for itself a thriving slave trade, buying in Italy, among
9849_61	other places, and selling to the Moors in Northern Africa (Pope Zachary himself reportedly forbade
9849_62	such traffic out of Rome). When the sale of Christians to Muslims was banned following the pactum
9849_63	Lotharii, the Venetians began to sell Slavs and other Eastern European non-Christian slaves in
9849_64	greater numbers. Caravans of slaves traveled from Eastern Europe, through Alpine passes in Austria,
9849_65	to reach Venice. Surviving records valued female slaves at a tremissa (about 1.5 grams of gold or
9849_66	roughly of a dinar) and male slaves, who were more numerous, at a saiga (which is much less).
9849_67	Eunuchs were especially valuable, and "castration houses" arose in Venice, as well as other
9849_68	prominent slave markets, to meet this demand. Indeed, Venice was far from the only Italian city
9849_69	engaged in the slave trade in Medieval Europe.
9849_70	Early Middle Ages
9849_71	The successors of Obelerio inherited a united Venice. By the Pax Nicephori (803–814), the two
9849_72	emperors had recognised that Venice belonged to the Byzantine sphere of influence. Many centuries
9849_73	later, the Venetians claimed that the treaty had recognised Venetian de facto independence, but the
9849_74	truth of this claim is doubted by modern scholars. A Byzantine fleet sailed to Venice in 807 and
9849_75	deposed the Doge, replacing him with a Byzantine governor. Nevertheless, during the reign of the
9849_76	Participazio family, Venice grew into its modern form.
9849_77	Though Heraclean by birth, Agnello, the first Participazio doge, was an early immigrant to Rialto
9849_78	and his dogeship was marked by the expansion of Venice towards the sea via the construction of
9849_79	bridges, canals, bulwarks, fortifications, and stone buildings. The modern Venice, at one with the
9849_80	sea, was being born. Agnello was succeeded by his son Giustiniano, who stole the remains of Saint
9849_81	Mark the Evangelist from Alexandria, took them to Venice, and made him the republic's patron saint.
9849_82	According to tradition, Saint Mark was the founder of the Patriarchate of Aquileia.
9849_83	With the patriarch's flight to Grado after the Lombard invasion, the patriarchate split into two:
9849_84	one on the mainland, under the control of the Lombards and later the Franks, and the other in Grado
9849_85	on the lagoons and the areas under Byzantine control. This would later become the Patriarchate of
9849_86	Venice. With the apostle's reliquiae in its hands, Venice could again claim to be the rightful heir
9849_87	of Aquileia. In the Late Middle Ages, this would be the basis for legitimizing the seizure of the
9849_88	patriarchy's vast territories in Friuli and eastwards.
9849_89	During the reign of the successor of the Participazio, Pietro Tradonico, Venice began to establish
9849_90	its military might, which would influence many a later crusade and dominate the Adriatic for
9849_91	centuries. Tradonico secured the sea by fighting Narentine and Saracen pirates. Tradonico's reign
9849_92	was long and successful (837–64), but he was succeeded by the Participazio and a dynasty appeared
9849_93	to have been finally established. Around 841, the Republic of Venice sent a fleet of 60 galleys
9849_94	(each carrying 200 men) to assist the Byzantines in driving the Arabs from Crotone, but it failed.
9849_95	In 1000, Pietro II Orseolo sent a fleet of 6 ships to defeat the Narentine pirates from Dalmatia.
9849_96	High Middle Ages
9849_97	In the High Middle Ages, Venice became extremely wealthy through its control of trade between
9849_98	Europe and the Levant, and it began to expand into the Adriatic Sea and beyond. In 1084, Domenico
9849_99	Selvo personally led a fleet against the Normans, but he was defeated and lost nine great galleys,
9849_100	the largest and most heavily armed ships in the Venetian war fleet. Venice was involved in the
9849_101	Crusades almost from the very beginning. Two hundred Venetian ships assisted in capturing the
9849_102	coastal cities of Syria after the First Crusade. In 1110, Ordelafo Faliero personally commanded a
9849_103	Venetian fleet of 100 ships to assist Baldwin I of Jerusalem and Sigurd I Magnusson, king of Norway
9849_104	in capturing the city of Sidon (in present-day Lebanon). In 1123, they were granted virtual
9849_105	autonomy in the Kingdom of Jerusalem through the Pactum Warmundi.
9849_106	The Venetians also gained extensive trading privileges in the Byzantine Empire during the 12th
9849_107	century, and their ships often provided the Empire with a navy. In 1182, a vicious anti-Western
9849_108	riot broke out in Constantinople targeting Latins, and Venetians in particular. Many in the Empire
9849_109	had become jealous of Venetian power and influence, thus when the pretender Andronikos I Komnenos
9849_110	marched on the city, Venetian property was seized and the owners imprisoned or banished, an act
9849_111	which humiliated and angered the republic.
9849_112	In 1183, the city of Zara () successfully rebelled against Venetian rule. The city then put itself
9849_113	under the dual protection of the papacy and Emeric, King of Hungary. The Dalmatians separated from
9849_114	Hungary by a treaty in 1199, and they paid Hungary with a portion of Macedonia. In 1201, the city
9849_115	of Zara recognized Emeric as overlord.
9849_116	13th century
9849_117	The leaders of the Fourth Crusade (1202–04) contracted with Venice to provide a fleet for
9849_118	transportation to the Levant. When the crusaders were unable to pay for the ships, Doge Enrico
9849_119	Dandolo offered transport if the crusaders were to capture Zara, a city that had rebelled years ago
9849_120	and was a rival to Venice. Upon the capture of Zara, the crusade was again diverted, this time to
9849_121	Constantinople. The capture and sacking of Constantinople has been described as one of the most
9849_122	profitable and disgraceful sacks of a city in history.
9849_123	The Venetians claimed much of the plunder, including the famous four bronze horses that were
9849_124	brought back to adorn St Mark's Basilica. Furthermore, in the subsequent partition of the Byzantine
9849_125	lands, Venice gained a great deal of territory in the Aegean Sea, theoretically amounting to
9849_126	three-eighths of the Byzantine Empire. It also acquired the islands of Crete (Candia) and Euboea
9849_127	(Negroponte); the present core city of Chania on Crete is largely of Venetian construction, built
9849_128	atop the ruins of the ancient city of Cydonia.
9849_129	The Aegean islands came to form the Venetian Duchy of the Archipelago. In ca. 1223/24, the
9849_130	then-lord of Philippopolis, Gerard of Estreux declared himself prepared to acknowledge the
9849_131	suzerainty of the Republic of Venice over a part of his possessions. The Byzantine Empire was
9849_132	re-established in 1261 by Michael VIII Palaiologos, but never again recovered its previous power,
9849_133	and was eventually conquered by the Ottoman Turks.
9849_134	The Republic of Venice fought the War of the Castle of Love against Padua and Treviso in 1215. It
9849_135	signed a trade treaty with the Mongol Empire in 1221.
9849_136	In 1295, Pietro Gradenigo sent a fleet of 68 ships to attack a Genoese fleet at Alexandretta, then
9849_137	another fleet of 100 ships was sent to attack the Genoese in 1299. From 1350 to 1381, Venice fought
9849_138	an intermittent war with the Genoese. Initially defeated, they devastated the Genoese fleet at the
9849_139	Battle of Chioggia in 1380 and retained their prominent position in eastern Mediterranean affairs
9849_140	at the expense of Genoa's declining empire.
9849_141	The Serrata del Maggior Consiglio (Great Council Lockout) refers to the constitutional process,
9849_142	started with the 1297 Ordinance, by means of which membership of the Great Council of Venice became
9849_143	an hereditary title. Since it was the Great Council that had the right to elect the Doge, the 1297
9849_144	Ordinance marked a relevant change in the constitution of the Republic. This resulted in the
9849_145	exclusion of minor aristocrats and plebeian from participating in the government of the Republic.
9849_146	14th century
9849_147	In 1363, the revolt of Saint Titus against Venetian rule broke out in the overseas colony of Candia
9849_148	(Crete). It was a joint effort of Venetian colonists and Cretan nobles who attempted to create an
9849_149	independent state. Venice sent a multinational mercenary army which soon regained control of the
9849_150	major cities. However, Venice was not able to fully reconquer Crete until 1368.
9849_151	By the end of the 14th century, Venice had acquired mainland possessions in Italy, annexing Mestre
9849_152	and Serravalle in 1337, Treviso and Bassano del Grappa in 1339, Oderzo in 1380, and Ceneda in 1389.
9849_153	15th century: The expansion in the mainland
9849_154	In the early 15th century, the republic began to expand onto the Terraferma. Thus, Vicenza,
9849_155	Belluno, and Feltre were acquired in 1404, and Padua, Verona, and Este in 1405.

9849_56

papal sympathies of the time), they looked towards the new Carolingian king of the Franks, Pepin

9849_57

the Short, as the best provider of defence against the Lombards. A minor, pro-Lombard faction was

9849_58

opposed to close ties with any of these further-off powers and interested in maintaining peace with

9849_59

the neighbouring (and surrounding, but for the sea) Lombard kingdom.

9849_60

In that period, Venice had established for itself a thriving slave trade, buying in Italy, among

9849_61

other places, and selling to the Moors in Northern Africa (Pope Zachary himself reportedly forbade

9849_62

such traffic out of Rome). When the sale of Christians to Muslims was banned following the pactum

9849_63

Lotharii, the Venetians began to sell Slavs and other Eastern European non-Christian slaves in

9849_64

greater numbers. Caravans of slaves traveled from Eastern Europe, through Alpine passes in Austria,

9849_65

to reach Venice. Surviving records valued female slaves at a tremissa (about 1.5 grams of gold or

9849_66

roughly of a dinar) and male slaves, who were more numerous, at a saiga (which is much less).

9849_67

Eunuchs were especially valuable, and "castration houses" arose in Venice, as well as other

9849_68

prominent slave markets, to meet this demand. Indeed, Venice was far from the only Italian city

9849_69

engaged in the slave trade in Medieval Europe.

9849_70

Early Middle Ages

9849_71

The successors of Obelerio inherited a united Venice. By the Pax Nicephori (803–814), the two

9849_72

emperors had recognised that Venice belonged to the Byzantine sphere of influence. Many centuries

9849_73

later, the Venetians claimed that the treaty had recognised Venetian de facto independence, but the

9849_74

truth of this claim is doubted by modern scholars. A Byzantine fleet sailed to Venice in 807 and

9849_75

deposed the Doge, replacing him with a Byzantine governor. Nevertheless, during the reign of the

9849_76

Participazio family, Venice grew into its modern form.

9849_77

Though Heraclean by birth, Agnello, the first Participazio doge, was an early immigrant to Rialto

9849_78

and his dogeship was marked by the expansion of Venice towards the sea via the construction of

9849_79

bridges, canals, bulwarks, fortifications, and stone buildings. The modern Venice, at one with the

9849_80

sea, was being born. Agnello was succeeded by his son Giustiniano, who stole the remains of Saint

9849_81

Mark the Evangelist from Alexandria, took them to Venice, and made him the republic's patron saint.

9849_82

According to tradition, Saint Mark was the founder of the Patriarchate of Aquileia.

9849_83

With the patriarch's flight to Grado after the Lombard invasion, the patriarchate split into two:

9849_84

one on the mainland, under the control of the Lombards and later the Franks, and the other in Grado

9849_85

on the lagoons and the areas under Byzantine control. This would later become the Patriarchate of

9849_86

Venice. With the apostle's reliquiae in its hands, Venice could again claim to be the rightful heir

9849_87

of Aquileia. In the Late Middle Ages, this would be the basis for legitimizing the seizure of the

9849_88

patriarchy's vast territories in Friuli and eastwards.

9849_89

During the reign of the successor of the Participazio, Pietro Tradonico, Venice began to establish

9849_90

its military might, which would influence many a later crusade and dominate the Adriatic for

9849_91

centuries. Tradonico secured the sea by fighting Narentine and Saracen pirates. Tradonico's reign

9849_92

was long and successful (837–64), but he was succeeded by the Participazio and a dynasty appeared

9849_93

to have been finally established. Around 841, the Republic of Venice sent a fleet of 60 galleys

9849_94

(each carrying 200 men) to assist the Byzantines in driving the Arabs from Crotone, but it failed.

9849_95

In 1000, Pietro II Orseolo sent a fleet of 6 ships to defeat the Narentine pirates from Dalmatia.

9849_96

High Middle Ages

9849_97

In the High Middle Ages, Venice became extremely wealthy through its control of trade between

9849_98

Europe and the Levant, and it began to expand into the Adriatic Sea and beyond. In 1084, Domenico

9849_99

Selvo personally led a fleet against the Normans, but he was defeated and lost nine great galleys,

9849_100

the largest and most heavily armed ships in the Venetian war fleet. Venice was involved in the

9849_101

Crusades almost from the very beginning. Two hundred Venetian ships assisted in capturing the

9849_102

coastal cities of Syria after the First Crusade. In 1110, Ordelafo Faliero personally commanded a

9849_103

Venetian fleet of 100 ships to assist Baldwin I of Jerusalem and Sigurd I Magnusson, king of Norway

9849_104

in capturing the city of Sidon (in present-day Lebanon). In 1123, they were granted virtual

9849_105

autonomy in the Kingdom of Jerusalem through the Pactum Warmundi.

9849_106

The Venetians also gained extensive trading privileges in the Byzantine Empire during the 12th

9849_107

century, and their ships often provided the Empire with a navy. In 1182, a vicious anti-Western

9849_108

riot broke out in Constantinople targeting Latins, and Venetians in particular. Many in the Empire

9849_109

had become jealous of Venetian power and influence, thus when the pretender Andronikos I Komnenos

9849_110

marched on the city, Venetian property was seized and the owners imprisoned or banished, an act

9849_111

which humiliated and angered the republic.

9849_112

In 1183, the city of Zara () successfully rebelled against Venetian rule. The city then put itself

9849_113

under the dual protection of the papacy and Emeric, King of Hungary. The Dalmatians separated from

9849_114

Hungary by a treaty in 1199, and they paid Hungary with a portion of Macedonia. In 1201, the city

9849_115

of Zara recognized Emeric as overlord.

9849_116

13th century

9849_117

The leaders of the Fourth Crusade (1202–04) contracted with Venice to provide a fleet for

9849_118

transportation to the Levant. When the crusaders were unable to pay for the ships, Doge Enrico

9849_119

Dandolo offered transport if the crusaders were to capture Zara, a city that had rebelled years ago

9849_120

and was a rival to Venice. Upon the capture of Zara, the crusade was again diverted, this time to

9849_121

Constantinople. The capture and sacking of Constantinople has been described as one of the most

9849_122

profitable and disgraceful sacks of a city in history.

9849_123

The Venetians claimed much of the plunder, including the famous four bronze horses that were

9849_124

brought back to adorn St Mark's Basilica. Furthermore, in the subsequent partition of the Byzantine

9849_125

lands, Venice gained a great deal of territory in the Aegean Sea, theoretically amounting to

9849_126

three-eighths of the Byzantine Empire. It also acquired the islands of Crete (Candia) and Euboea

9849_127

(Negroponte); the present core city of Chania on Crete is largely of Venetian construction, built

9849_128

atop the ruins of the ancient city of Cydonia.

9849_129

The Aegean islands came to form the Venetian Duchy of the Archipelago. In ca. 1223/24, the

9849_130

then-lord of Philippopolis, Gerard of Estreux declared himself prepared to acknowledge the

9849_131

suzerainty of the Republic of Venice over a part of his possessions. The Byzantine Empire was

9849_132

re-established in 1261 by Michael VIII Palaiologos, but never again recovered its previous power,

9849_133

and was eventually conquered by the Ottoman Turks.

9849_134

The Republic of Venice fought the War of the Castle of Love against Padua and Treviso in 1215. It

9849_135

signed a trade treaty with the Mongol Empire in 1221.

9849_136

In 1295, Pietro Gradenigo sent a fleet of 68 ships to attack a Genoese fleet at Alexandretta, then

9849_137

another fleet of 100 ships was sent to attack the Genoese in 1299. From 1350 to 1381, Venice fought

9849_138

an intermittent war with the Genoese. Initially defeated, they devastated the Genoese fleet at the

9849_139

Battle of Chioggia in 1380 and retained their prominent position in eastern Mediterranean affairs

9849_140

at the expense of Genoa's declining empire.

9849_141

The Serrata del Maggior Consiglio (Great Council Lockout) refers to the constitutional process,

9849_142

started with the 1297 Ordinance, by means of which membership of the Great Council of Venice became

9849_143

an hereditary title. Since it was the Great Council that had the right to elect the Doge, the 1297

9849_144

Ordinance marked a relevant change in the constitution of the Republic. This resulted in the

9849_145

exclusion of minor aristocrats and plebeian from participating in the government of the Republic.

9849_146

14th century

9849_147

In 1363, the revolt of Saint Titus against Venetian rule broke out in the overseas colony of Candia

9849_148

(Crete). It was a joint effort of Venetian colonists and Cretan nobles who attempted to create an

9849_149

independent state. Venice sent a multinational mercenary army which soon regained control of the

9849_150

major cities. However, Venice was not able to fully reconquer Crete until 1368.

9849_151

By the end of the 14th century, Venice had acquired mainland possessions in Italy, annexing Mestre

9849_152

and Serravalle in 1337, Treviso and Bassano del Grappa in 1339, Oderzo in 1380, and Ceneda in 1389.

9849_153

15th century: The expansion in the mainland

9849_154

In the early 15th century, the republic began to expand onto the Terraferma. Thus, Vicenza,

9849_155

Belluno, and Feltre were acquired in 1404, and Padua, Verona, and Este in 1405.