manu/mldr-zoomed-100char-total-queries-documents

chunk_id stringlengths 3 9	chunk stringlengths 1 100
9849_456	Geschichte Venedigs. Politik Sources for the history of the Republic of Venice
9849_457	Interactive map of venetian fortresses & fortified villages in Greece and Aegean sea
9849_458	Former republics Maritime republics Republic of Venice History of the Adriatic Sea
9849_459	History of the Mediterranean History of the Balkans 1st millennium in Italy
9849_460	States and territories established in 697 Venice Republic of Venice
9849_461	Republic of Venice Republic of Venice Italian city-states Italian states Christian states
9850_0	Business class is a travel class available on many commercial airlines and rail lines, known by
9850_1	brand names which vary, by airline or rail company. In the airline industry, it was originally
9850_2	intended as an intermediate level of service between economy class and first class, but many
9850_3	airlines now offer business class as the highest level of service, having eliminated first-class
9850_4	seating. Business class is distinguished from other travel classes by the quality of seating, food,
9850_5	drinks, ground service and other amenities. In commercial aviation, full business class is usually
9850_6	denoted 'J' or 'C' with schedule flexibility, but can be many other letters depending on
9850_7	circumstances.
9850_8	Airlines
9850_9	History
9850_10	Airlines began separating full-fare and discounted economy-class passengers in the late 1970s. In
9850_11	1976, KLM introduced a Full Fare Facilities (FFF) service for its full fare economy-class
9850_12	passengers, which allowed them to sit at the front of the economy cabin immediately behind first
9850_13	class, and this concept was quickly copied by several other airlines including Air Canada. Both
9850_14	United Airlines and Trans World Airlines experimented with a similar three-class concept in 1978,
9850_15	but abandoned it due to negative reactions from discount economy-class travelers who felt that
9850_16	amenities were being taken away from them. United also cited the difficulty of tracking which
9850_17	passengers should be seated in which section of the economy cabin on connecting flights. American
9850_18	Airlines also began separating full-fare economy passengers from discounted economy passengers in
9850_19	1978, and offered open middle seats for full-fare passengers.
9850_20	Around this time, there was speculation in the airline industry that supersonic aircraft would
9850_21	corner the market for the highest-paying premium passengers, and that a three-class market would
9850_22	emerge consisting of supersonic first class and subsonic business and economy classes. In 1977, El
9850_23	Al announced plans to reconfigure its aircraft with a small first-class cabin and larger
9850_24	business-class cabin on the assumption that most transatlantic first-class passengers would shift
9850_25	their business to the Concorde.
9850_26	British Airways introduced "Club World", a separate premium cabin with numerous amenities, in
9850_27	October 1978 under CEO Colin Marshall as a means of further distinguishing full-fare business
9850_28	travelers from tourists flying on discounted fares. Pan Am announced that it would introduce
9850_29	"Clipper Class" in July 1978, and both Air France and Pan Am introduced business class in November
9850_30	1978. Qantas claims to have launched the world's first Business Class in 1979.
9850_31	On November 1, 1981, Scandinavian Airlines System introduced EuroClass with a separate cabin,
9850_32	dedicated check-in counters and lounges for full-fare passengers. Simultaneously, first class
9850_33	disappeared from their European fleet.
9850_34	Domestic and regional
9850_35	Australia and New Zealand
9850_36	Both Qantas and Virgin Australia offer business class on their domestic networks as well as on
9850_37	trans-Tasman flights to New Zealand. Flights between Perth and Sydney typically feature lie-flat
9850_38	seats, with deep recline cradle seats on other routes.
9850_39	On the other hand, Air New Zealand does not offer business class on its domestic network. Business
9850_40	Class is available on flights between New Zealand, Australia and the Pacific Islands when operated
9850_41	by Boeing 777 and Boeing 787 family aircraft, both of which have lie-flat seats.
9850_42	North America
9850_43	Canada
9850_44	On short-haul flights Air Canada offers recliner seats, which are similar to what is offered on
9850_45	regional business class in the United States. However, on some high-capacity routes, such as
9850_46	Vancouver–Toronto, Air Canada utilizes its long-haul fleet, such as the Boeing 777, Boeing 787,
9850_47	Boeing 767, and the Airbus A330. On flights using internationally configured aircraft such as
9850_48	these, the business-class product is a lie-flat product. However, on discount carriers, such as Air
9850_49	Transat, business class is "euro-style", an economy-class seat with a blocked middle seat for added
9850_50	comfort.
9850_51	With the introduction of their Boeing 787’s on select domestic and international routes, WestJet
9850_52	Airlines offers 16 lay-flat business seats on each of their 787-9’s.
9850_53	United States
9850_54	American Airlines and Delta Air Lines both exclusively use fully lie-flat Business Class seats with
9850_55	direct aisle access on their widebody aircraft. United Airlines is in the process of retrofitting
9850_56	their older lie-flat seats to a new design with aisle access for all passengers and increased
9850_57	privacy. A multiple course meal is served on china after takeoff, and depending on the flight
9850_58	length a chilled snack or light meal will be served before landing. International Business Class
9850_59	passengers have access to priority check-in and security, along with lounge access. United and
9850_60	American both also offer premium lounges with enhanced food service in their hubs for these
9850_61	passengers.
9850_62	Select routes between the East and West coasts are deemed "premium transcontinental" and offer a
9850_63	comparable experience to long haul international Business Class. However, it is uncommon for all
9850_64	seats to have direct aisle access. American uses a dedicated sub-fleet of 3-cabin A321T planes with
9850_65	20 lie-flat Flagship Business seats in a 2-2 configuration for these flights. JetBlue also has a
9850_66	sub-fleet of A321s featuring their Mint Business Class, which alternates between a 2-2 lie flat
9850_67	seats and 1-1 suites with a closing door. United and Delta use a combination of wide and narrow
9850_68	body aircraft for these routes, with a variety of lie-flat seat designs.
9850_69	Nearly all other flights in the US (as well as to Canada, Central America, and the Caribbean) on
9850_70	American, United, Delta, and Alaska use 2-cabin narrowbody aircraft. The forward cabin is marketed
9850_71	as "First Class" on domestic routes but regardless uses a Business Class fare basis. These fares
9850_72	include a larger "recliner" seat, priority check-in/security/boarding, and increased service. Only
9850_73	Alaska Airlines allows lounge access for customers in "First Class" without further international
9850_74	travel. Both alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages are included, and are served in glassware or
9850_75	ceramic mugs. Meal service is highly variable depending on the airline, departure time, and route.
9850_76	Flights between hub airports during daytime hours are usually catered with a full warm meal
9850_77	regardless of the flight time. Regional jets do not have ovens, and all entrees are served chilled.
9850_78	At the very least, a flight attendant will pass around a basket containing premium snacks.
9850_79	Europe
9850_80	European carriers generally offer a business class consisting of enhanced economy seating with
9850_81	better service. There may be a curtain to separate business from economy class, based on demand,
9850_82	but the seats are in the same cabin. Some airlines such as Air France and Lufthansa use convertible
9850_83	seats that seat three people across in economy, or adjust with a lever to become two seats with a
9850_84	half seat length between them for business-class use.
9850_85	Business class has started to disappear from some short/medium haul routes, to be replaced with
9850_86	full fare economy and discount economy (KLM and SAS). On these routes, the seats are the same for
9850_87	all passengers, only the flexibility of the ticket and the food and beverage service differs. On
9850_88	shorter routes (typically less than one hour) many airlines have removed business class entirely
9850_89	(e.g. BMI on many routes) and offer only one class of service. British Airways used to offer
9850_90	"Business UK" on their domestic system, offering the same service as economy class, with the
9850_91	addition of expedited check-in, baggage reclaim, lounge access and priority boarding. In flight,
9850_92	until January 11, 2017, drink, tea or coffee and a snack were served to all customers, with a hot
9850_93	breakfast on flights prior to 9.29am.

9849_456

Geschichte Venedigs. Politik Sources for the history of the Republic of Venice

9849_457

Interactive map of venetian fortresses & fortified villages in Greece and Aegean sea

9849_458

Former republics Maritime republics Republic of Venice History of the Adriatic Sea

9849_459

History of the Mediterranean History of the Balkans 1st millennium in Italy

9849_460

States and territories established in 697 Venice Republic of Venice

9849_461

Republic of Venice Republic of Venice Italian city-states Italian states Christian states

9850_0

Business class is a travel class available on many commercial airlines and rail lines, known by

9850_1

brand names which vary, by airline or rail company. In the airline industry, it was originally

9850_2

intended as an intermediate level of service between economy class and first class, but many

9850_3

airlines now offer business class as the highest level of service, having eliminated first-class

9850_4

seating. Business class is distinguished from other travel classes by the quality of seating, food,

9850_5

drinks, ground service and other amenities. In commercial aviation, full business class is usually

9850_6

denoted 'J' or 'C' with schedule flexibility, but can be many other letters depending on

9850_7

circumstances.

9850_8

Airlines

9850_9

History

9850_10

Airlines began separating full-fare and discounted economy-class passengers in the late 1970s. In

9850_11

1976, KLM introduced a Full Fare Facilities (FFF) service for its full fare economy-class

9850_12

passengers, which allowed them to sit at the front of the economy cabin immediately behind first

9850_13

class, and this concept was quickly copied by several other airlines including Air Canada. Both

9850_14

United Airlines and Trans World Airlines experimented with a similar three-class concept in 1978,

9850_15

but abandoned it due to negative reactions from discount economy-class travelers who felt that

9850_16

amenities were being taken away from them. United also cited the difficulty of tracking which

9850_17

passengers should be seated in which section of the economy cabin on connecting flights. American

9850_18

Airlines also began separating full-fare economy passengers from discounted economy passengers in

9850_19

1978, and offered open middle seats for full-fare passengers.

9850_20

Around this time, there was speculation in the airline industry that supersonic aircraft would

9850_21

corner the market for the highest-paying premium passengers, and that a three-class market would

9850_22

emerge consisting of supersonic first class and subsonic business and economy classes. In 1977, El

9850_23

Al announced plans to reconfigure its aircraft with a small first-class cabin and larger

9850_24

business-class cabin on the assumption that most transatlantic first-class passengers would shift

9850_25

their business to the Concorde.

9850_26

British Airways introduced "Club World", a separate premium cabin with numerous amenities, in

9850_27

October 1978 under CEO Colin Marshall as a means of further distinguishing full-fare business

9850_28

travelers from tourists flying on discounted fares. Pan Am announced that it would introduce

9850_29

"Clipper Class" in July 1978, and both Air France and Pan Am introduced business class in November

9850_30

1978. Qantas claims to have launched the world's first Business Class in 1979.

9850_31

On November 1, 1981, Scandinavian Airlines System introduced EuroClass with a separate cabin,

9850_32

dedicated check-in counters and lounges for full-fare passengers. Simultaneously, first class

9850_33

disappeared from their European fleet.

9850_34

Domestic and regional

9850_35

Australia and New Zealand

9850_36

Both Qantas and Virgin Australia offer business class on their domestic networks as well as on

9850_37

trans-Tasman flights to New Zealand. Flights between Perth and Sydney typically feature lie-flat

9850_38

seats, with deep recline cradle seats on other routes.

9850_39

On the other hand, Air New Zealand does not offer business class on its domestic network. Business

9850_40

Class is available on flights between New Zealand, Australia and the Pacific Islands when operated

9850_41

by Boeing 777 and Boeing 787 family aircraft, both of which have lie-flat seats.

9850_42

North America

9850_43

Canada

9850_44

On short-haul flights Air Canada offers recliner seats, which are similar to what is offered on

9850_45

regional business class in the United States. However, on some high-capacity routes, such as

9850_46

Vancouver–Toronto, Air Canada utilizes its long-haul fleet, such as the Boeing 777, Boeing 787,

9850_47

Boeing 767, and the Airbus A330. On flights using internationally configured aircraft such as

9850_48

these, the business-class product is a lie-flat product. However, on discount carriers, such as Air

9850_49

Transat, business class is "euro-style", an economy-class seat with a blocked middle seat for added

9850_50

comfort.

9850_51

With the introduction of their Boeing 787’s on select domestic and international routes, WestJet

9850_52

Airlines offers 16 lay-flat business seats on each of their 787-9’s.

9850_53

United States

9850_54

American Airlines and Delta Air Lines both exclusively use fully lie-flat Business Class seats with

9850_55

direct aisle access on their widebody aircraft. United Airlines is in the process of retrofitting

9850_56

their older lie-flat seats to a new design with aisle access for all passengers and increased

9850_57

privacy. A multiple course meal is served on china after takeoff, and depending on the flight

9850_58

length a chilled snack or light meal will be served before landing. International Business Class

9850_59

passengers have access to priority check-in and security, along with lounge access. United and

9850_60

American both also offer premium lounges with enhanced food service in their hubs for these

9850_61

passengers.

9850_62

Select routes between the East and West coasts are deemed "premium transcontinental" and offer a

9850_63

comparable experience to long haul international Business Class. However, it is uncommon for all

9850_64

seats to have direct aisle access. American uses a dedicated sub-fleet of 3-cabin A321T planes with

9850_65

20 lie-flat Flagship Business seats in a 2-2 configuration for these flights. JetBlue also has a

9850_66

sub-fleet of A321s featuring their Mint Business Class, which alternates between a 2-2 lie flat

9850_67

seats and 1-1 suites with a closing door. United and Delta use a combination of wide and narrow

9850_68

body aircraft for these routes, with a variety of lie-flat seat designs.

9850_69

Nearly all other flights in the US (as well as to Canada, Central America, and the Caribbean) on

9850_70

American, United, Delta, and Alaska use 2-cabin narrowbody aircraft. The forward cabin is marketed

9850_71

as "First Class" on domestic routes but regardless uses a Business Class fare basis. These fares

9850_72

include a larger "recliner" seat, priority check-in/security/boarding, and increased service. Only

9850_73

Alaska Airlines allows lounge access for customers in "First Class" without further international

9850_74

travel. Both alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages are included, and are served in glassware or

9850_75

ceramic mugs. Meal service is highly variable depending on the airline, departure time, and route.

9850_76

Flights between hub airports during daytime hours are usually catered with a full warm meal

9850_77

regardless of the flight time. Regional jets do not have ovens, and all entrees are served chilled.

9850_78

At the very least, a flight attendant will pass around a basket containing premium snacks.

9850_79

Europe

9850_80

European carriers generally offer a business class consisting of enhanced economy seating with

9850_81

better service. There may be a curtain to separate business from economy class, based on demand,

9850_82

but the seats are in the same cabin. Some airlines such as Air France and Lufthansa use convertible

9850_83

seats that seat three people across in economy, or adjust with a lever to become two seats with a

9850_84

half seat length between them for business-class use.

9850_85

Business class has started to disappear from some short/medium haul routes, to be replaced with

9850_86

full fare economy and discount economy (KLM and SAS). On these routes, the seats are the same for

9850_87

all passengers, only the flexibility of the ticket and the food and beverage service differs. On

9850_88

shorter routes (typically less than one hour) many airlines have removed business class entirely

9850_89

(e.g. BMI on many routes) and offer only one class of service. British Airways used to offer

9850_90

"Business UK" on their domestic system, offering the same service as economy class, with the

9850_91

addition of expedited check-in, baggage reclaim, lounge access and priority boarding. In flight,

9850_92

until January 11, 2017, drink, tea or coffee and a snack were served to all customers, with a hot

9850_93

breakfast on flights prior to 9.29am.